Of a free trade. A discourse seriously recommending to our nation the wonderfull benefits of trade, especially of a rightly governed, and ordered trade. Setting forth also most clearly, the relative nature, degrees, and qualifications of libertie, which is ever to be inlarged, or restrained according to that good, which it relates to, as that is more, or lesse ample. / Written by Henry Parker Esquire.
Parker, Henry, 1604-1652.
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Of a free trade. A discourse seriously recommending to our nation the wonderfull benefits of trade, especially of a rightly governed, and ordered trade. Setting forth also most clearly, the relative nature, degrees, and qualifications of libertie, which is ever to be inlarged, or restrained according to that good, which it relates to, as that is more, or lesse ample. / Written by Henry Parker Esquire.
Parker, Henry, 1604-1652.
[4], 34 [i.e. 40] p.
Printed by Fr: Neile for Robert Bostock, dwelling in Pauls Church-yard, at the Signe of the King's Head,
London :
1648.
The last four pages are numbered: 31, 30, 35, 34.
Imperfect: faded print, staining.
Annotation on Thomason copy: "Feb: 5th 1647"; the 8 in imprint date crossed out.
Reproduction of the original in the British Library.
eng
Free trade -- Early works to 1800.
Great Britain -- Commerce -- Early works to 1800.
A91327 R203127 (Thomason E425_18). civilwar no Of a free trade.: A discourse seriously recommending to our nation the wonderfull benefits of trade, especially of a rightly governed, and Parker, Henry 1648 18077 41 5 0 0 0 0 25 C The rate of 25 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the C category of texts with between 10 and 35 defects per 10,000 words.
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Of
a
Free
Trade
A
DISCOURSE
Seriously
Recommending
to
our
Nation
the
wonderfull
benefits
of
TRADE
,
especially
of
a
rightly
Governed
,
and
Ordered
Trade
.
Setting
forth
also
most
clearly
,
The
Relative
Nature
,
Degrees
,
and
Qualifications
of
LIBERTIE
,
Which
is
ever
to
be
inlarged
,
or
restrained
according
to
that
Good
,
which
it
Relates
to
,
as
that
is
more
,
or
lesse
ample
.
Written
by
HENRY
PARKER
Esquire
.
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
.
Doing
all
things
thou
doest
none
:
Businesse
too
vast
makes
thee
a
Drone
.
LONDON
:
Printed
by
Fr
:
Neile
for
Robert
Bostock
,
dwelling
in
Pauls
Church-yard
,
at
the
Signe
of
the
King's
Head
.
1648.
TO
THE
RIGHT
WORSHIPFULL
JOHN
KENRICK
Alderman
of
LONDON
,
Governour
of
the
Merchant
Adventurers
of
ENGLAND
.
TO
THE
RIGHT
WORSHIPFULL
ISAAC
LEE
,
Deputy
of
the
said
Company
of
Merchant
Adventurers
residing
at
Hamburgh
.
To
all
other
Deputies
,
Assistants
and
Members
of
the
said
Famous
Company
.
Worthy
Gentlemen
:
IF
in
this
brief
Argument
(
which
here
treats
of
your
Charters
,
and
maintains
your
priviledges
)
there
be
any
thing
beseeming
an
Advocate
of
yours
:
I
desire
the
intire
advantage
thereof
may
redound
solely
to
your selves
.
For
indeed
the
Merit
of
your
Cause
is
such
,
as
would
require
an
able
Orator
:
and
when
I
first
applyed
my self
to
serve
you
herein
,
I
perceived
your
interest
was
the
same
as
the
Common
interest
of
all
Merchants
,
and
that
could
have
no
termination
,
but
in
the
common
interest
of
our
Nation
:
But
if
there
appear
any
Error
,
or
Fayler
in
these
papers
:
if
the
workmanship
be
found
too
unworthy
of
the
stuffe
:
I
shall
then
desire
of
all
my
Readers
,
that
the
blame
may
be
onely
mine
:
and
that
none
but
my self
may
suffer
the
least
disadvantage
by
my
defects
,
and
disabilities
.
I
am
certain
all
wise
,
impartial
Judges
will
distinguish
betwixt
that
which
is
mine
in
this
weak
peece
,
and
that
which
is
yours
:
and
if
they
cast
some
disdain
upon
me
for
not
pleading
your
cause
,
as
I
might
:
they
will
not
proceed
to
a
condemnation
of
your
cause
,
for
being
no
better
pleaded
here
then
it
is
.
In
Queen
Elizabeths
dayes
a
Tract
to
this
very
purpose
was
Printed
by
Mr.
Wheeler
(
a
learned
Gent
:
that
preceded
me
in
this
place
)
were
that
Tract
now
re-printed
,
perhaps
our
Times
would
be
better
satisfied
in
this
Case
.
It
came
not
to
my
fight
,
till
after
I
had
formed
the
lump
of
this
,
and
given
it
all
those
rude
lineaments
almost
,
which
it
now
bears
:
and
I
was
induced
then
to
persist
in
my
resolution
of
finishing
this
,
and
not
of
retroceding
;
the
rather
;
because
I
saw
my
stile
and
method
varied
much
from
his
:
because
,
the
face
of
the
times
(
which
has
great
influence
upon
the
State
and
fate
of
Merchandize
)
was
not
the
same
when
He
wrote
,
as
it
is
now
:
,
because
,
his
Tract
was
in
bulk
more
then
twice
,
as
great
as
mine
;
because
,
He
might
give
some
light
to
me
in
some
things
,
and
I
adde
some
to
Him
in
other
things
;
and
so
both
might
be
more
effectuall
for
the
ends
proposed
by
both
,
then
either
:
because
,
if
He
was
more
satisfactory
in
matters
of
this
particular
Company
,
I
had
some
thoughts
in
my self
,
that
I
was
more
proper
for
the
affairs
of
Merchants
in
generall
.
These
reasons
kept
from
abortion
this
Essay
of
mine
at
that
time
:
but
for
how
long
a
space
it
was
repreived
,
I
cannot
prognosticate
:
nor
do
I
much
regard
how
soon
its
fatall
houre
approaches
,
so
the
businesse
which
it
aymed
at
may
survive
,
and
prosper
.
Gentlemen
,
my
reputation
in
this
case
must
run
some
hazard
,
and
stand
or
fall
,
as
the
vogue
of
this
age
pleases
:
yet
my
intention
is
to
be
judged
of
onely
by
you
;
wherefore
let
that
onely
finde
your
fair
acceptation
,
and
favourable
construction
,
and
that
shall
be
a
sufficient
encouragement
to
Hamb
:
Decemb.
30.
1647.
Your
Worships
obliged
,
faithfull
Servant
,
HEN
:
PARKER
.
A
DISCOURSE
CONCERNING
FREEDOM
OF
TRADE
.
MAN
is
taught
by
the
rules
of
Wisdom
to
begin
at
the
End
of
his
Actions
,
and
to
give
the
first
place
in
his
intention
,
to
that
which
is
to
have
the
last
in
Execution
.
Now
the
end
of
this
discourse
is
improvement
of
Trade
;
and
it
being
a
thing
of
late
much
controverted
by
divers
;
whether
Freedome
in
Trading
be
a
proper
means
,
or
no
,
to
improve
Trade
:
These
two
Termes
(
Freedome
and
Trade
)
must
be
the
subject
matter
of
this
Discourse
.
As
for
Trade
the
word
is
plain
,
and
needs
no
explanation
:
and
the
thing
is
as
obvious
to
every
mans
understanding
,
and
so
needs
no
definition
.
I
will
therefore
premise
something
very
briefly
concerning
the
value
,
and
importance
of
Trade
,
that
my
end
here
aymed
at
,
to
which
my
intention
must
needs
give
the
precedence
,
may
not
seem
inconsiderable
to
any
:
and
then
cursorily
from
my
first
Terme
,
I
shall
addresse
my self
to
my
second
.
My
Lord
Cook
in
his
Commentary
upon
our
Great
Charter
(
where
the
Merchants
contentment
is
so
prudently
provided
for
)
tels
us
,
that
Traffick
is
the
Merchants
livelihood
,
and
that
the
livelihood
of
the
Merchant
is
the
life
of
the
Common-weal
,
such
as
the
King
himself
,
and
every
Subject
of
the
Land
has
an
interest
in
.
He
observes
also
that
the
Merchant
is
the
good
Bayliffe
of
the
Realme
,
aswell
to
export
Native
,
as
to
import
forrain
Commodities
for
the
benefit
and
necessary
defence
of
the
same
.
This
Politick
Argonante
in
Law
amongst
matters
of
Law
,
thinks
it
no
extravagance
to
deliver
his
judgement
of
matters
in
Trade
;
and
if
we
rightly
analyse
his
judgement
herein
,
we
shall
finde
,
that
not
a
word
of
it
falls
to
the
earth
without
its
due
weight
.
The
Merchant
indeed
has
a
great
dependance
upon
him
both
of
Land
and
Water
men
,
and
is
often
commander
of
great
summes
of
ready
mony
(
greater
then
other
men
commonly
though
better
landed
,
and
estated
can
raise
upon
suddaine
,
publick
exigences
)
and
so
even
in
his
gowne
at
home
he
is
a
proffitable
member
of
the
Commonwealth
:
but
look
upon
him
in
his
imployment
serving
the
State
by
his
traffick
,
and
so
he
is
more
then
profitable
,
He
is
necessary
to
the
well
beeing
,
nay
to
the
beeing
of
the
State
.
Those
things
which
he
exports
conduce
perhaps
more
to
profi●
,
and
things
imported
to
securance
:
yet
t
is
well
intimated
here
that
both
exportation
,
and
importation
do
conduce
to
both
.
Native
Commodities
more
immediatly
afford
us
Treasure
:
yet
Treasure
is
as
well
firmamentum
belli
,
as
ornamentum
pacis
:
and
forrain
commodities
more
usually
are
materialls
for
Shipping
,
Armes
,
supplyes
in
times
of
dearth
,
and
distresse
,
&c.
yet
somtimes
we
retayle
the
same
to
strangers
for
gaine
,
and
thereby
convert
them
into
ornaments
of
peace
,
as
well
as
instruments
of
defence
.
How
prodigiously
did
Antwerpe
formerly
in
a
very
few
yeares
aggrandize
it selfe
?
and
what
an
excesse
of
splendor
has
Amsterdam
attaynd
to
since
?
yet
(
for
ought
I
know
)
Nature
has
bestowde
no
more
previledge
upon
those
two
Townes
whereby
to
advance
themselves
with
such
facility
:
then
it
has
upon
Bristoll
,
&
Newcastle
amongst
us
.
Sure
then
,
the
Hollander
and
Fleming
may
infuse
this
secret
into
us
from
that
wonderous
degree
of
opulence
,
and
pompe
,
which
both
by
Trade
have
ascended
unto
▪
that
importation
of
exotick
commodities
,
if
subtilly
managed
,
may
become
as
great
an
improvement
,
as
exportation
is
to
other●
It
is
visible
in
the
Hollander
that
the
mines
of
Perne
are
as
serviceable
to
Him
,
as
to
the
poore
Iudian
,
that
diggs
in
them
that
the
F●●…rs
of
Russiia
are
equally
parted
betwixt
Him
and
the
Muscovite
:
that
the
plaines
of
Cots-would
,
and
Lemster
do
as
well
graze
his
sheepe
,
as
they
do
the
Englishman
▪
And
there
was
a
time
when
the
Antwerpian
might
have
boasted
as
truly
,
that
Arabia
was
his
g●rdine
,
that
Spayne
was
his
Orchard
,
that
Norway
was
his
Forrest
.
That
City
(
t
is
true
)
which
abounds
with
commodities
of
its
own
,
has
an
easier
,
&
shorter
way
to
prosperity
then
that
City
which
is
de●●itate
of
the
like
helps
,
and
opportunities
,
and
yet
experience
discovers
daily
to
us
,
that
some
Cities
which
have
little
of
their
own
,
being
industrious
,
slowe
with
more
abundance
,
and
swim
in
greater
supefluity
;
then
some
other
sloathfull
Cities
,
that
naturally
want
nothing
.
Hence
is
the
difference
betwixt
the
Merchant
and
the
Husbandman
,
the
Husbandmans
thrift
is
in
vendendo
,
not
emendo
as
old
Cato
tells
him
:
But
the
Merchant
has
found
out
a
way
,
how
he
may
be
emax
,
and
vendax
in
the
same
thing
,
and
often
times
the
retaylor
findes
the
second
sale
more
beneficiall
to
Him
,
then
the
first
was
to
the
Proprietor
.
Nay
even
the
more
unusefull
Crawmarys
of
N●rinburgh
though
they
argue
no
thrift
in
them
,
that
buy
them
at
last
hand
,
yet
they
also
are
no
contemptible
mines
of
Gold
and
silver
to
those
which
make
,
or
buy
them
for
a
second
utterance
.
Furthermore
,
if
from
Merchandize
it selfe
,
and
these
good
Bayliffes
of
the
Realme
,
which
so
actively
purvey
in
all
parts
of
the
world
habitable
,
and
uninhabitable
for
Treasure
,
armes
,
and
all
other
things
,
that
partain
to
pleasure
,
health
,
and
necessity
:
if
from
them
,
we
turn
to
the
instruments
,
of
their
negotiations
our
Ships
,
the
wooden
walls
,
and
fortification
of
our
State
,
of
what
respect
ought
these
to
be
?
Even
these
(
under
God
)
in
times
of
Peace
prevent
War
:
in
times
of
War
procure
Peace
:
in
times
of
plenty
they
releive
our
Friends
abroad
,
in
times
of
dearth
they
releive
us
at
home
.
For
examples
,
t
is
losse
of
time
to
offer
any
in
this
argument
,
every
man
can
tell
how
stupendiously
Tyre
,
Sydon
,
&c.
of
old
,
and
Venice
,
Belgia
and
other
latter
Signioryes
have
flourisht
since
by
the
gaines
of
Merchandize
,
whilst
their
puissance
,
and
magnificence
has
been
more
raised
,
and
propagated
by
the
Merchant
,
then
either
by
the
Husbandman
,
souldier
,
or
Scholler
.
T
is
admirable
to
see
what
vast
revenues
are
purchast
by
some
Nations
(
especially
where
Democracy
takes
place
)
out
of
meere
commerce
;
and
how
far
other
Nations
in
the
mean
time
(
especially
such
as
are
swayde
by
Monarchs
)
though
more
commodiously
situated
,
and
advantagiously
qualified
otherwise
do
neglect
the
same
.
The
reason
hereof
may
be
,
because
in
popular
States
the
Merchant
usually
has
more
share
in
administration
of
publick
affaires
:
whereas
in
Monarchies
,
those
that
have
the
charge
of
the
rudder
,
have
commonly
little
insight
into
Trade
,
and
as
little
regard
of
Traders
.
Howsoever
either
some
singular
happinesse
has
hitherto
attended
Spaine
,
and
Portugal
,
or
else
doubtlesse
the
feats
of
Merchandice
have
been
in
more
then
ordinary
esteeme
with
their
Kings
:
for
both
these
have
not
onely
inriched
their
own
homes
by
Sea
adventures
,
but
also
acquired
thereby
greater
Dominions
then
their
own
.
