# bib

id: 37283
author: Anonymous
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2971
sentence: 99
flesch: 62
cache: cache/37283.txt
txt: txt/37283.txt
title:
  The Whole Secret Laid Open, Or the Complete Art of Making the Chemical Fulminating Objects, Such as the Lace, or Girt of Security, Fulminating Letters, Balls, Bombs, Garters, Cards, Spiders, Segars, Chairs, Drawers, Boots, Shoes, &c. &c.

summary:
  These are prepared by enclosing half a grain of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver in a fold of glass paper, and pasting it in the middle of a piece of court plaster; if the edges of the court plaster are then slightly wet, it will adhere, and must be placed in the middle of the heel of a boot or shoe, and by being pressed upon will detonate loudly. These may be made by inclosing half a grain of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver in a small fold of glass paper, and putting it into a ferule, which ferule may be placed gently on the stick; and on its being applied to the ground, a loud explosion will take place.


id: 31624
author: Watson, Glen W.
title: A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5002
sentence: 194
flesch: 57
cache: cache/31624.txt
txt: txt/31624.txt
summary:
  For the next two and three-quarters centuries the chemists had much fun and some fame discovering new elements. Occasionally the development of a new technique would lead to the easy discovery of a whole group of new elements.


id: 32974
author: Getman, Frederick Hutton
title: The Elements of Blowpipe Analysis
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 10347
sentence: 915
flesch: 74
cache: cache/32974.txt
txt: txt/32974.txt
summary:
  | In flame| In flame | After first | on Ch. | on Ch. with | tube with | on | with borax| ignition | alone | Na_{2}CO_{3}| Na_{2}CO_{3}| platinum| bead | with | | | and Ch. | wire | | Co(NO_{3})_{2}| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------| _ Element | Color Hot | Color Cold | ---------------------------------------------------| Aluminum | Colorless | Colorless | | | | Antimony | Yellowish | Colorless | | | | Barium |Colorless to Opaque| Colorless to Opaque| | | | Bismuth | Yellow | Colorless | | | | Cadmium | Yellowish | Colorless | | | | Calcium | Colorless | Colorless to Opaque| | | | Chromium | Reddish | Green | | | | Cobalt | Blue | Blue | | | | Copper | Green | Greenish Blue | | |


id: 26243
author: Scheele, Carl Wilhelm
title: Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 14282
sentence: 608
flesch: 71
cache: cache/26243.txt
txt: txt/26243.txt
summary:
  But that the blood really attracts the inflammable substance I have additional experiment to prove, since I have removed phlogiston by help of my lungs from inflammable air, and have converted this into vitiated air. Water has the peculiar property of separating the proximate constituents of air; of uniting with fire-air; and of entering into no kind of union with vitiated air.


id: 29757
author: Tidy, Charles Meymott
title: The Story of a Tinder-box
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 15242
sentence: 943
flesch: 81
cache: cache/29757.txt
txt: txt/29757.txt
summary:
  If I employ sufficient energy, I have no doubt I may make it hot enough to fire tinder. I have mounted my button, as you see, for certain reasons on a cork, and I will endeavour by rubbing the button on a piece of pinewood to make it sufficiently hot to fire tinder.


id: 30066
author: Frary, Francis C. (Francis Cowles)
title: Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 17955
sentence: 631
flesch: 70
cache: cache/30066.txt
txt: txt/30066.txt
summary:
  Now remove the cork, short glass tube and rubber tube from the open end of the large tube and insert the solid cork in their place. Small tubes are often constricted without materially changing their outside diameter, by a process of thickening the walls.