For
indeed
besides
those
purchases
which
have
been
made
in
the
East
Indies
,
we
see
in
Mexico
,
and
Peru
,
there
is
a
new
Hemisphere
adjoyned
now
to
that
old
half
world
,
which
the
Assyrians
,
Persians
,
Grecians
,
Romans
with
so
much
sweat
,
and
blood
laboured
to
subjugate
heretofore
.
And
if
the
Sun
find
no
degree
in
all
his
circuit
,
where
He
can
obscure
himself
from
the
Crown
of
Spaines
Subjects
;
the
thanks
thereof
is
due
to
the
Art
of
an
old
Navigator
:
and
probably
had
Hen
:
7.
given
as
much
credit
to
Columbus
as
Ferdinand
did
,
either
the
Austrian
Family
had
not
spread
its
wings
so
wide
,
or
the
Kings
of
England
had
not
been
so
closely
intrenched
within
the
foure
British
Seas
,
as
now
they
are
.
But
I
purposely
wave
the
ostentation
of
many
,
and
great
instances
,
and
therefore
the
whole
weight
of
this
Argument
shall
onely
be
hung
upon
the
single
epitome
(
as
it
were
)
of
this
pety
jurisdiction
here
,
wherein
we
now
reside
.
All
the
Land-intradoes
,
which
tillage
or
pasturage
yeelds
to
this
Town
of
Hamburgh
are
not
much
more
considerable
then
some
Gentlemen
and
Esquires
inherit
in
England
;
yet
the
wilde
Ocean
,
as
these
restlesse
Copemen
plow
it
with
their
Fleetes
,
and
harrow
it
with
their
nets
;
(
though
they
creep
into
that
too
through
a
River
,
not
wholly
at
their
command
)
is
forced
to
pay
them
as
great
a
Tribute
,
and
ample
a
rent
as
three
the
richest
and
goodliest
Counties
of
England
are
annually
worth
.
Neverthelesse
England
more
abounding
with
all
habiliments
,
and
necessary
accommodations
of
Trade
,
and
seeming
to
be
as
much
courted
by
the
circumambient
Sea
,
as
any
part
of
the
Universe
,
for
want
of
incouragement
to
her
Merchants
at
home
,
and
Plantators
abroad
owes
little
of
her
grandour
,
and
power
to
that
Element
.
Forrein
Nations
easily
become
greater
gainers
by
trading
into
England
,
then
the
English
can
by
trading
abroad
:
't
is
too
probable
,
that
forrein
Merchants
reserve
an
intire
gain
to
themselves
out
of
all
their
own
▪
Commodities
brought
in
hither
:
yet
share
a
half
profit
with
us
,
in
all
our
Commodities
exported
hence
by
them
.
And
thus
whilest
we
leave
many
benefits
to
our
emulous
hostile
neighbours
,
which
by
the
same
industry
(
as
they
commendably
use
)
might
by
us
be
anticipated
to
our
own
behoof
;
our
own
supine
sluggishnesse
is
the
cause
that
we
remain
so
much
the
weaker
,
and
our
Enemies
become
so
much
the
stronger
.
Thus
much
of
the
advantages
of
traffick
;
thus
much
of
the
necessity
of
that
noble
profession
,
which
teaches
us
to
be
the
curious
,
&
laborious
marriners
of
all
the
worlds
Oceans
,
Straits
,
and
Creeks
;
if
we
have
any
desire
to
be
more
formidable
to
our
Enemies
,
or
more
aidfull
to
our
Friends
,
or
more
gainfull
to
our selves
,
this
may
be
held
sufficient
.
From
the
benefit
,
I
come
now
to
the
Freedom
of
Trade
:
I
mean
,
that
particular
degree
of
freedom
,
which
is
at
this
day
pleaded
for
,
and
patroniz'd
by
some
,
that
professe
themselves
no
unfriends
to
Trade
.
Herein
this
method
shall
conduct
me
:
In
the
first
place
,
I
shall
inquire
,
whether
that
Freedom
,
which
is
affected
by
these
times
can
stand
with
due
order
,
and
discipline
,
or
not
:
secondly
,
whether
Trade
probably
can
flourish
,
or
not
,
without
due
order
and
discipline
:
and
in
the
last
place
,
I
shall
answer
such
Arguments
,
as
are
framed
for
liberty
,
and
do
militate
against
our
Order
and
Discipline
.
Liberty
in
a
right
acception
,
and
understanding
,
is
that
which
delivers
,
and
exempts
us
from
some
evill
noxious
,
and
offensive
to
us
;
such
as
is
oppression
,
too
much
restraint
,
&c.
but
it
includes
not
any
wilde
condition
,
such
as
leaves
us
loosly
in
all
things
to
our
own
discretion
.
That
famous
Roman
,
that
had
the
happines
to
set
Greece
(
in
that
age
the
Eye
of
the
world
)
at
liberty
,
and
did
break
in
sunder
the
yoke
of
Macedon
,
when
He
saw
in
the
people
too
much
wantonnesse
,
and
immoderation
,
He
advised
them
to
more
continencie
,
and
to
retire
into
narrower
bounds
;
Vt
saltem
meram
libertatem
non
haurirent
.
Herein
he
seemed
wisely
to
distinguish
betwixt
that
sheere
,
unmixt
freedom
,
which
uses
to
intoxicate
us
,
and
to
bring
detriment
,
and
danger
with
it
;
and
that
allayed
,
or
mixt
freedom
,
which
God
,
and
Nature
have
made
so
sweet
to
all
Generous
mindes
:
whose
property
it
is
ever
,
to
set
restraints
to
it self
in
some
things
,
as
well
as
to
take
restraints
off
from
us
in
other
.
In
politicks
,
there
are
Free
Monarchs
,
and
there
are
Free
Subjects
:
and
the
freedom
of
Monarchs
is
not
incompatible
with
the
freedom
of
Subjects
:
for
neither
is
it
necessary
to
the
freedom
of
a
Prince
,
that
He
should
be
unlimitable
in
all
things
,
and
beyond
controll
as
well
when
He
destroys
,
as
when
He
saves
:
nor
to
the
freedome
of
a
Subject
to
live
absolved
from
all
Laws
,
and
obedience
.
Without
all
question
,
He
is
the
freest
Prince
that
has
the
most
power
to
do
good
,
and
the
least
to
do
harm
:
and
He
is
the
freest
Subject
,
who
is
to
pay
his
obedience
to
the
mildest
Laws
,
and
indulgentest
Magistrates
.
So
in
Ethicks
:
He
injoyes
the
purest
and
most
refined
freedome
in
his
own
breast
,
which
has
the
least
furious
passion
to
serve
,
and
the
least
impetuous
appetite
to
master
;
not
He
that
is
becalmed
,
as
it
were
,
and
finds
no
mobility
at
all
in
his
spirit
.
The
variovs
Luminaries
in
Heaven
have
their
distinct
magnitudes
,
motions
,
and
stations
:
and
the
blessed
Intelligences
in
the
Heaven
of
heavens
(
nay
even
those
spirits
that
are
falne
from
blessednesse
)
retain
severall
distances
of
power
,
place
,
and
office
.
All
these
things
prove
to
us
,
that
restraint
,
and
liberty
,
are
relative
things
,
and
not
to
be
accounted
simply
good
,
or
simply
bad
in
themselves
.
When
restraint
deprives
us
of
that
good
which
is
in
temperate
liberty
it
degenerates
into
oppression
:
when
it
onely
saves
to
us
that
good
,
which
is
in
harmonious
order
,
it
is
fully
answerable
to
Liberty
.
So
liberty
when
it
onely
discharges
us
from
that
evill
,
which
is
in
oppression
,
it
approaches
to
the
perfection
of
Order
:
but
when
it
dissolves
all
Order
,
it
precipitates
us
headlong
into
confusion
.
Liberty
is
either
intensive
,
or
extensive
,
and
both
wayes
it
must
be
reduced
to
a
just
standart
:
for
if
it
be
in
degree
too
void
of
temperature
,
and
qualification
the
ruder
sediment
of
the
people
cannot
bear
it
,
it
strangely
inebriates
them
:
and
if
the
degree
of
it
be
moderate
,
yet
the
dilatation
of
it
to
too
many
makes
it
incommodious
.
There
are
two
vitious
extreames
in
government
;
the
one
is
rigorous
,
and
makes
nothing
lawfull
,
or
safe
to
any
:
the
other
is
remisse
,
and
leaves
all
things
free
and
safe
to
all
:
now
by
the
consent
of
all
;
that
extreame
,
which
straitens
too
much
,
is
not
so
desperately
ill
,
as
that
which
inlarges
too
much
.
The
reason
is
,
because
those
which
govern
are
fewer
in
number
then
the
governed
:
and
therefore
clashing
,
and
confusion
(
which
must
needs
inevitably
follow
,
where
all
limits
,
and
restraints
are
taken
away
)
is
lesse
dammageable
amongst
a
few
,
then
it
would
be
amongst
many
.
Liberty
therefore
may
well
be
compared
to
fresh
waters
,
it
is
potable
,
and
sweet
whilst
it
endures
a
just
confinement
in
the
vaines
and
channells
of
the
earth
.
But
when
it
once
refundes
it selfe
into
the
bosome
of
the
briny
Ocean
,
it
retaynes
no
longer
its
former
relli●h
.
And
even
so
we
must
censure
of
Liberty
by
the
last
,
whilest
it
produces
good
effects
it
remains
Liberty
,
the
name
and
thing
agree
well
:
but
when
it
supplyes
to
us
no
good
at
all
,
or
bereaves
us
of
some
good
greater
then
it
supplyes
,
it
remaines
no
more
then
the
shadow
,
or
meere
misnomer
of
Liberty
.
Exempli
gratiâ
:
If
all
Land-inclosures
were
every where
layde
open
,
and
all
evidences
cancelled
,
upon
which
mens
private
interests
,
and
proprieties
depend
,
many
poore
men
would
expect
to
have
their
conditions
meliorated
;
yet
undoubtedly
their
expectations
at
last
would
faile
them
;
and
together
with
community
in
all
things
a
generall
confusion
of
all
persons
,
and
things
would
breake
in
to
the
fatall
destruction
both
of
poore
and
rich
.
Our
common
Proverbe
puts
us
rightly
in
mind
,
that
he
which
dwells
every where
,
dwells
no where
:
that
every
mans
interest
is
no
mans
intrest
,
&
that
every
mans
businesse
is
no
mans
busines
:
now
this
being
true
in
matters
of
Husbandry
,
and
in
all
other
interests
,
and
negotiations
,
why
should
it
not
be
as
true
in
matters
of
commerce
,
for
if
agriculture
generally
be
more
necessary
then
trade
:
and
if
confusion
in
agriculture
be
more
mischeivous
then
confusion
in
Trade
,
yet
by
the
same
consequence
confusion
in
trade
?
is
as
mischievous
to
Traders
,
as
confusion
in
tillage
would
be
amongst
those
that
till
the
earth
.
Thus
much
of
the
word
Freedome
generally
taken
,
I
must
now
speake
more
particularly
of
that
Freedome
,
whose
expedience
,
or
inexpedience
is
so
much
question'd
in
the
busines
of
Trade
.
Freedome
and
restraint
are
things
opposite
(
we
see
)
yet
both
admitting
of
severall
degrees
,
and
limitations
,
they
are
not
so
opposite
but
that
some
kinde
of
restraint
may
be
reconciled
to
some
kinde
of
freedome
,
for
in
as
much
as
it
is
sometimes
convenient
to
be
restrained
,
though
not
alwaies
,
and
from
all
things
;
and
sometimes
it
is
inconvenient
to
be
loosed
,
or
inlarged
though
not
alwaies
,
and
from
all
things
:
in
regard
that
restraint
at
sometimes
onely
upholds
Order
,
and
liberty
at
other
times
introduces
confusion
:
Our
mayne
Quaere
,
is
onely
this
;
Whether
that
restraint
in
Trade
which
hitherto
has
been
establish't
amongst
such
and
such
Companies
of
Merchants
,
be
conducing
to
Order
,
or
no
:
And
whether
that
Freedome
of
Trade
which
irregular
Interlopers
dispute
for
be
the
usher
of
confusion
,
or
no
.
For
the
just
discussion
of
this
,
the
benefit
of
Order
,
regulation
,
and
approved
discipline
amongst
Merchants
,
is
to
be
considered
and
brought
into
the
scole
of
this
hand
,
whilst
the
advantage
of
opennes
,
loosenesse
,
and
unconfinednesse
in
trading
is
to
be
brought
into
the
other
.
For
out
of
all
question
,
liberty
is
not
to
be
poized
by
the
meer
sound
of
its
name
,
but
by
the
solid
priviledges
which
it
brings
with
it
,
&
in
like
manner
restraint
is
not
to
be
rejected
except
one
ly
for
the
certaine
,
substantiall
disadvantages
which
are
found
to
accompany
it
.
Let
us
then
draw
up
an
exact
ballance
.
The
1.
Benefit
which
we
now
injoy
by
our
government
,
and
incorporation
is
in
things
appertaining
to
Gods
worship
,
&
the
true
Religion
:
though
we
live
amongst
Lutherans
,
Papists
,
Jews
,
Mahometans
,
Pagans
:
Yet
we
have
a
free
exercise
of
our
Religion
,
and
in
some
places
the
Ordinances
are
as
duly
,
profitably
,
and
comfortably
administerd
amongst
us
,
as
if
we
were
in
the
besome
of
our
own
Church
.
How
much
this
priviledge
tends
to
the
honor
of
God
,
the
propagation
of
the
true
faith
,
how
much
to
the
prosperity
of
trade
(
Godlinesse
having
not
onely
the
promises
of
the
world
to
come
,
but
also
of
this
life
)
&
how
much
to
be
bewail'd
the
want
of
the
Word
,
and
Sacraments
is
amongst
our
Merchants
in
Spaine
,
Italy
,
Portugal
;
let
all
men
judge
.
Yet
how
this
divine
blessing
can
be
continued
amongst
us
,
after
that
we
are
bound
together
by
no
links
of
Association
,
but
that
we
may
trade
at
large
arbitrarily
where
we
list
,
how
we
list
,
and
when
we
list
,
is
worthy
to
be
considered
;
and
I
beleive
all
men
who
have
a
true
sence
,
and
tincture
of
Religion
in
their
hearts
will
consider
it
seriously
.
The
next
benefit
is
in
matters
of
Justice
:
Though
we
are
far
distant
from
our
own
Judges
&
Courts
,
and
cannot
have
timely
recourse
to
the
remedie
of
our
owne
Laws
,
nay
though
we
should
otherwise
be
exposed
to
the
snares
,
and
rigors
of
forrein
Laws
,
and
Magistrates
,
we
are
now
(
in
matters
where
appeale
is
not
requisite
)
tryed
by
men
of
our
own
Religion
,
of
our
own
Nation
,
and
education
,
and
such
also
as
are
present
upon
the
place
.
All
Partners
that
enter
into
a
joynt
Trade
for
the
most
part
Covenant
here
mutually
,
and
voluntarily
in
all
cases
of
dispute
,
and
doubt
to
stand
to
the
judgment
of
this
Court
,
I
never
saw
any
Indentures
hitherto
without
that
expresse
clause
in
them
.
Nay
even
strangers
here
have
often
declined
their
owne
Tribunals
,
and
submitted
their
cases
to
our
decisions
,
and
I
never
yet
heard
of
any
of
them
that
departed
not
from
our
Court
fully
satisfied
both
with
our
Justice
,
and
expedition
:
it
cannot
therefore
be
expected
,
that
our
own
Merchants
which
know
so
well
what
a
priviledge
it
is
to
be
judged
by
Merchants
,
especially
being
present
upon
the
place
,
and
such
as
guide
their
judgments
by
the
same
Merchants
Law
,
as
is
in
force
in
England
,
should
not
set
a
great
price
upon
this
especiall
priviledge
.
Hen
:
the
4th
.
and
Hen
:
the
7th
.
were
as
wise
Kings
as
ever
raign'd
in
England
,
and
when
the
one
of
them
granted
our
Charter
,
&
the
other
inlarged
the
same
,
the
main
consideration
,
which
both
of
them
had
in
their
eyes
,
was
the
prevention
of
many
mischeifs
empeachments
,
&
obstructions
which
at
that
time
sensibly
oppressed
Merchants
,
and
confounded
Trade
,
ob
defectum
boni
,
&
sani
Regiminis
.
A
Third
Benefit
which
we
are
now
capable
of
by
being
incorporated
into
Companies
is
,
that
hereby
we
are
inabled
to
do
many
egregious
works
of
charity
,
which
by
our
disfranchisement
would
all
be
utterly
lost
,
and
extinguisht
.
The
Merchant
Adventurers
are
but
one
branch
of
the
Merchants
of
England
,
and
the
Merchants
here
residing
are
but
one
branch
of
the
Merchants
Adventurers
,
yet
how
many
hundreds
has
this
branch
sustained
,
and
releived
in
cases
of
necessity
?
and
how
many
widowes
,
and
poore
families
doth
it
constantly
feed
and
refresh
?
About
16
yeers
since
,
when
the
expedition
of
Marquise
Halmilton
had
miscarried
here
in
Germany
many
,
sick
,
distressed
souldiers
that
were
the
wofull
splinters
of
his
broken
ararmy
came
hither
,
and
were
not
onely
saved
from
perishing
,
but
also
shipt
for
England
at
this
Companies
charge
.
M
:
Ant
:
Beding-field
was
then
our
Deacon
,
and
had
the
charge
of
the
poores
box
,
he
is
now
a
Parliament
man
,
and
can
averre
upon
his
knowledge
that
this
society
issued
no
lesse
at
that
time
within
6
months
space
then
400
pound
,
for
such
devout
purposes
.
A
Fourth
Benefit
afforded
by
our
present
Governments
,
is
,
that
hereby
we
are
render'd
far
more
considerable
instruments
to
serve
and
honour
our
own
Country
,
then
else
we
should
be
,
and
that
not
onely
in
Trade
,
but
also
in
diverse
other
eminent
,
publick
Offices
.
As
we
are
now
imbodied
,
and
compacted
,
we
can
by
our
common
seales
raise
great
summes
of
mony
:
We
are
in
a
qualification
to
entertaine
Princes
,
to
oblige
Cities
,
to
procure
right
,
and
timely
intelligence
,
and
sometimes
to
prevent
publick
misunderstandings
:
and
so
to
merit
much
oftentimes
of
the
Nation
,
from
whence
we
are
.
That
formidable
Armado
which
in
1588
was
designed
to
swallow
us
up
,
had
inprobability
been
far
more
fatall
then
it
was
if
it
had
been
appointed
sooner
,
and
arrived
when
Queen
Elizabeth
was
not
so
well
appointed
as
it
found
her
afterwards
.
And
yet
this
is
well
known
,
that
Gr●sham
and
other
Merchants
by
taking
up
the
monys
at
Genoa
,
and
our
Company
by
doing
the
like
at
Keeler
Mart
in
Holsteine
:
did
so
prevent
Philip
that
his
Invasion
was
retarded
thereby
for
a
whole
year
,
and
that
retardment
being
so
much
to
the
disadvantage
of
Spaine
,
and
to
the
advantage
of
England
,
was
under
God
a
powerfull
meanes
of
preserving
us
.
Charles
the
5th
.
by
calculation
found
that
in
Antwerpe
20000
Soules
,
and
in
all
the
Low
Countries
at
least
60000
had
a
lively-hood
,
and
subsistance
from
the
English
Trade
:
wherefore
when
he
was
very
resolute
to
bring
the
inquisition
into
Antwerpe
,
and
remained
unmoovable
against
all
other
arguments
,
and
supplications
of
that
Town
:
yet
this
motive
,
that
the
Engl●sh
Company
would
be
dislodged
by
introducing
of
that
rigor
,
diverted
him
from
his
purpose
.
Also
when
the
same
Charles
had
transferred
all
his
signiories
,
&
Dominions
to
his
son
Philip
,
that
branch
of
the
Merchant
Adventures
appeared
in
gallant
state
to
grace
those
Solemnities
,
consuming
above
2000
Crowns
in
sumptuous
furniture
,
shewes
and
triumphall
arches
.
In
the
yeer
1581.
likewise
the
Duke
of
Alanson
in
the
same
City
was
entertained
by
80
English
Merchants
of
the
same
Company
,
all
bravely
mounted
on
horse
back
,
apparelled
in
black
velvet
,
&
most
of
them
with
brooches
&
chains
of
gold
about
their
necks
:
for
which
they
received
thanks
from
Queen
Elizabeth
and
the
Lords
of
her
Councell
.
The
King
of
Bohemia
,
and
some
of
our
Kings
Nephews
(
besides
diverse
Embassadors
)
have
found
some
seemly
receptions
also
from
us
here
at
Hamburgh
,
and
from
our
brethren
at
Roterdam
,
upon
severall
occasions
,
but
I
forbeare
prolixity
in
this
point
.
An
other
excellent
singular
Benefit
of
our
government
is
,
that
thereby
we
are
put
into
a
capacity
of
injoying
all
that
is
good
and
profitable
in
union
,
and
all
that
is
good
,
and
profitable
in
division
withall
.
Take
away
that
Order
,
and
Harmony
that
is
now
setled
amongst
us
,
and
has
been
setled
by
all
our
Kings
,
and
countenanced
by
all
our
Parliaments
from
Hen
:
the
4th
.
till
this
very
day
,
and
as
fully
confirmed
by
this
Parliament
as
by
any
:
and
our
Trade
will
become
instantly
both
stragling
,
and
confused
:
and
as
a
stragling
Trade
will
deprive
us
of
whatsoever
is
good
in
union
,
so
a
confused
Trade
will
abridge
us
of
all
that
is
good
in
a
due
method
,
and
distribution
.
This
may
be
demonstrated
most
plainly
in
a
military
bodie
:
20000
men
well
armed
,
and
imbattaild
,
are
of
greater
force
,
then
40000
drawn
together
in
an
unformed
,
undigested
heap
;
and
when
that
shall
be
accounted
an
Army
of
so
many
Souldiers
effective
,
this
shall
be
despised
as
a
rout
of
so
many
men
rudely
conglomerated
,
and
thronged
together
.
For
't
is
not
sufficient
that
there
be
together
in
one
Feild
a
due
proportion
of
Commanders
and
Souldiers
,
of
Horse
and
Foot
,
of
Arms
offensive
,
and
defensive
:
all
these
must
be
severally
ranged
,
and
distantly
imployed
:
the
Commander
must
move
here
,
the
Souldier
there
,
the
Horse
must
charge
here
,
the
Foot
there
;
such
a
Regiment
must
be
assigned
its
post
here
,
such
a
Brigade
must
advance
there
:
wise
men
know
experimentally
,
that
there
is
an
art
in
division
sometimes
,
such
as
in
many
cases
gives
life
to
Union
:
and
it
is
as
true
on
the
contrary
:
that
the
queintest
division
makes
miserable
Musick
,
when
it
is
not
subservient
to
Union
.
For
let
a
Battail
be
marshall'd
in
all
its
members
,
and
parts
according
to
the
most
exact
rules
of
souldery
either
ancient
,
or
moderne
:
yet
if
the
Trumpets
sound
contrary
points
of
warre
,
if
the
superior
Commanders
give
contrary
Orders
,
if
all
these
curiously
fashion'd
digestions
,
and
divisions
be
not
inspirited
with
one
,
joynt
designe
,
which
like
the
soul
is
to
over-rule
all
the
Organs
,
what
can
be
expected
from
this
great
,
moliminous
frame
?
Now
if
we
make
any
doubt
whether
or
no
the
use
of
Tacticks
be
as
great
in
mercatorian
,
as
in
military
affairs
let
us
come
to
neerer
application
,
and
bend
our selves
to
consider
,
as
well
what
the
want
of
union
,
as
what
the
want
of
distribution
usually
occasions
amongst
Traders
.
Union
amongst
Merchants
cannot
be
denyed
to
be
of
exceeding
great
importance
,
for
in
all
places
where
we
six
our
residence
,
we
see
,
it
makes
as
more
valuable
,
and
acceptable
:
Whilest
we
are
lookt
upon
as
an
orderly
,
united
Society
,
we
are
known
to
be
able
to
make
,
or
divert
a
Trade
in
or
from
any
one
Town
,
or
Province
.
How
soon
was
Bruges
in
Flanders
despoyl'd
of
its
fame
,
and
opulence
after
our
Company
withdrew
from
it
?
and
how
soon
did
Antwerpe
transcend
Bruges
in
fame
,
and
opulence
after
our
Commodities
were
stapled
in
Brabant
?
When
't
was
too
late
,
Bruges
,
besides
inlargement
of
former
priviledges
,
could
offer
us
moneys
,
and
descend
to
strange
intreaties
for
the
wooing
and
winning
of
our
return
:
but
Antwerpe
had
first
prevailed
with
us
,
and
having
prevailed
,
it
sent
forth
its
Magistrates
to
meet
,
and
welcome
us
with
processions
.
And
well
it
was
for
Antwerpe
,
that
the
English
were
so
taken
with
their
civilities
,
for
in
the
space
of
60
or
70
yeers
,
whereas
it
had
,
before
it
was
our
Mart
,
not
above
foure
able
Merchants
,
and
six
Ships
,
it
became
the
glorious
Magazine
of
all
Europe
.
The
like
instance
might
be
given
in
Stodt
,
and
Hamburgh
,
the
same
cause
that
now
makes
Hamburgh
rich
,
did
once
do
the
like
at
Stodt
:
and
the
same
cause
that
made
Stodt
poore
,
may
hereafter
perhaps
work
the
same
effect
in
Hamburgh
.
Who
sees
not
therefore
that
from
the
benefit
which
strangers
receive
from
us
,
whilest
we
are
thus
associated
,
and
made
capable
of
marrying
our
Company
to
them
,
arise
those
reciprocall
obligations
,
and
speciall
dowries
,
as
it
were
,
which
they
by
their
concordates
confirm
unto
us
?
Where
we
are
unprofitable
,
we
must
expect
to
be
held
despicable
:
and
what
extraordinary
profit
can
other
Nations
expect
from
our
Merchants
,
when
they
appear
onely
as
so
many
individuall
persons
,
or
stragling
Traders
.
The
English
had
at
the
Narre
in
Leisland
a
good
Trade
,
and
good
sales
for
our
Native
Commodities
for
a
while
,
but
about
1565.
divers
stragling
Merchants
resorted
thither
out
of
England
and
so
brought
themselves
,
and
their
wares
into
great
contempt
.
Divers
of
them
went
about
the
Town
with
Cloth
in
their
arms
,
and
Measures
in
their
hands
,
and
so
when
they
had
shamefully
imbased
our
English
Draperies
,
to
the
disreputation
of
our
Countrey
,
and
decay
of
themselves
,
the
Lords
of
the
Councell
at
the
next
Parliament
were
inforced
,
for
prevention
of
the
like
sordid
,
Pedlar-like
traffick
thereafter
,
to
comprise
the
Narre
within
the
Muscovie
Companies
Charter
.
Thus
is
Union
,
or
a
politick
Association
amongst
Merchants
,
beneficiall
to
the
places
where
we
trade
,
and
by
resultance
beneficiall
to
our selves
,
and
in
the
last
resort
beneficiall
to
our
whole
Nation
:
for
all
these
interests
are
so
interweaved
,
that
the
benefit
of
the
Stranger
is
requited
with
the
benefit
of
the
English
Merchant
;
and
the
benefit
of
the
English
Merchant
is
to
be
regarded
as
the
benefit
of
the
English
Nation
.
For
in
some
things
that
which
immediately
advantages
the
English
Merchant
,
advantages
mediately
the
English
Nation
:
even
as
in
other
things
that
which
immediately
brings
prosperity
to
the
English
Nation
,
mediately
brings
prosperity
to
the
English
Merchant
.
This
is
to
illustrate
the
Commodities
which
flowe
from
our
Union
,
now
the
Commodities
which
flowe
from
a
due
distribution
,
and
division
in
Trade
are
no
lesse
visible
.
The
whole
world
almost
is
now
aptly
cantoniz'd
amongst
several
Societies
of
our
Merchants
,
whilest
some
trade
East
,
some
West
,
some
neerer
,
some
further
off
;
and
were
it
not
for
this
apt
partition
,
it
would
unavoidably
fall
out
,
that
some
Mart
Towns
would
prove
over-pester'd
,
or
like
a
Common
of
Pasture
over-layd
,
whilest
others
in
the
mean
time
would
be
left
utterly
unfrequented
.
And
sure
if
the
world
were
not
spacious
enough
for
a
●our
Traders
,
some
pretence
might
be
framed
,
why
all
men
ought
to
be
licenced
in
all
places
:
but
since
the
contrary
is
most
true
,
and
no
man
is
so
straited
for
want
of
roome
,
but
that
He
may
trade
in
some
places
to
his
own
advantage
,
though
he
be
bounded
that
he
may
not
trade
in
all
places
to
other
mens
disadvantage
:
nothing
but
an
emulous
desire
to
interfere
with
others
,
and
to
incumber
trade
could
provoke
men
to
be
opposite
to
our
regular
distributions
.
I
need
not
amplifie
hereupon
,
t
is
enough
that
I
further
refer
to
the
example
of
our
thriving
Neighbours
in
Holland
;
whosoever
will
behold
Order
in
its
beauty
,
and
perfection
amongst
Merchants
there
,
He
may
observe
them
so
politickly
associated
,
and
their
Associations
so
equally
distributed
,
that
no
one
impedes
the
other
abroad
,
nor
no
one
Town
ingrosses
all
Trading
to
it self
at
home
.