id: 14641
author: Helvetius, Johann Friedrich
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 15895
sentence: 460
flesch: 58
cache: cache/14641.txt
txt: txt/14641.txt
title:
  The Golden Calf, Which the World Adores, and Desires In Which Is Handled the Most Rare and Incomparable Wonder of Nature, in Transmuting Metals; viz. How the Intire Substance of Lead, Was in One Moment Transmuted in Gold-Obrizon, with an Exceeding Small Particle of the True Philosophick Stone

summary:
  Many other things like to these he told me, which I neither well observed, nor committed to memory; because my intention was: carryed further, viz. Such a Remedy is exceeding necessary for a Physician, but no man knows, what and how great are the Secrets yet hidden in Nature, nor did I ever, in all my Life see such an Adept Man, although I have read and perused many things, touching the verity of this thing, or Art, in the Writings of Philosophers.


id: 46143
author: Henry, Thomas
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 18505
sentence: 656
flesch: 55
cache: cache/46143.txt
txt: txt/46143.txt
title:
  Experiments and Observations on the Following Subjects 1. On the preparation, calcination, and medicinal uses of Magnesia Alba. 2. On the solvent qualities of calcined Magnesia. 3. On the variety in the solvent powers of quick-lime, when used in different quantities. 4. On various absorbents, as promoting or retarding putrefaction. 5. On the comparative antiseptic powers of vegetable infusions prepared with lime, &c. 6. On the sweetening properties of fixed air.

summary:
  The water which was mixed with the calcined Magnesia differed from all the others in not becoming bloody, nor did the beef in it seem so tender as when infused in lime water. Into one phial were put two scruples of Magnesia, into a second the same weight of calcined Magnesia, and into three others the same quantity of chalk, _pulv.


id: 33941
author: Shenstone, W. A. (William Ashwell)
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 29272
sentence: 1348
flesch: 72
cache: cache/33941.txt
txt: txt/33941.txt
title:
  The Methods of Glass Blowing and of Working Silica in the Oxy-Gas Flame For the use of chemical and physical students

summary:
  A moveable rest made of wood, for supporting the remote end of a long piece of glass tube a few inches above the table, whilst the other end is being heated in the flame, will be found convenient. In purchasing glass tubes, it is well to lay in a considerable stock of tubes made of each of the two first varieties, and, if possible, to obtain them from the manufacturer, for it frequently happens that pieces of glass from the same batch may be much more readily welded together than pieces of slightly different composition.


id: 26340
author: Basilius Valentinus
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 30479
sentence: 720
flesch: 52
cache: cache/26340.txt
txt: txt/26340.txt
title:
  Of Natural and Supernatural Things Also of the first Tincture, Root, and Spirit of Metals and Minerals, how the same are Conceived, Generated, Brought forth, Changed, and Augmented.

summary:
  Saturn_ is made fluxible by Fire, it hath most of _Mercury_ in it, but it is inconstant and volatile; it hath least of Sulphur, and therefore according to its small quantity its cold body cannot be made warm; it hath little Salt, but fluxible, otherwise Iron would be more fluxible and malleable than Lead, if the Salt alone could cause a malleableness and fluxibleness, because Iron contains more Salt than any other Metal: Seeing then there is a difference to be found in this point, you must therefore observe and remember the difference, and how to distinguish between Metals. Mercury_ which is extracted from _Saturn_, being purified and sublimed, as _Mercury_ is usually sublimed, I tell thee, my Child, that the same _


id: 37682
author: Priestley, Joseph
title: Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 32406
sentence: 1321
flesch: 63
cache: cache/37682.txt
txt: txt/37682.txt
summary:
  These two electricities having been first discovered by producing one of them from glass, and the other from amber, sealing-wax, sulphur, rosin, &c. first obtained the names of _vitreous_ and _resinous_ electricity; and it being afterwards imagined that one of them was a redundancy, and the other a deficiency, of a supposed electric fluid, the former has obtained the name of _positive_, and the latter that of _negative_, electricity; and these terms are now principally in use. The semi-metals are _bismuth_, _zinc_, _nickel_, regulus of _arsenic_, of _cobalt_, of _antimony_, of _manganese_, of _wolfram_, and of _molybdena_.