Hitherto
I
have
instanced
in
the
manifold
expediences
of
Order
,
and
Government
,
especially
in
matters
of
piety
,
equity
,
charity
,
and
policy
as
well
in
relation
to
the
Common
weal
of
Merchants
,
as
to
the
Common-weal
of
England
:
now
whether
there
be
any
thing
in
freedom
of
Trading
that
can
preponderate
,
and
excell
all
these
,
I
leave
to
all
sober
men
to
discern
;
if
there
be
,
I
wish
it
may
prevail
,
and
obtain
a
just
preference
before
all
these
:
if
there
be
not
,
more
need
not
be
inferred
out
of
these
premisses
:
sober
men
cannot
be
affected
with
the
name
,
or
empty
sound
of
a
relative
,
that
is
rather
to
be
judged
by
its
circumstances
,
effects
,
and
additions
then
by
it self
:
sober
men
cannot
but
distinguish
betwixt
that
true
freedome
which
alwayes
dis-inthrals
us
of
some
evill
,
and
that
shadowy
ghost
of
freedome
,
which
often
denudes
us
of
our
greatest
priviledges
.
I
hope
I
have
now
discharged
,
what
was
to
be
expected
from
me
in
my
first
point
,
and
made
it
apparent
that
the
freedom
in
Trade
which
is
to
be
admeasured
,
and
ballanced
with
all
these
expediences
here
enumerated
had
not
need
to
be
of
large
extension
.
It
remains
now
that
I
come
to
my
next
head
,
and
therein
inquire
whether
trade
be
likely
to
flourish
or
no
,
being
stripped
,
and
robbed
of
all
those
powers
and
preeminences
which
our
Charters
convey
to
us
.
I
have
hitherto
lookt
upon
Merchants
as
Travaylers
sojourning
abroad
,
I
must
now
come
neerer
,
and
looke
upon
them
as
very
Merchants
,
buying
,
selling
,
bartering
,
bargaining
,
&c.
with
other
Nations
;
&
from
generall
Order
,
and
harmony
amongst
Merchants
,
I
must
come
to
instance
in
such
,
and
such
species
of
that
Order
,
and
harmony
,
which
has
hitherto
been
so
fortunate
to
them
.
And
first
let
us
looke
into
that
provision
of
our
Government
,
which
limits
the
education
,
and
admission
of
Apprentices
,
&
though
I
have
not
leisure
to
cite
all
our
rules
concerning
the
same
which
are
very
many
,
&
each
of
them
very
usefull
,
yet
consider
the
sumum
genus
it self
,
see
if
the
breeding
of
Apprentices
be
not
absolutely
necessary
.
Grant
to
all
without
exception
an
open
license
to
trade
at
large
,
&
who
will
indure
the
strict
duty
and
bondage
of
Apprenticehood
?
and
yet
without
that
strict
duty
,
and
bondage
,
who
can
be
sufficiently
instructed
,
and
prepared
to
gaine
all
those
Arts
,
and
subtilties
,
which
we
know
are
absolutely
necessary
to
all
Traders
.
In
all
sciences
,
and
occupations
breeding
is
necessary
,
but
amongst
Merchants
it
is
more
then
ordinarily
necessary
:
For
if
Divines
may
pretend
somthing
to
divine
,
secret
illapses
from
above
;
and
souldiers
by
their
generall
tacticks
learned
in
one
Countrey
,
may
be
qualified
for
command
in
all
Countries
;
and
if
agriculture
be
a
skill
that
depends
much
upon
naturall
sagacity
:
yet
with
Merchants
't
is
far
otherwise
.
For
unto
a
Merchant
not
onely
a
breeding
,
but
a
particular
breeding
in
such
or
such
a
place
,
in
such
or
such
a
Trade
is
requisite
.
He
that
is
experienced
to
trade
in
Russia
is
not
thereby
inabled
to
trade
in
Spaine
,
and
he
that
can
deale
warily
enough
with
Indians
,
Turks
and
Barbarians
,
is
not
alwaies
prepared
enough
to
cope
with
the
Jews
,
Hans
Townes
,
and
Hollanders
.
Questionlesse
to
license
all
men
to
trade
without
breeding
,
nay
without
the
particular
advertisements
,
and
preparations
of
such
a
breeding
is
to
send
men
naked
into
battell
,
and
to
render
them
up
as
a
prey
to
vulpine
,
circumventing
neighbours
.
I
might
here
take
occasion
to
commend
the
training
up
of
our
Youths
on
this
side
the
seas
,
as
it
is
publickly
advantagious
,
there
being
infused
into
them
thereby
somthing
of
the
Souldier
,
and
somthing
of
the
Scholler
,
and
indeed
(
if
I
am
not
deceived
)
there
is
commonly
instilled
somthing
into
them
,
that
better
qualifies
them
to
serve
the
State
,
then
what
we
see
in
meere
Schollers
or
Souldiers
.
I
wish
our
young
gallants
which
learn
in
France
to
weare
ribbons
,
and
in
Spain
and
Italy
to
be
perfidious
,
and
do
worse
things
,
did
alwayes
return
home
as
much
improved
,
and
as
well
accomplisht
as
our
Merchants
use
to
do
.
But
this
is
not
within
my
lists
,
and
that
thought
shall
supersede
me
.
For
our
next
evidence
,
we
may
appeal
unto
our
many
Orders
made
to
prevent
,
and
reform
,
the
ill
and
faulty
making
or
Cloth
,
and
other
English
woollen
Commodities
,
without
which
Orders
all
our
Manufactures
would
be
falsified
,
and
corrupted
,
and
consequently
our
Nation
disparaged
,
all
buyers
of
Cloth
at
home
,
and
abroad
abused
,
and
Trade
it self
much
desolated
.
At
the
sollicitation
of
our
Merchants
,
wholsome
Statutes
have
been
Enacted
,
and
to
second
them
strict
Proclamations
have
been
publisht
:
and
to
back
them
the
Merchants
have
appointed
Officers
,
furnisht
stipends
,
and
applyed
divers
other
preventions
,
that
our
Draperies
might
be
kept
to
their
just
measures
,
weights
,
and
numbers
;
yet
we
find
all
is
too
little
.
The
Clothiers
begin
to
sophisticate
of
late
more
then
ever
,
and
all
our
power
will
be
insufficient
to
withstand
them
;
except
the
State
reach
forth
their
helping
hands
yet
further
;
and
do
more
exactly
poize
both
our
ends
and
pretensions
.
The
clamors
of
the
Clothiers
against
the
Merchants
priviledges
arise
chiefly
from
this
offence
,
though
they
are
commonly
palliated
with
other
pretexts
,
and
t
is
a
wondrous
thing
,
that
when
they
are
sensibly
gainers
by
transgressing
Laws
,
and
we
are
as
sensibly
at
a
charge
to
maintain
them
,
they
should
be
so
well
,
and
we
so
ill
interpreted
.
In
my
Lord
Cooks
opinion
nine
parts
of
ten
of
all
our
English
Staple
Commodities
,
are
such
as
we
sheere
from
the
Sheeps
back
,
we
had
need
therefore
be
carefull
how
abuses
break
in
upon
us
in
these
Commodities
,
and
how
we
countenance
those
that
are
the
abusers
,
and
yet
thereby
discountenance
the
zealous
reformers
of
the
same
.
M
:
Anth
:
Wither
is
now
a
Justice
of
Peace
about
London
,
He
was
once
imployed
by
the
Merchant
Adventurers
besides
others
about
reforming
of
these
abuses
,
let
it
be
inquired
what
a
liberall
yeerly
stipend
He
obtained
for
the
same
.
In
the
third
place
we
may
produce
our
many
prudent
Orders
against
mis-shipping
,
whereby
,
first
,
the
Shipping
of
the
Kingdom
is
the
better
maintained
,
in
as
much
as
by
our
government
it
is
not
permitted
to
any
particular
men
for
cheapnesse
sake
either
to
ship
in
forrein
bottoms
,
or
in
vessels
of
our
own
that
are
undefensible
.
Secondly
,
by
our
regularity
in
shipping
many
fraudulent
attempts
of
such
as
use
to
steal
customes
,
bribe
searchers
,
colour
strangers
goods
,
&c.
are
disappointed
.
Thirdly
,
by
the
due
observation
of
our
rules
,
whilest
we
ship
our
goods
hand
in
hand
together
we
go
stronger
through
the
Seas
,
are
in
lesse
fear
of
Rovers
,
and
other
dangers
.
We
also
are
lesse
injurious
to
our
common
Trade
,
yea
and
to
particular
persons
amongst
ourselves
:
in
as
much
as
now
we
forestall
not
one
another
,
nor
bring
down
our
common
prices
by
the
precipitate
haste
of
some
few
;
by
this
means
also
forrein
buyers
are
accommodated
by
their
certainty
,
knowing
in
due
season
when
to
repair
to
our
Marts
;
and
we
are
not
disaccommodated
by
our
uncertainty
,
because
we
know
when
to
sell
,
and
when
to
forbear
selling
,
and
thereby
we
keep
our
Commodities
from
being
blown
upon
,
either
by
having
our
.
Ware-houses
too
full
at
sometimes
,
or
too
empty
at
others
.
In
the
fourth
place
,
the
many
Cautions
,
Orders
made
by
us
for
the
reglement
of
our
sales
may
justly
be
here
cited
:
by
some
of
these
,
we
are
limited
to
such
certain
shew-dayes
partly
for
our
own
ease
,
and
partly
for
the
buyers
advantage
.
The
Cities
of
Lubeck
and
Bremen
have
lately
been
urgent
with
us
to
set
more
shew-dayes
here
at
Hamburgh
then
two
in
a
week
:
but
we
seeing
our
Trade
no
ampler
,
then
it
is
at
present
,
found
the
inconvenience
of
altring
our
Shew
dayes
,
and
so
denied
them
satisfaction
in
that
point
.
By
others
of
our
Orders
we
are
restrained
from
giving
gratifications
to
Merchants
or
Brokers
,
from
all
pety
sales
,
and
retails
,
which
(
if
allowed
)
would
reduce
us
soon
to
ignoble
,
vulgar
Pedlars
:
by
others
we
are
bound
from
giving
credit
without
liquid
Bils
,
and
specialties
,
also
from
pawning
Bils
,
or
rebating
under
such
a
certain
rate
,
and
hereby
we
prevent
ma●y
Suits
with
strangers
,
and
many
strifes
amongst
our selves
.
By
others
we
are
inhibited
from
allowing
Tare
out
of
the
Mart
Town
,
or
out
of
due
time
,
or
without
due
inspection
:
and
we
are
all
convinced
,
that
were
it
not
for
regulation
in
this
matter
of
Tare
,
there
were
no
abiding
in
Germany
.
How
our
Trade
languishes
in
Holland
at
this
time
by
reason
of
Oppression
in
matter
of
Tare
is
known
too
well
,
our
Councell
Table
in
King
James
his
dayes
took
notice
of
it
,
and
sought
the
redresse
of
it
:
and
sure
our
Merchants
hitherto
have
onely
continued
trading
there
,
out
of
some
hope
of
better
times
,
and
conditions
hereafter
,
as
Husbandmen
use
to
manure
the
earth
in
times
of
dearth
,
as
well
as
in
times
of
plenty
.
Commissioners
from
Lubeck
and
Bremen
seconded
by
the
Senate
of
this
Town
have
assailed
us
lately
,
and
eagerly
pressed
us
to
allow
the
same
Tare
,
as
is
in
Holland
,
but
our
answer
was
resolute
,
that
rather
then
to
submit
to
such
a
thraldome
we
should
be
forced
to
abandon
all
Trade
in
Germany
.
Many
more
instances
then
these
(
if
it
were
not
for
prolixity
)
might
be
made
:
but
as
those
which
have
any
knowledge
in
Merchandice
will
acknowledge
these
are
matters
of
grand
moment
,
and
importance
:
so
to
other
men
that
are
ignorant
,
or
carelesse
of
our
affairs
,
more
would
be
to
little
purpose
.
I
will
onely
adde
this
,
that
as
we
injoy
many
conveniencies
by
being
an
united
,
imbodied
Fraternity
,
so
by
vertue
of
the
same
we
are
guarded
and
protected
from
many
inconveniences
.
As
we
have
a
jurisdiction
amongst
us
,
we
are
inabled
upon
all
new
emergencies
to
contravene
new
devised
arts
of
fraud
,
and
circumvention
in
bargaining
,
selling
,
&c.
by
making
new
Orders
against
them
.
Also
as
we
are
a
Corporation
,
we
are
armed
thereby
with
a
competence
of
power
to
inforce
,
&
execute
our
Orders
so
made
,
and
if
any
violence
of
forrein
States
,
and
Potentates
contrary
to
our
Intercourses
,
and
Treaties
of
amitie
enterposes
to
our
prejudice
,
or
if
any
new
Tolls
,
imposts
,
or
exactions
oppresse
us
,
we
are
in
this
posture
better
qualified
to
relieve
,
or
vindicate
our selves
,
then
else
we
should
be
.
A
thousand
private
men
intending
their
own
particular
interests
as
so
many
particular
men
,
having
no
common
purse
,
nor
publick
Officers
to
solicite
the
busines
of
them
all
,
cannot
expect
that
authority
with
forrein
States
,
nor
hope
to
make
so
vigorous
a
resistance
against
oppressions
and
innovasions
,
as
one
hundred
Merchants
may
,
that
are
closely
linked
,
and
cemented
together
under
one
,
and
the
same
policie
.
For
want
of
such
policie
,
all
other
Nations
were
long
since
eaten
out
of
their
Trade
by
the
Antwerpians
,
and
Esterlings
,
and
had
the
Merchant
Adventurers
been
destitute
of
those
powers
,
and
immunities
which
Hen
:
the
4th
.
Hen
:
the
7th
.
and
other
famous
Kings
of
England
establisht
amongst
them
,
they
also
had
been
long
since
driven
out
of
Trade
in
like
manner
.
One
man
is
woolvish
to
another
,
as
the
old
Proverbe
advertises
,
nay
when
Bears
will
not
prey
upon
Bears
,
nor
woolfes
upon
woolfes
,
man
will
scarce
prey
upon
any
other
then
man
.
And
yet
this
notwithstanding
private
man
to
private
man
is
not
so
unnaturall
;
as
Nation
is
to
Nation
:
for
amongst
particular
〈◊〉
the
primary
Lawes
of
our
Creation
,
which
injoyne
us
to
do
as
we
would
be
done
unto
,
and
to
be
kindest
to
them
that
are
nee●est
in
kinde
,
are
not
so
totally
abrogated
to
us
,
and
eraced
on
of
our
consciences
,
as
they
are
amongst
Nations
.
If
there
be
any
fiercer
feude
,
and
violenter
antipathy
then
other
,
t
is
commonly
seem
amongst
those
States
that
are
most
consanguineous
,
and
neerest
conjoyned
in
other
relations
,
and
as
for
doing
to
other
Nations
,
as
we
would
have
done
unto
us
;
that
sems
a
ridiculous
principle
amongst
Stats-men
,
inasmuch
as
to
do
justice
to
a
stranger
when
he
is
plaintiffe
against
a
Native
,
is
no
lesse
reputed
then
to
do
injustice
to
a
Native
:
and
to
let
slip
any
advantage
whatsoever
that
is
offered
us
of
spoyling
forreiners
,
is
the
same
accounted
as
to
spoile
domesticks
.