id: 20751
author: Smith, Edgar Fahs
title: Priestley in America, 1794-1804
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 31921
sentence: 1214
flesch: 61
cache: cache/20751.txt
txt: txt/20751.txt
summary:
  That Dr. Joseph Priestley had the power of disposing of a very valuable library consisting of near 4000 volumes of scarce and well chosen books in various branches of literature and science, to any public seminary of learning in the United States, which library, the said Dr. Priestley was desirous of procuring as a gift to the Northumberland Academy, provided that institution was likely to receive substantial assistance from the legislature, so as to be enabled to fulfil the purposes of its establishment, That the Trustees would have no occasion to ask of the legislature on behalf of that Academy, a subscription greater than a few individuals had expended, and were still ready and desirous of contributing thereto; and suggest it to your Committee, that if out of the monies due from the County of Northumberland to the State a sufficient sum was granted to exonerate the Academy from debt, no more would be wanted in the future to effect the purposes of that institution, than a sum equal in amount to the value of the library proposed to be furnished by Dr. Priestley; such value to be fixed by a person appointed for the purpose by the legislature. Faujar St. Fond, a French geologist has recorded a visit to Priestley-- Dr. Priestley received me with the greatest kindness....


id: 4524
author: Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von
title: Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 35822
sentence: 1227
flesch: 53
cache: cache/4524.txt
txt: txt/4524.txt
summary:
  Animal bodies subject to constant waste. The primary conditions of the maintenance of animal life, are a constant supply of certain matters, animal food, and of oxygen, in the shape of atmospheric air.


id: 14474
author: Faraday, Michael
title: The Chemical History of a Candle
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 42170
sentence: 1614
flesch: 73
cache: cache/14474.txt
txt: txt/14474.txt
summary:
  Water, therefore, ought to contain that other substance which the candle takes from the air, and which, combining with the hydrogen, produces water. Now, having previously arranged an experiment for the purpose of condensing water from the products of the candle, my next point will be to shew you this water; and perhaps one of the best means that I can adopt for shewing its presence to so many at once, is to exhibit a very visible action of water, and then to apply that test to what is collected as a drop at the bottom of that vessel.


id: 14218
author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison)
title: The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 49187
sentence: 1852
flesch: 59
cache: cache/14218.txt
txt: txt/14218.txt
summary:
  Besides describing apparatus for distilling, subliming, and other processes in the laboratory, French gives directions for making tinctures, essences, essential oils, spirits of salt, and pure saltpetre, oil of vitriol, butter of antimony, calces (or as we now say, oxides) of metals, and many other substances. It must he admitted that the alchemists could cite many instances of transmutations which seemed to lead to the conclusion, that there is no difference of kind between the metals and other substances such as water, acids, oils, resins, and wood.


id: 22620
author: Cross, C. F. (Charles Frederick)
title: Researches on Cellulose, 1895-1900
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 52329
sentence: 2793
flesch: 57
cache: cache/22620.txt
txt: txt/22620.txt
summary:
  | Methods | F. Schulze | Weende | Lange | Gabriel | Cross | | | | | and Bevan -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wood cellulose | 98.51 | 91.52 | 48.22 | 55.93 | -- Filter paper cellulose | 99.62 | 95.63 | 78.17 | 79.77 | -- Swedish filter paper | 96.58 | -- | 84.76 | -- | -- Ordinary filter paper | 98.17 | 93.39 | 86.58 | -- | -- Cotton ('wool') | 98.38 | 89.98 | 63.96 | 67.88 | -- Jute | -- | -- | 57.93 | 71.64 | 75.27 Purified wood | -- | -- |{49.27 | -- | -- | | |{46.56 | | Raw wood | 47.60 | -- |{40.82 | -- | -- | | |{38.87 | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | 0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 9.8 | 13.4 | |_______________|___|____|____|___|____|____|______|______|______|______| _______________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Concentration | | | | | of lye (NaOH) | 25°B | 30°B | 35°B | | | | | | | | | | | | Duration of | | | | | | | | | | action in | 10 | 30 | 1 | 10 | 30 | 1 | 10 | 30 | | minutes | | | | | | | |


id: 12787
author: Talbot, Henry Paul
title: An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 65976
sentence: 2898
flesch: 59
cache: cache/12787.txt
txt: txt/12787.txt
summary:
  For example, in the qualitative detection of sulphates by precipitation as barium sulphate from acid solution it is not necessary, in most instances, to take into account the solubility of the sulphate in hydrochloric acid, while in the quantitative determination of sulphates by this reaction this solubility becomes an important consideration. [Note 9: The addition of the sulphuric acid converts the sodium chromate to bichromate, which behaves exactly like potassium bichromate in acid solution.]


id: 15576
author: Anonymous
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 66251
sentence: 5953
flesch: 74
cache: cache/15576.txt
txt: txt/15576.txt
title:
  A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the Blowpipe Being A Graduated Course Of Analysis For The Use Of Students And All Those Engaged In The Examination Of Metallic Combinations

summary:
  Colors flame blue. | Andalusite | When powdered and treated with cobalt solution on | charcoal, assumes a blue color.


id: 29734
author: Priestley, Joseph
title: Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 75785
sentence: 2456
flesch: 59
cache: cache/29734.txt
txt: txt/29734.txt
summary:
  Besides, _acid_ and _alkaline_ air do not differ from _common air_ One reason for the present publication has been the favourable reception of those of my _Observations on different kinds of air_, which were published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1772, and the demand for them by persons who did not chuse, for the sake of those papers only, to purchase the whole volume in which they were contained.


id: 38246
author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison)
title: Heroes of Science: Chemists
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 81307
sentence: 2540
flesch: 53
cache: cache/38246.txt
txt: txt/38246.txt
summary:
  This compound atom, if positive, will exhibit affinity for other compound atoms in which negative electricity predominates; if negative, it will exhibit affinity for other positively electrified compound atoms. The experiment with the nails was made in 1779; at this time, therefore, Priestley had no conception as to what his _dephlogisticated air_ really was.


id: 22914
author: Boyle, Robert
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 89071
sentence: 2227
flesch: 50
cache: cache/22914.txt
txt: txt/22914.txt
title:
  The Sceptical Chymist or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist's Principles Commonly call'd Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos'd and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis'd Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject.

summary:
  And this is the _first_ of my two Considerations; the _Other_ is, That it is not impossible that the Corpuscles into which a body is dissipated by the Fire may by the Operation of the same fire have their figures so altered, or may be by associations with one another brought into little Masses of such a Size and Shape, as not to be fit to make sensible Impressions on the Tongue. And if some just Considerations did not for the present Forbid it, I could Perchance here shew you by another Experiment or Two of my own Trying, that such _Menstruums_ may be made as to entice away and retain divers parts, from Bodies, which even the more Judicious and Experienc'd _Spagyrists_ have pronounc'd irresoluble by the Fire.


id: 30775
author: Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
title: Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 109594
sentence: 4709
flesch: 61
cache: cache/30775.txt
txt: txt/30775.txt
summary:
  of acid gas were formed. This gas weighs 0.695 parts of a grain for each cubical inch, in the common standard temperature and pressure mentioned above, so that 34,242 cubical inches of acid gas are produced by the combustion of one pound of charcoal.


id: 45394
author: Paris, John Ayrton
title: The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 1 (of 2)
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 112262
sentence: 3307
flesch: 48
cache: cache/45394.txt
txt: txt/45394.txt
summary:
  In referring to the Additional Observations appended to his Chemical Researches, we shall find that the moment he became acquainted with the experiments of Dr. Ash, he proceeded to enquire how far the fact, previously noticed by himself, of the conversion of nitrous _gas_ into nitrous _oxide_, by exposure to wetted zinc, might depend upon galvanic action. In 1794, Mr. Davy died.