Republicks
have
no
breasts
,
or
seats
where
any
such
thing
as
conscience
or
true
honour
can
reside
;
were
it
not
for
fear
of
requital
,
and
return
of
injuries
from
those
that
are
injured
,
all
people
would
be
at
the
same
passe
,
as
Argiers
is
now
at
.
That
bold
Roman
that
expostulated
with
Alexander
,
why
it
might
not
be
as
lawfull
for
him
to
seize
boats
,
as
it
was
for
Princes
to
invade
whole
Empires
,
seemed
to
conceive
that
the
Laws
of
Nature
extended
to
communities
of
men
,
as
well
as
to
individualls
:
but
alas
that
would
neither
justifie
his
private
roving
at
sea
;
nor
condemne
Alexanders
royall
roving
by
land
.
In
matters
of
warre
Monarchies
especially
,
and
in
matters
of
Trade
Republicks
,
lay
hold
of
all
advantages
,
as
if
their
patrimoniall
rights
were
never
bounded
by
any
thing
but
invincible
difficulties
,
and
necessities
,
nor
honour
had
any
rules
to
measure
things
by
but
those
of
profit
,
and
disprofit
.
This
is
the
reason
why
the
Jewish
Lumbards
are
odious
for
their
excessive
gains
exacted
,
and
extorted
out
of
all
such
as
they
contract
with
,
and
therefore
are
pursued
as
petty
Pirats
:
but
the
Hollanders
and
Hans
Townes
for
the
same
exploits
done
more
publickly
are
extolled
as
great
Merchants
,
nay
are
crowned
as
glorious
Conquerors
.
We
that
live
here
in
Hamburgh
,
and
our
Brethren
in
Holland
are
too
sensible
of
this
:
our
often
removals
from
one
Mart
Town
to
another
,
to
ease
our selves
of
insupportable
pressures
most
fedifragously
brought
in
upon
us
,
have
preserved
that
life
in
our
English
Trade
that
is
yet
remaining
in
it
:
yet
the
vast
expences
of
our
removings
have
left
us
in
a
sad
condition
.
This
concludes
my
two
first
points
:
I
am
now
in
order
to
answer
such
arguments
as
are
brought
for
a
free
Trade
,
and
such
objections
as
are
urged
against
our
priviledged
way
of
Trading
.
The
first
Argument
is
founded
upon
this
maxime
:
Bonum
quo
communius
,
eo
melius
:
If
Merchandize
(
say
our
Adversaries
)
be
good
for
the
Common-weal
,
then
the
more
common
it
is
made
,
the
more
open
it
is
layd
,
the
more
good
it
will
convey
to
us
.
But
all
grant
Merchandize
to
be
good
●rgo
.
Ans.
To
detect
the
fallacies
of
this
Argument
:
we
must
confesse
that
this
maxime
is
true
of
all
such
good
things
as
are
absolutely
,
or
infinitely
good
:
yet
we
may
deny
that
Merchandize
is
either
absolutely
,
or
infinitely
good
.
For
first
,
Merchandize
secundum
quid
,
that
is
,
if
it
be
rightly
managed
,
and
regulated
may
be
profitable
to
such
a
man
,
or
such
a
State
:
but
(
we
all
see
)
that
Merchandize
at
sometimes
,
for
want
of
good
government
,
and
order
,
undoes
many
private
men
,
and
in
their
undoing
proves
injurious
to
the
State
.
Secondly
,
Merchandize
may
be
reckoned
amongst
good
things
,
but
not
amongst
things
infinitely
good
,
therefore
though
the
diffusion
,
or
inlargement
of
it
may
bring
profit
to
the
State
unto
such
bounds
,
and
degrees
;
yet
this
is
no
proof
,
but
that
there
are
bounds
,
and
degrees
beyond
which
it
may
not
be
diffused
,
nor
can
be
inlarged
without
disprofit
.
Those
good
things
which
are
ample
enough
to
satisfie
all
,
may
be
extended
to
all
,
and
the
further
they
are
extended
,
the
more
good
they
do
:
but
Trade
is
not
of
that
amplitude
as
to
satisfie
all
men
in
all
places
,
and
at
all
times
,
and
therefore
not
within
the
same
Maxime
.
If
there
were
in
the
fruits
,
and
increase
of
the
earth
an
over-flowing
abundance
to
sustain
all
,
and
answer
all
mens
desires
without
our
labour
and
sweat
,
then
hedges
and
ditches
would
be
to
no
purpose
:
but
since
the
earth
is
not
so
profuse
of
its
favours
,
nor
so
immense
in
its
revenues
,
we
must
maintain
mounds
,
and
terriers
;
priority
of
possession
,
expence
of
toyl
,
purchase
,
&c.
must
be
regarded
,
or
else
we
shall
all
be
soon
at
a
losse
.
Before
the
Land
of
Canaan
was
fully
stockt
,
Abraham
and
Lot
might
intercommon
freely
,
and
graze
their
Herds
sociably
in
all
places
where
they
travelled
;
but
in
processe
of
time
,
when
their
flocks
became
more
numerous
,
and
when
consequently
the
surface
of
that
milk-and
honey
flowing
Countrey
began
to
shrink
before
them
,
they
were
both
necessitated
to
journey
severall
wayes
,
and
to
provide
for
themselves
more
●…x●
,
and
distinct
habitations
.
The
water
is
a
more
unmeasured
element
then
the
earth
,
and
therefore
formerly
it
was
ever
held
a
common
patrimony
to
all
:
yet
since
Navigation
is
improved
to
this
degree
,
even
this
also
is
now
disterminated
,
and
made
subject
to
imaginary
lives
for
avoiding
of
incroachments
,
and
strife
about
fishings
,
&c.
And
not
onely
navigable
Rivers
,
but
Seas
,
and
Oceans
begin
to
submit
to
particular
Proprieties
,
and
to
own
the
speciall
prerogatives
of
such
,
and
such
signiors
.
Lawyers
say
,
Cujus
est
Solum
,
ejus
est
etiamusque
ad
Coelum
:
wherefore
if
neither
Aire
,
Water
,
nor
Land
resist
the
Laws
of
propriety
,
we
cannot
think
the
Trade
of
Merchants
is
a
thing
more
emptie
,
and
uncapable
of
limits
and
rules
,
then
any
of
the
Elements
:
if
our
grounds
may
be
pester'd
with
cattell
;
if
Ponds
may
be
over-stockt
with
Fish
;
if
the
several
Climates
of
the
lower
Region
be
severally
peopled
,
and
frequented
with
fowl
that
seem
to
understand
their
severall
seasons
:
we
can
hardly
imagine
that
such
a
Countrey
,
or
such
a
Mart
Town
in
such
a
Countrey
should
not
be
over-charged
with
too
great
a
confluence
of
Merchants
.
Second
Argument
.
That
which
seizes
too
great
matters
into
the
hands
of
too
few
,
and
so
is
in
the
nature
of
a
Monopoly
,
has
been
alwayes
condemned
as
a
preventing
Trade
,
and
held
injurious
to
the
major
part
of
mankind
:
but
such
is
the
Trade
which
priviledged
,
and
incorporated
Merchants
drive
,
&c.
Ans.
The
force
of
this
Objection
is
,
that
if
Trade
may
not
be
set
at
liberty
to
all
,
yet
it
may
be
set
at
liberty
to
more
then
it
is
,
except
we
will
incur
the
name
and
blame
of
Monopolists
.
In
behalf
of
the
Merchant
Adventurers
who
have
,
I
think
,
the
fullest
Charters
,
&
have
ever
met
with
the
greatest
oppositions
,
though
I
am
not
so
well
acquainted
with
other
Companies
,
I
may
with
much
confidence
give
these
Answers
hereunto
.
First
,
though
Wools
endraped
be
the
main
matter
of
our
Trade
,
yet
we
deal
not
onely
in
those
Draperies
,
but
also
in
all
kinds
of
Wares
,
and
,
other
Merchandizes
.
Secondly
,
neither
doth
our
Company
alone
transport
these
Draperies
:
all
other
English
Merchants
,
nay
the
Hans
Towns
,
and
all
other
Strangers
in
amity
with
the
Crown
of
England
,
at
their
pleasure
may
buy
,
and
vend
again
all
sorts
of
English
Wares
that
are
fully
manufactured
,
as
uncontrollably
as
they
bring
in
their
own
Commodities
.
Wherefore
it
cannot
be
said
that
this
chief
Trade
of
the
Kingdom
is
ingrossed
,
or
monopoliz'd
by
us
in
either
of
these
two
respects
,
for
as
much
as
our
priviledges
neither
confine
that
Trade
to
us
alone
,
nor
us
to
that
Trade
alone
.
Thirdly
,
The
name
of
Monopolists
cannot
be
fixed
on
them
in
respect
of
the
bounds
allotted
them
for
their
Trade
:
for
by
calculation
we
finde
there
are
above
6000
persons
free
of
our
Company
,
and
from
the
Some
in
France
to
the
Scaw
in
Germany
,
(
the
nihil
ultraes
of
our
commerce
)
is
no
extraordinary
proportion
,
for
such
a
proportion
of
men
,
let
the
number
of
the
Merchant
Adventurers
be
compared
with
the
number
of
all
other
Merchants
,
and
then
compare
this
space
of
earth
in
France
and
Germany
with
all
the
globe
besides
;
and
it
will
soon
appeare
,
that
the
confines
of
our
Trade
are
rather
too
narrow
,
then
otherwise
.
Some
hundreds
,
nay
thousands
of
our
Company
that
are
capable
of
our
freedome
by
service
,
or
by
Patrimony
are
faine
to
leave
their
callings
,
&
to
betake
themselves
to
other
imployments
:
and
necessity
hath
now
taught
us
to
confine
our selves
to
a
certaine
stint
of
Apprentices
,
in
regard
that
our
Trade
is
too
narrow
for
our
Traders
,
&
therefore
whilest
we
are
inforced
to
break
out
,
what
can
invite
other
men
thus
to
break
in
,
and
to
invade
our
precincts
?
Fourthly
,
The
price
that
is
set
upon
our
priviledges
cannot
condemne
us
of
monopolie
:
for
if
a
sufficient
number
could
not
be
admitted
by
service
,
or
patrimony
:
yet
the
State
hath
left
a
door
open
for
any
that
are
qualified
for
trading
to
be
admitted
upon
a
meane
,
inconsiderable
rate
.
Any
Out
Port
Merchant
might
have
had
his
freedome
for
25.
l.
ster●ing
,
and
any
of
London
for
50.
l.
and
those
which
neglected
that
opportunity
,
are
yet
capable
for
the
double
summe
.
Fifthly
,
The
stint
which
we
set
upon
our selves
in
buying
cloth
cannot
be
objected
to
us
,
as
savouring
of
monopolie
:
For
first
the
whole
Company
by
common
advice
,
and
consent
sets
this
stint
for
its
own
good
;
and
as
the
whole
Company
best
understands
its
own
interest
,
so
neither
has
it
,
or
can
it
have
any
interest
,
but
such
as
is
consistent
with
the
interest
of
the
State
.
2ly
,
the
Company
had
never
resolved
upon
any
such
stint
,
but
in
contemplation
of
the
narrownesse
of
Trade
:
and
so
far
is
this
stint
from
making
trade
more
scarce
,
that
it self
was
ordained
meerly
as
some
ease
and
remedie
against
the
scarcity
of
Trade
.
We
know
well
that
t
is
possible
for
some
one
Merchant
to
exceed
fourty
others
in
purse
,
or
credit
;
yet
sure
it
cannot
be
expedient
for
the
Common-wealth
,
that
one
Merchant
should
graspe
too
much
,
and
swell
up
to
an
excessive
bulk
,
whilest
fourty
other
Merchants
being
over
shadowed
by
him
,
can
attain
to
no
growth
at
all
.
Thirdly
,
As
the
stint
of
Clothes
is
now
set
,
it
remains
larger
then
is
made
use
of
by
diverse
,
the
fourth
part
of
our
Merchants
scarce
ever
buyes
to
the
fourth
part
of
Clothes
that
is
allowable
by
the
stint
,
wherefore
it
is
a
most
indirect
and
preposterous
thing
to
call
that
a
monopolie
,
or
straitning
of
Trade
;
which
is
the
onely
remedie
against
monopolie
,
&
the
meer
effect
of
straitn●sse
in
Trade
.
They
which
know
the
difference
betwixt
Common
certain
,
and
Common
sans
number
;
and
see
how
the
Husbandman
in
dressing
his
vine
,
makes
it
more
fruitfull
by
paring
away
the
luxuriant
products
of
its
fertility
,
wil
easily
judge
by
these
stints
,
that
the
Merchants
were
grown
too
numerous
for
their
Trade
,
and
not
that
their
Trade
was
grown
too
copious
for
their
mannaging
.
Sixtly
,
As
our
Trade
cannot
be
called
an
ingrossing
Trade
,
or
a
monopolie
in
respect
of
any
other
of
its
priviledges
or
powers
,
so
neither
can
it
be
accused
thereof
in
regard
of
our
covinous
,
false
dealing
in
Marchandize
.
T
is
true
,
our
Company
in
Qu
:
Elizabeths
daies
found
much
opposition
from
the
Hans
Townes
,
and
in
that
bando
which
was
procured
against
us
,
to
remoove
us
from
Stadt
,
the
main
pretence
was
monopolie
used
by
the
English
Merchants
,
but
for
a
further
Account
of
that
matter
,
we
are
to
be
informed
:
that
the
Hans
Towns
had
antiently
by
their
great
skill
in
Merchandize
,
made
themselves
very
famous
,
and
procured
to
themselves
priviledges
in
many
Countries
.
Amongst
other
Nations
also
that
did
priviledge
them
,
the
English
was
not
the
last
,
or
least
.
In
London
therefore
they
had
the
Steelyard
assigned
them
with
power
to
exercise
Merchant
Law
there
,
for
their
own
better
regulation
:
and
amongst
many
other
old
immunities
,
they
were
to
pay
for
wares
brought
in
,
and
carried
out
one
and
a
quarter
per
centum
custome
,
and
no
more
.
This
Custome
whilest
the
cheife
Trade
of
the
land
was
in
Wooll
undraped
,
was
no
great
losse
to
us
:
but
after
that
the
full
Art
of
clothing
was
made
ours
in
Ed
:
the
3ds
.
daies
,
and
the
Wooll
Trade
was
almost
quite
decaied
,
our
State
found
that
it
lost
exceedingly
by
passing
out
cloth
at
the
old
Custome
,
and
that
the
Hans
Towns
priviledges
were
diverse
otherwaies
abused
to
our
publick
detriment
.
Hereupon
after
some
contests
,
(
Ed
:
the
6th
.
raigning
Anno
1550.
)
the
said
priviledges
were
lookt
into
,
and
found
both
defective
in
themselves
,
and
also
forfeited
by
diverse
breaches
of
conditions
:
the
formalities
of
their
incorporation
were
so
voide
,
that
none
could
safely
contract
with
them
,
and
therefore
being
detected
of
diverse
injuries
in
colouring
of
forrein
goods
,
not
within
the
verge
of
their
priviledges
,
and
other
falshoods
:
it
appeared
,
that
they
were
such
an
uncertain
,
misconstituted
body
,
that
they
were
not
liable
to
any
account
,
nor
answerable
for
any
trespasse
.
This
procured
a
judgment
to
annull
,
and
abrogate
the
Hans
Towns
priviledges
,
and
in
Anno
1557.
under
Phil
:
and
Mary
,
our
Customes
were
improoved
from
14.
d.
to
6.
s.
8.
d.
per
Cloth
payable
by
the
English
and
13.
s.
4.
d.
by
strangers
,
and
this
improovement
did
but
equall
the
old
Custome
of
wooll
undraped
.
Till
the
death
of
Q
:
Mary
,
whilest
Spain
and
England
were
united
,
the
Hans
Townes
seeing
their
profit
so
far
impared
,
and
Trade
in
England
in
so
good
a
measure
advanced
,
gr●w
sullenly
envious
,
but
durst
attempt
nothing
.
Neverthelesse
Anno
1564
when
Queen
Elizabeth
was
at
enmity
with
the
Spanyard
,
with
more
resumed
courage
the
Hans
Towns
laboured
to
suppresse
the
growth
of
our
Merchandize
:
and
therfore
to
make
the
King
of
Spaine
their
abettor
against
us
in
Germany
,
and
the
Netherlanders
,
they
made
themselves
parties
against
us
in
Spaine
,
by
furnishing
armes
,
amunition
,
&c.
Thus
some
acts
of
hostility
were
done
on
both
sides
,
Queen
Elizabeth
in
a
defensive
way
seized
some
of
their
Ships
sent
to
supply
the
Spanyard
,
and
the
Spanyard
at
their
solicitation
banisht
us
out
of
the
Low
Countries
,
and
caused
us
to
be
interdicted
Germany
also
.
Anno
1567.
the
English
Merchants
being
expelled
out
of
the
Netherlands
,
contracted
for
entertainment
at
Hamburgh
for
10
yeers
:
these
10
yeers
being
expired
,
no
longer
residence
could
be
had
there
,
inasmuch
as
all
the
Hans
Towns
could
not
injoy
us
wholly
to
themselves
,
&
for
any
one
to
injoy
us
,
they
thought
it
unequall
,
and
prejudiciall
to
the
rest
.
From
Hamburgh
we
remooved
to
Embden
,
and
there
the
same
parties
prosecuting
and
renewing
their
clamors
of
a
monopolizing
Trade
in
the
English
,
a
new
Edict
from
the
Emperor
Anno
1582.
was
thundered
out
against
us
.
The
Grave
of
Embden
nothing
troubled
at
this
Edict
,
sent
his
Chancellor
Doctor
Moller
,
since
Syndicus
of
Hamburgh
to
the
Spiers
,
who
there
defended
the
English
Trade
against
the
slanderous
imputation
of
monopolie
,
and
for
a
while
gave
such
satisfaction
,
that
the
Emperours
Edict
was
not
put
in
execution
against
us
.
Queen
Elizabeth
also
in
1595.
wrote
thus
to
the
Emperour
,
Monopolium
de
quo
Hanseatici
subditos
nostros
criminantur
calumniae
potius
quam
verae
accusationis
rationem
per
se
ferre
videtur
.
To
wipe
off
this
calumny
,
we
can
also
instance
in
severall
letters
of
attestation
under
the
Common
Seals
of
Antwerpe
,
Midlebourgh
,
Embden
,
Stadt
justifying
our
faire
,
and
just
manner
of
trading
:
and
if
such
legible
proofs
be
not
so
available
,
wee
could
appeal
to
all
the
places
where
ever
we
resided
,
as
so
many
visible
arguments
,
prooving
fully
for
us
,
that
our
way
of
traffick
hath
not
been
onely
blamelesse
,
and
just
,
but
also
strangely
fortunate
and
propitious
.
From
Embden
(
for
the
Spanyard
prevailing
in
Freisland
had
now
made
those
parts
dangerous
to
us
)
we
betook
our selves
to
Stadt
,
and
there
we
continued
till
1597.
so
desirous
was
each
of
the
Hans
Towns
singly
to
have
harboured
us
,
if
all
jointly
had
not
envied
that
single
advantage
:
and
being
there
then
disaccommodated
,
10.
or
11.
of
the
cheife
Towns
under
the
States
sent
to
invite
us
,
and
made
offers
of
large
accommodations
amongst
them
.
We
may
further
take
notice
,
that
Ed
:
the
6th
.
reserved
for
the
Hans
Towns
after
forfeiture
of
their
priviledges
,
as
ample
a
freedome
of
commerce
,
as
for
any
strangers
whatsoever
:
That
Queen
Mary
restored
the
said
Towns
upon
ingagement
that
their
inordinate
Trade
should
be
forborne
,
and
this
ingagement
being
violated
,
She
yeelded
to
a
new
Treaty
about
a
sit
moderation
of
their
Intercourses
.
Yet
the
Hans
Towns
did
not
onely
neglect
to
send
Commissioners
within
the
time
perfixed
,
but
at
the
same
time
publisht
an
Edict
at
Lu●eck
,
prohibiting
all
Trade
with
the
English
,
Queen
Mary
for
her
husbands
sake
was
much
a
freind
to
the
Austrian
familie
,
and
for
the
Austrians
sake
to
these
Easterlings
,
and
therefore
she
offered
again
another
Treatie
in
1557.
but
this
offer
was
rejected
likewise
with
an
opprobrious
pretence
,
that
in
England
they
could
expect
no
competent
Judges
of
their
cause
.
If
they
durst
not
trust
their
cause
to
England
in
Q
:
Maries
dayes
,
because
it
was
a
Monarchy
,
then
they
judged
dishonorably
of
all
Monarchies
:
if
they
made
no
difference
of
Monarchies
,
but
diffided
in
it
,
because
it
was
a
forrein
State
,
where
they
should
not
be
their
own
Judges
,
this
reflects
also
upon
all
forrein
States
:
but
the
truth
is
,
they
had
an
ill
cause
,
and
so
were
diffident
of
all
Judges
,
but
themselves
.
Howsoever
Queen
Elizabeth
in
1560.
offered
yet
a
new
Moderation
,
and
this
not
accepted
of
from
the
beginning
of
her
Reign
,
she
commanded
they
should
be
used
here
as
her
own
Subjects
,
and
better
then
any
other
Forreiners
.
This
is
also
most
certain
,
till
She
saw
her
Subjects
driven
from
Hamburgh
in
1578.
and
an
exaction
of
7
¼
.
per
centum
set
upon
all
English
Goods
at
Lunenburgh
in
1579.
and
all
the
English
generally
ill
Treated
at
Dantzig
,
Deventer
,
&c.
and
not
onely
her
Enemies
of
Spaine
assisted
by
them
,
but
other
Princes
also
exasperated
against
Her
,
She
made
little
difference
betwixt
them
and
her
own
Subjects
.
I
hope
this
will
be
a
sufficient
justification
of
our
English
Trade
:
and
now
since
it
appears
,
that
this
opposition
was
procured
to
us
by
strangers
and
enemies
,
that
sought
not
to
reduce
us
to
a
fair
Trade
,
but
to
eject
us
out
of
all
Trade
:
me thinks
it
should
be
very
unworthy
of
any
Englishman
to
make
use
of
the
same
Objections
.
3.
Arg
:
That
Trade
which
is
not
onely
complained
of
by
Strangers
,
but
Natives
also
,
and
in
all
ages
has
encountred
with
so
many
Complainants
,
is
likely
to
be
a
Monopolie
,
or
some
private
,
anticipating
,
indirect
way
of
commerce
:
but
such
is
that
of
all
Merchants
incorporated
by
particular
Charters
,
&c.
All
priviledged
Merchants
,
especially
the
Adventurers
of
England
(
whose
priviledges
are
lookt
upon
as
so
ample
)
have
had
Adversaries
alwaies
to
wrestle
,
and
contest
with
both
abroad
,
and
at
home
:
yet
this
may
be
truly
said
of
them
(
as
of
Cato
)
they
have
been
as
often
absolved
,
as
accused
:
and
their
Patrons
have
ever
been
far
more
honorable
,
then
their
Adversaries
.
Clothiers
,
Interlopers
,
some
Officers
of
the
Outports
,
and
Court
projectors
have
molested
them
on
the
one
side
:
but
on
the
other
side
Parliaments
,
Kings
,
Privy-Councellors
,
and
the
wisest
of
Statesmen
have
protected
them
,
and
their
Cause
;
and
upon
a
full
,
and
due
hearing
it
continually
appeared
,
that
their
friends
had
honourable
,
but
their
opposers
dishonourable
ends
.
As
for
the
Clothier
,
He
stomacks
much
that
He
must
be
so
strictly
held
to
the
Statute
,
and
may
not
digresse
from
the
just
weight
,
and
measure
,
that
is
there
set
for
his
Clothes
.
The
Interloper
takes
offence
,
that
without
contributing
for
Himself
,
He
may
not
injoy
the
benefits
of
that
policy
,
which
is
maintained
at
other
mens
charge
:
that
the
same
hedges
which
keep
other
men
from
trespassing
him
,
should
keep
him
from
trespassing
other
men
.
The
Outport
Officer
is
prevented
of
some
bribes
,
for
stolne
customes
,
false-colour'd
goods
,
&c.
by
the
regular
shipping
of
our
Merchants
,
and
by
our
Ministers
,
which
keeps
too
severe
a
check
upon
him
,
and
therefore
his
indignation
is
raised
.
In
the
mean
time
the
begging
Courtier
,
He
finds
it
profitable
for
the
Common-wealth
,
that
accusations
should
be
favoured
,
and
that
all
Complainants
should
be
heard
:
for
whether
the
Complaints
be
true
or
false
,
just
,
or
unjust
,
profit
comes
in
to
Him
both
wayes
,
and
the
Innocent
must
gratifie
him
for
his
quietus
est
,
as
well
as
the
nocent
for
his
impunity
.
King
James
anno
1613.
found
that
his
Progenitors
had
been
deceived
in
their
Grants
to
us
,
and
therefore
suspended
and
sequestred
our
Priviledges
:
but
in
anno
1616
▪
and
1617.
after
that
the
Merchants
had
been
drained
of
20
,
or
30000
l.
and
Cockayns
new
project
(
so
obstructive
to
Trade
)
was
falne
to
the
ground
of
it self
,
the
same
ancient
Charters
,
and
Liberties
were
revived
with
more
honourable
testimonials
then
ever
;
the
Courtiers
were
again
sensible
that
King
James
and
his
Progenitors
had
been
well
advised
in
their
Grants
.
The
Merchants
Adventurers
long
before
the
Art
of
Endraping
Cloth
was
introduced
into
England
,
had
Priviledges
abroad
from
the
Dukes
of
Brabant
,
and
other
Potentates
.
Edw
:
the
3d.
having
transplanted
the
Manufacture
out
of
the
Netherlands
,
for
the
better
watering
,
and
cherishing
of
it
,
confirmed
to
the
said
Adventurers
whatsoever
had
been
granted
in
the
yeer
1248.
by
John
D
:
of
Brabant
.
Hen
:
the
4th
.
seeing
the
good
effects
of
his
grandfathers
indulgence
,
added
a
more
beneficiall
and
large
Charter
of
priviledges
in
Feb
:
1406.
H.
5.
H.
6.
Edw
:
4.
and
R.
3.
were
followers
of
that
good
example
by
severall
ratifications
,
But
H.
7.
seeming
to
transcend
all
his
Predecessors
in
policie
,
and
desiring
to
testifie
the
same
by
his
care
of
Merchants
,
proceeded
further
to
dilate
their
priviledges
,
and
preeminences
.
Polydor
Virgil
gives
him
this
Encomium
:
Mercatores
ille
saepenumerò
pecuniâ
multa
data
gratuito
juvibat
,
u●
Mercatura
(
A●s
una
●n●ctis
aeque
mortalibus
tum
commoda
,
tum
necessaria
)
in
surregno
copiofier
esset
.
In
his
Reigne
(
enmities
and
hostilities
interrupting
our
commerce
with
the
Burgundians
)
we
had
a
Staple
provided
for
us
at
Calais
;
and
then
under
our
own
Soveraigne
,
within
our
own
Dominions
we
saw
our
own
fellow
Subjects
as
tenderly
entertained
with
divers
Franchises
,
and
Indulgences
,
as
if
they
had
capitulated
with
a
strange
Prince
.
Since
H.
7.
all
his
Successors
have
confirmed
,
or
inlarged
what
was
granted
before
;
within
few
yeers
also
this
King
;
and
since
that
,
this
Parliament
in
1643.
have
added
strong
ratifications
,
and
that
not
without
honourable
acknowledgements
of
this
famous
Companies
services
to
the
publick
.
Moreover
in
the
times
of
Hen
:
4.
and
Hen
:
7.
some
Complaints
were
preferred
by
Clothiers
,
&c.
against
the
Merchant
Adventurers
:
but
after
due
examination
,
and
hearing
,
the
Company
had
a
favourable
issue
,
and
not
onely
obtained
a
fuller
establishment
of
former
Charters
,
but
also
new
expresse
clauses
against
stragling
Merchants
,
and
all
other
intermedlers
,
that
might
empeach
,
or
disturbe
their
Trade
.
Other
Informations
were
under
Edw
:
6.
exhibited
against
the
same
Company
by
some
of
their
own
Brethren
:
but
after
the
Councell
Table
had
taken
a
full
cognizance
thereof
,
the
two
chief
of
the
Informers
were
committed
to
the
Fleet
,
and
the
rest
were
Fined
,
and
more
strictly
injoyned
to
submit
to
the
Companies
Orders
for
the
future
.
The
same
Informers
also
not
so
acquiescing
,
made
new
addresses
to
the
Parliament
held
after
by
Queen
Mary
:
but
the
busines
was
soon
quashed
there
also
,
and
the
accusers
without
further
remedie
dismissed
.
The
like
or
more
grievous
Complaints
were
revived
by
the
Clothiers
,
&c.
in
Queen
Elizabeths
dayes
,
but
what
event
did
attend
them
?
after
that
the
Cloth
Trade
was
set
at
liberty
for
a
while
,
after
that
the
George
at
Westminster
was
made
as
free
a
Mercat
for
Cloth
as
Blackwell-Hall
in
London
,
and
upon
triall
the
poore
people
of
Wiltshire
,
Glocestershire
,
&c.
saw
their
miseries
not
relieved
,
but
increased
by
dissolving
the
Company
of
Merchant
Adventurers
:
The
Lords
of
the
Councell
anno
29.
Eliz
:
to
prevent
mutiny
in
those
parts
,
were
fain
to
send
for
the
Merchant
Adventurers
,
and
desire
them
cheerfully
to
proceed
in
their
Trade
,
to
which
no
countenance
,
nor
assistance
from
them
should
be
wanting
for
the
future
.
Alderman
Cockayns
Project
in
King
James
his
dayes
was
guilded
over
with
a
more
specious
pretext
then
that
in
Queen
Elizabeths
,
and
when
our
Company
was
at
that
time
dissolved
,
Trade
was
not
absolutely
layd
common
(
as
before
)
without
all
manner
of
regulation
:
but
to
prevent
general
confusion
(
which
had
proved
it self
continually
so
fatall
)
a
new
Company
was
erected
,
and
incorporated
:
yet
neither
so
could
this
project
prosper
,
or
subsist
.
King
James
in
his
Proclamation
Anno
1617.
publisht
for
the
restitution
of
our
Company
and
its
and
〈◊〉
Priviledges
,
(
after
that
the
consumption
,
and
miserable
languishment
of
Trade
for
above
two
yeers
space
had
better
instructed
him
)
attestated
to
the
world
the
excellent
method
,
and
discipline
of
our
ancient
Corporation
,
and
now
ineffectuall
his
〈◊〉
looser
jurisdiction
had
proved
for
the
vending
of
our
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
manufacture
.
And
it
should
seem
this
was
susti●●●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
the
world
,
yet
the
Courtiers
would
not
be
so
satisfied
for
they
thought
they
had
gratified
the
Common-wealth
in
restoring
the
ancient
Company
of
the
Adventurers
,
and
that
they
had
grati●●●
the
Merchant
Adventurers
in
restoring
them
to
their
due
rights
,
and
therefore
to
inclose
by
bargain
for
themselves
a
gratification
of
20
,
or
30000
livre.
was
no
ill
office
.
There
is
another
clog
remaining
upon
our
Trade
to
this
day
,
and
it
is
continued
still
upon
the
same
reason
:
the
Merchant
Adventurers
at
first
were
stinted
to
a
certain
number
of
Clothes
,
which
number
in
their
exportations
they
might
not
exceed
:
now
it
appears
since
to
the
State
,
that
that
number
was
too
strait
,
and
that
it
is
very
inexpedient
for
Trade
to
circumscribe
our
Merchants
rigorously
with
that
stint
;
and
yet
notwithstanding
Courtiers
must
be
●ill
feed
for
releasing
Trade
of
this
inexpedience
.
The
Earl
of
Cumberland
in
Queen
Elizabeths
dayes
was
sweetned
with
a
Present
for
obtaining
an
inlargement
of
our
stint
;
but
that
Present
now
is
become
a
Rent
,
and
is
successively
granted
by
Patent
;
and
though
the
Patentee
be
a
single
person
,
and
cannot
be
said
properly
to
gratifie
the
Common-wealth
,
yet
He
receives
such
a
yeerly
revenue
in
consideration
that
the
Common-wealth
shall
not
be
disserved
:
and
this
revenue
it self
being
an
Incumbrance
upon
our
Draperies
,
and
raised
out
of
Woollgrowers
,
Clothiers
,
Merchants
Retailors
,
and
so
charging
Trade
in
generall
,
is
no
lesse
then
a
disservice
it self
to
the
Common-wealth
.
Thus
we
see
our
Charters
have
been
often
times
,
and
severall
wayes
attempted
against
:
and
yet
if
they
had
not
been
so
much
shaken
,
their
power
of
resistance
had
not
been
so
experimentally
known
;
for
the
more
the
Anchor
is
straitned
,
the
faster
hold
it
ever
gains
.
4th
.
Arg
:
Since
every
man
is
presumed
to
be
most
knowing
in
that
Craft
wherein
He
has
been
bred
up
;
we
may
presume
the
Clothiers
in
matters
of
cloth
to
be
more
knowing
then
the
Merchant
.
Ans.
First
,
in
the
making
of
Cloth
we
deny
not
but
there
may
be
more
skill
in
the
Clothier
then
in
the
Merchant
:
but
the
question
here
is
about
the
uttering
and
vending
,
not
about
working
or
preparing
of
cloth
:
and
therfore
,
it
follows
not
that
the
breeding
of
the
Clothier
does
so
much
inable
him
to
sell
cloth
,
especially
in
great
quantities
,
and
that
to
forrein
Nations
,
as
the
Merchants
:
but
rather
the
contrary
,
even
by
the
truth
of
the
same
granted
rule
.
Forasmuch
as
there
is
not
onely
an
Art
and
Mysterie
in
the
sale
of
cloth
as
aforesaid
,
but
also
an
Art
more
abstrase
,
eminent
,
and
exquisite
then
that
is
which
consists
in
the
Mechanicall
way
of
making
and
dressing
the
same
.
Secondly
,
the
State
is
not
to
consider
what
is
most
beneficiall
to
the
Merchant
,
what
to
the
Clothier
separatim
,
or
whether
the
benefit
of
the
one
alone
,
or
of
the
other
be
more
to
be
favoured
,
but
how
they
may
be
both
favoured
conjunctim
,
and
how
the
State
may
be
most
benefited
by
twisting
their
interests
both
together
.
Now
then
generall
interest
of
the
State
requires
that
all
our
L●nificia
,
or
English
commodities
be
raised
in
price
unto
other
Nations
as
high
as
may
be
without
injustice
,
or
inconvenience
,
and
that
as
many
persons
and
professions
in
England
as
may
be
,
may
come
to
be
sharers
in
the
generall
interest
.
If
the
question
then
be
,
whether
the
Merchants
interest
,
or
the
Clothiers
do
more
conduce
to
this
publick
reason
of
State
;
sense
it self
will
presently
distinguish
,
that
the
Merchants
advantage
is
more
compliant
with
the
publick
then
the
Clothiers
.
For
the
Clothiers
ayme
is
to
drown
that
gain
,
which
the
Merchants
industry
and
imployment
now
serves
for
,
and
which
by
his
service
is
kept
within
the
bounds
of
our
own
Island
,
to
the
maintaining
of
so
many
families
at
home
,
and
busying
so
many
men
,
and
Ships
abroad
,
and
thereby
to
abridge
the
same
the
more
to
Natives
,
the
more
it
is
publicated
unto
strangers
.
The
Hollanders
are
so
subtill
as
to
clog
our
English
Woollen
manufactures
with
great
Impositions
,
and
to
free
their
own
of
the
same
,
that
the
prices
of
their
meaner
Draperies
may
be
raised
up
to
our
better
ones
,
or
the
prices
of
our
better
Draperies
may
be
beaten
down
to
their
meaner
ones
:
but
our
subtiltie
must
be
for
the
pleasure
of
our
Clothiers
to
intercept
from
the
Merchants
all
that
livelihood
which
they
now
earn
,
and
by
vilifying
of
our
own
Wares
to
prostitute
the
same
unto
Strangers
:
nay
and
by
the
same
means
to
expose
themselves
to
the
danger
of
having
worse
treatance
from
forreiners
,
then
now
they
have
from
their
own
Countreymen
.
Thirdly
,
if
more
regard
be
had
of
the
Clothier
,
then
of
the
Merchant
,
or
State
,
yet
constant
experience
teaches
us
,
that
this
favour
and
preference
which
the
Clothier
challenges
herein
above
the
Merchant
,
is
no
reall
favour
,
nor
preference
at
all
.
For
it
has
been
alwayes
seen
,
that
the
setting
at
liberty
of
the
Merchants
Trade
has
proved
more
obstructive
to
the
Clothier
then
to
the
Merchant
,
in
as
much
as
the
Merchant
has
a
more
large
imployment
,
and
can
better
subsist
without
the
Clothier
,
then
the
Clothier
can
without
the
Merchant
.
Moreover
as
it
doth
not
alwayes
fall
out
,
that
the
breaking
up
of
the
Merchants
Trade
brings
any
present
quicknesse
to
Trade
:
so
if
it
doth
,
that
quicknesse
never
●a●●s
;
't
is
but
bonum
presens
;
't
is
but
like
cold
water
to
a
feaverish
man
,
it
procures
some
short
refreshment
,
but
repays
that
short
refreshment
within
a
short
space
after
with
a
prolongation
of
sharper
extremities
.
So
it
proved
it
in
Qu
:
Elizabeths
times
;
so
it
proved
in
King
James
his
times
;
and
so
it
is
likely
to
prove
hereafter
:
wherefore
if
men
of
Mechanicall
education
will
onely
contemplate
present
things
,
and
neither
look
forward
nor
backward
,
Statesmen
may
,
and
must
disaccommodate
them
for
the
present
,
that
they
may
be
accommodated
the
better
for
the
future
.
5th
.
Arg
:
That
power
in
private
men
which
onerates
the
chief
Commodities
of
the
Realm
with
arbitrary
impositions
to
maintain
it self
,
is
dangerous
:
but
such
is
the
Merchants
power
,
&c.
Ans.
Our
Companies
ordinary
charge
is
scarce
considerable
in
respect
of
the
great
summes
we
deal
for
;
and
the
extraordinary
charge
is
alwayes
drawn
on
by
some
extraordinarie
,
unavoidable
inconvenience
:
for
example
,
the
removals
of
our
Residence
from
one
Mart
Town
to
another
is
commonly
a
great
burthen
to
us
,
but
that
burthen
is
undertaken
to
avoid
some
greater
detriment
,
and
without
it
either
we
should
loose
old
priviledges
,
or
be
made
to
submit
to
some
new
exactions
:
or
be
some
other
way
aggrieved
in
a
worse
degree
.
Now
this
is
for
the
common
good
,
and
we
may
rather
expect
favour
from
the
Kingdom
,
then
disfavour
for
such
services
.
Secondly
,
we
have
a
Bill
now
in
the
Houses
,
prepared
for
His
Majesties
Assent
,
and
in
that
Bill
the
future
Impositions
of
our
Company
are
reduced
to
a
certaintie
.
Thirdly
,
there
is
an
absolute
necessity
of
these
Impositions
,
for
neither
can
our
Trade
prosper
without
government
,
nor
government
be
maintained
without
some
charge
:
neither
is
our
government
necessary
onely
for
our selves
,
but
also
for
the
Clothier
,
for
as
much
as
we
are
a
good
skreen
,
or
bank
betwixt
the
Merchant
stranger
,
and
the
English
Clothier
,
and
were
not
the
prices
of
our
clothes
kept
up
by
us
,
and
that
partly
by
the
charge
of
our
government
,
the
Clothier
would
be
more
inslaved
to
the
Stranger
,
then
now
He
is
.
Lastly
,
our
Accounts
are
kept
most
exactly
,
and
audited
punctually
,
and
the
hands
through
which
all
things
passe
are
so
many
that
there
can
be
no
error
,
nor
fraud
.
The
Hans
Towns
in
Germany
,
anciently
72.
in
number
,
found
it
expedient
to
incorporate
,
and
maintain
a
common
correspondence
:
for
which
end
Lubeck
of
the
Wendish
,
Brunswick
of
the
Saxon
,
Dantzig
of
the
Prusse
,
and
Cullen
of
the
Westphalish
Towns
was
appointed
to
be
chief
;
and
the
chief
of
all
was
Lubeck
.
These
Towns
so
united
for
adjusting
all
common
,
and
particular
interests
obtained
severall
places
of
Residence
in
England
at
London
,
in
Norway
at
Bergen
,
in
Russia
at
Novograde
:
in
the
Netherlands
at
Antwerpe
:
and
in
each
of
these
residencies
they
had
their
Alderman
,
Assistants
,
Secretaries
,
Treasurers
,
Stewards
,
and
other
Officers
,
by
whom
their
publick
affairs
were
administred
,
and
Merchant
Law
was
exercised
.
Wherefore
if
the
expence
of
their
government
was
more
then
countervailed
by
the
benefit
of
their
unity
;
and
if
they
were
gainers
by
that
expence
,
why
should
that
be
imprudent
in
us
which
was
prudent
in
them
?
or
why
should
that
be
dammage
to
us
,
which
was
profit
to
them
?
The
ordinary
pleas
for
Freedom
are
thus
answered
,
and
the
Objections
against
Reglement
in
Trade
removed
;
we
will
now
onely
re-inforce
all
that
has
been
said
in
a
word
,
or
two
.
The
most
solid
glory
,
and
magnificence
that
ever
dazel'd
humane
eyes
upon
earth
:
was
that
of
Solomons
royall
Court
,
at
that
time
,
when
his
unparralleld
wisdome
had
made
Silver
as
stones
in
Jerusalem
,
and
Cedars
as
vulgar
as
Sycamores
used
to
be
in
other
places
.
T
is
written
of
his
raigne
(
by
an
inspired
Author
)
that
it
made
Silver
of
no
account
,
that
in
one
yeer
there
flowed
into
his
Exchequer
666
Talents
of
pure
Gold
;
that
besides
all
his
Masses
of
Ophir
gold
,
he
abounded
with
other
various
Treasures
,
precious
stones
,
&c.
such
as
the
Merchants
of
Spices
,
the
Governours
of
the
Countrie
,
and
the
Kings
of
Arabia
did
import
.
Solomon
was
no
warriour
,
nor
born
Lord
of
many
Nations
,
nor
did
his
Jewish
Signiory
extend
it selfe
over
any
large
Tract
in
the
universe
:
t
is
onely
written
of
him
,
that
he
had
at
Sea
a
Navie
of
Tarshish
with
Hirams
,
&
the
same
Navie
once
in
3
years
returned
home
fraighted
with
gold
,
silver
,
ivory
&c.
Hiram
being
hitherto
straitned
in
the
mediterranean
Seas
,
could
not
gaine
the
Stronds
of
Arabia
,
Persia
,
India
,
China
,
&c.
without
incompassing
the
Capes
or
Africa
,
and
crossing
the
Suns
torrid
line
:
but
upon
terms
of
partnership
Solomon
is
now
able
to
let
him
in
to
that
Southern
Ocean
by
a
way
far
more
compendious
.
Pharaoh
on
the
further
side
of
the
red
sea
is
Solomons
neer
Allye
:
and
the
Edomites
on
this
side
are
his
tributary
servants
:
hereupon
things
▪
are
so
composed
betwixt
the
Jews
,
and
Tyrians
,
that
it
is
as
beneficiall
for
the
Tyr●ans
to
serve
the
Jews
with
their
skill
in
Astronomy
,
and
Hidrography
,
as
for
the
Jews
to
serve
the
Tyrians
with
their
harbours
,
and
ships
.
Therefore
the
Queen
of
Sheba
(
till
her
eyes
were
ascertained
with
substances
)
might
well
withhold
her
beleife
from
entertaining
,
that
stupendious
report
which
was
blowne
about
the
world
concerning
Solomon
;
and
well
might
her
spirit
after
sinke
within
her
,
when
her
eyes
had
once
encountered
with
the
radiant
Majesty
of
Solomon
,
whereby
the
blasts
of
Fames
Trumpet
were
so
far
drowned
,
and
transcended
.
Of
all
Solomons
successors
we
read
of
none
but
Jeh●saphat
,
that
ever
thought
of
rigging
new
navies
in
Ezion-geber
;
and
He
neverthelesse
though
he
had
the
Edomites
his
homagers
,
and
was
also
much
renowned
for
his
wisdome
,
and
grandour
,
found
this
designe
unfeasible
,
and
the
way
to
Ophir
altogether
unpassable
.
This
is
a
cleer
chrisis
to
indicate
how
profound
the
judgment
,
and
how
broad
the
comprehension
of
Solomon
was
,
before
whom
(
till
apostacie
had
alien'd
his
God
from
him
)
no
difficulties
were
able
to
stand
:
yet
't
was
not
so
admirable
in
Solomon
,
that
he
amassed
such
incredible
treasures
,
as
that
he
amassed
them
by
Peacefull
arts
,
and
not
by
the
dint
of
his
sword
.
The
tragicall
exploits
of
Alexander
,
and
Caesar
,
may
be
accounted
magna
,
&
splendida
Latrocinia
,
if
they
be
compared
to
the
feats
of
Merchandize
exercised
by
Solomon
and
the
other
Kings
of
Tyre
and
Arabia
;
and
yet
we
may
doubt
too
,
whether
the
spoile
of
the
East
to
Alexander
,
or
of
the
West
to
Caesar
were
equall
in
value
to
all
Solomons
Cargazoons
.
Whilest
the
cruell●d
predations
of
war
impoverish
,
dispeople
and
by
horrid
devastations
root
up
,
and
so
shrinke
(
as
it
were
)
great
Empires
into
small
Provinces
:
Merchandise
on
the
other
side
beautifies
,
inriches
,
impowers
little
States
,
and
so
alters
their
naturall
dimensions
,
that
they
seem
to
swell
,
as
it
were
,
into
spacious
Empires
.
This
martiall
Hero
has
inscribed
upon
his
Statue
:
that
he
has
fought
so
many
picht
battells
,
that
he
has
●●th
his
rapid
lightnings
spread
a
suddain
conflagration
over
so
many
Kingdomes
;
that
with
the
losse
of
100000
fellow
Souldiers
he
has
purchased
the
slaughter
of
1000000
Enemies
,
at
least
such
as
he
would
needs
make
,
and
stile
his
Enemies
.
But
in
the
mean
time
that
gentle
unbloody
Prince
which
by
his
severall
dispersed
Carricks
visits
each
climate
of
the
world
onely
to
plunder
the
Earths
caverns
of
her
Mettalls
,
or
the
Rocks
of
their
Diamonds
,
or
the
Deepe
it self
of
its
pearles
;
merits
to
be
celebrated
for
the
common
benefactor
of
mankind
,
aswell
for
the
necessaries
which
he
convaies
unto
other
Nations
,
as
for
the
more
pretious
wares
▪
which
he
recovers
out
of
the
darke
abisse
of
nature
,
and
relades
for
the
use
of
his
own
Subjects
.
Howsoever
this
one
instance
of
Solomon
(
to
lay
aside
all
other
instances
of
Princes
,
that
have
engaged
themselves
in
such
like
mercatorian
negotiations
)
makes
it
plain
,
that
the
most
Majesticall
of
all
Kings
that
ever
raigned
,
was
the
most
ample
adventurer
that
ever
traffickt
,
and
that
he
had
not
been
so
great
a
Prince
,
if
he
had
not
been
so
ample
a
Merchant
:
for
it
is
more
then
probable
that
al
the
Tributes
of
Judea
were
inconsiderable
in
comparison
of
the
returns
which
Tarshish
did
afford
.
It
must
needs
follow
therefore
from
the
same
very
instance
,
that
the
devouring
,
piraticall
Trade
of
war
is
not
so
honourable
,
or
so
fit
to
magnifie
Princes
,
and
make
happie
Nations
,
as
that
ingenious
just
Art
of
commerce
,
which
may
be
exercised
without
rigor
,
or
effusion
of
blood
.
I
shall
then
close
up
all
with
this
application
to
our
own
Nation
:
if
Merchandise
be
truly
noble
:
if
the
raies
which
streamed
so
plentifull
from
Solomons
diadem
were
more
supplyde
by
traffick
,
then
by
tribute
;
let
not
England
totally
neglect
Merchants
.
Let
us
look
into
the
causes
that
make
Trade
so
dead
amongst
us
at
present
,
and
the
fittest
remedies
that
possibly
may
recover
it
.
In
the
East
Indies
we
know
who
they
are
,
that
by
cruelty
have
opprest
us
;
In
Russia
we
may
take
notice
who
they
are
,
that
by
subtilty
have
supplanted
us
.
Here
in
Germany
our
Priviledges
are
ill
kept
;
in
Holland
they
are
worse
.
In
many
Countries
the
manufactures
in
Silkes
,
and
Cottonwools
increase
.
In
High
,
and
Low
Germany
the
store
of
sheep
is
increased
,
and
of
late
the
kinde
of
them
especially
in
Silesia
is
much
improoved
,
hereby
,
and
by
the
help
of
Spanish
woolls
,
nay
of
English
woolls
too
,
&
Fullers
Earth
daily
exported
against
Law
,
our
English
Draperies
are
extreamely
brought
low
.
The
late
obstructions
and
calamities
of
civill
war
in
our
Kingdome
,
concurring
with
other
annoyances
done
us
by
the
Kings
Agents
abroad
,
and
millitary
Commissions
upon
the
Sea
,
have
added
more
to
our
ruine
.
Moreover
,
in
other
things
the
Times
seeme
to
looke
towards
a
Reformation
,
but
in
matters
of
Trade
Order
and
regulation
it self
is
opposed
,
and
confusion
under
the
Name
of
Liberty
is
now
more
then
ever
publickly
pleaded
for
.
The
King
by
his
Proclamation
had
formerly
a
●etted
his
Progenitors
grant
to
us
,
and
the
Parliament
lately
has
corroborated
the
Kings
Proclamations
,
yet
nothing
can
secure
as
against
intruding
Interlopers
.
By
this
meanes
Merchandize
is
brought
to
a
low
ebbe
,
20
Ships
yearly
in
former
times
did
attend
us
here
in
Hamburgh
,
now
6.
are
sufficient
to
supply
us
,
and
though
our
Company
be
in
this
Consumption
;
some
other
Companies
waste
away
worse
then
ours
.
All
these
mischeifs
perhaps
are
not
remediable
,
yet
let
us
use
the
best
remedies
we
can
,
and
such
as
are
most
seasonable
.
In
Platoes
Opinion
those
Common-wealths
were
most
likely
to
prosper
where
learned
men
ruled
,
or
Rulers
were
learned
.
Within
the
circle
of
Platoes
learning
let
us
comprehend
the
mysteries
of
commerce
.
In
Solomons
dayes
that
kinde
of
learning
did
wonderfull
things
towards
the
advancing
of
States
;
and
of
late
as
Venice
a
City
of
Merchants
has
been
the
Bulwark
of
Europe
against
the
Turk
:
so
the
Seates
in
the
United
Provinces
by
Trade
more
then
Arms
,
have
gotten
the
sword
of
Arbitration
into
their
hands
.
Spain
,
and
France
,
and
other
Nations
no
ware
fain
to
court
those
Merchants
,
which
not
long
since
were
belowe
their
scorn
.
Let
it
then
be
lawfull
to
propose
:
either
that
a
certain
number
of
able
Merchants
may
be
made
Privy
Councellors
:
or
so
many
Privy
Councellors
specially
designed
to
intend
matters
of
Trade
;
or
let
some
other
H●●●●●…
Councell
be
impowred
solely
▪
to
promote
the
Common
weal
of
Merchants
.
By
the
King
.
A
Proclamation
for
the
better
Ordering
the
Transportation
of
Clothes
,
and
other
Woollen
Manufactures
into
Germany
,
and
the
Low-Countreys
.
VVHereas
We
have
taken
into
our
Princely
Consideration
the
manifold
benefits
that
redound
to
this
Kingdom
by
the
Manufacture
of
Woollen
Clothes
,
and
the
Transportation
and
venting
thereof
in
forrein
parts
:
and
finding
how
much
good
government
,
and
managing
the
said
Trade
in
an
Orderly
way
will
conduce
to
the
increase
,
and
advancement
of
the
same
:
We
for
the
better
settling
of
Order
therein
for
the
time
to
come
,
have
thought
fit
with
advice
of
Our
Privy
Councell
,
to
declare
Our
Royall
pleasure
herein
:
And
do
therefore
hereby
strictly
will
and
Command
,
that
no
Person
,
or
Persons
,
Subject
,
or
Subjects
of
this
our
Realm
of
England
,
shall
at
any
time
from
and
after
the
Feast
of
Purification
,
&c.
now
next
coming
,
Ship
,
transport
,
carrie
,
or
convay
,
or
cause
to
be
shipped
,
&c.
either
from
Our
City
and
Port
of
London
,
or
from
any
other
City
,
Town
,
Port
,
Haven
,
or
Creek
of
this
Our
Realm
of
England
by
way
of
Merchandice
any
White-clothes
,
coloured
Clothes
,
Clothes
dressed
,
and
Died
out
of
the
Whites
,
Clothes
called
Spanish
Clothes
,
Bayes
,
Kersys
,
Perpetuanoes
,
Stockings
,
or
any
other
English
Woollen
commodities
unto
any
the
Cities
,
Towns
,
places
in
Germany
,
or
the
17.
Provinces
of
the
Netherlands
,
save
onely
,
and
except
to
the
Mart
,
and
Staple-towns
of
the
Fellowship
of
Merchant
Adventurers
in
those
parts
for
the
time
being
,
or
to
one
of
them
.
And
further
,
to
the
end
that
the
said
Trade
may
be
hereafter
reduced
,
and
continued
in
an
orderly
and
well
govern'd
course
:
We
do
hereby
declare
Our
Royall
pleasure
to
be
,
that
the
Fellowship
of
Merchant
Adventurers
shall
admit
into
their
Freedom
of
their
said
Trade
all
such
our
Subjects
dwelling
in
our
City
of
London
,
and
exercised
in
the
Profession
of
Merchants
:
and
not
Shop-keepers
,
except
they
give
over
their
Shops
,
as
shall
desire
the
same
,
for
the
Fines
of
50
li.
apiece
;
if
they
shall
take
their
Freedom
before
Midsommer
next
;
And
that
the
said
Fellowship
shall
likewise
receive
and
admit
into
their
Freedom
such
our
Subjects
of
the
Outports
of
this
Our
Kingdom
,
as
being
exercised
in
the
Trade
of
Merchants
shall
desire
the
same
,
paying
them
25
li
.
apiece
for
their
Fine
or
Income
:
if
they
shall
take
their
said
Fredom
before
Michaelmas
next
▪
And
that
the
Sons
,
and
Servants
of
such
as
shall
be
so
admitted
,
as
aforesaid
,
shall
pay
to
the
said
Fellowship
at
their
severall
admissions
thereunto
the
summe
of
6
—
13
—
4.
apiece
.
And
that
all
such
persons
,
as
shall
not
accept
,
and
come
into
the
said
Freedom
before
the
dayes
herein
prefixed
,
shall
pay
the
double
of
the
Fines
before
limited
respectively
,
in
case
they
shall
afterwards
desire
to
be
admitted
into
the
said
Fellowship
.
And
Our
further
will
,
and
pleasure
is
,
and
We
do
hereby
command
and
inhibit
all
,
and
every
of
our
Subjects
,
not
being
Free
of
the
said
Fellowship
of
Merchant
Adventurers
,
that
they
,
or
any
of
them
shal
not
presume
to
Trade
in
any
the
fore-named
Commodities
into
any
the
parts
or
places
of
Germany
,
or
Low-Countreys
from
or
after
the
said
Feast
of
Purification
next
ensuing
,
upon
pain
of
Our
high
displeasure
,
and
of
such
punishments
as
Our
Court
of
Star-Chamber
,
whom
We
especially
charge
with
the
execution
of
Our
Royall
pleasure
herein
,
shall
think
fit
to
inflict
for
such
contempts
.
White
Hall
:
Decemb.
7.
10.
of
Our
Reign
.
1634
▪
Die
.
Merc.
11.
Octob.
1643.
An
Ordinance
of
the
LORDS
and
COMMONS
in
Parliament
Assembled
.
For
the
upholding
of
the
Government
of
the
Fellowship
of
Merchant
Adventurers
of
England
,
to
the
better
maintenance
of
the
Trade
of
Clothing
,
and
Woollen
Manufacture
of
the
Kingdom
.
FOr
the
better
incouragement
and
supportation
of
the
Fellowship
of
Merchant
Adventurers
of
England
,
which
hath
been
found
very
serviceable
and
profitable
to
this
State
:
and
for
the
better
government
,
and
regulation
of
Trade
,
especially
that
ancient
and
great
Trade
of
Clothing
,
whereby
the
same
will
be
much
advanced
to
the
Common
good
,
and
benefit
of
the
people
:
The
Lords
and
Commons
in
Parliament
do
Ordain
:
that
the
said
Fellowship
shall
continue
,
and
be
a
Corporation
,
and
shall
have
power
to
levie
moneys
on
the
Members
of
their
Corporation
,
and
their
goods
,
for
their
necessary
charge
,
and
maintenance
of
their
Government
:
and
that
no
person
shall
Trade
into
those
parts
,
limited
by
their
Incorporation
,
but
such
as
are
Free
of
that
Corporation
,
upon
forfeiture
of
their
goods
.
Provided
,
that
the
said
Fellowship
shall
not
exclude
any
person
from
his
Freedom
,
and
Admission
into
the
said
Fellowship
which
shall
desire
it
by
way
of
Redemption
,
if
such
person
by
their
custome
be
capable
thereof
,
and
hath
been
bred
a
Merchant
,
and
shall
pay
100
livre.
for
the
same
,
if
He
be
Free
,
and
an
Inhabitant
of
the
City
of
London
,
and
trade
from
that
Port
,
or
50
livre.
if
He
be
not
Free
,
and
no
Inhabitant
of
the
said
City
,
and
trade
not
from
thence
:
and
that
the
said
Fellowship
shall
have
power
to
imprison
Members
of
their
Company
in
matters
of
their
government
,
and
to
give
such
an
Oath
,
or
Oaths
,
to
them
as
shall
be
approved
of
by
both
Houses
of
Parliament
.
Provided
,
that
all
rights
confirmed
by
an
Act
of
Parliament
,
or
ancient
Charters
,
shall
be
hereby
saved
.
And
the
said
Lords
and
Commons
do
further
Ordain
,
That
withall
convenient
expedition
,
a
〈◊〉
shall
be
prepared
in
Order
to
an
Act
of
Parliament
to
be
passed
in
this
present
Parliament
,
for
the
further
setling
,
and
full
confirming
of
the
Priviledges
to
the
said
Fellowship
,
with
such
other
clauses
,
and
provisions
as
shall
be
found
expedient
by
both
Houses
of
Parliament
.
This
Ordinance
to
remain
in
full
force
,
untill
a
Bill
or
Act
shall
be
prepared
and
passed
,
according
to
the
intent
and
true
meaning
of
this
Ordinance
.
And
it
is
Ordered
,
that
this
Ordinance
be
forthwith
Printed
and
publisht
,
that
all
persons
concerned
therein
may
take
notice
thereof
,
as
appertaineth
.
Jo
:
Browne
Cler
:
Par.
〈◊〉
:
Elsyng
Cler
:
Par.
Dom.
Com.
FINIS
.