id: 20848
author: Henderson, William Edwards
title: An Elementary Study of Chemistry
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 121982
sentence: 6693
flesch: 64
cache: cache/20848.txt
txt: txt/20848.txt
summary:
  The changes which take place in the preparation of hydrogen from zinc and sulphuric acid (diluted with water) may be represented as follows: _ _ _ _ | hydrogen |(sulphuric | zinc |(zinc zinc + | sulphur | acid) TABLE SHOWING COMPOSITION OF GASES =====================+================+========+========+========== | PENNSYLVANIA | COAL | WATER | ENRICHED | NATURAL | GAS | GAS | WATER | GAS | | | GAS ---------------------+----------------+--------+--------+---------- Hydrogen | | 41.3 | 52.88 | 30.00 Methane | 90.64 | 43.6 | 2.16 | 24.00 Illuminants | | 3.9 | | 12.05 Carbon monoxide | | 6.4 | 36.80 | 29.00 Carbon dioxide | 0.30 | 2.0 | 3.47 | 0.30 Nitrogen | 9.06 | 1.2 | 4.69 | 2.50 Oxygen | | 0.3 | | 1.50 Hydrocarbon vapors | | 1.5 | | 1.50 =====================+================+========+========+========== These are analyses of actual samples, and may be taken as about the average for the various kinds of gases.


id: 45395
author: Paris, John Ayrton
title: The Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. LL.D., Volume 2 (of 2)
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 123947
sentence: 3585
flesch: 50
cache: cache/45395.txt
txt: txt/45395.txt
summary:
  A very general belief prevailed, that sea-water had little or no action on _pure_ copper, and that the rapid decay of that metal on certain ships was owing to its impurity. Dr. Black, therefore, immediately concluded that, as water is ice united to a certain quantity of _latent_ heat, so steam is water united to a still greater quantity.


id: 46998
author: Macquer, Pierre Joseph
title: Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed.
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 261727
sentence: 9016
flesch: 60
cache: cache/46998.txt
txt: txt/46998.txt
summary:
  _Of_ WATER. In treating of earths in general we observed that they may be divided into two principal kinds; one of which actually and properly flows when exposed to the action of fire, and turns to glass; whence it is called a _fusible_ or _vitrifiable_ earth; the other resists the utmost force of fire, and is therefore said to be an _unfusible_ or _unvitrifiable_ earth.


id: 54210
author: Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich
title: The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 312772
sentence: 11989
flesch: 55
cache: cache/54210.txt
txt: txt/54210.txt
summary:
  Its specific gravity is 19·1 (according to Roscoe), so that, like uranium, platinum, &c., it is one of the heaviest metals.[9 bis] Just as sulphur and chromium have their corresponding persulphuric and perchromic acids, H_{2}S_{2}O_{8} and H_{2}CrO_{8}, having the properties of peroxides, and corresponding to peroxide of hydrogen, so also molybdenum and tungsten are known to give _permolybdic_ and _pertungstic_ acids, H_{2}Mo_{2}O_{8} and H_{2}W_{2}O_{8}, which have the properties of true peroxides, _i.e._ easily disengage iodine from KI and chlorine from HCl, easily part with their oxygen, and are formed by the action of peroxide of hydrogen, into which they are readily reconverted (hence they may be regarded as compounds of H_{2}O_{2} with 2MoO_{3} and 2WO_{3}), &c. a large amount of _hydrogen_.


# ent

id: 32974
sid: 917
eid: 1
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  | | | bismuth | yellow | colorless | | | | cadmium | yellowish | colorless | | | | calcium | colorless |


id: 22620
sid: 2168
eid: 1
type: ORG
entity:
  | |____________________________|_____________________________________| | | | | | | | | low | medium | extra |


id: 22914
sid: 1
eid: 1
type: ORG
entity:
  the university of pennsylvania schoenberg center for electronic text & image (http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti


