gutenberg (this book was produced from scanned images of public domain material from the google books project.) transcriber's notice the medical knowledge represented in this book is several centuries old. the publication of this book is for historical interest only, transcribed by david ross <davidross@despammed.com> from an undated edition, c. 1761. project gutenberg e-text of an account of the extraordinary medicinal fluid, called aether. by matthew turner (d. 1788?) an account of the extraordinary medicinal fluid, called aether. by m. turner, surgeon, in _liverpool._ london: printed by j. wilkie, at the bible in st. paul's church-yard. the publisher of the following short account of the aether having prepared, and successfully made use of it in his private practice, for several years, has at length determin'd to endeavour to extend it's utility, by thus making it public; as he knows of no one who has ever published it's _medicinal virtues_; or offered it to sale in it's _perfection_; or given the criteria by which they who are unacquainted with it might distinguish the _genuine_ from the _spurious_: and he doubts not but every candid person who examines it, will agree with him, that it carries with it the strongest marks of a valuable addition to the _materia medica_, and therefore ought to lie no longer in obscurity. an account of the aether, _&c._ this truly extraordinary chemical preparation is not a new discovery, having been known and esteemed, as a valuable curiosity, by many of the greatest chemists and philosophers, both ancient and modern; particularly by sir _isaac newton_ [footnote: quere 31st, at the end of his optics.], and the honourable mr. _boyle_ [footnote: treatise on the producibleness of chemical principles.], who both mention it in their works, tho' not by this name: and therefore before any thing is said of it's virtues as a medicine, it may not be improper to explain the nature of it, and enumerate a few of it's remarkable properties, considered as a curiosity in chemistry, in which light chiefly it has hitherto been view'd by those who have been acquainted with it. it is a kind of ethereal oil, produced by the decomposition of the vinous spirit by means of the vitriolic acid, and differs essentially both from vinous spirits and essential oils in several respects, tho' it agrees with them in some, as will appear hereafter: but as the vinous spirit may be decomposed by means of all the three mineral acids, _viz._ the _vitriolic_, the _nitrous_ and the _marine_, and as these all act differently on the spirit, they will, of course, produce three different kinds of aether, which, from the name, of the acid employ'd in making them, are term'd _marine, nitrous_, or _vitriolic_: the last only is the kind here understood, it's properties being more singular and extraordinary, and, as an aether, more perfect than either of the others; the reason of which seems to be, that the _vitriolic acid_ is a much stronger agent on the spirit, and more perfectly decomposes it, than either the _nitrous_ or _marine_. it is the most light, most volatile, and most inflammable, of all known liquids: it swims upon the highest rectified spirit of wine as oil does upon water, and flies away so quickly as hardly to wet a hand it is dropped upon; from which properties it probably has obtained it's name. it is so readily inflammable, as to take fire at the approach of a candle, before the flame touches it. any electrified body will also produce the same effect. it is one of the most powerful solvents known in chemistry: it is neither _acid_ nor _alcaline_, and therefore is perfectly free from that saline acrimony with which all the common volatile spirits abound: it has a greater affinity with gold than _aqua regia_ has, altho' it will not dissolve it in the mass, or whilst in it's metallic form; but if you add aether to a solution of gold in aqua regia, it presently takes all the gold from it's former solvent, keeping it perfectly dissolved and suspended, without the least precipitation; and becomes of a yellow colour: the aether, thus saturated with the gold, does not mix with the aqua regia, but may readily be separated from it by simple decantation, and thus a true and safe _aurum potabile_ is readily prepared for those who want such a medicine. the union of these two substances is very remarkable, one being the heaviest solid body we know, the other the lightest liquid. the aether is remarkably cold, when dropped upon the hand, and it affects the thermometer in an extraordinary manner; for if the ball of either a mercurial or spirituous thermometer be immersed in it, the spirit or mercury immediately sinks considerably, tho' both the aether and the thermometer have stood a sufficient time together to be brought to the temperature of the room, before the experiment was made. the thermometers dipt into water, or spirit of wine, in the same manner, suffer not the least alteration. they who chuse to see a further account of the singular effects which this curious fluid produces, may peruse what doctor _frobenius_, a _german_ chemist, has published concerning it, in the philosophic transactions for the years 1733 and 1741. but the most valuable qualities of the aether are it's _medicinal_ ones; it having been found by repeated experience to be an excellent remedy in most _nervous diseases_; particularly in fits of all sorts, whether _epileptic, convulsive, hysteric, hypochondriac, or paralytic_: in habitual head-aches, gout, rheumatism, pains in the, stomach, windy disorders of the stomach and intestines, hooping cough, asthma, pleuritic pains, and deafness, all which diseases have, in a singular manner, been removed by it; and that the publisher may contribute all the assistance he can in extending the use of this medicine, the following methods of applying, it are given, which have been attended with success. _particular directions for using the_ aether. in the head-ach. a fit of the head-ach is almost instantly removed by applying the aether externally to the forehead, by means of a bit of linen rag, in the manner hereafter directed for it's external application. or it may be applied to any other part of the head where the pain lies, being first shaved, if necessary. if the pain is violent, a dose of it should be also taken inwardly. in stubborn cases it will likewise be serviceable to snuff a little of the aether up the nostrils, either alone or mixed with equal parts of lavender water, _hungary_ water, or brandy; or it may be more convenient to apply a bit of linen rag, wetted with aether, up the nostrils. any of these means, or all of them, must be repeated if the pain is so urgent as to require it. to cure this disorder radically, when it is of long standing, and to prevent it's return, the medicine must be taken inwardly for a considerable time every night at bed-time, or in violent cases, every night and morning in a small draught of cold water, according to the general direction for taking it inwardly, given p. 11. in some particular cases, vomits are very serviceable. a vertigo. a vertigo, giddiness, or swimming in the head, will generally be removed by proceeding in the same manner as for the head-ach. the epilepsy. no disease is more difficult to cure than the epilepsy or fallingsickness; yet several instances have occurred where the most violent degrees of it, have been cured, even in grown persons, by taking a dose of this medicine regularly every night and morning for a considerable time. the dose must be regulated according to the age of the patient, as mentioned in the general direction, page 11. if a pain is felt in any part of the head, the aether must be applied to that part occasionally, and it must be previously shaved, if necessary. it will be proper to give a small dose of _tinctura sacra_, or of the _pill. rufi_, at proper intervals, as once a week or fortnight. it will also, in most cases, be necessary to give now and then a vomit. if it be suspected that the patient has worms, proper medicines to destroy them ought also to be given. in convulsions. in convulsions, or convulsive disorders, give the aether inwardly, a dose two three times a day, or oftener, according to the exigence of the case; and it should also be applied externally to the forehead, or any other part of the head, during the fit. if the patient is full of blood, bleeding is necessary, and if costive, a dose of _manna, senna,_ or any gentle laxative, or a clyster, should be given. hysteric and hypochondriac disorders. this medicine has excellent effect in _hysteric fits_, and in all that train of symptoms which hysteric and hypochondriac persons are subject to; such as risings in the throat threatning suffocation, difficult breathing, flutterings and palpitations of the heart, frequent fainting, lowness of spirits, violent pains in the head, languor of the whole body, dullness of the mind and senses, with constant anxieties and inquietude, &c. the dose must be repeated according to the urgency of the symptoms; and the medicine must be continued some time after the complaints disappear, to prevent a relapse. it will be serviceable during the use of the aether, especially in case of costiveness, to take at proper intervals a gentle purge, such as _tinctura sacra, pill rufi, rhubarb,_ or _glauber's salts_. bodily exercise of all sorts contributes greatly to the cure of these complaints, especially riding on horseback. palsy. in _palsies_, and all paralytic complaints, the patient, if a grown person, must take the quantity of a tea spoonful of the aether every night and morning. the dose must be lessened in young people, according to their age. it will also be proper to snuff a little of it up the nostrils once or twice a day, or apply a bit of rag wetted with it up the nostrils. the aether must also be applied externally to the part affected, at least once every day. it should likewise be applied now and then to the forehead, or any other part of the head, especially if the tongue, eyes, or any part of the face or head be affected. if the arms or hands are paralytic, the application should be made to the lower and back part of the neck, as well as to the part affected. if the disease has seiz'd the thighs, legs, or feet, the application must not only be made to them, but likewise to the back bone, at the loins. as this medicine cannot, on account of it's volatility and pungency, be properly applied to the whole, of a paralytic limb at once, but only to a small part of it, the application therefore may be made sometimes to one part, and sometimes to another, as shall be thought proper. this disease will require a longer or shorter continuance of these means, according to the degree of it, and the time it has continued. a vomit should be given, and repeated now and then as the patient can bear it; but if vomits seem too fatiguing, a dose of _tinctura sacra_ may be given in their room. paralytic patients should use as much bodily exercise as possible, and the head, neck, and the whole spine, as well as the parts affected, should be frequently rubbed with a hot and dry cloth till they appear red. gout. this medicine is of singular service in the _gout_, not only while it continues in the limbs, but particularly when it flies inwards, and attacks the head, stomach, or any of the internal parts; in which cases a few doses will not fail to give present relief. it should be taken in the quantity of a tea spoonful, two or three times every day, or oftener, if the case be violent, during the gouty fit. it carries off the gouty matter, by urine, which it renders very thick and turbid. at any time when there is a necessity to abate the excessive pain in the part affected, the aether may be applied to it externally, according to the method given p. 12. it will be proper to continue taking the aether once or twice a day for some time after the fit is gone, and to begin taking it again about the time of it's expected return; by which means, tho' it may not prevent the return of the fit, which in many cases perhaps ought not to be desired, yet it will shorten, it's continuance, and moderate the pain of it. rheumatism. in rheumatic complaints the patient must take a dose of this medicine every night and morning, or oftener, if the pains are violent; and it must be continued till the disease is removed, or longer, to prevent a relapse. if the pain is fixed in any particular part, the aether must be applied to it twice a day, as directed hereafter. it must be observed, that bleeding very much conduces to the cure of obstinate chronic rheumatisms, must be repeated at proper intervals if necessary; the blood in this disease being generally very sizy. _disorders of the_ stomach _and_ intestines. this medicine presently cures flatulent cholics, removes all windy disorders of the stomach and intestines, and corrects acidities lodged there. it is also found to have excellent effect in correcting that weakness, or bad habit of the stomach and intestines, which studious persons, and such as lead sedentary lives, are particularly subject to, and is attended with sour belchings, heart-burn, windy distensions, pain and uneasiness in the stomach and bowels. it must be taken every night and morning, according to the general direction below. care should be taken to prevent costiveness in these cases, which, is best removed by chewing _rhubarb_, or taking it any other way, or by a dose of _manna_, or _glauber's salts_, taken occasionally. the aether is an extraordinary diuretic in dropsies: it is an excellent medicine in an asthma, and the hiccup; and may be looked upon as a specific in that disease of children called the hoopingcough, or chin-cough; in all which cases it must be taken inwardly, according to the general direction below, and the repetition of the dose must be regulated by the violence of the disease. a dose of it taken at going to bed after drinking too freely, has been found to prevent the head-ach, sickness, &c, which usually follow next morning. it has removed deafness, and hardness of hearing, by moistening a little cotton with a few drops of it, putting it into the ear, and holding the finger for a few minutes over it, at the same time snuffing a few drops of it, mixed with spirit of lavender, up the nostrils, or putting a bit of rag wet with the aether, up the nostrils. it has frequently removed a temporary dimness of sight, attended with a swimming or uneasiness in the head, by external application to the forehead; and is a promising medicine in that sort of blindness called a gutta serena, and in beginning cataracts, in which cases it should be taken inwardly, as well as applied to the forehead, and up the nostrils. it is likewise found to, be of great service in removing pleuritic pains, and stitches in the side, by applying it to the affected part, in the manner directed for external application. _the method of taking the aether inwardly._ the general dose for a grown person is a common tea spoonful; and the best vehicle to take it in is a draught of cold water. if it be only stirred, in the water with the spoon, and the mixture drank immediately it strikes the nostrils by it's volatility, but may be thought by some as agreeable when so taken as when the two liquors, are more intimately mixed, by shaking them in a phial, and from thence pouring them into a glass to be drank; for tho' it has but little smell in this manner, it is more warm to the palate than in the other. the patient may use, the way of mixing he likes best, and if he has any objection to water, may take it in any other agreeable cold liquor. children in the month may take two or three drops for a dose; those of a year old may take seven or eight drops; those of five or six years old may take from twenty to twenty-five drops, and so encreasing according to their years: or it may perhaps be better, in giving it to children, to mix a tea spoonful of aether, with a convenient quantity of water, and, shaking it well, give at a dose about one twentieth part of this mixture to a child a month old; about one eighth part to a child twelve or fourteen months old; to those about five years old one third part of the mixture; half of the mixture to those about seven years old, and two thirds of it to those about fourteen years old. _the method of applying the aether externally._ to apply it externally, you must procure a bit of linen rag, of such a dimension as to be conveniently covered by the palm of the hand; moisten this rag with a little of the aether as it lies upon your palm, and instantly apply it to the part affected, pressing it very close, so as to prevent the escape of it's fumes, for two or three minutes, in which time the rag will be found dry, and may be taken away. it will be more convenient, on some occasions, (as in applying it to paralytic parts, rheumatic pains, and the gout,) to place the rag upon a piece of a soft, thin bladder and, when moisten'd with the aether, to bind it gently upon the part. a slight redness usually appears upon the part after the application, but it quickly vanishes; but it may sometimes happen, where the skin is very tender and too much aether has been applied to the forehead, or within the ears, that it may affect the skin more than the patient chooses; which is avoided by applying a less quantity for the future. this is the secret of a present famous practitioner, who having a method sometimes of concealing his application, is said to, cure the head-ach, fixed rheumatic pains, &c. by the touch of his hand. it is very easy to conceive, from the extreme subtlety of this medicine, that it must produce many excellent effects in such diseases as those above mentioned, as it is converted into vapour by a much less heat than the common animal one; so that being swallowed, it can hardly subsist in any part of the human body under any form but that of an extremely penetrating volatiliz'd vapour; and it is perceptible by it's smell, as it passes thro' the pores of the skin, several hours, after taking; so that it's stay in the body is longer, and, it's effects there more durable, than might be expected from such a subtle substance. notwithstanding the extreme subtlety of the aether, it is perfectly innocent and safe to take, as it contains nothing that is acrimonious or corrosive; so that it may be given even to the youngest children without hesitation. it neither purges nor vomits; nor does it encrease any of the sensible evacuations, except that of urine, and sometimes that of sweat, if taken when in bed; but as it is so distinctly perceived by the smell passing thro' the cutaneous pores of those who take it, it is probable that it encreases insensible perspiration. another observable property in this medicine is, that it does not coagulate or thicken the serum of the blood, but thins it; and therefore has direct contrary effects to all the common spirituous compositions, when either taken inwardly, or externally applied, and is essentially different from the most subtiliz'd vinous spirits; for tho' spirit of wine is used in making it, yet it is so far decomposed by the process, that it's nature is entirely changed. in consequence of this quality in the aether, the publisher has successfully dissolved some particular obstinate tumours, by applying it to them, when other means have failed.----this hint he hopes will not pass unnoticed by the gentlemen of the faculty, as it is evident no application whatever can equal it in subtlety and dissolving power. the medicine so much celebrated in _germany_, and so frequently commended and used in practice by the late famous professor _hoffman_, under the title of his _liquor mineralis anodynus_, was nearly of the same nature with the aether, but not so powerful, nor so highly subtilized. repeated experience has confirmed the efficacy of this medicine in all the diseases before mentioned; and from the consideration of it's uncommon qualities, it may be presumed to be an excellent remedy in many others, if judiciously given: hence it seems surprising that so valuable an addition, to the _materia medica_ as the aether doubtless is, should have been so much neglected, or so little known; but the reasons are, that the process whereby it was made was kept secret by some who rated the preparation at a very extravagant price, and not sufficiently attended to by others, who consider'd it only as a chemical curiosity, not as a medicine. the chief merit the publisher of this account pretends to, is, _the ascertaining the medicinal virtues of this curious preparation_, by several years experience, and making them more publickly known; _the reducing it's price_, which has hitherto been so extravagant that had it's virtues and properties been known, only a small number of the afflicted could have enjoy'd the benefit of it; and, _the bringing it to a greater degree of perfection than any hitherto sold_; what he offers being a perfectly rectified vitriolic aether. it may not be improper to give the marks by which good aether may be known. it is perfectly colourless, except it has receiv'd some accidental tinge from the cork of the phial in which it has been kept; and so volatile as to strike the nose very powerfully. it's smell is more or less sulphureous, according to the management of some part of the process. wetting the finger with it, or dropping a little upon the hand, it vanishes instantly, and leaves no moisture behind; so that the part scarcely seems to have been wet. half a dozen drops, dropped together upon a table will disappear in a few seconds of a minute, and leave only the appearance of a large oily ring behind; but if it leaves the least watery or spirituous moisture, or does not evaporate in much less than a minute, it is not good. the best aether will dissolve in, or mix with, a certain quantity of water; and that is the best which requires the largest quantity of water to dissolve it: if, therefore, to fix tea spoonsful of water in a small phial, you add one of the aether to be examined, cork up the phial, and shake them very well together, and upon standing a little while some part of the aether appears at top, in form of oil, sufficient to cover the surface of the mixture, it may be pronounced good (provided it also answers, in the other methods of trial) and the more appears the better is the aether; but if none appears, or not enough to cover the surface of the mixture, it was either adulterated, or not well rectified. if to this mixture of aether and water you add a little _salt of tartar_, and any fermentation ensues, the aether was not well rectified. upon shaking briskly a phial containing aether, if the bubbles, or proof as they are usually called, do not disappear in less time, and in larger bubbles, than any other liquor, (the vinous alcohol perhaps excepted) 'tis not genuine. it is the more necessary to observe these rules of proving the quality of the aether, as the imperfect sorts have been found to disagree with the stomach, and produce other bad effects, besides disappointing the patient's expectation. the aether that has the foremention'd properties, (for there are preparations sold by the same name, which are very imperfect imitations of it) is made and sold by m. turner, surgeon, in _liverpool_. the ounce phial _two shillings_; the half ounce _one shilling_. the phials are square; the word aether, inscribed on one side, and m. turner on the opposite, and sealed with a lion gardant, &c. proper abatement will be made to druggists, apothecaries, or the gentlemen of the faculty who use any considerable quantity. to prevent it's escape and loss, a small quantity of water is put into each phial, which should be kept with the cork downwards, by which means the aether is prevented, by the interposition of the water, from evaporating. the publisher has also appointed it to be sold by mr. _r. board_, chemist and druggist, in _grace-church-street_; and mr. _j. wilkie_, bookseller, at the bible in st. _paul's_ churchyard, london: and mr. _peter wilson_, bookseller, in _dame-street_, dublin. images generously made available by the bibliothèque nationale de france (bnf/gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr. [transcriber's note: + hyphens splitting words across lines have been removed. + original spellings have generally been retained, but the errata from the second edition (at the end), and a mistake in the errata (!) have been corrected silently. the original text can be found in the html version. + the latin epigraph translates as: "they all represent themselves as doctors--the uneducated, the priest, the nurse, and the barber, the _apothecary_, the old woman." ] imprimatur, novemb. 13. 1669. sam. parker. a short view of the frauds, and abuses committed by apothecaries; as well in relation to patients, as physicians: and of the only remedy thereof by physicians making their own medicines. by christopher merrett dr. in physic, fellow of the college of physicians, and of the royal society. ----fingunt se medicos omnes, idiota, sacerdos, nutrix, & tonsor, _pharmacopæus_, anus. the second edition more correct. london, printed for james allestry, printer to the royal society, at the rose and crown in st. paul's church-yard, 1670 a _short view_ of the _frauds_ and _abuses_ committed by _apothecaries_, as well in relation to _patients_, as _physicians_; and of the only remedy thereof by _physicians_ making their own medicines. doubtless it will seem strange to most men, that after 30 years not unsuccessful practice in this great city, i should now at last forbear sending my bills to the apothecaries, knowing that hereby a whole company of men interested in the world (who by their number, noise, and tricks, may be able to decry any physician) will become my implacable adversaries, and by their private whispers of untrue tales, will endeavour to their utmost, either to keep me from any new, or shuffle me out of my fixed imployment. but not fearing the utmost their malice can invent, or proclaim; i shall publickly assert what i privately practice, preferring the publick good, and the honour of my profession before my own private profit. and although i have had some experience what their groundless anger can do, when they some years since proclaimed me in their publick hall their enemy, for acting the college interest, and of late for saving my patients lives and purses, by dispencing gratis my medicines. yet i hope no indifferent person, when he knows that i have thus long slighted their weak endeavours, will believe i can now at length have so poor an end as revenge; especially when they shall consider on the one hand, the universal and daily complaints of both patient and physician, the great cause they have to do so, and the little hope of a remedy, and on the other, besides that general obligation all men have of doing their country-men good, and the particular necessity i have of justifying my actions, by leaving the world their judg upon the account i shall here deliver of them. and lastly, that which will leave my enemies not any objection, i take upon me not only a great trouble, but charge, without any other design then doing mankind good, by endeavouring to restore my profession to its ancient and deserved honours. and had i none of these inducements, i am sure the vulgar excuse of friends importunities may be satisfactory to all persons for my publishing what i here do, when i must acknowledge that many of my collegues and other practisers in several parts, upon reading these papers furnished me not only with some bad practices of their own experience, but thereupon enjoyed the publishing of them. so that in these papers i do but speak the common language of all physicians, and of very many patients. neither are all their frauds and abuses here inserted, the rest (perhaps more in number) being reserved to another opportunity. i shall only add by way of preface; that the last year a book was printed on the same argument, by an inquisitive person, now dr. in physic, which might have spared me this labour, but that it was too large for every ones reading, and in some things short. it was his fate to be called by them fool, ass, and simple fellow, and much worse language, bragging that some of their boys should answer him. but upon more serious thoughts, the whole company have suffered it to find the credit it well deserves, without the least reply but that of revilings. in these ensuing papers, i hope to prove, that these abuses complain'd of by all sorts of persons, arise from this only cause, that physicians dispence not themselves such medicines, they use for the relief of their patients, but commit this work to the apothecaries, or rather their servants. now the apothecaries abuses generally relate either to the medicines, patients, or physicians; which three do comprehend all i shall say on this subject. but the reader is to take notice, that all here charged on the apothecaries, is not meant of every single one, but of some, or more of them, and may in a short time in all probability be verified of them all, according as their number, cajoling the ignorant, and bold daring in physic increase. but before i descend to particulars, i shall first lay down this proposition, their own confession, and in their own language, viz. that they may be the veriest knaves in england. because they may put in bad ingredients, and more or less then the composition requires, they may substitute one thing for another; and all this without being detected, and consequently not be punished for such misdemeanors; but more especially in medicines for private mens uses, wherein they may do what they please without the least discovery of the patient, and from this general confession of theirs, it clearly follows, that whatsoever deceit, covetous wits can invent, may at least be suspected to be used by them, and whatsoever is here alledged may find easier belief. and secondly, most men wonder, that this corporation, being but of few years standing, and to the setting up of whose trade so small a stock is necessary; should live so high, spend so freely, gain so great estates, by their return of so little money yearly, which how 'tis done every man may conceive to be effected by the following artifices. more particularly, the frauds by them committed relate either to their falsifying of medicines, or secondly, to the number of their bills, and prescriptions, or thirdly, to the prices of them. first, they use medicines quite contrary to the prescription, myrtle-leafs shewed the censors for sena, a binder for a purger. mushroms of the oak, &c. rub'd over with chalk for agaric, which mr. evelyn in his late publisht book of forest trees, pag. 27. observes, to the great scandal of physic as he adds; hemlock-dropwort roots for pæony roots, poysons for wholesome remedies; privet by some, by others dog-berries, for those of spina cervina, no purgers for a strong one. sheeps lungs for fox lungs, the bone of an oxe heart for that of a stags heart, damsons for damasc prunes, syrup of limons, for that of citrons, bryony roots for mechoacan, &c. secondly, they falsify the grand compositions of the london dispensatory. it being a common trade with them to buy unsound, and decayed simples of some druggists, and to return them back so much of the composition as will pay for the simples. secondly, whereas apothecaries are bound to shew publickly to the censors of the college, and the master and wardens of their company, mithridate, diascordium, alkermes, &c. yet for all this some of them privately make a great deal more of the composition then is shewed, of unsound drugs, and some without any view at all; others put in the scrapings that ought to be thrown away; and by these arts they under-sell, and ruine one another, selling the composition at a lower rate then good ingredients cost them; and with these complaints they daily mutiny amongst themselves. thirdly, 'tis very common for them to load medicines with honey, and other cheaper ingredients, and to leave out in whole or in part, those of greater value; viz. saffron in ruffus pills, and in oxycroceum plaster, which latter, they colour of a saffron colour with turmeric, sanders &c. ambergrise in alkermes, diascordium was found by the censors in their search made only of honey, and bole-armeniac. which false composition was taken away by the then master of the company. such chymists which sell preparations honestly made complain, that few apothecaries will go to the prices of them. whence it comes to pass, that most of the preparations found in the shops are sophisticated, to the great abuse of city and country. these abuses daily increase since the censors, discouraged by the multitude of empirics swarming in every corner, have omitted their wonted searches, being to their loss of time, and expences out of their own purses for the publick good only. now since the chymical oyls, by reason of their great prices are most of them adulterated, and very few of them right good, and that nothing hath been published on this matter, and to leave the buyers of them unexcusable, i shall here add briefly, yet sufficiently the ways to discover these cheats. first for sweet-scented chymical oyls, viz. those of cloves, cinnamon and sassaphras. only drop a little of them into fair water, and that part which is true good will sink under the water, but the adulterated part will swim on the top of it. some others draw deep tinctures from the said spices with spirit of wine highly rectified, and sell them for the oyls; but these mix with the water throughout, neither swimming, nor sinking. others more craftily digest with the said tinctures some of the true oyls, which compound being put into water, will for a time render it white. another way of sophisticating is with oyl of turpentine mixed in great quantity with that which is adulterated; you may easily discover the oyl of turpentine, by setting it on fire, for it yields abundance of ill-scented smoak, with very little savour of the herb, flour, or seed, &c. and soon takes fire. to correct the ill smell of the turpentine, they digest it with, and distil it off with spirit of wine. those sophisticated with turpentine, fired in a silver spoon colour it, and quickly diffuse themselves upon a knife, or paper. the best way to try by firing, is to put a drop or two of these oyls on the end of a broad pointed knife, which being first heated, and then thrust into a lighted candle, presently take fire, and break out into a flame with much dark smoak; but if you will try them in a spoon, heat it first over a candle, and then blow the flame of lighted paper, or of a wax candle on them. to try the scent, blow out the flame of the good oyls, and your smell will soon discover the ill scent of the turpentine from that of the good oyl. but on the contrary, all oyls drawn from plants by distillation hardly flame, and the flame soon goes out, and the smoak gives a full flavour of the plant it self, whereas those sophisticated as before, differ from the true in both. the same oyls are also sophisticated with cheap ones drawn from decayed oringes, and limons; your smell on firing will soon discover these mixtures. a third way of sophisticating chymical oyls is, by mixing with them such oyls as are made by expression, which are easily discovered by rubbing them on white paper, which being held and dryed at the fire, the chymical part soon flyes away, and leaves the paper transparent, looking no otherwise then oyled paper; but pure chymical oyls totally fly away, leaving the paper white as 'twas before, and not transparent, and in this way oyl of sweet almonds and spike have a great share. as for oyls drawn by retort, they all of them smell so strong of the fire, that neither smell nor tast can well discover any fraud in them. now for the fixed salts, most of them are made of the ashes of tobacco-stalks, &c. more might be said for the discovery of the cheats of other chymical preparations, which shall be reserved to another opportunity, and had physicians just encouragement, they would spend both their time and moneys on the like discoveries for the publick utility. fifthly, add to the former (though perhaps 'tis an error of ignorance only) that if such simples are prescribed they know not, they fetch from the herb-women what they give them, true or false; for many of these women give to very many plants false names; now if the apothecary be so careful to consult an herbal, which few have, and fewer know how to make use of, yet they too frequently mistake the thing by reason of several names given to the same thing, or of one name to several things, and many of them consult the common dictionaries only, which are most erroneous in the names of natural things; insomuch that in my first practice (being curious of these particulars) i have found two or three mistakes in one prescription, a catalogue of which mistakes, and names ill given, i had collected, but the late fire consumed it, though many of them my memory hath reserved. sixthly, many of the london, and most of the country-apothecaries, buy of the whole-sale men, who affirm of one another, especially of such who gain great estates in short time, that they cannot sell their medicines honestly made at so low a rate as they do. seventhly, i shall need to say little of such distilled waters, as discover themselves neither to smell, nor tast, but shall only recite a known story of an apothecary, who chid his man for sending away a customer that came for plantan water, telling him there was enough at the pump. eighthly, as for ointments, and plasters, they are sold by some at so low a price, viz. 3 d. per l. for ointments, as i have been informed, that 'tis not possible to make them at, and yet such however falsifyed maintain a trade amongst country, and low-priced city-apothecaries, and the chirurgeons profess they cannot effect their cures with the shop-medicines, and that this is the reason why they make their own oyls, oyntments, &c. as the apothecaries charter allows them to do; and why may not physicians think this to be the cause why they sometimes fail in their cures, as well as chirurgeons? and also make their own medicines as well as they, especially since the apothecary may as easily falsify, and to greater profit in the one, then in the other? ninthly, as to their use of bad or decayed drugs, 'tis so common a practice that i shall need to give but one notorious instance of it, and 'tis this, i having occasion to use some seeds, sent for them to a seeds-man, the messenger desiring to have those of the same year. the tradesman knowing him to live with me, asked, if they were for physical use, he replyed in the affirmative, whereat he presently shewed him others, which were of 6 or 7 years old (as he confessed) affirming them to be as good for that use as the newest, which he sold only for sowing, and that he kept the others, though never so old, for the apothecaries only, who still asked for them, buying them though 20 years old, not regarding if they were decayed and wholy effete (for no seed will preserve its vegetative faculty above 7 years much less its physical) so they could but have them cheap. besides their pretty knacks (as they call them) of making their compounds fair to the eye, more vendible, but worse for use, by restoring them to their colour and consistence, that they may pass for good, which perhaps 'tis better to pass over in silence, lest by confuting i should teach the younger fry, who may better be honestly ignorant of them. now for their substituting one thing for another, and detracting where they please, i shall add but one story of an apothecary, who commanded his man (who told him they had no good rhabarb in the house) that he should put in double quantity of what they had. nay i have known one simple of a quite different nature used for a whole composition. tenthly, i shall conclude this ungrateful discourse, with saying that by reason more frauds may be committed by the apothecaries, then by any other trade, and by supposition that gain will tempt most men to dishonest actions, especially where they may act undiscovered; i say; that this seems to be the cause why they have two supervisors set over them more then any company that i know of, viz. the censors of the college of physicians, and the master and wardens of their own company. the next thing is the inlarging and multiplying their bills and medicines. first, when in chronical diseases a physician is consulted, they go on of their own heads with the same prescription, frequently enough to the patients great disadvantage, both of health and purse. secondly, by giving and intermixing medicines of their own phancy, with the physicians prescriptions, viz. some pleasing medicine, whereby too often the physicians intention is quite crost, and the effect made uncertain, and hazardous. thirdly, by giving medicines themselves on small accounts, and such as require only a good ordering, and no more. fourthly, by repeating long courses of physic unadvisedly, and needlesly, when either nothing, or very little is needful to be done. fifthly, by creating diseases in easie mens phansies, and so decoying them into courses of physic. sixthly, some of them get private and worthless receipts, and sell them at what rate they please; mr. delaune by one pill alone, though not a very safe one, got some thousands of pounds. seventhly, if one of them get a private receipt from a physician called by the inventor his nostrum, if another apothecary have occasion to use it, he shall be sure to pay sawce for it. eighthly, another trick is when the patient is cured, and the physician therefore hath given over his visits, then comes the apothecary and insinuates by his words and passions, either some danger of relapse, or some other present distemper, and repairs to the physician for a bill to cure the imaginary disease. ninthly, but their principal art of all is, to cry up, and bring in to patients such physicians, who through design must comply with the apothecaries interest, and such practisers they extol and cry up for good physicians, which some of them call more expresly good apothecaries physicians, and such without doubt, the whole company will endeavour to raise unto a fame and practice. but such as write only for the good of the patient, and not at all for the benefit of the apothecary (as all honest men ought to do) they will endeavour to prevent their calling in, or to shuffle them out. now this good apothecaries physician, they describe by his frequent though needless visits, but especially by the multitude of his bills, by his visiting twice a day, or oftner (a very careful and painful doctor) and by still writing new medicines, when half the former, or perhaps none of them have been taken, making an apothecaries shop in the patients house, planting the cupboards and windows with glasses and gally-pots, and not a quarter of the whole made use of. he prescribes a medicine for every slight complaint, and never goes away from the patient or the patient from him, without a bill, for fear of the apothecaries grumbling. and from this burdening the sick with multiplicity of medicines, too often contrary to, and destructive one of another, it proceeds that in the small pox, and measles, many are afraid to use physicians, and commit the care of the sick to nurses, and old women, and perhaps sometimes not without cause, for by continual multiplication of medicines, the humours of the body may be made, or kept in too great a state of fluidity, whence the flox followeth. whereas a medicine or two duly administred, may suffice to bring them well forth, and then there needs no more but good ordering, unless perhaps some accident arise, which may require further care. and here as well as in other cases, the patient is to be rectified, who requires the physicians visits, and yet dismisseth him without a reward, unless he writes a bill, whereas it might have been better if nothing at all had been prescribed; and the physician left to his own judgment; and hence it is that many enlarge their bills, that the patient may think he hath enough for his money, whereby the apothecary is gratified, who ought to commend the medicines as necessary for the sick person, and singular in themselves, whereas in truth this great farcy proves ungrateful to the tast and stomach; inconvenient to health, by curing one disease, but creating more; and by this means keeping them continually in a way of physic. a third abuse of the apothecaries relates to the prices of their medicines; first they put what rates they please on their simples, compounds, and receipts, and none are judges of them, but those of their own trade; insomuch that they gain a 11 d. in the shilling, if they say true of themselves. whereas the colleges of physicians beyond sea, yearly set a tax upon the simples, and compounds of the shops. so that the customer can tell the price of what he hath occasion to use, and not stand at the mercy of the apothecary to rate them as he lists, and to this purpose they put in print the prices of them every year. secondly, suppose a physician hath prescribed a pint of juleb, &c. to be taken at four several times, some apothecaries carry not the whole pint at once, but divide it into four parts, and carry but one at a time, and so of other medicines, and then will charge their bill for every single potion, or draught, as they ought the whole pint; so that by this art they gain four times as much for the whole medicine as in conscience they ought; and a juleb, which cost them six pence, will be rated at 10, 12, or more shillings. but perhaps 'tis fit they should be paid for their created visits; and for this unnecessary officiousness, persons of great estates may be contented to pay roundly, if they please. thirdly, when a physician hath prescribed 20 pills, some of the apothecaries will make 30 of them, under pretence the patient cannot swallow them else; now reckoning each pill at a certain rate (as they usually do) they gain a third part more then they ought. fourthly, to advance the prices, you shall hardly ever see a bill without bezoar, or pearls in it, to make people think them very chargeable; whereas sometimes there is not above a grain or two of these dear ingredients in the prescription, and a few grains of these or ambergrise doubles or trebles the prices of the medicines, and are sure never to be omitted in their bills, besides the guilding of the pills, and covering their bolusses, and electuaries with gold (which have only an imaginary and no real use in medicines so used) much inhanseth their prices, and a rich cordial inserted exceedingly advanceth most of their bills; or if china or any other dear ingredient be in the receipt 'tis not omitted. fifthly, some apothecaries offer, and perhaps some physicians have taken presents to help them to customers, which must necessarily be squeazed out of their higher-rated medicines. sixthly, i have heard some prudent persons complain of their bringing in their bills but once in a year, or two; supposing they made them pay lombards usury for their forbearance. and through this neglect they sometimes lose their money, and whether they raise other mens bills to make up these losses, i affirm not. seventhly, another cause of raising their prices is a necessity of keeping in their shops such medicines as are seldom used, or such as must upon necessity decay, and grow useless. now suppose they throw such away, this reason is good, but you will find a remedy for this hereafter. to conclude this second complaint. by reason of the dear bills of the apothecaries, many are deterred from going to the physician, and run to common mountebanks, and i think this to be the reason (as some disabused persons have confessed to me) why they have so much cryed up the abilities of apothecaries for practice, because they would save their credit in taking physic of them. st. augustine candidly in his book of confessions declares, that through covetousness he repeated a course of physic, without consulting the physician (who had before cured him of the same disease) to his greater charge, danger of his life, and offence against god. having done with the apothecaries abuses relating chiefly to the patients health and purse, and such as are willfully committed (though all of them reflect on the physician) i shall now touch on a few neglects, and mistakes proving often very mischievous. first, they frequently mistake the physicians directions, which of what dangerous consequence it is, every one can tell. secondly, they carry a medicine appointed for one sick person to another. thirdly, they often neglect the sending of medicines in due time, especially such as have no servants, or but raw ones, when the master is out of town, or upon long visits. having now done with the apothecaries as they relate principally to the sick, i shall in the next place speak of them, as they relate to physicians, and that either to the profession in general, or to the particular practisers of it. as to the physicians in general, they endeavour to extirpate them, and some have been so bold to say, they hope in few years to see never a physician in london, and to profess they will scramble with them for practice. and that this hath been and is their intention, the following particulars will clearly demonstrate. first, they have always endeavoured and aimed at the depression and ruine of the college of physicians, the only corporation of that art in england, considering rightly, that the depression of the college is their interest and rise, and that the total subversion of it will make them absolute masters in physic and physicians their servants. in order hereunto they have constantly, both publickly and privately opposed the college in whatsoever hath been offered to setle the liberty of practice on them, their only priviledg and subsistence, though they have been offered all they could desire for the security of their trade, and legal employment, and far beyond whatsoever any corporation of apothecaries in all, or in any forreign part enjoy, yet nothing would ever content them, but an unlawful, unreasonable, dangerous, and destructive usurpation of liberty to some pretended practice, that thereby they might gain the whole. secondly, they have continually traduced the college, and troubled them in parliaments, at the council-board, &c. to their great charge and molestation. and for such their great demerits against the college, the king and his council, anno 1639. granted a quo warranto to the attorney general (the judges having first heard the whole matter) to take away their charter, which doubtless had been effected, had not the troubles, and long civil war immediately ensued. thirdly, and in this present parliament, how did they endeavour to prepossess the members of the house of commons with strange, and false prejudices and assertions drawn from irrational, and groundless suppositions, making us the greatest tyrants in the world, inferring ridiculously that a lady, or charitable gentlewoman (for in that believing sex they have gain'd a great deal of ground by their falsities) might not give the poor a cordial, &c. without being questioned by the college; whereas they know in their consciences, that the college hath power enough by their first charter to act as much in this kind against themselves, and all other persons, as they desired of this present parliament; and yet neither apothecary, or any other who practised charitably, were ever troubled for so doing. they pretended also they were abridged wholy from their trade, and might not sell a penny-worth of mithridate, &c. without a doctors bill. whereas there's not a word in the charter to that purpose; the sole intent whereof was to keep them as well as other mountebanks, from prescribing (which they call selling) the physicians only livelyhood. and as to the bill itself so much railed on by them in westminster-hall, coffee-houses, ale-houses, &c. 'tis easie to make it out, that this charter as proposed gives the apothecaries more liberty and freedom of exercising their lawful trade, then is enjoyed in any other nation, where both corporations are erected, and that it doth in nothing infringe, or diminish their freedom as citizens, or their charter as apothecaries; and that our charter was compiled by some, and perused and approved by others the most eminent lawyers in england for worth and place; and yet none of these could find any thing in it either illegal, tyrannical, or unfit to be desired of the parliament. nay many mis-informed members being rightly instructed in the true state of the matter, have acknowledged the justice of it; and was no more then king james by his letters patents, dated the 18th of october, in the 15th year of his reign, granted to the said college; near about the same time the apothecaries charter was granted; and being almost nothing else but a supply of what was short in their former grants, viz. that whereas their charter granted by king henry the eighth, gave power to punish offenders in the practice of physic; and because there was no power given to summon, nor penalty imposed for the non-appearance of such offenders; therefore by their non-appearance, the said power of the censors was eluded; for no such offenders would appear before them, and consequently no punishment could be inflicted on them, according to the true meaning of the said act. now this charter so much declaimed against, prayed only a supply of this defect, and also better and more necessary ways and means, without which, such and all other offenders against the lives and healths of his majesties subjects could not be discovered; and they had reason not to doubt a grant of the said power, since by the said charter a power was granted them to imprison offenders, whom the keepers of the prisons would not receive, because no command, nor penalty was imposed on them, for not receiving such offenders sent by the censors (a thing ridiculous to our present lawyers) however this defect was supplyed by an act in the first of queen mary. now whereas since the making of the said acts and powers, granted to the college, several other trades, besides the apothecaries, relating to physic (being then all members of the grocers company) viz. druggists, chymists, sellers of strong-waters and oyls, have arose distinct from each others, and many abuses have been and are committed in each of them, as they all confess. the said charter prays for the publick good only (there being the same reason of all) they might have the same power of surveying them also, as they have of the apothecaries, which most of the judicious, and sober of the said companies, as well in relation to their own private profit, and also the publick, by having all medicines good, did not oppose, but liked well of. nay there was nothing in the said charter, but what was judged good by all or most of the judges of england, several times convened by order of the king and his council, to deliver their opinions concerning some quæries, which comprised the main of what was desired and petitioned for by the college, of this present parliament. but before the committee could make report to the house, the parliament was adjourned, whereupon apothecaries falsly gave out, and made people believe our charter was taken from us. and in this transaction before the committee, one cocket an apothecary exhibited in the name of the chymists such a scandalous libel, as the committee would not suffer to be read; drawn as some conceive by the assistance, and countenance, if not contrivance of his company. lastly, the company of the apothecaries are bound by their charter to bring their servants (before they make them free) to be examined by the censors of our college, and to have their approbation of their fitness to exercise their art, and set up their trade. now that they have herein neglected their duty, and consequently may be dis-franchised and lose their freedoms for this omission, 'tis manifest not only by the vapours of some of them to some members of our body, that they never underwent this examination; but also by comparing of our register (wherein are recorded the names of all such as have been examined) with theirs, if they keep any for this purpose. sure i am, that in two years together, when i was censor, very few, if any, did appear to their examination, whereas yearly a very great number set up their trades. nay since the firing of london not one apothecaries servant hath been examined by the censors, for more then these three years last past, in which time perhaps no less then 100 have been made free by the company. before our presenting this charter to the parliament, they would admit no arbitrators betwixt our corporation, and theirs, not contenting themselves with their charter lately granted in king james's reign, and that by the procurement of some of our college for these unthankful persons. for they would not refer themselves (as the chirurgeons without many words or dispute did) to the most upright, and most knowing sir orlando bridgeman then lord chief justice, and now lord keeper, for a clause to be by him drawn, in order to preserve their immunities and charter; which they refused, fearing belike he would exclude them from the practice of physic, which the law hath already done, and which is all they could doubt of; but the corporation of chirurgeons did acquiesce in the clause drawn by the said lord chief justice, and never appeared before the committee against the said charter. their increasing dis-respect, and undervaluing the college, appears in this, that of late years they place our censors invited to their new masters dinner, at their second tables whereas always heretofore they were seated at the first table, next to the master of the company. and to hinder the building of a new college, and the contribution of the honorary fellows thereunto, they tell them that we deceived them in their admission, and never intend the building of a new college, though a large contribution hath been made, and ground purchased in order thereunto by the members of their corporation. and their further design appears in their great triumphing, and rejoycing when any illiterate person hath gained any reputation for a cure performed, especially where physicians have been concerned, though the patients neglect or obstinateness, have been the sole cause of this non-performance, and by their continued detraction from physicians, and applauding themselves, hoping by the former, that people will think such mountebanks able to do better cures then learned physicians, and then they can easily insinuate themselves superior to such mountebanks, and consequently to physicians. by the latter, they seek to depress, and level us to themselves, being conscious they can never rise to that worth and ability, required in a physician. another manifest sign of their endeavour to usurp our practice is, their absurd calling the sick their patients, for 'tis most certain that in all reason and language the physician and patient only have relation to each other, but not to the apothecary, who is but a tradesman, and manual operator. now a tradesman and his customer, or chapman, are relatives each to other, but those apothecaries who intrude themselves and usurp on our profession, may call their customers patients, and that in a true literal sence, when by their ignorance they make them really sufferers under them; and if they deny apothecary and patient to be non-sence, they shew themselves pitifully ignorant in the laws, and rules of reason, or else profess themselves physicians. and the like non-sence they commonly utter by calling physicians that make their own medicines, mountebanks and quacks, whereas none can be such but those who practise without lawful authority, as the apothecaries, &c. do; and they are not ignorant in this their malice, that the law of england would punish them roundly for so saying. and were i troublesome or vindicative, i could make some of them examples, but i freely remit the slanders in this kind that are past. having done with the main part of the disease, next follows the remedy; and the only firm and proper one will appear to be, that physicians make their own medicines; the benefit whereof to the publick, the reasonableness of the thing it self, the necessity in relation to the physician, will be manifest by that which follows. and first, all that hath been said demonstrates this last proportion. secondly, the desire of most persons, and the censure of all wise men, who say we are wanting to our own interest, if we make not use of the remedy in our own hands, performing our art in all its members, whereof making of medicines is a chief one. thirdly, the common practice, and constant usage of all former and antient physicians in all other nations, and in england also (for 'tis easie to say when there was not one apothecary in this kingdom) the laws of our nation, nay even the apothecaries charter allow it, the language of all physicians, our college voting it honourable so to do, nay apothecaries themselves commending it in such physicians as buy their medicines of them. fourthly, the kings physicians have formerly made the kings medicines, as 'tis manifest by my lord coke, in his 4th. book of the institutes, part 4. pag. 251. where he comments on rot. pat. 32 h 6. m. 17. he there first recites the roll it self, wherein are appointed (the king being then sick) 3 physicians and 2 chirurgeons, to freely minister and execute physic about the kings person, and there are also recited in general, medicines external, and internal. and on this roll coke among other things infers, that the physicians may use the aid of those chirurgeons named in the warrant, but of no apothecary, but to prepare and do all things themselves, &c. and the reason of all this is, the precious regard had of the health and safety of the king, who is the head of the common-wealth. and i am told by one of his present majesties physicians, that the king himself affirmed heretofore we are unwise in neglecting our duty herein, and lately of these papers, that 'twas the publick interest so to do. fifthly, chirurgeons (as before) will not trust them to make external remedies; and the king, and east-india company commit the making of their chests for their fleets to the chirurgeons. sixthly, have not ladies and charitable gentlewomen their closets well furnished with various medicines for the poors use, and for their own also, when physicians are called to their houses in the country? distillers of strong-waters, makers of plaisters, confectioners make medicines bought by the apothecaries, ale-houses sell purging drinks, and book-sellers sell chymical medicines, and all this without much regret of the apothecaries. but if a physician intermix a medicine with theirs, though the patients life be saved thereby, what noise, and murmuring, and proclaiming of it the next market-day to the rest of their company? to what purpose any one may judg. seventhly, why should not physicians, being lawfully authorized thereunto, practise with their own medicines, as well as the apothecaries with theirs, though against law, and incurring thereby the penalty of 5l. per month, which the college never troubled them for, or exacted of them? eighthly, physicians will be necessitated to it for their subsistence and honour, and to preserve their art from being prostituted to illiterate persons, the apothecaries becoming now their competitors. ninthly, by this means physicians will avoid multitudes of inconveniencies, proceeding from writing of bills, and the apothecaries visits. first the mistakes, and frauds in the ingredients, especially committed by the great practising apothecaries, who may, as appears by the following story, be suspected to send, instead of what was prescribed, the remains of his own practice, or else some cast-by medicines; for else how could it be when a medicine was prescribed to stand in infusion or steep a whole night, that it should be brought two hours after the bill was written, even the very same evening? which by accident the patient confessed, wanting the expected success. secondly by this course physicians avoid the many opprobrious terms cast upon them by apothecaries: as first, in saying that if he had not omitted or added something, the patient might have miscarried; which he may say at pleasure without any contradiction, though doubtless many have been killed by this means. secondly, by saying the bill could never have been made without some alteration of the apothecary, thereby insinuating the doctors ignorance in compounding. thirdly, in saying the doctor is not versed in medicines, because forsooth he varieth not at every visit, and multiplieth not new bills for the apothecaries profit. fourthly, in saying they teach physicians, and help them to, and in their practice. the first and last are vile and foolish scandals; as to the second, 'tis true indeed, that younger apothecaries recommend physicians to their acquaintance; but 'tis no longer then they have learned enough (as they think) to set up for themselves. fifthly, in saying, they knew before-hand what such a doctor would prescribe, and hence it is they have nick-named some physicians of no mean practice, by the medicines they frequently use, which names in respect to the persons, i shall conceal; and of such physicians, they brag they can prescribe as well as they. but if a physician advise things unknown to them, or out of the common tract, then they say the doctor intends to puzzle them. sixthly, he will avoid the censure of his bills, which every pitiful fellow, nay their very boys will absolve or condemn at pleasure, and that openly too, nay sometimes to the patient himself, and thereby call in his good apothecaries physician. now what a shame is it, that a physicians credit and livelihood, should stand at the mercy of such pitiful ignorant, and self-ended souls? i have heard one of them say of the now most eminent practiser in london, that his boy could write as good a method as he, and that he understood the practice of physic as well as any physician in london except 2, or 3, though the same person was soon made to confess, he neither knew the disease, cause, nor cure of a pleurisy, pretended to be throughly understood by him. thirdly, he will avoid the trouble put upon him after he hath writ his bill, by the apothecaries ignorance in not understanding it, who to be informed came to the doctor heretofore, with their hats off, but now send their boys, who soon put theirs on. such respect do they give physicians, when they come to them as to their masters to teach them. fourthly, he will avoid the impertinent visits of the apothecaries, and non-sensical, troublesome, and discouraging, frightful discourses to the patient, of whom no man can expect more then the common proverb gives to praters, and impertinent speakers, that they talk like apothecaries. fifthly he will avoid the mischiefs from their visits, who by their shrugs, signs, or words, may diminish the physicians reputation, and good opinion, whether in his skill, or medicines, whereby good medicines are neglected and the expectation of a good success upon the use of them taken away, or at least causing an averseness to them; which actings do exceedingly prejudice the patient, in reference to his cure. sixthly, he will avoid this inconvenience, that some apothecaries have attributed the cure to some of their intermixed medicines, or alteration of the doctors bill. seventhly, he will avoid that incivility of such of them, who in the physicians presence, will feel the pulse, judg of the urine, discourse the cause, nature, what the disease is, and what will be the issue of it, propose medicines, nay sometimes endeavour to advise with the physician, to contradict and dispute with him, to compare and set himself above the physician; and to say truth, these odious and intolerable comparisons and intrusions daily complained of by my collegues, were a great cause of my departing from them. eighthly, he will avoid those scandals they have opportunity to raise, that such a physician is covetous, proud, negligent, and minds not his practice, and the like without the least ground, and are frequently by such artifices, the cause of introducing another physician, knowing that thereby more bills will come to their file, and many times the former medicines be layed aside, and in this shuffling in and out of physicians, they have commonly a great share. ninthly, apothecaries being now competitors with physicians for practice, and down-right enemies to such as make their own medicines; why should not we suspect them of this false play, by telling the patient the doctors medicine will not work (which he knows well enough how to effect) and then to tell him he will prepare him one of his own that will work, when perhaps that he calls his own preparation, was nothing but what the doctor had prescribed before; and by this artifice to advance himself above the physician. another mischief in sending bills to the apothecaries is, that though the apothecaries be honest (and who can tell which of them is so?) yet the servants neglect, or ignorance (to whom they commit the whole care of dispensing, and are intruth the apothecaries (and not their masters) may mar all in their masters absence, who is visiting abroad, or at his recreations. and now i have done with the unpleasant talk of raking into the faults of the apothecaries, and with discoursing how physicians may save themselves from their devices, i shall next shew the advantages that will come to the patient, the physician, and people, by this way of remedy proposed. as for the patients, they may hereby save most of the great charges of apothecaries bills, which in long cases amount to very great sums in a year, although the physician hath received very few fees; the physician may so order his business as to take his fee for his visits only, and at home such competent fees for his advice alone, as are usually given, and in both cases take nothing for his medicines, and so save the patient the whole charge of the apothecaries bill, which very seldom comes short, and for the most part manifoldly exceeds the physicians fees. and this he may very well do by making fewer, less chargable, more effectual, and durable medicines then the shops afford, and suffer nothing in the non-use, or decay of his medicines; because he need make no more then will serve his own practice: and i must here profess, that which i intended not to have published, that this is the course i have generally taken, for the four months last past, since i made my own medicines, but that some apothecaries have given out most falsly, that i have sent in bills to patients for money; but to convince such of their wonted lying, i do hereby oblige my self to give 100 pound to any of them that shall produce such a bill. secondly, this way will not clog the patient with more medicines then are needful, nor will omit anything may conduce to his recovery, for if he fails in either, 'tis to his prejudice, either in spending more medicines which cost him money, or in not performing his cure, which loseth his practice. but i do not propose this course of mine as a general rule to all physicians, but leave this to every mans private judgment; neither do i hereby bind my self to the same practice, because some few cases may fall out (though to an equal advantage to the patient) may perswade me to the contrary. for i find some persons of that perswasion, as to think they have not given satisfaction, unless they have payed for the medicines; but to such persons, i have always allowed them to give me what they pleased themselves, for the cure only, to the full satisfaction of both parties. though i will not deny but some persons out of gratitude for their cure, have rewarded me beyond this proposal. some of my acquaintance have desired me to be more plain in this last paragraph, especially in that part of it where i say i do not bind my self to the said practice; and to declare more fully the cases that may perswade me to the contrary; which are these and such as these. first where patients of their own free offers will contract with the physician, or have formerly too meanly rewarded him for his cure, in both which the statutes of our college allow a contract to be made with patients. another case is, if a physician be consulted once, and for his fee hath given medicines gratis, if the patient frequently send for his medicines without the least reward at all. or if the patient living far in the country, having (as before) once consulted the physician, as in the last case, and shall for weeks, nay months, send for the same medicines. or if the patients friend shall recommend a medicine to another friend of his unknown to the physician; and where he gives no counsel, if a physician in the country shall desire some of his medicines, which are all the cases that occur at present; i say in some of these, the physician must needs be payed for his medicines; but in other, 'tis rational he should be payed for his advice, as he desireth new medicines, which charge will be far short also of the apothecaries medicines, whether repeated or prescribed upon new advice. now the great charge of apothecaries bills, and nauseousness of their medicines, appears to be the cause why long habitual diseases, as the kings evil, falling-sickness, convulsions, melancholies, and winds in the bowels, gouts, &c. become seldom relieved, though they may with a constant, facile way, be perfectly cured, where neither the great charge, nor unpleasantness of medicines, deterr them from a continued necessary use of remedies. and for the same reasons many will be kept from relapses, who being tired out with taking variety of medicines, give over before the tone and strength of their parts is restored, which is necessary to be done in all long diseases. he may so contrive his medicines, first, that they may be taken in small quantity, and be made more grateful to the tast, and stomach, and perform more then those of the apothecaries, commonly slovenly made, and of themselves fulsom, nauseous, and sluggish. secondly, his medicines made for particular persons, may last weeks, months, nay years, whereas the apothecaries drinks, especially in the summer time, must be renewed once, or twice every day, to the excessive charge of the patient. that his medicines may be fewer, is evident in physicians that practise in the country, who ride far to patients, and carry in their mans cloak-bag, medicines enough, not only for the person he is sent to, but also for most other persons, and cases he meets with in his travels, and therefore his closet needs contain but few, yet noble and generous medicines, and such as may serve him upon all occasions, supplying what's defective from the fields or gardens. he may avoid all pompous, useless, chargable medicines of the shops, and substitute in their place, cheaper, and more conducible to health; he may very well lay aside the precious stones, saphir, emerals, &c. the high priced magistrals of coral, and pearl, made worse by their preparations, or rather destroyed thereby in their virtue, as also unicorns horn; and bezoar, all which are now rarely used alone, but in the received compositions; he may also spare the charges of leaf-gold, for guilding pots, glasses, pills, electuaries, boles, &c. which serves only to raise the bill. he may teach the patients facile and easie remedies, as to make a clyster, apply blisters, or medicines to the feet, where they are needful, &c. and in many cases may cure by well ordering his patient only, without any remedies at all, or but very few; being free to act for the patients health, without the grumbling of the apothecary; and many other ways he may daily meet with, very advantageous to the patient. he will have little use of conserves, syrups, lohocks, &c. a greater part whereof sugar makes up, which doth more hurt to most persons, then the other ingredients do good. as for infusions and decoctions, he will find by experiment, how much liquor, or menstruum will suffice to extract the full vertue of the ingredients, and what are helps, or hinderances thereunto, and thereby neither suffer loss in the quantity, or quality of them. he will discover the inefficacy of many of the syrups and other medicines in the shops, made of such ingredients, the qualities whereof, what with boiling, what with the great quantity of sugar necessary to keep them, are either made useless or opposite to the ends they are proposed for. especially in such plants, seeds, and flowers, which consist of fine volatil parts, and even in drying and pounding, or the least boiling exhale and evaporate, and therefore in the common way of ordering them, lose their whole vertue or most of their efficacy, and alter in their properties. from which by several methods known to some physicians, very generous and singular medicines may be produced. he need not use so large compositions consisting of such confused and contrary ingredients, and will find good reason to lay aside those unintelligible and unreasonable compositions of mithridate, and treacle, and the so much magnified treacle-water, and will substitute better in their places, of smaller charge, and less trouble; and this all physicians i have conversed with, and the college it self, by their book published for the common good, in the year before the plague, and all those physicians in this city, who make or intend to make their own medicines, do confess. but here apothecaries open wide, and cry out that the physicians are great cheats, and envious persons, for continuing such flat medicines, and not recommending to the world, or rather their shops, our greater secrets. the answer is easie, that the medicines in our pharmacopæa, are the best of any other pharmacopæa in the world, both for their goodness, and well preparing of them, whether they be chymical, or galenical; and therefore the same scandal will ly on all pharmacopæa's whatsoever. secondly, i say that within these few last experimental years, the practical part of physic hath been much improved (as well as anatomy) especially by such as have put their hands to work; and therefore till such improvement, this could not be well amended. furthermore, in making new dispensatories, a full content must be had, and 'twere not fit to move where the motion were not like to take place, for though private men invent new ways of compounding and preparing, and using their own invented medicines, yet 'twill require a long time to make them publickly known, and brought into common use, and till that be done 'tis not possible to have them brought into a common dispensatory; besides, no man would make a motion for such a reformation, unless he were well furnished with specificks, and then 'twill be required of him to expose them to the whole world, which how incongruous it will be, every man may easily conceive; hereto add, that the apothecaries think themselves able enough by this present dispensatory, to out-beard physicians, and do publickly profess (as hath been said) that they understand the practice of physic well as they; how much more would they have said so, if they had been made masters of these secrets? and here i shall admonish those of my own faculty, who have devoted their studies, labours, and purses, for the improvement of their art, to consider, that as natural things have their bounds and limits, and that there is no new creation of them, and besides, that these things have their bounds also of improvement, beyond which 'tis impossible for man to go; and that by a good method and industry, that end may be attained; (though at present i must confess, no art is more capable of enlargement then ours:) i say let all consider, and they will find, what a vast encouragement they have to improve their knowledg so far, that they shall not only be able to leave mankind destitute of no remedy nature did ever produce; but also restore and setle those honours ignorant men would usurp, upon the learned professors of this science, and i see no reason why physicians should communicate their secrets to such persons, who will make use of them, to the ruine of the inventors, which is indeed a failer of trust, for when a physician writes his bill, he trusts the apothecary only with making the medicine for a particular occasion, and not to make use of it as his own when be pleaseth for his own profit, and the inventor have no further benefit by it, then perhaps one single advantage. lastly, when dispensatories were first made, the apothecaries were really physicians servants, and wholy at their command, not in the least intrenching on their business, and the rates of medicines were reasonable; which superiority over them still continues only in their prescriptions, the forms whereof are always commanding to take this and that, and to mix them, &c. but within these few last years they have set up for themselves, and advanced the rates beyond all reason; and to be sure, the more we teach them by our books, the more they will trangress in both. he may receive encouragement from what he discovers, that is more then ordinarily useful, whereas by writing bills, he soon communicates to the ignorant and lazy, who will neither spend time nor money to advance the art, but while the one is at work to his great charge, lots of time, much pains and trouble, the others seek by petty tricks and arts to gain a name, and profit from the industrious. nay some mountebanks have been set up by purchasing receipts of the apothecary or his servants. and one of them told me, he set up a quack by selling and commending to him a medicine he had long kept in his shop and could not otherwise put off, and that by degrees he made him a famous practiser among the ignorant and poor people. an act quite contrary to the interest of the company. hence also will arise an emulation amongst physicians, who shall exceed each other in noble remedies, and from thence a full and happy improvement of whatsoever god hath created for the recovery of mans health impaired; for from the physician alone the advancement of physic is to be expected. how many simples of unknown properties have been brought into use, to the great comfort of the sick? and many more may be, as also many preparations, both simple and compound, both in the galenical, and chymical practice, and by this means the art will be advanced to its just dignity, now much diminished, dishonoured, and near to be lost by the intrusion of ignorant persons. greater respect will be given to such physicians, as being the immediate instruments of life and health, who will derive unto themselves that which is now given to the apothecaries, which proceeds chiefly from fear lest they should do the patient hurt; and so their honour will be doubled, which every physician looks principally at; but the apothecary being not so far concerned, looks chiefly at his own profit, and regards not the patients charge. for the greater the patients charge, the greater must needs be the apothecaries gain; whereas on the contrary, 'tis the physicians interest to cure the patient with the greatest ease. he may proceed on safely and securely in his well experienced medicines, having before him not only what he hath prescribed for the same patient, but for all others in the like case, and thereby keep in memory what he would have forgot, if his bill had remained on the apothecaries file; viz. the medicines and their success. by means whereof physicians do not advance their knowledg so far as they might; for how is it possible they should remember the particulars of their bills writ some days before? and therefore know not how to proceed so well. but the apothecaries having before them the whole series of medicines, brag they can do more then the physicians, and by this means insinuate the same opinion into people. the physician will be consulted in the beginning of diseases, to the safety and little expence of the patient, who will not go first to the apothecary, who practiseth on him till the case is desperate, and then calls in a physician when 'tis too late; and if he dyes, the physician must carry away the disgrace alone; but if he recover, the apothecary if he be so minded, by some trick will share with him in the honour: and by this resort of people to the apothecaries in beginning of diseases; we meet with few cases of easie cure, but are chiefly made use of in dangerous diseases, or those of short period, or such as are accompanyed with great pains and torments, to our great and continual anxiety. the physicians experience hereby as 'tis surer, so 'twill be greater. he will make use of no medicines but the choicest, and when they are in their full vigour, and such as are durable, and after once or twice tryal of them, will seldom fail in his expected success; which cannot be certainly had without some tryal. for though a man buy the choicest ingredients, viz. sena, which may appear to the senses very good, yet he cannot positively say, how well, nor yet what quantity of it will work, till he hath made use of it. but afterwards he may confidently apply the whole parcel he hath bought to his purpose. the like may be instanced in a crop of wheat or barley, which the skillfullest husband-man cannot tell how they will yield for bread, or malt, till he hath used them. now how is it possible that a physician can with any certainty make use of several shops, since there is so great difference in the ingredients? and 'tis certain the same medicine made by several apothecaries, shall differ much in colour, smell, and tast, and consequently effect too; which cannot proceed from any other cause then the difference of the ingredients themselves, or by omitting some ingredients, or by substituting one thing for another; or by distinct ways of preparing them. the same also may be said of compositions, much more of chymical medicines so much sophisticated, and of so much danger and hazard, if not well prepared, which he cannot discover till he hath seen the effect of them, unless it be such as he makes himself, nor those neither till he hath made some tryal of them. he will much inlarge materia medica, chymistry and pharmacy, and discover the grounds of them, and wherein the efficacy of remedies lyes, and thereby lay open a whole ocean for new discoveries, and by the by observe many useful products and phenomena of nature, to the great improvement of his art, and sound natural philosophy, which are not taken notice of by apothecaries, and their servants; for all which they have neither will nor skill. as to the improvement of medicines, this may be added, by the experimenting physician, that in distill'd waters he will consider and find which of them will afford any virtue, which only phlegm equivalent but to conduit-water, which of them will keep long, and in perfection, which soon or in what time decay, and spend them accordingly, and in compound distill'd waters, will find cause to lay aside many simples as nothing conducing, or rather weakning the efficacy of the medicine designed; whereby much charge and trouble will be spared, and better compositions be made. he will gain and keep to himself patients, who have diseases they are unwilling should be known by apothecaries and their boys, and all such as have a mind to turn over their file. the patient will have better opinion of the medicines, and confidence in the use or them, and the physician more satisfied in his conscience, and better assured of the success. he will gain reputation to his art, by restoring it to its first institution and practice, by the founders and heroes of physic. by constantly practised medicines he will find out a better method of cure, and may hereby arrive at the true causes of diseases. he will observe what medicines by precipitation or other ways, alter, destroy, or weaken one another, whereby of good ingredients singly used, a bad composition may be made, and therefore fail in the success expected. many more things might be here added, which a skillful observer, and versed in the way to make experiments (no easie matter) will daily find, and at present i do not so much as give hints of them, but shall hereafter, as occasion and opportunity require. he will have more scope to be charitable to the poor, and more civil and obliging to his friends, by curing them gratis, or at small charges. he need not trouble himself with ways of concealing the use of his medicines, by setting down no directions in his bill, but giving them to the patient, which the apothecary soon learns; nor with giving some of his own medicines at a pinch, which if they succeed not, to be sure the apothecaries will cry down in all places, but will conceal all eminently good successes, as disadvantageous to themselves; nor by placing their arcana's in the shops of those apothecaries they commonly make use of; nor by recommending their patients to such apothecaries they intrust their secrets with. for then great complaints are made that the physicians carry away their customers, and take away their livelyhood, affirming they are willing to fetch them from the prescribing doctors apothecaries. to which i answer, that they do fetch them, but perhaps not always; since i have heard them often say, these secrets were but the medicines of the london dispensatory disguised under new names, to the discredit of the physicians that prescribed them. and i well remember some of them have neglected to fetch from my house, not far from their own, some of my preparations, though they had them gratis, for the fetching; whereby the patients have suffered, and thought i neglected them, 'till they were rectified by another visit. nay one of them told me, he had rather dy with his own shop-medicines, then be cured with my magistrals: much more would he have said of patients, manifestly preferring his own profit before their lives; a most unchristian saying! one singular advantage such a physician will have, that the slanders of the apothecaries will appear to be malicious, as being raised against such as act contrary to their profit. by this means physicians will unite against the common enemy, will contribute mutual assistance, and communicate more freely to one another their practice and remedies; and also the frauds and unlawful practices of the apothecaries, will conceal the counsels, and act whatsoever may tend to the advance of their art; and patients also will discover the apothecaries censures, and practices against the physicians and their prescriptions. hereby that great interest will decay apothecaries have in families for their petty officiousnesses (which physicians not to displease them have put them upon) these will be taught nurses, and the assistants, and which are by some of these as well, certainly more diligently performed then by the apothecaries. hereby the filii artis, or younger physicians, will sooner come into a better and more setled practice, and not be beholden to apothecaries to bring them patients wherewith they often upbraid them, and glory amongst themselves and to other persons, that they introduced such and such a physician. hereby chirurgeons will be restored to some of their employment now usurped by the apothecaries, as leting of blood, applying leeches, plasters, cupping-glasses, syringing and salivation, wraping up bodies in cere-cloaths, &c. which indeed do more properly belong to them then to the apothecaries; hereby also haply many occasions of quarrel betwixt physicians and the apothecaries will cease, each party acting according to his own way. by this means pseudochymists, and other mountebanks mouths and revilings will be stopped, only exclaiming for this, that physicians make not their own medicines. but since the publication of these papers i am informed that the said pseudochymists and mountebanks rail against me, this book, and the way propounded, as much as the apothecaries, though before equal enemies each to others. so that they have fulfilled the proverb, of like to like. and no wonder since hereby their kingdom of darkness is brought to light, and they are obliged to oppose it, as the copper-smiths were to revile st. paul for speaking against the idol of diana of the ephesians, whereby their trade was lost. and as for the reasonableness of it, that the physician ought to support himself by all lawful ways and means, and to have præeminence above those ignorant persons that incroach upon his profession, 'tis confessed by all that have considered the great charge, study, and labour, before he can arrive at any benefit from it; for he must take the chargeable degrees of batchellor, and master of arts, batchellor of physic, and after 14 years standing, the degree of doctor; besides his bare expences for his maintenance in the university, charges in anatomies, knowledg of natural things; travels abroad, chymistry, and experiments; his library, habit, his more free way of living in a suitable house, and attendants, greater taxes, &c. insomuch that a doctor of physic spends more before he comes to practise, then will set up perhaps a dozen apothecaries in a way of livelihood; and besides, great sums of money before he can put himself in a fitting equipage: whereas on the contrary, many young men before their time of apprenticeship is out, provide well for themselves by quacking; and certainly the study of physic, and consequently the knowledge of nature, must bid farewel to the universities, if shops be permitted to make practisers, for such the people will soon create doctors, which title the apothecary takes upon him, though he understand not the reason of the name, to the great shame of the universities, and faculty, when ignorant people shall give, and they challenge the same title for nothing, attained by the physician at a great rate and long study, the vulgar taking practiser and doctor to signifie the same thing. and which no persons of knowledg and education do, and perhaps most other persons give them in way of jeering. from the handsom support of physicians these benefits will accrue to the publick, that thereby the honour all nations yield to the english physicians will be kept up, who in the late times, when the reputation of the nation was well neer forfeited abroad, the physicians then in being, most whereof are now living, and members of the college, maintained the credit, for learning and value, of this kingdom, and since his majesties happy return, some of them have kept up the honour of the faculty; which manifestly appears by the great esteem foreigners have of their books, by often printing them, and translating into latin what hath been published in english, though they are no where so depressed as in england. a second benefit to the publick is, that men of competent estates will breed up their sons in the art of physic, giving them such education as is necessary, and will not vouchsafe to place them out to apothecaries, though now adays want of learning and degrees are adjudged as needful a qualification for the exercise of physic, as formerly 'twas for preaching, and the shops fit to supply both. i will conclude this part of my discourse with this observation; that the laws of england in all their acts of parliament, have granted the practice of physic to physicians and them alone, and in no clause thereof put in any restraint at all upon them, but every where, either new priviledges, or a confirmation of the old, have been granted, by the said powers. whereas on the contrary, the law supposeth cheats in the apothecaries shops, and therefore impowers our censors to destroy and burn what they find bad and corrupt. the next thing to be treated of, shall be the ways of apothecaries creeping into practice, and their unfitness thereunto. as to the first, heretofore when they were members of the company of grocers, and dispersed in place, as well as in counsel, they then were wholy subordinate to the physicians, only keeping in their shops, and faithfully making the prescriptions they received from the physicians, and when made, sending them to the patient by their men (as they still continue to do in foreign countries) and not committing the preparation to raw boys, or apprentices, which is the true interest of the patient they should do here likewise. but in process of time, physicians in acute diseases having taught them somewhat, sent them to visit their patients, to give them the best account they could of the estate of their health, and effect of their medicines. and of later years some physicians took them along with them in their visits, whereby they acquired a little smattering of diseases, by which means, and their continual officiousness, they insinuated themselves into families, and by applying (right or wrong) the terms of art they had learned from the physicians, they made people believe they had acquired some skill in the art, and afterwards began to venture a little at practice, and but until these 10 years last past kept themselves within some bounds and limits; but since that time have daily more and more incroached upon our profession, being assisted by a greater familiarity of conversation with younger physicians. and in the plague time they took upon them the whole practice of physic, which ever since they have continued, being much helped also therein by the dispersing of physicians into places unknown to their patients, by the fire, but above all by the burning of the college, by means whereof their government and view of their shops have been omitted, insomuch that now they are past all restraint, having insinuated and (as they think) rooted themselves by the aforesaid artifices, so that there remains now no other real remedy but that proposed. now here i shall take occasion in a short digression, to discourse briefly the reason, why in all ages there have been so many pretenders to physic, and why some of them have got reputation in the world. one hath been mentioned before, viz. the great charges sick men are put to, caused by the separation of the physician from the apothecary. but the principal reason is, the want of knowledge in most persons, both of the materials used, and the grounds for which they are applyed. insomuch that there are but few that can judg, and distinguish rightly of either, and no wonder therefore that in their reasonings they commit more absurd mistakes, or paralogisms then in any other art whatsoever, and censure physicians by the success alone. which my lord verulam accounts the great unhappiness both of the states-man and the physician, both being alike censured by those that know not the bottom and rise of their actions and counsels. for how can any man in either make a sound judgment without a full knowledge of the business it self; and of all the circumstances thereunto belonging; nor in physic without the concurrent knowledg of the sick mans habit, disease, cause, remedies, and many other particulars necessary to make a clear judgment upon the success? yet notwithstanding, many will censure and grumble at the actions of the states-men, though their proceedings have been never so wise, and prudent, and oft-times from muttering and whispering, fall to down-right distast, and mutiny against their superiors. so that the good success, in state-affairs, of rash and imprudent undertakers, have been extolled and preferred before the wary, and prudent management, and guidance of the soberest and wisest states-men. the same likewise happens between the bold empiric, and learnedst physician. but in this way of censuring, the states-man hath this advantage above the physician, that 'tis possible he may meet with a series of business so circumstantiated, as seldom or never to miscarry, especially having a greater power over subordinate persons then physicians have. but the irreversible statute of heaven forbids us to expect a constant recovery of our patients, for 'tis appointed, that all men must die. 'tis sufficient therefore for us, to employ those remedies god hath given to the sons of men, to the utmost vertue the creator hath endowed them withal: since his eternal decree hath limited their efficacy from making man immortal. now since (if men judg by the success alone) it cannot be otherwise, but that the most learned physician, and most sottish empiric must be thought equal in skill, by those that are not able to make a right judgment and difference betwixt them on other principles. hence it comes to pass, that where some ignorant person hath cured accidentally a slight disease, and a physician hath a patient dye of an irrecoverable case, here the empiric shall be applauded, and the physician decryed. nay many will say the disease is the same in both, whereas we daily see most gross mistakes in such opinions, when the cases differ totally in their nature, agreeing in one sign only common to both the cases proposed, nay to many other also. furthermore, if a patient dy under an empirics hand, the friends willingly conceal their names, lest some discredit should befal them for using such worthless practisers; but if under the hands of a known physician he shall be sure to be named, and sometimes his attendance falsly fathered on him, when mountebanks only have been employed: but to besure if an empiric hath first been made use of, and afterwards an able physician called in (when all opportunity of doing good was past) and the patient dy, the mountebank hath never been mentioned, but the physician perhaps condemned though he hath done whatsoever could have been thought on, rational in that case. add to the former reasons, the bold and confident brags, and promises of empirics, that they have cured worse diseases, and will in few hours free them from their maladies, especially where sober physicians have pronounced doubtfully of the event. no wonder that these pleasing promises to persons in danger and distress bring them into employment even with a rejection of the former sober physician. besides, a foolish opinion prevails with some ignorant persons, that they will deal only with such as will undertake the cure, (that is) contract with them for a sum of money, one half whereof to be payed in hand, and the other the cure being done, and so are usually cheated of one half of their money; and such people will have nothing to do with such physicians as will not undertake them in this sence. another stratagem is, to give strange and hard names to their medicines, such as are pilulæ radiis solis extractæ, and in english is no more then pills dryed to that consistence by the sun-beams, which ignorant people have thought were made of the sun beams. others commend their extract of the soul of the heathen gods. one sets up with a receipt received from van helmonts own hands; another hath received from a jew the shining of moses face; nay i have heard a pseudochymist blasphemously brag, he saw in the making of a grand elixir, the quintessence of the trinity in unity, and infinite other pitiful captivations of silly people, to be seen on every gate and post of this city; such as are the spirit of the salt of the world, panchymagogon, and other ten-footed greek names, and some other mongrel non-sensical ones compounded of several languages; promising certain, speedy, and concealed cure of incurable diseases. and no less ridiculous and absurd to considering persons are, their cantings of themselves, wherewith they no less befool, amuse, and beguile the people; as that by long prayer, and seeking of god, they have had many secrets revealed to them from heaven. another by long travels through hungary, poland, &c. hath attained great secrets from kings and emperours. another a gentleman lately come from oxford, or cambridg, cures the pox, running of the reins, &c. in capital letters, at all which what sober man cannot but laugh? yet such as these are inducements to many to resort to them; moreover some of them are astrologers, physiognomers, fortunetellers, professors of palmistry and such other vain arts; much applauded by the weaker sort of people. besides, the former they have their emissaries, scouts, and setters up and down, to cry up the skill and feigned cures done by them, nurses, good-fellows, midwives, &c. to make up the cry and full noise. now it being natural to most people to admire what they understand not, and for admiration to infer love, and love praise, and praise the use especially of such things as are set off with high and lofty expressions, it necessarily follows that such persons will cry up, and make use of, those that by these means captivate their understandings, especially their credits being ingaged also; but above all, if they proceed from meaner persons, of whom they are most credulous, having in suspition wiser men, believing the former are not able, and that the wiser are able; and therefore will deceive them. all which appears in some with us cryed up above any physician that ever was in england, though for pitiful, dangerous, nay sometimes mortal medicines, whereby great sums of money have been gained in a short time; i shall instance first in lockyers pills made of antimony, discovered to be so by some of my collegues, and my self, at the first selling of them. a medicine as ill made as any of that mineral, and no physician though meanly versed in chymistry, but could have excelled it. yet so great a vogue this pill had for some time, that infinite people resorted to him, and purchased them for their lives, both for themselves, and families, and (as i have heard) for their posterities too. though a common chimney in a little time would have made enough of it to have served the whole nation for some years to come, and that at very small charges. but experience, the tutor of too many, hath in a short time brought these pills into a dis-use, if not a total oblivion, even amongst the vulgar. a second cryed up medicine was mathews's pills, made of opium (to which the virtue of the whole composition must be attributed) of white hellebor roots, and oyl of turpentine, whereto some add salt of tartar, which will puzzle the most knowing naturalist to declare why these should be thus jumbled together; unless to obscure the opium. 'tis indeed a very cunning composition, for by giving rest and ease it may easily decoy people into the use of them, though by long taking of them, diseases become far more uncurable then they are in their own nature. a third universal medicine was hughes's powder, sold by him at 10 s. the grain, and 3 l. 10 s. the dose, made doubtless of gold and quicksilver. the tast and weight of it manifestly discover the former to be an ingredient into it, and the effect, viz. salivation proves the latter to be part of the compound. besides i have made of these two dissolved, and digested in their peculiar menstruums, in no long space of time, a medicine that had the same effect with his, and in the same dose, and having a view of his cabinet left after his death, containing a large quantity of the said powder (being all he left behind him) there was found crude gold, and quicksilver in the same cabinet. now these three notorious universal medicines were put to sale by most ignorant persons. add hereunto the forementioned mr. de-laun's pill, whereof i shall say nothing, being mentioned under the name of the pilule ex duobus, in the london dispensitory, though some make them of the extract of coloquintida. the last of any fame with us, were dr. goddard's drops, a good medicine, but not so universal, and superlative as he would have made the world believe, and was nothing else but what some physicians many years since enjoyed. i well remember that in the late troubles, a person then in great authority, having cryed up this above all the medicines in the world, a round wager was offered, that the doctor should not distinguish his own from two others that should be brought him, both which were but spirit of harts-horn. but the wager would not be accepted of. furthermore, that this medicine of his was spirit of harts-horn, some relations plainly argue; one whereof was the following. a certain person in norfolk having sent for as much as came to a 11 l. and dying upon the 2d. dose of it, and by accident most part of the remainder being spilt; there comes in a friend to the house, of some skill, who supposing it to be spirit of harts-horn, told the widow he would endeavour to gain back the money for her. and thereupon went to a chymist, and bought as much of the said spirit, as would make up the quantity purchased of dr. goddard, who after tryal of it by smell, and tast, acknowledged it to be his, and honestly payed back the sum 'twas first sold for; which i think few of the mountebanks do. sure i am that a quack sold 21 pills for 20 l. whereof the patient took 4 at two doses, to the great hazard of his life, who then repairing to me for my advice, i by tryal of one of them found them to be mercurial, and wished him to return them back, but the quack would not give him 10 s. for the 16 remaining. the inference and sum of what hath been said, is to shew briefly by what artifices people are deceived in their healths, and purses, and how easily the ignorant are couzened, and such practices used, that physicians, men of honesty and repute, would be ashamed to own, and must by using them in a short time be ruined and discredited. and such cheats as these, the college of physicians are bound by the laws of the land to decry, and punish (though by so doing it hath often incurred the censure and clamor of the vulgar) besides the statute of the 14th. and 15th. of henry the eighth injoyns us to it, declaring that 'tis good for the common-wealth of this realm, and therefore expedient, and necessary to provide that no person of the college of physicians (for all practisers then were of the said body) be suffered to exercise, and practise physic, but only those persons that be profound, sad, and discreet, groundly learned, and deeply studyed in physic. now certain it is, that none of the said body did or dare use any of the forementioned frauds and deceits, but will constantly indeavour (since 'tis impossible but there will be cheatees; (according to the old proverb, populus vult decipi, the people will be deceived) to abridge the number of the cheaters, who answer to the former part of the proverb, decipiatur, let them be couzened. i shall end this discourse by returning from my digression to the apothecaries, who may and do use some of the tricks before-mentioned, and shall here briefly recite some great advantages they have, and make use of above physicians. one is, that they live in this city 7 or 8 years as apprentices, as also by their retail trade, and by living in open shops, by frequent converse with their fellow citizens, whether in commerce or offices, by many friendly and neighbourly mutual kindnesses and actions, wherein they spend their whole lives, and are never diverted by studies, and ingenuity from their proposed way of gain, by all which means they get into a fixed familiarity and good opinion with their neighbours, and a large acquaintance in the world. now for their skill, besides what hath been before-mentioned, and common to them with the mountebank, viz. vapouring and braging of their skill, and decrying physicians, by talking above the capacity of those they converse with, who therefore take all they say to be authentick, though never so absurd, and trivial, and many times to set off themselves they will venture to speak latine commonly as false as the matter, although some of them at coffee-houses, and in other mixt companies, by venturing so boldly have been met with and baffled, and made to depart thence with shame and discredit enough, which their friends and acquaintance take little notice of. add hereunto their exposing to view their compositions of treacle, mithridate, diascordium and alkermes, which all their friends, and neighbours one time or another must see; (being set off by some very curiously) and seeing cannot but admire the great charge, art, and labour of the apothecary, and perhaps hear his learned lecture upon them, whereby they imply their great skill, knowledg in the virtues of these ingredients, and consequently an ability to practise with them; all which are below the dignity of a physician; and therefore a long time is necessary for him to gain acquaintance, wanting the fore-mentioned opportunities the apothecaries enjoy. lastly, their painted pots and glasses, with false titles on them, more win the vulgar then a physicians library of far greater value. as to their incapacity for practice, 'tis manifest by their education, and ignorance of all those things which are required in an able physician, viz. the knowledg of arts and languages; by the former whereof men learn the way and rules of observing, and improvements to be made thereon; by the latter, what the learned searchers of nature have in all ages taken notice of, necessary, and little enough in an art so difficult as that of physic. they are wholy ignorant also of all philosophy, and the very elements of the art, and therefore unskillful in knowing diseases; and more surely their causes, whereto respect is to be had, as well as to the diseases, to which, fit remedies are to be applyed. for want of anatomy know neither the part affected, nor how 'tis affected; much lets any thing of chirurgical directions. and through their ignorance in philosophy, and arts, they have not skill enough to advise a diet sutable to diseases; a thing most necessary, as well in curing diseases as in preserving of health, and which requires a great insight into the nature of things; nor the true grounds and reasons of compounding, practising their way rather by rote then by rule; with better reason may a brick-layer or carpenter pretend to be a mathematical, or a common fidler to be a musick reader in the universities, or gresham-college, since both these have the practical part of those sciences, which apothecaries have not in physic, in the least measure. and to conceal their mis-actings, they generally do all by word of mouth, and not enter their prescriptions into their books, being haply ashamed any knowing men should discover their sins of omission, as dangerous many times in point of life and health, as those of their commission. whereas physicians bills are on the file, or registred in order in their own books, which is their justification from all misrepresentations. again, they sufficiently confess their ignorance, by calling in physicians when their own, or any of their relations healths are concerned, and the same all people acknowledge, when they are in distress and danger. and very few understanding persons, and none that are learned and knowing, will trust them at all. but i shall refer the reader to the forementioned writer against the apothecaries, viz. dr. daniel coxe, who permitted me to name him here; by whom this and many other things here but briefly touched, are judiciously handled, and more largely. and as for their skill in practice, we daily see their gross errours and omissions, being called where they have given medicines. i shall instance only in one that hapned at the writing hereof; viz. that an apothecary gave strong purging pills on the fit day of a gentle quartan ague, which turned it into a violent fever, to the great hazard of the patients life. and at how easie rate they practise, many of their bills brought and complained of to our college, (in some whereof i have seen fees set down for visits) witness, wherein upon a slight disease 5 l. hath been demanded for four days practice. and i have heard one of them brag, that he commonly had from 20 to 100 l. besides presents, for cure of a clap (as they call it) which might have been more speedily and securely performed for a manifold lesser sum. i now come to answer some slight objections; as first, that physicians are unskillful in the art of making medicines; but sure those that thus object cannot deny them that ability which ladies, and almost all ordinary women have; viz. of distilling of waters of all sorts, making of syrups, conserves, preserves, powders, trochiscs, electuaries (and what not) and as many think, more cleanly and neatly then the apothecaries; and some of them ointments, and plasters, in which two lyes their main skill. some whereof, to those that understand not the way of dissolution of bodies, and the nature of their mixture may be difficult. yet this defect they may supply by lessening the number of ingredients, and may perform more with 2, or 3 simples, then with the larger compositions, as 'tis manifest in the use of galbanum alone, now used and found better then emplastrum hystericum, consisting of 21 ingredients. and though as matters now stand, physicians have not the honour to be counted superiour to apothecaries in their art, yet every one knows that they alone are the prescribers and directors of the apothecaries in what they know; and are able to puzzle them in infinite things that concern their trade, besides in chymical preparations, whereof most of them are totally ignorant; and should physicians withdraw themselves from their conversation, few pretenders to physic would appear more unskillful then they, neither knowing how to deal with a new simple, nor a new disease. and for all their pretences of skill in drugs, 'tis most certain that the state makes physicians not apothecaries, judges of them; and the statute of henry the viii. appoints the college censors upon oath, not the apothecaries to judg, and condemn false and sophisticated medicines. a second objection wherewith they flatter themselves, is, that the great expence of time in preparing medicines will keep physicians from this course. i answer, that the physician needs not spend much more then half an hour in a day, one with another, on this work, and may faster dispense them then the apothecaries to hospitals, who in an afternoon can provide for 100, nay sometimes 200 sick men, and carry them to the hospital, and dispose them to each single person, which takes up much time, which the physicians servants need not be put to. a third objection is, that this course, which before 'twas put in practice they derided, now used is railed at, will undo them. i answer that if needs, one or the other must be ruined, 'tis more reasonable that the apothecary should suffer then the physician, because the one acts but his duty, and for the publick good, but the other are transgressors of the law, and act above the sphere of their skill, and do many prejudices to the precious lives, and healths of men; and the rather, because 'tis in their own power to prevent this mischief, by stinting the number of their servants (as 'tis in foreign parts, and in england also, in very many if not most other trades. nay our state allows but a set number of printers) for they acknowledg themselves, that the exceeding increase of their number must necessarily in a short time bring them all to shifting and beggery, and a greater want of skill then what they now pretend to. but to answer this objection more fully, i affirm apothecaries have made and do make use of several other ways of subsistence; besides their bare trades (none of which physicians can use) viz. some of them in this city as well as in the country, sell grocery-wares, and by both together, gain estates. secondly, they barter in drugs and other commodities, selling them amongst themselves, and to other tradesmen. furthermore, they are now building a laboratory to make all sorts of chymical medicines, intending to supply the whole nation with them, which must necessarily undo all the chymists in london; and whether in time they will not distil strong-waters, &c. (an easie thing for them to undertake) and by this means to ruine the corporation of distillers of strong-waters, i leave to the said company to conceive as they please. however, this i have heard several of them say, that they resolve to buy all sorts of drugs, and make a magazine of them, as well as of the greater compositions, at their own hall; and to sell them to the members of their company, whereby the trade of the druggist, must be much lessened, if not totally over-thrown. so little regard have they of any other employment but of their own, yet all these things they may do without any offence against the laws of the land. why then should they, who have so many ways of subsistence, envy, and usurp unlawfully over the single and lawful way granted physicians for their livelihood? or why would they repine, and revile them for advancing their art, the publick health and profit, and for maintaining their profession by their pens, and actings against themselves, who are the first aggressors in this division? which i profess to be the sole end of these present papers, and heartily wish they may thrive and prosper as long as they conform themselves to the laws of honesty, reason, and of the land. besides, why may not the plaisterer more reasonably pretend the same to the painter, and many other trades against one another, as the brick-layer to the stone-cutter, &c. that they understand the trade, and that truly too, and that they cannot subsist without this incroachment? and why should not chirurgeons keep open apothecaries shops? but that the same law limits those tradesmen, as well as prohibits the apothecary from the practice of physic. and surely the law and state have no consideration of those persons subsistence, who conform not to them; and why should we have of those, subordinate to us, who against all good conscience take away from us all that is our due, and continually traduce and slander us very untruly and designingly? the last objection (and a strange one) is, that in this private way of giving medicines, physicians may poyson their patients. but this is easily retorted upon the apothecaries, who may themselves or their servants do the like, as 'tis known in the poysoning of sir thomas overbury; besides, since it cannot be otherwise, but that the patient must trust somebody, 'tis better to trust one then many; and if one, better him whose education will teach him better morality, (and who hath given his faith (equivalent to an oath) twice to the body of the college; viz. once at his admission as candidate, and a second time at his admission as fellow; whereby he promiseth in these words, that he shall give nothing to cause miscarriage, or to destroy, or hinder conception, nor poysons (for of such, good medicines may be made) to an evil purpose, nay that he shall not even teach them where there is any suspicion of ill using of them. which promise is nothing else but the oath proposed by hippoc. to physicians, in the entrance to his books) then to trust such as want these qualifications; and this seems to be the reason why our common law makes it felony, for any person to have any one dy under his hand, unless he were a lawful physician. more noble and generous was the opinion of alexander the great, concerning his physician, who confidently drank off that medicine which cured him, though he was before informed by some friend that 'twas poysoned. neither can history it self to my knowledg produce any example, that ever any such foolish villany was acted; though doubtless many lives might have been saved if the apothecaries would have complyed with the college, in their proposed orders for selling rats-bane. in the next place i shall recite some few of their devices against those physicians in particular that make their own medicines, as to tell the patient that is averse to chymical medicines, that the doctor is chymical, and that because forsooth he makes his own medicines; but to those that affect chymical, that the doctor is but a galenist, and useth only dull and ineffectual remedies, as best suits to the sick mans palat. a second is, that if this physician be called in to a patient, the apothecary will pretend present danger, and in his absence call in another, or pretend he is abroad when he is not, or else that the case requires the counsel of two physicians; and what other devices they use, i have not well learned. now briefly follow some small scandals they cast upon the said physicians, as first that they do it for want of practice; the falsity whereof is known by those few that do act this way already, and shortly 'twill be more apparent, when many more of good practice, singular parts and honesty will do the like, and certainly nothing but lazyness, ignorance, or want of will to do the utmost good they are able for the sick, can hinder them from so doing, except age, infirmity of body, or want of convenience. but suppose 'tis so as they alledg, doubtless every man may and ought to use all lawful means for his own subsistence; and do not our adversaries say they are inforced to it, affirming that unless they give medicines of themselves, their acquaintance will go to another apothecary who will do it, though one of their company told me, they had power by their charter to restrain practice? whence (if true) it clearly follows that the whole company allows it. but those physicians, that for the reasons above, cannot nor will not take this course, are to be admonished, to do here as the physicians did in france, for the good of people, viz. to tell their patients the prices of medicines, and to write their bills in english, that thereby the patients may not pay too unreasonable for them. i now conclude, having performed this ungrateful task, with as much brevity, mildness of spirit, and language, as the business would permit (and what the prudent statutes of our college require of each of their members, that we shall by all honest and lawful ways and means prosecute all illiterate mountebanks and impostors, &c. and is no more then the laws and charters granted to us allow, and what we twice faithfully promise (as much an oath as we can give) viz. at our admission as candidate and as fellow) being obliged to another work of greater difficulty, and concern, long since promised, having been too long diverted with fitting my self for my intended practice, and several other unavoidable occasions. postscript. reader, there intervening so small a space from the publication of the first edition of these papers to this second; i thought to have added nothing to it, but to have put it out only more correct, as the title intimates; but since some sheets were printed off, i have had the opportunity to be informed of some exceptions taken to them, which being but few, i shall give the objectors full satisfaction in. though one answer might serve for all; viz. that an apothecary in the presence of two physicians, said, that he had told me of all these cheats, and indeed they are so common, that whosoever shall be conversant with them, may observe most of these to be a great part of their discourse. the first exception against myrtle-leafs, that they were not shewed the censors for sena, a binder for a purger; the time i have forgot; the censors then were, sir george ent, dr. goddard, dr. king, and my self; the places, tut-hill-street, and some shops in king-street; mr. shellberry being then master of the company. secondly, as for mushrooms rubbed over with chalk for agaric; this was found by the censors in the old-baily, at the shop of one now dead, and therefore i shall say no further of it, it being taken notice of by mr. evelyn, as is intimated before. p.8. a third is diascordium made of honey and bole-armeniac, this was discovered in a shop at the end of drury-lane near holborn, concluded to be so by sir george ent, my self, and mr. richardson then master of the company, and the rest of the censors and wardens, easily to be remembred, and was by them taken away to their hall; a pound whereof i had, and by dissolution found it to be no otherwise; what the apothecaries did with the large pot of the remainder i know not. besides these, i have heard no exception to the whole concerning frauds. now since the cheaters with the cheatees, most insist on the objection of poyson; i add to what hath been formerly said; that poysons are not necessarily to be given in medicines alone, but may be given in broaths, beer, or any other thing taken into the body, and that without the consultation or knowledg of any physician, and surely if any one had a mind to poyson his relations (an action abominable to the english nation) he would rather act privately himself, having many opportunities offered to him, rather then by communicating it to others, make himself obnoxious to their discovery. but if he should communicate to others, 'tis more probable he would communicate it to meaner, and more mercenary persons, as apothecaries and nurses, at a smaller rate and with more security, then reveal such secrets to physicians, men of honour, and honesty. furthermore, if any mans life be suspected to be taken away with poyson, and by opening the body it should appear so (and without which it cannot well appear) the physician is doubtless as lyable to the law as any other person whatsoever. so that the patient hath as much moral security from this mischief, as possibly can be had, or wished in humane affairs. nay suppose the physician might be so corrupted (as to take away his patients life) he might effect it without the least suspition; either by neglecting, or omitting what was necessary, or by giving him unproper medicines, for which he could be accused of ignorance or errour only; besides, if he had a mind to poyson, he as well as others, assistants of visitors, might do it securely enough, by conveying into a singular cordial, or any medicine made by the shops, and often taken by the patient before with good success, a mortal dose without any knowledg or surmise of any such horrid practice. add hereunto what an able chirurgeon suggested, that apothecaries taking upon them the wrapping up, and embalming of bodies (whereby they gain more money then by several years practice upon them; for their embalming amounts to very great sums) may upon better reason be suspected of poysoning then any other persons whatsoever conversant among the sick, since both a particular interest and convenience of concealing may induce them to it. lastly, did this objection carry any weight in it, then neither physicians, chirurgeons, apothecaries, nurses, nor friends, might administer to the sick; because all these, as well as physicians, may clandestinely poyson their relations. and therefore that an objection should be raised by such persons that have more opportunities and advantage (in a thing never proved to be done, because 'tis possible only) to hinder so manifest and publick a profit as hath been proved; appears to be very weak and absurd. and having done with the objections made to others, and to my self also by some of the company, with whom i have conversed, who huff'd exceedingly at my first discourse with them, but departed (seemingly at least) well satisfied, i am sure fully and without reply answered, and with addition of many other cheats besides, which i shall not here mention for the reasons above specified: i shall here transcribe one gratulatory letter amongst many sent me by a divine well known in physic, being very comprehensive of most i have said, to the end the universities and all learned men may see what is like to become of one of the three of their noble professions: the words of the letter are these. "your design all ingenious persons approve highly, to whom i have communicated it. 'tis frequent with a master apothecary that hath served but 2, or 3 years, nay some scarce one, to take apprentices for as little, or less time, with a little more money then ordinarily; and presently they assume the title of doctors, though they understand no more then only to write to a whole-sale apothecary in your city. and truly their couzenages here in the country do exceed those in the city. for i have known 2s. 6d. taken for a little plaster of galbanum, and it is usual to make one pectoral syrup serve for all; as having occasion to enquire for syrup of jujubs, one of them ingenuously confessed (not knowing what jujubs were) that he used one pectoral syrup for all, a little varying the colour sometimes, and this a peculiar receipt of his own, something differing from any in the dispensatory." as for their opposition also in the country, take this one example. an eminent physician of gloucester by reason of the apothecaries frauds, &c. betook himself to make his own medicines, taking for his servant one that was not a freeman of the said city. who in his masters absence, and contrary to his command, sold to an apothecary a medicine not to be had, or at least pretended not to be had in the town, for a most urgent and necessary use; whereupon the apothecaries conspiring together, exhibited a complaint to the mayor and court of aldermen, requiring of them, that the said physician (who was a freeman, and had lately born the office of mayor) might be dis-franchised. which being not granted them, they set the whole city into such disorder, that they refused to attend the mayor on a solemn day (as their custom is, and are bound to do) with their flags from their town-hall to the church, which the prudence of the magistrates for the present qualified. this relation i had from the then mayor my kinsman, in the presence of a london apothecary. next as to the lyes and scandals of my self, i shall take notice only of those that concern practice (the rest being but generally false and non-sensical revilings.) one is, that they most untruly entitle me to have been physician to the lady anderson, and many others which i never saw or heard of; and that i soon dispatched them. another wherewith they make great noise, is, of one mr. staples in covent-garden, whom they say also i dispatched in few days. the true relation whereof was this. an able physician of the college had him in hand for the jaundice, about two months before i was called, whereupon we consulted and writ a note to the apothecary; a week after the consultation i was sent for, and desired to take care of him alone; he was then, besides the jaundice, troubled with continual torments in his bowels, which were as hard as a board (as they say) his stomach gone, his nights restless, a vehement cough joyned with a hectick fever, having long before had an ill habit of body. in this case i found him, and in a months time or thereabouts, i cured his jaundice, relieved his torments, removed the hardness of his bowels, mitigated his cough, but the hectick fever continuing he declined; at length another physician was called in, who can witness the truth of what was done, and upon the whole we had good reason to think his liver to be apostemated. after which consultation he had no more of me, telling me he would rely on kitchin physic, and after that i never saw him. now this being the only relation i have heard in this kind, i have been the larger to recite it, that thereby the reader may take an estimate of their dealing with me in the like reports. the like or worse, some of them have said of other physicians, which perhaps hereafter shall be more fully related with all the circumstances. as for their malicious anger, and disadvantageous to themselves, take this one example; i having prescribed a plaster for the head, an apothecary would not make it, because prescribed by me; and i have been informed that many of them agreed they would make nothing for such physicians as made their own medicines; a poor and pitiful revenge, to their own loss and discredit. another scandal is, the fewness of my medicines. 'tis true my closet is not open to every bodies eye, nor have i so many and large pots and glasses, or fill'd with as good as nothing, or the same medicine, in several with different titles, neither are any of mine guilded to make a shew with; yet i dare offer to view with the best of their shops, for number of good and really useful medicines fit to answer presently any physicians intentions, for internal remedies. and this will be attested by some of my learned collegues, who have seen and perused them. whereas the shops contain only some general medicines, whereof few single physicians make use of one quarter in their practice, and upon most particular cases are compell'd to prescribe what is not readily dispensed in the shops. others insinuate my seldom change of medicines. to which i answer, that where all circumstances are the same, and a good success follows, i neither do, nor will much vary, the easiest thing in the world to be done, both to colour and tast. for such changes (necessary to be used in shop-practice) without manifest reason, clog a patients purse and stomach, may not suit with the patients disease nor constitution. and doubtless every physician writes at first what he conceives most fit, and proper in the case proposed; and if this agrees fully to his expectation, runs some hazard in the alteration, which he is necessitated to do in the shop-way, for many reasons before-mentioned. besides, who scruples to take the medicinal waters of epsom, barnet, and tunbridge, many weeks together? or who refuseth a constant unalter'd diet-drink for some months, or years together? and do not apothecaries in all diseases of the lungs, fly to their pectoral decoction for all persons, and for the same person at all times, unless perhaps with the addition of a little china to it? some patients of the middle rank have by these and such like artifices been drawn from me, but have soon returned, being undeceived by the fulsomness, charge, and the non-success of the shops. now these things i have here published to this end alone, that both physician and patient may take notice of them; the former to neglect and slight such poor calumnies, and the other to avoid the inconveniencies thence arising. the care i had not to injure any particular person, by naming him in my first edition, or this (although i had so many witnesses of credit, as appears by the postscript, to justifie any thing they can object against) makes me hope they will leave off their personal animosities, or redress their crimes, their vanity of threatning me with 20000 l. actions, and affrighting my publishing this, together with my further proceedings, by their intended assaults and batteries; which make them appear so ridiculous, that i smile at the first, and pardon the last; wishing them to consider seriously how the expectation some have of what they can say for themselves, together with the necessity that obliges them to it (if possible) were enough one would think, besides their many large brags of a speedy and full answer (which they have a long time buzzed about the town as a present remedy in this exigence) this i say were enough to make any man conclude them guilty, but 'tis hoped this edition will either work in them an amendment, or bury their confident presumptions, leaving no man a belief of their innocency. if their promised answer be any thing else but libelling, or a ballad without rhime or reason, stuft with falsities and revilings, such as was only given to dr. coxe's book; i shall return it a speedy and full answer, and with an addition of far greater frauds and abuses, if they therein desire it. feb. 20 hatton-garden. * * * * * pag. 35. l. 6 read physician, pag. 67. l. 13. read then to trust. finis. +------------------------------------------+ | | | transcriber's note | | | | minor typographical corrections silently | | made where the original was clearly | | inconsistent. where necessary, index | | entries were corrected to the main text. | | the text has the note regarding the use | | of iron at the base of each of pages | | 85-95. | | | | unicode apothecary symbols in preface | | tables removed in text version (not used | | elsewhere in the text). | | | | subscripts have been represented using | | curly brackets, e.g. in the chemical | | formula for nitric acid, hno{3}. | | | +------------------------------------------+ epitome of the pharmacopeia of the united states and the national formulary, with comments * * * * * prepared for the use of physicians under authorization of the council on pharmacy and chemistry of the american medical association by a committee consisting of the following: a.w. hewlett, m.d., professor of medicine, leland stanford junior university. torald sollmann, m.d., professor of pharmacology and materia medica, medical department, western reserve university. m.i. wilbert, ph.m., phar.d., assistant in the division of pharmacology, hygienic laboratory, u.s. public health service. w.a. puckner, phar.d., secretary of the council on pharmacy and chemistry. * * * * * american medical association 535 north dearborn street chicago 1924 [authority to use for comment the pharmacopeia of the united states of america, ninth decennial revision, in this volume, has been granted by the board of trustees of the united states pharmacopeial convention, which board of trustees is in no way responsible for the accuracy of any translations of the official weights and measures, or for any statement as to the strength of official preparations. permission to use for comment parts of the national formulary has been granted by the council of the american pharmaceutical association.] copyright, 1921 american medical association preface to first edition the pharmacopeia of the united states and the national formulary are now recognized by federal and state laws as standards for drugs and their preparations. physicians who prescribe pharmacopeial or national formulary drugs or preparations, therefore, are more likely to obtain a good and constant quality than if they prescribe unofficial articles, i.e., articles that have no legalized standard. hence medical men are interested in knowing what drugs and preparations are included in these two books of standards. both the pharmacopeia and the national formulary, however, contain a vast amount of technical information, of value to pharmacists but of little interest to physicians. the journal of the american medical association in 1907 issued the "physicians' manual of the u.s. pharmacopeia and national formulary," a book designed to meet the needs of physicians in this respect. the fact that this book did meet a real need is evidenced by the continued demand for it. the present "epitome of the u.s. pharmacopeia and national formulary" takes the place of that book, but is based on the new (the ninth) revision of the pharmacopeia and the new (the fourth) edition of the national formulary. it has been prepared under the direction of a committee appointed by the council on pharmacy and chemistry of the american medical association. the aim has been to include all the matter in the pharmacopeia and national formulary which is likely to be of interest to physicians. this, it is believed, consists of the official titles and their abbreviations; synonyms; brief definitions; when necessary, concise descriptions of the physical properties; and dosage. since both the pharmacopeia and the national formulary include many drugs and preparations which are irrational, superfluous or worthless, in many cases the medical members of the committee have added brief comments to aid a discriminating selection of therapeutic agents. in this epitome drugs are arranged alphabetically by pharmacopeial or national formulary titles; preparations of drugs are placed under the drugs themselves. thus tinctura digitalis is placed not among the ts, but among the ds under digitalis. names of drugs are in black-face type; names of preparations are in light-face italics. an index is added to assist in ready reference. statements of composition refer in some cases to percentage by volume, in others to percentage by weight, and in still others to percentage by weight-volume--that is, the weight of a given chemical contained (or the weight of a given vegetable drug represented by extractives) in 100 cc. of the preparation. it has not been thought worth while to indicate whether the statement in each case is by volume, weight or weight-volume, since the differences are too small to have any therapeutic importance. statements of alcoholic content refer to percentage by volume and are approximate only. in a few instances in which the quantity of alcohol in a dose is small, or in which the preparation is intended for external use, the alcohol content is not stated. dosage statements, when followed by the letters "u.s.p." or "n.f.," are taken from these books, respectively, and are understood to be the average adult doses. in some cases in which this statement was felt to be inadequate or unsatisfactory, further suggestions as to dosage have been added. preface to second edition the text of this edition is the same as that of the first, except that a few typographical errors which were in the first edition have been corrected. the new edition differs from the first in the following particulars: in the first edition, a star indicates that the drug is included in the second (1916) edition of useful drugs. to bring the present edition up to date, the star (*) here indicates that the drug is included in the fifth (1921) edition of useful drugs. in compliance with the opinion expressed by some that a more complete index would be helpful, the index to the second edition has been materially extended. it is hoped that this will help to familiarize those who purchase the book with its contents. tables of metric and apothecaries' weights and measures metric measures of weight 1 milligram (1 mg.) = 0.001 gram. 1 centigram = 0.01 gram. 1 decigram = 0.1 gram. 1 gram (1 gm.) = 1.[a] 1 decagram = 10 grams. 1 hektogram = 100 grams. 1 kilogram (1 kg.) = 1000 grams.[b] a: the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water at 4 c. b: the weight of 1 cubic decimeter of water at 4 c. metric fluid measure 1 milliliter (1 cubic centimeter, 1 cc.) = 0.001 cubic decimeter. 1 centiliter (10 cc.) = 0.01 cubic decimeter. 1 deciliter (100 cc.) = 0.1 cubic decimeter. 1 liter (1000 cc.) = 1 cubic decimeter. apothecaries' weight 20 grains = 1 scruple. 3 scruples = 1 drachm. 8 drachms = 1 ounce. 12 ounces = 1 pound. apothecaries' fluid measure 60 minims = 1 fluidrachm. 8 fluidrachms = 1 fluidounce. 16 fluidounces = 1 pint. equivalents of apothecaries' weight in metric 1 grain = 0.06479895 gm. 1 drachm = 3.8879369 gm. 1 ounce = 31.1034956 gm. 1 pound = 373.241948 gm. equivalents of apothecaries' fluid measure in metric 1 minim = 0.06161 cc. 1 fluidrachm = 3.6966 cc. 1 fluidounce = 29.573 cc. 1 pint = 473.17 cc. equivalents of metric weight in apothecaries' 0.001 gm. (1 milligram, 1 mg.) = 0.01543 grain. 0.01 gm. (1 centigram) = 0.15432 grain. 0.1 gm. (1 decigram) = 1.54324 grains. 1 gm. (1 gram) = 15.4324 grains. 10 gm. (1 decagram) = 2 drachms, 34.324 grains. 100 gm. (1 hectogram) = 3 ounces, 1 drachm, 43.24 grains. 1000 gm. (1 kilogram, 1 kg.) = 2 pounds, 8 ounces, 52.4 grains. equivalents of metric fluid measure in apothecaries' 1 cc. = 16.231 minims. 10 cc. = 2 fluidrachms, 42.311 minims. 100 cc. = 3 fluidounces, 3 fluidrachms, 3.11 minims. 1000 cc. (1 liter) = 2 pints, 1 fluidounce, 6 fluidrachms, 31.1 minims. metric and apothecaries' equivalents (weights) gm. grains grains gm. 1 = 15.4324 1 = 0.06480 2 = 30.8647 2 = 0.12960 3 = 46.2971 3 = 0.19440 4 = 61.7294 4 = 0.25920 5 = 77.1618 5 = 0.32399 6 = 92.5941 6 = 0.38879 7 = 108.0265 7 = 0.45359 8 = 123.4589 8 = 0.51839 9 = 138.8912 9 = 0.58319 metric and apothecaries' equivalents (volume) cc. minims minims cc. 1 = 16.231 1 = 0.061610 2 = 32.462 2 = 0.123220 3 = 48.693 3 = 0.184831 4 = 64.924 4 = 0.246441 5 = 81.156 5 = 0.308051 6 = 97.387 6 = 0.369661 7 = 113.618 7 = 0.431271 8 = 129.849 8 = 0.492882 9 = 146.080 9 = 0.554492 centigrade and fahrenheit thermometric equivalents c.° f.° -40 -40 -30 -22 -20 -4 -10 14 0 32 5 41 10 50 15 59 20 68 25 77 30 86 35 95 40 104 45 113 50 122 55 131 60 140 65 149 70 158 75 167 80 176 85 185 90 194 95 203 100 212 110 230 120 248 130 266 140 284 150 302 200 392 250 482 300 572 350 662 clinical table of centigrade and fahrenheit thermometric equivalents c.° f.° 36.0 96.80 36.2 97.16 36.3 97.34 36.4 97.52 36.5 97.70 36.6 97.88 36.7 98.06 36.8 98.24 36.9 98.42 37.0 98.60 37.1 98.78 37.2 98.96 37.3 99.14 37.4 99.32 37.5 99.50 37.6 99.68 37.7 99.86 37.8 100.04 37.9 100.22 38.0 100.40 38.1 100.58 38.2 100.76 38.3 100.94 38.4 101.12 38.5 101.30 38.6 101.48 38.7 101.66 38.8 101.84 38.9 102.02 39.0 102.20 39.1 102.38 39.2 102.56 39.3 102.74 39.4 102.92 39.5 103.10 39.6 103.28 39.7 103.46 39.8 103.64 39.9 103.82 40.0 104.00 40.1 104.18 40.2 104.36 40.3 104.54 40.4 104.72 40.5 104.90 40.6 105.08 40.8 105.44 41.0 105.80 41.2 106.16 41.4 106.52 41.6 106.88 41.8 107.24 42.0 107.60 42.2 107.96 42.4 108.32 42.6 108.68 42.8 109.04 43.0 109.40 epitome of the u.s. pharmacopeia and national formulary * * * * * [stars (*) designate preparations described in "useful drugs," a book prepared to further a more rational materia medica and published by the american medical association, price 50 cents] * * * * * =absinthium (absinth.), absinthium, n.f.= (wormwood, madderwort, vermuth). leaves and flowering tops. action and uses: obsolete aromatic bitter; without advantage over gentian or other bitter drugs. =*acacia (acac.), acacia, u.s.p.= (gum arabic, gum senegal). a gum occurring in tears, fragments or powder. slowly and almost completely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. incompatible with sodium borate, lead acetate and ferric salts. action and uses: demulcent; chiefly as a vehicle to suspend insoluble substances in aqueous mixtures. _*mucilago acaciae (mucil. acac.), mucilage of acacia, u.s.p._--acacia (35%) in water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _syrupus acaciae (syr. acac.), syrup of acacia, u.s.p._--acacia (10%) in sugar and water. =aceta, vinegars.=--a vinegar is a solution of vegetable principles either in diluted acetic acid or in a mixture of diluted acetic acid and alcohol. for acetum aromaticum, see under =oleum lavandulae=; for acetum opii and acetum scillae, see under =opium= and =scilla=, respectively. =*acetanilidum (acetanil.), acetanilid, u.s.p.= (acetanilide, antifebrin).--c{6}h{5}nh.ch{3}co. a white, odorless, crystalline powder, with a slightly burning taste. slightly soluble in water (1:190), very soluble in alcohol (1:3.4) and in chloroform (1:3.7). incompatible with spirit of nitrous ether and forms pasty masses when triturated with chloral or antipyrin. action and uses: analgesic, antipyretic and, in excessive doses, a cardiac depressant. used particularly to relieve headache and neuralgic pains. a habit-forming drug. if used over a long period of time, it may produce a severe anemia. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (u.s.p.) in powders which may be placed in capsules, or tablets which should be crushed before swallowing. it is well to begin with 0.1 gm. or about 1-1/2 grains, and to repeat cautiously. _pulvis acetanilidi compositus (pulv. acetanil. co.), compound acetanilid powder, n.f._--acetanilid (70%), caffeine (10%) and sodium bicarbonate (20%). uses: irrational acetanilid preparation. the caffeine does not diminish the toxicity, nor does the bicarbonate increase the solubility of acetanilid, as was at one time supposed. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (n.f.). =acetonum (aceton.), acetone, u.s.p.= (dimethyl-ketone). a colorless liquid, with an ethereal odor and a pungent sweetish taste. miscible with water, alcohol, ether and chloroform. action and uses: pharmaceutic solvent. =*acetphenetidinum (acetphen.), acetphenetidin, u.s.p. (phenacetin).=--c{6}h{4}(oc{2}h{5}).nh.ch{3}co. white, odorless, slightly bitter, crystalline scales or powder. very slightly soluble in water (1:1310), soluble in alcohol (1:15) and in chloroform (1:14). action and uses: analgesic, antipyretic and, in excessive doses, a cardiac depressant. used particularly for the relief of headache and neuralgic pains and in the treatment of mild fevers. a habit-forming drug. if used for a long period of time, it may produce a severe anemia. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.), in powders or capsules. if small doses fail to relieve headache, larger doses are also usually ineffective. =*acidum aceticum (acid. acet.), acetic acid, u.s.p.=--acetic acid ch{3}.cooh (about 36.5%). action and uses: caustic and rubefacient. in the form of vinegar, is antidote to alkalies. _acidum aceticum dilutum (acid. acet. dil.), diluted acetic acid, u.s.p._--ch{3}cooh (about 6%). dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims. _acidum aceticum glaciale (acid. acet. glac.), glacial acetic acid, u.s.p._--ch{3}cooh. a colorless liquid, with a vinegar-like odor and a pungent, sour taste. miscible with water or alcohol. *=acidum benzoicum (acid. benz.), benzoic acid, u.s.p.=--c{6}h{5}.cooh. obtained from benzoin or prepared synthetically. lustrous, almost colorless scales or needles, with a pungent, acid taste. slightly soluble in water (1:275) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:2.3); also readily soluble in solutions of alkali hydroxides or carbonates with the production of alkali benzoates. action and uses: mild antiseptic and diuretic. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.), best given in the form of soluble benzoates (see under =sodii benzoas=). *=acidum boricum (acid. bor.) boric acid, u.s.p.= (boracic acid).--h{3}bo{3}. colorless, odorless scales or powder with a faintly bitter taste. soluble in water and in alcohol (1:18); freely soluble in glycerin (1:4). action and uses: mild antiseptic and astringent. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.), in solution. a watery solution, ranging from 2 per cent. to =saturated=, is used in the treatment of conjunctivitis, cystitis, etc. externally used as dusting powder. _*glyceritum boroglycerini (glycer. boroglyc.), glycerite of boroglycerin, u.s.p._--boroglycerin in glycerin representing 31% boric acid. _liquor antisepticus (liq. antisept.), antiseptic solution, n.f._--boric acid (2.5%), thymol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, oil of thyme, menthol, sodium salicylate and sodium benzoate in alcohol and water. uses: needlessly complex aromatic mouthwash. _*unguentum acidi borici (ung. acid. bor.), ointment of boric acid, u.s.p._--boric acid (10%) in paraffin and white petrolatum. =acidum bromauricum (acid. bromaur.), bromauric acid, n. f.=--corresponds to not less than 32 per cent. of metallic gold. a dark-brown, odorless solid, with a metallic acid taste. very soluble in water and in alcohol. action and uses: "alterative" apparently of no value. dosage: 0.006 gm. or 1/10 grain (n.f.). _liquor auri et arseni bromidi (liq. aur. et arsen. brom.), solution of gold and arsenic bromide, n.f._--contains hydrogen bromaurate (haubr{4}) and arsenic acid (h{3}aso{4}) obtained by oxidizing a solution of arsenous oxide with bromine and adding bromauric acid. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (n.f.) =acidum citricum (acid. cit), citric acid, u.s.p.= colorless, odorless crystals. very soluble in water (1:0.5) and in alcohol (1:1.8). action and uses: substitute for lemon juice; also substitute for dilute hydrochloric acid in the treatment of gastric hypoacidity. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.), in solution. _syrupus acidi citrici (syr. acid. cit.), syrup of citric acid, u.s.p._--citric acid (1%), flavored with tincture of lemon peel, in syrup. uses: vehicle for salty substances such as bromides. =acidum formicum (acid. formic), formic acid, n.f.=--hcooh (about 25%). a clear, colorless liquid, with a characteristic pungent odor, and an acid reaction. action and uses: externally as caustic irritant, but without advantage over mustard. internally as slightly irritant diuretic, but without advantage over nitrates. the elixirs containing various formates are intended as tonics, but there is no good evidence that they have such action. they are needlessly complex and irrational. dosage: 0.3 cc. or 5 minims (n.f.). _elixir formatum (elix. format.), elixir of formates, n.f._--potassium formate (5%), sodium formate (5%) and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 15 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir formatum compositum (elix. format. co.), compound elixir of formates, n.f._--sodium formate (3%), magnesium formate (2.5%), strontium formate (2.5%), lithium formate (1%), quinine formate (0.8%), compound spirit of cardamom, acetic ether, alcohol, glycerin and distilled water. absolute alcohol content about 9.9 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _spiritus acidi formici (sp. ac. formic.), spirit of formic acid, n.f._ (spiritus formicarum, spirit of ants).--formic acid (4%) in distilled water and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. uses: rubefacient. dosage: 4 cc or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =acidum gallicum (acid. gallic.), gallic acid, u.s.p.= an odorless, almost white powder, with an astringent taste. soluble in water (1:87) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:4.6) and in glycerin (1:10). action and uses: mild astringent; not very effective. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). =acidum hydriodicum dilutum (acid. hydriod. dil.), diluted hydriodic acid, u.s.p.=--hi (about 10%). a colorless, odorless liquid, with a strong acid taste. incompatible with alkalies and their carbonates, also with metallic oxides and salts of silver and of lead. action and uses: has the general properties of iodides. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.), diluted. administered chiefly in the form of syrup as a substitute for the alkali iodides, over which it has no material advantage. _syrupus acidi hydriodici (syr. acid. hydriod.), syrup of hydriodic acid, u.s.p._--hydriodic acid (about 1.25%). dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). =acidum hydrobromicum dilutum (acid. hydrobrom. dil.), diluted hydrobromic acid, u.s.p.=--hbr (about 10%). a colorless, odorless liquid, with a strong acid taste. incompatible with alkalies and their carbonates, metallic oxides and the salts of silver and of lead. action and uses: in general, those of bromides; but the preparation is objectionable because of its acidity. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.), diluted. =*acidum hydrochloricum (acid. hydrochl.), hydrochloric acid, u.s.p.= (muriatic acid).--hcl (about 32%). a fuming, corrosive liquid. incompatible with alkalies and their carbonates, metallic oxides and salts of silver and of lead. action and uses: used in gastric hypoacidity; also as caustic; antiseptic. _*acidum hydrochloricum dilutum (acid. hydrochl. dil.), diluted hydrochloric acid, u.s.p._--hcl (about 10%). a colorless, odorless, strongly acid solution. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.), after meals, diluted in one-half to one glass water and taken through a glass tube to protect the teeth. =acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum (acid. hydrocyan. dil.), diluted hydrocyanic acid, u.s.p.= (diluted prussic acid, acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum, p.i.).--hcn (about 2%). a colorless liquid, with an odor like that of bitter almonds. action and uses: said to be sedative. was formerly used as an addition to cough mixtures and as an antiemetic but, because of its poisonous properties and instability, is no longer used to the same extent. dosage: 0.1 cc. or 1-1/2 minims (u.s.p.)--not drops. =acidum hypophosphorosum (acid. hypophos.), hypophosphorous acid, u.s.p.=--h{3}po{2} (about 31%). a colorless, odorless liquid. action and uses: ingredient of compound hypophosphite preparations. _acidum hypophosphorosum dilutum (acid. hypophos. dil.), diluted hypophosphorous acid, u.s.p._--h{3}po{2} (about 10%). a colorless, odorless liquid with a strong acid taste. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.), diluted. =acidum lacticum (acid. lact.), lactic acid, u.s.p.=--equivalent to about 87 per cent. lactic acid. a colorless or nearly colorless, nearly odorless, syrupy liquid, with an acid taste. miscible with water. action and uses: caustic; seldom used internally. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.), diluted. =*acidum nitricum (acid. nitric.), nitric acid, u.s.p.=--hno{3} (about 68%). a colorless, fuming, very corrosive liquid with a suffocating odor. miscible with water. action and uses: caustic. =acidum nitrohydrochloricum (acid. nitrohydrochl.), nitrohydrochloric acid, u.s.p.= (aqua regia, nitromuriatic acid).--a mixture of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, nitrosyl chloride and chlorine. a golden-yellow, fuming, very corrosive liquid. miscible with water. action and uses: caustic. formerly thought to be a "hepatic stimulant," but acts much like other mineral acids. _acidum nitrohydrochloricum dilutum (acid. nitrohydrochl. dil.), diluted nitrohydrochloric acid, u.s.p._ (diluted nitromuriatic acid).--an aqueous solution of about one-fifth the strength of nitrohydrochloric acid; should be freshly prepared. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.), well diluted. =acidum oleicum (acid. oleic.), oleic acid, u.s.p.=--obtained from fats. a yellowish or brownish-yellow, oily liquid, having a lard-like odor and taste. practically insoluble in water, partially soluble in 60 per cent. alcohol. action and uses: solvent for making oleates. =*acidum phenylcinchoninicum (acid. phenylcinch.), phenylcinchoninic acid, u.s.p.= (phenyl-quinoline-carboxylic acid, atophan). a white or nearly white, odorless or nearly odorless powder with a bitter taste. insoluble in cold water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol. action and uses: increases the excretion of uric acid and diminishes its concentration in the blood. analgesic. has been used in acute and chronic gout. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.), in tablets or powder. =acidum phosphoricum (acid. phos.), phosphoric acid, u.s.p.=--h{3}po{4} (about 86.5%). a colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid having a strongly acid taste. miscible with water. incompatible with alkalies, alkali carbonates, ferric chloride, lead acetate and solutions of lime. action and uses: similar to those of hydrochloric acid. has none of the therapeutic properties of free phosphorus. _acidum phosphoricum dilutum (acid. phos. dil.), diluted phosphoric acid, u.s.p._--h{3}po{4} (about 10%). dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.), diluted. _liquor phosphatum acidus (liq. phos. acid.), acid solution of phosphates, n.f._ (solution of acid phosphates).--made by dissolving precipitated calcium carbonate (5%) in phosphoric acid and water. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _liquor phosphatum compositus (liq. phos. co.), compound solution of phosphates, n.f._--phosphates of calcium, iron, ammonium, potassium and sodium in citric acid, glycerin, orange flower water and water. _syrupus phosphatum compositum (syr. phos. co.), compound syrup of the phosphates, n.f._ (chemical food).--compound solution of phosphates (50%), colored with tincture of cudbear, in glycerin and syrup. uses: antiquated and irrational "tonic." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _syrupus phosphatum cum quinina et strychnina._--see under =quininae hydrochloridum=. =acidum picricum, picric acid.=--see =trinitrophenol=. =*acidum salicylicum (acid. salicyl.), salicylic acid, u.s.p.=--c{6}h{4}(oh)cooh. a white, odorless powder, tasting first sweetish, subsequently acrid. slightly soluble in water (1:460), freely soluble in alcohol (1:2.7) and in ether. incompatible with solutions of iron and with spirit of nitrous ether. action and uses: antirheumatic, antiseptic, germicide and keratolytic. dosage: internally 0.75 gm. or 12 grains (u.s.p.) best given in the form of soluble salicylates (see =sodii salicylas=). externally in 10 per cent. ointment as a keratolytic. _collodium salicylici compositum (collod. salicyl. co.), compound salicylic collodion, n.f._--salicylic acid (1.1%) and flexible collodion colored with fluidextract of cannabis. uses: a popular application for softening corns. the cannabis can play no rôle beyond that of coloring agent. _glycerogelatinum acidi salicylici (glycerogel. acid. salicyl.), salicylic acid glycerogelatin, n.f._--salicylic acid (10%), in water, glycerin and glycerinated gelatin. _mulla acidi salicylici (mull. ac. salicyl.), salicylic acid mull, n.f._ (unguentum salicylatum extensum, n.f. iii).--salicylic acid (10%), in benzoinated suet and benzoinated lard. _mulla creosoti salicylata (mull. creosot. salicyl.), salicylated creosote mull, n.f._ (unguentum creosoti salicylatum extensum, n.f. iii).--salicylic acid (10%), and creosote (20%) in yellow wax and benzoinated suet. _pulvis talci compositus (pulv. talc. co.), compound powder of talc, n.f._ (boro-salicylated powder of talc).--salicylic acid (3%), boric acid (10%) and talc. uses: toilet powder, used for local sweating. _stili acidi salicylici dilubiles (stil. acid. salicyl. dilub.), salicylic acid pencil, n.f._--salicylic acid (10%) with tragacanth, starch, white dextrin and sugar. uses: for the application of salicylic acid to limited areas =acidum stearicum (acid. stear.), stearic acid, u.s.p.=--obtained from fats. a white, hard, unctuous, odorless and tasteless substance. soluble in alcohol (1:21) and in chloroform (1:2), but insoluble in water. uses: used in making glycerin suppositories. =acidum sulphuricum (acid. sulph.), sulphuric acid, u.s.p.=--h{2}so{4} (about 94%). a colorless, odorless, corrosive liquid. miscible with water or alcohol with evolution of much heat. action and uses: similar to those of hydrochloric acid. externally, the dilute acid is used as astringent. _acidum sulphuricum aromaticum (acid. sulph. arom.), aromatic sulphuric acid, u.s.p._--a mixture, containing free sulphuric acid and ethylsulphuric acid equivalent to about 20 per cent. of h{2}so{4} in alcohol, flavored with ginger and cinnamon. absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. a clear, reddish-brown liquid with an aromatic odor. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims, well diluted. _acidum sulphuricum dilutum (acid. sulph. dil.), diluted sulphuric acid, u.s.p._--h{2}so{4} (about 10%). dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.), well diluted. =*acidum tannicum (acid. tann.), tannic acid, u.s.p.= (gallotannic acid, tannin).--usually obtained from nutgalls. a yellowish-white to light brown powder, odorless or having a faint, characteristic odor and a strongly astringent taste. freely soluble in glycerin (1:1) and very soluble in water and in alcohol. incompatible with soluble preparations of iron. action and uses: astringent; local hemostatic; antidote for certain alkaloidal and metallic poisons. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _collodium stypticum (collod. stypt.), styptic collodion, n.f._--tannic acid (20%) and flexible collodion. there is no advantage in applying tannin as collodion. _*glyceritum acidi tannici (glycer. acid. tann.), glycerite of tannic acid, u.s.p._ (glycerite of tannin).--tannic acid (20%) in glycerin. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _trochisci acidi tannici (troch. acid. tann.), troches of tannic acid, u.s.p._--each troche contains tannic acid (0.06 gm. or 1 grain), with sugar and tragacanth, flavored with orange flower. _unguentum acidi tannici (ung. acid. tann.), ointment of tannic acid, u.s.p._--tannic acid (20%), in glycerin and ointment. =acidum tartaricum (acid. tart.), tartaric acid, u.s.p.=--obtained from wine lees or argol. a white, odorless powder, with an acid taste. very soluble in water (1:0.75) and in alcohol (1:3.3). action and uses: mild acid; used in the manufacture of effervescent salts. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains, diluted. =acidum trichloraceticum (acid. trichloracet.), trichloracetic acid, u.s.p.=--ccl{3}.cooh. colorless, deliquescent crystals with a slight characteristic odor. miscible with water and with alcohol. action and uses: caustic, for the removal of warts and other skin blemishes. used also as local hemostatic. =aconitina (aconitin.), aconitine, u.s.p.=--an alkaloid obtained from aconite. a white, odorless powder. very slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol (1:28) and in ether (1:65). action and uses: similar to those described under aconite. as several alkaloidal preparations of aconite, of varying activity, are sold under the name of aconitine, its use is not advisable. dosage: 0.15 mg. or 1/400 grain (u.s.p.). _oleatum aconitinae (oleat. aconitin.), oleate of aconitine, n.f._--aconitine (2%) in oleic acid and olive oil. uses: without advantage over aconite preparations for external application. =*aconitum (aconit.), aconite, u.s.p.= (monkshood, aconite root, aconiti tuber, p.i.).--a tuberous root, yielding about 0.5 per cent. of ether-soluble alkaloids; also assayed biologically. physicians should specify preparations that have been assayed biologically, since the alkaloidal assay is not a reliable index of activity. action and uses: slows the pulse and lowers the blood pressure, but this action in therapeutic doses is uncertain. used in the treatment of febrile colds; also for counter-irritation, in the form of the tincture. used also as a local anesthetic, and by some still believed to be useful in the treatment of the symptoms arising from excessive cardiac hypertrophy. toxic symptoms may occur from local absorption. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.); not used as such. _extractum aconiti (ext. aconit.), extract of aconite, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of aconite).--yields about 2 per cent. of ether-soluble alkaloids. biologically assayed by producing death in the guinea-pig. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.). physicians who prescribe extract of aconite should specify the biologically assayed product. _fluidextractum aconiti (fldext. aconit.), fluidextract of aconite, u.s.p._--aconite (100%), yielding about 0.5 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. biologically assayed by producing death in the guinea-pig. dosage: 0.03 cc. or 1/2 minim (u.s.p.). physicians who prescribe fluidextract of aconite should specify the biologically assayed product. best to use the tincture. _linimentum aconiti et chloroformi (lin. aconit. et chlorof.), liniment of aconite and chloroform, n.f._--fluidextract of aconite (4.5%), in alcohol, chloroform and soap liniment. *_tinctura aconiti (tr. aconit.), tincture of aconite, u.s.p._ (aconiti tinctura, p.i.).--aconite (10%) yielding about 0.05 per cent. of alkaloids, in alcohol and water. alkaloidal assay unreliable. biologically assayed by producing death in the guinea-pig. absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent. dosage: 0.3 cc. or 5 minims (u.s.p.). physicians should specify the biologically assayed product. =*adeps (adeps), lard, u.s.p.= insoluble in water, and only slightly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: basis for ointments. used particularly when absorption is desired. _*adeps benzoinatus (adeps benz.), benzoinated lard, u.s.p._--somewhat antiseptic and less liable to rancidity than ordinary lard. _unguentum (ung.), ointment, u.s.p._ (simple ointment).--white wax (20%) and benzoinated lard. =adeps lanae (adeps lan.), wool fat, u.s.p.= (anhydrous lanolin).--purified wool fat, freed from water. insoluble in but miscible with about twice its weight of water; sparingly soluble in cold alcohol. action and uses: basis for ointments; because of its tenacious consistency, should be mixed with some other base. _*adeps lanae hydrosus (adeps lan. hyd.), hydrous wool fat, u.s.p._ (lanolin).--wool fat with about 27 per cent. of water. uses: ointment used particularly when absorption through the skin is desired; mixed with white petrolatum or lard. =adonis (adonis), adonis, n.f.= (pheasant's eye).--the plant deprived of its root. action and uses: cardiac tonic of digitalis group, but of unreliable activity. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum adonidis (fldext. adonid.), fluidextract of adonis, n.f._--adonis (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 0.125 cc. or 2 minims (n.f.). =*aether (aether), ether, u.s.p.=--contains about 96.5 per cent. of ethyl oxide. a clear, colorless, very inflammable liquid with a characteristic odor and a burning, sweetish taste. soluble in water (1:12), and miscible with alcohol, chloroform, petroleum benzin, benzene, and fixed or volatile oils. action and uses: general anesthetic, administered by inhalation; when administered by mouth, carminative. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims. _*spiritus aetheris (sp. aeth.), spirit of ether, u.s.p._ (hoffmann's drops).--ether (32.5%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent. uses: carminative and fugacious indirect circulatory stimulant. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _spiritus aetheris compositus (sp. aether. co.), compound spirit of ether, n.f._ (hoffmann's anodyne).--ether (32.5%), ethereal oil (2.5%) and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. uses: a superfluous modification of spirit of ether. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =aether aceticus (aeth. acet.), acetic ether, n.f.= (ethyl acetate). a colorless, fragrant liquid, with a burning taste. action and uses: carminative, similar to and without special advantage over ether. also used pharmaceutically, as flavoring ingredient. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =*aether nitrosus, nitrous ether.=--ethyl nitrite. _*spiritus aetheris nitrosi (sp. aeth. nitros.), spirit of nitrous ether, u.s.p._ (sweet spirit of nitre).--ethyl nitrite (about 4%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 92 per cent. action and uses: popularly used as a weak diuretic and diaphoretic. unstable and therefore unreliable. has the physiologic action of a weak nitrite. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =aethylis carbamas (aethyl. carbam.), ethyl carbamate, u.s.p.= (carbamic acid ethyl ester, urethane, ethyl urethane). colorless, odorless crystals or scales, with a cooling, saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:0.45) and in alcohol (1:0.8). incompatible with alkalies, acids and most other chemicals. action and uses: very mild and relatively harmless hypnotic. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) in powder, cachets or solution. =*aethylis chloridum (aethyl. chlor.), ethyl chloride, u.s.p.=--monochlorethane, ch{3}ch{2}cl. a colorless, very volatile liquid, with an agreeable odor and a sweetish, burning taste. the vapor is very inflammable. slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol and in ether. action and uses: local anesthetic for minor operations. used in the form of a spray to produce intense cold. has also been used by inhalation as general anesthetic in short operations. =*aethylmorphinae hydrochloridum (aethylmorph. hydrochl.), ethylmorphine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (ethylmorphine chloride, dionin). a white, odorless powder, with a slightly bitter taste. very soluble in water (1:8) and soluble in alcohol (1:22). action and uses: systemically, intermediate between those of morphine and codeine. probably possesses no advantage over codeine. when applied to the eye it causes local hyperemia terminating in acute conjunctival edema. dosage: 0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain (u.s.p.). used as 10 per cent. ointment or solution in corneal opacity and similar conditions. =agar (agar), agar, u.s.p.= (agar-agar).--a mucilaginous substance extracted from certain seaweeds. nearly white, almost odorless and tasteless strips, shreds or powder, tough when damp, brittle when dry. insoluble in cold water, but slowly soluble in hot water. action and uses: passes through the intestinal canal almost unchanged. absorbs and retains moisture. used in chronic constipation with intestinal atony; renders the feces soft and bulky and thus promotes peristalsis. dosage: 10 gm. or 2-1/2 drachms (u.s.p.). =agaricus (agaric), agaric, n.f.= (white agaric, larch agaric).--the fruit body of a fungus. action and uses: empirical and unreliable remedy for night sweats of phthisis. dosage: 0.6 gm. or 10 grains (n.f.). =*alcohol (alcohol), alcohol, u.s.p.=--not less than 92.3 per cent. by weight or 94.9 per cent. by volume of c{2}h{5}oh. a colorless, volatile, inflammable liquid, with a characteristic odor and burning taste. freely miscible with water, ether or chloroform. action and uses: rubefacient, astringent, antiseptic and by its evaporation a refrigerant. internally it is a narcotic widely used as a "stimulant" but may do more harm than good. _alcohol dehydratum (alcohol dehyd.), dehydrated alcohol, u.s.p._ (alcohol absolutum, u.s.p. viii).--not less than 99 per cent. by weight of c{2}h{5}oh. a liquid with the same color, odor and taste as alcohol. _alcohol dilutum (alcohol dil.), diluted alcohol, u.s.p._--about 41.5 per cent. by weight or 49 per cent. by volume of c{2}h{5}oh. _*elixir aromaticum (elix. arom.), aromatic elixir, u.s.p._ (simple elixir).--compound spirit of orange in syrup, alcohol and distilled water. absolute alcohol content about 22 per cent. uses: diluent and vehicle. the alcohol content of this preparation should not be overlooked. _elixir aromaticum rubrum (elix. arom. rub.), red aromatic elixir, n.f._ (red elixir).--aromatic elixir colored with cudbear. uses: diluent and vehicle. _elixir glycyrrhizae (elix. glycyrrh.), elixir of glycyrrhiza, u.s.p._ (elixir adjuvans, u.s.p. viii, elixir of licorice).--fluidextract of glycyrrhiza (12.5%) and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 22 per cent. uses: diluent and vehicle. the alcohol content should not be overlooked. _elixir glycyrrhizae aromaticum (elix. glycyrrh. arom.), aromatic elixir of glycyrrhiza, n.f._ (aromatic elixir of licorice).--fluidextract of glycyrrhiza (12.5%), oil of clove, oil of cassia, oil of myristica, oil of fennel and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 22 per cent. uses: flavoring vehicle. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms. =aletris (aletr.), aletris, n.f.= (unicorn root, colic root, star grass).--rhizome and root. action and uses: simple bitter, without advantage over gentian. also used in proprietary "female remedies," without good evidence of value. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum aletridis (fldext. aletrid.), fluidextract of aletris, n.f._--aletris (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =allium (allium), garlic, n.f.= action and uses: irritant expectorant; without advantage over senega, terpin hydrate or asafetida. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _syrupus allii (syr. allii), syrup of garlic, n.f._--garlic (20%) in sugar and diluted acetic acid. uses: irritant expectorant. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =*aloe (aloe), aloes, u.s.p.=--the inspissated juice of different species of aloes, yielding socotrine, curaçao and cape aloes, respectively. action and uses: moderately active cathartic used in the treatment of chronic constipation. acts mostly on the large intestine. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.), as pills. _*extractum aloes (ext. aloes), extract of aloes, n.f._ (powdered extract of aloes).--an aqueous extract, 1 gm. representing 2 gm. of aloes; diluted with starch. no material advantage over aloes. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (n.f.). _pilulae ad prandium (pil. ad prand.), dinner pills, n.f._ 1. for dinner pills without additional specifications pilulae aloes et mastiches (which see), also called lady webster's pills, should be dispensed. 2. chapman's dinner pills, n.f.--each pill contains aloes and mastic (each 0.097 gm. or 1-1/2 grains), and ipecac (0.065 gm. or 1 grain), with oil of fennel. 3. cole's dinner pills, n.f.--each pill contains aloes, mass of mercury and jalap (each 0.078 gm. or 1-1/4 grains), antimony and potassium tartrate (0.0013 gm. or 1/50 grain) and syrup. 4. hall's dinner pills, n.f.--each pill contains aloes (0.065 gm. or 1 grain) with extract of glycyrrhiza and soap. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae aloes (pil. aloes), pills of aloes, u.s.p._--each pill contains aloes (0.13 gm. or 2 grains) with soap. dosage: 2 pills (u.s.p.). _pilulae aloes et asafoetidae (pil. aloe. et asafoet.), pills of aloes and asafetida, n.f._--each pill contains aloes and asafetida (each 0.09 gm. or 1-1/2 grains) with soap. dosage: 1 pill (u.s.p.). _pilulae aloes et ferri (pil. aloe. et ferr.), pills of aloes and iron, n.f._--each pill contains aloes and exsiccated ferrous sulphate (each 0.07 gm. or 1-1/6 grains), with aromatic powder and confection of rose. dosage: 2 pills (n.f.). _pilulae aloes et mastiches (pil. aloe. et mastich.), pills of aloes and mastic, n.f._ (lady webster's dinner pill).--each pill contains aloes (0.13 gm. or 2 grains) and mastic (0.04 gm. or 2/3 grain) with red rose. dosage: 2 pills (n.f.). _pilulae aloes et myrrhae (pil. aloe. et myrrh.), pills of aloes and myrrh, n.f._--each pill contains aloes (0.13 gm. or 2 grains) and myrrh (0.06 gm. or 1 grain), with aromatic powder and syrup. dosage: 2 pills (n.f.). _pilulae aloes et podophylli compositae (pil. aloe. et podoph. co.), compound pills of aloes and podophyllum, n.f._ (janeway's pills).--each pill contains aloes (0.065 gm. or 1 grain), resin of podophyllum (0.0325 gm. or 1/2 grain), pilular extract of belladonna leaves and extract of nux vomica (each 0.016 gm. or 1/4 grain). dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae aloes, hydrargyri et podophylli (pil. aloe. hydrarg. et podoph.), pills of aloes, mercury and podophyllum, n.f._ (pilulae triplices, n.f. iii, triplex pills, pilula triplex).--each pill contains aloes (0.13 gm. or 2 grains), mass of mercury (0.065 gm. or 1 grain) and resin of podophyllum (0.016 gm. or 1/4 grain). these pills should not be taken habitually. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae aloes, hydrargyri et scammonii compositae (pil. aloe. hydrarg. et scammon co.), compound pills of aloes, mercury and scammony, n.f._ (francis' triplex pills).--each pill contains aloes, resin of scammony and mass of mercury (each 0.055 gm. or 7/8 grain), croton oil (0.0032 cc. or 1/20 minim), oil of caraway (0.016 cc. or 1/4 minim) and tincture of aloes and myrrh. should not be taken habitually. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pulvis aloes et canellae (pulv. aloe. et canell.), powder of aloes and canella, n.f._ (hiera picra).--aloes (80%) and canella. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (n.f.). _tinctura aloes (tr. aloes), tincture of aloes, u.s.p._--aloes (10%) and glycyrrhiza in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 47 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura aloes et myrrhae (tr. aloe. et myrrh.), tincture of aloes and myrrh, n.f._--represents aloes and myrrh (each 10%) and glycyrrhiza in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. uses: disagreeable cathartic. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =*aloinum (aloin.), aloin, u.s.p.=--obtained from aloes. a yellow, odorless, intensely bitter powder. slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol. action and uses: similar to those of aloes; is more easily absorbed, and has sometimes produced renal irritation. dosage: 0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain (u.s.p.), as pills. in chronic constipation, frequently given in doses of from 0.006 gm. to 0.02 gm., or 1/12 to 1/3 grain in combination with extract of belladonna and strychnine. _pilulae aloini compositae (pil. aloin. co.), compound pills of aloin, n.f._--each pill contains aloin (0.0325 gm. or 1/2 grain), resin of podophyllum (0.008 gm. or 1/8 grain), and pilular extract of belladonna leaves (0.016 gm. or 1/4 grain). dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae aloini, strychninae et belladonnae (pil. a.s. et b.), pills of aloin, strychnine and belladonna, n.f._--each pill contains aloin (0.013 gm. or 1/5 grain), strychnine (0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain) and pilular extract of belladonna leaves (0.008 gm. or 1/8 grain). dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae aloini, strychninae et belladonnae compositae (pil. a.s. et b. co.), compound pills of aloin, strychnine and belladonna, n.f._--each pill contains aloin (0.013 gm. or 1/5 grain), strychnine (0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain), pilular extract of belladonna leaves (0.008 gm. or 1/8 grain) and extract of cascara sagrada (0.0325 gm. or 1/2 grain). uses: needlessly complex mixture. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae laxativae compositae (pil. lax. co.), compound laxative pills, n.f._--each pill contains aloin (0.013 gm. or 1/5 grain), strychnine (0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain), pilular extract of belladonna leaves (0.008 gm. or 1/8 grain) and ipecac (0.004 gm. or 1/15 grain) with glycyrrhiza and syrup. uses: complex and superfluous preparation of aloin. dosage: 2 pills (n.f.). =althaea (althaea), althaea, u.s.p.= (marsh mallow root). action and uses: demulcent and emollient; without advantages over other drugs of the same kind, such as chondrus, tragacanth, slippery elm and flaxseed. _species pectorales (spec. pect.), pectoral species, n.f._ (species ad infusum pectorale, breast tea).--althaea, coltsfoot, glycyrrhiza, anise, mullein flowers and orris root. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _syrupus althaeae (syr. althae.), syrup of althaea, n.f._--althaea (5%) with alcohol, glycerin and sugar in water. absolute alcohol content about 2.5 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =althaeae folia (althae. fol.), althaea leaves, n.f.= (marsh mallow leaves). action and uses: domestic demulcent and emollient; inferior for internal use to gums and for poultices to flaxseed. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _species emollientes (spec. emoll.), emollient species, n.f._ (emollient cataplasm).--althaea leaves, mallow leaves, melilot, matricaria and flaxseed. emollient poultice is made by adding a suitable quantity of hot water to this powder. =*alumen (alum.), alum, u.s.p.=--alnh{4}(so{4}){2} + 12h{2}o or alk(so{4}){2} + 12h{2}o. (the physician may indicate whether ammonium alum or potassium alum is desired.) colorless crystals or white powder, odorless and possessing a strongly astringent taste. ammonium alum is somewhat less soluble in water than is potassium alum, which is freely soluble in water (1:7.2); both are insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: astringent, styptic and hemostatic. seldom administered internally. dosage: as a gargle, in from 1 to 5 per cent. solution (somewhat injurious to the teeth); as an injection in gonorrhea, in from 0.5 to 1 per cent. solution; as a lotion in skin diseases, in 1 per cent. solution. _*alumen exsiccatum (alum. exsic.), exsiccated alum, u.s.p._ (alumen ustum, dried alum, burnt alum).--anhydrous alnh{4}(so{4}){2} or anhydrous alk(so{4}){2}. (the composition of the desired salt may be indicated.) white, odorless powder, with an astringent taste. very slowly soluble in water (1:14); insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: used externally like alum, being more escharotic. =*alumini acetas, aluminum acetate.=--normal aluminum acetate, al(c{2}h{3}o{2}){3}. _liquor alumini acetatis (liq. alumin. acet.), solution of aluminum acetate, n.f._ (liquor burowii, burow's solution).--contains normal aluminum acetate, al(c{2}h{3}o{2}){3} (about 5%). uses: popular astringent wash. dosage: usually diluted with 15 parts of water =alumini acetico-tartras, aluminum acetico-tartrate.= _liquor alumini acetico-tartratis (liq. alumin. acet.-tart.), solution of aluminum acetico-tartrate, n.f._--a solution of aluminum acetate and tartrate obtained by dissolving aluminum hydroxide in a mixture of acetic and tartaric acids. =alumini chloridum (alum. chlor.), aluminum chloride, n.f.=--alcl{3} + 6h{2}o. a nearly white deliquescent powder, with a sweetish, astringent taste. freely soluble in water (1:1) and in alcohol (1:3). action and uses: antiseptic and astringent, without advantage over alum. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (n.f.). =alumini hydroxidum (alum. hydrox.), aluminum hydroxide, u.s.p.=--al(oh){3}. a white, bulky, odorless and tasteless powder. insoluble in water and in alcohol. action and uses: mild astringent and desiccant, sometimes used as a dusting powder. =alumini subacetas, aluminum subacetate.=--basic aluminum acetate, al(c{2}h{3}o{2}){2}oh. _*liquor alumini subacetatis (liq. alumin. subacet.), solution of aluminum subacetate, n.f._ (liquor alumini acetatis, n.f. iii).--contains basic aluminum acetate, al(c{2}h{3}o{2}){2}oh (about 8%). uses: astringent wash. dosage: usually diluted with ten parts of water. =alumini sulphas (alum. sulph.), aluminum sulphate, n.f.=--al{2}(so{4}){3} + 16h{2}o. a white, odorless powder, with an astringent taste. freely soluble in water (1:1), but insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: similar to and without advantage over alum. =*ammonia (nh{3}).= _*aqua ammoniae (aq. ammon.), ammonia water, u.s.p._--nh{3} (about 10%) in water. a liquid with a strong odor and a caustic, soapy taste. loses nh{3} readily. miscible with water or alcohol. uses: local irritant and antacid, preferably as a liniment. fugacious indirect circulatory and respiratory stimulant. _aqua ammoniae fortior (aq. ammon. fort.), stronger ammonia water, u.s.p._--nh{3} (about 28%) in water. loses nh{3} very readily. miscible with water or alcohol. _*linimentum ammoniae (lin. ammon.), ammonia liniment, u.s.p._ (volatile liniment, hartshorn liniment).--ammonia water (25%) in sesame oil. uses: popularly used as counterirritant. _lotio ammoniacalis camphorata (lot. ammon. camph.), ammoniated camphor wash, n.f._ (aqua sedativa, n.f. iii, sedative water, eau sédative de raspail).--ammonia water (6%) and spirit of camphor (1%), in sodium chloride and water. uses: counterirritant. _spiritus ammoniae anisatus (sp. ammon. anis.), anisated spirit of ammonia, n.f._ (liquor ammoniae anisatus, anisated solution of ammonia).--ammonia water (20%) with anethol, in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. uses: aromatic carminative preparation. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =ammonii acetas, ammonium acetate.=--nh{4}c{2}h{3}o{2}. _liquor ammonii acetatis (liq. ammon. acet.), solution of ammonium acetate, u.s.p._ (spirit of mindererus).--contains nh{4}c{2}h{3}o{2} (not less than 7%). uses: diaphoretic and diuretic in fevers; of doubtful value. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _liquor ferri et ammonii acetatis (liq. ferr. et ammon. acet.), solution of iron and ammonium acetate, u.s.p._ (basham's mixture). uses: an antiquated preparation, without the special advantages generally ascribed to it. iron and acetates are better prescribed separately. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). =ammonii benzoas (ammon. benz.), ammonium benzoate, u.s.p.= a white, odorless or nearly odorless powder, with a bitterish taste. very soluble in water (1:10) and soluble in alcohol (1:35). incompatible with acids, fixed alkalies and ferric salts. action and uses: resembles sodium benzoate in its action but is more irritant and has no advantage over it. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.), in solution =ammonii bromidum (ammon. brom.), ammonium bromide, u.s.p.=--nh{4}br. a white, odorless powder with a pungent saline taste. incompatible with nitrous ether. action and uses: those of the bromides; more irritant than potassium bromide, over which it has no advantage. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) in solution. _elixir ammonii bromidi (elix. ammon. brom.), elixir of ammonium bromide, n.f._--ammonium bromide (8.5%), syrup, distilled water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 5 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm. _elixir trium bromidorum (elix. tri. brom.), elixir of three bromides, n.f._--ammonium bromide, potassium bromide and sodium bromide (each 8%), with cudbear and compound elixir of almond. absolute alcohol content about 4 per cent. uses: an irrational bromide mixture, as there is no good evidence that the bases influence the bromide action materially. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =*ammonii carbonas (ammon. carb.), ammonium carbonate, u.s.p.=--a mixture of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate, yielding about 31 per cent. of nh{3}. white, hard, translucent masses, with a strong ammoniacal odor and a sharp, ammoniacal taste. very soluble in water; alcohol dissolves the carbamate and leaves the bicarbonate. action and uses: alkaline and nauseant liquefying expectorant used in cough mixtures; also as reflex "diffusible" stimulant in smelling salts. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.) in solution. _mistura pectoralis stokes (mist. pect. stokes), stokes' expectorant, n.f._--ammonium carbonate (1.75%), fluidextracts of senega and squill (each 3.5%), camphorated tincture of opium (17.5%), water and syrup of tolu. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. uses: irrational expectorant mixture. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _*spiritus ammoniae aromaticus (sp. ammon. arom.), aromatic spirit of ammonia, u.s.p._--ammonium carbonate (3.4%), ammonia water (9%) and oils of lemon, lavender and myristica in alcohol and distilled water. absolute alcohol content about 68 per cent. uses: useful aromatic alkali and carminative in flatulence, colic, etc. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =*ammonii chloridum (ammon. chlor.), ammonium chloride, u.s.p.=--nh{4}cl. a white, odorless powder, with a saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:2.6) and soluble in alcohol (1:100). action and uses: liquefying expectorant; used in cough mixtures, and in the treatment of inflammation of the air-passages. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.), in solution or lozenges. _mistura ammonii chloridi (mist. ammon. chlor.), mixture of ammonium chloride, n.f._ (mistura solvens simplex).--ammonium chloride (2.5%) and pure extract of glycyrrhiza in water. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _trochisci ammonii chloridi (troch. ammon. chlor.), troches of ammonium chloride, u.s.p._--each troche contains ammonium chloride (0.1 gm.) with extract of glycyrrhiza, tragacanth and sugar, flavored with syrup of tolu. =ammonii citras, ammonium citrate.= _liquor ammonii citratis (liq. ammon. cit.), solution of ammonium citrate, n.f._--ammonium citrate (14.47%) in water. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _ammonii hypophosphis (ammon. hypophos.), ammonium hypophosphite, n.f._--nh{4}h{2}po{2}. colorless plates or white powder, odorless, with a saline, bitter taste. very soluble in water (1:1) and soluble in alcohol (1:20). action and uses: similar to but without material advantage over ammonium chloride. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.). _syrupus ammonii hypophosphitis (syr. ammon. hypophos.), syrup of ammonium hypophosphite, n.f._--ammonium hypophosphite (3.5%) and diluted hypophosphorous acid, flavored with compound spirit of vanillin, in water, glycerin and syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =ammonii iodidum (ammon. iod.), ammonium iodide, u.s.p.=--nh{4}i. white, odorless powder, with a saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:0.6), in alcohol (1:3.7) and in glycerin (1:1.5). action and uses: those of the iodides. more irritant and less stable than sodium or potassium iodide, over which it has no advantage. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.), in solution. _linimentum ammonii iodidi (lin. ammon. iod.), liniment of ammonium iodide, n.f._--ammonium iodide (about 0.5%) with oil of rosemary, oil of lavender, camphor, ammonia water and alcohol. uses: irrational preparation. =ammonii phosphas (ammon. phos.), ammonium phosphate, n.f.=--a mixture of (nh{4}){2}hpo{4} and nh{4}h{2}po{4}. colorless crystals or white powder. freely soluble in water (1:4), but insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: similar to but without advantage over sodium phosphate. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (n.f.). =ammonii salicylas (ammon. salicyl.), ammonium salicylate, u.s.p.= white, odorless crystals or powder with a bitterish taste. very soluble in water (1:1) and in alcohol (1:3). incompatible with acids and fixed alkalies. action and uses: those of salicylates; without advantage over sodium salicylate. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.), in solution. =ammonii valeras (ammon. valer.), ammonium valerate, u.s.p.= (ammonium valerianate).--of variable composition. white plates, with a valerian odor and a sharp, sweetish taste. very soluble in water (1:0.3) and in alcohol (1:0.6). action and uses: sedative in hysteria, depending on the valeric odor. not very effective. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir ammonii valeratis (elix. ammon. valer.), elixir of ammonium valerate, n.f._ (elixir ammonii valerianatis, n.f. iii).--ammonium valerate (3.5%) in red elixir. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm. the alcohol content should be borne in mind. =amygdala dulcis (amygd. dulc.), sweet almond, u.s.p.= action and uses: demulcent, especially as cosmetic. _emulsum amygdalae (emuls. amygd.), emulsion of almond, u.s.p._ (milk of almond).--sweet almond, acacia, sugar and water. =*amylis nitris (amyl. nitris), amyl nitrite, u.s.p.=--not less than 80 per cent. c{5}h{11}no{2} (chiefly iso-amyl nitrite). a yellowish liquid, with a fruity odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. very volatile; almost insoluble in water, but miscible with alcohol or ether. action and uses: prompt vasodilator, used especially in spasms of angina pectoris, asthma and general convulsions. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.), by inhalation. =*amylum (amyl.), starch, u.s.p.= (corn starch). action and uses: dusting powder and diluent. _glyceritum amyli (glycer. amyl.), glycerite of starch, u.s.p._--starch (10%) and water (10%) in glycerin. uses: emollient and excipient. =anethol (anethol), anethol, n.f.=--the chief constituent of oil of anise and oil of fennel. a colorless or yellowish liquid, with a sweet taste and an odor of anise; solid below 20 c. almost insoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol or ether. action and uses: carminative, etc. similar to but without advantage over oil of anise. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (n.f.). _elixir anisi (elix. anis.), elixir of anise, n.f._--anethol, oil of fennel, spirit of bitter almond, alcohol, syrup and water. absolute alcohol content about 23 per cent. uses: carminative and flavor. dosage: for infants, 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =angelicae fructus (angel. fruct.), angelica fruit, n.f.= (angelica seed). action and uses: aromatic stomachic and carminative; without advantage over gentian. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). =angelicae radix (angel. rad.), angelica root, n.f.= action and uses: stimulating expectorant; without advantage over tolu. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum angelicae radicis (fldext. angel. rad.), fluidextract of angelica root, n.f._--angelica root (100%). absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =anisum (anis.), anise, u.s.p.= (aniseed). action and uses: carminative. (see =oleum anisi=). =*antimonii et potassii tartras (antim. et pot. tart.), antimony and potassium tartrate, u.s.p.= (antimonyl potassium tartrate, tartrated antimony, tartar emetic). a white, odorless powder with a sweet, metallic taste. soluble in water (1:12) and in glycerin (1:15); insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: nauseant expectorant and emetic. emetic doses and the prolonged use of expectorant doses are somewhat dangerous. externally, a pustulant. dosage: expectorant, 0.005 gm. or 1/12 grain (u.s.p.), in solution. it is best to begin with small doses (0.001 gm. or 1/60 grain) which may be repeated hourly, care being taken to avoid too great depression. _vinum antimonii (vin. antimon.), wine of antimony, n.f._--antimony and potassium tartrate (0.4%), in water and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =antimonii oxidum (antim. oxid.), antimony oxide, n.f.=--antimonous oxide, sb{2}o{3}. a white or grayish-white, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water and in alcohol. action and uses: obsolete nauseant, emetic and cathartic. action uncertain and possibly toxic. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (n.f.). _pulvis antimonialis (pulv. antimon.), antimonial powder, n.f._ (james' powder).--antimonous oxide (33%) and precipitated calcium phosphate. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.). =antimonium sulphuratum (antim. sulphurat.), sulphurated antimony, n.f.= (antimonium oxysulphuratum, kermes mineral).--chiefly antimony trisulphide, sb{2}s{3}. a red-brown, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water and in alcohol. action and uses: mineral cathartic, without advantage over calomel. has no special action on the bile, as was formerly supposed. _pilulae antimonii compositae (pil. antimon. co.), compound pills of antimony, n.f._ (plummer's pills).--each pill contains sulphurated antimony and mild mercurous chloride (each 0.04 gm. or 2/3 grain), guaiac (0.08 gm. or 1-1/3 grains), and castor oil. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). =*antipyrina (antipyr.), antipyrine, u.s.p.= (phenazone, phenyldimethylpyrazolon). white, odorless powder, with a slightly bitter taste. freely soluble in water (1:1) and in alcohol (1:1.3). action and uses: antipyretic and analgesic, similar to acetanilid. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.), in solution, given with even greater caution than acetanilid and acetphenetidin =apii fructus (apii fruct.), celery fruit, n.f.= (celery seed). action and uses: domestic emmenagogue, depending for its action on the volatile oil. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum apii fructi (fldext. apii fruct.), fluidextract of celery fruit, n.f._--celery fruit (100%). absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =apocynum (apocyn.), apocynum, n.f.= (canadian hemp).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: cardiac tonic of digitalis group; unreliable as to rate of absorption. dosage: 0.75 gm. or 12 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum apocyni (fldext. apocyn.), fluidextract of apocynum, n.f._ (fluidextract of canadian hemp).--apocynum (100%). absolute alcohol content about 50 per cent. dosage: 0.75 cc. or 12 minims (n.f.). =*apomorphinae hydrochloridum (apomorph. hydrochl.), apomorphine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (apomorphine chloride). white powder, becoming greenish on exposure to light and air, odorless and with a slightly bitter taste. soluble in water (1:50) and in alcohol (1:50). action and uses: prompt, centrally acting emetic, especially adapted for hypodermic administration. rarely used as nauseant expectorant. dosage: expectorant 0.003 gm. or 1/20 grain (u.s.p.). probably too large; 0.004 gm. or 1/15 grain is said to have produced death in a person enfeebled by chronic bronchitis. from 0.001 gm. to 0.002 gm., or 1/60 to 1/30 grain, repeated once an hour or once in two hours, is safer. emetic, by mouth (hypodermic administration is better), 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.). emetic, hypodermic, 0.005 gm. or 1/12 grain (u.s.p.). this may be repeated at ten-minute intervals until effective, but it should be remembered that in some cases apomorphin produces toxic effects without causing vomiting. =*aqua (aqua), water, u.s.p.=--h{2}o. action and uses: solvent. the ingestion of large amounts is a very valuable eliminative measure. _*aqua destillata (aq. dest.), distilled water, u.s.p._--water obtained by distillation. _aqua destillata sterilisata (aq. dest. steril.), sterilized distilled water, u.s.p._--should be used within forty-eight hours after its preparation. =aquae aromaticae, aromatic waters.=--the official aromatic waters are aqueous solutions of volatile substances, usually volatile oils. they are used as vehicles for the more active water-soluble drugs. for preparations included in this list see under the names of the principal constituents. for the following, see under the names of the respective oils: aqua amygdalae amarae, aqua foeniculi, aqua menthae piperitae and aqua menthae viridis. =aralia (aralia), aralia, n.f.= (american spikenard, spignet).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: obsolete irritant, diaphoretic and "alterative." probably without value. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum araliae (fldext. aral.), fluidextract of aralia, n.f._--aralia (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =*argenti nitras (arg. nit.), silver nitrate, u.s.p.=--agno{3}. colorless plates, darkening on exposure to light in the presence of organic matter; odorless; strongly caustic and having a bitter, metallic taste. very soluble in water (1:0.4) and soluble in alcohol (1:30). incompatible especially with chlorides and organic matter. action and uses: externally as a caustic, antiseptic and germicide; internally as an astringent. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.), diluted or in kaolin pills. the concentrations of solutions for local use vary from 0.01 to 10 per cent., according to the sensitiveness of the surface and the degree of action desired. distilled water should be used in making the solutions. _*argenti nitras fusus (arg. nit. fus.), molded silver nitrate, u.s.p._ (fused silver nitrate, lunar caustic).--agno{3} toughened by the addition of a small proportion of silver chloride. white, hard pencils or cones. =argenti oxidum (arg. oxid.), silver oxide, u.s.p.=--ag{2}o. a heavy, odorless, brownish-black powder with a metallic taste. only slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: astringent in gastric ulcer. probably inefficient. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). =arnica (arnic.), arnica, u.s.p.= (arnica flowers). action and uses: feeble rubefacient. still used externally to some extent in the form of a tincture mixed with water as an evaporating lotion. the chief active ingredient of the tincture is probably its alcohol. _fluidextractum arnicae (fldext. arnic.), fluidextract of arnica, n.f._--arnica (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. _tinctura arnicae (tr. arnic.), tincture of arnica, u.s.p._--arnica (20%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent. =arseni iodidum (arsen. iod.), arsenous iodide, u.s.p.= (arsenic iodide).--asi{3}. an orange-red, odorless powder. soluble in water (1:12) with partial decomposition; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: similar to those of arsenic trioxide, over which it has no advantage. dosage: 0.005 gm. or 1/12 grain (u.s.p.). _*liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi (liq. arsen. et hydrarg. iod.), solution of arsenous and mercuric iodide, u.s.p._ (donovan's solution).--arsenous iodide and red mercuric iodide (each 1%) in water. dosage: 0.1 cc. or 1-1/2 minims (u.s.p.). =*arseni trioxidum (arsen. triox.), arsenic trioxide, u.s.p.= (arsenous acid, arsenous oxide, white arsenic).--as{2}o{3}. amorphous, glassy masses or white, crystalline masses or powder. slowly soluble in water (about 1:100), slightly soluble in alcohol and ether and freely soluble in glycerine. readily dissolved by hydrochloric acid or by alkaline solutions. action and uses: believed to modify nutrition. used as tonic in anemias, nervous diseases, etc., in skin diseases and in some forms of malaria. externally, a mild escharotic, but the danger of poisoning prevents its general use. likely to produce nephritis. a very common poison. dosage: 0.002 gm. or 1/30 grain (u.s.p.), in pills or solutions. _*liquor acidi arsenosi (liq. acid. arsen.), solution of arsenous acid, u.s.p._ (hydrochloric solution of arsenic, "solution of arsenic chloride").--arsenic trioxide (1%) in diluted hydrochloric acid (5%) and water. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims. =*asafoetida (asafoet.), asafetida, u.s.p.= (gum asafetida).--a gum resin. should be 60% soluble in alcohol. action and uses: used as a carminative and also in the treatment of hysteria, the action being psychic. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.), in pills. _emulsum asafoetidae (emuls. asafoet.), emulsion of asafetida, u.s.p._ (milk of asafetida).--asafetida (4%) in water. uses: used especially as enema in tympanites. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _pilulae asafoetidae (pil. asafoet.), pills of asafetida, u.s.p._--each pill contains asafoetida (0.2 gm. or 3 grains), and soap. dosage: 2 pills (u.s.p.). _tinctura asafoetidae (tr. asafoet.), tincture of asafetida, u.s.p._--asafetida (20%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 81 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). =asarum (asar.), asarum, n.f.= (canada snake-root. wild ginger).--rhizome. action and uses: carminative and flavor; similar to but without advantage over ginger. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _syrupus asari compositus (syr. asar. co.), compound syrup of asarum, n.f._--asarum (6.2%), fluidextract of ipecac (0.3%), alcohol, cochineal and potassium carbonate in syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =asclepias (asclep.), asclepias, n.f.= (pleurisy root). action and uses: obsolete domestic remedy for pleurisy, also used as diaphoretic. probably without value. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum asclepiadis (fldext. asclepiad.), fluidextract of asclepias, n.f._--asclepias (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =*aspidium (aspidium), aspidium, u.s.p.= (male fern).--the rhizome of certain ferns. action and uses: used as a teniacide in the form of oleoresin. _*oleoresina aspidii (oleores. aspid.), oleoresin of aspidium, u.s.p._ (oleoresin of male fern). dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (total dose in a day, u.s.p.), which may be given singly or in repeated, divided doses, at intervals of fifteen minutes, in capsules containing 0.3 gm. or 5 grains, or in emulsion. larger doses may be given to robust persons. special caution is necessary in giving it to anemic or debilitated persons. the patient should be prepared by a light diet or fasting for twenty-four hours. the drug should be given early in the morning, preceded by a saline cathartic, and the last dose followed in three hours by a saline laxative. caution:--castor oil or other fixed oils should not be used in connection with oleoresin of aspidium, as they favor the absorption of the active principle. =aspidosperma (aspidosp.), aspidosperma, u.s.p.= (quebracho).--a bark. action and uses: has been recommended in dyspneic conditions. value doubtful. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum aspidospermatis (fldext. aspidosp.), fluidextract of aspidosperma, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of quebracho).--aspidosperma (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). =*atropina (atrop.), atropine, u.s.p.=--an alkaloid obtained from belladonna and some other plants of the nightshade family. a white, odorless powder. slightly soluble in water (1:455), but freely soluble in alcohol (1:2). action and uses: atropine and the related alkaloids paralyze the parasympathetic endings. they are used especially as mydriatics and cycloplegics, to suppress secretions, as in gastric hyperacidity, and to quicken the heart, regulate peristalsis, lessen bronchial spasm, etc. dosage: 0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain (u.s.p.). _oleatum atropinae (oleat. atrop.), oleate of atropine, n.f._--atropine (2%), in alcohol, oleic acid and olive oil. =*atropinae sulphas (atrop. sulph.), atropine sulphate, u.s.p.= white, odorless powder. very soluble in water (1:0.4) and in alcohol (1:5). dosage: 0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain (u.s.p.). =aurantii amari cortex (aurant. amar. cort.), bitter orange peel, u.s.p.= action and uses: aromatic bitter stomachic, used principally as a flavoring. _fluidextractum aurantii amari (fldext. aurant. amar.), fluidextract of bitter orange peel, u.s.p._--bitter orange peel (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. _tinctura aurantii amari (tr. aurant. amar.), tincture of bitter orange peel, u.s.p._--bitter orange peel (20%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _vinum aurantii compositum (vin. aurant. co.), compound wine of orange, n.f._ (elixir aurantiorum compositum, compound elixir of orange).--bitter orange peel, absinthium, menyanthes, cascarilla, saigon cinnamon and gentian, extracted with potassium carbonate in sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. uses: objectionable alcoholic "bitter." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =aurantii dulcis cortex (aurant dulc. cort.), sweet orange peel, u.s.p.= action and uses: flavoring agent. _syrupus aurantii (syr. aurant.), syrup of orange, u.s.p._--tincture of sweet orange peel in syrup. _tinctura aurantii dulcis (tr. aurant. dulc.), tincture of sweet orange peel, u.s.p._--sweet orange peel from fresh fruit (50%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 83 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). =aurantii flores, bitter orange flowers.= action and uses: flavoring agent. _aqua aurantii florum (aq. aurant. flor.), orange flower water, u.s.p._--stronger orange flower water in water. _aqua aurantii florum fortior (aq. aurant. flor. fort.), stronger orange flower water, u.s.p._--prepared by distillation of bitter orange flowers with water. must be free from mucilaginous growths. _syrupus aurantii florum (syr. aurant. flor.), syrup of orange flowers, u.s.p._--sugar in orange flower water. =auri et sodii chloridum (aur. et sod. chlor.), gold and sodium chloride, u.s.p.=--equal parts of aucl{3} and nacl. an orange-yellow, odorless, deliquescent powder with a saline, metallic taste. very soluble in water. action and uses: preparations of gold have been employed in medicine for the most varied conditions without any real evidence of usefulness. dosage: 0.005 gm. or 1/12 grain (u.s.p.). =*balsamum peruvianum (bals. peruv.), balsam of peru, u.s.p.= (peru balsam). dark brown, viscid liquid, with a vanilla-like odor and a bitter, acrid taste. soluble in alcohol or chloroform; only partially soluble in ether or petroleum benzin; practically insoluble in water. action and uses: externally in the form of ointments or alcoholic solutions as a stimulant to indolent wounds and ulcers and in the treatment of scabies. =*balsamum tolutanum (bals. tolu.), balsam of tolu, u.s.p.= (tolu balsam). yellowish-brown or brown, plastic solid, becoming brittle when old, dried or exposed to cold, and having a vanilla-like odor and a mild, aromatic taste. insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether. action and uses: has been recommended as an expectorant; used chiefly in the form of the syrup, which is little more than a pleasantly flavored vehicle. _*syrupus tolutanus (syr. tolu.), syrup of tolu, u.s.p._--tincture of tolu (5%) in syrup. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _tinctura tolutana (tr. tolu.), tincture of tolu, u.s.p._--balsam of tolu (20%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =baptisia (baptis.), baptisia, n.f.= (wild indigo root). action and uses: without any definite known action; formerly used in typhoid fever and diseases showing similar symptoms. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum baptisiae (fldext. baptis.), fluidextract of baptisia, n.f._--baptisia (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =*belladonnae folia (bellad. fol.), belladonna leaves, u.s.p.= (deadly nightshade leaves, belladonnae folium, p.i.).--yield not less than 0.3 per cent. of mydriatic alkaloids. action and uses: those of the hyoscyamine and atropine (which see) contained therein. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _*emplastrum belladonnae (emp. bellad.), belladonna plaster, u.s.p._--extract of belladonna leaves (30%), yielding about 0.37 per cent. of alkaloids. action and uses: applied in the treatment of rheumatic and similar pains. _*extractum belladonnae foliorum (ext. bellad. fol.), extract of belladonna leaves, u.s.p._--one gm. extract represents about 4 gm. belladonna leaves and yields about 1.25 per cent. of alkaloids. two forms: pilular extract of belladonna leaves and powdered extract of belladonna leaves. dosage: 0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain (u.s.p.). _*tinctura belladonnae foliorum (tr. bellad. fol.), tincture of belladonna leaves, u.s.p._ (belladonnae tinctura, p.i.)--belladonna leaves (10%) yielding about 0.03 per cent. of alkaloids in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 47 per cent. dosage: 0.75 cc. or 12 minims (u.s.p.). _*unguentum belladonnae (ung. bellad.), belladonna ointment, u.s.p._--pilular extract of belladonna leaves (10%) in diluted alcohol, hydrous wool fat and benzoinated lard. =belladonnae radix (bellad. rad.), belladonna root, u.s.p.= (deadly nightshade root).--yields not less than 0.45 per cent. of mydriatic alkaloids. action and uses: those of the hyoscyamine and atropine (which see) contained therein. dosage: 0.045 gm. or 3/4 grain (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum belladonnae radicis (fldext. bellad. rad.), fluidextract of belladonna root, u.s.p._--belladonna root (100%) yielding about 0.45 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 75 per cent. dosage: 0.05 cc. or 1 minim (u.s.p.). _linimentum belladonnae (lin. bellad.), belladonna liniment, u.s.p._--fluidextract of belladonna root (about 95%) and camphor (5%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. uses: a mildly analgesic and rubefacient application. =benzaldehydum (benzaldehyd.), benzaldehyde, u.s.p.=--produced synthetically or obtained from oil of bitter almonds. a colorless or yellowish liquid, with a bitter-almond odor and a burning, aromatic taste. slightly soluble in water; miscible with alcohol, ether, and fixed or volatile oils. action and uses: flavoring agent. dosage: 0.03 cc. or 1/2 minim (u.s.p.). =benzinum purificatum (benzin. purif.), purified petroleum benzin, u.s.p.= (petroleum ether). a clear, colorless liquid, with an ethereal or faint petroleum odor; highly inflammable. practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and miscible with ether, chloroform, volatile oils and fixed oils with the exception of castor oil. action and uses: pharmaceutic solvent. =*benzoinum (benzoin.), benzoin, u.s.p.= (gum benjamin).--a balsamic resin. action and uses: used locally to promote healing, and in inhalations as an expectorant. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _tinctura benzoini (tr. benz.), tincture of benzoin, u.s.p._--benzoin (20%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 83 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _*tinctura benzoini composita (tr. benz. co.), compound tincture of benzoin, u.s.p._--benzoin (10%), aloes (2%), storax (8%), balsam of tolu (4%), in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. uses: protective and local stimulant, especially by inhalation. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =*benzosulphinidum (benzosulphinid.), benzosulphinide, u.s.p.= (saccharin, glusidum). a white, nearly odorless powder with an intensely sweet taste even in dilute solutions. slightly soluble (1:290) in water and soluble (1:31) in alcohol and readily dissolved by ammonia water or by a solution of alkali hydroxides or of sodium bicarbonate. action and uses: sweetening agent in diabetes mellitus; about 500 times as sweet as sugar, weight for weight. =berberis (berber.), berberis, n.f.= (oregon grape root).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: probably similar to, but without advantage over, hydrastis. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum berberidis (fldext. berberid.), fluidextract of berberis, n.f._--berberis (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =betaeucainae hydrochloridum (betaeucain. hydrochl.), betaeucaine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (eucaine chloride, eucaine; also known as benzamine hydrochloride). a white, odorless powder. soluble in water (1:30) and in alcohol (1:35). action and uses: local anesthetic. dosage: in a 2 or 3 per cent. solution for the eye or 5 to 10 per cent. solution for the nose and throat. =*betanaphthol (betanaph.), betanaphthol, u.s.p.= (naphthol). colorless or pale buff crystalline laminae or white or yellowish powder, with a faint phenol odor and a pungent taste. only slightly soluble in water (1:1000) and very soluble in alcohol (1:0.8). action and uses: antiseptic, somewhat stronger than phenol and less toxic. used in skin affections, and as intestinal antiseptic and anthelmintic for hookworm. dosage: internally, 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). externally as a 3 to 5 per cent. ointment. _pasta betanaphtholis (past. betanaphthol.), betanaphthol paste, n.f._ (lassar's naphthol paste).--betanaphthol (10%) and precipitated sulphur (50%) in petrolatum and soft soap. _petroxolinum betanaphtholis (petrox. betanaphthol.), betanaphthol petroxolin, n.f._ (betanaphthol petrox).--betanaphthol (10%) in liquid petroxolin. =bismuthi betanaphtholas (bism. betanaph.), bismuth betanaphthol, u.s.p.= (bismuth betanaphtholate; also sold as orphol).--of somewhat varying composition. a buff-colored or grayish-brown, nearly odorless, tasteless powder. nearly insoluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: used as an intestinal antiseptic, being decomposed into its constituents in the intestine, where it exerts the effects of bismuth salts and of betanaphthol. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). =bismuthi et ammonii citras (bism. et ammon. cit.), bismuth and ammonium citrate, u.s.p.= (bismuth ammoniocitrate). shining, pearly or translucent, odorless scales or white powder, with a metallic taste. very soluble in water and sparingly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: somewhat astringent and irritating; should not be used as a substitute for the insoluble salts of bismuth. its use in "bismuth elixirs" is irrational. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (u.s.p.). =bismuthi et sodii tartras, bismuth and sodium tartrate.= uses: an irrational method of administering bismuth. _elixir bismuthi (elix. bismuth.), elixir of bismuth, n.f._--glycerite of bismuth (12.5%), in glycerin, water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et bismuthi (elix. cinchon. ferr. et bism.), elixir of cinchona alkaloids, iron and bismuth, n.f._ (elixir cinchonae, ferri et bismuthi, n.f. iii, elixir of calisaya, alkaloidal, with iron and bismuth).--glycerite of bismuth (6.5%), elixir of cinchona, alkaloids and iron (about 87%) and water. absolute alcohol content about 17 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _glyceritum bismuthi (glycer. bismuth.), glycerite of bismuth, n.f._--a solution of bismuth and sodium tartrate. _liquor bismuthi (liq. bism.), solution of bismuth, n.f._--glycerite of bismuth (12.5%), in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 12 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm. (n.f.). =bismuthi oxidum, bismuth oxide.= _magma bismuthi (magma bism.), bismuth magma, u.s.p._ (milk of bismuth).--a suspension in water of bismuth hydroxide and bismuth subcarbonate, forming a thick, white opaque liquid. uses: used similarly to bismuth subcarbonate, over which it has no advantage. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). =*bismuthi subcarbonas (bism. subcarb.), bismuth subcarbonate, u.s.p.=--of varying chemical composition. white or nearly white, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: used like other insoluble salts of bismuth as a protective and healing agent against wounds, diarrheas, etc., and in x-ray work. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.) in powders or cachets or in suspension (best form) =*bismuthi subgallas (bism. subgall.), bismuth subgallate, u.s.p.= (dermatol).--a basic bismuth gallate of varying chemical composition. bright yellow, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: similar to those of bismuth subcarbonate, over which it has no advantage. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). =*bismuthi subnitras (bism. subnit.), bismuth subnitrate, u.s.p.=--basic bismuth nitrate of varying chemical composition. a heavy, white, odorless, almost tasteless powder. almost insoluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. in aqueous mixtures, incompatible with alkali carbonates because of the liberation of nitric acid. action and uses: somewhat more astringent than the subcarbonate, because of the liberation of nitric acid. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). preferably administered as a powder or as cachets. =bismuthi subsalicylas (bism. subsalicyl.), bismuth subsalicylate, u.s.p.=--basic bismuth salicylate, of varying chemical composition. a white or nearly white, odorless, tasteless powder. almost insoluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: protective and astringent like other insoluble salts of bismuth, over which it has no marked advantage. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). =boldo (boldo), boldo, n.f.= (boldo leaves). action and uses: aromatic, perhaps somewhat diuretic. no well defined indications for its use. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum boldi (fldext. boldi), fluidextract of boldo, n.f._--boldo (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (n.f.). =brayera (brayer.), brayera, n.f.= (kousso, cusso).--flowers. action and uses: teniacide; without advantage over aspidium or pelletierine. dosage: 15 gm. or 4 drachms (n.f.). _infusum brayerae (inf. brayer.), infusion of brayera, n.f._--brayera (6%) in water. dosage: 250 cc. or 8 fluidounces (n.f.). =bromoformum (bromof.), bromoform, u.s.p.=--chbr{3}. a heavy, clear, colorless liquid, with an ethereal odor and a sweet taste resembling that of chloroform. slightly soluble in water and miscible with alcohol, chloroform, ether or fixed or volatile oils. action and uses: has been recommended as a sedative in the treatment of whooping-cough. opinions differ as to its value. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.), preferably dissolved in almond oil or dropped on sugar. bromoform is too dense to be dispensed safely with aqueous vehicles. =bromum (bromum), bromine, n.f.=--br. heavy, dark, brownish-red, volatile liquid, with a suffocating odor resembling that of chlorine. soluble in water (1:90) and freely soluble in alcohol or ether. action and uses: violent irritant; seldom used in medicine. _liquor bromi (liq. brom.), solution of bromine, n.f._, (smith's solution of bromine).--bromine (8.3%), potassium bromide and water. uses: antiseptic and irritant =bryonia (bryon.), bryonia, n.f.= (bryony).--root. action and uses: drastic resinous cathartic; without advantage over jalap. used in dropsies, pleurisy, neuralgia, etc.; of doubtful value. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _tinctura bryoniae (tr. bryon.), tincture of bryonia, n.f._--bryonia (10%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =buchu (buchu), buchu, u.s.p.= (buchu leaves, short buchu, long buchu). action and uses: at one time largely used as antiseptic and diuretic, especially in catarrhal cystitis. value doubtful. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir buchu (elix. buchu), elixir of buchu, n.f._--fluidextract of buchu (12.5%) in alcohol and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 35 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm. _elixir buchu compositum (elix. buchu co.), compound elixir of buchu, n.f._--compound fluidextract of buchu (25%) in aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 30 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm. _elixir buchu et potassii acetatis (elix. buchu et pot. acet.), elixir of buchu and potassium acetate, n.f._--potassium acetate (8.5%) and elixir of buchu. absolute alcohol content about 30 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm. _fluidextractum buchu (fldext. buchu), fluidextract of buchu, u.s.p._--buchu (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum buchu compositum (fldext. buchu co.), compound fluidextract of buchu, n.f._--buchu (62.5%), cubeb, juniper and uva ursi (each 12.5%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. uses: a needlessly complex diuretic mixture. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =cacao praeparata (cacao praep.), cocoa, n.f.= (prepared cacao, soluble cocoa). action and uses: beverage and flavor =cactus grandiflorus (cact. grand.), cactus grandiflorus, n.f.= (night blooming cereus).--fresh stems. action and uses: used in neurotic heart disturbances; results probably imaginary. drug apparently inactive. _tinctura cacti grandiflori (tr. cact. grand.), tincture of cactus grandiflorus, n.f._--cactus grandiflorus (50%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =*caffeina (caffein.), caffeine, u.s.p.= (theine).--an alkaloid obtained from coffee or tea. white, silky, efflorescent needles, odorless and bitter. soluble in water (1:46) and in alcohol (1:66). action and uses: diuretic; cardiac, respiratory and psychic stimulant. used as a nerve stimulant in poisoning by narcotic drugs and for the relief of headache. widely used to combat the circulatory depression of the acute infectious diseases but its value in such conditions is uncertain. as a diuretic probably inferior to theobromine. dosage: 0.15 gm. or 2-1/2 grains (u.s.p.), in capsules. _caffeina citrata (caffein cit.), citrated caffeine, u.s.p._--caffeine and citric acid equal parts. white, odorless powder, with a slightly bitter, acid taste. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.), in solution or capsules. _caffeina citrata effervescens (caff. cit. eff.), effervescent citrated caffeine, u.s.p._--contains anhydrous caffeine (about 2%), with sodium tartrate and citrate. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.) in water. =*caffeinae sodio-benzoas (caff. sod. benz.), caffeine sodio-benzoate, u.s.p.=--caffeine and sodium benzoate about equal parts. white, odorless powder, with a slightly bitter taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.1) and soluble in alcohol (1:30); partly soluble in chloroform. action and uses: the form of caffeine usually employed for hypodermic administration, since it is freely soluble. dosage: by mouth, 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.); hypodermic, 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (u.s.p.). =caffeinae sodio-salicylas (caff. sod. salicyl.), caffeine sodio-salicylate, n.f.=--represents equal parts of caffeine and sodium salicylate. white, odorless powder. freely soluble in water (1:2). dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.) =calamina praeparata (calamin. praep.), prepared calamine, n.f.= (lapis calaminaris).--native zinc carbonate. a pink powder. insoluble in water. action and uses: protective, similar to zinc oxide, over which it has no therapeutic advantage; has the cosmetic advantage of being slightly pink. _unguentum calaminae (ung. calamin.), calamine ointment, n.f._, (unguentum zinci carbonatis crudi, unguentum calaminare, turner's cerate).--prepared calamine (17%) in ointment. =calcii bromidum (calc. brom.), calcium bromide, u.s.p.=--hydrated calcium bromide (not less than 84 per cent. of cabr{2}). a white, odorless, deliquescent powder, with a sharp, saline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.7) and in alcohol (1:1.3). incompatible with alkali carbonates and phosphates. action and uses: similar to but more irritant than sodium bromide, over which it has ordinarily no advantage, although the calcium perhaps increases the sedative action. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains, preferably administered in aqueous solutions, being too deliquescent for use in powder or cachets. _elixir calcii bromidi (elix. calc. brom.), elixir of calcium bromide, n.f._--calcium bromide (8.5%) diluted hydrobromic acid (0.4%), syrup, distilled water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 7 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =*calcii carbonas praecipitatus (calc. carb. praec.), precipitated calcium carbonate, u.s.p.= (precipitated chalk).--caco{3}. a fine, white, odorless, tasteless powder. nearly insoluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. decomposed by acids with evolution of carbon dioxide. action and uses: chiefly used as a basis for tooth powder. internally, employed as an antacid in diarrheas, etc.; externally in mixtures with cream or oil, has been used as an application to burns as an antacid and protective. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.), as powder or in suspension =*calcii chloridum (calc. chlor.), calcium chloride, u.s.p.=--hydrated calcium chloride (not less than 75 per cent. of cacl{2}). white, hard, deliquescent, odorless masses or granules, with a sharp, saline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.62), and freely soluble in alcohol (1:10). action and uses: used for the oral administration of calcium. employed in hemorrhagic conditions, in which it is probably useless. has also been advised in inflammatory conditions of the skin and mucous membranes (urticaria, serum-rashes, hay-fever, etc.). dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.), in solution. =calcii glycerophosphas (calc. glycerophos.), calcium glycerophosphate, u.s.p.= (calcium glycerinophosphate).--cac{3}h{7}o{6}p. white, odorless, almost tasteless powder. soluble in water (1:50) and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: formerly believed to be a tonic, and used especially in neurasthenia, to improve the nutrition of the nervous system. there is no reliable evidence that it has any value. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.), in solution. _elixir calcii et sodii glycerophosphatum (elix. calc. et sod. glycerophos.), elixir of calcium and sodium glycerophosphates, n.f._ (elixir glycerophosphatum n.f. iii).--solution of sodium glycerophosphate (2.5%), calcium glycerophosphate (0.875%), phosphoric acid (0.8%), in glycerin, aromatic elixir and distilled water. absolute alcohol content about 7 per cent. uses: an irrational and inefficient "tonic" mixture. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =calcii hypophosphis (calc. hypophos.), calcium hypophosphite, u.s.p.=--ca(ph{2}o{2}){2}. colorless crystals or white powder, odorless and having a nauseous, bitter taste. freely soluble in water (1:6.5) and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: the hypophosphites were introduced as of special value in tuberculosis; later they were used as general reconstructive tonics, but there is no experimental or reliable clinical evidence that the hypophosphite radical has any value as such. calcium hypophosphite must be regarded merely as a means of administering calcium. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.) in syrups. _elixir calcii hypophosphitis (elix. calc. hypophos.), elixir of calcium hypophosphite, n.f._--calcium hypophosphite (3.5%) in aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir hypophosphitum (elix. hypophos.), elixir of hypophosphites, n.f._--calcium hypophosphite (5.25%), sodium hypophosphite and potassium hypophosphite (each 1.75%) in water, glycerin, compound spirit of cardamom and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 12 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir hypophosphitum et ferri._--see under =ferri hypophosphis=. _liquor hypophosphitum (liq. hypophos.), solution of hypophosphites, n.f._--calcium hypophosphite (3.5%), sodium hypophosphite (2%) and potassium hypophosphite (1.75%) in water. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _liquor hypophosphitum compositus (liq. hypophos. co.), compound solution of hypophosphites, n.f._--calcium hypophosphite and potassium hypophosphite (each 0.85%), sodium hypophosphite (0.22%), ferric hypophosphite (0.44%) and manganese hypophosphite (0.22%), quinine hypophosphite (0.22%), strychnine hypophosphite (0.007%) and potassium citrate in orange flower water, glycerin and water. uses: complex and irrational mixture. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _syrupus calcii et sodii hypophosphitum (syr. calc. et sod. hypophos.), syrup of calcium and sodium hypophosphites, n.f._--calcium hypophosphite and sodium hypophosphite (each 3.5%), in sugar and water. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm. (n.f.). _syrupus calcii hypophosphitis (syr. calc. hypophos.), syrup of calcium hypophosphite, n.f._--calcium hypophosphite (3.5%) in sugar and water. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _syrupus hypophosphitum (syr. hypophos.), syrup of hypophosphites, u.s.p._--calcium hypophosphite (4.5%), potassium hypophosphite and sodium hypophosphite (each 1.5%) in glycerin and syrup. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _syrupus hypophosphitum compositus (syr. hypophos. co.), compound syrup of hypophosphites, n.f._--calcium hypophosphite (3.5%), potassium hypophosphite and sodium hypophosphite (each 1.75%), ferric hypophosphite and manganese hypophosphite (each 0.225%), quinine (0.11%), strychnine hypophosphite (0.0123%) and sodium citrate (0.375%) in glycerin and syrup. uses: antiquated, complex and irrational "tonic." dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =calcii iodidum, calcium iodide.= _syrupus calcii iodidi (syr. calc. iodid.), syrup of calcium iodide, n.f._--represents calcium iodide (8.75%) in syrup. uses: superfluous, whether regarded as a calcium preparation or as an iodide preparation. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims =*calcii lactas (calc. lact.), calcium lactate, u.s.p.=--ca(c{3}h{5}o{3}){2} + 5h{2}o. white, odorless, practically tasteless masses or powder. soluble in water (1:20) and almost insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: used for the characteristic action of calcium; less irritating and therefore better adapted to hypodermic administration than calcium chloride (which see). dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.), in solution =calcii lactophosphas (calc. lactophos.), calcium lactophosphate, n.f.=--a mixture of calcium lactate and calcium acid lactate with calcium acid phosphate. white, odorless powder. soluble in water; almost insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: similar to but without advantage over the lactate. not adapted to hypodermic use. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (n.f.). _elixir calcii lactophosphatis (elix. calc. lactophos.), elixir of calcium lactophosphate, n.f._--calcium lactophosphate (3%) in compound spirit of orange, syrup, alcohol and distilled water. absolute alcohol content about 19 per cent. small and probably inefficient quantities of calcium. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et calcii lactophosphatis (elix. cinchon., ferr. et calc. lactophos.), elixir of cinchona alkaloids, iron and calcium lactophosphate, n.f._--(elixir cinchonae, ferri et calcii lactophosphatis, n.f. iii, elixir of calisaya, iron and lactophosphate of lime).--syrup of calcium lactophosphate (50%), potassium citrate (3%) and elixir of cinchona alkaloids and iron. absolute alcohol content about 12 per cent. uses: an irrational mixture, supposed to present seven active ingredients. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _syrupus calcii lactophosphatis (syr. calc. lactophos.), syrup of calcium lactophosphate, u.s.p._--made by dissolving precipitated calcium carbonate (2.5%) in lactic acid (6%), phosphoric acid (3.6%) and a syrup containing orange flower water. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _syrupus calcii lactophosphatis et ferri (syr. calc. lactophos. et ferr.), syrup of calcium lactophosphate and iron, n.f._--ferrous lactate and potassium citrate (each 0.85%) and syrup of calcium lactophosphate (about 99%). dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =calcii phosphas praecipitatus (calc. phos. praec.), precipitated calcium phosphate, n.f.=--ca{3}(po{4}){2}. a bulky, white, odorless, tasteless powder. practically insoluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: precipitated calcium phosphate has been given in the form of powders or mixtures for its action as a calcium salt, which is similar to but without advantage over the action of the carbonate. because of its insolubility it is now seldom used. uses: similar to but without advantage over the carbonate. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _syrupus calcii hydrochlorophosphatis (syr. calc. hydrochlorophos.), syrup of calcium hydrochlorophosphate, n.f._ (syrupus calcii chlorhydrophosphatis, n.f. iii).--precipitated calcium phosphate (1.75%) flavored with tincture of lemon peel and dissolved in hydrochloric acid, water and syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =calcii sulphidum crudum (calc. sulphid. crud.), crude calcium sulphide, u.s.p.= (calx sulphurata, u.s.p. viii, sulphurated lime).--cas (not less than 55%). a pale gray or yellowish powder, with a faint hydrogen sulphide odor and a nauseous, alkaline taste. very slightly soluble in cold water, insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: externally, depilatory similar to barium sulphide. internally has been used to arrest and prevent suppuration especially in boils, carbuncles and pustular acne. there is no reliable evidence of its therapeutic usefulness. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.), in solution. _liquor calcis sulphuratae (liq. calc. sulphurat.), solution of sulphurated lime, n.f._ (solution of oxysulphuret of calcium, fleming's solution, vleminckx' solution, vleminckx' lotion).--a solution of calcium polysulphides and calcium thiosulphate produced by boiling together lime, sulphur and water. uses: depilatory. =calendula (calend.), calendula, n.f.= (marigold, calendula flowers). action and uses: locally, mild irritant, without material advantage over diluted alcohol. internally, no definite indications for its use. _fluidextractum calendulae (fldext. calend.), fluidextract of calendula, n.f._--calendula (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. _tinctura calendulae (tr. calend.), tincture of calendula, n.f._--calendula (20%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. =calumba (calumb.), calumba, u.s.p.= (columba, columbo, colombo).--a root. action and uses: used as a simple bitter and stomachic. it appears to have no advantage over other bitters, for instance, gentian. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.); usually given in the form of the tincture. _fluidextractum calumbae (fldext. calumb.), fluidextract of calumba, n.f._--calumba (100%). absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _tinctura calumbae (tr. calumb.), tincture of calumba, u.s.p._--calumba (20%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.) =*calx (calx), calcium oxide, u.s.p.= (lime, quicklime).--cao. hard, white, odorless masses with a caustic taste, forming with water calcium hydroxide, which is slightly soluble in water (1:84), insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: as liquor calcis (an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide), used as an antacid and mild alkali. as milk of lime (a mixture of calcium hydroxide and water), frequently used as a disinfectant. _*linimentum calcis (lin. calc.), lime liniment, u.s.p._ (carron oil).--lime water (50%) and linseed oil. uses: topical application, used especially for burns. _*liquor calcis (liq. calc.), solution of calcium hydroxide, u.s.p._ (lime water).--ca(oh){2} (not less than 0.14%). dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms. =*calx chlorinata (calx chlorin.), chlorinated lime, u.s.p.= ("chloride of lime").--a compound of calcium chloride and hypochlorite containing not less than 30 per cent. of available chlorine. a white or grayish-white powder having a chlorine-like odor and a repulsive saline taste. partially soluble in water or alcohol. decomposed by acids with liberation of chlorine. action and uses: disinfectant, especially for excreta. should be used liberally and left in contact for at least one hour. widely used for treating contaminated drinking water. =cambogia (cambog.), gamboge, u.s.p.= (pipe gamboge).--a gum resin. odorless, grayish-orange-brown pieces or bright yellow powder, with a very acrid taste. not less than 65 per cent. soluble in alcohol. action and uses: a powerful irritant hydragogue cathartic; not often employed alone. usually administered in combination with other drugs. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (u.s.p.), in pills. =*camphora (camph.), camphor, u.s.p.=--a volatile solid obtained from the camphor tree. tough, white, translucent masses with a pungent odor and taste. slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether and fixed or volatile oils. action and uses: used hypodermically to stimulate the circulation and respiration in collapse. opinions are divided as to its efficiency. locally, applied as a mild irritant and antiseptic. dosage: by mouth 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (u.s.p.). hypodermic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.), as 10 per cent. solution in oil. _*aqua camphorae (aq. camph.), camphor water, u.s.p._--a saturated solution of camphor in water. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _ceratum camphorae (cerat. camph.), camphor cerate, n.f._--camphor (2%), with cottonseed oil, white wax, white petrolatum and benzoinated lard. _emplastrum fuscum camphoratum (emp. fusc. camph.), camphorated brown plaster, n.f._ (camphorated motherplaster).--camphor (1%), red oxide of lead, olive oil and yellow wax. _*linimentum camphorae (lin. camph.), camphor liniment, u.s.p._ (camphorated oil).--camphor (20%) in cottonseed oil. uses: mild counterirritant. note: this preparation, as found in drug stores, should never be used hypodermically. _mistura camphora acida._--see under =opium=. _mistura camphorae aromatica._--see under =oleum lavandulae=. _*spiritus camphorae (sp. camph.), spirit of camphor, u.s.p._--camphor (10%), in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _unguentum camphorae (ung. camph.), camphor ointment, n.f._--camphor (22%) in white wax and lard. _unguentum fuscum (ung. fusc.), brown ointment, n.f._ (unguentum matris, mother's salve).--camphorated brown plaster (50%) olive oil and prepared suet. =camphora monobromata (camph. monobrom.), monobromated camphor, u.s.p.= colorless crystals or white powder, with a mild camphoraceous odor and taste. freely soluble in alcohol (1:6.5); almost insoluble in water. action and uses: formerly recommended as a sedative and hypnotic but now seldom used. value doubtful. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (u.s.p.). =canella (canell.), canella, n.f.=--a bark. action and uses: obsolete aromatic bitter, without advantage over gentian. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.) =cannabis (cannab.), cannabis, u.s.p.= (cannabis indica, u.s.p. viii).--flowering tops of _cannabis sativa_ (or var. _indica_). action and uses: a narcotic poison, producing a mild delirium. used in sedative mixtures, but of doubtful value. also employed to color corn remedies. _extractum cannabis (ext. cannab.), extract of cannabis, u.s.p._--assayed biologically by producing incoordination in dogs. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.). physicians who prescribe extract of cannabis should specify the biologically assayed preparation. _fluidextractum cannabis (fldext. cannab.), fluidextract of cannabis, u.s.p._--cannabis (100%). assayed biologically by producing incoordination in dogs. absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 0.1 cc. or 1-1/2 minims (u.s.p.). physicians who prescribe fluidextract of cannabis should specify the biologically assayed preparation. _tinctura cannabis (tr. cannab.), tincture of cannabis, u.s.p._ (tinctura cannabis indicae, u.s.p. viii).--cannabis (10%) in alcohol. assayed biologically by producing incoordination in dogs. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. dosage: 0.75 cc. or 12 minims (u.s.p.). those physicians who prescribe tincture of cannabis should specify the biologically assayed preparation. =*cantharis (canthar.), cantharides, u.s.p.= (spanish flies, russian flies).--a beetle. action and uses: externally, rubefacient and vesicant. internally, genito-urinary irritant, often producing serious nephritis. its internal use is probably never justified. _*ceratum cantharidis (cerat. canthar.), cantharides cerate, u.s.p._ (blistering cerate).--cantharides (35%) with turpentine, glacial acetic acid, yellow wax, rosin and benzoinated lard. _collodium cantharidatum (collod. canth.), cantharidal collodion, u.s.p._ (blistering collodion, vesicating collodion).--the glacial acetic acid acetone extract from cantharides (60%) in flexible collodion. _emplastrum cantharidis (emp. canthar.), cantharides plaster, u.s.p._--cantharides cerate spread on rosin plaster. each square centimeter of spread plaster contains 0.1 gm. of cantharides cerate. uses: convenient form for applying cantharides as a vesicant. requires from six to eight hours to produce a blister. may produce poisoning by absorption through the skin. _*tinctura cantharidis (tr. canthar.), tincture of cantharides, u.s.p._ (cantharidis tinctura p.i.).--cantharides (10%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. =*capsicum (capsic.), capsicum, u.s.p.= (cayenne pepper, african chillies).--fruit. action and uses: carminative and rubefacient; also stomachic, especially in alcoholic gastritis (as the tincture). _emplastrum capsici (emp. capsic.), capsicum plaster, u.s.p._--oleoresin of capsicum spread on rubber plaster. each 15 square cm. of spread plaster contains 0.25 gm. of oleoresin of capsicum. _oleoresina capsici (oleores. capsic.), oleoresin of capsicum, u.s.p._--highly irritant. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). _*tinctura capsici (tr. capsic.), tincture of capsicum, u.s.p._--capsicum (10%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 88 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura capsici et myrrhae (tr. capsic. et myrrh.), tincture of capsicum and myrrh, n.f._ (hot drops, thomsonian number six.)--capsicum (3%) and myrrh (12%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =caramel (caram.), caramel, n.f.= (saccharum ustum, burnt sugar coloring). a dark brown, syrupy, somewhat bitter liquid. soluble in water and in diluted alcohol; insoluble in 80 per cent. alcohol. action and uses: used in pharmacy as a brown coloring agent. _tinctura caramellis, tincture of caramel, n.f._--caramel in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. =*carbo ligni (carbo lig.), wood charcoal, u.s.p.= (charcoal).--powdered wood charcoal. action and uses: absorbent of gases and dissolved substances. used internally against digestive disorders and vegetable poisons but of doubtful value. locally employed as a deodorant, for fetid ulcers, usually in the form of a poultice. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains, in powder or suspension. _trochisci carbonis ligni (troch. carb. lig.), troches of charcoal, n.f._--charcoal with tragacanth, sugar and vanillin. dosage: 1 troche (n.f.) =*cardamomi semen (cardam. sem.), cardamom seed, u.s.p.= (cardamomum, u.s.p. viii). action and uses: used as flavor and carminative. frequently added to purgatives, as in the compound extract of colocynth, with the object of diminishing griping. _*tinctura cardamomi (tr. cardam.), tincture of cardamom, u.s.p._--cardamom seed (15%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura cardamomi composita (tr. cardamom. co.), compound tincture of cardamom, u.s.p._--cardamom seed, saigon cinnamon, caraway and cochineal in alcohol, glycerin and water. absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). =carminum (carmin.), carmine, n.f.=--from cochineal. action and uses: used in pharmacy as a red coloring agent. _liquor carmini (liq. carmin.), solution of carmine, n.f._--carmine in ammonia water, glycerin and water. =caro, beef.= _extractum carnis (ext. carnis), extract of beef, n.f._ (beef extract).--residue from evaporation of beef broth. action and uses: stimulant and flavor; not a nutrient tonic, as was believed at one time. the "wines" are without real value and can easily be misused as beverages. _vinum carnis (vin. carn.), wine of beef, n.f._ (beef and wine).--extract of beef (3%) in water, syrup, alcohol, compound spirit of orange and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _vinum carnis et ferri (vin. carn. et ferr.), wine of beef and iron, n.f._ (beef, wine and iron).--extract of beef (3%), iron and ammonium citrate, water, syrup, alcohol, compound spirit of orange and sherry wine. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =carum (carum), caraway, u.s.p.= (carawayseed). action and uses: aromatic carminative. similar to anise and fennel. =*caryophyllus (caryoph.), clove, u.s.p.= (cloves). action and uses: aromatic carminative and counterirritant. _pulvis aromaticus rubefaciens (pulv. arom. rubefac.), rubefacient spice powder, n.f._ (replacing emplastrum aromaticum, n.f. iii).--clove, saigon cinnamon, ginger and capsicum. =*cascara sagrada (case. sagr.), cascara sagrada, u.s.p.= (rhamnus purshiana, u.s.p. viii).--a bark. action and uses: laxative, acting mainly on the colon. widely used for habitual constipation. has little tendency to produce secondary constipation. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir cascarae sagradae (elix. cascar. sagr.), elixir of cascara sagrada, n.f._ (elixir rhamni purshianae, n.f. iii).--aromatic fluidextract of cascara sagrada (50%) and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 22 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir cascarae sagradae compositum (elix. cascar. sagr. co.), compound elixir of cascara sagrada, n.f._ (elixir rhamni purshianae co., n.f. iii, laxative elixir).--aromatic fluidextract of cascara sagrada (12.5%), fluidextract of senna (7.5%), fluidextract of juglans (6.5%) and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 24 per cent. uses: needlessly complicated laxative. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _*extractum cascarae sagradae (ext. cascar. sagr.), extract of cascara sagrada, u.s.p._ (extractum rhamni purshianae, u.s.p. viii, powdered extract of cascara sagrada).--one gm. extract represents 3 gm. cascara sagrada. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _*fluidextractum cascarae sagradae (fldext. cascar. sagr.), fluidextract of cascara sagrada, u.s.p._ (fluidextractum rhamni purshianae, u.s.p. viii).--cascara sagrada (100%). absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. bitter, unpleasant taste. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _*fluidextractum cascarae sagradae aromaticum (fldext. cascar. sagr. arom.), aromatic fluidextract of cascara sagrada, u.s.p._ (fluidextractum rhamni purshianae aromaticum, u.s.p. viii).--sweetened and flavored fluidextract. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. not so bitter, but less effective than the plain fluidextract. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _fluidglyceratum cascarae sagradae (fldglycer. cascar. sagr.), fluidglycerate of cascara sagrada, n.f._--cascara sagrada (100%) in water and glycerin. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). _fluidglyceratum cascarae sagradae aromaticum (fldglycer. cascar. sagr. arom.), aromatic fluidglycerate of cascara sagrada, n.f._--cascara sagrada (75%) and fluidglycerate of glycyrrhiza (25%) with oils of fennel, clove and cinnamon, in water and glycerin. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =cascarilla (cascarill.), cascarilla, n.f.= (sweetwood bark, sweet bark). action and uses: aromatic bitter, without advantage over gentian. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.) =cassia fistula (cass. fist.), cassia fistula, n.f.= (purging cassia).--dried fruit. action and uses: obsolete laxative, without advantage over senna. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.) =castanea (castan.), castanea, n.f.= (chestnut leaves). action and uses: astringent; no definite indications for its use. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum castaneae (fldext. castan.), fluidextract of chestnut leaves, n.f._--chestnut leaves (100%). absolute alcohol content about 15 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =cataplasmata, poultices.=--poultices are soft solid preparations used for the purpose of applying heat and moisture to localized areas of the body. poultices may also be made the means of applying counterirritant drugs. =cataria (catar.), catnep, n.f.= (catmint).--leaves and flowering tops. action and uses: aromatic carminative, without advantage over peppermint. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum catariae (fldext. catar.), fluidextract of catnep, n.f._--catnep (100%). absolute alcohol content about 35 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =caulophyllum (caulophyl.), caulophyllum, n.f.= (blue cohosh, papoose root, squaw root).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: said to be diuretic and emmenagogue; has not been adequately studied. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum caulophylli (fldext. caulophyl.), fluidextract of caulophyllum, n.f._--caulophyllum (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (n.f.). =centaurium (centaur.), centaury, n.f.=--flowering plant. action and uses: bitter stomachic; without advantage over gentian. also used in "female remedies," but probably useless. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). =*cera alba (cer. alb.), white wax, u.s.p.=--yellow wax bleached. action and uses: used in the preparation of emollient ointments, and to raise the melting point of mixtures of oils and fats. _ceratum (cerat.), cerate, u.s.p._ (simple cerate).--white wax (30%) and benzoinated lard. =*cera flava (cer. flav.), yellow wax, u.s.p.= (beeswax). action and uses: used in the making of plasters and of ointments in which the color is not objectionable. =ceratae, cerates.=--cerates are solid ointment-like preparations containing wax to prevent them from becoming soft at ordinary room temperature. =cerevisiae fermentum compressum (cerev. ferm. compr.), compressed yeast, n.f.=--the commercial compressed yeast. action and uses: for use in making fermented milk (lac fermentatum), which see under =lac vaccinum=. =cerii oxalas (cerii oxal.), cerium oxalate, u.s.p.=--a mixture of the oxalates of cerium, didymium, lanthanum, and other associated elements. white or pinkish, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. action and uses: formerly used for the treatment of chronic vomiting but probably without value. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (u.s.p.), in powders, cachets or capsules. =cetaceum (cetac.), spermaceti, u.s.p.=--a solid fat from the sperm whale. white, nearly odorless, unctuous masses, with a bland, mild taste. insoluble in water and nearly insoluble in cold alcohol. action and uses: used as a component of cerates and cold creams. =chartae, papers.=--papers are pieces of unsized paper saturated with or pieces of hard-surfaced papers coated with a medicinal substance. =chimaphila (chimaph.), chimaphila, n.f.= (pipsissewa).--leaves. action and uses: obsolete; no definite indications for its use. has been described as "tonic, astringent, diuretic." dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum chimaphilae (fldext. chimaphil.), fluidextract of chimaphila, n.f._--chimaphila (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =chionanthus (chionanth.), chionanthus, n.f.= (fringe tree bark).--bark of the root. action and uses: obsolete; no definite indications for its use. formerly used by eclectics and homeopaths in hepatic disorders and syphilis. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum chionanthi (fldext. chionanth.), fluidextract of chionanthus, n.f._--chionanthus (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.) =chirata (chirat.), chirata, n.f.= (chiretta).--plant. action and uses: bitter stomachic, similar to and without advantage over gentian. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum chiratae (fldext. chirat.), fluidextract of chirata, n.f._--chirata (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =chloral camphoratum (chloral camph.), camphorated chloral, n.f.=--equal parts of hydrated chloral and camphor. an oily liquid with a camphoraceous odor. action and uses: local rubefacient and analgesic =*chloralum hydratum (chloral. hydrat.), hydrated chloral, u.s.p.= ("chloral," chloral hydrate).--ccl{3}.cho + h{2}o. colorless, transparent crystals, with an aromatic, penetrating odor and a bitterish, caustic taste. very soluble in water (1:0.25) and in alcohol (1:1.3). action and uses: a reliable hypnotic in moderate doses, inducing a condition closely resembling that of normal sleep. used for the relief of insomnia and nervousness, and for the control of convulsions and spasms. should be used with special caution in cases of weakened heart or blood vessels. continued use is likely to produce a habit. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.), in solution. decomposed by alkalies; should not be dispensed in liquids containing both bromides and alcohol. _mistura chloralis et potassii bromidi composita (mist. chloral. et pot. brom. co.), compound mixture of chloral and potassium bromide, n.f._ (chloral and bromide compound).--hydrated chloral (20%), potassium bromide (20%), extract of hyoscyamus (0.2%) in water. the formula calls for cannabis but this is filtered out. uses: similar in composition to the widely advertised nostrum bromidia and equally irrational and objectionable. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =*chloroformum (chlorof.), chloroform, u.s.p.=--chcl{3}. a clear, colorless liquid, with an ethereal odor and a burning, sweet taste. slightly soluble (1:210) in water and miscible with alcohol, ether, petroleum benzin or fixed or volatile oils. decomposed by alkalies. action and uses: general anesthetic, administered by inhalation. locally, a penetrating and fairly powerful irritant. frequently used in the form of liniments. taken by mouth in small doses, carminative, anodyne and antiseptic. larger doses are anthelmintic but dangerous. a direct cardiac depressant. dosage: 0.3 cc. or 5 minims (u.s.p.), diluted. _*aqua chloroformi (aq. chlorof.), chloroform water, u.s.p._--a saturated solution of chloroform in water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _*linimentum chloroformi (lin. chlorof.), chloroform liniment, u.s.p._--a mixture of chloroform (30%) and soap liniment. fairly active counterirritant. _mistura chloroformi et morphinae composita (mist. chlorof. et morph. co.), compound mixture of chloroform and morphine, n.f._ (mistura chloroformi et cannabis indicae composita, n.f. iii, chloroform anodyne).--morphine sulphate (0.25%), chloroform (12.5%), ether (3.25%), tincture of cannabis (18.5%), tincture of capsicum, oil of peppermint, glycerin, water and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. uses: an evident imitation of the nostrum sold as chloranodyne, and equally irrational and objectionable. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _petroxolinum chloroformi camphoratum (petrox. chlorof. camph.), camphorated chloroform petroxolin, n.f._ (camphor and chloroform petrox).--chloroform (25%), camphor (25%) and liquid petroxolin. _*spiritus chloroformi (sp. chlorof.), spirit of chloroform, u.s.p._--chloroform (6%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =chlorum, chlorine.=--cl. _liquor chlori compositus (liq. chlor. co.), compound solution of chlorine, n.f._ (chlorine water).--a solution containing chlorine, oxides of chlorine and hydrochloric acid made by treating potassium chlorate with hydrochloric acid and dissolving the gases produced in water. uses: antiseptic. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =chondrus (chondrus), chondrus, u.s.p.= (irish moss, carrageen).--plant. action and uses: demulcent and lubricant, possessing no advantages over other gums, acacia, for instance. _gelatinum chondri (gelat. chondr.), chondrus gelatin, n.f._ (irish moss gelatin).--obtained by extraction with hot water and evaporation to semifluid consistency. _mucilago chondri (mucil. chondr.), mucilage of chondrus, n.f._ (mucilage of irish moss).--chondrus (3%) in water. =*chromii trioxidum (chrom. triox.), chromium trioxide, u.s.p.= ("chromic acid," chromic anhydride).--cro{3}. dark purplish-red, odorless, deliquescent crystals. very soluble in water (1:0.6). decomposes, sometimes with dangerous violence, when brought into contact with organic solvents like alcohol and glycerin. incompatible with most organic substances. action and uses: a powerful oxidizing agent and caustic. its action is somewhat difficult to control. =*chrysarobinum (chrysarob.), chrysarobin, u.s.p.=--neutral principles from goa powder. brownish to orange-yellow, tasteless, odorless powder, irritating to the mucous membrane. slightly soluble in alcohol (1:385), soluble in chloroform (1:12.5) and very slightly soluble in water. action and uses: antiseptic and antiparasitic; a powerful irritant to the skin, used chiefly in the treatment of psoriasis, trichophytosis and alopecia areata. _*unguentum chrysarobini (ung. chrysarobin.), chrysarobin ointment, u.s.p._--chrysarobin (6%) in benzoinated lard. =cimicifuga (cimicif.), cimicifuga, u.s.p.= (black snake-root, black cohosh, macrotys).--a rhizome. action and uses: one of the class of "domestic medicines" that were tried for a great variety of conditions (used as "stomachic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, diuretic and expectorant"), but which have not been found to possess definite value. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _extractum cimicifugae (ext. cimicif.), extract of cimicifuga, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of cimicifuga).--one gm. extract represents 4 gm. cimicifuga. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum cimicifuga (fldext. cimicif.), fluidextract of cimicifuga, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of black cohosh, fluidextract of black snakeroot).--cimicifuga (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _syrupus cimicifugae compositus (syr. cimicif. co.), compound syrup of cimicifuga, n.f._ (syrupus actaeae compositus, n.f. iii, compound syrup of actaea).--fluidextract of cimicifuga (4%), fluidextract of senega (2%), fluidextract of ipecac (1%), fluidextract of glycyrrhiza, wild cherry, sugar and water. absolute alcohol content about 5 per cent. uses: complex expectorant. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _tinctura cimicifugae (tr. cimicif.), tincture of cimicifuga, n.f._--cimicifuga (20%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =*cinchona (cinch.), cinchona, u.s.p.= (yellow cinchona, calisaya bark, yellow peruvian bark).--yields not less than 5 per cent. of alkaloids. action and uses: astringent bitter tonic. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum and elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et hypophosphitum._--see under =quininae sulphas=. _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et ferri._--see under =ferri phosphas=. _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri, bismuthi et strychninae and elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et strychninae._--see under =strychninae sulphas=. _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et bismuthi._--see under =bismuthi et sodii tartras=. _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et calcii lactophosphatis._--see under =calcii lactophosphas=. _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et pepsini._--see under =pepsinum=. _extractum cinchonae (ext. cinchon.), extract of cinchona, n.f._--a hydroalcoholic extract diluted with glucose, yielding about 24 per cent. of cinchona alkaloids. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum cinchonae (fldext. cinchon.), fluidextract of cinchona, u.s.p._--cinchona (100%) yielding about 4.5 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum cinchonae aquosum (fldext. cinchon. aq.), aqueous fluidextract of cinchona, n.f._--cinchona (100%), yielding about 5 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 12 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). _infusum cinchonae (inf. cinchon.), infusion of cinchona, n.f._--cinchona (6%), aromatic sulphuric acid (1%) and water. dosage: 50 cc. or 12 fluidrachms (n.f.). _*tinctura cinchonae (tr. cinch.), tincture of cinchona, u.s.p._--cinchona (20%), yielding about 0.9 per cent. of alkaloids; in alcohol, glycerin and water. absolute alcohol content about 63 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). =cinchona rubra (cinch. rub.), red cinchona, u.s.p.= (red peruvian bark).--yields not less than 5 per cent. of alkaloids. action and uses: identical with those of cinchona. used as ingredient of the compound tincture of cinchona. _*tinctura cinchonae composita (tr. cinch. co.), compound tincture of cinchona, u.s.p._--red cinchona (10%), yielding about 0.45 per cent. of cinchona alkaloids, serpentaria (2%) and bitter orange peel, in glycerin, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 64 per cent. uses: aromatic astringent bitter, of high alcoholic content; superfluous. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). =cinchonidinae sulphas (cinchonid. sulph.), cinchonidine sulphate, u.s.p.=--the sulphate of the alkaloid cinchonidine, obtained from cinchona bark. white, glistening, odorless needles with a very bitter taste. soluble in water (1:65) and in alcohol (1:90). action and uses: formerly used as a cheap substitute for quinine sulphate, over which it possesses no advantage, being less efficient and more convulsant. dosage: 0.15 gm. or 2-1/2 grains (u.s.p.). =cinchoninae sulphas (cinchonin. sulph.), cinchonine sulphate, u.s.p.=--the sulphate of the alkaloid cinchonine, obtained from cinchona bark. white, lustrous, odorless crystals with a very bitter taste. soluble in water (1:60) and in alcohol (1:12.5). action and uses: similar to those of cinchonidine sulphate. dosage: 0.15 gm. or 2-1/2 grains (u.s.p.). =*cinnamomum saigonicum (cinnam. saigon.), saigon cinnamon, u.s.p.=--a bark. action and uses: carminative, antiseptic, somewhat astringent, occasionally administered in diarrhea. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.), in powder. _fluidextractum aromaticum (fldext. aromat.), aromatic fluidextract, u.s.p._--aromatic powder (100%), extracted with alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _pulvis aromaticus (pulv. arom.), aromatic powder, u.s.p._--saigon cinnamon, jamaica ginger, cardamom seed and nutmeg. uses: carminative. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _pulvis cretae aromaticus (pulv. cret. arom.), aromatic powder of chalk, n.f._--saigon cinnamon, nutmeg, clove, cardamom seed, prepared chalk and sugar. uses: antidiarrheic. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _syrupus cinnamomi (syr. cinnam.), syrup of cinnamon, n.f._--saigon cinnamon, alcohol and syrup. uses: flavoring vehicle. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _tinctura aromatica (tr. arom.), aromatic tincture, n.f._--saigon cinnamon, jamaica ginger, galangal, clove, cardamom seed, extracted with a mixture of alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 63 per cent. uses: aromatic carminative, complex and without special advantage over other carminatives, as, for instance, tincture of cardamom. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _tinctura cinnamomi (tr. cinnam.), tincture of cinnamon, u.s.p._--saigon cinnamon in alcohol, glycerin and water. absolute alcohol content about 63 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnam. zeylan.), ceylon cinnamon, u.s.p.=--a bark. action and uses: same as those of saigon cinnamon. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.) =*cocaina (cocain.), cocaine, u.s.p.=--an alkaloid obtained from coca leaves. large colorless prisms or a white powder; odorless. slightly soluble in water (1:600) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:6.5) and in chloroform (1:0.7). action and uses: a local anesthetic, paralyzing the peripheral sensory nerves and also contracting the blood vessels. acute systemic poisoning is often caused by its local use on mucous membranes. stimulant to the central nervous system, but such use is inadvisable because of danger of habit-formation. dosage: 0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain (u.s.p.). _oleatum cocainae (oleat. cocain.), oleate of cocaine, n.f._--cocaine (5%) in alcohol, oleic acid and olive oil. =*cocainae hydrochloridum (cocain. hydrochl.), cocaine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (cocaine chloride, cocainum hydrochloricum, p.i.). colorless crystals, flaky leaflets or a white powder; odorless. freely soluble in water (1:0.4) and in alcohol (1:3.2), and soluble in chloroform (1:12.5). incompatible with borax, mercuric chloride, alkalies and alkali carbonates, phenol, tannic acid, mercuric oxide, and soluble silver salts. action and uses: local anesthetic. dosage: 0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain (u.s.p.). for local anesthesia in 0.2 to 1.0 per cent. solution when used hypodermatically, and in 1 to 4 per cent. solution when applied to mucous membranes. =cocculus indicus (coccul. ind.), cocculus indicus, n.f.= (fish berry, indian berry).--a fruit. action and uses: source of picrotoxin. an alcoholic extract has been used for destroying pediculi. _tinctura cocculi indici (tr. coccul. ind.), tincture of cocculus indicus, n.f._--cocculus indicus (10%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 45 per cent. =coccus (coccus), cochineal, u.s.p.=--a dried insect. action and uses: coloring agent. _liquor cocci (liq. cocci), cochineal color, n.f._--a glycerin-alcohol-water solution of cochineal. =cocillana (cocillan.), cocillana, n.f.=--a bark. action and uses: nauseant expectorant, similar to but without advantage over ipecac. the proprietary syrup contains heroin. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum cocillanae (fldext. cocillan.), fluidextract of cocillana, n.f._--cocillana (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =*codeina (codein.), codeine, u.s.p.= (methylmorphine).--an alkaloid obtained from opium, or prepared from morphine by methylation. colorless, translucent prisms or a white powder; odorless. slightly soluble in water (1:120) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:2) and in chloroform (1:0.5). action and uses: analgesic, hypnotic and sedative. it is perhaps the best modification of morphine for use in coughs. as compared with morphine it is less constipating and less apt to induce a drug habit. the phosphate and sulphate are preferred for hypodermic use. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). _elixir terpini hydratis et codeinae (elix. terpin. hyd. et codein.), elixir of terpin hydrate and codeine, n.f._--codeine (0.2%) and elixir of terpin hydrate. absolute alcohol content about 42 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). this dose contains about 0.008 gm. or 1/8 grain of codeine, and about 0.07 gm. or 1-1/6 grains of terpin hydrate. =*codeinae phosphas (codein. phos.), codeine phosphate, u.s.p.= white, odorless, efflorescent powder. freely soluble in water (1:2.3) and slightly soluble in alcohol (1:325). action and uses: same as those of codeine; preferred for hypodermic use. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). =*codeinae sulphas (codein. sulph.), codeine sulphate, u.s.p.= white, odorless, efflorescent crystals or powder. soluble in water (1:30) and very slightly soluble in alcohol (1:1280). action and uses: same as those of codeine. preferred for hypodermic injections. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). _syrupus codeinae (syr. codein.), syrup of codeine, n.f._--codeine sulphate (0.2%) and syrup. uses: superfluous. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =coffea tosta (coff. tost.), coffee, n.f.= (roasted coffee). action and uses: beverage and flavor. _fluidextractum coffeae (fldext. coff.), fluidextract of coffee, n.f._ (fluidextractum coffeae tostae, n.f. iii).--coffee (100%). absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =colchici cormus (colch. corm.), colchicum corm, u.s.p.= (colchicum root).--yields not less than 0.35 per cent. of colchicine. action and uses: said to be antineuralgic and analgesic; frequently used in the treatment of acute gouty attacks and to some extent to ward off such attacks. full doses produce watery stools and abdominal pains. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.), in pills; or preferably as the tincture. _extractum colchici cormi (ext. colch. corm.), extract of colchicum corm, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of colchicum corm).--one gm. extract represents 4 gm. colchicum corm and yields about 1.4 per cent. of colchicine. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum colchici cormi (fldext. colch. corm.), fluidextract of colchicum corm, n.f._--colchicum corm (100%), yielding about 0.35 per cent. of colchicine. absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (n.f.). _vinum colchici cormi (vin. colchic. corm.), wine of colchicum corm, n.f._--colchicum corm (40%) yielding about 0.14 per cent. of colchicine, in alcohol and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 30 per cent. dosage: 0.6 cc. or 10 minims (n.f.). =*colchici semen (colch. sem.), colchicum seed, u.s.p.= (colchici semen p.i.).--yields not less than 0.45 per cent. of colchicine. action and uses: same as those of colchicum corm. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum colchici seminis (fldext. colch. sem.), fluidextract of colchicum seed, u.s.p._--colchicum seed (100%), yielding about 0.4 per cent. of colchicine. absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). _*tinctura colchici seminis (tr. colch. sem.), tincture of colchicum seed, u.s.p._ (colchici tinctura p.i.).--colchicum seed (10%), yielding about 0.04 per cent. of colchicine; in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 56 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _vinum colchici seminis (vin. colch. sem.), wine of colchicum seed, n.f._--fluidextract of colchicum seed (10%), yielding about 0.04 per cent. of colchicine; in alcohol and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 35 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =colchicina (colchicina), colchicine, u.s.p.=--an alkaloid obtained from colchicum. pale yellow, odorless scales or powder. freely soluble in alcohol, soluble in water (1:22) and slightly soluble in ether (1:220). action and uses: same as those of colchicum corm. dosage: 0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain. =collodia, collodions.=--collodions are solutions of pyroxylin or soluble gun cotton with medicinal agents, for external application. for the official collodions see under the names of the principal ingredients. in particular, for collodium, see under =pyroxylin=; for collodium flexible, under =oleum ricini=; and for collodium stypticum, under =acidum tannicum=. =*colocynthis (colocyn.), colocynth, u.s.p.= (colocynth pulp, bitter apple, colocynth apple). action and uses: a powerful irritant hydragogue cathartic. because of its drastic nature it is rarely used alone. the various compound pills listed below are needlessly complex and therefore irrational. because of their irritant character, they are especially unsuited for continued use. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain. _*extractum colocynthidis (ext. colocynth.), extract of colocynth, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of colocynth).--one gm. of extract represents 4 gm. of colocynth. dosage: 0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain (u.s.p.). _*extractum colocynthidis compositum (ext. colocynth. co.), compound extract of colocynth, u.s.p._ (powdered compound extract of colocynth).--extract of colocynth (16%), aloes (50%), resin of scammony (14%), cardamom seed and soap. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _pilulae catharticae compositae (pil. cathart. co.), compound cathartic pills, u.s.p._--each pill contains compound extract of colocynth (0.08 gm. or 1-1/3 grains), mild mercurous chloride (0.06 gm. or 1 grain), resin of jalap (0.02 gm. or 1/3 grain) and gamboge (0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain). dosage: 2 pills (u.s.p.). _pilulae catharticae vegetabiles (pil. cathart. veget.), vegetable cathartic pills, n.f._--each pill contains compound extract of colocynth (0.06 gm. or 1 grain), extract of hyoscyamus (0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain), resin of jalap (0.02 gm. or 1/3 grain), extract of leptandra and resin of podophyllum (each 0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain) with oil of peppermint. dosage: 2 pills (n.f.). _pilulae colocynthidis compositae (pil. colocynth. co.), compound pills of colocynth, n.f._ (pilulae cocciae, cochia pills).--each pill contains extract of colocynth (0.011 gm. or 1/6 grain), aloes and resin of scammony (each 0.13 gm. or 2 grains), with oil of clove. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae colocynthidis et hyoscyami (pil. colocynth. et hyoscy.), pills of colocynth and hyoscyamus, n.f._--each pill contains extract of colocynth (0.0065 gm. or 1/10 grain), aloes, resin of scammony and extract of hyoscyamus (each 0.097 gm. or 1-1/2 grains) and oil of clove. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae colocynthidis et podophylli (pil. colocynth. et podoph.), pills of colocynth and podophyllum, n.f._--each pill contains compound extract of colocynth (0.162 gm. or 2-1/2 grains) and resin of podophyllum (0.016 gm. or 1/4 grain) with syrup. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae laxativae post partum (pil. lax. post part.), post partum laxative pills, n.f._ (barker's post partum pills).--each pill contains compound extract of colocynth (0.11 gm. or 1-2/3 grains), socotrine aloes (0.055 gm. or 7/8 grain), extract of nux vomica (0.025 gm. or 2/5 grain), resin of podophyllum and ipecac (each 0.005 gm. or 1/12 grain) and extract of hyoscyamus (0.008 gm. or 1/8 grain). dosage: 1 pill (n.f.) =condurango (conduran.), condurango, n.f.=--a bark. action and uses: bitter stomachic, introduced especially for cancer cachexia, but without advantage over gentian. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum condurango (fldext. condurango), fluidextract of condurango, n.f._--condurango (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =confectiones, confections= (conserves, electuaries).--soft, pasty solids consisting of active drugs mixed with sugar and honey. =conium (conium), conium, n.f.= (poison hemlock, _conium maculatum_).--unripe fruit. action and uses: source of coniine. depresses the motor system, but has no definite therapeutic indication. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.). _extractum conii (ext. conii), extract of conium, n.f._--a hydro-alcoholic extract diluted with glucose, yielding about 2 per cent. of coniine. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (n.f.). _fluidextractum conii (fldext. conii), fluidextract of conium, n.f._--conium (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (n.f.). =convallariae flores (convallar. flor.), convallaria flowers, n.f.= (lily-of-the-valley flowers). action and uses: believed to act as a cardiac tonic, similar to digitalis, but unreliable. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum convallariae florum (fldext. conval. flor.), fluidextract of convallaria flowers, n.f._ (fluidextractum convallariae, n.f. iii).--convallaria flowers (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (n.f.). =convallariae radix (convallar. rad.), convallaria root, n.f.= (lily-of-the-valley root).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: same as the flowers. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum convallariae radicis (fldext. conval. rad.), fluidextract of convallaria root, n.f._--convallaria root (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (n.f.). =*copaiba (copaib.), copaiba, u.s.p.= (balsam of copaiba, copaiva).--an oleoresin. pale yellow or brownish-yellow, viscid liquid, with an aromatic odor and a persistent, bitter, acrid taste. insoluble in water and partly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: a mild but disagreeable irritant and diuretic. used especially in the treatment of gonorrhea, but of doubtful efficiency. the copaiba mixtures as listed below were formerly widely used, but are disagreeable, irrational and usually inefficient. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _massa copaibae (mass. copaib.), mass of copaiba, n.f._ (solidified copaiba).--copaiba solidified by combination with magnesium oxide. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _mistura copaibae (mist. copaib.), copaiba mixture, n.f._ (lafayette mixture).--copaiba (12.5%), spirit of nitrous ether (12.5%), compound tincture of lavender, solution of potassium hydroxide in syrup and mucilage of acacia. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _mistura copaibae et opii (mist. copaib. et opii), mixture of copaiba and opium, n.f._ (chapman's mixture).--copaiba (25%), tincture of opium (3.2%), spirit of nitrous ether (25%), and compound tincture of lavender in mucilage of acacia and water. absolute alcohol content about 29 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =coptis (coptis), coptis, n.f.= (goldthread).--plant. action and uses: bitter stomachic, possessing no advantage over gentian. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum coptis (fldext. copt.), fluidextract of coptis, n.f._--coptis (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =cordiales, cordials.=--cordials are sweetened alcoholic liquids =coriandrum (coriand.), coriander, u.s.p.= (coriander seeds). action and uses: aromatic and carminative =cornus (corn.), cornus, n.f.= (dogwood bark).--bark of the root. action and uses: without definite indications for its use; practically obsolete. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum corni (fldext. corni), fluidextract of cornus, n.f._--cornus (100%). absolute alcohol content about 35 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.) =corydalis (coryd.), corydalis, n.f.= (turkey corn, squirrel corn).--tubers. action and uses: formerly exploited as antiluetic, but useless and therefore harmful. dosage: 0.65 gm. or 10 grains (n.f.). _elixir corydalis compositum (elix. coryd. co.), compound elixir of corydalis, n.f._--fluidextract of corydalis, (6%), fluidextract of stillingia (6%), fluidextract of xanthoxylum (3%), fluidextract of blue flag (9%), potassium iodide (5%), alcohol and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. action and uses: an irrational and harmful "alterative." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum corydalis (fldext. corydal.), fluidextract of corydalis, n.f._--corydalis (100%). absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent. dosage: 0.65 cc. or 10 minims (n.f.) =cotarninae hydrochloridum (cotarn. hydrochl.), cotarnine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (cotarnine chloride; stypticin). yellow, odorless powder. freely soluble in water and alcohol, yielding yellow solutions. action and uses: used to check functional uterine hemorrhage. the mechanism of its action has not been explained, and its efficiency is somewhat questionable. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.) =coumarinum (coumar.), coumarin, n.f.= colorless, fragrant crystals, with a bitter, burning taste. sparingly soluble in cold water; freely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: perfume and flavor =creosoti carbonas (creosot. carb.), creosote carbonate, u.s.p.=--a mixture of the carbonates of various constituents of creosote, chiefly guaiacol and cresol. an almost colorless, almost tasteless, odorless viscid liquid. insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol and miscible with chloroform and benzin. action and uses: passes stomach unchanged; hence is not a gastric irritant; decomposed in the intestines; used as an intestinal antiseptic. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) =*creosotum (creosot.), creosote, u.s.p.= (creasote).--a mixture chiefly of guaiacol and cresol, obtained from wood-tar. an almost colorless, oily liquid, with a penetrating, smoky odor, and a burning, caustic taste. slightly soluble in water, and miscible with alcohol, ether or fixed or volatile oils. action and uses: antiseptic; formerly widely used as an intestinal antiseptic and externally to some extent as an antiseptic dressing. dosage: 0.25 cc. or 4 minims (u.s.p.), in capsules. _aqua creosoti (aq. creosot.), creosote water, u.s.p._--creosote (1%) in water. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _petroxolinum creosoti (petrox. creosot.), creosote petroxolin, n.f._ (creosote petrox).--creosote (20%), oleic acid and liquid petroxolin. =*cresol (cresol), cresol, u.s.p.=--a mixture of isomeric cresols, c{6}h{4}(ch{3})oh. obtained from coal tar. colorless, yellowish or brownish liquid, darkening with age and exposure to light, and having a phenol-like odor. soluble in water (1:50), usually forming a cloudy solution, and miscible with alcohol, ether, petroleum benzin or glycerin. action and uses: action similar to phenol. used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. approximately four times as germicidal as phenol, and no more toxic. dosage: 0.05 cc. or 1 minim (u.s.p.). _*liquor cresolis compositus (liq. cresol. co.), compound solution of cresol, u.s.p._--cresol (50%) with a potassium soap solution. =creta praeparata (cret. praep.), prepared chalk, u.s.p.= (drop chalk).--a native calcium carbonate. white, amorphous, odorless, tasteless powder. almost insoluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. decomposed and dissolved by dilute acids. action and uses: used internally as a mild alkali, as antacid and against diarrhea. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) as a powder or in suspension. _mistura cretae (mist. cret.), chalk mixture, u.s.p._--compound chalk powder (20%) with cinnamon water and water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _pulvis cretae aromaticus._--see under =cinnamomum saigonicum.= _pulvis cretae compositus (pulv. cret. co.), compound chalk powder, u.s.p._--prepared chalk (30%), with acacia and sugar. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.) =crocus (croc.), crocus, n.f.= (saffron).--stigmas of the flowers. action and uses: yellow coloring agent without definite therapeutic indications. has been used as "stimulant and antispasmodic." _tinctura croci (tr. croc.), tincture of saffron, n.f._--saffron (10%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 45 per cent. =cubeba (cubeb.), cubeb, u.s.p.= (cubebs).--fruit. action and uses: formerly much used internally as antiseptic, diuretic and as a stimulant to the genito-urinary membranes; also to some extent as a stimulating expectorant. probably of little value. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). the oleoresin is preferred. _fluidextractum cubebae (fldext. cubeb.), fluidextract of cubeb, n.f._--cubeb (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 1 cc or 15 minims (n.f.). _oleoresina cubebae (oleores. cubeb.), oleoresin of cubeb, u.s.p._ dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _tinctura cubebae (tr. cubeb.), tincture of cubeb, n.f._--cubeb (20%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _trochisci cubebae (troch. cubeb.), troches of cubeb, u.s.p._--each troche contains oleoresin of cubeb (0.02 gm.) with oil of sassafras, extract of glycyrrhiza and acacia, flavored with syrup of tolu. =*cupri sulphas (cupr. sulph.), copper sulphate, u.s.p.= (cupric sulphate).--cuso{4} + 5h{2}o. blue, odorless crystals or powder with a metallic taste. freely soluble in water (1:2.5), and slightly soluble in alcohol (1:500). action and uses: astringent and in strong solutions corrosive. in large doses a gastric and intestinal irritant producing violent vomiting and purging. considered one of the best antidotes in phosphorus poisoning. dosage: emetic, 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _mistura adstringens (mist. adstring.), astringent mixture, n.f._ (mistura adstringens et escharotica, n.f. iii, villate's mixture).--a needlessly complex mixture containing the acetates and sulphates of copper and zinc in dilute acetic acid solution with lead sulphate in suspension. =cypripedium (cypriped.), cypripedium, n.f.= (lady slipper root).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: no definite indications for its use. has been described as "tonic, stimulant and diaphoretic." dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum cypripedii (fldext. cypriped.), fluidextract of cypripedium, n.f._--cypripedium (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =damiana (damiana), damiana, n.f.= (turnera).--leaves. action and uses: ingredient of "lost manhood" nostrums; mildly irritant, but otherwise probably inert. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum damianae (fldext. damian.), fluidextract of damiana, n.f._ (fluidextractum turnerae, n.f. iii).--damiana (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =decocta, decoctions.=--aqueous preparations made by boiling drugs in water and straining. they must be freshly made from the drugs. =delphinium (delphin.), larkspur seed, n.f.= action and uses: preparations are used externally to destroy pediculi of the hair and of the pubic region. _tinctura delphinii (tr. delphin.), tincture of larkspur, n.f._--larkspur seed (10%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. =dextrinum album (dext. alb.), white dextrin, n.f.=--a variable mixture of soluble carbohydrates with unconverted starch. white, odorless powder, with a sweetish taste. partly soluble in cold water; completely soluble in three parts of water on boiling. action and uses: substitute for acacia and other gums. _pasta dextrinata (past. dextrin.), dextrinated paste, n.f._--white dextrin (33%) in glycerin (33%) and water. uses: basis for dermatologic pastes =diacetylmorphina (diacetylmorph.), diacetylmorphine, u.s.p.= (acetomorphine, heroin).--an alkaloid prepared from morphine by acetylization. white, odorless powder. very slightly soluble in water (1:1700) and soluble in alcohol (1:31) and in chloroform (1:1.4). action and uses: used as a respiratory sedative to relieve cough. with few exceptions, generally contraindicated in pulmonary tuberculosis. like morphine, but more toxic and less valuable for the relief of pain. is habit-forming. see =morphina=. dosage: 0.003 gm. or 1/20 gr. (u.s.p.). =diacetylmorphinae hydrochloridum (diacetylmorph. hydrochl.), diacetylmorphine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (diacetylmorphine chloride; heroin hydrochloride). white, odorless, bitter powder. freely soluble (1:2) in water and soluble in alcohol (1:11). dosage: 0.003 gm. or 1/20 grain (u.s.p.). _elixir terpini hydratis et diacetylmorphinae (elix. terpin. hyd. et diacetylmorph.), elixir of terpin hydrate and diacetylmorphine, n.f._ (elixir terpini hydratis cum heroina n.f. iii).--diacetylmorphine hydrochloride (0.027%) and elixir of terpin hydrate. absolute alcohol content about 42 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). this dose contains about 0.001 gm. or 1/60 grain of diacetylmorphine hydrochloride, and about 0.07 gm. or 1-1/6 grains of terpin hydrate. =diastasum (diastasum), diastase, u.s.p.=--a mixture containing amylolytic enzymes from malt. yellowish-white, odorless, tasteless powder or scales. soluble in water; almost insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: may be mixed with starchy foods to assist their conversion into sugar. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). =*digitalis (digit.), digitalis, u.s.p.= (foxglove, digitalis leaves, digitalis folium p.i.). action and uses: direct cardiac stimulant and diuretic. used in cardiac decompensation. most effective when the heart action is rapid and very irregular (auricular fibrillation). effective in the treatment of edema only when the latter is due to impaired circulation. very likely to cause disturbance of gastro-intestinal tract. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). physicians are advised to specify preparations which have been biologically assayed. _fluidextractum digitalis (fldext. digital.), fluidextract of digitalis, u.s.p._--digitalis (100%). may be biologically assayed by producing death in the frog. absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 0.05 cc. or 1 minim (u.s.p.).--physicians should specify the biologically assayed fluidextract. _*infusum digitalis (inf. digit.), infusion of digitalis, u.s.p._--digitalis (1.5%), cinnamon water and water. this is an effective form of digitalis, but has no advantage over tinctures of proper potency, and is not so conveniently standardized. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _pilulae digitalis, scillae et hydrargyri (pil. digit. scill. et hydrarg.), pills of digitalis, squill and mercury, n.f._ (niemeyer pills for dropsy, guy's pills).--each pill contains digitalis, squill and mass of mercury (each 0.065 gm. or 1 grain) with clarified honey. uses: popular but needlessly complex cardiac diuretic. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _*tinctura digitalis (tr. digit.), tincture of digitalis, u.s.p._ (digitalis tinctura p.i.).--digitalis (10%) in alcohol and water. may be biologically assayed by producing death in frogs. absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). physicians should specify the biologically assayed tincture. =dioscorea (dioscor.), dioscorea, n.f.= (wild yam root, colic root).--rhizome. action and uses: no established indications for its use; formerly used in the treatment of "abdominal irritation." dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum dioscoreae (fldext. dioscor.), fluidextract of dioscorea, n.f._--dioscorea (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =drosera (droser.), drosera, n.f.= (sundew).--flowering plant. action and uses: no established indications for its use (formerly used in respiratory diseases). dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum droserae (fldext. droser.), fluidextract of drosera, n.f._--drosera (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =dulcamara (dulcam.), bittersweet, n.f.=--stems and branches. action and uses: no established indications for its use. formerly used as "alterative." dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum dulcamarae (fldext. dulcam.), fluidextract of bittersweet, n.f._--bittersweet (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. of fluidrachm (n.f.). =echinacea (echin.), echinacea, n.f.=--rhizome and roots. action and uses: the claims for this drug as an "alterative" and antisyphilitic are extravagant and unwarranted. there are no established indications for its use. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum echinaceae (fldext. echin.), fluidextract of echinacea, n.f._--echinacea (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =*elaterinum (elaterin.), elaterin, u.s.p.=--a neutral principle obtained from the squirting cucumber. the commercial product is variable and may at times be practically inert. white, odorless powder, with a slightly acrid, bitter taste. insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol (1:325). action and uses: one of the most powerful and irritant of hydragogue cathartics, causing profuse watery evacuations. dosage: 0.003 gm. or 1/20 grain. _trituratio elaterini (trit. elaterin.), trituration of elaterin, u.s.p._--elaterin (10%). dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). =elixiria, elixirs.=--elixirs are sweetened, aromatic, alcoholic liquids similar to cordials. in the administration of an elixir, the effects due to its alcohol content should be borne in mind. the statements of alcohol content of elixirs in this volume refer to percentage of absolute alcohol by volume. for the various elixirs, see under the names of the principal constituents. for elixir aromaticum, elixir aromaticum rubrum and elixir glycyrrhizae (elixir adjuvans), see under =alcohol=; for elixir catharticum compositum, see under =frangula=; for elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum and elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et hypophosphitum, see under =quininae sulphas=; for elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et ferri, see under =ferri phosphas=; for elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri, bismuthi et strychninae and elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et strychninae, see under =strychninae sulphas=; for elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et bismuthi, see under =bismuthi et sodii tartras=; for elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et calcii lactophosphatis, see under =calcii lactophosphas=; for elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et pepsini, see under =pepsinum=; for elixir ferri, quininae et strychninae, and elixir gentianae et ferri, see under =ferri citro-chloridum=; for elixir formatum and elixir formatum compositum, see under =acidum formicum=; for elixir gentianae et ferri phosphatis, see under =ferri phosphas=; for elixir glycerophosphatum compositum, see under =sodii glycerophosphas=; for elixir hypophosphitum, see under =calcii hypophosphis=; for elixir hypophosphitum et ferri, see under =ferri hypophosphis=; for elixir pepsini, bismuthi et strychninae, see under =strychnina=; for elixir terpini hydratis et codeinae, see under =codeina=; for elixir terpini hydratis et diacetylmorphinae, see under =diacetylmorphinae hydrochloridum=; for elixir trium bromidorum, see under =ammonii bromidum=. =*emetinae hydrochloridum (emet. hydrochl.), emetine hydrochloride, u.s.p.=--the hydrochloride of the alkaloid emetine, obtained from ipecac. white, or nearly white, odorless powder, darkening on exposure to light. freely soluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: given hypodermically. an effective treatment of amebic dysentery and other amebic diseases. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain. =emplastra, plasters.=--plasters are solid preparations for external use, serving either as simple adhesives or for the conveyance of drugs. the commercial spread plasters have largely displaced the extemporaneously prepared product. for the various plasters see under the names of the principal constituents. for emplastrum elasticum, see under =resina=; for emplastrum fuscum camphoratum, see under =camphora=; for emplastrum plumbi, see under =plumbi oxidum=. =emulsa, emulsiones, emulsions.=--emulsions are aqueous preparations in which oils or resins are suspended by means of mucilaginous substances. for the official emulsions see under the names of the respective oils and resins. =*ergota (ergot.), ergot, u.s.p.= (secale cornutum, p.i., ergot of rye, spurred rye).- action and uses: causes powerful tonic, sometimes tetanic contraction of the uterus and of the bloodvessel walls. checks postpartum hemorrhage by contracting the uterus. used for excessive menstrual flow and as a circulatory stimulant. has also been tried but without success in a great variety of other diseases. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _extractum ergotae (ext. ergot.), extract of ergot, u.s.p._--a pilular extract of ergot. probably does not contain some of the valuable constituents of ergot (the alkaloids). dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _extractum ergotae aquosum (ext. ergot. aq.), aqueous extract of ergot, n.f._ (ergoti extractum p.i.).--a purified aqueous extract. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.). _*fluidextractum ergotae (fldext. ergot.), fluidextract of ergot, u.s.p._ (secalis cornuti extractum fluidum, p.i.).--ergot (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura ergotae ammoniata (tr. ergot. ammon.), ammoniated tincture of ergot, n.f._--ergot (25%), ammonia water (10%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =eriodictyon (eriodict.), eriodictyon, u.s.p.= (yerba santa).--yerba santa leaves. action and uses: said to be expectorant. its most remarkable property is its power of masking the taste of quinine. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains. _elixir eriodictyi aromaticum (elix. eriodict. arom.), aromatic elixir of eriodictyon, n.f._ (aromatic elixir of yerba santa, elixir corrigens).--fluidextract of eriodictyon (6%), compound elixir of taraxacum (about 44%) and syrup. absolute alcohol content about 16 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum eriodictyi (fldext. eriodict.), fluidextract of eriodictyon, u.s.p._--eriodictyon (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _syrupus eriodictyi aromaticus (syr. eriodict. arom.), aromatic syrup of eriodictyon, n.f._ (aromatic syrup of yerba santa, syrupus corrigens).--fluidextract of eriodictyon, solution of potassium hydroxide, compound tincture of cardamom, oils of sassafras, lemon and clove, alcohol and syrup. absolute alcohol content about 8 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =*eucalyptol (eucalyptol), eucalyptol, u.s.p.= (cineol).--a constituent of the volatile oil of eucalyptus. a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a pungent taste, producing a cooling sensation in the mouth. very slightly soluble in water but miscible with alcohol and chloroform and fixed or volatile oils. action and uses: employed as a local stimulant, antiseptic and deodorant, largely as a constituent of inhalations, particularly oily sprays. dosage: 0.3 cc. or 5 minims (u.s.p.). _nebula eucalyptolis (nebul. eucalyptol.), eucalyptol spray, n.f._--eucalyptol (5%) in light liquid petrolatum. _petroxolinum eucalyptolis (petrox. eucalyptol.), eucalyptol petroxolin, n.f._ (eucalyptol petrox).--eucalyptol (20%) in liquid petrolatum. =*eucalyptus (eucalypt.), eucalyptus, u.s.p.= (eucalyptus leaves, blue gum leaves). action and uses: principally those of the volatile oil. not used as such. _fluidextractum eucalypti (fldext. eucalypt.), fluidextract of eucalyptus, u.s.p._--eucalyptus (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =eugenol (eugenol), eugenol, u.s.p.=--a constituent of oil of clove. a nearly colorless, thin liquid, with a strong odor of cloves and a pungent, spicy taste. action and uses: same as those of oil of cloves, over which it has no material advantage. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims. =euonymus (euonym.), euonymus, n.f.= (wahoo bark).--bark of the root. action and uses: obsolete cathartic; toxic digitalis effects. caution: the uncertain absorption of this drug makes its use inadvisable. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains. _extractum euonymi (ext. euonym.), extract of euonymus, n.f._ (powdered extract of euonymus).--a hydroalcoholic extract, 1 gm. representing the water-alcohol-soluble constituents of 4 gm. of euonymus. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum euonymi (fldext. euonym.), fluidextract of euonymus, n.f._--euonymus (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims. (n.f.). =eupatorium (eupator.), eupatorium, n.f.= (boneset, thoroughwort).--leaves and flowering tops. action and uses: domestic diaphoretic "tea." no established indications for its use. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum eupatorii (fldext. eupator.), fluidextract of eupatorium, n.f._--eupatorium (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =euphorbia pilulifera (euphorb. pilul.), euphorbia pilulifera, n.f.= (pill bearing spurge).--entire flowering plant. action and uses: irritant; formerly used in respiratory diseases, but without established indications. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum euphorbiae piluliferae (fldext. euphorb. pilul.), fluidextract of euphorbia pilulifera, n.f._--euphorbia pilulifera (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =extracta, extracts= (solid extracts).--soft, solid (pilular extracts) or powdered (powdered extracts) preparations made by evaporating a solution of the soluble ingredients of vegetable or animal drugs at a low temperature. powdered extracts are often made from the solid extracts by the addition of inert material. the strength of most extracts is four times that of the drug. for the various official extracts see under the names of the respective drugs. =farfara (farfar.), coltsfoot, n.f.= (coltsfoot leaves, tussilago leaves). action and uses: demulcent expectorant; no advantage over linseed. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm. =*fel bovis (fel bovis), oxgall, u.s.p.= a brownish-green or dark green, somewhat viscid liquid, with a peculiar odor and a disagreeable, bitter taste. action and uses: used in the form of the extract as intestinal antiseptic, cholagogue and laxative. _*extractum fellis bovis (ext. fel. bov.), extract of oxgall, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of oxgall).--one gm. of extract represents 8 gm. of oxgall. dosage: 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains. * * * * * note:--_the prescribing of iron can be greatly simplified without sacrificing anything of real value, if physicians will confine themselves to the starred preparations._ * * * * * =ferri acetas, ferric acetate.=--fe(c{2}h{3}o{2}){3}. _liquor ferri acetatis (liq. ferr. acet.), solution of ferric acetate, n.f._--contains anhydrous ferric acetate, fe(c{2}h{3}o{2}){3} (about 31%), corresponding to about 7.5 per cent. metallic iron, fe. dosage: 0.3 cc. or 5 minims (n.f.). _liquor ferri et ammonii acetatis._--see under =ammonii acetas.= =*ferri carbonas, ferrous carbonate.=--feco{3}. _*massa ferri carbonatis (mass. ferr. carb.), mass of ferrous carbonate, u.s.p._ (vallet's mass).--contains feco{3} (35%) with sugar and honey. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _mistura ferri composita (mist. ferr. co.), compound iron mixture, n.f._ (griffith's mixture).--ferrous carbonate (obtained by decomposing 0.6% ferrous sulphate with potassium carbonate), sugar, myrrh, spirit of lavender and rose water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). _*pilulae ferri carbonatis (pil. ferr. carb.), pills of ferrous carbonate, u.s.p._ (chalybeate pills, blaud's pills, ferruginous pills).--each pill contains feco{3} (0.06 gm. or 1 grain). uses: convenient and effective form of iron. dosage: 2 pills (u.s.p.). =ferri carbonas saccharatus (ferr. carb. sacch.), saccharated ferrous carbonate, u.s.p.=--ferrous carbonate, feco{3} (not less than 15%) preserved with sugar. a greenish-brown, odorless powder, with a taste at first sweetish, afterward ferruginous. action and uses: hematinic, like other iron salts; practically non-astringent and non-irritating. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.) =*ferri chloridum (ferr. chlor.), ferric chloride, u.s.p.= (iron perchloride, sesquichloride of iron).--ferric chloride, fecl{3}, with water of hydration. orange-yellow crystalline deliquescent pieces, odorless, and with a strongly styptic taste. very soluble in water (1:0.2); freely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: used in the form of the tincture of ferric chloride as an astringent, especially as an application to the throat. also hematinic, but relatively irritant. _gossypium stypticum (gossyp. stypt.), styptic cotton, n.f._--purified cotton, impregnated with ferric chloride. _liquor ferri chloridi (liq. ferr. chlor.), solution of ferric chloride, u.s.p._ (solution of iron perchloride).--fecl{3} (about 10.5%). dosage: 0.1 cc. or 1-1/2 minims. _*tinctura ferri chloridi (tr. ferr. chlor.), tincture of ferric chloride, u.s.p._--ferric chloride (about 13%) corresponding to not less than 4.48 per cent. of iron, fe. made by diluting a solution of ferric chloride (35%) with alcohol. absolute alcoholic content about 63 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura ferri chloridi aetherea (tr. ferr. chlor. aeth.), ethereal tincture of ferric chloride, n.f._ (bestuscheff's tincture, lamotte's drops).--solution of ferric chloride (6%) and ether (25%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.) =ferri citras, ferric citrate= _liquor ferri citratis (liq. ferr. cit.), solution of ferric citrate, n.f._--contains ferric citrate corresponding to not less than 7.25 per cent. metallic iron, fe. dosage: 0.6 cc. or 10 minims (n.f.). =ferri citro-chloridum, iron citro-chloride= _elixir ferri, quininae et strychninae (elix. ferr. quin. et strych.), elixir of iron, quinine and strychnine, n.f._--tincture of ferric citro-chloride (12.5%), quinine hydrochloride (0.875%), strychnine sulphate (0.0175%), compound spirit of orange, glycerin and water. absolute alcohol content about 25 per cent. uses: a popular but irrational "tonic." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir gentianae et ferri (elix. gent. et ferr.), elixir of gentian and iron, n.f._ (elixir of gentian with tincture of ferric citro-chloride).--tincture of ferric citro-chloride (10%) and elixir of gentian. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _tinctura ferri citro-chloridi (tr. ferr. citro-chlor.), tincture of ferric citro-chloride, n.f._ (tasteless tincture of ferric chloride, tasteless tincture of iron).--a tincture of a complex iron salt, containing about 4 per cent. of iron (fe) and rendered non-styptic by the presence of a citrate. made from solution of ferric chloride (35%), sodium citrate (44%), alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 15 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (n.f.). =*ferri et ammonii citras (ferr. et ammon. cit.), iron and ammonium citrate, u.s.p.= (soluble ferric citrate, ammonio-ferric citrate).--iron citrate rendered more readily soluble by the presence of ammonium citrate. contains about 17 per cent. of iron, fe. thin, transparent, garnet-red, odorless scales, with a saline, mildly ferruginous taste. readily and completely soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: hematinic, practically non-astringent. has the general properties of iron salts. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains. _vinum ferri (vin. ferr.), wine of iron, n.f._ (wine of citrate of iron).--iron and ammonium citrate (4%) in tincture of sweet orange peel, syrup, and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =ferri et quininae citras (ferr. et quin. cit.), iron and quinine citrate, u.s.p.= (ferri et quininae citras solubilis, u.s.p. viii, soluble iron and quinine citrate).--iron citrate and quinine citrate rendered more soluble by the presence of ammonium citrate. contains not less than 13 per cent. of iron, fe. thin, transparent, deliquescent, greenish or golden yellow, odorless scales, with a bitter, mildly ferruginous taste. rapidly and completely soluble in cold water, partly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: used as a bitter iron tonic. of doubtful value. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains. _vinum ferri amarum (vin. ferr. amar.), bitter wine of iron, n.f._--iron and quinine citrate (5%) in tincture of sweet orange peel, syrup and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 17 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.) =ferri glycerophosphas (ferr. glycerophos.), ferric glycerophosphate, n.f.= (ferric glycerinophosphate). yellowish-green scales or powder, odorless and nearly tasteless. freely soluble in water (1:2) and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: reputed "tonic," but without advantage over the ordinary iron salts. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains. =ferri hydroxidum, ferric hydroxide.= _ferri hydroxidum cum magnesii oxido (ferr. hydrox. cum mag. oxid.), ferric hydroxide with magnesium oxide, u.s.p._ (arsenic antidote, ferric hydrate with magnesia).--a dilute solution of ferric sulphate and a mixture of magnesium oxide with water, kept in separate bottles. when mixed, they yield ferric hydroxide. uses: antidote for arsenic. dosage: 120 cc. or 4 fluidounces. _magma ferri hydroxidi (magm. ferr. hydrox.), ferric hydroxide magma, n.f._ (ferri hydroxidum, u.s.p. viii, ferric hydroxide).--a suspension of ferric hydroxide in water. =ferri hypophosphis (ferr. hypophos.), ferric hypophosphite, n.f.= white or grayish white, odorless and nearly tasteless powder. very slightly soluble in water (1:2300); insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: reputed "tonic," but without advantage over the ordinary iron salts. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains. _elixir ferri hypophosphitis (elix. ferr. hypophos.), elixir of ferric hypophosphite, n.f._--ferric hypophosphite (1.65%), potassium citrate (2.15%), water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 21 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir hypophosphitum et ferri (elix. hypophos. et ferr.), elixir of hypophosphites and iron, n.f._--calcium hypophosphite and sodium hypophosphite (each 1.75%), potassium hypophosphite and ferric hypophosphite (each 0.875%), potassium citrate, hypophosphorous acid, water, syrup and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _liquor ferri hypophosphitis (liq. ferr. hypophos.), solution of ferric hypophosphite, n.f._ (solution of hypophosphite of iron).--ferric hypophosphite (16.5%) dissolved by means of potassium citrate (21.5%) in glycerin and water. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). _syrupus ferri hypophosphitis (syr. ferr. hypophos.), syrup of ferric hypophosphite, n.f._--ferric hypophosphite (1.75%), dissolved by means of potassium citrate (2.5%), and made into a syrup flavored with orange flower water. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =ferri iodidum, ferrous iodide.=--fei{2}. _pilulae ferri iodidi (pil. ferr. iod.), pills of ferrous iodide, u.s.p._--each pill represents ferrous iodide, fei{2} (about 0.06 gm. or 1 grain). dosage: 2 pills (u.s.p.). _syrupus ferri et mangani iodidi (syr. ferr. et mangan. iod.), syrup of iron and manganese iodide, n.f._--ferrous iodide (10%) and manganese iodide (5%) in syrup. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). _*syrupus ferri iodidi (syr. ferr. iod.), syrup of ferrous iodide, u.s.p._ (ferri iodidi syrupus p.i.).--ferrous iodide, fei{2} (about 5%). dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.) =ferri lactas (ferr. lact.), ferrous lactate, n.f.= (iron lactate). greenish white powder or crystalline masses, with a slight, characteristic odor and a mild, sweet ferruginous taste. slowly soluble in water (1:40), freely soluble in solutions of alkali citrates, but almost insoluble in alcohol. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (n.f.). _elixir ferri lactatis (elix. ferr. lact.), elixir of iron lactate, n.f._--iron lactate (1.75%), potassium citrate (5.25%) in water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 18 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =ferri lactophosphas, iron lactophosphate.= _syrupus ferri lactophosphatis (syr. ferr. lactophos.), syrup of iron lactophosphate, n.f._--iron lactophosphate (2.5%) in syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =ferri malas, ferrous malate (iron malate).= _extractum ferri pomatum (ext. ferr. pomat.), ferrated extract of apples, n.f._ (ferri malas crudus, crude malate of iron).--a pilular extract containing ferrous malate. dosage: 0.65 gm. or 10 grains (n.f.). _tinctura ferri pomata (tr. ferr. pomat.), tincture of ferrated extract of apples, n.f._ (tinctura ferri malatis crudi, tincture of crude malate of iron).--ferrated extract of apples (10%) in alcohol and cinnamon water. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =ferri nitras, ferric nitrate.=--fe(no{3}){3}. _liquor ferri nitratis (liq. ferr. nit.), solution of ferric nitrate, n.f._--ferric nitrate, fe(no{3}){3}, corresponding to not less than 1.3 per cent. of metallic iron, fe. uses: astringent and styptic. dosage: 0.3 cc. or 5 minims (n.f.) =ferri oxidum saccharatum (ferr. oxid. sacch.), saccharated ferric oxide, n.f.= (soluble ferric oxide, ferrum oxydatum saccharatum, "eisenzucker").--saccharated ferric oxide representing not less than 2.8 per cent. of fe. _syrupus ferri saccharati solubilis (syr. ferr. sacch. sol.), syrup of soluble saccharated iron, n.f._ (syrupus ferri oxydati solubilis, syrup of saccharated oxide of iron, syrup of soluble oxide of iron).--saccharated ferric oxide (41.5%), syrup and water. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =ferri oxychloridum, ferric oxychloride.= _liquor ferri oxychloridi (liq. ferr. oxychlor.), solution of ferric oxychloride, n.f._--ferric oxychloride corresponding to about 3 per cent. of metallic iron, fe, dissolved in a mixture of glycerin and water. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.) =ferri oxysulphas, ferric oxysulphate.= _liquor ferri oxysulphatis (liq. ferr. oxysulph.), solution of ferric oxysulphate, n.f._--a solution of basic ferric sulphate. uses: superfluous astringent iron solution =*ferri phosphas (ferr. phos.), ferric phosphate, u.s.p.= (ferri phosphas solubilis, u.s.p. viii, soluble ferric phosphate).--ferric phosphate rendered soluble by sodium citrate. contains iron, fe (not less than 12%). thin, bright green, transparent, odorless scales, with an acidulous, slightly saline taste. freely and completely soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: hematinic. only slightly astringent; no special advantage over other iron salts. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et ferri (elix. cinchon. et ferr.), elixir of cinchona alkaloids and iron, n.f. _(elixir cinchonae et ferri n.f. iii, ferrated elixir of calisaya, alkaloidal).--ferric phosphate (3.5%), elixir of cinchona alkaloids (about 92%) and water. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir ferri phosphatis (elix. ferr. phos.), elixir of ferric phosphate, n.f._--ferric phosphate (3.5%), water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir gentianae et ferri phosphatis (elix. gent. et ferr. phosph.), elixir of gentian and ferric phosphate, n.f._ (elixir gentianae ferratum).--ferric phosphate (1.75%), elixir of gentian (about 95%) and water. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _syrupus ferri, quininae et strychninae phosphatum (syr. ferr. quin. et strych. phos.), syrup of the phosphates of iron, quinine and strychnine, n.f._--ferric phosphate (2%), quinine (2.6%), strychnine (0.02%), phosphoric acid (5%) in glycerin, water and syrup. uses: needlessly complex "tonic." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =ferri protochloridum, ferrous chloride= (iron protochloride). _liquor ferri protochloridi (liq. ferr. protochlor.), solution of ferrous chloride, n.f._ (solution of protochloride of iron).--a solution of ferrous chloride in glycerin and water. uses: superfluous astringent iron solution. dosage: 0.6 cc. or 10 minims (n.f.). _syrupus ferri protochloridi (syr. ferr. protochlor.), syrup of ferrous chloride, n.f._ (syrup of protochloride of iron).--solution of ferrous chloride (5%) in glycerin, orange flower water and syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =ferri pyrophosphas (ferr. pyrophos.), ferric pyrophosphate, n.f.= (soluble ferric pyrophosphate). thin, apple-green, transparent, odorless scales, with an acidulous, slightly saline taste. freely and completely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: used in iron elixirs; no special advantage over other soluble salts of iron. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains. _elixir ferri pyrophosphatis (elix. ferr. pyrophos.), elixir of ferric pyrophosphate, n.f._ (elixir of pyrophosphate of iron).--ferric pyrophosphate (3.5%), water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir ferri pyrophosphatis, quininae et strychninae (elix. ferr. pyrophos. quin. et strych.), elixir of ferric pyrophosphate, quinine and strychnine, n.f._--ferric pyrophosphate (3.5%), quinine sulphate (0.875%), strychnine citrate (0.014%), ammonium citrate, oil of orange, alcohol, syrup and water. absolute alcohol content about 23 per cent. uses: a needlessly complex "tonic." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =ferri subsulphas, ferric subsulphate.= _liquor ferri subsulphatis (liq. ferr. subsulph.), solution of ferric subsulphate, u.s.p._ (monsel's solution, solution of basic ferric sulphate). uses: local styptic and astringent =*ferri sulphas (ferr. sulph.), ferrous sulphate, u.s.p.= (iron protosulphate).--feso{4} + 7h{2}o. (an impure product is commercially known as copperas). pale bluish-green, odorless crystals, with a saline styptic taste. freely soluble (1:1.4) in water, insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: hematinic, especially in pills; but mainly used in making pharmaceutical preparations. formerly used extensively as a disinfectant, but is only deodorant. dosage: 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.). _*ferri sulphas exsiccatus (ferr. sulph. exsic.), exsiccated ferrous sulphate, u.s.p._ (dried ferrous sulphate).--contains not less than 80 per cent. of feso{4}. grayish-white powder. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.) as pills. _ferri sulphas granulatus (ferr. sulph. gran.), granulated ferrous sulphate, u.s.p._ (precipitated ferrous sulphate).--purified ferrous sulphate. very pale, bluish-green, crystalline powder. dosage: 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.). _pilulae ferri, quininae, aloes et nucis vomicae (pil. ferr. quin. aloe. et nuc. vom.), pills of iron, quinine, aloes and nux vomica, n.f._ (pilulae quadruplices, n.f. iii, quadruplex pills, quatuor pills, pilulae ferri et quininae compositae).--each pill contains exsiccated ferrous sulphate, quinine sulphate and aloes (each 0.065 gm. or 1 grain), extract of nux vomica (0.016 gm. or 1/4 grain) and extract of gentian. uses: antiquated, complex and irrational "tonic." dosage: 1 pill (n.f.) =ferri tersulphas, ferric sulphate= (iron tersulphate). _liquor ferri tersulphatis (liq. ferr. tersulph.), solution of ferric sulphate u.s.p._ (solution of iron tersulphate). uses: for making pharmaceutical preparations =*ferrum (ferr.), iron, u.s.p.=--metallic iron, fe, in the form of fine, bright, and non-elastic wire. uses: for making the salts =ferrum albuminatum, iron albuminate.= _liquor ferri albuminati (liq. ferr. albumin.), solution of albuminate of iron, n.f._--contains albuminate of iron equivalent to about 0.4% of iron, fe, in aromatic elixir, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. uses: non-astringent iron preparation; converted into simple ionic iron by dilute acids. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.) =ferrum peptonatum, iron peptonate.= _liquor ferri peptonati (liq. ferr. pepton.), solution of peptonate of iron, n.f._--contains a compound of iron and peptonized fresh egg albumin representing 0.4 per cent. metallic iron, fe; flavored with oil of orange, acetic ether and vanillin in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 14 per cent. uses: non-astringent inorganic iron preparation. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _liquor ferri peptonati et mangani (liq. ferr. pepton. et mangan.), solution of peptonate of iron and manganese, n.f._ (liquor ferri peptonati cum mangano, n.f. iii).--solution of peptonate of iron with soluble manganese citrate (1%). absolute alcohol content about 14 per cent. uses: combination of iron and manganese, of doubtful advantage over the solution of peptonate of iron. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.) =*ferrum reductum (ferr. reduct.), reduced iron, u.s.p.= (ferrum redactum, iron by hydrogen, quevenne's iron).--metallic iron, fe (not less than 90%), obtained by reduction of iron oxide by hydrogen. very fine, grayish-black, lusterless, odorless and tasteless powder. insoluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: a hematinic, relatively non-irritant; given preferably just before meals in the form of pills or powder enclosed in capsules or cachets. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain. _pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae et arseni fortiores (pil. ferr., quin., strych. et arsen. fort.), stronger pills of iron, quinine, strychnine, and arsenic, n.f._ (pilulae metallorum, n.f. iii, metallic pills, pilulae metallorum amarae, bitter metallic pills).--each pill contains reduced iron and quinine sulphate (each 0.065 gm. or 1 grain), strychnine and arsenic trioxide (each 0.0032 gm. or 1/20 grain) with clarified honey. uses: complex and irrational tonic. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae et arseni mites (pil. ferr., quin., strych. et arsen. mit.), mild pills of iron, quinine, strychnine and arsenic, n.f._ (aitken tonic pills).--each pill contains reduced iron (0.045 gm. or 2/3 grain), quinine sulphate (0.065 gm. or 1 grain), strychnine and arsenic trioxide (each 0.0013 gm. or 1/50 grain) with clarified honey. uses: complex and irrational tonic. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). * * * * * note:--_the prescribing of iron can be greatly simplified, without sacrificing anything of real value, if physicians will confine themselves to the starred preparations._ * * * * * =ficus (ficus), fig, n.f.= action and uses: mild laxative =fluidextracta, fluidextracts=.--fluidextracts are concentrated liquid preparations of vegetable drugs, generally containing alcohol either as a solvent or as a preservative. one cc. represents the extractives from 1 gm. of drug. the statements in this book regarding alcohol content are approximate and are based on the alcohol contents of the menstruum used. for the official preparations see under the names of the respective drugs. for fluidextractum aromaticum, see under =cinnamomum saigonicum=. =fluidglycerata, fluidglycerates=.--preparations intended to be of the same drug strength as fluidextracts--that is, representing 100 gm. of drug in 100 cc. of preparation--but containing about 50 per cent. by volume of glycerin and no alcohol. for the various fluidglycerates, see under the names of the respective drugs. =foeniculum (foenic.), fennel, u.s.p.= (fennel seed). action and uses: aromatic and carminative. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains =*formaldehydum, formaldehyde.=--ch{2}o. _*liquor formaldehydi (liq. formaldehyd.), solution of formaldehyde, u.s.p._--ch{2}o (not less than 37%) with methyl alcohol and water. action and uses: a powerful germicide, especially valuable in the form of gas for its penetrating power. its irritant actions generally preclude its use on the body. for disinfecting rooms, from 150 cc. or 5 fluidounces to 1 quart or 1 liter of the official formaldehyde solution are allowed to each 1,000 cubic feet of space by various authorities. various methods have been employed. one is to allow the solution to evaporate from sheets suspended in the tightly closed room. another is to generate the gas in the room by treating the solution with potassium permanganate, allowing about 110 gm. or 3-1/2 ounces of potassium permanganate to 500 cc. or 1 pint of formaldehyde solution. a third method utilizes the reaction between formaldehyde solution and sodium dichromate in the presence of sulphuric acid, used in the proportion of 45 cc. or 1-1/2 fluidounces of sulphuric acid and 280 gm. or 9 ounces of sodium dichromate to 500 cc. or 1 pint of formaldehyde solution. these methods are not effective if the temperature of the room be below 60 f. or the relative humidity below 65 per cent. =frangula (frang.), frangula, u.s.p.= (buckthorn bark). action and uses: similar to those of cascara sagrada; used principally as fluidextract. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir catharticum compositum (elix. cathart. co.), compound cathartic elixir, n.f._--fluidextract of frangula (12.5%), fluidextract of senna (10%), fluidextract of rhubarb (6.2%), spirit of peppermint, solution of potassium hydroxide and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 25 per cent. uses: needlessly complicated cathartic. dosage: aperient, 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.); cathartic, 12 cc. or 3 fluidrachms (n.f.). _fluidextractum frangulae (fldext. frangul.), fluidextract of frangula, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of buckthorn bark).--frangula (100%). absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.) =fraxinus (fraxin.), white ash bark, n.f.= action and uses: formerly used as tonic, astringent and purgative. no established indications for its use. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _vinum fraxini (vin. frax.), wine of white ash, n.f._--white ash bark (50%), in alcohol and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 30 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =fucus (fucus), fucus, n.f.= (bladderwrack).--a sea weed. action and uses: formerly used against goiters and tuberculous glands; may be of some value through its iodine content, but has no special advantage over other iodine preparations. dosage: 0.65 gm. or 10 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum fuci (fldext. fuci), fluidextract of fucus, n.f._--fucus (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 0.65 cc. or 10 minims (n.f.) =galangal (galang.), galangal, n.f.=--rhizome. action and uses: aromatic carminative, resembling ginger and without advantage over the latter. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains =galega (galeg.), galega, n.f.= (european goat's rue).--flowering tops. action and uses: exploited as a galactagogue and nerve stimulant; has no established value. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum galegae (fldext. galeg.), fluidextract of galega, n.f._--galega (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =galla (gall.), nutgall, u.s.p.= (aleppo galls, smyrna galls). incompatible with the salts of iron, lead, copper or silver. action and uses: astringent. used especially as ointment, but has no advantage over tannic acid. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _tinctura gallae (tr. gall.), tincture of nutgall, n.f._--nutgall (20%) in glycerin and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _unguentum gallae (ung. gall.), nutgall ointment, u.s.p._--nutgall (20%) in ointment. =gambir (gambir), gambir, u.s.p.= (pale catechu).--a dried extract. action and uses: astringent; used against diarrhea. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (in form of tincture). _pulvis gambir compositus (pulv. gambir co.), compound powder of gambir, n.f._ (pulvis catechu compositus, n.f. iii).--gambir (40%), kino (20%) and krameria (20%), with saigon cinnamon and nutmeg. uses: needlessly complex intestinal astringent. dosage: 1.3 gm. or 20 grains (n.f.). _tinctura gambir composita (tr. gambir co.), compound tincture of gambir, u.s.p._ (compound tincture of pale catechu).--gambir (5%) with saigon cinnamon in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 47 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _trochisci gambir (troch. gambir), troches of gambir, n.f._--each troche contains gambir (0.06 gm. or 1 grain) with tragacanth, sugar and oil of cinnamon. dosage: 1 troche (n.f.) =*gelatinum (gelat.), gelatin, u.s.p.=--obtained from skin, ligaments, bones, etc. insoluble in cold water but swells and softens when immersed in it; soluble in hot water and in glycerin; insoluble in alcohol and similar solvents. action and uses: used as a food product. also, by mouth or by injection, with the intention of increasing the coagulability of the blood; of doubtful value. may contain tetanus spores. _gelatinum glycerinatum (gelat. glycerin.), glycerinated gelatin, u.s.p._--consists of equal parts of gelatin and glycerin. uses: base for suppositories, bougies, etc =gelsemium (gelsem.), gelsemium, u.s.p.= (yellow jasmine root, yellow jessamine). action and uses: used in migraine and neuralgia, and in the treatment of ovarian, rheumatic and uterine pain. efficiency uncertain. untoward symptoms sometimes result from comparatively small doses. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). (not used as such). _extractum gelsemii (ext. gelsem.), extract of gelsemium, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of gelsemium).--one gm. of extract represents 4 gm. of gelsemium. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum gelsemii (fldext. gelsem.), fluidextract of gelsemium, u.s.p._--gelsemium (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 0.03 cc. or 1/2 minim (u.s.p.). _tinctura gelsemii (tr. gelsem.), tincture of gelsemium, u.s.p._--gelsemium (10%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 62 per cent. dosage: 0.25 cc. or 4 minims (u.s.p.) =*gentiana (gentian.), gentian, u.s.p.= (yellow gentian root).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: probably the most widely used of the simple bitters. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir gentianae (elix. gent.), elixir of gentian, n.f._--fluidextract of gentian (3.5%), compound spirit of cardamom, sodium citrate, glycerin, syrup, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 21 per cent. uses: an agreeable aromatic bitter stomachic. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir gentianae et ferri, n.f._--see under =ferri citro-chloridum=. _elixir gentianae et ferri phosphatis, n.f._--see under =ferri phosphas=. _elixir gentianae glycerinatum (elix. gent. glycerin.), glycerinated elixir of gentian, n.f._--fluidextract of gentian (1%), fluidextract of taraxacum (1.5%), acetic ether, phosphoric acid, tincture of sweet orange peel, compound tincture of cardamom, glycerin, sugar and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 11 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms. _*extractum gentianae (ext. gentian.), extract of gentian, u.s.p._--a pilular extract. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum gentianae (fldext. gentian.), fluidextract of gentian, u.s.p._--gentian (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _infusum gentianae compositum (inf. gent. co.), compound infusion of gentian, n.f._--gentian (3%), coriander and bitter orange peel in diluted alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 12 per cent. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). _tinctura amara (tr. amar.), bitter tincture, n.f._ (stomachic tincture, bitter stomachic drops, stomach drops).--gentian (6%), centaury (6%), zedoary (2%) and bitter orange peel in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. uses: bitter stomachic, complex and without special value. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _*tinctura gentianae composita (tr. gentian. co.), compound tincture of gentian, u.s.p._--gentian (10%), bitter orange peel and cardamom seed in glycerin, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent. uses: aromatic bitter. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.) =geranium (geran.), geranium, n.f.= (cranesbill).--rhizome. action and uses: obsolete intestinal astringent, without special advantage over krameria, etc. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum geranii (fldext. geran.), fluidextract of geranium, n.f._--geranium (100%). absolute alcohol content about 50 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.) =glucosum (glucos.), glucose, u.s.p.= (syrupy glucose, liquid glucose).--chiefly dextrose (d-glucose) and dextrins. colorless or nearly colorless, odorless or nearly odorless, thick, syrupy, sweet liquid. soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: pill excipient. pure dextrose is also employed in saline injections =*glycerinum (glycerin.), glycerin, u.s.p.= (glycerol).--c{3}h{5}(oh){3}. a colorless, syrupy, practically odorless liquid, with a sweet taste, and producing a sensation of warmth in the mouth. miscible with water and alcohol; insoluble in chloroform or ether. action and uses: used as solvent, sweetening agent, demulcent and emollient. the enema or suppositories are promptly evacuant. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _*suppositoria glycerini (supp. glycerin.), suppositories of glycerin, u.s.p._--glycerin with a stearic acid soap. uses: rectal evacuant. _suppositoria boroglycerini (suppos. boroglycer.), suppositories of boroglycerin, n.f._--glycerite of boroglycerin (7.5%) with glycerinated gelatin and glycerin. uses: antiseptic evacuant. =glycerita, glycerites.=--solutions of medicinal substances in glycerin. for the various glycerites, see under the names of the principal ingredients. for glyceritum boroglycerini, see under =acidum boricum=; for glyceritum vitelli, see under =ovi vitellum recens=. =*glycerylis nitras, glyceryl trinitrate= (nitroglycerin, trinitrin, glonoin).--c{3}h{5}(no{3}){3}. action and uses: vasodilator, acting more slowly than amyl nitrite. _pilulae glycerylis nitratis (pil. glycer. nit.), pills of nitroglycerin, n.f._ (pilulae glonoini, n.f. iii, pills of glonoin).--each pill contains spirit of glyceryl trinitrate and althaea (each 0.065 gm. or 1 grain) with confection of rose. uses: inferior to the tablets. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _*spiritus glycerylis nitratis (sp. glyceryl. nit.), spirit of glyceryl trinitrate, u.s.p._ (spirit of glonoin, spirit of nitroglycerin).--glyceryl trinitrate (about 1%) in alcohol. dosage: 0.05 cc. or 1 minim (u.s.p.) dropped on the tongue =*glycyrrhiza (glycyrrh.), glycyrrhiza, u.s.p.= (licorice, liquorice root). action and uses: used to disguise the taste of drugs and as demulcent expectorant. the preparations are incompatible with acids. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir glycyrrhizae and elixir glycyrrhizae aromaticum._--see under =alcohol=. _elixir glycyrrhizae aquosum (elix. glycyrrh. aq.), aqueous elixir of glycyrrhiza, n.f._ (aqueous elixir of licorice).--fluidextract of glycyrrhiza (15%), compound spirit of cardamom, stronger orange flower water, glycerin, syrup and distilled water. absolute alcohol content about 3 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms. _extractum glycyrrhizae (ext. glycyrrh.), extract of glycyrrhiza, u.s.p._ (extract of licorice).--the commercial extract of glycyrrhiza. incompletely soluble in water (60%). _extractum glycyrrhizae purum (ext. glycyrrh. pur.), pure extract of glycyrrhiza, u.s.p._--a pilular extract. _*fluidextractum glycyrrhizae (fldext. glycyrrh.), fluidextract of glycyrrhiza, u.s.p._--glycyrrhiza (100%). absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _fluidglyceratum glycyrrhizae (fldglycer. glycyrrh.), fluidglycerate of glycyrrhiza, n.f._ (fluidglycerate of licorice).--glycyrrhiza (100%) in glycerin and water, made alkaline with ammonia water. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims. _mistura glycyrrhizae composita, u.s.p._--see under =opium=. _pulvis glycyrrhizae compositus, u.s.p._--see under =senna=. _syrupus glycyrrhizae (syr. glycyrrhiz.), syrup of glycyrrhiza, n.f._ (syrup of licorice).--fluidglycerate of glycyrrhiza (25%) in syrup. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.) =glycyrrhizinum ammoniatum (glycyrrh. ammon.), ammoniated glycyrrhizin, u.s.p.=--the sweet principle of glycyrrhiza, combined with ammonia. dark brown or brownish-red, odorless scales, with a very sweet taste. freely soluble in water and soluble in alcohol. incompatible with acids. action and uses: intended as substitute for extract of glycyrrhiza, over which it presents no advantage. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.) =gossypii cortex (gossyp. cort.), cotton root bark, n.f.=--recently gathered or dried bark of the root. action and uses: exploited as emmenagogue, but without established value. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum gossypii corticis (fldext. gossyp. cort.), fluidextract of cotton root bark, n.f._--cotton root bark (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.) =gossypium purificatum (gossyp. purif.), purified cotton, u.s.p.= (absorbent cotton). action and uses: used as an absorbent surgical dressing and as a filtering agent =gossypium stypticum.=--see under =ferri chloridum= =granatum (granat.), pomegranate, u.s.p.= (pomegranate bark). action and uses: the decoction or fluidextract expels tapeworm. both are strongly astringent and often produce vomiting. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum granati (fldext. granat.), fluidextract of pomegranate, u.s.p._--pomegranate (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.) =grindelia (grindel.), grindelia, u.s.p.=--leaves and flowering tops. action and uses: used with doubtful results in spasmodic asthma, whooping cough, bronchitis, and hay fever, and locally against ivy poisoning. it is a feeble drug and its action has not been clearly defined. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum grindeliae (fldext. grindel.), fluidextract of grindelia, u.s.p._--grindelia (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.) =guaiaci lignum (guaiac. lig.), guaiac wood, n.f.= (lignum vitae). action and uses: reputed "alterative," but without established value. no advantage over guaiac resin. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.) =*guaiacol (guaiacol), guaiacol, u.s.p.=--obtained from wood-tar creosote or prepared synthetically. colorless or yellowish solid or liquid, with an aromatic odor and a strong phenolic taste. soluble in water (1:53), freely soluble in glycerin (1:0.8) and miscible with alcohol, chloroform or ether. action and uses: used as intestinal antiseptic and bronchial stimulant, similar to creosote; less irritant but also less active. inunction with 50 per cent. solution in oil is antipyretic but it is less powerful and more uncertain than acetphenetidin, etc. action is difficult to control and collapse may occur. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.) =*guaiacolis carbonas (guaiacol. carb.), guaiacol carbonate, u.s.p.= white, nearly odorless and nearly tasteless powder. soluble in alcohol (1:60) and in ether (1:18); insoluble in water. action and uses: being insoluble in water, it is less disagreeable and less irritating than guaiacol, but liberates this substance in the intestines. used as intestinal antiseptic and against bronchitis. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). in powders or cachets =guaiacum (guaiac.), guaiac, u.s.p.= (guaiac resin). action and uses: formerly used as an "alterative," against syphilis, chronic rheumatism and gout; and as throat lozenges for its mildly irritant action. it produces no definite systemic effects, except as a mild laxative and possibly diuretic. its value is very doubtful. the ammoniated tincture is the most active preparation. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _gargarisma guaiaci compositum (garg. guaiac. co.), compound gargle of guaiac, n.f._--ammoniated tincture of guaiac (10%), compound tincture of cinchona (10%), potassium chlorate (4%), with clarified honey and oil of peppermint in water. absolute alcohol content about 12 per cent. uses: complex and irrational mixture. _glyceritum guaiaci (glycer. guaiac.), glycerite of guaiac, n.f._--guaiac (8.5%) and solution of potassium hydroxide in glycerin and water. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _mistura guaiaci (mist. guaiac.), mixture of guaiac, n.f._--tincture of guaiac (12.5%) in clarified honey and cinnamon water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). _petroxolinum guaiacolis (petrox. guaiacol.), guaiacol petroxolin, n.f._ (guaiacol petrox).--guaiacol (20%) in oleic acid and liquid petroxolin. _tinctura guaiaci (tr. guaiac.), tincture of guaiac, u.s.p._--guaiac (20%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _tinctura guaiaci ammoniata (tr. guaiac. ammon.), ammoniated tincture of guaiac, u.s.p._--guaiac (20%) in aromatic spirit of ammonia. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura guaiaci composita (tr. guaiac. co.), compound tincture of guaiac, n.f._ (dewees' tincture of guaiac).--guaiac (12.5%), potassium carbonate and pimenta in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 45 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =guarana (guarana), guarana, u.s.p.=--paste consisting chiefly of crushed seeds yielding not less than 4 per cent. of caffeine. action and uses: used for its caffeine. there is no reason for using it instead of caffeine. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir guaranae (elix. guar.), elixir of guarana, n.f._--fluidextract of guarana (20%), compound elixir of taraxacum (60%) and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 34 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum guaranae (fldext. guaran.), fluidextract of guarana, u.s.p._--guarana (100%) yielding about 4 per cent. of caffeine. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.) =gutta percha (gutta percha), gutta percha, n.f.=--a purified, coagulated tree sap. action and uses: used for technical purposes in dentistry. _liquor guttae perchae (liq. gut. perch.), solution of gutta percha, n.f._--a clarified solution of gutta percha in chloroform. =haematoxylon (haematox.), hematoxylon, n.f.= (logwood). action and uses: intestinal astringent, without advantage over krameria, etc. _extractum haematoxyli (ext. haematox.), extract of hematoxylon, n.f._--an aqueous extract. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) =hamamelidis folia (hamamel. fol.), hamamelis leaves, n.f.= (witch hazel leaves). action and uses: astringent, without advantage over other tannin-bearing drugs (krameria, etc.). dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum hamamelidis foliorum (fldext. hamamel. fol.), fluidextract of hamamelis leaves, n.f._--hamamelis leaves (100%). absolute alcohol content about 25 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.) =hamamelis= (witch hazel). _aqua hamamelidis (aq. hamam.), hamamelis water, u.s.p._ (witch hazel water, distilled extract of witch hazel).--witch hazel bark, twigs, smaller stems or entire shrub, distilled with water and preserved with about 14 per cent. of alcohol. uses: employed externally, for contusions. it owes its feeble activity mainly to the alcohol =helianthemum (helianth.), helianthemum, n.f.= (rock-rose, frost-weed).--the dried herb. action and uses: obsolete astringent, tonic, alterative and emetic; unreliable and without established value. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum helianthemi (fldext. helianth.), fluidextract of helianthemum, n.f._--helianthemum (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =helonias (helon.), helonias, n.f.= (false unicorn).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: ingredient of "female remedies"; without established value. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum heloniatis (fldext. helon.), fluidextract of helonias, n.f._--helonias (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.) =*hexamethylenamina (hexam.), hexamethylenamine, u.s.p.= (hexamethylene-tetramine; also sold as urotropine, aminoform, formamin, formin, cystamin, cystogen, urisol and uritone).--(ch{2}){6}n{4}, a condensation product of ammonia and formaldehyde. colorless crystals or white powder, odorless and with a sweetish taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.5) and in alcohol (1:12.5). incompatible with acids, with ammonium salts, with tannin and with mercuric chloride. action and uses: useful urinary antiseptic, liberating formaldehyde in the presence of acids (not otherwise). also used as prophylactic against infection in bile and in other body fluids, but inefficient since these fluids are not acid. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.), in solution. when sodium acid phosphate is given to render the urine acid, hexamethylenamine should not be taken until the phosphate has left the stomach =*homatropinae hydrobromidum (homatrop. hydrobr.), homatropine hydrobromide, u.s.p.= (homatropine bromide). white, odorless powder. freely soluble in water (1:6) and soluble in alcohol (1:40). action and uses: used as mydriatic and cycloplegic. its effects resemble those of atropine but occur more promptly and disappear in shorter time. dosage: 0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain (u.s.p.). may be used in aqueous solution of 2 per cent. strength, or a drop of a 1:500 solution may be introduced into the conjunctival sac every five minutes for five times to produce a maximum dilatation in three quarters of an hour =humulus (humul.), hops, u.s.p.= action and uses: formerly used as aromatic bitter stomachic. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir humuli (elix. humul.), elixir of hops, n.f._--fluidextract of hops (12.5%), compound elixir of taraxacum, tincture of vanilla and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 25 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _fluidextractum humuli (fldext. humul.), fluidextract of hops, n.f._--hops (100%). absolute alcohol content about 50 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _tinctura humuli (tr. humul.), tincture of hops, n.f._--hops (20%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 45 per cent. uses: bitter stomachic. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =hydrangea (hydrang.), hydrangea, n.f.= (seven-barks).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: obsolete cathartic, diuretic and diaphoretic; without established value. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum hydrangeae (fldext. hydrang.), fluidextract of hydrangea, n.f._--hydrangea (100%). absolute alcohol content about 50 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.) =*hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum (hydrarg. chlor. corr.), corrosive mercuric chloride, u.s.p.= (bichloride of mercury, corrosive sublimate, mercuric chloride, perchloride of mercury).--hgcl{2}. heavy, colorless crystals, crystalline masses or white powder, odorless and with a characteristic metallic taste. slowly soluble in water (1:13.5) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:3.8). its solubility in water is increased by the addition of sodium or ammonium chloride. incompatible with soluble carbonates and hydroxides, with iodides and with alkaloids and other organic compounds. reduced to calomel or metallic mercury by iron, zinc and other reducing agents. action and uses: chiefly as a germicide and antiseptic; also as a specific antisyphilitic agent. acute mercuric chloride poisoning is treated by raw eggs and lavage. dosage: 0.003 gm. or 1/20 grain (u.s.p.) in solution or pills. for hypodermic use in syphilis 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain daily (produces marked pain and irritation). as antiseptic externally in solution from 1:20,000 to 1:2,000. as disinfectant of clothing, in 1:1,000 solution. _mulla hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi (mull. hydrarg. chlor. corros.), corrosive mercuric chloride mull, n.f._ (unguentum hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi extensum, n.f. iii).--corrosive mercuric chloride (0.2%), alcohol, benzoinated suet and benzoinated lard. _toxitabellae hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi (toxitabel. hydrarg. chlor. corr.), poison tablets of corrosive mercuric chloride, u.s.p._ (corrosive sublimate tablets, bichloride tablets).--tablets of an angular shape colored blue, each having the word "poison" and the skull and cross bones design distinctly stamped on it. each 1 gm. tablet contains about 0.5 gm. or 8 grains corrosive mercuric chloride and 0.5 gm. or 8 grains sodium chloride. =*hydrargyri chloridum mite (hydrarg. chlor. mit.), mild mercurous chloride, u.s.p.= (mercurous chloride, calomel, protochloride of mercury, subchloride of mercury).--hgcl. white or nearly white, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water, alcohol or ether. incompatible with alkalies, with oxidizing acids like nitric acid, and with soluble bromides and iodides. action and uses: a slow cathartic, fairly powerful and relatively non-irritant. should usually be followed by a saline laxative. should not be taken continuously as it may salivate. also employed as a diuretic in cardiac dropsies. intramuscular injections are very efficiently antisyphilitic, but painful. dosage: laxative, 0.15 gm. or 2-1/2 grains (u.s.p.); alterative, 0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain (u.s.p.). from 0.005 to 0.02 gm., or from 1/12 to 1/3 grain, may be given every half hour or hour until from 0.1 to 0.2 gm., or from 1-1/2 to 3 grains have been given. in the treatment of syphilis 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grain in oily suspension is injected about once a week. _lotio nigra (lot. nigr.), black lotion, n.f._ (black wash, aqua phagedaenica nigra).--a suspension of mercurous oxide, hg{2}o, produced by the action of lime water on mild mercurous chloride. uses: mercurial antiseptic. _pulvis hydrargyri chloridi mitis et jalapae (pulv. hydrarg. chlor. mit. et jalap.), powder of mild mercurous chloride and jalap, n.f._ (calomel and jalap).--mild mercurous chloride (34%) and jalap (66%). uses: drastic purgative. dosage: 0.65 gm. or 10 grains (n.f.) =*hydrargyri iodidum flavum (hydrarg. iod. flav.), yellow mercurous iodide, u.s.p.= (mercurous iodide, protoiodide of mercury, yellow iodide of mercury).--hgi. bright yellow, odorless, tasteless powder. almost insoluble in water and wholly insoluble in alcohol or ether. decomposed by oxidizing agents, alkalies and the haloid salts of the alkali metals (chlorides, bromides or iodides). action and uses: used principally as an antisyphilitic; generally given in the form of pills. like all ingestion methods of treating syphilis, much less reliable than the intramuscular administration of mercurials and is falling into disuse on account of relative inefficiency. has proved of value in lichen ruber planus. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.) =*hydrargyri iodidum rubrum (hydrarg. iod. rub.), red mercuric iodide, u.s.p.= (biniodide of mercury, mercuric iodide, red iodide of mercury).--hgi{2}. scarlet-red, odorless, nearly tasteless powder. nearly insoluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol (1:115); soluble in solutions of soluble iodides, sodium thiosulphate and hot solutions of alkali chlorides. action and uses: mercuric iodide, dissolved with potassium or sodium iodide, is used as an antiseptic, germicide and antisyphilitic. it is practically as effective as mercuric chloride and less irritant or corrosive. dosage: 0.003 gm. or 1/20 grain (u.s.p.). _liquor hydrargyri et potassii iodidi (liq. hydrarg. et pot. iod.), solution of mercury and potassium iodide, n.f._ (solution of potassium iodohydrargyrate, channing's solution).--red mercuric iodide (1%), potassium iodide (0.8%), and water. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (n.f.) =hydrargyri nitras, mercuric nitrate.=--hg(no{3}){2}. _liquor hydrargyri nitratis (liq. hydrarg. nit.), solution of mercuric nitrate, n.f._--hg(no{3}){2} (60%). uses: caustic. _unguentum hydrargyri nitratis (ung. hydrarg. nit.), ointment of mercuric nitrate, u.s.p._ (citrine ointment).--mercuric nitrate (equivalent to mercury 7%) in lard. =*hydrargyri oxidum flavum (hydrarg. oxid. flav.), yellow mercuric oxide, u.s.p.=--hgo. light orange-yellow, heavy, odorless powder, with a somewhat metallic taste. almost insoluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, readily dissolved by dilute hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. action and uses: the ointment is used, especially on the eye, as an antiseptic and stimulant; also to some extent in impetiginous affections. dosage: for the eye, 2 per cent.; for the skin, from 5 to 10 per cent. _lotio flava (lot. flav.), yellow lotion, n.f._ (yellow wash, aqua phagedaenica flava).--a suspension of mercuric oxide produced by the action of lime water on mercuric chloride. uses: mercurial antiseptic. _*unguentum hydrargyri oxidi flavi (ung. hydrarg. oxid. flav.), ointment of yellow mercuric oxide, u.s.p._--yellow mercuric oxide (10%) in water, hydrous wool fat and petrolatum. =hydrargyri oxidum rubrum (hydrarg. oxid. rub.), red mercuric oxide, u.s.p.= (red precipitate).--hgo. heavy, orange-red scales or powder, odorless and with a somewhat metallic taste. almost insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol, readily dissolved by nitric acid. action and uses: occasionally used externally in the form of an ointment and as a parasiticide. without advantage over yellow oxide. _unguentum hydrargyri oxidi rubri (ung. hydrarg. oxid. rub.), ointment of red mercuric oxide, n.f._--red mercuric oxide (10%) in water, hydrous wool fat and petrolatum. =*hydrargyri salicylas (hydrarg. salicyl.), mercuric salicylate, u.s.p.= (mercuric subsalicylate).--contains hg (about 57%). white or nearly white, odorless, tasteless powder. nearly insoluble in water or alcohol. dissolved by solutions of the fixed alkalies or their carbonates. action and uses: used as antisyphilitic especially by intramuscular injection of oily suspensions; also as local antiseptic. dosage: 0.004 gm. or 1/15 grain (u.s.p.). by intramuscular injection, 0.6 cc. or 10 minims of a 10 per cent. suspension in liquid petrolatum once in four days =*hydrargyrum (hydrarg.), mercury, u.s.p.= (quicksilver).--hg. shining, silver-white, odorless, tasteless metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures. insoluble in the ordinary solvents. action and uses: its preparations are used to secure the systemic effects of mercury and locally against parasites. _*hydrargyrum cum creta (hydrarg. cum cret.), mercury with chalk, u.s.p._ (gray powder).--mercury (38%), with prepared chalk (57%), honey and water. light gray, odorless, rather damp powder, with a slightly sweet taste. action and uses: a mild cathartic acting like calomel. also used in the treatment of infantile and hereditary syphilis and of syphilis in aged patients. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.), as powder. _*massa hydrargyri (mass. hydrarg.), mass of mercury, u.s.p._ (blue mass, blue pill).--hg (about 33%) in pill mass. uses: mainly as cathartic. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _oleatum hydrargyri (oleat. hydrarg.), oleate of mercury, u.s.p._--a mixture of mercury oleate and oleic acid equivalent to 25 per cent. of hgo. uses: alterative, antisyphilitic; rarely used. _petroxolinum hydrargyri (petrox. hydrarg.), mercury petroxolin, n.f._ (mercury petrox).--mercury (30%) in hydrous wool fat, oleic acid and solid petroxolin. _*unguentum hydrargyri (ung. hydrarg.), mercurial ointment, u.s.p._--metallic mercury (about 50%) and oleate of mercury (2%) with prepared suet and benzoinated lard. uses: especially to secure the systemic effects of mercury by inunction. _*unguentum hydrargyri dilutum (ung. hydrarg. dil.), diluted mercurial ointment, u.s.p._ (blue ointment, hydrargyri unguentum p.i.).--mercurial ointment (60%) equivalent to about 30 per cent. of metallic mercury, with petrolatum. uses: especially in pediculosis. =*hydrargyrum ammoniatum (hydrarg. ammon.), ammoniated mercury, u.s.p.= (white precipitate).--mercurammonium chloride, hgnh{2}cl, corresponding to about 79 per cent. of hg. white, odorless lumps or powder, with an earthy, afterward styptic and metallic taste. insoluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: the ointment is extensively used as a cutaneous antiseptic especially for impetigo contagiosa and other pustular dermatoses and ringworm of the scalp. also used for removing scales of psoriasis. it may cause salivation. dosage: from 2 to 10 per cent. ointment. _*unguentum hydrargyri ammoniati (ung. hydrarg. ammon.), ointment of ammoniated mercury, u.s.p._ (white precipitate ointment).--ammoniated mercury (10%) in white petrolatum and hydrous wool fat. =hydrastina (hydrastina), hydrastine, u.s.p.=--an alkaloid obtained from hydrastis or prepared synthetically. white crystals or powder. almost insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol (1:170). action and uses: used in the treatment of urethral and vesical catarrh and as a systemic hemostatic, especially in excessive menstruation. its efficiency and the mechanism of its action are doubtful. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.). =hydrastinae hydrochloridum (hydrastin. hydrochl.), hydrastine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (hydrastine chloride). white, odorless, bitter powder. very soluble in water and in alcohol. action and uses: those of hydrastine. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.). _liquor hydrastinae compositus (liq. hydrastin. co.), compound solution of hydrastine, n.f._ (colorless hydrastine solution).--hydrastine hydrochloride (0.3%), aluminum chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride (each 0.3%), potassium chloride (0.1%) in glycerin and water. uses: complex and irrational astringent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =hydrastininae hydrochloridum (hydrastinin. hydrochl.), hydrastinine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (hydrastinine chloride).--the hydrochloride of hydrastinine, an alkaloid obtained synthetically from hydrastine. yellowish, odorless crystals or powder. soluble in chloroform (1:195); very soluble in water and alcohol. action and uses: hydrastinine resembles hydrastine in its action but is said to be less depressing. hydrastinine has a pronounced pressor effect on peripheral vessels, causing a rise of blood pressure. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.) =*hydrastis (hydrastis), hydrastis, u.s.p.= (golden seal).--rhizome and roots, yielding not less than 2.5 per cent. of ether-soluble alkaloids, chiefly hydrastin. action and uses: hydrastis is an unpleasant bitter; it possesses no advantages over other simple bitters (gentian). it has been asserted to have a special influence on mucous membranes favoring their nutrition and return to a normal condition. there is little or no experimental evidence to bear out the claim for any special action. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _extractum hydrastis (ext. hydrast.), extract of hydrastis, u.s.p._ (extract of golden seal, powdered extract of hydrastis).--one gm. extract represents about 4 gm. hydrastis. yields about 10 per cent. of alkaloids. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _*fluidextractum hydrastis (fldext. hydrast.), fluidextract of hydrastis, u.s.p._--hydrastis (100%), yielding about 2 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _glyceritum hydrastis (glycer. hydrast.), glycerite of hydrastis, u.s.p._ (glycerite of golden seal).--hydrastis (100%) yielding not less than 1.245 per cent. of alkaloids. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura hydrastis (tr. hydrast.), tincture of hydrastis, u.s.p._ (tincture of golden seal).--hydrastis (20%), yielding about 0.4 per cent. of hydrastin; in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.) =*hydrogenii dioxidum, hydrogen dioxide= (hydrogen peroxide).--h{2}o{2}. _*liquor hydrogenii dioxidi (liq. hydrog. diox.), solution of hydrogen dioxide, u.s.p._ (aqua hydrogenii dioxidii, u.s.p. viii, solution of hydrogen peroxide).--h{2}o{2} (not less than 3%). action and uses: nontoxic and fairly efficient local antiseptic and detergent, useful mainly for the destruction of pus. used on suppurating wounds and as a mouthwash and gargle; also as a bleaching agent. should not be injected into a wound unless free drainage is present. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). for external application should be diluted about 1:4. =hyoscyaminae hydrobromidum (hyoscyamin. hydrobr.), hyoscyamine hydrobromide, u.s.p.= (hyoscyamine bromide).--obtained from hyoscyamus and other plants of the nightshade family. white, odorless crystals. freely soluble in alcohol (1:2.5) and in chloroform (1:1.7); very soluble in water. action and uses: similar to those of atropine; is usually more sedative to the brain, but at times produces acute delirium. the drug is very uncertain. dosage: 0.3 mg. or 1/200 grain (u.s.p.). =*hyoscyamus (hyosc.), hyoscyamus, u.s.p.= (henbane, hyoscyami folium, p.i.).--leaves and tops, yielding not less than 0.065 per cent. of alkaloids. action and uses: similar to those of belladonna. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _extractum hyoscyami (ext. hyosc.), extract of hyoscyamus, u.s.p._--one gm. extract represents about 4 gm. hyoscyamus. yields about 0.25 per cent. of alkaloids. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum hyoscyami (fldext. hyosc.), fluidextract of hyoscyamus, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of henbane).--hyoscyamus (100%) yielding about 0.065 per cent. of alkaloids, chiefly hyoscyamine. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). _oleum hyoscyami compositum (ol. hyosc. co.), compound oil of hyoscyamus, n.f._ (balsamum tranquillans).--infused oil of hyoscyamus (hyoscyamus 10%) flavored with oils of lavender, peppermint, rosemary and thyme. _*tinctura hyoscyami (tr. hyosc.), tincture of hyoscyamus, u.s.p._ (tincture of henbane, hyoscyami tinctura, p.i.).--hyoscyamus (10%), yielding about 0.0065 per cent. of hyoscyamus alkaloids; in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 47 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =*hypophysis sicca (hypophysis sic.), desiccated hypophysis, u.s.p.= (desiccated pituitary body).--the posterior lobe obtained from the pituitary body of cattle. a yellowish or grayish powder with a characteristic odor. partially soluble in water. action and uses: solutions are used, hypodermically, to strengthen uterine contractions in prolonged labor. they also stimulate peristalsis and have been used with some success after abdominal operations and as a vasomotor stimulant. oral administration is ineffective. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). _*liquor hypophysis (liq. hypophysis), solution of hypophysis, u.s.p._ (solution of the pituitary body).--contains the water-soluble principles from the fresh posterior lobe of the pituitary body of cattle. assayed by testing against a standard solution of beta-iminazolyl-ethylamine hydrochloride by the method of the u.s. hygienic laboratory. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). =ignatia (ignat.), ignatia, n.f.= (saint ignatius bean, ignatia amara).--seeds of _strychnos ignatii_. action and uses: constituents and actions similar to those of nux vomica, over which ignatia has no advantage, being less reliable. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (n.f.). _extractum ignatiae (ext. ignat.), extract of ignatia, n.f._ (powdered extract of ignatia).--a hydroalcoholic extract, yielding about 6 per cent. of alkaloids. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (n.f.). _tinctura ignatiae (tr. ignat.), tincture of ignatia, n.f._--ignatia (10%), yielding about 0.2 per cent. of ignatia alkaloids; in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. dosage: 0.6 cc. or 10 minims (n.f.). =infusa, infusions.=--aqueous preparations made by pouring hot or cold water over a vegetable drug, allowing the mixture to stand for a definite period and then straining. for the official infusions, see under the names of the respective drugs. =inula (inula), inula, n.f.= (elecampane).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: at one time used in bronchitis. no scientific indications for its use. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). =inuncta, inunctions.=--semisolid ointment-like preparations used for external application. for the various inunctions see under the names of the principal ingredients. =*iodoformum (iodof.), iodoform, u.s.p.=--triiodomethane, chi{3}. lemon-yellow powder or lustrous crystals, with a peculiar, penetrating odor and an unpleasant, slightly sweetish taste suggestive of iodine. nearly insoluble in water, to which, however, it imparts its odor and taste; soluble in alcohol (1:60) and in glycerin (1:80). action and uses: used as dusting powder, promoting healing by granulation. oily suspensions are also used in treatment of tuberculous fistulas. _collodium iodoformi (collod. iodof.), iodoform collodion, n.f._--iodoform (5%) in flexible collodion. uses: there appears to be no advantage in applying iodoform in collodion. _glycerogelatinum iodoformi (glycerogel. iodof.), iodoform glycerogelatin, n.f._--iodoform (10%), water, glycerin and glycerinated gelatin. _iodoformum aromatisatum (iodof. arom.), aromatized iodoform, n.f._--coumarin (4%) and iodoform. _petroxolinum iodoformi (petrox. iodof.), iodoform petroxolin, n.f._ (iodoform petrox.).--an unstable preparation made from iodoform (3%), acetone, oleic acid, eucalyptol and liquid petroxolin. _unguentum iodoformi (ung. iodof.), iodoform ointment, u.s.p._--iodoform (10%) in benzoinated lard. =*iodum (iodum), iodine, u.s.p.=--i. heavy, bluish-black, brittle plates, with a metallic luster, a distinctive odor and a sharp, acrid taste. very slightly soluble in water (1:2950) and soluble in alcohol (1:12.5). freely soluble in solutions of alkali iodides. action and uses: the tincture and compound solution are used externally as local irritant and antiseptic. the irritant action can be easily graduated by successive application. it is rarely used internally for the systemic effects of iodides. dosage: 0.005 gm. or 1/12 grain (u.s.p.), largely diluted. _collodium iodi (collod. iodi), iodine collodion, n.f._--iodine (5%) in flexible collodion. uses: there appears little advantage in applying iodine in collodion. _liquor iodi compositus (liq. iodi co.), compound solution of iodine, u.s.p._ (lugol's solution).--iodine (5%) and potassium iodide (10%) in water. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). _liquor iodi phenolatus (liq. iod. phenol.), phenolated solution of iodine, n.f._ (liquor iodi carbolatus, n.f. iii, carbolized solution of iodine, boulton's solution, french mixture).--compound solution of iodine (1.5%), liquefied phenol (0.6%), glycerin and water. the iodine combines with the phenol. uses: antiseptic. _petroxolinum iodi (petrox. iod.), iodine petroxolin, n.f._ (iodine petrox 10%).--an unstable preparation, containing iodine, ammonium iodide and other iodine compounds in variable proportions, with a mixture of liquid petrolatum, alcohol, ammonium soap and oil of lavender; prepared from iodine (10%) and liquid petroxolin. _petroxolinum iodi dilutum (petrox. iod. dil.), diluted iodine petroxolin, n.f._ (iodine petrox 5%).--an unstable preparation containing iodine, ammonium iodide and other iodine compounds in variable proportions with a mixture of liquid petrolatum, alcohol, ammonium soap and oil of lavender; made from iodine (5%) and liquid petroxolin. absolute alcohol content about 19 per cent. _syrupus iodotannicus (syr. iodotan.), syrup of iodotannin, n.f._--made by combining iodine (0.27%) with tannic acid (0.54%) in syrup. contains iodine probably in the form of an iodide. uses: similar to those of potassium iodide; without advantage over the latter. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _*tinctura iodi (tr. iodi), tincture of iodine, u.s.p._--an alcoholic solution of iodine (about 7%) and potassium iodide (about 5%). absolute alcohol content about 83 per cent. dosage: 0.1 cc. or 1-1/2 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura iodi decolorata (tr. iod. decolor.), decolorized tincture of iodine, n.f._--a solution of sodium iodide and ammonium iodide obtained by mixing iodine and sodium thiosulphate (each 8.3%), stronger ammonia water (6.5%) and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 75 per cent. does not contain free iodine. uses: for external use; of doubtful utility. _tinctura iodi fortior (tr. iod. fort.), stronger tincture of iodine, n.f._ (churchill's tincture of iodine).--iodine (16.5%) and potassium iodide (3.3%) in water and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent. _unguentum iodi (ung. iodi), iodine ointment, u.s.p._--iodine (4%) and potassium iodide (4%) in glycerin and benzoinated lard. should be made as required. =*ipecacuanha (ipecac.), ipecac, u.s.p.= (ipecacuanhae radix, p.i.).--a root, yielding not less than 1.75 per cent. of alkaloids. action and uses: used as irritant, nauseant, expectorant and emetic. also specific against amebic dysentery, but in this use has been practically displaced by emetine. dosage: emetic, 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). expectorant, 0.06 gm. or 1 grain. _*fluidextractum ipecacuanhae (fldext. ipecac.), fluidextract of ipecac, u.s.p._--ipecac (100%), yielding about 2 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 30 per cent. dosage: 0.05 cc. or 1 minim (u.s.p.). _pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii._--see under =opium.= _*syrupus ipecacuanhae (syr. ipecac.), syrup of ipecac, u.s.p._--fluidextract of ipecac (7%) and acetic acid (1%) in glycerin and syrup. dosage: expectorant, 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.); emetic, 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _syrupus ipecacuanhae et opii and tinctura ipecacuanhae et opii._--see under =opium.= _vinum ipecacuanhae (vin. ipecac.), wine of ipecac, n.f._--fluidextract of ipecac (10%, yielding about 0.2% ipecac alkaloids) in alcohol and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 27 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims. =iris (iris), orris, n.f.= (orris root).--rhizome. action and uses: at one time thought to be a mild digestive stimulant, slightly cathartic and diuretic. now employed as dusting powder, tooth powder and perfume. =iris versicolor (iris vers.), blue flag, n.f.=--rhizome and roots. action and uses: obsolete cathartic; without advantage over resin of podophyllum. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum iridis versicoloris (fldext. iri. ver.), fluidextract of blue flag, n.f._--blue flag (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =*jalapa (jalap.), jalap, u.s.p.=--a root, yielding not less than 7 per cent. of resins. action and uses: drastic hydragogue cathartic, used especially in dropsies. preferred to other resinous cathartics, as being rather less irritant. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _extractum jalapae (ext. jalap.), extract of jalap, n.f._--an alcoholic extract. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum jalapae (fldext. jalap.), fluidextract of jalap, n.f._--jalap (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). _*pulvis jalapae compositus (pulv. jalap. co.), compound powder of jalap, u.s.p._ (pulvis purgans).--jalap (35%) and potassium bitartrate (65%). uses: useful hydragogue cathartic. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _resina jalapae (res. jalap.), resin of jalap, u.s.p._--the resin from jalap. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (u.s.p.). _tinctura jalapae (tr. jalap.), tincture of jalap, n.f._--jalap (20%), in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _tinctura jalapae composita (tr. jalap. co.), compound tincture of jalap, n.f._--jalap (12.5%) and resin of scammony (3%), in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =juglans (juglan.), juglans, n.f.= (butternut bark, white walnut bark).--inner bark of the roots. action and uses: obsolete cathartic, without advantage over cascara. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum juglandis (fldext. jugland.), fluidextract of juglans, n.f._--juglans (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =juniperus (junip.), juniper berries, n.f.=--ripe fruit. action and uses: irritant to urinary organs, owing to the chief constituent, a volatile oil. the spirit is sometimes used as an irritant diuretic. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum juniperi (fldext. junip.), fluidextract of juniper berries, n.f._--juniper (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =kaolinum (kaolinum), kaolin, n.f.=--purified native aluminum silicate. white or nearly white powder or lumps with an earthy taste. insoluble in water. action and uses: used in a poultice, cataplasma kaolini, similar to proprietary preparations. internally, as absorbent in diarrhea and dysentery. dosage: tablespoonful dry or in tea several times daily. _cataplasma kaolini (catapl. kaolin.), cataplasm of kaolin, n.f._--a mixture of kaolin and glycerin with boric acid aromatized with thymol, methyl salicylate and oil of peppermint. uses: not superior to flaxseed or bread-and-milk poultices. =kava (kava), kava, n.f.= (methysticum, kava kava).--rhizome and roots of _piper methysticum_. action and uses: mild irritant, without advantage over cubeb. often inert. owes its properties to an oleoresin. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum kavae (fldext. kav.), fluidextract of kava, n.f._--kava (100%). absolute alcohol content about 50 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =kino (kino), kino, u.s.p.=--a dried plant juice. dark brown fragments or brick-red powder, odorless and having an astringent taste. partly soluble in water. action and uses: used as intestinal and pharyngeal astringent; has no special advantage over other vegetable astringents, such as krameria. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _pulvis kino et opii compositus (pulv. kino et opii co.), compound powder of kino and opium, n.f._ (pulvis kino compositus, n.f. iii).--kino (75%), and powdered opium (5%) with saigon cinnamon. uses: antidiarrheic. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _tinctura kino (tr. kino), tincture of kino, u.s.p._--kino (10%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 49 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _tinctura kino et opii composita (tr. kino et opii co.), compound tincture of kino and opium, n.f._ (tinctura kino composita, n.f. iii, compound tincture of kino).--kino (2%), opium (1%), spirit of camphor (6.5%), oil of clove, cochineal and aromatic spirit of ammonia in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 50 per cent. uses: antidiarrheic; undesirably complex. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =kola (kola), kola, n.f.= (cola, kola nuts, cola nuts).--the peeled seeds. action and uses: possesses stimulant actions of its caffein and theobromin. without advantage over coffee. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum kolae (fldext. kol.), fluidextract of kola, n.f._ (fluidextractum sterculiae, n.f. iii).--kola (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =krameria (kramer.), krameria, n.f.= (rhatany).--root. action and uses: powerful astringent; like other tannin-containing drugs, is rapidly passing out of use. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _extractum krameriae (ext. kramer.), extract of krameria, n.f._ (powdered extract of krameria).--an aqueous extract diluted with starch, 1 gm. representing 4 gm. krameria. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum krameriae (fldext. kramer.), fluidextract of krameria, n.f._--krameria (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). _fluidglyceratum krameriae (fldglycer. kramer.), fluidglycerate of krameria, n.f._--krameria (100%) in glycerin and water. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). _syrupus krameriae (syr. kramer.), syrup of krameria, n.f._--fluidextract of krameria (45%) in syrup. absolute alcohol content about 18 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _tinctura krameriae (tr. kramer.), tincture of krameria, n.f._--krameria (20%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 45 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =lac vaccinum (lac vaccinum), cow's milk, n.f.= _lac fermentatum (lac ferment.), fermented milk, n.f._ (kumyss).--a fermentation product obtained by the action of yeast on cow's milk to which sugar (sucrose) has been added. the following is an unofficial formula: take a quart of skim milk, one-fifth of a cake of yeast and two tablespoonfuls of sugar. heat the milk. dissolve the yeast in a little water and mix it with the sugar and lukewarm milk. pour the mixture into strong bottles, stopper them tightly with new corks, and tie down the corks with strong twine. shake the bottles well and place in a refrigerator to ferment slowly. after three days lay the bottles on their sides, turning them occasionally. five days are required to complete the fermentation. dosage: 250 cc. or 8 fluidounces (n.f.). =lactucarium (lactucar.), lactucarium, u.s.p.=--the dried juice of a species of wild lettuce. action and uses: inefficient and obsolete hypnotic and respiratory sedative. the proprietary preparation to which its popularity was due was found to contain morphine. lactucarium is now seldom used. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). not given as such. _syrupus lactucarii (syr. lactucar.), syrup of lactucarium, u.s.p._--tincture of lactucarium (10%) and citric acid, flavored with orange flower water, in glycerin and syrup. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). absolute alcohol content about 5 per cent. _tinctura lactucarii (tr. lactucar.), tincture of lactucarium, u.s.p._--lactucarium (50%) in glycerin, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =lappa (lappa), lappa, n.f.= (burdock root). action and uses: obsolete "alterative," used in nostrums. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum lappae (fldext. lapp.), fluidextract of lappa, n.f._--lappa (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =leptandra (leptand.), leptandra, n.f.= (culver's root).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: unreliable cathartic; without advantage over resin of podophyllum. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _extractum leptandrae (ext. leptand.), extract of leptandra, n.f._ (powdered extract of leptandra).--a hydroalcoholic extract, diluted with starch. one gm. represents 4 gm. leptandra. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum leptandrae (fldext. leptand.), fluidextract of leptandra, n.f._--leptandra (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =limonis cortex (limon. cort.), lemon peel, u.s.p.= action and uses: used for the preparation of lemon flavors. _tinctura limonis corticis (tr. limon. cort.), tincture of lemon peel, u.s.p._--fresh lemon peel (50%) treated with alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 83 per cent. =linimenta, liniments.=--liquid preparations intended for external application. for the various official liniments, see under the names of the respective chief ingredients. =*linum (linum), linseed, u.s.p.= (flaxseed).--used in demulcent infusions, also when crushed or ground in poultices. if employed where the skin is broken the entire poultice should be sterilized by boiling before it is applied, in order to avoid infection. =liquores, solutions.=--aqueous liquid preparations in which one or more substances are completely dissolved. for the various official solutions, see under the names of the respective principal ingredients. for liquor acidi arsenosi, see under =arseni trioxidum=; for liquor antisepticus, under =acidum boricum=; for liquor antisepticus alkalinus, under =potassii bicarbonas=; for liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi, under =arseni iodidum=; for liquor arsenicalis clemens, under =potassii arsenas=; for liquor calcis sulphuratae, under =calcii sulphidum crudum=; for liquor ferri et ammonii acetas, under =ammonii acetas=; for liquor zinci et alumini compositus and liquor zinci et ferri compositus, under =zinci sulphas=. =lithii bromidum (lith. brom.), lithium bromide, u.s.p.=--libr (not less than 85%). white, granular, odorless, very deliquescent salt with a sharp, slightly bitter taste. very soluble in water (1:0.6) and soluble in alcohol and in ether. action and uses: used like other bromides, over which it has no advantage. for the supposed urate-solvent properties of lithium, see =lithii carbonas=. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir lithii bromidi (elix. lith. brom.), elixir of lithium bromide, n.f._--lithium bromide (8.5%) in syrup, water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 7 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =lithii carbonas (lith. carb.), lithium carbonate, u.s.p.=--li{2}co{3}. light white, odorless powder with an alkaline taste. soluble in water (1:78); almost insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: used in the same way as sodium carbonate; without advantage over the latter. lithium was formerly given to promote the elimination of urates because it was supposed to have special urate-solvent properties, but under the conditions existing in the body these properties do not come into play. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). =lithii citras (lith. cit.), lithium citrate, u.s.p.= white, odorless powder or granules, with a cooling, faintly alkaline taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.4), very slightly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: used like citrates of sodium or potassium, over which it has no advantage. for the supposed urate-solvent properties of lithium, see lithii carbonas. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir lithii citratis (elix. lith. cit.), elixir of lithium citrate, n.f._--lithium citrate (8.5%), in aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 21 per cent. uses: an objectionable alcoholic preparation of lithium. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _sal lithii citratis effervescens (sal. lith. cit. eff.), effervescent salt of lithium citrate, n.f._--lithium citrate (5%), sodium bicarbonate (57%), tartaric acid (30%) and citric acid, the three last-named yielding sodium tartrate and sodium citrate. uses: superfluous, and in view of its small lithium content, misnamed. dosage: 8 gm. or 2 drachms (n.f.). =lithii salicylas (lith. salicyl.), lithium salicylate, n.f.=- white or grayish white odorless powder, with a sweetish taste; deliquescent in a moist atmosphere. very soluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: as a salicylate, inferior to sodium salicylate. adequate doses would produce the toxic effects of lithium. for the supposed urate-solvent effects of lithium salts, see =lithii carbonas=. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _elixir lithii salicylatis (elix. lith. salicyl.), elixir of lithium salicylate, n.f._--lithium salicylate (8.5%) in aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 21 per cent. uses: an objectionable alcoholic salicylic preparation. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =lobelia (lobel.), lobelia, u.s.p.= (indian tobacco).--leaves and flowering tops. action and uses: expectorant, nauseant and emetic, resembling nicotine. has fallen into disuse because of dangerous effects. dosage: 0.15 gm. or 2-1/2 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum lobeliae (fldext. lobel.), fluidextract of lobelia, u.s.p._--lobelia (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 0.15 cc. or 2-1/2 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura lobeliae (tr. lobel.), tincture of lobelia, u.s.p._ (lobeliae tinctura, p.i.).--lobelia (10%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). =lotiones, lotions= (washes).--liquid mixtures, usually of solid medicinal substances suspended in water for external use. for the various official lotions see under the names of the respective principal ingredients. for lotio ammoniacalis camphorata, see under =ammonia=; for lotio flava, under =hydrargyri oxidum flavum=; for lotio nigra, under =hydrargyri chloridum mite=; for lotio plumbi et opii, under =plumbi acetas=. =lupulinum (lupul.), lupulin, n.f.=--glandular powder separated from hops. action and uses: bitter tonic without material advantage over gentian. reputed hypnotic and anaphrodisiac effects probably attributable to the alcohol in which it is commonly dissolved. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum lupulini (fldext. lupul.), fluidextract of lupulin, n.f._--lupulin (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (n.f.). _oleoresina lupulini (oleores. lupul.), oleoresin of lupulin, n.f._--the ether extract of lupulin. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.). =lycopodium (lycopod.), lycopodium, u.s.p.=--the spores of a moss. very inflammable. action and uses: used as an inert dusting powder for the skin, and as diluent for insufflations of boric acid, tannin, etc., for the throat, nose and ear. =macis (macis), mace, n.f.=--the arillode (inner covering) removed from nutmeg (myristica). yellowish or brownish, fragrant, branched and lobed bands, or orange-buff or orange-brown powder, with a warm, aromatic taste. action and uses: aromatic flavor and carminative without advantage over cardamom. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (n.f.). =magmata, magmas.=--suspensions of insoluble or nearly insoluble substances. =*magnesii carbonas (mag. carb.), magnesium carbonate, u.s.p.=--a mixture of magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. light, white, friable masses or bulky white powder, odorless and with a slight earthy taste. practically insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: used internally against gastric hyperacidity and as a mild laxative; externally as dusting powder. see also magma magnesiae, under =magnesii hydroxidum=. dosage: 3 gm. or 45 grains (u.s.p.). _mistura magnesiae, asafoetidae et opii (mist. mag. asafoet. et opii), mixture of magnesia, asafetida and opium, n.f._ (mistura magnesiae et asafoetidae, n.f. iii, dewees' carminative).--magnesium carbonate (5%), tincture of asafetida (7.5%), tincture of opium (1%), and sugar in water. absolute alcohol content about 7 per cent. uses: complex and irrational mixture intended for use in diarrhea. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =magnesii chloridum (magnes. chlorid.), magnesium chloride, n.f.=--mgcl{2} + 6h{2}o. colorless transparent crystals or white translucent pieces; deliquescent in moist air. very soluble in water (1:0.6) and soluble in alcohol. action and uses: similar to but without advantage over magnesium sulphate. dosage: 15 gm. or 4 drachms (n.f.). =*magnesii citras, magnesium citrate.= _*liquor magnesii citratis (liq. mag. cit.), solution of magnesium citrate, u.s.p._--magnesium citrate corresponding to not less than 1.5 per cent. of magnesium oxide. uses: efficient and not distasteful mild saline laxative. dosage: 350 cc. or 12 fluidounces (1 bottle) (u.s.p.). =magnesii hydroxidum, magnesium hydroxide.= _magma magnesiae (magma mag.), magnesia magma, u.s.p._ (milk of magnesia).--a suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water [equivalent to about 7% mg(oh){2}] forming a thick, white liquid. uses: widely used as mild alkaline laxative and tooth wash. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). =*magnesii oxidum (mag. oxid.), magnesium oxide, u.s.p.= (magnesia, calcined magnesia, light magnesia).--mgo (not less than 96%). a white, bulky, odorless powder with an earthy but not saline taste. almost insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: useful antacid and laxative. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). =magnesii oxidum ponderosum (mag. oxid. pond.), heavy magnesium oxide, u.s.p.= (heavy magnesia).--mgo (96%). white, dense powder. action and uses: used like magnesium oxide. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). =*magnesii sulphas (mag. sulph.), magnesium sulphate, u.s.p.= (epsom salt).--mgso{4} + 7h{2}o. small, colorless, odorless crystals, with a cooling, saline, bitter taste. freely soluble in water (1:1); almost insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: one of the most active of the saline cathartics. dosage: 15 gm. or 4 drachms (u.s.p.), in solution. a solution containing 1 gm. of salt in each cc. may be given, 5 cc. every hour until a laxative effect is secured. this should usually be diluted with water. _liquor magnesii sulphatis effervescens (liq. mag. sulph. eff.), effervescent solution of magnesium sulphate, n.f._--magnesium sulphate (about 7%) with syrup of citric acid, potassium citrate and water. dosage: the contents of a bottle, about 350 cc. or nearly 12 fluidounces (n.f.). =maltum (maltum), malt, u.s.p.=--malted barley, capable of converting not less than 5 times its weight of starch into sugars. yellowish grains with a characteristic odor and a sweet taste. action and uses: used to digest starch by its diastase. _extractum malti (ext. malt.), extract of malt, u.s.p._--syrupy liquid. dosage: 15 gm. or 4 drachms (u.s.p.). =malvae folia (malv. fol.), mallow leaves, n.f.= action and uses: demulcent "herb tea," without definite indications for its use. =mangani citras solubilis (mangan. cit. sol.), soluble manganese citrate, n.f.= (manganese and sodium citrate). yellowish or pinkish white powder or translucent scales, odorless and having a slightly bitter, astringent taste. freely soluble in water (1:4) and nearly insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: manganese salts have been tried as hematinic tonics, but are of very doubtful value. the choice among the various salts is a matter of convenience. the soluble citrate is typical of the soluble manganese salts, the dioxide of the insoluble. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.). =mangani dioxidum praecipitatum (mangan. diox. praec.), precipitated manganese dioxide, u.s.p.=--chiefly mno{2}. heavy, odorless, tasteless black powder. insoluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: see =mangani citras solubilis=. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). =mangani glycerophosphas solubilis (mangan. glycerophos. sol.), soluble manganese glycerophosphate, n.f.= (soluble manganous glycerinophosphate).--a mixture of manganese glycerophosphate and citric acid. yellowish or pinkish white, odorless powder, with an acid taste. freely soluble in water (1:4); alcohol dissolves the citric acid and leaves a residue which is nearly insoluble in water. action and uses: as a manganese compound it has no material advantage over other manganese salts. for a discussion of glycerophosphates, see =sodii glycerophosphas=. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.). =mangani hypophosphis (mangan. hypophos.), manganese hypophosphite, n.f.=--mn(h{2}po{2}){2} + h{2}o. pink, odorless, nearly tasteless powder. freely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: as a manganese compound, has no material advantage over other manganese salts. for a discussion of hypophosphites, see =calcii hypophosphis=. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.). =mangani sulphas (mangan. sulph.), manganese sulphate, n.f.=--mnso{4} (about 65%). pale rose-colored, translucent, odorless crystals, with a slightly bitter taste, slightly efflorescent in moist air. freely soluble in water (1:1) and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: without material advantage over other manganese salts. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.). =manna (manna), manna, u.s.p.=--a dried sap. action and uses: mild laxative; antiquated. dosage: 15 gm. or 4 drachms (u.s.p.) as infusion. _syrupus mannae (syr. mann.), syrup of manna, n.f._--manna (12.5%) and alcohol in syrup. absolute alcohol content about 6 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =massae, masses.=--soft solid preparations of such consistency that they can readily be made into pills. for the various masses, see under the names of the respective drugs. =mastiche (mastic.), mastic, n.f.=--a resin. completely soluble in ether and almost completely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: carminative, without special advantage over cardamom or fennel. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). =matico (matic.), matico, n.f.= (matico leaves). action and uses: obsolete genito-urinary "stimulant," without advantage over buchu, etc. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum matico (fldext. matic.), fluidextract of matico, n.f._--matico (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =matricaria (matricar.), matricaria, u.s.p.= (german chamomile, wild chamomile).--flower heads. action and uses: popularly used as a bitter and aromatic "tea" and poultice, any effects being due mostly to the hot water. dosage: 15 gm. or 4 drachms (u.s.p.). =mel (mel), honey, u.s.p.= action and uses: demulcent. _mel depuratum (mel depurat.), clarified honey, u.s.p._ _mel rosae (mel rosae), honey of rose, u.s.p._--fluidextract of rose and clarified honey. absolute alcohol content about 5 per cent. uses: flavoring vehicle; rarely used. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). =melilotus (melilot.), melilot, n.f.= (yellow sweet clover).--leaves and flowering tops. action and uses: formerly used as a stimulant and antispasmodic and in the treatment of neuralgia especially associated with debility. now seldom used; no scientific indications for its use. =mellita, honeys.=--sweet liquids having honey as a base. for the various honeys, see under the names of the respective principal ingredients. for mel rosae, see under =mel=; for mel rosae et sodii boratis, see under =sodii boras=. =*mentha piperita (menth. pip.), peppermint, u.s.p.=--leaves and flowering tops. action and uses: carminative and flavor, used chiefly in the form of the oil and spirit, which see under =oleum menthae piperitae=. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). =mentha viridis (menth. vir.), spearmint, u.s.p.=--leaves and flowering tops. action and uses: same as those of peppermint. see =oleum menthae viridis=. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). =*menthol (menthol), menthol, u.s.p.=--obtained from oil of peppermint or other mint oils. colorless crystals, with a strong peppermint odor and an aromatic taste. slightly soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol, chloroform or petroleum benzin. action and uses: used locally as counterirritant and analgesic; sometimes internally as carminative. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain. _inunctum mentholis (inunct. menthol.), menthol inunction, n.f._--menthol (5%) and hydrous wool fat. _inunctum mentholis compositum (inunct. menthol. co.), compound menthol inunction, n.f._--menthol (5%), methyl salicylate (10%) and hydrous wool fat. _menthol camphoratum (menthol camph.), camphorated menthol, n.f._ (campho-menthol, n.f. iii, camphor and menthol).--camphor (47.5%), menthol (47.5%) and alcohol. _nebula mentholis (nebul. menthol.), menthol spray, n.f._--menthol (2%) in light liquid petrolatum. _nebula mentholis composita (nebul. menthol. co.), compound menthol spray, n.f._--menthol (1%), camphor (1%), methyl salicylate, eucalyptol and oil of cinnamon in light liquid petrolatum. _petroxolinum mentholis (petrox. menthol.), menthol petroxolin, n.f._ (menthol petrox).--menthol (17%) in liquid petroxolin. =menyanthes (menyanth.), menyanthes, n.f.= (buckbean, marsh trefoil).--leaves of _menyanthes trifoliata_. action and uses: obsolete bitter; no special indications for its use. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). =*methylis salicylas (methyl. salicyl.), methyl salicylate, u.s.p.= (oleum gaultheriae, u.s.p. viii, oil of wintergreen, oleum betulae, u.s.p. viii, oil of sweet birch, oil of teaberry).--produced synthetically or obtained from wintergreen (oil of wintergreen) or from birch (oil of sweet birch). colorless, yellowish or reddish liquid, with a wintergreen odor and taste. sparingly soluble in water and miscible with alcohol and glacial acetic acid. action and uses: chiefly used as flavor. in sufficient amounts, antirheumatic and antipyretic. dosage: 0.75 cc. or 12 minims (u.s.p.). may be applied externally either pure or diluted (10%) in ointment. for absorption through the skin is best diluted with a fatty oil. _petroxolinum methylis salicylatis (petrox. methyl. salicyl.), methyl salicylate petroxolin, n.f._ (methyl salicylate petrox).--methyl salicylate (20%), in liquid petroxolin. =methylthioninae chloridum (methylthionin. chlor.), methylthionine chloride, u.s.p.= (methylthioninae hydrochloridum, u.s.p. viii, methylene blue). dark green powder or crystals with a bronze-like luster. freely soluble in water and alcohol, forming a deep blue solution. action and uses: sometimes used as urinary antiseptic; also in the treatment of malaria and some neuralgic conditions. in the latter use, is of doubtful value. dosage: 0.15 gm. or 2-1/2 grains (u.s.p.). =mezereum (mezereum), mezereum, u.s.p.= (mezereon).--a bark. action and uses: antiquated antisyphilitic and vesicant. _fluidextractum mezerei (fldext. mezer.), fluidextract of mezereum, n.f._--mezereum (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. =misturae, mixtures.=--liquid preparations containing insoluble or partly soluble medicinal substances suspended in them. for the various official mixtures, see under the names of the respective principal ingredients. for mistura adstringens, see under =cupri sulphas=; for mistura camphorae acida, mistura carminativa and mistura glycyrrhizae composita, under =opium=; for mistura ferri composita, under =ferri carbonas=; for mistura camphorae aromatica and mistura oleo-balsamica, under =oleum lavandulae=; for mistura pectoralis stokes, under =ammonii carbonas=. =morphina (morphina), morphine, u.s.p.=--an alkaloid obtained from opium. colorless or white, odorless crystals or powder. very slightly soluble in water (1:3,340) and soluble in alcohol (1:210). action and uses: central analgesic, hypnotic and respiratory sedative and depressant; also constipative. is only slightly depressant to the circulation. eliminated mainly through the bowels. should not be used to control cough if this is associated with marked expectoration. its habit-forming power should be constantly remembered. dosage: 0.008 gm. or 1/8 grain (u.s.p.). =*morphinae hydrochloridum (morph. hydrochl.), morphine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (morphine chloride). white, odorless needles, masses or powder. soluble in water (1:17.5) and in alcohol (1:52). action and uses: see =morphina=. dosage: 0.008 gm. or 1/8 grain (u.s.p.). _syrupus morphinae et acaciae (syr. morph. et acac.), syrup of morphine and acacia, n.f._ (syrupus pectoralis, n.f. iii, jackson's pectoral syrup).--morphine hydrochloride (0.055%) flavored with oil of sassafras in syrup of acacia. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =*morphinae sulphas (morph. sulph.), morphine sulphate, u.s.p.=- white, odorless crystals or masses. soluble in water (1:15.2) and slightly soluble in alcohol (1:565). action and uses: see =morphina=. dosage: 0.008 gm. or 1/8 grain (u.s.p.). _syrupus pini strobi compositus cum morphina (syr. pin. strob. c. morph.), compound syrup of white pine with morphine, n.f._ (syrupus pini strobi compositus, n.f. iii).--morphine sulphate (0.04%) in compound syrup of white pine. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. uses: objectionable expectorant mixture containing morphine. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =moschus (mosch.), musk, u.s.p.= (tonquin musk, deer musk).--a dried animal secretion. action and uses: antiquated analeptic. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _tinctura moschi (tr. mosch.), tincture of musk, u.s.p._--musk (5%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 48 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). =mucilagines, mucilages.=--aqueous solutions of gums or the mucilaginous principles of vegetable substances. for the various mucilages, see under the names of the respective drugs. =mullae, mulls.=--ointments of high fusing points spread on soft muslin or "mull." for the various mulls, see under the names of the respective active constituents. =myrica (myrica), bayberry bark, n.f.=--bark of the root. action and uses: formerly recommended as digestive, nutritive and nervous stimulant. no scientific indications for its use. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (n.f.). _pulvis myricae compositus (pulv. myric. co.), compound powder of bayberry, n.f._ (composition powder).--bayberry bark (60%), jamaica ginger (30%), capsicum and clove. uses: an obsolete carminative. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). =myristica (myrist.), myristica, u.s.p.= (nutmeg). action and uses: aromatic and carminative. =*myrrha (myrrh.), myrrh, u.s.p.= (gum myrrh).--a gum resin. action and uses: protective and local stimulant to the mucous membranes. internally, carminative. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _*tinctura myrrhae (tr. myrrh.), tincture of myrrh, u.s.p._--myrrh (20%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 87 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). =nebulae, sprays.=--spray solutions, intended for the application of medicaments in solution to the throat and nose by means of suitable atomizers. for nebula aromatica, see under =petrolatum liquidum=; for the various other sprays, see under =eucalyptol=, =menthol= and =thymol=. =nitrogenii monoxidum (nitrogen. monox.), nitrogen monoxide, u.s.p.= (nitrous oxide, "laughing gas").--n{2}o. a colorless gas with a slight characteristic odor and a sweetish taste. action and uses: for inhalation anesthesia. =*nux vomica (nux vom.), nux vomica, u.s.p.= (strychni semen, p.i.).--seeds yielding not less than 2.5 per cent. of alkaloids, chiefly strychnine and brucine. action and uses: used as bitter stomachic and tonic, depending on its strychnine. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _*extractum nucis vomicae (ext. nuc. vom.), extract of nux vomica, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of nux vomica, nucis vomicae extractum p.i.).--yields about 16 per cent. of alkaloids. dosage: 0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum nucis vomicae (fldext. nuc. vom.), fluidextract of nux vomica, u.s.p._--nux vomica (100%) yielding about 2.5 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 0.05 cc. or 1 minim (u.s.p.). _*tinctura nucis vomicae (tr. nuc. vom.), tincture of nux vomica, u.s.p._ (strychni tinctura, p.i.).--nux vomica (10%) yielding about 0.25 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 71 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). =olea infusa (ol. inf.), infused oils, n.f.=--liquid preparation made by extracting drugs by fixed oils. =oleata, oleates.=--oleates are combinations of alkaloids or metallic oxids with oleic acid or with mixtures of oleic acid with a fixed oil. they have no real advantage over simpler ointments. for the official oleates see under the names of the respective drugs. =oleoresinae, oleoresins.=--oleoresins are thick liquid preparations made by extracting the drug with ether, alcohol or acetone. for the official oleoresins see under the names of the respective drugs. =oleosacchara (oleosacchara), oil-sugars, n.f.= (elaeosacchara).--mixtures of volatile oil (2%) with sugar in fine powder. =oleum aethereum (ol. aether.), ethereal oil, n.f.=--a volatile liquid consisting of equal volumes of heavy oil of wine (chiefly ethyl esters of sulphuric acid) and ether. an indefinite and obsolete ingredient of the medieval "hoffmann's anodyne." =oleum amygdalae amarae (ol. amygd. amar.), oil of bitter almond, u.s.p.= (bitter almond oil).--a volatile oil yielding benzaldehyde (not less than 85%) and hydrocyanic acid (about 3%). slightly soluble in water; miscible with alcohol or ether. action and uses: flavoring agent, especially for emulsions. also used as a "sedative," but probably without value. dosage: 0.03 cc. or 1/2 minim (u.s.p.). _aqua amygdalae amarae (aq. amygd. amar.), bitter almond water, u.s.p._--a solution of oil of bitter almond in water. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _elixir amygdalae compositum (elix. amygd. co.), compound elixir of almond, n.f._--oil of bitter almond, vanillin, orange flower water, syrup, water and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 5 per cent. _spiritus amygdalae amarae (sp. amygd. amar.), spirit of bitter almond, u.s.p._--oil of bitter almond, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 76 per cent. =oleum amygdalae expressum (ol. amygd. exp.), expressed oil of almond, u.s.p.= (oil of sweet almond).--a fixed oil; similar to olive oil. action and uses: emollient, nutritive and laxative. =oleum anisi (ol. anisi), oil of anise, oil of star anise, u.s.p.= (anise oil).--a volatile oil from anise and from star anise. very slightly soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatic carminative and flavor. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.), on sugar. _aqua anisi (aq. anisi), anise water, u.s.p._--a solution of oil of anise in water. _spiritus anisi (sp. anisi), spirit of anise, u.s.p._--oil of anise (10%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =oleum aurantii (ol. aurant.), oil of orange, u.s.p.= (oleum aurantii corticis, u.s.p. viii, orange oil, oil of sweet orange).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. action and uses: aromatic flavor. _spiritus aurantii compositus (sp. aurant. co.), compound spirit of orange, u.s.p._--oils of orange, lemon, coriander and anise, in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 69 per cent. =oleum aurantii amari (ol. aurant. amar.), oil of bitter orange, n.f.=--a volatile oil. practically insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol (1:4). action and uses: flavoring agent. _elixir aurantii amari (elix. aurant. amar.), elixir of bitter orange, n.f._ (replacing elixir curassao, n.f. iii).--oil of bitter orange, tincture of bitter orange peel, stronger orange flower water, in syrup, water and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 28 per cent. =oleum aurantii florum (ol. aurant. flor.), oil of orange flowers, n.f.= (oil of neroli).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: flavoring agent. =oleum bergamottae (ol. bergam.), oil of bergamot, n.f.=--a volatile oil. practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: flavoring agent. _spiritus odoratus (sp. odorat.), perfumed spirit, n.f._--oils of bergamot, lemon, rosemary, lavender and orange flowers, acetic ether, water and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. =oleum betulae empyreumaticum rectificatum (ol. bet. empyr. rect.), rectified oil of birch tar, n.f.= (rectified empyroligneous oil of birch, oleum rusci rectificatum).--an oil obtained by the dry distillation of the bark and wood of white birch. insoluble in water; soluble in dehydrated alcohol, ether and chloroform. action and uses: similar to tar; employed locally as a stimulant and antiseptic in the treatment of psoriasis and eczema. dosage: 2 to 10 per cent. ointment. =oleum cadinum (ol. cadin.), oil of cade, u.s.p.= (cade oil, oil of juniper tar, oleum juniperi empyreumaticum).--an empyreumatic oil obtained by the dry distillation of juniper wood. nearly insoluble in water; only partially soluble in alcohol. action and uses: epidermal stimulant in chronic inflammatory skin diseases, acting similarly to tar. dosage: 1 to 10 per cent. ointment. _petroxolinum cadini (petrox. cadin.), cade petroxolin, n.f._ (cade petrox).--oil of cade (25%) in liquid petroxolin. =oleum cajuputi (ol. cajup.), oil of cajuput, u.s.p.= (cajuput oil, oil of cajuput).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: counterirritant. =oleum cardamomi (ol. cardam.), oil of cardamom, n.f.=--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; very soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatic flavoring agent. _elixir cardamomi compositum (elix. card. co.), compound elixir of cardamom, n.f._--compound spirit of cardamom, alcohol, syrup and water. absolute alcohol content about 9 per cent. _spiritus cardamomi compositus (sp. card. co.), compound spirit of cardamom, n.f._--oil of cardamom, anethol, oils of orange, cinnamon, caraway and clove, in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 72 per cent. uses: flavoring agent. =oleum cari (ol. cari), oil of caraway, u.s.p.= (caraway oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatic carminative. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). =*oleum caryophylli (ol. caryoph.), oil of clove, u.s.p.= (clove oil, oil of cloves).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: externally, rubefacient and counterirritant; internally, carminative; to some extent a local anesthetic. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). =*oleum cassiae (ol. cass.), oil of cinnamon, u.s.p.= (oleum cinnamomi, u.s.p. viii, cassia oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatic flavor. _*aqua cinnamomi (aq. cinnam.), cinnamon water, u.s.p._--a saturated solution of oil of cinnamon in water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _spiritus cinnamomi (sp. cinnam.), spirit of cinnamon, u.s.p._--oil of cinnamon (10%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =*oleum chenopodii (ol. chenopod.), oil of chenopodium, u.s.p.= (oil of american wormseed).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: anthelmintic, especially for roundworms and hookworms. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). subminimal doses repeated at intervals of several days become toxic. =oleum coriandri (ol. coriand.), oil of coriander, u.s.p.= (coriander oil). nearly insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: carminative aromatic. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). =oleum cubebae (ol. cubeb.), oil of cubeb, u.s.p.= (cubeb oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol (1:18). action and uses: used internally as a stimulating antiseptic, expectorant and against subacute gonorrhea. of doubtful value. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). =*oleum eucalypti (ol. eucalypt.), oil of eucalyptus, u.s.p.= (eucalyptus oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol. action and uses: largely used especially for inhalation in the form of vapor or oily sprays (about 10%) as antiseptic and deodorant, for subacute and chronic inflammations of the respiratory mucosae. =oleum foeniculi (ol. foenic.), oil of fennel, u.s.p.= (fennel oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatic carminative frequently employed with purgative medicines to prevent griping. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). _aqua foeniculi (aq. foenic.), fennel water, u.s.p._--a solution of oil of fennel in water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). =oleum gossypii seminis (ol. gossyp. sem.), cottonseed oil, u.s.p.=--a fixed oil. action and uses: frequently employed in place of olive oil, in preparations for external use. =oleum juniperi (ol. junip.), oil of juniper, u.s.p.= (juniper oil, oil of juniper berries).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: irritant diuretic. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.); not given as such. _spiritus juniperi (sp. junip.), spirit of juniper, u.s.p._--oil of juniper (5%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _spiritus juniperi compositus (sp. junip. co.), compound spirit of juniper, u.s.p._--oil of juniper (0.4%) and oils of caraway and fennel in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 66 per cent. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.) =oleum lavandulae (ol. lavand.), oil of lavender, u.s.p.= (oleum lavandulae florum u.s.p. viii).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatic and flavoring agent. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). _acetum aromaticum (acet. arom.), aromatic vinegar, n.f._--acetic acid, alcohol and water, aromatized with oils of lavender, rosemary, juniper, peppermint, cinnamon, lemon and clove. uses: refreshing inhalant and counterirritant. _mistura camphorae aromatica (mist. camph. arom.), aromatic camphor mixture, n.f._ (parrish's camphor mixture).--camphor water (about 70%) in compound tincture of lavender and sugar. absolute alcohol content about 17.5 per cent. uses: aromatic carminative. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _mistura oleo-balsamica (mist. ol.-balsam.), oleo-balsamic mixture, n.f._--oil of lavender, eugenol, oils of thyme, cinnamon, lemon and nutmeg with balsam of peru in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. action and uses: local stimulant. _spiritus lavandulae (sp. lavand.), spirit of lavender, u.s.p._--oil of lavender (5%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura lavandulae composita (tr. lavand. co.), compound tincture of lavender, u.s.p._ (compound spirit of lavender).--oil of lavender, oil of rosemary, saigon cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, and red saunders in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. uses: aromatic flavor and rubefacient. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.) =oleum limonis (ol. limon.), oil of lemon, u.s.p.= (lemon oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: flavoring agent =*oleum lini (ol. lini), linseed oil, u.s.p.= (oil of flaxseed, raw linseed oil).--a fixed oil. action and uses: internally, laxative; its disagreeable taste and odor have made it unpopular. externally, protective emollient, especially as linimentum calcis (which see under calx) in burns. dosage: 30 cc. or 1 fluidounce (u.s.p.) =*oleum menthae piperitae (ol. menth. pip.), oil of peppermint, u.s.p.= (peppermint oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatic carminative and flavoring agent. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). _*aqua menthae piperitae (aq. menth. pip.), peppermint water, u.s.p._--a saturated solution of oil of peppermint in distilled water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.) _*spiritus menthae piperitae (sp. menth. pip.), spirit of peppermint, u.s.p._ (essence of peppermint).--oil of peppermint (10%), colored with peppermint in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _trochisci menthae piperitae (troch. menth. pip.), troches of peppermint, n.f._--oil of peppermint, with sugar and mucilage of tragacanth. dosage: 1 troche (n.f.) =oleum menthae viridis (ol. menth. vir.), oil of spearmint, u.s.p.= (spearmint oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatic carminative and flavoring agent. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). _aqua menthae viridis (aq. menth. vir.), spearmint water, u.s.p._--a solution of oil of spearmint in water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _spiritus menthae viridis (sp. menth. vir.), spirit of spearmint, u.s.p._--oil of spearmint (10%), colored with spearmint, in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.) =*oleum morrhuae (ol. morrh.), cod liver oil, u.s.p.= (oleum jecoris aselli).--a fixed oil. action and uses: generally considered to be a food rather than a medicine. its value depends probably entirely on its nutritive property. preferably administered as such or in the form of recently prepared emulsions. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _emulsum olei morrhuae (emuls. ol. morrh.), emulsion of cod liver oil, u.s.p._--cod liver oil (50%) with acacia, syrup, methyl salicylate and water. other flavors may be substituted for the methyl salicylate. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _emulsum olei morrhuae cum calcii lactophosphate (emul. ol. morrh. c. calc. lactophos.), emulsion of cod liver oil with calcium lactophosphate, n.f._--cod liver oil (50%), calcium lactophosphate (5%), lactic acid, acacia, syrup of tolu and water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). _emulsum olei morrhuae cum calcii phosphate (emul. ol. morrh. c. calc. phos.), emulsion of cod liver oil with calcium phosphate, n.f._ (emulsion of cod liver oil with phosphate of lime).--cod liver oil (50%), precipitated calcium phosphate (3.5%), syrup of tolu, acacia and water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). _emulsum olei morrhuae cum hypophosphitibus (emul. ol. morrh. c. hypophos.), emulsion of cod liver oil with hypophosphites, n.f._--cod liver oil (50%), calcium hypophosphite (1%), potassium hypophosphite and sodium hypophosphite (each 0.5%), acacia, syrup and water. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _emulsum olei morrhuae cum malto (emul. ol. morrh. c. malt.), emulsion of cod liver oil with malt, n.f._--cod liver oil (30%), extract of malt (about 55%), tragacanth and water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). _emulsum olei morrhuae cum pruno virginiana (emul. ol. morrh. c. prun. virg.), emulsion of cod liver oil with wild cherry, n.f._--cod liver oil (50%), fluidextract of wild cherry (6.5%), acacia, syrup of tolu and water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). _emulsum olei morrhuae cum vitello (emul. ol. morrh. c. vitel.), emulsion of cod liver oil with egg, n.f._--cod liver oil (50%), glycerite of yolk of egg, syrup of tolu and water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). =oleum myrciae (ol. myrc.), oil of myrcia, n.f.= (oil of bay).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatizing agent used in bay-rum. _spiritus myrciae compositus (sp. myrciae co.), compound spirit of myrcia, n.f._--oils of myrcia, orange, pimenta, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 58 per cent. uses: perfume and stimulant to the skin. =oleum myristicae (ol. myrist.), oil of myristica, u.s.p.= (myristica oil, oil of nutmeg).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatic flavor and carminative. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). =oleum olivae (ol. oliv.), olive oil, u.s.p.=--a fixed oil. action and uses: emollient, laxative and nutrient. dosage: 30 cc. or 1 fluidounce (u.s.p.). =oleum picis liquidae rectificatum (ol. pic. liq. rect.), rectified oil of tar, u.s.p.= (oleum picis liquidae, u.s.p. viii, rectified tar oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: externally antiseptic, irritant and parasiticide; used in skin diseases. dosage: internally, 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). _mistura olei picis (mist. ol. pic.), mixture of oil of tar, n.f._ (mistura picis liquidae, tar mixture).--rectified oil of tar (3.5%) and chloroform (1%), with pure extract of glycyrrhiza, sugar and oil of peppermint in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 16 per cent. uses: complex, disagreeable expectorant. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _petroxolinum picis (petrox. pic.), tar petroxolin, n.f._ (tar petrox).--rectified oil of tar (25%) in liquid petroxolin. _unguentum picis compositum (ung. pic. co.), compound tar ointment, n.f._--rectified oil of tar (4%), zinc oxide (3%), and tincture of benzoin in yellow wax, lard and cottonseed oil. =oleum pimentae (ol. piment.), oil of pimenta, u.s.p.= (pimento oil, oil of allspice).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: flavoring agent and carminative. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). =oleum pini pumilionis (ol. pin. pumil.), oil of dwarf pine needles, u.s.p.= (dwarf pine oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: more aromatic than oil of turpentine, and used as an inhalation in catarrh of the respiratory passages. =*oleum ricini (ol. ricin.), castor oil, u.s.p.=--a fixed oil. soluble in equal parts of alcohol. action and uses: effective and prompt cathartic, but likely to be followed by constipation and therefore not indicated in chronic constipation. useful as an initial purge in acute diarrheas. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _emulsum olei ricini (emul. ol. ricin.), emulsion of castor oil, n.f._--castor oil (35%), with acacia, flavored with tincture of vanilla, in syrup and water. uses: renders castor oil somewhat less disagreeable. dosage: 45 cc. or 1-1/2 fluidounces (n.f.). _oleum ricini aromaticum (ol. ricin. arom.), aromatic castor oil, n.f._--castor oil flavored with benzosulphinide, oil of cinnamon, oil of clove, vanillin and coumarin. uses: a partly successful attempt to render castor oil less disagreeable. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). =oleum rosmarini (ol. rosmar.), oil of rosemary, u.s.p.= (rosemary oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: aromatic flavor and carminative. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). =*oleum santali (ol. santal.), oil of santal, u.s.p.= (santalwood oil, oil of sandalwood).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: urinary disinfectant and stimulant. used in subacute stages of cystitis and gonorrhea. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.), preferably in capsules. =oleum sassafras (ol. sassaf.), oil of sassafras, u.s.p.= (sassafras oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: flavor; used externally as rubefacient counterirritant. =oleum sesami (ol. sesam.), sesame oil, u.s.p.= (teel oil, benne oil).--a fixed oil. action and uses: emollient, used as substitute for olive oil. =*oleum sinapis volatile (ol. sinap. vol.), volatile oil of mustard, u.s.p.= (mustard oil).--produced synthetically or from black mustard seed. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: powerful irritant and rapid vesicant; employed as counterirritant dissolved in alcohol or fixed oils. _linimentum sinapis compositum (lin. sinap. co.), compound liniment of mustard, n.f._--volatile oil of mustard (3%), fluidextract of mezereum (20%) and camphor (6%) in castor oil and alcohol. uses: complex and antiquated counterirritant. _spiritus sinapis (sp. sinap.), spirit of mustard, n.f._--volatile oil of mustard (2%) in alcohol. uses: rubefacient. =*oleum terebinthinae (ol. tereb.), oil of turpentine, u.s.p.= (turpentine oil, "spirits of turpentine").--a volatile oil obtained from the oleoresin of pine wood (turpentine). nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: applied externally, rubefacient and counterirritant. for internal use, see oleum terebinthinae rectificatum, below. _oleum terebinthinae rectificatum (ol. tereb. rect.), rectified oil of turpentine, u.s.p._ (rectified turpentine oil).--redistilled oil of turpentine. uses: antiseptic, anthelmintic, diuretic and carminative. used to relieve tympanites. dosage: 0.3 cc. or 5 minims (u.s.p.). _emulsum olei terebinthinae (emuls. ol. tereb.), emulsion of oil of turpentine, u.s.p._--rectified oil of turpentine (15%) with expressed oil of almond, syrup, acacia and water. dosage: 2 cc. or 1/2 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _linimentum terebinthinae (lin. terebinth.), turpentine liniment, u.s.p._ (kentish's ointment).--rosin cerate (65%) in oil of turpentine. _linimentum terebinthinae aceticum (lin. terebinth. acet.), acetic turpentine liniment, n.f._ (linimentum album, stokes' liniment, st. john long's liniment).--oil of turpentine (40%) and acetic acid (8%) with oil of lemon, fresh egg and rose water. =*oleum theobromatis (ol. theobrom.), oil of theobroma, u.s.p.= (butter of cacao, cacao butter).--a solid fixed oil. melts at body temperature. action and uses: used principally in suppositories, etc.; sometimes in emollient ointments and as a lubricant in massage. =oleum thymi (ol. thymi), oil of thyme, u.s.p.= (thyme oil).--a volatile oil. nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. action and uses: rubefacient and counterirritant; usually applied as a liniment, diluted with a fixed oil or the well-known soap liniment. internally, carminative but now seldom used. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). =*oleum tiglii (ol. tiglii), croton oil, u.s.p.=--a fixed oil. action and uses: very powerful cathartic and gastric and intestinal irritant, frequently causing violent vomiting and purging, sometimes followed by collapse. externally, rubefacient and vesicant. dosage: 0.05 cc. or 1 minim (u.s.p.). preferably administered in drop doses on sugar or in a pill with bread or other absorbent. _collodium tiglii (collod. tiglii), croton oil collodion, n.f._--croton oil (10%) and flexible collodion. uses: there is no advantage in applying croton oil with collodion. _linimentum tiglii (lin. tiglii), liniment of croton oil, n.f._ (linimentum crotonis).--croton oil (13%), oil of cajuput, and alcohol. _linimentum tiglii compositum (lin. tiglii co.), compound croton oil liniment, n.f._--croton oil, oil of sassafras and oil of turpentine (each 20%) and olive oil. =*opium (opium), opium, u.s.p.=--the dried juice of the opium poppy. yields not less than 9.5 per cent. of anhydrous morphine. action and uses: like those of morphine, but opium is absorbed more slowly, and is generally preferred in the treatment of the gastro-intestinal tract, especially for the purpose of checking diarrhea. it is ineffective for external or local application, because the opium alkaloids are not absorbed to any appreciable extent through the unbroken skin. the routine use of complicated mixtures containing opiates deserves condemnation, since opium should not be prescribed unless it is adapted to the conditions of the individual patient. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _acetum opii (acet. opii), vinegar of opium, n.f._--opium (10%) in diluted acetic acid, flavored with nutmeg and sugar. uses: an obsolete and superfluous preparation. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). _*extractum opii (ext. opii), extract of opium, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of opium, opii extractum, p.i.).--one gm. extract represents about 2 gm. opium. yields about 20 per cent. of anhydrous morphine. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). _linimentum opii compositum (lin. opii co.), compound liniment of opium, n.f._ (canada liniment).--tincture of opium (10%), camphor (1.75%), oil of peppermint (2.5%) in alcohol, fresh egg albumen, ammonia water and oil of turpentine. absolute alcohol content about 28 per cent. uses: irrational opium preparation. _mistura camphorae acida (mist. camph. acid.), acid camphor mixture, n.f._ (mistura antidysenterica, hope's mixture).--tincture of opium (1.2%) and nitric acid (1.75%) in camphor water. uses: against diarrhea. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _mistura carminativa (mist. carminat.), carminative mixture, n.f._ (dalby's carminative).--tincture of opium (2.5%), magnesium carbonate (6.5%), potassium carbonate (0.3%), with oils of caraway, fennel and peppermint in syrup and water. uses: against colic. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (n.f.). _mistura glycyrrhizae composita (mist. glycyrrh. co.), compound mixture of glycyrrhiza, u.s.p._ (brown mixture).--camphorated tincture of opium (12%), antimony and potassium tartrate (0.024%), with pure extract of glycyrrhiza, syrup, acacia and spirit of nitrous ether in water. absolute alcohol content about 8 per cent. uses: a misnamed but popular expectorant, efficient mainly through its opium and antimony. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _mistura opii et chloroformi composita (mist. opii et chlorof. co.), compound mixture of opium and chloroform, n.f._ (squibb's diarrhea mixture).--tincture of opium (20%), spirit of camphor (20%), tincture of capsicum (10%), chloroform (8%) and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 75 per cent. uses: against diarrhea. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _mistura opii et rhei composita (mist. opii et rhei co.), compound mixture of opium and rhubarb, n.f._ (sun cholera mixture).--tincture of opium (20%), tincture of rhubarb (10%), tincture of capsicum (10%), spirit of camphor (20%), spirit of peppermint and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 78 per cent. uses: against diarrhea. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _mistura opii et sassafras (mist. opii et sassaf.), mixture of opium and sassafras, n.f._ (mistura sassafras et opii, n.f. iii, mistura opii alkalina, godfrey's cordial).--tincture of opium (3.5%) and oil of sassafras (0.1%) with alcohol and potassium carbonate in syrup and water. absolute alcohol content about 6.5 per cent. uses: sedative. dosage: infants, 0.3 cc. or 5 minims (n.f.). _*opii pulvis (opii pulv.), powdered opium, u.s.p._ (opii pulvis, p.i.).--contains about 10.25 per cent. of anhydrous morphine. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _opium deodoratum (opium deod.), deodorized opium, u.s.p._--opium extracted with benzin. yields about 10.25 per cent. of anhydrous morphine. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _opium granulatum (opium gran.), granulated opium, u.s.p._--yields about 10.25 per cent. of anhydrous morphine. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _pilulae opii, digitalis et quininae (pil. opii digit. et quin.), pills of opium, digitalis and quinine, n.f._ (niemeyer pills for phthisis).--each pill contains powdered opium (0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain), digitalis and quinine sulphate (each 0.065 gm. or 1 grain) with clarified honey. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae opii et camphorae (pil. opii et camph.), pills of opium and camphor, n.f._--each pill contains powdered opium (0.065 gm. or 1 grain) and camphor (0.13 gm. or 2 grains) with clarified honey. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae opii et plumbi (pil. opii et plumb.), pills of opium and lead, n.f._--each pill contains powdered opium and lead acetate (each 0.065 gm. or 1 grain) with clarified honey. uses: constipative. the internal use of lead is rarely advisable. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pulvis cretae et opii aromaticus (pulv. cret. et opii arom.), aromatic powder of chalk and opium, n.f._--powdered opium (2.5%) and aromatic powder of chalk. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _*pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii (pulv. ipecac. et opii), powder of ipecac and opium, u.s.p._ (compound powder of ipecac, dover's powder, opii et ipecacuanhae pulvis compositus, p.i.).--powdered opium and ipecac (each 10%) with sugar of milk. uses: especially as diaphoretic in incipient colds. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _syrupus ipecacuanhae et opii (syr. ipecac. et opii), syrup of ipecac and opium, n.f._ (syrup of dover's powder).--tincture of ipecac and opium (8.5%) flavored with spirit of cinnamon and cinnamon water in syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _tinctura ipecacuanhae et opii (tr. ipecac. et opii), tincture of ipecac and opium, n.f._ (tincture of dover's powder).--tincture of deodorized opium (100%) and fluidextract of ipecac (10%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 15 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (n.f.). _*tinctura opii (tr. opii), tincture of opium, u.s.p._ (laudanum, opii tinctura, p.i.).--granulated opium (10%) yielding about 1 per cent. of anhydrous morphine in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims. _*tinctura opii camphorata (tr. opii camph.), camphorated tincture of opium, u.s.p._ (paregoric, opii tinctura benzoici p.i.).--powdered opium and camphor (each 0.4%), benzoic acid, oil of anise and glycerin in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _tinctura opii crocata (tr. opii crocat.), tincture of opium with saffron, n.f._ (sydenham's laudanum, tinctura opii crocata, p.i.).--granulated opium (10%) with saffron, saigon cinnamon and clove in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 45 per cent. dosage: 0.6 cc. or 10 minims (n.f.). _*tinctura opii deodorati (tr. opii deod.), tincture of deodorized opium, u.s.p._--opium (10%, a purified or deodorized aqueous extract yielding about 1% anhydrous morphine), in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 19 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura pectoralis (tr. pectoral.), pectoral tincture, n.f._ (guttae pectorales, pectoral drops, bateman's pectoral drops).--opium (0.4%), gambir (about 0.3%), camphor (0.4%), with oil of anise and caramel in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 50 per cent. dosage: 0.6 cc. or 10 minims (n.f.). =ovi albumen recens (ovi album.), fresh egg albumen, n.f.= action and uses: used in pharmacy. =ovi vitellum recens (ovi vitel.), fresh egg yolk, n.f.= action and uses: emulsifying agent. _glyceritum vitelli (glycer. vitell.), glycerite of egg yolk, n.f._ (glyconin).--fresh yolk of egg and glycerin. =ovum gallinaceum (ovum gallin.), fresh egg, n.f.= action and uses: used in pharmaceutical preparations. =*oxygenium (oxygen.), oxygen, u.s.p.= action and uses: inhaled for relief of asphyxia, carbon monoxide poisoning, etc. =*pancreatinum (pancreat.), pancreatin, u.s.p.=--contains enzymes from the pancreas of the hog or beef, principally amylopsin, trypsin and steapsin. converts not less than 25 per cent. of its own weight of starch into sugars. a cream-colored powder with a faint odor. action and uses: chiefly for the predigestion of protein and starchy foods. incompatible with acids and is therefore destroyed by the action of normal gastric juice. occasionally used to assist gastric digestion in achlorhydria but the administration of dilute hydrochloric acid seems preferable. when the pancreatic juice is absent pancreatin may be given in salol-coated pills. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _liquor pancreatini (liq. pancreat.), solution of pancreatin, n.f._ (liquor pancreaticus, n.f. iii, pancreatic solution).--pancreatin (1.75%), sodium bicarbonate (5%), with compound spirit of cardamom, sodium chloride and chloroform in alcohol, glycerin and water. absolute alcohol content about 6 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _pulvis pancreatini compositus (pulv. pancreat. co.), compound pancreatin powder, n.f._ (pulvis pancreaticus compositus, n.f. iii, peptonizing powder).--pancreatin (20%) and sodium bicarbonate. uses: predigestion of milk. =papaveris fructus (papav. fruct.), poppy capsules, n.f.=--fully grown unripe poppy heads. action and uses: weak and unreliable opiate. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _syrupus papaveris (syr. papaver.), syrup of poppy, n.f._--poppy capsules (10%) in syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =paracoto (paracot.), paracoto, n.f.=--bark of an unidentified tree. action and uses: at one time used in diarrhea. the identity of the drug is uncertain and there is no scientific evidence for its value; hence it is now little used. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum paracoto (fldext. paracot.), fluidextract of paracoto, n.f._ (fluidextractum coto, n.f. iii).--paracoto (100%). absolute alcohol content about 75 per cent. dosage: 0.3 cc. or 5 minims (n.f.). _tinctura paracoto (tr. paracoto), tincture of paracoto, n.f._ (tinctura coto, n.f. iii).--paracoto (12.5%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. uses: antidiarrheic, of doubtful efficacy. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =*paraffinum (paraff.), paraffin, u.s.p.=--a purified mixture of solid hydrocarbons, usually obtained from petroleum. a white, waxy, odorless and tasteless solid, greasy to the touch, melting between 50 and 57 c. action and uses: used in surgery for prosthetic purposes and in pharmacy for raising the melting point of ointments and similar products. =paraformaldehydum (paraform.), paraformaldehyde, u.s.p.= (paraform, trioxymethylene).--a polymeric form of formaldehyde. white friable masses or powder with a slight odor of formaldehyde. soluble in cold water, insoluble in alcohol or ether. action and uses: employed in place of formaldehyde to disinfect rooms by vaporization in presence of moisture (to insure formation of formaldehyde). as it is active only if decomposed there may be some doubt as to its efficiency. internally, it has been used as intestinal antiseptic, but is probably useless and may be harmful. =*paraldehydum (paraldehyd.), paraldehyde, u.s.p.=--a polymer of acetaldehyde. a colorless liquid, having a strong, characteristic odor and an extremely unpleasant taste, and producing first a burning and then a cooling sensation in the mouth. soluble in water (1:8), and miscible with alcohol or chloroform. action and uses: prompt and fairly active hypnotic and sedative devoid of serious side-effects. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). best administered with cracked ice or ice-cold liquids. =pareira (pareira), pareira, n.f.= (pareira brava).--roots. action and uses: obsolete bitter tonic. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum pareirae (fldext. pareir.), fluidextract of pareira, n.f._--pareira (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =passiflora (passiflor.), passion flower, n.f.= (passion vine).--dried herbage. action and uses: exploited by manufacturers of proprietary remedies for the treatment of insomnia, but probably inert. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (n.f.). _tinctura passiflorae (tr. passiflor.), tincture of passion flower, n.f._--passion flower (20%), in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 45 per cent. dosage: 0.6 cc. or 10 minims (n.f.). =pastae dermatologicae, dermatologic pastes.=--dermatologic pastes are medicaments for external use. they are ointment-like mixtures containing starch or dextrin with glycerin, soft soap, petrolatum or lard mixed with some active medicinal agent. for the official dermatologic pastes see under the names of the principal constituents. =*pelletierinae tannas (pellet. tann.), pelletierine tannate, u.s.p.=--a mixture of alkaloids from pomegranate. a light yellow, odorless powder with an astringent taste. slightly soluble in water (1:240) and soluble in alcohol (1:16). action and uses: anthelmintic and teniafuge. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). may be administered suspended in water. should be given on an empty stomach followed after one or two hours by brisk purging. not more than 0.3 gm. or 5 grains should be given. =pepo (pepo), pepo, u.s.p.= (pumpkin seed). action and uses: domestic anthelmintic; probably inefficient. dosage: 30 gm. or 1 ounce (u.s.p.) =*pepsinum (pepsin.), pepsin, u.s.p.=--contains a proteolytic ferment or enzyme from the stomach of the hog. white or yellowish scales, grains, or powder, having a slightly acid or saline taste and no offensive odor. soluble in water (1:50); nearly insoluble in alcohol. digests 3000 times its own weight of coagulated egg albumen. action and uses: used to assist in the gastric digestion of proteins. usually superfluous, since gastric juice generally contains sufficient pepsin to perform gastric digestion. the alcohol of the elixirs and wines may be distinctly harmful in gastric disorders, while the other ingredients of the many complex mixtures need be prescribed only when direct indications for them exist. many of these mixtures are irrational. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et pepsini (elix. cinchon. ferr. et pepsin.), elixir of cinchona alkaloids, iron and pepsin, n.f._ (elixir cinchonae, ferri et pepsini, n.f. iii, elixir of calisaya, alkaloidal with iron and pepsin).--glycerite of pepsin (20%) and elixir of cinchona alkaloids and iron. absolute alcohol content about 15 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir pepsini (elix. pepsin.), elixir of pepsin, n.f._--glycerite of pepsin (20%), glycerin (10%), hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 15 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir pepsini, bismuthi et strychninae._--see under =strychnina=. _elixir pepsini et bismuthi (elix. pepsin. et bism.), elixir of pepsin and bismuth, n.f._--pepsin (0.85%), glycerin (12.5%), glycerite of bismuth (12.5%) in water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. uses: this preparation lacks the protective action of the basic bismuth salts. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir pepsini et ferri (elix. pepsin. et ferr.), elixir of pepsin and iron, n.f._--tincture of ferric citro-chloride (7.5%) and elixir of pepsin. absolute alcohol content about 15 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir pepsini et rennini compositum (elix. pepsin. et rennin. co.), compound elixir of pepsin and rennin, n.f._ (essentia pepsini, n.f. iii).--pepsin (2.25%), rennin (1.65%), lactic acid, tincture of sweet orange peel, glycerin, alcohol, oil of myristica and water. absolute alcohol content about 19 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _glyceritum pepsini (glycer. pepsin.), glycerite of pepsin, n.f._--pepsin (8.5%), hydrochloric acid (1%) in glycerin and water. dosage: 3 cc. or 45 minims (n.f.). _liquor pepsini (liq. pepsin.), solution of pepsin, n.f._--glycerite of pepsin (5%) and hydrochloric acid (1%) in glycerin and water. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _liquor pepsini antisepticus (liq. pepsin. antisept.), antiseptic solution of pepsin, n.f._--pepsin (5%), menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, alcohol, glycerin and diluted hydrochloric acid in water. absolute alcohol content about 1 per cent. uses: this solution appears misnamed, since its administration cannot render the stomach antiseptic. _liquor pepsini aromaticus (liq. pepsin. arom.), aromatic solution of pepsin, n.f._--pepsin (1.75%), oils of cinnamon, pimenta and clove, alcohol, hydrochloric acid and glycerin in water. absolute alcohol content about 3 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _pepsinum saccharatum (pepsin. sacchar.), saccharated pepsin, n.f._--pepsin (10%) with sugar of milk. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _succus citri et pepsinum (suc. cit. et pepsin.), lime juice and pepsin, n.f._ (succus limettae cum pepsino, n.f. iii).--glycerite of pepsin (40%) and lime juice. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _vinum pepsini (vin. pepsin.), wine of pepsin, n.f._ (pepsin wine).--glycerite of pepsin (20%) in alcohol and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 23 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =persio (persio), cudbear, n.f.= (red indigo).--a purplish-red powder prepared from lichens. action and uses: coloring agent. _tinctura persionis (tr. persion.), tincture of cudbear, n.f._--cudbear in alcohol and water. uses: to impart a reddish color. _tinctura persionis composita (tr. persion. co.), compound tincture of cudbear, n.f._--cudbear and caramel in alcohol and water. uses: to impart a reddish-brown color. =*petrolatum (petrolat.), petrolatum, u.s.p.= (petrolatum ointment, petroleum jelly).--a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons from crude petroleum. an unctuous, nearly odorless and nearly tasteless semisolid. insoluble in water and almost insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: protective to the skin and basis for ointments, etc. _emulsum petrolati (emul. petrolat.), emulsion of petrolatum, n.f._ (emulsum petrolei, n.f. iii).--petrolatum (22.5%), expressed oil of almond and acacia in syrup and water flavored with tincture of lemon peel. uses: emollient laxative. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). =petrolatum album (petrolat. alb.), white petrolatum, u.s.p.= (white petroleum jelly).--petrolatum decolorized or nearly so. action and uses: same as those of petrolatum. _*petrolatum liquidum (petrolat. liq.), liquid petrolatum, u.s.p._ (liquid paraffin, mineral oil).--a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons. official as heavy liquid petrolatum and light liquid petrolatum. a colorless, transparent, oily, nearly odorless and nearly tasteless liquid. insoluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: vehicle for medicinal agents to be applied externally or to the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. also given internally largely for its mechanical action in constipation. is not absorbed by the intestine and has no nutritive properties. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _nebula aromatica (nebul. arom.), aromatic oil spray, n.f._ (aromatol).--light liquid petrolatum aromatized with phenol, menthol, thymol, camphor, benzoic acid, eucalyptol, oil of cinnamon, oil of clove and methyl salicylate. uses: an aromatic spray. _petroxolinum liquidum (petrox. liq.), liquid petroxolin, n.f._ (petrolatum saponatum liquidum, n.f. iii, liquid petrox).--light liquid petrolatum and ammonium oleate, scented with oil of lavender and diluted with water and alcohol. uses: a soap-emulsion of petrolatum intended as vehicle for oily applications. _petroxolinum spissum (petrox. spiss.), solid petroxolin, n.f._ (petrolatum saponatum spissum, n.f. iii, solid petrox).--an ointment composed of ammonium oleate, white wax, light liquid petrolatum and alcohol scented with oil of lavender. =petroselini radix (petrosel. rad.), parsley root, n.f.= action and uses: obsolete carminative. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum petroselini radicis (fldext. petrosel. rad.), fluidextract of parsley root, n.f._--parsley root (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =petroselinum (petrosel.), parsley fruit, u.s.p.= (parsley seed). action and uses: see the oleoresin below. _oleoresina petroselini (oleores. petrosel.), oleoresin of parsley fruit, u.s.p._ (liquid apiol). uses: advertised as an emmenagogue, but of doubtful value. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). =petroxolina, petroxolins.=--the petroxolins are solutions or suspensions of active medicaments in a mixture of ammonia soap and petrolatum or liquid petrolatum. their advantage over other forms of external applications is doubtful. for official petroxolins see under the names of the principal ingredients. =*phenol (phenol), phenol, u.s.p.= (carbolic acid).--hydroxybenzene obtained from coal-tar or made synthetically. colorless crystals or white crystalline masses, sometimes becoming reddish, with a characteristic odor. soluble in water (1:15), and very soluble in alcohol, glycerin or the fixed or volatile oils. action and uses: standard antiseptic and germicide; also local anesthetic and caustic. _aqua phenolata (aq. phenol.), phenolated water, n.f._ (carbolic acid water).--phenol (2%) in water. _glyceritum phenolis (glycer. phenol.), glycerite of phenol, u.s.p._ (glycerite of carbolic acid).--liquefied phenol (20%) in glycerin. dosage: 0.3 cc. or 5 minims (u.s.p.). _oleum phenolatum (ol. phenol.), phenolated oil, n.f._ (oleum carbolatum, n.f. iii, carbolized oil).--phenol (5%) in olive oil. uses: a mild local stimulant and anesthetic but practically not antiseptic. _petroxolinum phenolis (petrox. phenol.), phenol petroxolin, n.f._ (phenol petrox).--phenol (5%) in liquid petroxolin. _petroxolinum phenolis camphoratum (petrox. phenol. camph.), camphorated phenol petroxolin, n.f._ (camphorated phenol petrox).--phenol (12.5%) and camphor (37.5%) in liquid petroxolin. _*phenol liquefactum (phenol liq.), liquefied phenol, u.s.p._ (liquefied carbolic acid).--phenol liquefied by water (about 10%). a colorless liquid, which may become reddish. dosage: 0.05 cc. or 1 minim (u.s.p.). _unguentum phenolis (ung. phenol.), ointment of phenol, u.s.p._ (ointment of carbolic acid).--liquefied phenol (2.25%) in ointment. =phenol iodatum (phenol iodat.), iodized phenol, n.f.= (acidum carbolicum iodatum, n.f. iii).--iodine (20%) and phenol (60%) in glycerin. =*phenolphthaleinum (phenolphthal.), phenolphthalein, u.s.p.= white or nearly white, odorless, tasteless powder. almost insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol (1:13). action and uses: mild but efficient cathartic. it may cause some irritation to the rectum and lower bowel and very large doses have produced alarming secondary symptoms. dosage: 0.15 gm. or 2-1/2 grains (u.s.p.). _trochisci phenolphthaleini (troch. phenolphthal.), troches of phenolphthalein, n.f._--each troche contains phenolphthalein (0.06 gm. or 1 grain) with acacia, sugar, vanillin and carmine. dosage: 1 troche =*phenylis salicylas (phenyl. salicyl.), phenyl salicylate, u.s.p.= (salol). white powder, with an aromatic odor and a slight, characteristic taste. slightly soluble in water (1:6670); freely soluble in alcohol (1:6), and in fixed or volatile oils. action and uses: intestinal antiseptic, by the liberation of phenol and salicylic acid. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.) best in powder; may be inclosed dry in capsules or cachets. =*phosphorus (phosphor.), phosphorus, u.s.p.= translucent, nearly colorless, waxy solid with a characteristic odor, becoming white, red or black on the surface on long keeping. readily inflammable in air (preserved under water). almost insoluble in water, to which phosphorus imparts its characteristic odor and taste; slightly soluble in dehydrated alcohol (1:400) and soluble in chloroform (1:17). action and uses: in rickets for stimulation of bone formation. its use as "nerve-food" is irrational. dosage: 0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain (u.s.p.). may be administered in pills or as phosphorated oil (1:100). the preparations are unreliable unless they have been recently made, since phosphorus rapidly loses its efficiency through oxidation. _elixir phosphori (elix. phosphor.), elixir of phosphorus, n.f._--phosphorus (0.025%) and chloroform in alcohol, glycerin and water flavored with compound spirit of orange and oil of anise. absolute alcohol content about 32 per cent. deteriorates rapidly. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir phosphori et nucis vomicae (elix. phosphor. et nuc. vom.), elixir of phosphorus and nux vomica, n.f._--tincture of nux vomica (3.5%) and elixir of phosphorus. absolute alcohol content about 32 per cent. uses: an irrational "tonic." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _liquor phosphori (liq. phosphor.), solution of phosphorus, n.f._ (thompson's solution of phosphorus).--phosphorus (0.07%) in glycerin and dehydrated alcohol flavored with spirit of peppermint. absolute alcohol content about 35 per cent. dosage: 0.6 cc. or 10 minims (n.f.). _oleum phosphoratum (ol. phosphorat.), phosphorated oil, n.f._--phosphorus (1%), dissolved in ether and added to expressed oil of almond. dosage: 0.05 cc. or 1 minim (n.f.). _pilulae phosphori (pil. phosphor.), pills of phosphorus, u.s.p._--each pill should contain phosphorus (0.6 mg. or 1/100 grain) coated with tolu. dosage: 1 pill (u.s.p.). =physostigma (physostig.), physostigma, u.s.p.= (calabar bean, ordeal bean).--yields not less than 0.15 per cent. of alkaloids (chiefly physostigmine). action and uses: antitetanic, antineuralgic, peristaltic. see =physostigminae salicylas=, which has the same actions and deserves preference because of its uniform composition. dosage: 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.). not used as such. _extractum physostigmatis (ext. physostig.), extract of physostigma, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of physostigma).--one gm. extract represents about 13 gm. of physostigma. yields about 2 per cent. of alkaloids. dosage: 0.008 gm. or 1/8 grain (u.s.p.). _tinctura physostigmatis (tr. physostig.), tincture of physostigma, u.s.p._ (tincture of calabar bean).--physostigma (10%), yielding about 0.015 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 92 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). =*physostigminae salicylas (physostig. salicyl.), physostigmine salicylate, u.s.p.= (eserine salicylate). colorless or nearly colorless, odorless crystals. soluble in water (1:75) and in alcohol (1:16). action and uses: stimulant of parasympathetic nerve endings. used especially as a powerful miotic, particularly in glaucoma, sometimes internally against ileus or intestinal paresis. dosage: internally, 0.001 gm. or 1/60 grain (u.s.p.). externally, solutions (should be freshly prepared) from 0.1 to 1 per cent. =phytolacca (phytolac.), phytolacca, n.f.= (poke root). action and uses: unreliable irritant, emetic, cathartic and "alterative." dosage: emetic, 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.); alterative, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum phytolaccae (fldext. phytolac.), fluidextract of phytolacca, n.f._--phytolacca (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: emetic, 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.); alterative, 0.1 cc. or 1-1/2 minims (n.f.). =*pilocarpinae hydrochloridum (pilocarpin. hydrochl.), pilocarpine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (pilocarpine chloride). colorless, odorless crystals with a faintly bitter taste. very soluble in water (1:0.3) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:3). action and uses: used especially to increase sweat and other secretions, also as miotic. must be used with caution when the circulation is weak. dosage: by mouth 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.); hypodermic, 0.005 gm. or 1/12 grain (u.s.p.). best administered by hypodermic injection. =*pilocarpinae nitras (pilocarpin. nit.), pilocarpine nitrate, u.s.p.= shining, odorless crystals. freely soluble in water (1:4) and soluble in alcohol (1:75). action and uses: has no advantage over pilocarpine hydrochloride. dosage: by mouth, 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.); hypodermic, 0.005 gm. or 1/12 grain (u.s.p.). =pilocarpus (pilocarp.), pilocarpus, u.s.p.= (jaborandi).--leaves, yielding 0.6 per cent. of alkaloids (chiefly pilocarpine). action and uses: see pilocarpine. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains. _fluidextractum pilocarpi (fldext. pilocarp.), fluidextract of pilocarpus, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of jaborandi).--pilocarpus (100%), yielding about 0.6 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =pilulae, pills.=--pills are dosage forms of medicinal substances intended for administration by the mouth. for the official pills see under the names of the principal ingredients. for pilulae ad prandium see under =aloe=; for pilulae antidyspepticae, under =strychnina=; for pilulae antimonii compositae, under =antimonium sulphuratum=; for pilulae antiperiodicae and pilulae antiperiodicae sine aloe, under =quininae sulphas=; for pilulae catharticae compositae, pilulae catharticae vegetabiles and pilulae laxativae post partum, under =colocynthis=; for pilulae ferri, quininae, aloes et nucis vomicae, under =ferri sulphas=; for pilulae ferri, quininae strychninae et arseni fortiores and pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae et arseni mites, under =ferri reductum=; for pilulae laxativae compositae, under =aloinum=. =pimenta (piment.), pimenta, n.f.= (pimento, allspice).--nearly ripe fruit. action and uses: aromatic; stomachic; has no advantage over cardamom. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). =pimpinella (pimpinell.), pimpinella, n.f.= (pimpernel root).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: formerly used as a diuretic, diaphoretic and stomachic. now obsolete; no definite indications for its use. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains. _tinctura pimpinellae (tr. pimpinel.), tincture of pimpinella, n.f._--pimpinella (20%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =pinus alba (pinus alb.), white pine bark, n.f.=--inner bark. action and uses: used as "expectorant" in proprietary cough syrups. of doubtful value. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains. _syrupus pini strobi compositus (syr. pin. strob. co.), compound syrup of white pine, n.f._--white pine bark and wild cherry (each 8.5%), aralia (1%), balsam poplar buds (1%), sanguinaria (0.8%), sassafras (0.7%) and chloroform (0.6%) in glycerin, alcohol and syrup, colored with cudbear and flavored with oil of sassafras. absolute alcohol content about 12 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _syrupus pini strobi compositus cum morphina._--see under =morphinae sulphas=. =piper (piper), pepper, u.s.p.= (black pepper). action and uses: sometimes used as carminative, generally in the form of the oleoresin, which is highly irritant. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _oleoresina piperis (oleores. piper.), oleoresin of pepper, u.s.p._ dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). =*pix liquida (pix liq.), tar, u.s.p.= (pine tar).--obtained by the destructive distillation of pine wood. a semiliquid viscid blackish-brown substance, with an empyreumatic odor and taste. slightly soluble in water; miscible with alcohol. action and uses: externally, as antiseptic and stimulant in chronic diseases of the skin associated with thickening and scaling. internally, as irritant expectorant in subacute bronchitis. dosage: internally, 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.) as syrup. externally, in ointment, at first from 2 to 4 per cent., later in higher strength. _glyceritum picis liquidae (glycer. pic. liq.), glycerite of tar, n.f._--tar (6.3%) in glycerin, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 12 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _liquor picis alkalinus (liq. pic. alk.), alkaline solution of tar, n.f._--tar (25%), in potassium hydroxide (12.5%), and water. _syrupus picis liquidae (syr. pic. liq.), syrup of tar, u.s.p._--tar (0.5%) in alcohol, mixed with syrup. absolute alcohol content about 5 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _*unguentum picis liquidae (ung. pic. liq.), tar ointment, u.s.p._--tar (50%), yellow wax and lard. _vinum picis (vin. pic.), wine of tar, n.f._--tar (10%) in alcohol and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 29 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =pix lithanthracis (pix lith.), coal tar, n.f.= (pix carbonis).--obtained by the destructive distillation of coal. nearly black semisolid, with a characteristic naphthalene-like odor and a sharp, burning taste. only slightly soluble in water; partially dissolved by alcohol. action and uses: antiseptic and irritant; used in skin diseases in the form of: _liquor picis carbonis (liq. pic. carbon.), coal tar solution, n.f._--coal tar (20%), quillaja and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 75 per cent. =*plumbi acetas (plumb. acet.), lead acetate, u.s.p.= (sugar of lead).--pb(ch{3}coo){2} + 3h{2}o. colorless, shining transparent crystals or heavy white crystalline masses, efflorescent, with a faint vinegar odor and a sweetish, astringent, afterward metallic taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.4) and soluble in alcohol (1:38). action and uses: seldom used internally for fear of lead poisoning. externally, used as astringent lotion. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _lotio plumbi et opii (lot. plumb. et opii), lotion of lead and opium, n.f._ (lead and opium wash).--a mixture of lead acetate (1.75%) and tincture of opium (3.5%) in water. uses: a popular but irrational application, astringent and protective, but not a true anesthetic. the opium alkaloids are not absorbed to any appreciable extent through the unbroken skin. =plumbi carbonas (plumb. carb.), lead carbonate, n.f.= (white lead).--a mixture of lead carbonate and hydroxide. heavy, white, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in alcohol or water. action and uses: external protective and astringent, without marked advantage over zinc oxide or the bismuth preparations, but involving some danger of lead poisoning. =plumbi iodidum (plumb. iod.), lead iodide, n.f.=--pbi{2}. heavy, bright yellow, odorless, tasteless powder. very slightly soluble in water (1:1,300), and in alcohol. action and uses: has been used externally in the form of an ointment for application to glandular enlargement and for chronic joint enlargement. its use is irrational. _unguentum plumbi iodidi (ung. plumb. iod.), ointment of lead iodide, n.f._--lead iodide (10%), and benzoinated lard. =plumbi oxidum (plumb. oxid.), lead oxide, u.s.p.= (litharge).--pbo. heavy yellowish or reddish-yellow, odorless and tasteless powder or minute scales. almost insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: used to make pharmaceutical preparations. _emplastrum plumbi (emp. plumb.), lead plaster, u.s.p._ (diachylon plaster).--lead oleate obtained by heating a mixture of lead oxide, olive oil and lard. uses: used in plaster masses and as a basis for diachylon ointment. _unguentum diachylon (ung. diachyl.), diachylon ointment, u.s.p._--lead plaster (50%), oil of lavender and white petrolatum. =plumbi oxidum rubrum (plumb. oxid. rub.), red oxide of lead, n.f.= (red lead).--chiefly pb{3}o{4}. heavy, odorless, tasteless red powder. almost insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: similar to those of =plumbi carbonas=. =plumbi subacetas, lead subacetate.= action and uses: astringent; used externally in the form of the following preparations: _ceratum plumbi subacetatis (cerat. plumb. subacet.), cerate of lead subacetate, n.f._ (goulard's cerate).--a mixture of solution of lead subacetate (20%), camphor (2%), wool fat, white wax, and white petrolatum. _*liquor plumbi subacetatis (liq. plumb. subacet.), solution of lead subacetate, u.s.p._ (goulard's extract).--contains lead subacetate corresponding to about 18 per cent. of lead, pb. _liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus (liq. plumb. subacet. dil.), diluted solution of lead subacetate, u.s.p._ (lead water).--solution of lead subacetate (4%) with water. =*podophyllum (podoph.), podophyllum, u.s.p.= (mandrake, may apple rhizome).--yields not less than 3 per cent. of resin. action and uses: see the resin, below. _extractum podophyllum (ext. podophyl.), extract of podophyllum, n.f._--a hydro-alcoholic extract. dosage: 0.015 gm. or 1/4 grain (n.f.). _fluidextractum podophylli (fldext. podophyll.), fluidextract of podophyllum, u.s.p._--podophyllum (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). _*resina podophylli (res. podoph.), resin of podophyllum, u.s.p._ (podophyllin).--the resin from podophyllum. uses: slow but effective and rather irritant cathartic. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.). =populi gemmae (pop. gem.), balsam poplar buds, n.f.= (balm of gilead buds). action and uses: similar to but without advantage over cubeb or turpentine. used almost exclusively in proprietary medicines and imitations. =potassae chlorinata, chlorinated potassa.= _liquor potassae chlorinatae (liq. pot. chlorinat.), solution of chlorinated potassa, n.f._ (liquor potassae chlorate, javelle water).--potassium carbonate (5.8%), chlorinated lime (8%) and water. action and uses: same as those of liquor sodae chlorinatae, which see under =soda chlorinata=. =potassa sulphurata (pot. sulphurat.), sulphurated potassa, u.s.p.= (liver of sulphur).--chiefly potassium polysulphides and potassium thiosulphate. irregular pieces, at first liver-brown, later greenish-yellow to gray, with a strong hydrogen sulphide odor and a bitter, acrid, alkaline taste. very soluble in water; alcohol dissolves only the sulphides. incompatible with acids and the salts of the heavy metals. action and uses: employed as a parasiticide and to stimulate and soften the skin in chronic cutaneous diseases. =*potassii acetas (pot. acet.), potassium acetate, u.s.p.=--kch{3}coo. white, odorless or nearly odorless powder or crystalline masses with a warming, saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:0.5) and in alcohol (1:2.9). action and uses: systemic alkali and diuretic, practically equivalent to sodium acetate. it can easily be administered in water and milk, so that there appears to be little excuse for the alcoholic elixirs. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir potassii acetatis (elix. pot. acet.), elixir of potassium acetate, n.f._--potassium acetate (8.5%), and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir potassii acetatis et juniperi (elix. pot. acet. et junip.), elixir of potassium acetate and juniper, n.f._--potassium acetate (8.5%), fluidextract of juniper (12.5%) and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 23 per cent. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). =potassii arsenas, potassium arsenate.= _liquor arsenicalis clemens (liq. ars. clemens), clemens' solution of arsenic, n.f._ (liquor potassi arsenatis et bromidi, n.f. iii, solution of potassium arsenate and bromides).--contains potassium arsenate corresponding to about 1 per cent. of arsenic trioxide, as{2}o{3}. uses: a superfluous arsenic solution. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (n.f.). =potassii arsenis, potassium arsenite.= _*liquor potassii arsenitis (liq. pot. arsen.), solution of potassium arsenite, u.s.p._ (fowler's solution, liquor arsenicalis, liquor arsenicalis fowleri, p.i.).--arsenic trioxide (1%) and potassium bicarbonate (2%) in compound tincture of lavender and water. contains potassium arsenite corresponding to 1 per cent. of as{2}o{3}. uses: the most frequently used inorganic arsenical preparation. it has an alkaline reaction and therefore tends to precipitate alkaloids. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). =*potassii bicarbonas (pot. bicarb.), potassium bicarbonate, u.s.p.=--khco{3}. colorless, transparent crystals or white, granular powder, odorless and having a saline, slightly alkaline taste. freely soluble in water (1:2.8) and almost insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: mild alkali; similar to sodium bicarbonate, but without advantage over the latter. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _liquor antisepticus alkalinus (liq. antisept. alk.), alkaline antiseptic solution, n.f._--potassium bicarbonate (3.2%), sodium borate (3.2%) and sodium benzoate (0.8%) with thymol, eucalyptol, oil of peppermint, methyl salicylate and cudbear in alcohol, glycerin and water. uses: of slight value as antiseptic, but a pleasant cleansing gargle. =*potassi bitartras (pot. bitart.), potassium bitartrate, u.s.p.= (cream of tartar). colorless, slightly opaque crystals or white, somewhat gritty powder, odorless and having an acidulous taste. only slightly soluble in water (1:155) and very slightly soluble in alcohol (1:8,820). action and uses: diuretic and aperient. frequently administered in combination with jalap as a hydragogue cathartic. see _pulvis jalapae compositus_ under =jalapa=. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). =*potassii bromidum (pot. brom.), potassium bromide, u.s.p.=--kbr. white crystals or granular powder, odorless and having a strongly saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.5); slightly soluble in alcohol (1:250). action and uses: nerve sedative; diminishes reflex excitability and depresses the motor area of the cortex. similar to sodium bromide, but more likely to disturb digestion. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.); preferably administered by itself in simple dilute solutions; increased if necessary. long-continued administration should be interrupted occasionally to prevent bromism and accumulation in the system. _elixir potassii bromidi (elix. pot. brom.), elixir of potassium bromide, n.f._--potassium bromide (17.5%) in syrup, water and aromatic elixir; may be colored with compound tincture of cudbear. absolute alcohol content about 7.5 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _sal potassii bromidi effervescens (sal pot. brom. eff.), effervescent salt of potassium bromide, n.f._ (pulvis potassii bromidi effervescens, n.f. iii).--potassium bromide (16.6%), sodium bicarbonate (53%), tartaric acid (20.4%) and citric acid, the last-named three yielding sodium citrate and sodium carbonate. dosage: 6 gm. or 1-1/2 drachms. _sal potassii bromidi effervescens compositus (sal pot. brom. eff. co.), compound effervescent salt of potassium bromide, n.f._ (pulvis potassii bromidi effervescens cum caffeina, n.f. iii, effervescent potassium bromide with caffeine).--caffeine (0.8%) and potassium bromide (8.3%) in a mixture of sodium bicarbonate (58.7%), lithium carbonate (4.2%), tartaric acid (18%) and citric acid. (yielding citrate and tartrate of lithium and sodium.) uses: "headache" mixture; generally undesirable. dosage: 6 gm. or 1-1/2 drachms (n.f.). _syrupus bromidorum (syr. bromidor.), syrup of the bromides, n.f._--potassium bromide and sodium bromide (each 8%), ammonium bromide (5%), calcium bromide (2.5%), lithium bromide (0.8%) flavored with tincture of vanilla and colored with compound tincture of cudbear in compound syrup of sarsaparilla and syrup. uses: it is very improbable that this complex mixture has any advantage over a simple bromide. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =*potassii carbonas (pot. carb.), potassium carbonate, u.s.p.=--k{2}co{3}. (a hydrated form is sold as salt of tartar). white, odorless, deliquescent granular powder with a strongly alkaline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.9), but insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: strongly alkaline and caustic; very dilute solutions sometimes used as antacid. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). =*potassii chloras (pot. chloras), potassium chlorate, u.s.p.=--kclo{3}. colorless, lustrous crystals or white, granular powder, odorless and having a saline taste. soluble in water (1:11.5) and almost insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: used as mouthwash and gargles in stomatitis, etc. large doses are actively poisonous, causing disintegration of the blood corpuscles. has been used in the form of gargle and troches for sore throat (swallowing the latter may be dangerous). dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _trochisci potassii chloratis (troch. pot. chlorat.), troches of potassium chlorate, u.s.p._--each troche contains potassium chlorate (0.15 gm. or 2-1/2 grains) with sugar and tragacanth. =potassii chloridum (pot. chlorid.), potassium chloride, n.f.=--kcl. colorless crystals or white powder, odorless and having a saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:2.8) and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: has been recommended for use as table salt in place of sodium chloride, in cases in which the absorption of salt was thought to be undesirable. its value is not established. =*potassii citras (pot. cit.), potassium citrate, u.s.p.= transparent crystals or white, granular powder; odorless and having a cooling saline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.6) and almost insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: systemic alkali and diuretic like potassium acetate, but more laxative. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _*potassii citras effervescens (pot. cit. eff.), effervescent potassium citrate, u.s.p._--an effervescent mixture representing potassium citrate (20%), sodium citrate (27.55%) and sodium tartrate (38.7%). dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). _liquor potassii citratis (liq. pot. cit.), solution of potassium citrate, u.s.p._--potassium citrate (8%) in water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). =*potassii et sodii tartras (pot. et sod. tart.), potassium and sodium tartrate, u.s.p.= (rochelle salt). transparent crystals or white powder, odorless and having a cooling, saline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.9). action and uses: saline cathartic, of relatively unobjectionable taste. dosage: 10 gm. or 2-1/2 drachms (u.s.p.) in water. _*pulvis effervescens compositus (pulv. eff. co.), compound effervescing powder, u.s.p._ (seidlitz powder).--the blue paper contains sodium bicarbonate (2.5 gm.) and potassium and sodium tartrate (7.5 gm.). the white paper contains tartaric acid (2.16 gm.). dosage: 1 set of two powders (u.s.p.). =*potassii hydroxidum (pot. hydrox.), potassium hydroxide, u.s.p.= (caustic potash, potassium hydrate).--koh (not less than 85%). dry white or nearly white, odorless, deliquescent, hard and brittle flakes, masses or sticks. very soluble in water (1:0.9) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:3). action and uses: internally, an antacid, but objectionable for it is more irritant than the bicarbonate and without advantage over the latter. externally, caustic and solvent, but too diffluent. _*liquor potassii hydroxidi (liq. pot. hydrox.), solution of potassium hydroxide, u.s.p._ (liquor potassae, solution of potassa).--koh (not less than 4.5%). dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _potassa cum calce (pot. c. calc.), potassa with lime, n.f._--potassium hydroxide (50%) and calcium oxide. uses: caustic. =potassii hypophosphis (pot. hypophos.), potassium hypophosphite, u.s.p.=--kh{2}po{2}. (caution should be observed in handling this product to avoid explosion.) white, opaque deliquescent plates, crystalline masses or granular powder, odorless and having a pungent, saline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.6) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:9). action and uses: introduced in common with other hypophosphites as a cure for tuberculosis; since used as "nerve-foods." there is no proof that the hypophosphites exert any physiologic effect, influence any pathologic process, or have any food value. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). =*potassii iodidum (pot. iod.), potassium iodide, u.s.p.=--ki. transparent, translucent or opaque crystals or white granular powder, with a pungent, saline, afterward bitter taste. very soluble in water (1:0.7) and soluble in alcohol (1:22). incompatible with mineral acids and oxidizing agents and should not be prescribed in solution with alkaloids or alkaloid-containing drugs. action and uses: saline expectorant, especially in asthma and chronic bronchitis; diuretic; antisyphilitic; "alterative" in rheumatic conditions, sclerosis, etc. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.); best administered in simple solution and well diluted; in lues the dose should be gradually increased to the limit of tolerance. _unguentum potassii iodidi (ung. pot. iod.), ointment of potassium iodide, n.f._--potassium iodide (10%), sodium thiosulphate (1%), water and benzoinated lard. uses: an irrational method of administering potassium iodide, as none of the drug is absorbed through the skin. =potassi nitras (pot. nitras), potassium nitrate, u.s.p.= (saltpetre).--kno{3}. transparent crystals or white powder, odorless and having a cooling saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:2.8) and slightly soluble in alcohol (1:620). action and uses: diuretic, irritant to kidneys and intestines; has largely gone out of use. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _charta potassii nitratis (chart. pot. nit.), potassium nitrate paper, n.f._--paper impregnated with potassium nitrate. uses: the smoke is inhaled in asthma, but is not very effective. =*potassii permanganas (pot. permang.), potassium permanganate, u.s.p.=--kmno{4}. slender, dark purple odorless crystals, with a taste (in solution) at first sweet, afterward disagreeable and astringent. soluble in water (1:13.5), forming violet-red to rose-colored solutions which stain the fingers and clothes. decomposed by alcohol and glycerin. should not be brought into contact with organic or other readily oxidizable substances. action and uses: effective deodorant, disinfectant and astringent. internally as emmenagogue, probably useless. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.), usually in pills. for application to the skin, 1:500 solution. =potassii sulphas (pot. sulph.), potassium sulphate, n.f.=--k{2}so{4}. colorless crystals or white powder, odorless and having a saline, somewhat bitter taste. freely soluble in water (1:10) and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: saline purgative closely resembling sodium sulphate in its action, but without advantage over the latter. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). =prunum (prunum), prune, n.f.= action and uses: one of the ingredients in confection of senna but seldom used in medicine apart from this. =*prunus virginiana (prun. virg.), wild cherry, u.s.p.= (wild black cherry bark). action and uses: sedative expectorant, mainly used as flavor. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum pruni virginianae (fldext. prun. virg.), fluidextract of wild cherry, n.f._--wild cherry (100%). absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _infusum pruni virginianae (inf. prun. virg.), infusion of wild cherry, n.f._--wild cherry (4%), in glycerin and water. dosage: 60 cc. or 2 fluidounces (n.f.). _*syrupus pruni virginianae (syr. prun. virg.), syrup of wild cherry, u.s.p._--wild cherry bark (15%), in glycerin and syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _vinum pruni virginianae (vin. prun. virg.), wine of wild cherry, n.f._--wild cherry (25%) in water, alcohol, sugar and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 23 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _vinum pruni virginianae ferratum (vin. prun. virg. ferr.), ferrated wine of wild cherry, n.f._--tincture of ferric citrochloride (8%) in wine of wild cherry. absolute alcohol content about 21 per cent. uses: superfluous "tonic." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =pulsatilla (pulsatil.), pulsatilla, n.f.= (pasque flower, meadow anemone).--the plant. action and uses: has been recommended as an alterative, sedative and antispasmodic. has been used in syphilis with undoubted harmful results because of its inefficiency. its use is fortunately decreasing. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (n.f.). _tinctura pulsatillae (tr. pulsatil.), tincture of pulsatilla, n.f._--pulsatilla (10%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =pulveres, powders.=--the official powders are mixtures of several substances in powdered form. for the preparations now official see under the names of the principal constituents. for pulvis antimonialis, see under =antimonii oxidum=; for pulvis antisepticus, see under =zinci sulphas=; for pulvis aromaticus and pulvis cretae aromaticus, under =cinnamomum saigonicum=; for pulvis aromaticus rubefaciens, under =caryophyllus=; pulvis cretae aromaticus et opii, under =opium=; for pulvis effervescens compositus, under =potassii et sodii tartras=; for pulvis glycyrrhizae compositus, under =senna=; for pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii, under =opium=, and for pulvis talci compositus, under =acidum salicylicum=. =pumex (pumex), pumice, n.f.=--consists chiefly of complex silicates of volcanic origin. action and uses: used as an abrasive material, and in pharmacy as an absorbent. =pyrethrum (pyreth.), pyrethrum, u.s.p.= (pellitory root). action and uses: obsolete, irritant sialagogue and local irritant. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _tinctura pyrethri (tr. pyreth.), tincture of pyrethrum, u.s.p._ (tincture of pellitory).--pyrethrum (20%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 90 per cent. uses: external. =pyrogallol (pyrogall.), pyrogallol, u.s.p.= (pyrogallic acid).--trihydroxybenzene. light, white or nearly white, odorless, bitter laminae, fine needles or powder. freely soluble in water (1:1.7) and in alcohol (1:1.3). action and uses: irritant antiseptic in chronic skin diseases. internally highly toxic. dosage: 5 per cent. ointment. =pyroxylinum (pyroxylin.), pyroxylin, u.s.p.= (soluble gun cotton).--chiefly cellulose tetranitrate. a yellowish-white matted mass of filaments, resembling raw cotton in appearance; very inflammable. slowly but completely soluble in a mixture of three volumes of ether and one volume of alcohol. also soluble in acetone and in glacial acetic acid. practically insoluble in alcohol or water. action and uses: basis for collodions. _*collodium (collod.), collodion, u.s.p._--pyroxylin (4%) in a mixture of ether and alcohol. uses: used to form a protective film and as a vehicle for external applications. _*collodium flexile (collod. flex.), flexible collodion, u.s.p._--a mixture of collodion (95%) with camphor (2%) and castor oil (3%). uses: more pliable than collodion and does not contract as much in drying. =quassia (quass.), quassia, u.s.p.= (bitter wood). action and uses: simple bitter stomachic (more disagreeable than gentian); an infusion is also used as enema in the treatment of pinworms. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _extractum quassiae (ext. quas.), extract of quassia, n.f._ (powdered extract of quassia).--an aqueous extract diluted with starch, 1 gm. representing 10 gm. of quassia. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (n.f.). _fluidextractum quassiae (fldext. quass.), fluidextract of quassia, n.f._--quassia (100%). absolute alcohol content about 25 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (n.f.). _tinctura quassiae (tr. quas.), tincture of quassia, u.s.p._--quassia (20%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 30 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =quercus (querc.), quercus, n.f.= (white oak bark). action and uses: tannin-bearing astringent, without advantage over krameria, etc. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum quercus (fldext. querc.), fluidextract of quercus, n.f._--quercus (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =quillaja (quillaja), quillaja, n.f.= (soap-tree bark). action and uses: contains saponin and has been recommended as an expectorant. similar to, but without advantage over senega. has been used as a detergent and as an emulsifying agent; in the latter use is objectionable. _tinctura quillajae (tr. quillaj.), tincture of quillaja, n.f._--quillaja (20%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 30 per cent. =quinidina (quinid.), quinidine, n.f.=--an alkaloid isomeric with quinine. white, odorless crystals or powder, with an intense and persistent bitter taste. action and uses: at one time recommended as a cheap substitute for quinine. inferior and obsolete. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (n.f.); antimalarial, 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.) daily. _syrupus quinidinae (syr. quinid.), syrup of quinidine, n.f._ (bitterless syrup of quinidine).--quinidine (3.3%) and oil of orange in syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =*quinina (quin.), quinine, u.s.p.=--obtained from cinchona bark. white, odorless, intensely bitter powder. very slightly soluble in water (1:1560), and very soluble in alcohol (1:0.8). action and uses: bitter tonic, analgesic and antipyretic; specific against malaria. contraindicated in ear diseases. idiosyncrasies are common. the official quinine salts are more numerous than is necessary. those that are starred would meet every indication. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.); antimalarial, at least 1 gm. or 15 grains daily (u.s.p.). _oleatum quininae (oleat. quin.), oleate of quinine, n.f._--quinine (25%) in oleic acid. =*quininae bisulphas (quin. bisulph.), quinine bisulphate, u.s.p.=--quinine acid sulphate. transparent or whitish, odorless, very bitter crystals. freely soluble in water (1:9) and soluble in alcohol (1:23). action and uses: similar to, and without advantage over, =quininae dihydrochloridum=. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.); antimalarial, at least 1 gm. or 15 grains daily (u.s.p.). _tinctura antiperiodica (tr. antiperiod.), antiperiodic tincture, n.f._ (warburg's tincture).--quinine bisulphate (2%), extract of aloes (1.75%), rhubarb (0.8%), angelica fruit, elecampane, saffron, fennel, gentian, zedoary, cubeb, myrrh, camphor, agaric, pepper, saigon cinnamon and jamaica ginger in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. uses: antiquated, complex and irrational quinine mixture. dosage: from 4 to 15 cc. or 1 to 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). _tinctura antiperiodica sine aloe (tr. antiperiod. s. aloe), antiperiodic tincture without aloes, n.f._ (warburg's tincture without aloes).--the same as the preceding (tinctura antiperiodica) with the omission of extract of aloes. uses and dosage: see tinctura antiperiodica. =quininae dihydrochloridum (quin. dihydrochl.), quinine dihydrochloride, u.s.p.= white, odorless, very bitter powder. very soluble in water (1:0.6), and soluble in alcohol (1:12). action and uses: used where concentrated solutions of quinine are wanted, as for subcutaneous injections, etc. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.); antimalarial, at least 1 gm. or 15 grains daily (u.s.p.). =*quininae et ureae hydrochloridum (quin. et urea. hydrochl.), quinine and urea hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (quinine and urea chloride).--a double salt of quinine and urea. colorless, translucent crystals or white, granular powder, odorless and having a very bitter taste. very soluble in water (1:0.9) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:2.4). action and uses: much less irritating than ordinary quinine salts and therefore suited for hypodermic injections, in malaria or as local anesthetic. dosage: hypodermic, one dose daily, 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). for local anesthesia (hypodermic) solution of from 0.25 to 1 per cent.; (applied to mucous membranes), solutions of from 10 to 20 per cent. =quininae glycerophosphas (quin. glycerophos.), quinine glycerophosphate, n.f.= (quinine glycerinophosphate). fine, white, odorless crystals or powder, with a very bitter taste. action and uses: expensive and superfluous quinine salt. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (n.f.); antimalarial, 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). =quininae hydrobromidum (quin. hydrobr.), quinine hydrobromide, u.s.p.= (quinine bromide). light, white, odorless, very bitter silky needles. soluble in water (1:40), and very soluble in alcohol (1:0.9). action and uses: superfluous; see =quininae hydrochloridum=. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.); antimalarial, at least 1 gm. or 15 grains, daily (u.s.p.). =*quininae hydrochloridum (quin. hydrochl.), quinine hydrochloride, u.s.p.= (quinine chloride). white, odorless, very bitter, silky needles. soluble in water (1:18) and very soluble in alcohol (1:0.8). action and uses: has the action of other quinine salts; frequently preferred to the sulphate, because neutral and more soluble. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.); antimalarial, at least 1 gm. or 15 grains daily (u.s.p.). _syrupus phosphatum cum quinina et strychnina (syr. phosphat. c. quin. et strych.), syrup of phosphates with quinine and strychnine, n.f._ (syrupus hydrochlorophosphatum, n.f. iii, compound syrup of hydrochlorophosphates).--quinine hydrochloride (0.44%), strychnine nitrate (0.014%), compound solution of phosphates (50%) in glycerin and syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =quininae hypophosphis (quin. hypophos.), quinine hypophosphite, n.f.= fine, white, odorless crystals, with a very bitter taste. action and uses: superfluous quinine salt. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (n.f.); antimalarial, 1 gm. or 15 grains daily (n.f.) =quininae salicylas (quin. salicyl.), quinine salicylate, u.s.p.= colorless (often becoming pinkish), odorless, bitter needles. soluble in alcohol (1:14) and in glycerin (1:13). only slightly soluble in water. action and uses: superfluous; see quininae hydrochloridum. the quantity of salicylate in a dose is usually too small to be effective. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.); antimalarial, at least 1 gm. or 15 grains daily (u.s.p.) =*quininae sulphas (quin. sulph.), quinine sulphate, u.s.p.= white, odorless, very bitter, efflorescent crystals. slightly soluble in water (1:725) and in alcohol (1:107). action and uses: the most commonly used quinine salt but inferior to the hydrochloride, the dihydrochloride and quinine and urea hydrochloride where a soluble salt is desired, and to the alkaloid or the tannate where an insoluble one is needed. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.); antimalarial, at least 1 gm. or 15 grains daily (u.s.p.). _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum (elix. cinchon. alk.), elixir of cinchona alkaloids, n.f. (elixir cinchonae, n.f._ iii, elixir calisaya, alkaloidal).--quinine sulphate (0.2%), cinchonidine sulphate (0.1%), cinchonine sulphate (0.1%), compound tincture of cudbear and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 21 per cent. uses: imitation of cinchona, minus the tannin. no advantage over quinine. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et hypophosphitum (elix. cinchon. et hypophos.), elixir of cinchona alkaloids and hypophosphites, n.f._ (elixir cinchonae et hypophosphitum, n.f. iii, elixir of calisaya, alkaloidal, with hypophosphites).--calcium hypophosphite and sodium hypophosphite (each 1.75%), elixir of cinchona alkaloids (about 85%), hypophosphorous acid and water. absolute alcohol content about 18 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et calcii lactophosphatis._--see under calcii lactophosphas. _pilulae antiperiodicae (pil. antiperiod.), antiperiodic pills, n.f._ (warburg's pills).--each pill contains quinine sulphate (0.09 gm. or 1-1/2 grains), extract of aloes (0.065 gm. or 1 grain) and rhubarb (0.032 gm. or 1/2 grain) with angelica fruit, elecampane, saffron, fennel, zedoary, cubeb, myrrh, agaric, camphor and extract of gentian. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae antiperiodicae sine aloe (pil. antiperiod. s. aloe), antiperiodic pills without aloes, n.f._ (warburg's pills without aloes).--each pill contains quinine sulphate (0.09 gm. or 1-1/2 grains), rhubarb (0.032 gm. or 1/2 grain) with angelica fruit, elecampane, saffron, fennel, zedoary, cubeb, myrrh, agaric, camphor and extract of gentian. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). =*quininae tannas (quin. tann.), quinine tannate, u.s.p.= pale yellow, or yellowish-white, odorless and tasteless, or nearly tasteless powder. only very slightly soluble in water. somewhat more soluble in alcohol. action and uses: used where comparatively tasteless preparations are wanted. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (u.s.p.); sometimes administered with chocolate or sugar. _trochisci quininae tannatis (troch. quin. tan.), troches of quinine tannate, n.f._--each troche contains quinine tannate (0.06 gm. or 1 grain) with tragacanth, oil of theobroma, cocoa, sugar and sodium benzosulphinide. dosage: 1 troche (n.f.) =quininae valeras (quin. valer.), quinine valerate, n.f.= white, lustrous crystals, with a valerian-like odor and an intensely bitter taste. action and uses: those of quinine and valerates, but disagreeable and superfluous. dosage: tonic, 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (n.f.); antimalarial, 1 gm. or 15 grains daily (n.f.). _elixir quininae valeratis et strychninae (elix. quin. valer. et strych.), elixir of quinine valerate and strychnine, n.f._ (elixir quininae valerianatis et strychninae, n.f. iii).--quinine valerate (1.75%), strychnine sulphate (0.0175%), compound tincture of cudbear, distilled water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 22 per cent. uses: irrational "tonic" mixture. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =renninum (rennin.), rennin, n.f.=--milk-curdling enzyme from the stomach of the calf. grayish-white or yellowish-white powder or yellowish grains or scales, with a characteristic, slightly saline taste and a peculiar odor. slowly soluble in water and in diluted alcohol. action and uses: for making wheys and junkets =resina (resin.), rosin, u.s.p.= (colophony).--the residue left after distilling the volatile oil from turpentine (the oleoresin). action and uses: used in the preparation of ointments and plasters. rubefacient. _ceratum resinae (cerat. res.), rosin cerate, u.s.p._ (basilicon ointment).--rosin, yellow wax and lard. _ceratum resinae compositum (cerat. resin. co.), compound rosin cerate, n.f._ (deshler's salve).--rosin, yellow wax, prepared suet, turpentine and linseed oil. _emplastrum elasticum (emp. elast.), rubber plaster, u.s.p._ (rubber adhesive plaster).--a mixture of rubber, resins, and waxes, with a filler of an absorbent powder. _emplastrum resinae (emp. res.), rosin plaster, u.s.p._ (rosin adhesive plaster, adhesive plaster).--rosin, lead plaster and yellow wax. =resinae, resins.=--resins are the residues obtained by distilling the volatile oil from oleoresins or the precipitates obtained from solutions of resins in alcohol by the addition of water. for the official resins see under the names of the principal constituents. =*resorcinol (resorcin.), resorcinol, u.s.p.= (resorcin).--metadihydroxybenzene. colorless or nearly colorless crystals or powder with a faint, peculiar odor and a taste at first sweetish, afterward bitter. very soluble in water (1:0.9) and in alcohol (1:0.9). action and uses: irritant, antiseptic; used internally in gastric fermentation; externally in skin diseases. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (u.s.p.). _pasta resorcinolis fortis (past. resorcin. fort.), strong resorcinol paste, n.f._ (lassar's stronger resorcinol paste).--resorcinol (20%), zinc oxide (20%), starch and light liquid petrolatum. _pasta resorcinolis mitis (past. resorcin. mit.), mild resorcinol paste, n.f._ (lassar's mild resorcinol paste).--resorcinol (10%), zinc oxide (25%), starch and liquid petrolatum. _unguentum resorcinolis compositus (ung. resorcin. co.), compound resorcinol ointment, n.f._--resorcinol, zinc oxide, bismuth subnitrate and rectified oil of birch tar (each 6%), in yellow wax, petrolatum, anhydrous wool fat and glycerin. uses: complex antiseptic ointment. =rhamnus cathartica (rhamn. cath.), rhamnus cathartica, n.f.= (buckthorn berries, baccae spinae cervinae).--ripe fruit. action and uses: superfluous hydragogue cathartic. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum rhamni catharticae (fldext. rham. cathart.), fluidextract of rhamnus cathartica, n.f._--rhamnus cathartica (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). _syrupus rhamni catharticae (syr. rham. cathart.), syrup of rhamnus cathartica, n.f._ (syrup of buckthorn berries, syrupus spinae cervinae).--fluidextract of rhamnus cathartica (20%), oil of fennel and oil of cinnamon, in syrup. absolute alcohol content about 8 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =*rheum (rheum), rhubarb, u.s.p.=--rhizome and root. action and uses: efficient and pleasant laxative, its action resembling cascara. it is, however, also somewhat astringent. used especially in the form of aromatic tincture and aromatic syrup. the official preparations of rhubarb are needlessly numerous, those that are starred being quite sufficient. many of the official mixtures and pills are unnecessarily complex. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _*extractum rhei (ext. rhei), extract of rhubarb, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of rhubarb).--one gm. extract represents 2 gm. rhubarb. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum rhei (fldext. rhei), fluidextract of rhubarb, u.s.p._--rhubarb (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _fluidglyceratum rhei (fldglycer. rhei), fluidglycerate of rhubarb, n.f._--rhubarb (100%) in water and glycerin. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). _mistura rhei alkalina (mist. rhei alk.), alkaline mixture of rhubarb, n.f._ (syrupus rhei et potassii compositus, n.f. iii, neutralizing cordial).--fluidextract of rhubarb (1.6%), fluidextract of hydrastis (0.8%), and potassium carbonate (1.6%) with tincture of cinnamon, spirit of peppermint in syrup and diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 37 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _mistura rhei composita (mist. rhei co.), compound mixture of rhubarb, n.f._ (mistura rhei et sodae, u.s.p. viii, mixture of rhubarb and soda).--fluidextract of rhubarb (1.5%), fluidextract of ipecac (0.3%), sodium bicarbonate (3.5%), glycerin and spirit of peppermint in water. absolute alcohol content about 4 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm. _pilulae rhei (pil. rhei), pills of rhubarb, n.f._--each pill contains rhubarb (0.2 gm. or 3 grains) with soap. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). _pilulae rhei compositae (pil. rhei co.), compound pills of rhubarb, u.s.p._--each pill contains rhubarb (0.13 gm. or 2 grains) and aloes (0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains) with myrrh and oil of peppermint. dosage: 2 pills (u.s.p.). _pulvis rhei compositus (pulv. rhei co.), compound powder of rhubarb, u.s.p._ (gregory's powder).--rhubarb (25%), jamaica ginger (10%) and magnesium oxide. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _pulvis rhei et magnesiae anisatus (pulv. rhei et magnes. anis.), anisated powder of rhubarb and magnesia, n.f._ (compound anise powder).--rhubarb (35%), anethol and heavy magnesium oxide. uses: mild cathartic. dosage: for infants, 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (n.f.). _syrupus rhei (syr. rhei), syrup of rhubarb, u.s.p._--fluidextract of rhubarb (10%), spirit of cinnamon and potassium carbonate in water and syrup. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _*syrupus rhei aromaticus (syr. rhei arom.), aromatic syrup of rhubarb, u.s.p._ (spiced syrup of rhubarb).--aromatic tincture of rhubarb (15%) and potassium carbonate in syrup. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _tinctura rhei (tr. rhei), tincture of rhubarb, u.s.p._--rhubarb (20%) and cardamom seed, in glycerin, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _tinctura rhei aquosa (tr. rhei. aq.), aqueous tincture of rhubarb, n.f._--rhubarb (10%) and potassium carbonate in cinnamon water, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _*tinctura rhei aromatica (tr. rhei arom.), aromatic tincture of rhubarb, u.s.p._--rhubarb (20%), saigon cinnamon, clove and nutmeg in glycerin, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura rhei dulcis (tr. rhei dulc.), sweet tincture of rhubarb, n.f._--rhubarb (10%), glycyrrhiza, anise and cardamom seed in glycerin, diluted alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 45 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _tinctura rhei et gentianae (tr. rhei et gent.), tincture of rhubarb and gentian, n.f._--rhubarb (7%) and gentian (1.75%) in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 45 per cent. uses: stomachic and laxative. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _vinum rhei compositum (vin. rhei co.), compound wine of rhubarb, n.f._ (tinctura rhei vinosa, n.f. iii).--fluidextract of rhubarb (8%), fluidextract of bitter orange peel, tincture of cardamom in sugar and sherry wine. absolute alcohol content about 25 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =rhus glabra (rhus glab.), rhus glabra, n.f.= (sumac berries). action and uses: tannin-bearing astringent; without advantage over krameria, etc. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum rhois glabrae (fldext. rhois glab.), fluidextract of rhus glabra, n.f._--rhus glabra (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.) =*rosa, rose= (cabbage rose, _rosa centifolia_). action and uses: the preparations are used for flavoring. _*aqua rosae (aq. ros.), rose water, u.s.p._--a mixture of stronger rose water with distilled water. _aqua rosae fortior (aq. ros. fort.), stronger rose water, u.s.p._--prepared by distilling fresh cabbage roses with water. _confectio rosae (confect. ros.), confection of rose, n.f._--red rose, sugar, clarified honey and stronger rose water. _unguentum aquae rosae (ung. aq. ros.), ointment of rose water, u.s.p._ (cold cream).--sodium borate (0.5%), spermaceti, white wax, expressed oil of almond, and stronger rose water. uses: emollient =rosa gallica (rosa gall.), red rose, u.s.p.=--petals. action and uses: mildly astringent but used chiefly as a flavoring agent in the confection of rose; antiquated. _fluidextractum rosae (fldext. rosae), fluidextract of rose, u.s.p._--red rose (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _infusum rosae compositum (inf. ros. co.), compound infusion of rose, n.f._--red rose (1.3%) with diluted sulphuric acid and sugar in water. dosage: 100 cc. or 3 fluidounces (n.f.). _syrupus rosae (syr. ros.), syrup of rose, n.f._--fluidextract of rose and diluted sulphuric acid in syrup. =rubi fructus (rubi fructus), blackberries, n.f.= action and uses: flavor. _cordiale rubi fructus (cord. rubi fruct.), blackberry cordial, n.f._--blackberry syrup (about 75%) and diluted alcohol (about 25%), with cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg. absolute alcohol content about 12 per cent. uses: used as carminative in summer diarrhea. not very efficient. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _syrupus rubi fructi (syr. rubi fruct.), syrup of blackberry fruit, n.f._--juice of ripe blackberries in sugar. uses: flavoring vehicle =rubi idaei fructus (rubi idaei fructus), raspberries, n.f.= action and uses: flavoring. _syrupus rubi idaei (syr. rubi id.), syrup of raspberry, n.f._--juice of ripe raspberries in sugar. =rubus (rubus), rubus, n.f.= (blackberry bark).--bark of the rhizome. action and uses: tannin-bearing astringent without advantage over krameria, etc. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _elixir rubi compositum (elix. rubi co.), compound elixir of blackberry, n.f._--rubus (1.6%), nutgall (1.6%), saigon cinnamon, clove, mace, ginger, syrup of blackberry and diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. uses: used in "summer complaint." dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). _fluidextractum rubi (fldext. rubi), fluidextract of rubus, n.f._--rubus (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). _syrupus rubi (syr. rubi), syrup of rubus, n.f._--fluidextract of rubus (25%) in syrup. uses: intestinal astringent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =rumex (rumex), rumex, n.f.= (yellow dock, curled dock).--roots. action and uses: obsolete, unreliable and generally worthless "alterative and tonic"; mildly laxative. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum rumicis (fldext. rumic.), fluidextract of rumex, n.f._--rumex (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =sabal (sabal), sabal, u.s.p.= (saw palmetto berries).--the partially dried ripe fruit. action and uses: widely exploited as a stimulant of the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary tract. probably inferior to santal oil. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum sabal (fldext. sabal), fluidextract of sabal, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of saw palmetto).--sabal (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura sabal et santali (tr. sabal et santal.), tincture of saw palmetto and santal, n.f._--sabal (20%) and sandalwood (6.5%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 75 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =*saccharum (sacch.), sugar, u.s.p.= (sucrose).--obtained from the sugar-cane, the sugar-beet, etc. white, odorless crystals or powder with a sweet taste. action and uses: sweetening agent in official syrups and other preparations. _*syrupus (syrupus), syrup, u.s.p._ (sirup, simple syrup).--sugar (85%) in water. =*saccharum lactis (sacch. lact.), sugar of milk, u.s.p.= (milk sugar, lactose).--obtained from the whey of cow's milk. white, hard, odorless crystalline masses or powder, with a faintly sweet taste. action and uses: less sweet than cane sugar and less liable to ferment; slightly laxative and diuretic; frequently used to modify cow's milk in the feeding of infants =sales effervescentes, granular effervescent salts.=--effervescent salts are mixtures of active constituents with sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid. they are usually directed to be produced and dispensed in coarse granules. their advantage over other methods of administering active ingredients is rather doubtful. for effervescent salts included in the pharmacopeia and in the national formulary, see under the names of the active ingredients. for sal carolinum factitium and sal carolinum factitium effervescens, see under =sodii sulphas=; for sal kissingense factitium and sal kissingense factitium effervescens, see under =sodii chloridum=; for sal vichyanum factitium, sal vichyanum factitium effervescens and sal vichyanum factitium effervescens cum lithio, see under =sodii bicarbonas=. =salicinum (salicin.), salicin, u.s.p.=--a glucoside obtained from certain species of willows and poplars. white powder, odorless and having a very bitter taste. action and uses: partially decomposed in the stomach and intestines and finally oxidized in the body into salicylic acid. less irritant to the mucous membranes than the salicylates but also less certain in its action, and has been practically superseded by the latter. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) =sambucus (sambuc.), sambucus, n.f.= (elder flowers). action and uses: obsolete and worthless remedy in dropsy. large doses are said to act like a hydragogue cathartic. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). =sanguinaria (sanguin.), sanguinaria, u.s.p.= (blood root).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: irritant and narcotic; unreliable; expectorant in small doses and nauseant in large doses, which may produce serious secondary symptoms. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum sanguinariae (fldext. sanguin.), fluidextract of sanguinaria, n.f._--sanguinaria (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 0.1 cc. or 1-1/2 minims (n.f.). _syrupus sanguinariae (syr. sanguinar.), syrup of sanguinaria, n.f._ (syrup of bloodroot).--sanguinaria (22.5%) and acetic acid in syrup. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _tinctura sanguinariae (tr. sanguin.), tincture of sanguinaria, u.s.p._ (tincture of bloodroot).--sanguinaria (10%) and hydrochloric acid (1%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 56 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.) =santalum album (santal. alb.), sandal wood, n.f.= (white sandal wood).--heartwood. action and uses: similar to those of =oleum santali=, which see =santalum rubrum (santal. rub.), red saunders, u.s.p.=--heartwood. action and uses: used as a coloring agent =*santoninum (santonin.), santonin, u.s.p.=--anhydride or lactone of santonic acid, obtained from levant wormseed. colorless crystals or powder, becoming yellow on exposure to light, odorless and at first nearly tasteless, afterward becoming bitter. action and uses: used for its poisonous action on intestinal parasites, especially ascaris. when absorbed in sufficient amounts it produces yellow vision and epileptiform convulsions. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.) in powder or capsules. _trochisci santonini (troch. santonin.), troches of santonin, n.f._--each troche contains santonin (0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain), with tragacanth, sugar, cocoa and vanillin. uses: anthelmintic. objectionable since their resemblance to candy may lead to serious poisoning. dosage: 1 troche (n.f.). _trochisci santonini compositi (troch. santonin. co.), compound troches of santonin, n.f._ (troches of santonin and calomel).--each troche contains santonin and mild mercurous chloride (each 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain) with tragacanth, sugar, cocoa and vanillin. uses: anthelmintic; objectionable like trochisci santonini, which see above. dosage: 1 troche (n.f.) =*sapo (sapo), soap, u.s.p.= (white castile soap).--soap prepared from olive oil and sodium hydroxide. a white or whitish solid or powder, having a faint, peculiar odor and an alkaline taste. action and uses: used chiefly as a detergent and in solution as a vehicle for liniments. also an ingredient of pills containing resinous drugs like aloes and scammony. _emplastrum saponis (emp. sapon.), soap plaster, n.f._--made from soap (10%) and lead plaster (90%). _linimentum saponato-camphoratum (lin. sapon.-camph.), camphorated soap liniment, n.f._ (opodeldoc, solid opodeldoc).--camphor (2.5%), ammonia water, sodium stearate, oil of thyme, oil of rosemary, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 75 per cent. _*linimentum saponis (lin. sapon.), soap liniment, u.s.p._ (liquid opodeldoc).--soap (6%), camphor (4.5%) in oil of rosemary, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent. uses: mild rubefacient and vehicle for more active liniments =*sapo mollis (sapo moll.), soft soap, u.s.p.=--prepared from cottonseed oil and potassium hydroxide. a soft, unctuous, yellowish-white to brownish-yellow mass, having a slight, characteristic odor and an alkaline taste. action and uses: dissolved in diluted alcohol, is employed in the preparation of various liniments, and as a detergent. _linimentum saponis mollis (lin. sapon. moll.), liniment of soft soap, u.s.p._ (tincture of green soap).--soft soap (65%) and oil of lavender in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 30 per cent. _linimentum saponis mollis compositum (lin. sapon. mol. co.), compound liniment of soft soap, n.f._ (tinctura saponis viridis composita, n.f. iii).--soft soap (15%), oil of cade (2%) and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 75 per cent. =sarsaparilla (sarsap.), sarsaparilla, u.s.p.= (sarsaparilla root). action and uses: formerly used in chronic rheumatism, skin diseases and syphilis; inefficient and therefore harmful; fortunately passing out of use. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _decoctum sarsaparillae compositum (decoc. sarsap. co.), compound decoction of sarsaparilla, n.f._--sarsaparilla (10%), guaiac wood (2%), mezereum (1%), sassafras, glycyrrhiza and water. uses: antiquated and useless "alterative." dosage: 120 cc. or 4 fluidounces (n.f.). _fluidextractum sarsaparillae (fldext. sarsap.), fluidextract of sarsaparilla, u.s.p._--sarsaparilla (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum sarsaparillae compositum (fldext. sarsap. co.), compound fluidextract of sarsaparilla, u.s.p._--sarsaparilla (75%), mezereum (3%), glycyrrhiza and sassafras. absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _syrupus sarsaparillae compositus (syr. sarsap. co.), compound syrup of sarsaparilla, u.s.p._--fluidextract of sarsaparilla (20%), fluidextract of senna (1.5%), fluidextract of glycyrrhiza, oil of sassafras, oil of anise, methyl salicylate and alcohol in syrup. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. uses: irrational mixture; no indications for its use. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.) =sassafras (sassaf.), sassafras, u.s.p.=--bark of the root. action and uses: mild aromatic and carminative containing a volatile oil. no advantage over other aromatics, such as peppermint, ginger, etc. dosage: 10 gm. or 2-1/2 drachms (u.s.p.) =sassafras medulla (sassaf. med.), sassafras pith, n.f.= action and uses: demulcent. _mucilago sassafras medullae (mucil. sassaf. medul.), mucilage of sassafras pith, n.f._--sassafras pith (0.2%) in water. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (n.f.). =scammoniae radix (scam. rad.), scammony root, u.s.p.= action and uses: used principally for preparing resin, in which its activity as a cathartic resides. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _resina scammoniae (res. scamm.), resin of scammony, u.s.p._--the resin from scammony root. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (u.s.p.). =*scilla (scill.), squill, u.s.p.=--fleshy inner scales of a bulb. the official drug is to be assayed biologically. action and uses: qualitatively like those of digitalis. has been largely used as a nauseant and expectorant. has no advantage over digitalis, and should pass out of use. if used, it should be standardized. dosage: 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.) of a standardized preparation. _acetum scillae (acet. scill.), vinegar of squill, u.s.p._--squill (10%) in diluted acetic acid. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum scillae (fldext. scill.), fluidextract of squill, u.s.p._--squill (100%). assayed biologically by producing death in the frog. dosage: 0.1 cc. or 1-1/2 minims (u.s.p.). physicians who prescribe it should specify the biologically assayed preparation. _oxymel scillae (oxymel scill.), oxymel of squill, n.f._--vinegar of squill (50%) and clarified honey. uses: antiquated and irrational preparation of squill. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _*syrupus scillae (syr. scill.), syrup of squill, u.s.p._--vinegar of squill (45%), in sugar and water. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _syrupus scillae compositus (syr. scill. co.), compound syrup of squill, u.s.p._ (hive syrup).--fluidextract of squill (8%), fluidextract of senega (8%) and antimony and potassium tartrate (0.2%), in water and syrup. uses: complex and irrational expectorant. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _*tinctura scillae (tr. scill.), tincture of squill, u.s.p._--squill (10%) in alcohol and water. biologically assayed by producing death in frogs. absolute alcohol content about 69 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). physicians who prescribe it should specify the biologically assayed preparation. =scoparius (scopar.), scoparius, n.f.= (broom tops). action and uses: formerly used as diuretic, laxative and cathartic. see sparteinae sulphas. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum scoparii (fldext. scopar.), fluidextract of scoparius, n.f._--scoparius (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =*scopolaminae hydrobromidum (scopolamin. hydrobrom.), scopolamine hydrobromide, u.s.p.= (hyoscine hydrobromide, scopolamine bromide).--the hydrobromide of levorotatory scopolamine, also known as hyoscine. colorless, odorless, transparent crystals. action and uses: closely resembling those of atropine in its influence on the nerve endings but differing from the latter in having a sedative instead of a stimulating effect on the brain. used as a somnifacient in motor excitement and mania; as a preliminary to anesthesia and in "twilight sleep," and locally as a mydriatic. uncertain in its action, at times producing acute delirium. the tendency to depress the respiratory center must be remembered. dosage: 0.3 mg. or 1/200 grain (u.s.p.). =scutellaria (scutell.), scutellaria, n.f.= (skullcap).--plant. action and uses: claimed, though without reliable evidence, to be a tonic, nervine and antispasmodic, particularly useful in chorea and convulsions. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum scutellariae (fldext. scutellar.), fluidextract of scutellaria, n.f._--scutellaria (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =senecio (senecio), senecio, n.f.= (life root).--plant deprived of its root. action and uses: has been recommended, probably without warrant, as a tonic, diuretic, expectorant and diaphoretic. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum senecionis (fldext. senecion.), fluidextract of senecio, n.f._--senecio (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =senega (seneg.), senega, u.s.p.= (seneca snakeroot, senega snakeroot). action and uses: employed as nauseant expectorant (by virtue of the irritant saponin). dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum senegae (fldext. seneg.), fluidextract of senega, u.s.p._--senega (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _syrupus senegae (syr. seneg.), syrup of senega, u.s.p._--fluidextract of senega (20%) in syrup. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.) =*senna (senn.), senna, u.s.p.= (alexandria senna or india senna). action and uses: efficient cathartic of anthraquinone series. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). _confectio sennae (confect. senn.), confection of senna, n.f._--senna (10%), cassia fistula (16%), tamarind (10%), prune, fig, sugar, oil of coriander and water. uses: a pleasant but needlessly complex laxative. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _*fluidextractum sennae (fldext. senn.), fluidextract of senna, u.s.p._--senna (100%). absolute alcohol content about 25 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _infusum sennae compositum (inf. senn. co.), compound infusion of senna, u.s.p._--senna (6%), magnesium sulphate (12%), manna (12%) and fennel in water. dosage: 120 cc. or 4 fluidounces (u.s.p.). _*pulvis glycyrrhizae compositus (pulv. glycyrrh. co.), compound powder of glycyrrhiza, u.s.p._ (compound licorice powder).--senna (18%), washed sulphur (8%) with glycyrrhiza, oil of fennel and sugar. uses: a misnamed senna preparation. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). _species laxativae (spec. lax.), laxative species, n.f._ (species laxantes, n.f. iii, st. germain tea).--senna (40%), potassium bitartrate (10%), elder flowers, fennel and anise. dosage: 1.3 gm. or 20 grains (n.f.). _syrupus ficorum compositus (syr. ficor. co.), compound syrup of figs, n.f._--fluidextract of senna (20%), aromatic fluidglycerate of cascara sagrada (10%), with figs, oil of fennel and spirit of peppermint in syrup. absolute alcohol content about 5 per cent. uses: complex and misnamed cathartic, imitating a widely advertised "patent medicine." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _*syrupus sennae (syr. senn.), syrup of senna, u.s.p._--fluidextract of senna (25%) and oil of coriander in syrup. absolute alcohol content about 5 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _syrupus sennae aromaticus (syr. senn. arom.), aromatic syrup of senna, n.f._--fluidextract of senna (12.5%), jalap (5%), rhubarb (1.75%), saigon cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, oil of lemon and sugar in diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 30 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _syrupus sennae compositus (syr. senn. co.), compound syrup of senna, n.f._--fluidextract of senna (13.5%), fluidextract of rhubarb (3.5%), fluidextract of frangula (3.5%), methyl salicylate (0.4%) and alcohol in syrup. absolute alcohol content about 13 per cent. uses: complex and irrational cathartic. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.) =serpentaria (serpent.), serpentaria, u.s.p.= (texas snakeroot, virginia snakeroot).--rhizome and root. action and uses: bitter with no advantage over gentian; now less frequently used than formerly. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum serpentariae (fldext. serpentar.), fluidextract of serpentaria, n.f._--serpentaria (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims. _tinctura serpentariae (tr. serpent.), tincture of serpentaria, n.f._--serpentaria (20%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =*serum antidiphthericum (ser. antidiph.), antidiphtheric serum, u.s.p.= (diphtheria antitoxin).--serum from a horse properly immunized against diphtheria toxin; has a potency of not less than 250 antitoxic units per cc. action and uses: curative and prophylactic agent in diphtheria. the possibility of serum disease must be remembered. caution should be exercised when antidiphtheric serum is administered to persons who have had asthma, and, above all, "horse asthma." in such cases a few drops only of the serum may be injected, followed in fifteen or thirty minutes by the full dose. dosage: curative, 10,000 units (u.s.p.); protective, 1,000 units (u.s.p.); both hypodermic. _*serum antidiphthericum purificatum (ser. antidiph. purif.), purified antidiphtheric serum, u.s.p._ (antidiphtheric globulins, concentrated diphtheria antitoxin, diphtheric antitoxin globulins, refined and concentrated diphtheria antitoxin).--certain antitoxic proteins from the blood serum of a horse properly immunized against diphtheria toxin, dissolved in physiologic solution of sodium chloride. uses: less apt to produce serum disease. dosage: curative, 10,000 units (u.s.p.); protective, 1,000 units (u. s, p.); both hypodermic. _*serum antidiphthericum siccum (ser. antidiph. sicc.), dried antidiphtheric serum, u.s.p._ (dried diphtheria antitoxin). dosage: curative, 10,000 units (u.s.p.); protective, 1,000 units (u.s.p.); both hypodermic =*serum antitetanicum (ser. antitetan.), antitetanic serum, u.s.p.= (tetanus antitoxin).--serum from a horse properly immunized against tetanus toxin, dissolved in physiologic solution of sodium chloride. action and uses: prophylactic agent in tetanus; also used for curative purposes. dosage: curative, 10,000 units (u.s.p.); protective, 1,500 units (u.s.p.); both hypodermic. _*serum antitetanicum purificatum (ser. antitetan. purif.), purified antitetanic serum, u.s.p._ (antitetanic globulins, concentrated tetanus antitoxin, refined and concentrated tetanus antitoxin, tetanus antitoxic globulins).--certain antitoxic proteins from the serum of a horse properly immunized against tetanus toxin. dosage: curative, 10,000 units (u.s.p.); protective, 1,500 units (u.s.p.); both hypodermic. _*serum antitetanicum siccum (ser. antitetan. sicc.), dried antitetanic serum, u.s.p._ (dried tetanus antitoxin). uses: may be used as a dusting powder in suspicious wounds. dosage: curative, 10,000 units (u.s.p.); protective, 1,500 units (u.s.p.); both hypodermic. =sevum praeparatum (sev. praep.), prepared suet, u.s.p.= (mutton suet). a white, solid, almost odorless fat, having a bland taste when fresh, but becoming rancid on prolonged exposure to air. action and uses: used in the preparation of ointments and cerates. _sevum benzoinatum (sev. benz.), benzoinated suet, n.f._--benzoin (3%) in prepared suet. uses: ointment base; superfluous. =sinapis alba (sinap. alb.), white mustard, u.s.p.= (yellow mustard).--ripe seeds. action and uses: develops irritant volatile oil on contact with water; frequently mixed with black mustard in powder for use as ground mustard. dosage: emetic, 10 gm. or 2-1/2 drachms (u.s.p.). =*sinapis nigra (sinap. nig.), black mustard, u.s.p.= (brown mustard).--ripe seeds. action and uses: see =oleum sinapis volatile=. dosage: emetic, 10 gm. or 2-1/2 drachms (u.s.p.). _*emplastrum sinapis (emp. sinap.), mustard plaster, u.s.p._ (charta sinapis, u.s.p. viii, mustard paper).--a mixture of black mustard, deprived of its fixed oil, and a solution of rubber, spread on paper, cotton cloth or other fabric. uses: counterirritant. =soda chlorinata, chlorinated soda.= action and uses: hypochlorites in acid, alkaline and neutral solutions have been found useful in the treatment of infected wounds. the alkaline solution is represented by the liquor sodae chlorinatae below, and by the liquor potassae chlorinatae, which see under potassa chlorinata. _*liquor sodae chlorinatae (liq. sod. chlorinat.), solution of chlorinated soda, u.s.p._ (labarraque's solution).--chlorine compounds of sodium containing not less than 2.5 per cent. available cl. =soda cum calce (sod. c. calc.), soda with lime, n.f.= (london paste).--sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide (each 50%). action and uses: caustic. =sodii acetas (sod. acet.), sodium acetate, u.s.p.=--nac{2}h{3}o{2} + 3h{2}o. colorless crystals or granular powder, odorless or nearly odorless, and having a cooling, saline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.8) and soluble in alcohol (1:19). action and uses: practically identical with those of potassii acetas, which see. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). =sodii arsenas (sod. arsen.), sodium arsenate, u.s.p.= (arsenas sodii, p.i.).--na{2}haso{4} + 7h{2}o. colorless, odorless crystals, efflorescent in dry air, and somewhat deliquescent in moist air. freely soluble in water (1:1.5) and slightly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: has the same general action and uses as arsenic trioxide, but is less active. dosage: 0.005 gm. or 1/12 grain (u.s.p.). usually given in the form of solution or pill. _sodii arsenas exsiccatus (sod. arsen. exsic.), exsiccated sodium arsenate, u.s.p._--na{2}haso{4}. white, odorless, amorphous powder. freely soluble in water (1:3.1), but only slightly soluble in alcohol. dosage: 0.003 gm. or 1/20 grain (u.s.p.). _liquor sodii arsenatis (liq. sod. arsen.), solution of sodium arsenate, u.s.p._--exsiccated sodium arsenate (about 1%) in water. uses: no advantage over other arsenicals. dosage: 0.2 cc. or 3 minims (u.s.p.). _liquor sodii arsenatis, pearson (liq. sod. arsen. pearson), pearson's solution of sodium arsenate, n.f._ (liquor arsenicalis pearsonii).--exsiccated sodium arsenate (0.1%) in water. should not be confounded with liquor sodii arsenatis, u.s.p., which is ten times stronger. uses: superfluous arsenic preparation. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =*sodii benzoas (sod. benz.), sodium benzoate, u.s.p.=--na(c{6}h{5}.coo). white, odorless, sweetish powder. freely soluble in water (1:1.8), and soluble in alcohol (1:61). incompatible with mineral acids and ferric salts. action and uses: has the action of benzoic acid, but is less irritating. mild antiseptic, practically non-toxic. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). =sodii benzosulphinidum (sod. benzosulphin.), sodium benzosulphinide, u.s.p.= (sodium-saccharin, soluble saccharin). colorless crystals or white powder, odorless or nearly odorless, and having an intensely sweet taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.2) and soluble in alcohol (1:50). action and uses: those of benzosulphinide (saccharin), but with the advantage of ready solubility. dosage: 0.2 gm. or 3 grains (u.s.p.). =*sodii bicarbonas (sod. bicarb.), sodium bicarbonate, u.s.p.= (baking soda).--nahco{3}. a white, odorless powder, having a cooling, mildly alkaline taste. decomposed by acids and converted by boiling into the normal carbonate. soluble in water (1:10) and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: used as a non-caustic alkali in conditions of acidosis, and to neutralize the acid of the gastric juice in hyperacidity and gastric ulcer. may be used intravenously in cases of extreme acidosis. externally, used as a mild alkaline wash. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). for intravenous injection a 6 per cent. solution sterilized by boiling and thus partly converted into the normal carbonate has been recommended. one thousand cc. of such a solution may be injected, but great care must be taken that none of the liquid gets outside the veins lest necrosis of the tissues occur. _liquor sodae et menthae (liq. sod. et menth.), solution of soda and mint, n.f._ (mistura sodae et menthae, n.f. iii, soda mint).--sodium bicarbonate (5%), aromatic spirit of ammonia (1%) and spearmint water. uses: antacid and carminative. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _sal vichyanum factitium (sal vichy. fact.), artificial vichy salt, n.f._--potassium carbonate (3.85%), magnesium sulphate (8%), sodium chloride (7.7%) and sodium bicarbonate (84.6%). uses: alkaline saline cathartic. _sal vichyanum factitium effervescens (sal vichy. fact. eff.), effervescent artificial vichy salt, n.f._ (pulvis salis vichyani factitii effervescens, n.f. iii).--artificial vichy salt (25%) in a mixture of sodium bicarbonate (48.5%), tartaric acid (16.45%) and citric acid (yielding sodium citrate and tartrate). dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _sal vichyanum factitium effervescens cum lithio (sal vichy. fact. eff. c. lith.), effervescent artificial vichy salt with lithium, n.f._ (pulvis salis vichyani factitii effervescens cum lithio, n.f. iii).--artificial vichy salt (25%), lithium citrate (8.33%) in a mixture of sodium bicarbonate (44.14%), tartaric acid (12.54%) and citric acid (yielding sodium tartrate and citrate). uses: irrational laxative mixture. the lithium serves no useful purpose. dosage: 6 gm. or 1-1/2 drachms (n.f.). _trochisci sodii bicarbonatis (troch. sod. bicarb.), troches of sodium bicarbonate, u.s.p._--each troche contains sodium bicarbonate (0.18 gm.) with sugar, nutmeg and mucilage of tragacanth. =*sodii boras (sod. bor.), sodium borate, u.s.p.= (borax, sodium tetraborate, sodium pyroborate).--na{2}b{4}o{7} + 10h{2}o. colorless crystals or white powder, odorless and having a sweetish, alkaline taste. soluble in water (1:15) and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: antiseptic detergent and alkaline. used in the form of solution as a wash both externally and in the body cavities. seldom used internally. dosage: 0.75 gm. or 12 grains (u.s.p.). _liquor sodii boratis compositus (liq. sod. bor. co.), compound solution of sodium borate, n.f._ (dobell's solution).--sodium borate and sodium bicarbonate (each 1.5%) and liquefied phenol (0.3%) in glycerin and water. uses: mild antiseptic. _mel rosae et sodii boratis (mel ros. et sod. bor.), honey of rose and sodium borate, n.f._ (honey of rose with borax).--sodium borate (10%), glycerin and honey of rose. uses: alkaline demulcent. _mel sodii boratis (mel sod. bor.), honey of sodium borate, n.f._ (mel boracis, honey and borax).--sodium borate (10%) in glycerin and clarified honey. uses: alkaline demulcent =sodii boro-benzoas (sod. boro-benz.), sodium boro-benzoate, n.f.=--sodium borate (43%) and sodium benzoate (57%). action and uses: feeble alkaline antiseptic. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.) =*sodii bromidum (sod. brom.), sodium bromide, u.s.p.=--nabr. white, odorless crystals or powder, having a saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.1) and soluble in alcohol (1:16). action and uses: used as a nerve sedative and cerebral depressant. practically identical with potassium bromide in action and uses, but somewhat less irritating. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir sodii bromidi (elix. sod. brom.), elixir of sodium bromide, n.f._--sodium bromide (1.75%) in syrup, water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 7.5 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.) =*sodii cacodylas (sod. cacodyl.), sodium cacodylate, u.s.p.=--sodium dimethylarsenate. white, odorless, deliquescent crystals or powder. very soluble in water (1:0.5) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:2.5). action and uses: is slowly decomposed in the tissues into trivalent arsenic. the action is thus more gradual and less toxic than that of other arsenic compounds. produces garlic breath. used especially by hypodermic injection, in anemias, etc. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.) =*sodii carbonas monohydratus (sod. carb. monohyd.), monohydrated sodium carbonate, u.s.p.=--na{2}co{3} + h{2}o. white, odorless, granular powder having a strongly alkaline taste. freely soluble in water (1:3) and insoluble in alcohol. incompatible with acids and acid salts and with the salts of the heavy metals and alkaloids. action and uses: antacid and detergent; employed in medicine chiefly in the preparation of alkaline baths. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.) =*sodii chloridum (sod. chlorid.), sodium chloride, u.s.p.=--nacl. colorless crystals or white powder, odorless, and having a saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:2.8), and only slightly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: used for preparing physiologic salt solution. given by mouth in large doses, is emetic and in proper dilutions, laxative. excessive use as a seasoning for foods is particularly harmful in nephritis. dosage: emetic, 15 gm. or 4 drachms (u.s.p.). _liquor sodii chloridi physiologicus (liq. sod. chlor. physio.), physiological solution of sodium chloride, u.s.p._ (physiological salt solution, normal salt solution).--sodium chloride (0.85%) in water. uses: an indifferent vehicle, used especially for intravenous injections. _sal kissingense factitium (sal kissingen. fact.), artificial kissingen salt, n.f._--potassium chloride (2.8%), sodium chloride (59.4%), magnesium sulphate (20%), sodium bicarbonate (17.8%). uses: alkaline saline cathartic. _sal kissingense factitium effervescens (sal kissingen. fact. eff.), effervescent artificial kissingen salt, n.f. _(pulvis salis kissingensis factitii effervescens, n.f. iii).--artificial kissingen salt (40%), sodium bicarbonate (40.6%), tartaric acid (9.4%) and citric acid (yielding sodium tartrate and citrate). dosage: 5.5 gm. or 80 grains (n.f.) =sodii citras (sod. cit.), sodium citrate, u.s.p.=--the hydrated salt. white, odorless granular powder or small crystals, having a cooling saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.3); insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: similar to those of potassium citrate. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains. _liquor sodii citratis (liq. sod. cit.), solution of sodium citrate, n.f._ (mistura sodii citratis, potio rivierii).--sodium citrate (3.5%) in water. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _liquor sodii citro-tartratis effervescens (liq. sod. citro-tart. eff.), effervescent solution of sodium citro-tartrate, n.f._--sodium tartrate (about 8%) with syrup of citric acid (about 12%) and water. dosage: the contents of one bottle, about 350 cc. or nearly 12 fluidounces (n.f.) =sodii cyanidum (sod. cyanid.), sodium cyanide, u.s.p.=--nacn. white masses or powder, odorless when perfectly dry; deliquescent in the air and exhaling the odor of hydrocyanic acid. freely soluble in cold water. action and uses: sodium cyanide replaces potassium cyanide, u.s.p. viii. the alkaline cyanides are rarely administered internally, but their use in solution has been suggested as a substitute for diluted hydrocyanic acid =sodii glycerophosphas (sod. glycerophos.), sodium glycerophosphate, u.s.p.= (sodium glycerinophosphate).--hydrated sodium glycerophosphate. represents not less than 68 per cent. of the anhydrous salt. white, odorless plates, scales or powder, having a saline taste. very soluble in hot or cold water and nearly insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: has been recommended in solutions as a nerve tonic in all kinds of wasting and nervous diseases. the weight of evidence indicates that the glycerophosphates are not superior to ordinary phosphates and that the claims for them as nerve tonics are, therefore, unfounded. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir glycerophosphatum compositum (elix. glycerophos. co.), compound elixir of glycerophosphates, n.f. _(compound solution of glycerophosphates).--solution of sodium glycerophosphate (4%), calcium glycerophosphate (1.6%), ferric glycerophosphate (0.3%), soluble manganese glycerophosphate (0.2%), quinine glycerophosphate (0.1%), strychnine glycerophosphate (0.015%), lactic acid (1%) and compound spirit of cardamom, in alcohol, glycerin and water. absolute alcohol content about 12 per cent. uses: a highly complex and therefore irrational preparation of the inactive glycerophosphates. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _liquor sodii glycerophosphatis (liq. sod. glycerophos.). solution of sodium glycerophosphate, u.s.p._--anhydrous sodium glycerophosphate (not less than 50%) in water. dosage: 0.35 cc. or 6 minims (u.s.p.) =*sodii hydroxidum (sod. hydrox.), sodium hydroxide, u.s.p.= (caustic soda, sodium hydrate).--naoh (not less than 90%). white, odorless masses or hard, brittle sticks. very soluble in water (1:0.9) and very soluble in alcohol. action and uses: practically identical with those of potassium hydroxide. _*liquor sodii hydroxidi (liq. sod. hydrox.), solution of sodium hydroxide, u.s.p._ (liquor sodae, solution of soda).--naoh (about 5%) in water. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). =sodii hypophosphis (sod. hypophos.), sodium hypophosphite, u.s.p.=--nah{2}po{2} + h{2}o. colorless plates or white powder, odorless and having a saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:1) and soluble in alcohol. action and uses: the hypophosphites have been prescribed as "tonics," but all reliable evidence indicates that they are inert. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir sodii hypophosphitis (elix. sod. hypophos.), elixir of sodium hypophosphite, n.f._--sodium hypophosphite (3.5%), hypophosphorous acid (0.4%), and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 21 per cent. uses: objectionable alcoholic preparation of an inactive drug. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _syrupus sodii hypophosphitis (syr. sod. hypophos.), syrup of sodium hypophosphite, n.f._--sodium hypophosphite (3.5%), and hypophosphorous acid (0.2%) in syrup. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =sodii indigotindisulphonas (sod. indigotin.), sodium indigotindisulphonate, u.s.p.= (indigo carmine). blue powder or dark purple paste. sparingly soluble in water and almost insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: coloring agent. =*sodii iodidum (sod. iod.), sodium iodide, u.s.p.=--nai. colorless crystals or white powder, odorless and having a saline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.55) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:2). action and uses: practically identical with those of potassium iodide, but less disagreeable in taste; perhaps somewhat less irritating locally. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.). =*sodii nitris (sod. nitris), sodium nitrite, u.s.p.=--nano{2}. colorless crystals or white or nearly white masses, sticks or powder, odorless and having a mild saline taste. deliquescent on exposure to air, being gradually converted into sodium nitrate. freely soluble in water (1:1.5), but only sparingly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: vasodilator, similar to nitroglycerin. the action is probably somewhat slower and more prolonged. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). =sodii perboras (sod. perbor.), sodium perborate, u.s.p.=--nabo{3} + 4h{2}o (about 86.5%). should contain not less than 9 per cent. of available oxygen. white, odorless granules or powder, having a saline taste. soluble in water. action and uses: antiseptic, deodorant and bactericide; in general, similar to hydrogen peroxide. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.); may be applied as a dusting powder or in a 2 per cent. solution. =sodii phenolsulphonas (sod. phenolsulph.), sodium phenolsulphonate, u.s.p.= (sodium sulphocarbolate).--the hydrated salt. colorless, odorless, somewhat efflorescent crystals or granules, having a cooling, saline bitter taste. freely soluble in water (1:4.2), and only slightly soluble in alcohol (1:140). action and uses: phenolsulphonates were introduced with the idea that they would be antiseptic like phenol, but less toxic. actually, they are practically inert. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). =*sodii phosphas (sod. phos.), sodium phosphate, u.s.p.=--na{2}hpo{4} + 12h{2}o, representing about 41.5 per cent. of the anhydrous salt. colorless, odorless, efflorescent crystals or powder, having a cooling, saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:2.7); insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: saline cathartic, similar to magnesium and sodium sulphate. the taste is less disagreeable. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). _sodii phosphas exsiccatus (sod. phos. exsic.), exsiccated sodium phosphate, u.s.p._--na{2}hpo{4}. white powder which absorbs moisture readily. freely soluble in water (1:8.1), but insoluble in alcohol. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _liquor sodii phosphatis compositus (liq. sod. phos. co.), compound solution of sodium phosphate, n.f._--sodium phosphate (100%) and citric acid in glycerin and water. uses: laxative. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _*sodii phosphas effervescens (sod. phos. eff.), effervescent sodium phosphate, u.s.p._--exsiccated sodium phosphate (20%) in a mixture of sodium bicarbonate (47.7%), tartaric acid (25.2%) and citric acid, the last three yielding sodium citrate and sodium tartrate. dosage: 10 gm. or 2-1/2 drachms (u.s.p.). =*sodii salicylas (sod. salicyl.), sodium salicylate, u.s.p.=--c{6}h{4}(oh) (coona). white or nearly white, odorless or nearly odorless powder having a sweet, saline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.9) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:9.2). incompatible with acids, with acid salts and with solutions of many of the alkaloids, particularly quinine, which precipitates as the salicylate. action and uses: the salt usually employed to secure the constitutional action of salicylic acid. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir sodii salicylatis (elix. sod. salicyl.), elixir of sodium salicylate, n.f._--sodium salicylate (8.5%), syrup, water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 7 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir sodii salicylatis compositum (elix. sod. salicyl. co.), compound elixir of sodium salicylate, n.f._--sodium salicylate (8%), fluidextract of cimifuga (3.2%), fluidextract of gelsemium (1.6%) and potassium iodide (1.5%) in aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 23 per cent. uses: an irrational rheumatism mixture, constituting an invitation to haphazard use. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _liquor ferri salicylatis (liq. ferr. salicyl.), solution of ferric salicylate, n.f._ (salicylated mixture of iron).--solution containing ferric salicylate with a large excess of sodium salicylate [obtained by the interaction of sodium salicylate (12.5%) and tincture of ferric citrochloride (12.5%)], and ammonium citrate, methyl salicylate, glycerin and water. uses: "rheumatism remedy." ferric salicylate has no special advantage over the sodium salt. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). =*sodii sulphas (sod. sulph.), sodium sulphate, u.s.p.= (glauber's salt).--na{2}so{4} + 10h{2}o. colorless, odorless, efflorescent crystals, having a bitter, saline taste. freely soluble in water (1:1), but insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: saline cathartic, more disagreeable but less active than magnesium sulphate, over which it has no material advantage. dosage: 15 gm. or 4 drachms (u.s.p.). _sal carolinum factitium (sal carol. fact.), artificial carlsbad salt, n.f._--this is available in two forms, the dry amorphous form and the crystalline form, the latter representing about 80 per cent. of water of crystallization. the dry amorphous form represents potassium sulphate (2%), sodium chloride (18%), sodium bicarbonate (36%) and hydrated sodium sulphate (100%). uses: alkaline cathartic. _sal carolinum factitium effervescens (sal carol. fact. eff.), effervescent artificial carlsbad salt, n.f._ (pulvis salis carolini factitii effervescens, n.f. iii).--artificial carlsbad salt (26.6%) in a mixture of sodium bicarbonate (40%), tartaric acid (15.7%) and citric acid, the last three yielding sodium citrate and sodium tartrate. action and uses: cathartic. its high sodium citrate and tartrate content should be borne in mind. dosage: 6 gm. or 1-1/2 drachms (n.f.) =*sodii sulphis exsiccatus (sod. sulphis exsic.), exsiccated sodium sulphite, u.s.p.=--na{2}so{3} (not less than 90%). white, odorless powder, having a cooling, saline sulphurous taste. freely soluble in water (1:3.2), but only sparingly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: antiseptic; principally used externally as a wash. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) =*sodii thiosulphas (sod. thiosulph.), sodium thiosulphate, u.s.p.= ("sodium hyposulphite").--na{2}s{2}o{3} + 5h{2}o. colorless, odorless crystals, having a cooling, afterward bitter taste. very soluble in water (1:0.5) and insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: used externally in the form of a lotion as application for ringworm and other parasitic diseases. internally, rarely as cathartic. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) =solanum (solan.), solanum, n.f.= (horsenettle berries).--ripe fruit. action and uses: rarely used as a sedative in convulsions and epilepsy; probably ineffective. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum solani (fldext. solan.), fluidextract of solanum, n.f._--solanum (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =sparteinae sulphas (spartein. sulph.), sparteine sulphate, u.s.p.= colorless, odorless, hygroscopic crystals or powder, having a slightly saline and somewhat bitter taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.1) and in alcohol (1:3). action and uses: has been widely exploited as a diuretic, but on insufficient evidence. is of little use and is now less frequently employed than formerly. large doses slow and weaken the heart. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.) =species.=--mixtures of vegetable drugs used as teas or poultices. for the official mixtures, see species emollientes, n.f., under =althaea folia;= species laxativae, n.f., under =senna=, and species pectorales, under =althaea=. =spigelia (spigelia), spigelia, u.s.p.= (pinkroot).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: obsolete anthelmintic for ascarides. inferior to santonin. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum spigeliae (fldext. spigel.), fluidextract of spigelia, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of pinkroot).--spigelia (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.) =spiritus, spirits.--=alcoholic solutions of either gaseous, liquid, or solid volatile substances. for the official spirits, see under the names of the respective principal constituents. for spiritus cinnamomi, see under =oleum cassiae=; for spiritus odoratus, under =oleum bergamottae=. for the following, see under the respective oils: spiritus amygdalae amarae, spiritus anisi, spiritus aurantii compositus, spiritus cardamomi compositus, spiritus juniperi, spiritus juniperi compositus, spiritus lavandulae, spiritus menthae piperitae, spiritus menthae viridis, spiritus myrciae compositus, spiritus sinapis. =spiritus oleorum volatilium, spirits of volatile oils=.--volatile oil (6.5%) in alcohol. =staphisagria (staphisag.), staphisagria, u.s.p.= (stavesacre).--seeds. action and uses: to destroy pediculi. the contained alkaloid, delphinine, is toxic, resembling aconitine in its physiologic action. dosage: used as an ointment or lotion. _fluidextractum staphisagria (fldext. staphisag.), fluidextract of staphisagria, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of stavesacre).--staphisagria (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. =stili dilubiles (stil. dilub.), paste pencils,= (unna pencils).--paste pencils are for the direct application of medicinal agents to the skin in dermatologic practice. the paste consists of starch, dextrin, tragacanth and sugar with sufficient water to form a plastic mass. for the official paste pencils, see stili acidi salicylici dilubiles, under =acidum salicylicum=. =stillingia (stilling.), stillingia, u.s.p.= (queen's root). action and uses: has been used as a sialagogue and expectorant. has no advantage over senega; is now less frequently used than formerly. the compound fluidextract and syrup are antiquated "alteratives," at one time used especially against syphilis and scrofula. they are complex and inefficient, and therefore irrational and harmful. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum stillingiae (fldext. stilling.), fluidextract of stillingia, u.s.p._--stillingia (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum stillingiae compositum (fldext. stilling. co.), compound fluidextract of stillingia, n.f._--stillingia (25%), corydalis (25%), blue flag (12.5%), sambucus (12.5%), chimaphila (12.5%), prickly ash berries (6.2%) and coriander (6.2%) in glycerin, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _syrupus stillingiae compositus (syr. stilling. co.), compound syrup of stillingia, n.f._--compound fluidextract of stillingia (25%) in glycerin and syrup. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.) =*stramonium (stramon.), stramonium, u.s.p.= (jamestown weed, jimson weed).--leaves, containing not less than 0.25 per cent. of alkaloids. action and uses: similar to those of belladonna, over which it has no advantage. often used in "asthma powders." dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _extractum stramonii (ext. stramon.), extract of stramonium, u.s.p._--two forms: pilular extract of stramonium and powdered extract of stramonium. one gm. of extract represents about 4 gm. of stramonium and yields about 1 per cent. of alkaloids. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum stramonii (fldext. stramon.), fluidextract of stramonium, n.f._--stramonium (100%), yielding about 0.25 per cent. of alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 0.05 cc. or 1 minim (n.f.). _tinctura stramonii (tr. stramon.), tincture of stramonium, u.s.p._--stramonium (10%), yielding about 0.025 per cent. of stramonium alkaloids. absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). _unguentum stramonii (ung. stramon.), stramonium ointment, u.s.p._--pilular extract of stramonium (10%), diluted alcohol, hydrous wool fat and benzoinated lard. =strontii bromidum (stront. brom.), strontium bromide, u.s.p.=--srbr{2} + 6h{2}o. colorless, odorless crystals, having a bitter, saline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.35); soluble in alcohol. action and uses: similar to those of sodium bromide over which it has no definite advantage. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) =strontii carbonas (stront. carb.), strontium carbonate, n.f.=--srco{3}. white, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water and in alcohol. decomposed by acids. action and uses: of use only in the making of soluble salts of strontium =strontii iodidum (stront. iod.), strontium iodide, u.s.p.=--sri{2} + 6h{2}o. colorless crystals or white powder or crystalline crusts, turning yellow on exposure to light; odorless, deliquescent and having a bitter saline taste. very soluble in water (1:0.2); somewhat less soluble in alcohol. action and uses: similar to, but without definite advantage over potassium iodide. dosage: 0.3 gm. or 5 grains (u.s.p.) =strontii salicylas (stront. salicyl.), strontium salicylate, u.s.p.=--sr(c{6}h{4}.oh.coo){2} + 2h{2}o. white, odorless powder, having a somewhat sweet, saline taste. soluble in water (1:19) and in alcohol (1:61). action and uses: identical with those of sodium salicylate, over which it has no advantage. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) =*strophanthinum (strophanthin.), strophanthin, u.s.p.=--a glucoside or mixture of glucosides obtained from strophanthus. white or yellowish powder. very soluble in water and in diluted alcohol. action and uses: like those of digitalis. strophanthin acts more rapidly and is excreted sooner, but its absorption from the alimentary canal is so variable that its administration by mouth is inadvisable. dosage: daily by mouth, 0.001 gm. or 1/60 grain (u.s.p.); intravenous, 0.00075 gm. or 1/80 grain (u.s.p.). caution should be used if patient has been taking digitalis =*strophanthus (strophanth.), strophanthus, u.s.p.=--ripe seeds. action and uses: strophanthus and tincture of strophanthus have properties similar to those of the glucoside strophanthin. the absorption of strophanthus from the alimentary canal is so variable that administration by mouth is not advisable. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _*tinctura strophanthi (tr. strophanth.), tincture of strophanthus, u.s.p._ (strophanthi tinctura, p.i.).--strophanthus (10%) with the oil removed. biologically assayed by producing death in frogs. absolute alcohol content about 92 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.). physicians who prescribe it should specify the biologically assayed preparation. =strychnina (strych.), strychnine, u.s.p.=--an alkaloid obtained from nux vomica. colorless, odorless crystals or white powder. extremely bitter in very dilute solutions. very slightly soluble in water (1:6420) and slightly soluble in alcohol (1:136). action and uses: stimulates the reflex activity of the spinal cord, but produces little or no effect on the higher nervous centers; is also used as a bitter tonic, generally in the form of a preparation of nux vomica. as strychnine is so slightly soluble, it is generally prescribed as one of its salts. of these, the nitrate meets every need. dosage: 0.0015 gm. or 1/40 grain (u.s.p.). _elixir pepsini, bismuthi et strychninae (elix. pepsin. bism. et strych.), elixir of pepsin, bismuth and strychnine, n.f._--strychnine (0.0175%), tartaric acid, and elixir of pepsin and bismuth. absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent. uses: an irrational preparation. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _pilulae antidyspepticae (pil. antidyspep.), antidyspeptic pills, n.f._--each pill contains strychnine (0.0016 gm., or 1/40 grain), ipecac and pilular extract of belladonna leaves (each 0.0065 gm., or 1/10 grain), mass of mercury, and compound extract of colocynth (each 0.13 gm., or 2 grains). uses: an objectionably named and misdirected mixture. dosage: 1 pill (n.f.). =strychninae acetas, strychnine acetate.= _liquor strychninae acetatis (liq. strych. acet.), solution of strychnine acetate, n.f._ (hall's solution of strychnine).--strychnine acetate (about 0.209%), alcohol, compound tincture of cardamom and water. absolute alcohol content about 23 per cent. uses: superfluous strychnine solution. dosage: 0.6 cc. or 10 minims (u.s.p.). =strychninae glycerophosphas (strych. glycerophos.), strychnine glycerophosphate, n.f.= (strychnine glycerinophosphate). white, odorless crystals or powder, with a taste at first sweet, afterward intensely bitter. slightly soluble in water (1:350), and in alcohol (1:310). action and uses: superfluous strychnine salt. dosage: 0.0015 gm. or 1/40 grain (n.f.). =*strychninae nitras (strych. nit.), strychnine nitrate, u.s.p.= colorless, odorless crystals or white powder. soluble in water (1:42) and somewhat less soluble in alcohol. action and uses: same as those of strychnine. dosage: 0.0015 gm. or 1/40 grain (u.s.p.). =*strychninae sulphas (strych. sulph.), strychnine sulphate, u.s.p.= colorless or white crystals or white powder, odorless; efflorescent in dry air. soluble in water (1:32) and in alcohol (1:81). uses: same as those of strychnine. has no advantage over the nitrate. dosage: 0.0015 gm. or 1/40 grain (u.s.p.). _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri, bismuthi et strychninae (elix. cinchon. ferr. bism. et strych.), elixir of cinchona alkaloids, iron, bismuth and strychnine, n.f._ (elixir cinchonae, ferri, bismuthi et strychninae, n.f. iii, elixir of calisaya, alkaloidal, with iron, bismuth and strychnine).--strychnine sulphate (0.0175%), elixir of cinchona alkaloids, iron and bismuth (about 99%) and water. absolute alcohol content about 18 per cent. uses: an irrational mixture supposed to contain six active ingredients. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et strychninae (elix. cinchon. ferr. et strych.), elixir of cinchona alkaloids, iron and strychnine, n.f._ (elixir cinchonae, ferri et strychninae, n.f. iii, elixir of calisaya alkaloidal, with iron and strychnine).--strychnine sulphate (0.0175%), elixir of cinchona alkaloids and iron (about 99%) and water. absolute alcohol content about 18 per cent. uses: a complex and irrational "tonic." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =strychninae valeras (strych. valer.), strychnine valerate, n.f.= white, crystalline powder, with a valerian-like odor and an intensely bitter taste. sparingly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol. action and uses: superfluous strychnine salt. dosage: 0.0015 gm. or 1/40 grain (n.f.). _elixir strychninae valeratis (elix. strych. valer.), elixir of strychnine valerate, n.f._ (elixir strychninae valerianatis, n.f. iii).--strychnine valerate (0.0175%), aromatic elixir (about 96.5%), water, tincture of vanilla and compound tincture of cudbear. absolute alcohol content about 22 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =styrax (styrax), storax, u.s.p.= (liquid storax.)--a balsam. action and uses: closely resembles balsam of peru, over which it has no advantage. an ointment (1:4) has been used as a parasiticide in scabies and other parasitic infections. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). =succus citri (suc. cit.), lime juice, n.f.= action and uses: used especially in prevention and treatment of scurvy. =succus pomorum (suc. pomor.), fresh apple juice, n.f.= action and uses: used in pharmacy in the making of crude ferric malate. =*sulphonethylmethanum (sulphonethylmeth.), sulphonethylmethane, u.s.p.= (trional).--diethylsulphonemethylethylmethane. colorless, lustrous, odorless, crystalline scales, having a bitter taste in aqueous solutions. slightly soluble in water (1:200) and in alcohol. action and uses: a hypnotic producing in ordinary doses no other symptoms than sleep. the sleep comes on in about an hour, though in some cases it may be much longer delayed. dosage: 0.75 gm. or 12 grains (u.s.p.), best administered in hot milk or other hot drinks. =*sulphonmethanum (sulphonmeth.), sulphonmethane, u.s.p.= (sulphonal).--diethylsulphonedimethylmethane. colorless, odorless and nearly tasteless crystals or powder. slightly soluble in water (1:365) and soluble in alcohol (1:60). action and uses: hypnotic and sedative. has properties similar to those of sulphonethylmethane, but usually acts somewhat more slowly. dosage: 0.75 gm. or 12 grains (u.s.p.). preferably administered in hot milk or other hot drinks. =*sulphur lotum (sulphur lot.), washed sulphur, u.s.p.=--s. fine, yellow, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water and in alcohol. action and uses: used locally in parasitic diseases of the skin and as a mild cathartic especially in hemorrhoids. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). _trochisci sulphuris et potassii bitartratis (troch. sulphur. et pot. bitart.), troches of sulphur and potassium bitartrate, n.f._ (troches of sulphur and cream of tartar).--each troche contains washed sulphur (0.3 gm. or 5 grains) and potassium bitartrate (0.06 gm. or 1 grain) with tragacanth, sugar and oil of orange. dosage: 1 troche (n.f.). dose so small as to be practically worthless. =*sulphur praecipitatum (sulphur praec.), precipitated sulphur, u.s.p.= (lac sulphuris, milk of sulphur).--s. made by precipitating a solution of calcium sulphide with hydrochloric acid. fine, pale yellow, odorless, tasteless powder. action and uses: same as those of washed sulphur; more active and irritant. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). =*sulphur sublimatum (sulphur sublim.), sublimed sulphur, u.s.p.= (flowers of sulphur).--s. fine, yellow powder having a slight, characteristic odor and a faintly acid taste. action and uses: same as those of washed sulphur. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (u.s.p.). _petroxolinum sulphuratum (petrox. sulphur.), sulphurated petroxolin, n.f._ (sulphurated petrox).--sublimed sulphur (3%) in linseed oil, oleic acid and liquid petroxolin. _petroxolinum sulphuratum compositum (petrox. sulphur. co.), compound sulphurated petroxolin, n.f._ (compound sulphurated petrox).--sulphurated petroxolin (10%), in oil of cade, thymol, eucalyptol, oil of turpentine and liquid petroxolin. _*unguentum sulphuris (ung. sulphur.), sulphur ointment, u.s.p._--sublimed sulphur (15%) in benzoinated lard. _unguentum sulphuris alkalinum (ung. sulphur. alk.), alkaline sulphur ointment, n.f._--sublimed sulphur (20%) and potassium carbonate (10%) in water and benzoinated lard. _unguentum sulphuris compositum (ung. sulphur. co.), compound sulphur ointment, n.f._ (wilkinson's ointment, hebra's itch ointment).--sublimed sulphur (15%), oil of cade (15%) and precipitated calcium carbonate in soft soap and lard. =sulphuris iodidum (sulphur. iod.), sulphur iodide, n.f.=--washed sulphur (20%) and iodine combined by means of heat. brittle, grayish black masses, having a metallic luster, an odor of iodine and a somewhat acrid taste. almost insoluble in water; alcohol dissolves the iodine, leaving the sulphur. action and uses: used in parasitic skin diseases; antiquated. =sumbul (sumbul), sumbul, u.s.p.= (musk-root).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: formerly exploited as a stimulant and antispasmodic in hysterical conditions. effect probably psychic. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _extractum sumbul (ext. sumbul), extract of sumbul, u.s.p._--a pilular extract. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum sumbul (fldext. sumbul), fluidextract of sumbul, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of musk-root).--sumbul (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura sumbul (tr. sumbul), tincture of sumbul, n.f._--sumbul (10%) in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =suppositoria, suppositories, u.s.p.=--suppositories are solid bodies of various weights and shapes adapted for introduction into the different orifices of the human body and melting readily at body heat. =suprarenalum siccum (supraren. sicc.), dried suprarenals, u.s.p.= (glandulae suprarenales siccae, u.s.p., viii, desiccated suprarenal glands).--the suprarenal glands of animals which are used for food by man, cleaned, dried, freed from fat, and powdered, and containing epinephrine (about 0.5%), the active principle of the suprarenal gland. a light, yellowish-brown powder, having a slight, characteristic odor. partially soluble in water. action and uses: the action of dried suprarenals is virtually that of epinephrine, but more variable and less conveniently employed. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). =syrupi, syrups.=--syrups are aqueous solutions of medicinal substances rendered palatable by the addition of sugar. for the official syrups see under the names of the principal ingredients. for syrupus, see under =saccharum=; for syrupus bromidorum, under =potassii bromidum=; for syrupus ficorum compositus, under =ficus=; for syrupus hypophosphitum and syrupus hypophosphitum compositus, under =calcii hypophosphis=; for syrupus ipecacuanhae et opii, under =opium=; for syrupus phosphatum compositus, under =acidum phosphoricum=; for syrupus phosphatum cum quinina et strychnina, under =quininae hydrochloridum=, and for syrupus pini strobi compositus cum morphina, under =morphinae sulphas=. =talcum purificatum (talc. purif.), purified talc, u.s.p.=--a purified native hydrous magnesium silicate, sometimes containing a small amount of aluminum silicate. a fine white or nearly white, odorless, tasteless powder, which adheres to the skin and is slippery to the touch. action and uses: used as a dusting powder, and as a clarifying agent in pharmacy. =tamarindus (tamarind.), tamarind, n.f.=--the preserved pulp of the fruit. action and uses: mildly laxative. when infused with water, yields an agreeable acid drink. dosage: 15 gm. or 4 drachms (n.f.). =taraxacum (tarax.), taraxacum, u.s.p.= (dandelion).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: has been used as a bitter tonic (without advantage over gentian) and as a mild laxative in habitual constipation (inferior to drugs like cascara sagrada); has no specific action on the liver. dosage: 10 gm. or 2-1/2 drachms (u.s.p.). _elixir taraxaci compositum (elix. tarax. co.), compound elixir of taraxacum, n.f._--fluidextract of taraxacum (3.5%), fluidextract of wild cherry (2%), fluidextract of glycyrrhiza, tincture of sweet orange peel, tincture of cinnamon, compound tincture of cardamom and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content, about 28 per cent. dosage: 8 cc. or 2 fluidrachms (n.f.). _extractum taraxaci (ext. tarax.), extract of taraxacum, u.s.p._--a pilular extract. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum taraxaci (fldext. tarax.), fluidextract of taraxacum, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of dandelion).--taraxacum (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). =terebenum (tereben.), terebene, u.s.p.=--obtained from oil of turpentine by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid. a colorless, thin liquid, having a thyme-like odor and an aromatic taste. only slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol (1:3). action and uses: expectorant resembling oil of turpentine, but more pleasant in odor. dosage: 0.25 cc. or 4 minims (u.s.p.). =*terebinthina (terebinth.), turpentine, n.f.=--a solid oleoresin obtained from pine. action and uses: rubefacient; without advantage over turpentine oil. =terebinthina laricis (terebinth. laric.), venice turpentine, n.f.= (larch turpentine).--a viscid oleoresin obtained from european larch. action and uses: similar to those of turpentine; now seldom used. _petroxolinum terebinthinae laricis (petrox. terebinth. laric.), venice turpentine petroxolin, n.f._ (venice turpentine petrox).--venice turpentine (20%) in liquid petroxolin. =*terpini hydras (terpin. hyd.), terpin hydrate, u.s.p.= colorless, lustrous, nearly odorless crystals, having a slightly aromatic and somewhat bitter taste. slightly soluble in water (1:200) and soluble in alcohol (1:13). action and uses: antiseptic, diaphoretic, diuretic; largely used as an expectorant in cases accompanied by free bronchial secretion. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir terpini hydratis (elix. terpin. hyd.), elixir of terpin hydrate, n.f._--terpin hydrate (1.75%), tincture of sweet orange peel, spirit of bitter almond, alcohol, glycerin, syrup and water. absolute alcohol content about 42 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _elixir terpini hydratis et codeinae, n.f._--see under =codeina=. _elixir terpini hydratis et diacetylmorphinae, n.f._--see under =diacetylmorphina=. =terra silicea purificata (ter. sil. purif.), purified siliceous earth, u.s.p.= (purified kieselguhr, purified infusorial earth).--silica (sio{2}). fine, bulky, white or nearly white, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water, acids or dilute solutions of the alkalies. action and uses: used as a clarifying agent in pharmacy. =*theobrominae sodio-salicylas (theobrom. sodio-sal.), theobromine sodio-salicylate, u.s.p.= (diuretin).--sodium theobromine and sodium salicylate in approximately molecular proportions. contains not less than 46.5 per cent. of theobromine. white, odorless powder, having a sweetish, saline and somewhat alkaline taste. freely soluble in water (1:1), slightly soluble in alcohol. incompatible with acids and has the other incompatibilities of salicylates. action and uses: a soluble salt of theobromine, having much the same action as caffeine, except that it does not affect the central nervous system to any extent. mainly used as a diuretic. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). =*theophyllina (theophyll.), theophylline, u.s.p.= (dimethylxanthine, theocin).--an isomer of theobromine. white, odorless powder, having a bitter taste. soluble in water (1:100) and in alcohol (1:80). action and uses: has a diuretic action similar to that of theobromine, more powerful, but said to be not so lasting. dosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains (u.s.p.). =thuja (thuja), thuja, n.f.= (arbor vitae).--young twigs. action and uses: somewhat irritant; no well-defined indications for its use, but has been recommended as a febrifuge, expectorant and anthelmintic, and as a stimulating remedy in tenesmus and dribbling of urine in the aged. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum thujae (fldext. thuj.), fluidextract of thuja, n.f._--thuja (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =*thymol (thymol), thymol, u.s.p.=--a phenol. large, colorless, translucent crystals, having an aromatic thyme-like odor, and a pungent, aromatic taste. very slightly soluble in water (1:1,010); freely soluble in alcohol (1:1). action and uses: antiseptic and anthelmintic. used chiefly against the hookworm. dosage: antiseptic, 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (u.s.p.); anthelmintic, 1 gm. or 15 grains, per day (u.s.p.). in the treatment of hookworm disease it should be given in as finely divided state as possible in dosage of from 0.5 to 4 gm. or from 8 grains to 1 drachm. no fats, oils or alcohol should be given at the same time, for fear of absorption of the drug. the dosage may be regulated according to age as follows: up to 5 years of age, 0.5 gm. or 8 grains; up to 10, 1 gm. or 15 grains; up to 15, 1.5 gm. or 24 grains; up to 20, 2 gm. or 30 grains; above 20, 3 to 4 gm. or 45 grains to 1 drachm. _nebula thymolis (nebul. thymol.), thymol spray, n.f._--thymol (1%) in light liquid petrolatum. =*thymolis iodidum (thymol. iod.), thymol iodide, u.s.p.= (aristol).--chiefly dithymol-diiodide. should contain not less than 43 per cent. of iodine. a reddish-brown or reddish-yellow, bulky powder, with a very slight aromatic odor. insoluble in water or glycerin; only slightly soluble in alcohol. action and uses: antiseptic; used chiefly as a dusting powder. less efficient than iodoform. =thymus (thymus), thyme, n.f.=--tops. action and uses: aromatic and rubefacient; without advantage over camphor. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum thymi (fldext. thym.), fluidextract of thyme, n.f._--thyme (100%). absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =*thyroideum siccum (thyroid. sicc.), dried thyroids, u.s.p.= (glandulae thyroideae siccae, u.s.p., viii, desiccated thyroid glands).--the thyroid glands of animals which are used for food by man, freed from connective tissue and fat, dried and powdered. should contain about 0.2 per cent. of iodine. a yellowish powder, with a slight characteristic odor. action and uses: used in thyroid deficiency; sometimes in obesity, in which it may be harmful. dosage: 0.1 gm. or 1-1/2 grains (u.s.p.). =tincturae, tinctures.=--tinctures with few exceptions are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic extractive preparations of vegetable drugs. the tinctures of potent drugs represent uniformly 10 gm. of drug in 100 cc. of the preparation, while tinctures of less potent drugs vary in strength but represent usually 20 gm. of drug in 100 cc. of the preparation. for the official tinctures see under the names of the respective drugs. for tinctura amara, see under =gentiana=; for tinctura antiperiodica and tinctura antiperiodica sine aloe, under =quininae bisulphas=; for tinctura aromatica, under =cinnamomum saigonicum=; for tinctura ipecacuanhae et opii and for tinctura pectoralis, under =opium=. =tincturae aethereae, ethereal tinctures, n.f.=--when not otherwise directed, ethereal tinctures are to be prepared representing 10 per cent. drug strength, extracted with a mixture of alcohol and ether. of doubtful advantage over ordinary tinctures. =tincturae medicamentorum recentium, tinctures of fresh drugs, n.f.= (tincturae herbarum recentium, u.s.p. viii).--when not otherwise directed, tinctures of fresh drugs are to be prepared by extracting 50 gm. of the fresh drug with alcohol to make 100 cc. =toxitabellae, poison tablets.=--tablets containing poisons. =*tragacantha (trag.), tragacanth, u.s.p.= (gum tragacanth).--mixed with 50 parts of distilled water, forms a smooth, nearly uniform, stiff, opalescent mucilage. action and uses: demulcent and ingredient in emulsions. _glyceritum tragacanthae (glycer. trag.), glycerite of tragacanth, n.f._--tragacanth (about 10%) in glycerin and water. _mucilago tragacanthae (mucil. trag.), mucilage of tragacanth, u.s.p._--tragacanth (6%) in glycerin (18%) and water. =trifolium (trifol.), trifolium, n.f.= (red clover blossoms). action and uses: inert. has been used in antisyphilitic and alterative compounds; also as an expectorant. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum trifolii (fldext. trifol.), fluidextract of trifolium, n.f._--trifolium (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =trillium (trill.), trillium, n.f.= (beth root).--rhizome. action and uses: obsolete, formerly used as astringent and tonic. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum trillii (fldext. trill.), fluidextract of trillium, n.f._--trillium (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). =*trinitrophenol (trinitrophen.), trinitrophenol, u.s.p.= (picric acid). pale yellow, odorless crystals, having an intensely bitter taste, and exploding when heated rapidly and when subjected to percussion. trinitrophenol stains the skin an intense, permanent yellow. soluble in water (1:78), and in alcohol (1:12). action and uses: for the dressing of burns. internally is highly toxic, producing nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and stains the skin and mucous membranes a yellow color, simulating jaundice. dosage: externally as saturated watery solution or as ointment. =triticum (tritic.), triticum, u.s.p.= (couch grass, dog grass).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: formerly exploited as a diuretic in cystitis and irritable bladder. now seldom employed. dosage: 8 gm. or 2 drachms (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum tritici (fldext. tritic.), fluidextract of triticum, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of couch grass).--triticum (100%). absolute alcohol content about 15 per cent. dosage: 10 cc. or 2-1/2 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). =triturationes, triturations.=--mixtures containing active drugs in powder form; prepared by mixing the substance (10%) with powdered sugar of milk. for the official trituration see trituratio elaterini, u.s.p., under =elaterinum=. =trochisci, troches= (lozenges).--tablets intended to be dissolved in the mouth for their local effect on the mucous membrane of the mouth and the throat. for the official troches see under the names of the principal ingredients. =ulmus (ulmus), elm, u.s.p.= (elm bark, slippery elm).--the inner bark. action and uses: obsolete demulcent. _trochisci ulmi (troch. ulmi), troches of elm, n.f._--each troche contains elm, tragacanth, sugar and methyl salicylate. uses: demulcent expectorant. dosage: 1 troche (n.f.). =unguenta, ointments.=--soft, fatty solids, of such consistency that they are readily spread at ordinary temperatures. for the official ointments, see under the names of the respective principal constituents. for unguentum, see under =adeps=; for unguentum diachylon, under =plumbi oxidum=, and for unguentum fuscum, under =camphora=. =uranii nitras (uran. nit.), uranium nitrate, u.s.p.= (uranyl nitrate).--uo{2}(no{3}){2} + 6h{2}o. light, yellow, odorless, somewhat efflorescent, radioactive crystals, having a bitter astringent taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.2); also soluble in alcohol or ether. action and uses: has been used, without adequate justification, in the treatment of diabetes and cancer. solutions are poisonous and produce glucosuria when injected subcutaneously, even in small doses. dosage: 0.01 gm. or 1/6 grain (u.s.p.), best administered in simple solutions. use with caution. =uva ursi (uva ursi), uva ursi, u.s.p.= (bearberry).--leaves. action and uses: mild and slightly antiseptic diuretic used especially in vesical catarrh. less effective than santal oil. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum uvae ursi (fldext. uvae ursi), fluidextract of uva ursi, u.s.p._--uva ursi (100%). absolute alcohol content about 25 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =*valeriana (valer.), valerian, u.s.p.=--rhizome and roots. action and uses: used as "antispasmodic" and "nerve sedative" in hysteria and other nervous excitations. its influence is largely psychic, owing to its strong, persistent odor. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum valerianae (fldext. valer.), fluidextract of valerian, n.f._--valerian (100%). absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _tinctura valerianae (tr. valer.), tincture of valerian, u.s.p._--valerian (20%), in alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 69 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (u.s.p.). _*tinctura valerianae ammoniata (tr. valer. ammon.), ammoniated tincture of valerian, u.s.p._--valerian (20%) in aromatic spirit of ammonia. absolute alcohol content about 64 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =vanilla (vanilla), vanilla, n.f.= (vanilla bean).--cured fruit. action and uses: flavoring. _tinctura vanillae (tr. vanill.), tincture of vanilla, n.f._--vanilla, sugar and diluted alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. =vanillinum (vanillin.), vanillin, u.s.p.=--the odorous principle of vanilla, sometimes prepared synthetically. fine, white or nearly white, crystalline needles having the odor and taste of vanilla. soluble in water (1:100) and freely soluble in alcohol or glycerin. action and uses: used only as a flavoring. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). _elixir vanillini compositum (elix. vanil. co.), compound elixir of vanillin, n.f._--compound spirit of vanillin (2%), alcohol, glycerin, syrup, tincture of caramel and water. absolute alcohol content about 8 per cent. _spiritus vanillini compositus (sp. vanil. co.), compound spirit of vanillin, n.f._--vanillin, oil of orange, oil of cardamom, oil of cinnamon and alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. =veratrina (veratrin.), veratrine, u.s.p.= (veratria).--a mixture of alkaloids from sabadilla seeds. white or nearly white, odorless powder, intensely irritating to the nasal mucous membrane. very slightly soluble in water (1:1760) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:2.8). action and uses: in its action on peripheral nerve endings, it is said to resemble aconite, but has no material advantage over the latter. has been applied (in an ointment) as analgesic in neuralgia. it is highly toxic, and caution should be observed in its use, especially where the skin is broken. _oleatum veratrinae (oleat. veratrin.), oleate of veratrine, n.f._--veratrine (2%) in oleic acid and olive oil. _unguentum veratrinae (ung. veratrin.), veratrine ointment, n.f._--veratrine (4%) in expressed oil of almond and benzoinated lard. =veratrum viride (verat. vir.), veratrum viride, u.s.p.= (green hellebore, american hellebore).--rhizome and roots. action and uses: slows the heart and lowers blood pressure. the tincture has been recommended especially in eclampsia, but is now little used. dosage: 0.06 gm. or 1 grain (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum veratri viridis (fldext. verat. vir.), fluidextract of veratrum viride, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of green hellebore).--veratrum viride (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 0.1 cc. or 1-1/2 minims (u.s.p.). _tinctura veratri viridis (tr. verat. vir.), tincture of veratrum viride, u.s.p._--veratrum viride (10%). absolute alcohol content about 91 per cent. dosage: 0.5 cc. or 8 minims (u.s.p.) =verbasci flores (verbasc. flor.), mullein flowers, n.f.=--corollas with stamens. action and uses: demulcent, without advantage over acacia, elm, etc. dosage: 8 gm. or 2 drachms (n.f.). =verbasci folia (verbasc. fol.), mullein leaves, n.f.= action and uses: same as those of the flowers. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum verbasci foliae_ [should be _foliorum_] _(fldext. verbasc. fol.), fluidextract of mullein leaves, n.f._--mullein leaves (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =verbena (verben.), verbena, n.f.= (blue vervain).--plant deprived of its root. action and uses: obsolete; said to be tonic, emetic, expectorant and diaphoretic. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _fluidextractum verbenae (fldext. verben.), fluidextract of verbena, n.f._--verbena (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (n.f.). =viburnum opulus (viburn. opul.), viburnum opulus, n.f.= (crampbark, high bush cranberry bark). action and uses: slightly bitter; practically inert; was recommended as tonic, antispasmodic and alterative. the market supply is said to have been spurious for many years, consisting of mountain maple (_acer spicatum_). dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (n.f.). _elixir viburni opuli compositum (elix. viburn. opul. co.), compound elixir of viburnum opulus, n.f._ (compound elixir of crampbark).--fluidextract of viburnum opulus (7.5%), fluidextract of trillium (15%), fluidextract of aletris (7.5%) and compound elixir of taraxacum. absolute alcohol content about 35 per cent. uses: an inefficient mixture sold for use in "female weakness." dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum viburni opuli (fldext. viburn. opul.), fluidextract of viburnum opulus, n.f._--viburnum opulus (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (n.f.). _tinctura viburni opuli composita (tr. viburn. opul. co.), compound tincture of viburnum, n.f._--viburnum opulus (3.5%), dioscorea (3.5%) and scutellaria (1%), with clove and saigon cinnamon in glycerin, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. uses: irrational mixture used in menstrual disorders. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =viburnum prunifolium (viburn. prun.), viburnum prunifolium, u.s.p.= (black haw, viburnum).--the dried bark. action and uses: has had considerable vogue as a "uterine sedative," in dysmenorrhea and habitual abortion. there is no good evidence that it has any action. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir viburni prunifolii (elix. viburn. prun.), elixir of viburnum prunifolium, n.f._ (elixir of black haw).--fluidextract of viburnum prunifolium (12.5%), compound tincture of cardamom and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 29 per cent. uses: an objectionable alcoholic preparation of viburnum. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). _extractum viburni prunifolii (ext. viburn. prun.), extract of viburnum prunifolium, u.s.p._ (powdered extract of viburnum prunifolium).--one gm. extract represents 5 gm. viburnum prunifolium. dosage: 0.5 gm. or 8 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum viburni prunifolii (fldext. viburn. prun.), fluidextract of viburnum prunifolium, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of black haw).--viburnum prunifolium (100%). absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =vina, wines.=--medicated wines are solutions of active medicaments or the active constituents of drugs in wine. for the official wines, see under the names of the respective principal constituents. =vinum xericum (vin. xeric.), sherry wine, n.f.=--an alcoholic liquid made by fermenting the juice of fresh ripe grapes, the fruit of cultivated varieties of vitis, freed from seeds, stems and skins, and fortifying with pure grape brandy. absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent. action and uses: sherry wine has the action of alcohol. =*virus vaccinicum (virus vaccin.), vaccine virus, u.s.p.= (glycerinated vaccine virus, smallpox vaccine, jennerian vaccine).--prepared from the pustules of vaccinia from vaccinated cattle. the product must comply with the requirements established by the secretary of the treasury of the united states through the united states public health service. uses: prophylactic vaccination against smallpox. =xanthoxylum (xanthox.), xanthoxylum, u.s.p.= (prickly ash bark). action and uses: bitter, without special advantage over gentian. dosage: 2 gm. or 30 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum xanthoxyli (fldext. xanthox.), fluidextract of xanthoxylum, u.s.p._ (fluidextract of prickly ash).--xanthoxylum (100%). absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). =xanthoxylum fructus (xanthox. fruct.), prickly ash berries, n.f.= action and uses: obsolete and probably worthless; has been used as stimulant, tonic, alterative, diaphoretic, sialagogue and carminative. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). =zea (zea), zea, n.f.= (corn silk). action and uses: probably valueless. has been used in inflammatory conditions of the bladder. dosage: 4 gm. or 1 drachm (n.f.). _fluidextractum zeae (fldext. zea.), fluidextract of zea, n.f._--zea (100%). absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =zedoaria (zedoar.), zedoary, n.f.=--rhizome. action and uses: practically the same as those of ginger, over which it has no advantage. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (n.f.). _tinctura zedoariae amara (tr. zedoar. amar.), bitter tincture of zedoary, n.f. (compound tincture of zedoary)._--zedoary (25%), aloes (12.5%), rhubarb (6.2%), gentian (6.2%), agaric (6.2%) and saffron (6.2%) in glycerin, alcohol and water. absolute alcohol content about 50 per cent. uses: bitter stomachic and laxative; needlessly complex and without special advantage over compound tincture of gentian. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =*zinci acetas (zinc. acet.), zinc acetate, u.s.p.=--zn(c{2}h{3}o{2}){2} + 2h{2}o. soft white crystals, having a faint vinegar odor and, in dilute solutions, an astringent metallic taste. freely soluble in water (1:2.3), and soluble in alcohol (1:30). action and uses: used locally, like zinc sulphate, being somewhat less powerful. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (u.s.p.). =zinci carbonas praecipitatus (zinc. carb. praec.), precipitated zinc carbonate, u.s.p.= impalpable, white, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: similar to, but without advantage over zinc oxide. =*zinci chloridum (zinc chlor.), zinc chloride, u.s.p.=--zncl{2}. white or nearly white, granular powder, porcelain-like masses or molded pencils, odorless, very deliquescent and intensely caustic. very soluble in water (1:0.25) and in alcohol (1:1.3). action and uses: antiseptic, astringent and escharotic. _*liquor zinci chloridi (liq. zinc. chlor.), solution of zinc chloride, u.s.p._--zncl{2} (about 50 per cent.). =*zinci oxidum (zinc. oxid.), zinc oxide, u.s.p.=--zno. fine, white or nearly white, odorless, tasteless powder. insoluble in water or in alcohol. action and uses: antiseptic and astringent, widely used either alone or in combination with other substances as a dusting powder and as a protective and sedative in ointments. _glycerogelatinum zinci durum (glycerogel. zinc. dur.), firm zinc glycerogelatin, n.f._--zinc oxide (10%) in water, glycerin and glycerinated gelatin. _glycerogelatinum zinci molle (glycerogel. zinc. mol.), soft zinc glycerogelatin, n.f._--zinc oxide (10%) in water, glycerin and glycerinated gelatin. _mulla zinci (mull. zinc.), zinc mull, n.f._ (unguentum zinci extensum, n.f. iii).--zinc oxide (10%) in benzoinated suet and benzoinated lard. _pasta zinci (past. zinc.), zinc paste, n.f._ (lassar's zinc paste).--zinc oxide (24%), salicylic acid (2%), starch and petrolatum. _pasta zinci mollis (past. zinc. moll.), soft zinc paste, n.f._ (unna's soft zinc paste).--zinc oxide (25%), precipitated calcium carbonate, linseed oil and solution of calcium hydroxide. _pasta zinci sulphurata (past. zinc. sulphur.), sulphurated zinc paste, n.f._ (unna's sulphurated zinc paste).--zinc oxide (15%), precipitated sulphur (10%), purified siliceous earth and benzoinated lard. _*unguentum zinci oxidi (ung. zinc. ox.), ointment of zinc oxide, u.s.p._ (zinc ointment).--zinc oxide (20%) in benzoinated lard. =zinci phenolsulphonas (zinc. phenolsulph.), zinc phenolsulphonate, u.s.p.= (zinc sulphocarbolate).--the hydrated salt. colorless, odorless crystals or granules having an astringent, metallic taste. freely soluble in water (1:1.6), and in alcohol (1:1.8). action and uses: similar to, but less active than zinc sulphate, over which it has no advantage. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains. =*zinci stearas (zinc. stear.), zinc stearate, u.s.p.=--chiefly zinc stearate and palmitate. fine, bulky, white, tasteless powder, having a faint characteristic odor. insoluble in water or alcohol. action and uses: similar to, but without special advantage over zinc oxide. _unguentum zinci stearatis (ung. zinc. stear.), ointment of zinc stearate, n.f._--zinc stearate (50%) in white petrolatum. uses: without advantage over the oxide. =*zinci sulphas (zinc. sulph.), zinc sulphate, u.s.p.=--znso{4} + 7h{2}o. colorless, transparent crystals or granular powder, odorless and having an astringent, metallic taste. very soluble in water (1:0.6) and freely soluble in glycerin (1:2.5); insoluble in alcohol. action and uses: astringent, styptic and emetic. much used in eye washes and especially effective in that form of conjunctivitis caused by the morax-axenfeld bacillus. dosage: emetic, 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.) in diluted solution. locally, 0.1 to 1 per cent. in collyria; 0.5 to 4 per cent. in injections (gonorrhea). _liquor zinci et alumini compositus (liq. zinc. et alumin. co.), compound solution of zinc and aluminum, n.f._--zinc sulphate (20%), aluminum sulphate (20%), betanaphthol (0.06%) with oil of thyme in water. uses: needlessly complex astringent and antiseptic. _liquor zinci et ferri compositus (liq. zinc. et ferr. co.), compound solution of zinc and iron, n.f._ (deodorant solution).--zinc sulphate (20%), ferrous sulphate (20%), copper sulphate (6.5%), betanaphthol (0.06%) with oil of thyme and hypophosphorous acid in water. uses: needlessly complex antiseptic mixture. _pulvis antisepticus (pulv. antisept.), soluble antiseptic powder, n.f._ (pulvis antisepticus solubilis).--zinc sulphate (12.5%), salicylic acid (0.5%), phenol, eucalyptol, menthol and thymol (each 0.1%) and boric acid. uses: needlessly complex antiseptic mixture. =zinci valeras (zinc. valer.), zinc valerate, u.s.p.= (zinc valerianate). white scales or powder, having a valerian-like odor and a sweetish, astringent, metallic taste. soluble in water (1:70), often leaving a residue, and in alcohol (1:22). action and uses: formerly deemed a "nerve sedative," but is without value. dosage: 0.125 gm. or 2 grains (u.s.p.). _elixir zinci valeratis (elix. zinc. valer.), elixir of zinc valerate, n.f._ (elixir zinci valerianatis, n.f. iii).--zinc valerate (1.75%), ammonium citrate, alcohol, spirit of bitter almond, compound tincture of cudbear, water and aromatic elixir. absolute alcohol content about 28 per cent. dosage: 4 cc. or 1 fluidrachm (n.f.). =zincum (zinc.), zinc, u.s.p.=--zn. bluish-white, thin sheets, irregular, granulated pieces, molded pencils or powder. insoluble in water or alcohol, but dissolves in diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acid with the evolution of hydrogen. action and uses: reagent for the generation of hydrogen. =*zingiber (zingib.), ginger, u.s.p.=--rhizomes. action and uses: flavor, carminative, aromatic and stimulant to the gastro-intestinal tract, because of the irritating action of the volatile oil and resin. probably has no advantage over other pungent aromatics, such as the mints. dosage: 1 gm. or 15 grains (u.s.p.). _fluidextractum zingiberis (fldext. zingib.), fluidextract of ginger, u.s.p._--ginger (100%). absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent. dosage: 1 cc. or 15 minims (u.s.p.). _oleoresina zingiberis (oleores. zingib.), oleoresin of ginger, u.s.p._ uses: highly irritant. dosage: 0.03 gm. or 1/2 grain (u.s.p.). _syrupus zingiberis (syr. zingib.), syrup of ginger, u.s.p._ fluidextract of ginger (3%), in alcohol (2%) and syrup. dosage: 15 cc. or 4 fluidrachms (u.s.p.). _*tinctura zingiberis (tr. zingib.), tincture of ginger, u.s.p._ (tincture of jamaica ginger).--jamaica ginger (20%) in alcohol. absolute alcohol content about 91 per cent. dosage: 2 cc. or 30 minims (u.s.p.). index in this index preference has been given to the english names of the various drugs. the latin names are used only when they differ materially in spelling from the english. absinthium, 5 absorbent cotton (gossypium purificatum), 103 acacia, 5 and morphine syrup, 134 mucilage, 5 syrup, 5 aceta, 5 acetanilid, 5 powder, compound, 6 acetic acid, 6 acid, diluted, 6 acid, glacial, 6 ether, 17 turpentine liniment, 148 acetomorphine (diacetylmorphina), 78 acetone, 6 acetphenetidin, 6 acetum aromaticum, 142 opii, 149 scillae, 192 acid, acetic acid, boric acid, citric acid, etc.: see acetic acid, boric acid, citric acid, etc. aconite, 14 and chloroform liniment, 15 extract, 15 fluidextract, 15 powdered extract (extractum aconiti), 15 root, 14 tincture, 15 aconiti tuber (aconitum), 14 aconitine, 14 oleate, 14 actaea, compound syrup (syrupus cimicifugae compositus), 64 adeps, 15 benzoinatus, 15 lanae, 15 lanae hydrosus, 16 adhesive plaster (emplastrum resinae), 182 rosin (emplastrum resinae), 182 rubber (emplastrum elasticum), 182 adjuvans elixir (elixir glycyrrhizae), 19 adonis, 16 fluidextract, 16 aether, 16 aceticus, 17 nitrosus, 17 aethylis carbamas, 17 chloridum, 17 aethylmorphinae hydrochloridum, 17 african chillies (capsicum), 55 agar, 18 agar-agar, 18 agaric, 18 larch (agaricus), 18 white (agaricus), 18 aitken tonic pills (pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae et arseni mites), 95 albuminate of iron, solution, 94 alcohol, 18 absolutum (alcohol dehydratum), 18 dehydrated, 18 diluted, 18 aleppo galls (galla), 98 aletris, 19 fluidextract, 19 alexandria senna or india senna (senna), 194 alkaline antiseptic solution, 169 mixture of rhubarb, 183 solution of tar, 165 sulphur ointment, 215 allium, 19 allspice (pimenta), 163 oil (oleum pimentae), 146 almond, bitter oil, 137 bitter, spirit (spiritus amygdalae amarae), 138 bitter, water, 137 elixir, compound, 137 emulsion, 29 milk (emulsum amygdalae), 29 oil, expressed, 138 oil, sweet (oleum amygdalae expressum), 138 sweet, 28 aloes, 19 and asafetida pills, 20 and canella powder, 21 and iron pills, 20 and mastic pills, 20 and myrrh pills, 20 and myrrh tincture, 21 and podophyllum compound pills, 21 extract, 20 iron, quinine and nux vomica pills, 94 mercury and podophyllum pills, 21 mercury and scammony compound pills, 21 pills, 20 powdered extract (extractum aloes), 20 tincture, 21 aloin, 21 compound pills, 22 strychnine and belladonna, compound pills, 22 strychnine and belladonna pills, 22 alum, 23 burnt (alumen exsiccatum), 23 dried (alumen exsiccatum), 23 exsiccated, 23 alumen, 23 ustum (alumen exsiccatum), 23 aluminum acetate, 23 acetate solution, 23 acetico-tartrate, 24 acetico-tartrate solution, 24 and zinc compound solution, 230 chloride, 24 hydroxide, 24 subacetate, 24 subacetate solution, 24 sulphate, 24 althaea, 22 leaves, 23 syrup, 22 american hellebore (veratrum viride), 225 spikenard (aralia), 32 wormseed oil (oleum chenopodii), 140 aminoform (hexamethylenamina), 107 ammonia, 24 liniment, 25 solution, anisated (spiritus ammoniae anisatus), 25 spirit, anisated, 25 spirit, aromatic, 26 water, 24 water, stronger, 24 ammoniated camphor wash, 25 glycyrrhizin, 103 mercury, 113 mercury ointment, 113 tincture of ergot, 82 tincture of guaiac, 105 tincture of valerian, 224 ammonio-ferric citrate (ferri et ammonii citras), 87 acetate, 25 acetate and iron solution, 25 acetate solution, 25 benzoate, 25 bromide, 26 bromide elixir, 26 carbonate, 26 chloride, 27 chloride mixture, 27 chloride troches, 27 citrate, 27 citrate and bismuth, 41 citrate and iron, 87 citrate solution, 27 hypophosphite, 27 hypophosphite syrup, 27 iodide, 28 iodide liniment, 28 phosphate, 28 salicylate, 28 valerate, 28 valerate elixir, 28 valerianate (ammonii valeras), 28 amygdala dulcis, 28 amyl nitrite, 29 amylum, 29 anethol, 29 angelica fruit, 29 root, 29 root, fluidextract, 30 seed (angelicae fructus), 29 anhydrous lanolin (adeps lanae), 15 anisated powder of rhubarb and magnesia, 184 solution of ammonia (spiritus ammoniae anisatus), 25 spirit of ammonia, 25 anise, 30 elixir, 29 oil (oleum anisi), 138 powder, compound (pulvis rhei et magnesiae anisatus), 184 spirit, 138 water, 138 aniseed (anisum), 30 anisum, 30 antidiphtheric globulins (serum antidiphthericum purificatum), 196 serum, 196 serum, dried, 196 serum, purified, 196 antidyspeptic pills, 212 antifebrin (acetanilidum), 5 antimonial powder, 30 antimonium oxysulphuratum (antimonium sulphuratum), 30 sulphuratum, 30 antimony and potassium tartrate, 30 compound pills, 31 oxide, 30 sulphurated, 30 tartrated (antimonii et potassii tartras), 30 wine, 30 antiperiodic pills, 180 pills without aloes, 180 tincture, 177 tincture without aloes, 178 antipyrine, 31 antiseptic powder, soluble, 231 solution, 7 solution, alkaline, 169 solution of pepsin, 157 antitetanic globulins (serum antitetanicum purificatum), 196 serum, 196 serum, dried, 197 serum, purified, 196 antitoxin, diphtheria (serum antidiphthericum), 196 diphtheria, concentrated (serum antidiphthericum purificatum), 196 diphtheria, dried (serum antidiphthericum siccum), 196 diphtheria, refined and concentrated (serum antidiphthericum purificatum), 196 globulins, diphtheric (serum antidiphthericum purificatum), 196 globulins, tetanus (serum antitetanicum purificatum), 196 tetanus (serum antitetanicum), 196 tetanus, concentrated (serum antitetanicum purificatum), 196 tetanus, dried (serum antitetanicum siccum), 197 tetanus, refined and concentrated (serum antitetanicum purificatum), 196 ants, spirit of (spiritus acidi formici), 8 apii fructus, 31 apiol, liquid (oleoresina petroselini), 159 apocynum, 31 fluidextract, 31 apomorphine chloride (apomorphinae hydrochloridum), 31 hydrochloride, 31 apple juice, fresh, 214 apples, ferrated extract, 90 ferrated extract, tincture, 90 aqua see also under water. ammoniae, 24 ammoniae fortior, 25 amygdalae amarae, 137 anisi, 138 aqua, 32 aurantii florum, 37 aurantii florum fortior, 37 camphorae, 53 chloroformi, 62 cinnamomi, 140 creosoti, 75 destillata, 32 destillata sterilisata, 32 foeniculi, 141 hamamelidis, 106 hydrogenii dioxidii (liquor hydrogenii dioxidi), 115 menthae piperitae, 143 menthae viridis, 143 phagedaenica flava (lotio flava), 111 phagedaenica nigra (lotio nigra), 109 phenolata, 159 regia (acidum nitrohydrochloricum), 10 rosae, 185 rosae fortior, 185 sedativa (lotio ammoniacalis camphorata), 25 aquae aromaticae, 32 aqueous elixir of glycyrrhiza, 102 elixir of licorice (elixir glycyrrhizae aquosum), 102 extract of ergot, 82 fluidextract of cinchona, 65 tincture of rhubarb, 184 aralia, 32 fluidextract, 32 arbor vitae (thuja), 219 argenti nitras, 32 nitras fusus, 33 oxidum, 33 aristol (thymolis iodidum), 220 arnica, 33 flowers (arnica), 33 fluidextract, 33 tincture, 33 aromatic camphor mixture, 142 castor oil, 146 elixir, 18 elixir of eriodictyon, 83 elixir of glycyrrhiza, 19 elixir of licorice (elixir glycyrrhizae aromaticum), 19 elixir of yerba santa (elixir eriodictyi aromaticum), 83 fluidextract, 66 fluidextract of cascara sagrada, 58 fluidglycerate of cascara sagrada, 58 oil spray, 158 powder, 66 powder of chalk, 66 powder of chalk and opium, 151 solution of pepsin, 157 spirit of ammonia, 26 sulphuric acid, 13 syrup of eriodictyon, 83 syrup of rhubarb, 184 syrup of senna, 195 syrup of yerba santa (syrupus eriodictyi aromaticus), 83 tincture, 66 tincture of rhubarb, 184 vinegar, 142 waters, 32 aromatized iodoform, 117 aromatol (nebula aromatica), 158 arsenas sodii (sodii arsenas), 198 arseni iodidum, 33 trioxidum, 33 arsenic antidote (ferri hydroxidum cum magnesii oxido), 88 bromide and gold solution, 7 chloride, solution (liquor acidi arsenosi), 34 iodide (arseni iodidum), 33 iron, quinine and strychnine pills, mild, 95 iron, quinine and strychnine pills, stronger, 95 solution, clemens', 168 solution, hydrochloric (liquor acidi arsenosi), 34 trioxide, 33 white (arseni trioxidum), 33 arsenous acid (arseni trioxidum), 33 acid, solution, 34 and mercuric iodide solution, 33 iodide, 33 oxide (arseni trioxidum), 33 artificial carlsbad salt, 207 carlsbad salt, effervescent, 207 kissingen salt, 202 kissingen salt, effervescent, 202 vichy salt, 199 vichy salt, effervescent, 200 vichy salt with lithium, effervescent, 200 asafetida, 34 and aloes pills, 20 emulsion, 34 gum (asafoetida), 34 milk (emulsum asafoetidae), 34 opium and magnesia mixture, 128 pills, 34 tincture, 34 asarum, 34 syrup, compound (syrupus asari compositus), 34 asclepias, 35 fluidextract, 35 aspidium, 35 oleoresin, 35 aspidosperma, 35 fluidextract, 35 astringent mixture, 77 atophan (acidum phenylcinchoninicum), 11 atropine, 35 oleate, 36 sulphate, 36 aurantii amari cortex, 36 dulcis cortex, 36 flores, 37 auri et sodii chloridum, 37 baccae spinae cervinae (rhamnus cathartica), 182 baking soda (sodii bicarbonas), 199 balm of gilead buds (populi gemmae), 167 balsam of copaiba (copaiba), 73 of peru, 37 of tolu, 37 poplar buds, 167 balsamum tranquillans (oleum hyoscyami compositum), 115 baptisia, 38 fluidextract, 38 barker's post partum pills (pilulae laxative post partum), 71 basham's mixture (liquor ferri et ammonii acetatis), 25 basilicon ointment (ceratum resinae), 181 bateman's pectoral drops (tinctura pectoralis), 152 bay oil (oleum myrciae), 145 bayberry bark, 135 powder, compound, 135 bearberry (uva ursi), 223 beef, 56 and wine (vinum carnis), 56 and iron, wine, 57 extract (extractum carnis), 56 wine, 56 wine and iron (vinum carnis et ferri), 57 beeswax (cera flava), 59 belladonna, aloin and strychnine pills, 22 aloin and strychnine pills, compound, 22 leaves, 38 leaves, extract, 38 leaves, tincture, 38 liniment, 39 ointment, 38 plaster, 38 root, 39 root, fluidextract, 39 tincture (tinctura belladonnae foliorum), 38 benne oil (oleum sesami), 147 benzaldehyde, 39 benzamine hydrochloride (betaeucainae hydrochloridum), 40 benzinum purificatum, 39 benzoic acid, 7 benzoin, 39 tincture, 39 tincture, compound, 39 benzoinated lard, 15 suet, 197 benzosulphinide, 40 berberis, 40 fluidextract, 40 bergamot, oil, 139 bestuscheff's tincture (tinctura ferri chloridi aetherea), 87 betaeucaine hydrochloride, 40 betanaphythol, 40 paste, 40 petrox (petroxolinum betanaphtholis), 41 petroxolin, 41 beth root (trillium), 222 bichloride of mercury (hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum), 108 tablets (toxitabellae hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi), 109 biniodide of mercury (hydrargyri iodidum rubrum), 110 birch, rectified empyroligneous oil (oleum betulae empyreumaticum rectificatum), 139 tar oil, rectified, 139 bismuth ammoniocitrate (bismuth et ammonii citras), 41 and ammonium citrate, 41 and pepsin, elixir, 156 and sodium tartrate, 41 betanaphthol, 41 betanaphtholate (bismuthi betanaphtholas), 41 elixir, 41 glycerite, 41 iron and calisaya, alkaloidal elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et bismuthi), 41 iron and cinchona alkaloids, elixir, 41 magma, 42 milk (magma bismuthi), 42 oxide, 42 solution, 42 strychnine, and pepsin, elixir, 212 strychnine, calisaya, alkaloidal, and iron, elixir, 213 strychnine, cinchona alkaloids, and iron, elixir, 213 subcarbonate, 42 subgallate, 42 subnitrate, 42 subsalicylate, 42 bitter almond oil, 137 almond spirit, 138 almond water, 137 apple (colocynthis), 70 metallic pills (pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae et arseni fortiores), 95 orange elixir, 138 orange flowers, 37 orange oil, 138 orange peel, 36 orange peel, fluidextract, 36 orange peel, tincture, 36 stomachic drops (tinctura amara), 100 tincture, 100 tincture of zedoary, 228 wine of iron, 88 wood (quassia), 176 bitterless syrup of quinidine (syrupus quinidinae), 177 bittersweet, 80 fluidextract, 80 black cohosh (cimicifuga), 63 elixir (elixir viburni prunifolii), 227 fluidextract (fluidextractum cimicifuga), 63 haw (viburnum prunifolium), 227 haw, fluidextract (fluidextractum viburni prunifolii), 227 lotion, 109 mustard, 197 pepper (piper), 164 snake-root (cimicifuga), 63 snake-root, fluidextract (fluidextractum cimicifuga), 63 wash (lotio nigra), 109 blackberries, 186 blackberry bark (rubus), 186 cordial, 186 elixir, compound, 186 fruit, syrup, 186 bladderwrack (fucus), 97 blaud's pills (pilulae ferri carbonatis), 86 blistering cerate (ceratum cantharidis), 54 collodion (collodium cantharidatum), 54 blood root (sanguinaria), 189 syrup (syrupus sanguinariae), 189 tincture (tinctura sanguinariae), 189 blue cohosh (caulophyllum), 59 flag, 120 flag, fluidextract, 120 gum leaves (eucalyptus), 83 mass (massa hydrargyri), 112 ointment (unguentum hydrargyri dilutum), 112 pill (massa hydrargyri), 112 vervain (verbena), 226 boldo, 43 fluidextract, 43 leaves, 43 boneset (eupatorium), 84 boracic acid (acidum boricum), 7 borax (sodii boras), 200 and honey (mel sodii boratis), 200 with honey of rose (mel rosae et sodii boratis), 200 boric acid, 7 acid, ointment, 7 boroglycerin, glycerite, 7 suppositories, 101 boro-salicylated powder of talc (pulvis talci compositus), 12 boulton's solution (liquor iodi phenolatus), 118 brayera, 43 infusion, 43 breast tea (species pectorales), 22 bromauric acid, 7 bromide and chloral, compound (mistura chloralis et potassii bromidi composita), 61 bromides and potassium arsenate solution (liquor arsenicalis clemens), 168 syrup, 170 three, elixir, 26 bromine, 43 solution, 43 solution, smith's (liquor bromi), 43 bromoform, 43 broom tops (scoparius), 193 brown mixture (mistura glycyrrhizae composita), 150 mustard (sinapis nigra), 197 ointment, 53 plaster, camphorated, 53 bryonia, 44 tincture, 44 bryony (bryonia), 44 buchu, 44 and potassium acetate, elixir, 44 elixir, 44 elixir, compound, 44 fluidextract, 44 fluidextract, compound, 44 leaves, 44 long, 44 short, 44 buckbean (menyanthes), 133 buckthorn bark (frangula), 97 bark, fluidextract (fluidextractum frangulae), 97 berries (rhamnus cathartica), 182 berries, syrup (syrupus rhamni catharticae), 183 burdock root (lappa), 124 burnt alum (alumen exsiccatum), 23 sugar coloring (caramel), 55 burow's solution (liquor alumini acetatis), 23 butter of cacao (oleum theobromatis), 148 butternut bark (juglans), 120 cabbage rose (rosa), 185 cacao butter (oleum theobromatis), 148 prepared, 44 cactus grandiflorus, 45 grandiflorus, tincture, 45 cade, oil, 139 petrox (petroxolinum cadini), 139 petroxolin, 139 caffeine, 45 citrated, 45 citrated, effervescent, 45 sodio-benzoate, 45 sodio-salicylate, 45 with effervescent potassium bromide (sal potassii bromidi effervescens compositus), 170 cajuput, oil, 139 calabar bean (physostigma), 161 bean, tincture (tinctura physostigmatis), 162 calamine ointment, 46 prepared, 46 calcined magnesia (magnesii oxidum), 129 calcium and sodium glycerophosphates, elixir, 47 and sodium hypophosphates syrup, 48 bromide, 46 bromide, elixir, 46 carbonate, precipitated, 46 chloride, 47 cinchona alkaloids and iron lactophosphate elixir, 49 glycerinophosphate (calcii glycerophosphas), 47 glycerophosphate, 47 hydrochlorophosphate, syrup, 50 hydroxide, solution, 52 hypophosphite, 47 hypophosphite elixir, 48 hypophosphite syrup, 48 iodide, 49 iodide syrup, 49 lactate, 49 lactophosphate, 49 lactophosphate and cod liver oil emulsion, 144 lactophosphate and iron syrup, 50 lactophosphate, cinchona alkaloids and iron elixir, 50 lactophosphate elixir, 49 lactophosphate syrup, 50 oxide, 52 oxysulphuret, solution (liquor calcis sulphuratae), 51 phosphate and cod liver oil emulsion, 144 phosphate, precipitated, 50 sulphide, crude, 50 calendula, 51 flowers, 51 fluidextract, 51 tincture, 51 calisaya, alkaloidal elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum), 180 alkaloidal, ferrated elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et ferri), 92 alkaloidal, with hypophosphites, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et hypophosphitum), 180 alkaloidal, with iron and pepsin, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et pepsini), 156 alkaloidal, with iron and strychnine, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et strychninae), 213 alkaloidal, with iron, bismuth and strychnine, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri, bismuthi, et strychninae), 213 bark (cinchona), 64 iron and lactophosphate of lime, elixir (elixir of cinchona alkaloids, iron and calcium lactophosphate), 50 calomel (hydrargyri chloridum mite), 109 and jalap (pulvis hydrargyri chloridi mitis et jalapae), 110 and santonin troches (trochisci santonini compositi), 190 calumba, 51 fluidextract, 51 tincture, 51 calx, 52 chlorinata, 52 sulphurata (calcii sulphidum crudum), 50 cambogia, 52 campho-menthol (menthol camphoratum), 133 camphor, 52 and chloroform petrox (petroxolinum chloroformi camphoratum), 62 and menthol (menthol camphoratum), 133 and opium pills, 151 cerate, 53 liniment, 53 mixture, acid, 149 mixture, aromatic, 142 mixture, parrish's (mistura camphorae aromatica), 142 monobromated, 53 ointment, 53 spirit, 53 wash, ammoniated (lotio ammoniacalis camphorata), 25 water, 53 camphorated brown plaster, 53 chloral, 61 chloroform petroxolin, 62 menthol, 133 motherplaster (emplastrum fuscum camphoratum), 53 oil (linimentum camphorae), 53 phenol petrox (petroxolinum phenolis camphoratum), 160 phenol petroxolin, 160 soap liniment, 190 tincture of opium, 152 canada liniment (linimentum opii compositum), 149 snake-root (asarum), 34 canadian hemp (apocynum), 31 hemp, fluidextract (fluidextractum apocyni), 31 canella, 53 and aloes powder, 21 cannabis, 54 extract, 54 fluidextract, 54 indica, 54 tincture, 54 cantharidal collodion, 54 cantharides, 54 cerate, 54 plaster, 54 tincture, 55 capsicum, 55 and myrrh, tincture, 55 oleoresin, 55 plaster, 55 tincture, 55 caramel, 55 tincture, 55 caraway, 57 oil, 140 carawayseed (carum), 57 carbamate, ethyl, 17 carbamic, acid, ethyl, ester (aethylis carbamas), 17 carbo ligni, 55 carbolic acid (phenol), 159 acid, glycerite, (glyceritum phenolis), 159 acid, iodized (phenol iodatum), 160 acid, liquefied (phenol liquefactum), 160 acid, ointment (unguentum phenolis), 160 acid water (aqua phenolata), 159 carbolized oil (oleum phenolatum), 159 solution of iodine (liquor iodi phenolatus), 118 carbonate, strontium, 210 carbonis, pix (pix lithanthracis), 165 cardamom, elixir, compound, 140 oil, 139 seed, 56 spirit, compound, 140 tincture, 56 tincture, compound, 56 carlsbad salt, artificial, 207 salt, artificial, effervescent, 207 carminative, dalby's (mistura carminativa), 150 mixture, 150 carmine, 56 solution, 56 caro, 56 carrageen (chondrus), 62 carron oil (linimentum calcis), 52 carum, 57 caryophyllus, 57 cascara sagrada, 57 elixir, 57 elixir, compound, 57 extract, 57 extract, powdered (extractum cascarae sagradae), 57 fluidextract, 58 fluidextract, aromatic, 58 fluidglycerate, 58 fluidglycerate, aromatic, 58 cascarilla, 58 cassia fistula, 58 oil (oleum cassiae), 140 castanea, 58 castile soap, white (sapo), 190 castor oil, 146 aromatic, 146 emulsion, 146 cataplasm emollient (species emollientes), 23 of kaolin, 121 cataplasmata, 59 cataria, 59 cathartic elixir, compound, 97 pills, compound, 71 pills, vegetable, 71 catmint (cataria), 59 catnep, 59 fluidextract, 59 caulophyllum, 59 fluidextract, 59 caustic potash (potassii hydroxidum), 172 soda (sodii hydroxidum), 203 cayenne pepper (capsicum), 55 celery fruit, 31 fruit, fluidextract, 31 seed (apii fructus), 31 centaury, 59 cera alba, 59 flava, 59 cerate, 59 camphor, 53 cantharides, 54 of lead subacetate, 167 simple (ceratum), 59 cerates, 59 ceratum resinae, 181 resinae compositum, 182 cerevisiae fermentum compressum, 60 cerium oxalate, 60 cetaceum, 60 ceylon cinnamon, 66 chalk and opium aromatic powder, 151 drop (creta praeparata), 75 mixture, 76 powder, aromatic, 66 powder, compound, 76 precipitated (calcii carbonas praecipitatus), 46 prepared, 75 with mercury, 112 chalybeate pills (pilulae ferri carbonatis), 86 chamomile, german (matricaria), 131 wild (matricaria), 131 channing's solution (liquor hydrargyri et potassi iodidi), 110 chapman's dinner pills, 20 mixture (mistura copaibae et opii), 73 charcoal (carbo ligni), 55 troches, 56 charta potassii nitratis, 173 sinapis (emplastrum sinapis), 197 chartae, 60 chemical food (syrupus phosphatum compositum), 11 chenopodium, oil, 140 chestnut leaves (castanea), 58 leaves, fluidextract, 58 chillies, african (capsicum), 55 chimaphila, 60 fluidextract, 60 chionanthus, 60 fluidextract, 60 chirata, 61 fluidextract, 61 chiretta (chirata), 61 chloral (chloralum hydratum), 61 and bromide compound (mistura chloralis et potassii bromidi composita), 61 and potassium bromide mixture, compound, 61 camphorated, 61 hydrate (chloralum hydratum), 61 hydrated, 61 chloride of lime (calx chlorinata), 52 chlorinated lime, 52 potassa, 167 potassa, solution, 167 soda, 197 soda solution, 197 chlorine, 62 solution, compound, 62 water (liquor chlori compositus), 62 chloroform, 61 and aconite liniment, 15 and morphine mixture, compound, 62 and opium mixture, compound, 150 anodyne (mistura chloroformi et morphinae composita), 62 camphor and petrox (petroxolinum chloroform, camphoratum), 62 liniment, 62 petroxolin, camphorated, 62 spirit, 62 water, 62 chlorum, 62 chondrus, 62 gelatin, 63 mucilage, 63 chromic acid (chromii trioxidum), 63 anhydride (chromii trioxidum), 63 chromium trioxide, 63 chrysarobin, 63 ointment, 63 churchill's tincture of iodine (tinctura iodi fortior), 119 cimicifuga, 63 extract, 63 extract, powdered (extractum cimicifugae), 63 fluidextract, 63 syrup, compound, 64 tincture, 64 cinchona, 64 alkaloids and hypophosphites, elixir, 180 alkaloids and iron, elixir, 92 alkaloids, elixir, 180 alkaloids, iron and bismuth, elixir, 41 alkaloids, iron and calcium lactophosphate, elixir, 49 alkaloids, iron and pepsin elixir, 156 alkaloids, iron and strychnine elixir, 213 alkaloids, iron, bismuth and strychnine elixir, 213 extract, 64 fluidextract, 64 fluidextract, aqueous, 65 infusion, 65 red, 65 tincture, 65 tincture, compound, 65 yellow (cinchona), 64 cinchonidine sulphate, 65 cinchonine sulphate, 65 cineol (eucalyptol), 83 cinnamomum saigonicum, 66 zeylanicum, 66 cinnamon, ceylon, 66 oil, 140 saigon, 66 spirit, 140 syrup, 66 tincture, 66 water, 140 citrated caffeine, 45 caffeine, effervescent, 45 citric acid, 8 acid syrup, 8 citrine ointment (unguentum hydrargyri nitratis), 111 clarified honey, 132 clemens' solution of arsenic, 168 clove, 57 cloves, oil (oleum caryophylli), 140 coal tar, 165 solution, 165 cocaine, 67 chloride, (cocainae hydrochloridum), 67 hydrochloride, 67 oleate, 67 cocculus indicus, 67 indicus tincture, 67 coccus, 67 cochia pills (pilulae colocynthidis compositae), 71 cochineal, 67 color, 67 cocillana, 67 fluidextract, 68 cocoa, 44 soluble (cacao praeparata), 44 cod liver oil, 144 emulsion, 144 with calcium lactophosphate, emulsion, 144 with calcium phosphate, emulsion, 144 with egg, emulsion, 145 with hypophosphites, emulsion, 144 with malt, emulsion, 144 with phosphate of lime, emulsion (emulsum olei morrhuae cum calcii phosphate), 144 with wild cherry, emulsion, 144 codeine, 68 and terpin hydrate, elixir, 68 phosphate, 68 sulphate, 68 syrup, 68 coffee, 69 fluidextract, 69 roasted (coffee tosta), 69 cola (kola), 122 nuts (kola), 122 colchici semen, 69 tinctura, (tinctura colchici seminis), 70 colchicine, 70 colchicum corm, 69 corm extract, 69 corm, extract, powdered (extractum colchici cormi), 69 corm fluidextract, 69 corm wine, 69 root (colchici cormus), 69 seed, 69 seed, fluidextract, 69 seed tincture, 70 seed wine, 70 cold cream (unguentum aquae rosae), 186 cole's dinner pills, 20 colic root (aletris), 19 root (dioscorea), 79 collodion, 176 blistering (collodium cantharidatum), 54 cantharidal, 54 croton oil, 148 flexible, 176 iodine, 118 iodoform, 117 salicylic, compound, 12 styptic, 13 vesicating (collodium cantharidatum), 54 collodions, 70 colocynth, 70 and hyoscyamus pills, 71 and podophyllum pills, 71 apple (colocynthis), 70 extract, 70 extract, compound, 70 extract, powdered, 70 extract, powdered, compound (extractum colocynthidis compositum), 70 pills, compound, 71 pulp (colocynthis), 70 colombo (calumba), 51 colophony (resina), 181 colorless, hydrastine, solution (liquor hydrastinae compositus), 113 coltsfoot, 85 leaves (farfara), 85 columba (calumba), 51 composition powder (pulvis myricae compositus), 135 compound acetanilid powder, 6 anise powder (pulvis rhei et magnesiae anisatus), 184 cathartic elixir, 97 cathartic pills, 71 chalk powder, 76 chloral and bromide (mistura chloralis et potassii bromidi composita), 61 croton oil liniment, 149 decoction of sarsaparilla, 191 effervescent, salt of potassium bromide, 170 effervescing powder, 172 elixir of almond, 137 elixir of blackberry, 186 elixir of buchu, 44 elixir of cardamon, 140 elixir of cascara sagrada, 57 elixir of corydalis, 74 elixir of crampbark (elixir viburni opuli compositum), 226 elixir of formates, 8 elixir of glycerophosphates, 203 elixir of orange (vinum aurantii compositum), 36 elixir of pepsin and rennin, 156 elixir of sodium salicylate, 206 elixir of taraxacum, 217 elixir of vanillin, 224 elixir of viburnum opulus, 226 extract of colocynth, 70 extract of colocynth, powdered (extractum colocynthidis compositum), 70 fluidextract of buchu, 44 fluidextract of sarsaparilla, 191 fluidextract of stillingiae, 209 gargle of guaiac, 105 infusion of gentian, 100 infusion of rose, 186 infusion of senna, 194 iron mixture, 86 laxative pills, 22 licorice powder (pulvis glycyrrhizae compositus), 194 liniment of mustard, 147 liniment of opium, 149 liniment of soft soap, 190 menthol inunction, 133 menthol spray, 133 mixture of chloral and potassium bromide, 61 mixture of chloroform and morphine, 62 mixture of glycyrrhiza, 150 mixture of opium and chloroform, 150 mixture of opium and rhubarb, 150 mixture of rhubarb, 183 oil of hyoscyamus, 115 pancreatin powder, 153 pills of aloes and podophyllum, 21 pills of aloes, mercury and scammony, 21 pills of aloin, 22 pills of aloin, strychnine and belladonna, 22 pills of antimony, 31 pills of colocynth, 71 pills of rhubarb, 184 powder of bayberry, 135 powder of gambir, 98 powder of glycyrrhiza, 194 powder of ipecac (pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii), 151 powder of jalap, 120 powder of kino and opium, 122 powder of rhubarb, 184 powder of talc, 12 resorcinol ointment, 182 rosin cerate, 182 salicylate collodion, 12 solution of chlorine, 62 solution of cresol, 75 solution of glycerophosphates (elixir glycerophosphatum compositum), 203 solution of hydrastine, 113 solution of hypophosphites, 48 solution of iodine, 118 solution of phosphates, 11 solution of sodium borate, 200 solution of sodium phosphate, 205 solution of zinc and aluminum, 230 solution of zinc and iron, 231 spirit of cardamon, 140 spirit of ether, 16 spirit of juniper, 142 spirit of lavender (tinctura lavandulae composita), 142 spirit of myrcia, 145 spirit of orange, 138 spirit of vanillin, 224 sulphur ointment, 216 sulphurated petrox (petroxolinum sulphuratum compositum), 215 sulphurated petroxolin, 215 syrup of actaea, (syrupus cimicifugae compositus), 64 syrup of asarum (syrupus asari compositus), 34 syrup of cimicifuga, 64 syrup of figs, 195 syrup of hydrochlorophosphates (syrupus phosphatum cum quinina et strychnina), 179 syrup of hypophosphites, 49 syrup of phosphates, 11 syrup of sarsaparilla, 191 syrup of senna, 195 syrup of squill, 192 syrup of stillingia, 209 syrup of white pine, 164 syrup of white pine with morphine, 135 tar ointment, 146 tincture of benzoin, 39 tincture of cardamon, 56 tincture of cinchona, 65 tincture of cudbear, 157 tincture of gambir, 98 tincture of gentian, 100 tincture of guaiac, 105 tincture of jalap, 120 tincture of kino (tinctura kino et opii composita), 122 tincture of kino and opium, 122 tincture of lavender, 142 tincture of pale catechu (tinctura gambir composita), 98 tincture of viburnum, 226 tincture of zedoary (tinctura zedoariae amara), 228 troches of santonin, 190 wine and rhubarb, 185 wine of orange, 36 compressed yeast, 60 concentrated and refined diphtheria antitoxin (serum antidiphthericum purificatum), 196 diphtheria antitoxin (serum antidiphthericum, purificatum), 196 tetanus antitoxin (serum antitetanicum purificatum), 196 condurango, 72 fluidextract, 72 confection of rose, 185 of senna, 194 confections, 72 conium, 72 extract, 72 fluidextract, 72 maculatum (conium), 72 conserves (confectiones), 72 convallaria flowers, 72 flowers, fluidextract, 72 root, 72 root, fluidextract, 73 copaiba, 73 and opium, mixture, 73 mass, 73 mixture, 73 solidified (massa copaibae), 73 copaiva (copaiba), 73 copper sulphate, 77 coptis, 73 fluidextract, 73 cordial, blackberry, 186 godfrey's (mistura opii et sassafras), 150 cordials, 73 coriander, 74 oil, 141 seeds (coriandrum), 74 corn silk (zea), 228 starch (amylum), 29 cornus, 74 fluidextract, 74 corrigens elixir (elixir eriodictyi aromaticum), 83 syrupus (syrupus eriodictyi aromaticus), 83 corrosive mercuric chloride, 108 mercuric chloride mull, 109 mercuric chloride tablets, poison, 109 sublimate (hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum), 108 sublimate tablets (toxitabellae hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi), 109 corydalis, 74 elixir, compound, 74 fluidextract, 73 cotarnine chloride (cotarninae hydrochloridum), 74 hydrochloride, 74 cotton, absorbent (gossypium purificatum), 103 purified, 103 root bark, 103 root bark, fluidextract, 103 styptic, 86 cottonseed oil, 141 couch grass (triticum), 222 fluidextract (fluidextractum tritici), 222 coumarin, 74 cow's milk, 123 crampbark (viburnum opulus), 226 elixir, compound (elixir viburni opuli compositum), 226 cranberry bark, high bush (viburnum opulus), 226 cranesbill (geranium), 101 cream, cold (unguentum aquae rosae), 186 of tartar (potassi bitartras), 169 of tartar, and sulphur troches (trochisci sulphuris et potassii bitartratis), 215 creasote (creosotum), 75 creosote, 75 carbonate, 75 mull, salicylated, 12 petrox (petroxolinum creosoti), 75 petroxolin, 75 water, 75 cresol, 75 solution, compound, 75 creta praeparata, 75 crocus, 76 croton oil, 148 collodion, 148 liniment, 149 liniment, compound, 149 crude calcium sulphide, 50 malate of iron (extractum ferri pomatum), 90 malate of iron tincture (tinctura ferri pomata), 90 cubeb, 76 fluidextract, 76 oil, 141 oleoresin, 76 tincture, 76 troches, 76 cubebs (cubeba), 76 cudbear, 157 tincture, 157 tincture, compound, 157 culver's root (leptandra), 124 cupric sulphate (cupri sulphas), 77 curassao, replacing elixir (elixir aurantii amari), 138 curled dock (rumex), 187 cusso (brayera), 43 cypripedium, 77 fluidextract, 77 cystamin (hexamethylenamina), 107 cystogen (hexamethylenamina), 107 dalby's carminative (mistura carminativa), 150 damiana, 77 fluidextract, 77 dandelion (taraxacum), 217 fluidextract (fluidextractum taraxaci), 218 deadly nightshade leaves (belladonnae folia), 38 nightshade root (belladonnae radix), 39 decoction of sarsaparilla, compound, 191 decoctions, 77 decolorized tincture of iodine, 118 deer musk (moschus), 135 dehydrated alcohol, 18 delphinium, 77 deodorant solution (liquor zinci et ferri compositus), 231 deodorized opium, 151 opium tincture, 152 dermatol (bismuthi subgallas), 42 dermatologic pastes, 155 deshler's salve (ceratum resinae compositum), 182 desiccated hypophysis, 116 pituitary body (hypophysis sicca), 116 suprarenal glands (suprarenalum siccum), 216 thyroid glands (thyroideum siccum), 220 dewees' carminative (mistura magnesiae, asafoetidae et opii), 128 tincture of guaiac (tinctura guaiaci composita), 105 dextrin, white, 78 dextrinated paste, 78 diacetylmorphine, 78 and terpin hydrate, elixir, 78 chloride (diacetylmorphinae hydrochloridum), 78 hydrochloride, 78 diachylon ointment, 166 plaster (emplastrum plumbi), 166 diarrhea, mixture, squibb's (mistura opii et chloroform composita), 150 diastase, 78 digitalis, 79 fluidextract, 79 infusion, 79 leaves (digitalis), 79 quinine and opium pills, 151 squill and mercury pills, 79 tincture, 79 diluted acetic acid, 6 alcohol, 18 hydriodic acid, 9 hydrobromic acid, 9 hydrochloric acid, 9 hydrocyanic acid, 9 hypophosphorous acid, 10 iodine petroxolin, 118 mercurial ointment, 112 nitrohydrochloric acid, 10 nitromuriatic acid (acidum nitrohydrochloricum, dilutum), 10 phosphoric acid, 11 prussic acid (acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum), 9 solution of lead subacetate, 167 sulphuric acid, 13 dimethyl-ketone (acetonum), 6 dimethylxanthine (theophyllina), 219 dinner pills, 20 chapman's, 20 cole's, 20 hall's, 20 lady webster's (pilulae aloes et mastiches), 20 dionin (aethylmorphinae hydrochloridum), 17 dioscorea, 79 fluidextract, 80 diphtheria antitoxin (serum antidiphthericum), 196 antitoxin, concentrated (serum antidiphthericum, purificatum), 196 antitoxin, dried (serum antidiphthericum siccum), 196 antitoxin globulins (serum antidiphthericum, purificatum), 196 antitoxin, refined and concentrated (serum antidiphthericum purificatum), 196 distilled extract of witch hazel (aqua hamamelidis), 106 water, 32 water, sterilized, 32 diuretin (theobrominae sodio-salicylas), 219 dobell's solution (liquor sodii boratis compositus), 200 dog grass (triticum), 222 dogwood bark (cornus), 74 donovan's solution (liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi), 33 dover's powder (pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii), 151 syrup (syrupus ipecacuanhae et opii), 151 tincture (tinctura ipecacuanhae et opii), 152 dried alum (alumen exsiccatum), 23 antidiphtheric serum, 196 antitetanic serum, 197 diphtheria antitoxin (serum antidiphthericum siccum), 196 ferrous sulphate (ferri sulphas exsiccatus), 93 suprarenals, 216 tetanus antitoxin (serum antitetanicum siccum), 197 thyroids, 220 drop chalk (creta praeparata), 75 drosera, 80 fluidextract, 80 drugs, fresh tinctures, 221 dulcamara, 80 dwarf pine needles, oil of, 146 pine oil (oleum pini pumilionis), 146 eau sédative de raspail (lotio ammoniacalis camphorata), 25 echinacea, 80 fluidextract, 80 effervescent artificial carlsbad salt, 207 artificial kissingen salt, 202 artificial vichy salt, 200 artificial vichy salt with lithium, 200 citrated caffeine, 45 potassium bromide with caffeine (sal potassii bromidi effervescens compositus), 170 potassium citrate, 171 salt of lithium citrate, 126 salt of potassium bromide, 170 salt of potassium bromide, compound, 170 salts, granular, 188 sodium phosphate, 206 solution of magnesium sulphate, 129 solution of sodium citro-tartrate, 202 effervescing powder, compound, 172 egg albumen, fresh, 152 and cod liver oil emulsion, 145 fresh, 153 yolk, fresh, 152 yolk, glycerite, 153 eisenzucker (ferri oxidum saccharatum), 91 elaeosacchara (oleosacchara), 137 elaterin, 80 trituration, 81 elder flowers (sambucus), 188 elecampane (inula), 117 electuaries (confectiones), 72 elixir adjuvans (elixir glycyrrhizae), 19 amygdalae compositum, 137 aromaticum, 18 aurantii amari, 138 aurantiorum compositum (vinum aurantii compositum), 36 calisaya, alkaloidal (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum), 180 cathartic, compound, 97 corrigens (elixir eriodictyi aromaticum), 83 corydalis compositum, 74 curassao, replacing, (elixir aurantii amari), 138 ferri pyrophosphatis, 93 ferri pyrophosphatis, quininae et strychninae, 93 glycerophosphatum (elixir calcii et sodii glycerophosphatum), 47 humuli, 108 laxative (elixir cascarae sagradae compositum), 57 of almond, compound, 137 of ammonium bromide, 26 of ammonium valerate, 28 of anise, 29 of bismuth, 41 of bitter orange, 138 of black haw (elixir viburni prunifolii), 227 of blackberry, compound, 186 of buchu, 44 of buchu and potassium acetate, 44 of buchu compound, 44 of calcium and sodium glycerophosphates, 47 of calcium bromide, 46 of calcium hypophosphite, 48 of calcium lactophosphate, 49 of calisaya, alkaloidal ferrated (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et ferri), 92 of calisaya, alkaloidal, with hypophosphites (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et hypophosphitum), 180 of calisaya, alkaloidal, with iron and bismuth (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et bismuthi), 41 of calisaya, alkaloidal, with iron and pepsin (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et pepsini), 156 of calisaya, alkaloidal, with iron and strychnine (elixir cinchonae, alkaloidorum, ferri et strychninae), 213 of calisaya, alkaloidal, with iron, bismuth and strychnine (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri, bismuthi et strychninae), 213 of calisaya, iron and lactophosphate of lime (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et calcii lactophosphatis), 50 of cardamon, compound, 140 of cascara sagrada, 57 of cascara sagrada, compound, 57 of cinchona alkaloids, 180 of cinchona alkaloids, and hypophosphites, 180 of cinchona alkaloids and iron, 92 of cinchona alkaloids, iron and bismuth, 41 of cinchona alkaloids, iron and calcium lactophosphate, 49 of cinchona alkaloids, iron and pepsin, 156 of cinchona alkaloids, iron and strychnine, 213 of cinchona alkaloids, iron, bismuth and strychnine, 213 of corydalis, compound, 74 of crampbark, compound (elixir viburni opuli compositum), 226 of eriodictyon, aromatic, 83 of ferric hypophosphite, 89 of ferric phosphate, 92 of ferric pyrophosphate, 93 of ferric pyrophosphate, quinine and strychnine, 93 of formates, 8 of formates compound, 8 of gentian, 100 of gentian and ferric phosphate, 92 of gentian and iron, 87 of gentian, glycerinated, 100 of gentian with tincture of ferric citro-chloride (elixir gentianae et ferri), 87 of glycerophosphates compound, 203 of glycyrrhiza, 19 of glycyrrhiza, aqueous, 102 of glycyrrhiza, aromatic, 19 of guarana, 106 of hops, 108 of hypophosphites, 48 of hypophosphites and iron, 89 of iron lactate, 90 of iron, quinine and strychnine, 87 of licorice (elixir glycyrrhizae), 19 of licorice, aqueous (elixir glycyrrhizae aquosum), 102 of licorice, aromatic (elixir glycyrrhizae aromaticum), 19 of lithium bromide, 125 of lithium citrate, 126 of lithium salicylate, 126 of orange, compound (vinum aurantii compositum), 36 of pepsin, 156 of pepsin and bismuth, 156 of pepsin and iron, 156 of pepsin and rennin compound, 156 of pepsin, bismuth and strychnine, 212 of phosphorus, 161 of phosphorus and nux vomica, 161 of potassium acetate, 168 of potassium acetate and juniper, 168 of potassium bromide, 170 of pyrophosphate of iron (elixir ferri pyrophosphate), 93 of quinine valerate and strychnine, 181 of sodium bromide, 201 of sodium hypophosphite, 204 of sodium salicylate, 206 of sodium salicylate compound, 206 of strychnine valerate, 214 of taraxacum compound, 217 of terpin hydrate, 218 of terpin hydrate and codeine, 68 of terpin hydrate and diacetylmorphine, 78 of three bromides, 26 of vanillin compound, 224 of viburnum opulus compound, 226 of viburnum prunifolium, 227 of yerba santa, aromatic (elixir eriodictyi aromaticum), 83 of zinc valerate, 231 pepsini, 156 pepsini, bismuth et strychninae, 212 pepsini et bismuthi, 156 pepsini et ferri, 156 pepsini et rennini compositum, 156 phosphori, 161 phosphori et nucis vomicae, 161 potassii acetatis, 168 potassii acetatis et juniperi, 168 potassii bromidi, 170 quininae valeratis et strychninae, 181 quininae, valerianatis, et strychninae, 181 red (elixir aromaticum rubrum), 19 red aromatic, 19 rhamni purshianae (elixir cascarae sagradae), 57 rhamni purshianae co. (elixir cascarae sagradae compositum), 57 rubi compositum, 186 simple (elixir aromaticum), 18 sodii bromidi, 201 sodii hypophosphitis, 204 sodii salicylatis, 206 sodii salicylatis compositum, 206 strychninae valeratis, 214 strychninae valerianatis (elixir strychninae valeratis), 214 taraxaci compositum, 217 terpini hydratis, 218 terpini hydratis et codeinae, 68 terpini hydratis cum heroina (elixir terpini hydratis et diacetylmorphinae), 78 terpini hydratis et diacetylmorphinae, 78 trium bromidorum, 26 vanillini compositum, 224 viburni opuli compositum, 226 viburni prunifolii, 227 zinci valeratis, 231 zinci valerianatis (elixir zinci valeratis), 231 elixirs, 81 elm, 223 bark (ulmus), 223 troches, 223 emetine hydrochloride, 81 emollient cataplasm (species emollientes), 23 species, 23 emplastra, 82 emplastrum see also under plaster belladonnae, 38 cantharidis, 54 capsici, 55 elasticum, 182 fuscum camphoratum, 53 plumbi, 166 resinae, 182 saponis, 190 sinapis, 197 empyroligneous oil of birch, rectified (oleum betulae empyreumaticum rectificatum), 139 emulsion of almond, 29 of asafetida, 34 of castor oil, 146 of cod liver oil, 144 of cod liver oil with calcium lactophosphate, 144 of cod liver oil with calcium phosphate, 144 of cod liver oil with egg, 145 of cod liver oil with hypophosphites, 144 of cod liver oil with malt, 144 of cod liver oil with phosphate of lime (emulsum olei morrhuae cum calcii phosphate), 144 of cod liver oil with wild cherry, 144 of oil of turpentine, 148 of petrolatum, 158 emulsions, 82 emulsum amygdalae, 29 olei morrhuae, 144 olei morrhuae cum calcii lactophosphate, 144 olei, morrhuae, cum, calcii phosphate, 144 olei morrhuae cum hypophosphitibus, 144 olei morrhuae cum malto, 144 olei morrhuae cum pruno virginiana, 144 olei morrhuae cum vitello, 145 olei ricini, 146 olei terebinthinae, 148 epsom salt (magnesii sulphas), 129 ergot, 82 extract, 82 extract, aqueous, 82 fluidextract, 82 of rye (ergota), 82 tincture, ammoniated, 82 eriodictyon, 83 elixir, aromatic, 83 fluidextract, 83 syrup, aromatic, 83 eserine salicylate (physostigminae salicylas), 162 essence of peppermint (spiritus menthae piperitae), 143 essentia pepsini (elixir pepsini et rennini compositum), 156 ether, 16 acetic, 17 nitrous, 17 nitrous, spirit, 17 petroleum (benzinum purificatum), 39 spirit, 16 spirit, compound, 16 ethereal oil, 137 tincture of ferric chloride, 87 tinctures, 221 ethyl acetate (aether aceticus), 17 carbamate, 17 chloride, 17 ester, carbamic acid (aethylis carbamas), 17 nitrate (aether nitrosus), 17 urethane (aethylis carbamas), 17 ethylmorphine chloride (aethylmorphinae hydrochloridum), 17 hydrochloride, 17 eucaine (betaeucainae hydrochloridum), 40 chloride (betaeucainae hydrochloridum), 40 eucalyptol, 83 petrox (petroxolinum eucalyptolis), 83 petroxolin, 83 spray, 83 eucalyptus, 83 fluidextract, 84 leaves (eucalyptus), 83 oil, 141 eugenol, 84 euonymus, 84 extract, 84 extract, powdered (extractum euonymi), 84 fluidextract, 84 eupatorium, 84 fluidextract, 84 euphorbia pilulifera, 84 pilulifera, fluidextract, 84 european goat's rue (galega), 98 expectorant, stokes', 26 expressed oil of almond, 138 exsiccated alum, 23 ferrous sulphate, 93 sodium arsenate, 198 sodium phosphate, 205 sodium sulphite, 207 extract, goulard's (liquor plumbi subacetatis), 167 of aconite, 15 of aconite, powdered (extractum aconiti), 15 of aloes, 20 of aloes, powdered (extractum aloes), 20 of apples, ferrated, 90 of apples, ferrated, tincture, 90 of beef, 56 of belladonna leaves, 38 of cannabis, 54 of cascara sagrada, 57 of cascara sagrada, powdered (extractum cascarae sagrada), 57 of cimicifuga, 63 of cimicifuga, powdered (extractum cimicifugae), 63 of cinchona, 64 of colchicum corm, 69 of colchicum corm, powdered (extractum colchici cormi), 69 of colocynth, 70 of colocynth, compound, 70 of colocynth, powdered (extractum colocynthidis), 70 of colocynth compound, powdered (extractum colocynthidis compositum), 70 of conium, 72 of ergot, 82 of ergot, aqueous, 82 of euonymus, 84 of euonymus, powdered (extractum euonymi), 84 of gelsemium, 99 of gelsemium, powdered (extractum gelsemii), 99 of gentian, 100 of glycyrrhiza, 102 of glycyrrhiza, pure, 102 of golden seal (extractum hydrastis), 114 of hematoxylon, 106 of hydrastis, 114 of hydrastis, powdered (extractum hydrastis), 114 of hyoscyamus, 115 of ignatia, 116 of ignatia, powdered (extractum ignatiae), 116 of jalap, 120 of krameria, 122 of krameria, powdered (extractum krameriae), 122 of leptandra, 124 of leptandra, powdered (extractum leptandrae), 124 of licorice (extractum glycyrrhizae), 102 of malt, 129 of nux vomica, 136 of nux vomica, powdered (extractum nucis vomicae), 136 of opium, 149 of opium, powdered (extractum opii), 149 of oxgall, 85 of oxgall, powdered (extractum fellis bovis), 85 of physostigma, 162 of physostigma, powdered (extractum physostigmatis), 162 of podophyllum, 167 of quassia, 176 of quassia, powdered (extractum quassiae), 176 of rhubarb, 183 of rhubarb, powdered (extractum rhei), 183 of stramonium, 210 of sumbul, 216 of taraxacum, 218 of viburnum prunifolium, 227 of viburnum prunifolium, powdered (extractum viburni prunifolii), 227 of witch hazel, distilled (aqua hamamelidis), 106 extracts, 85 solid, 85 extractum see also under extract. carnis, 56 euonymi, 84 fellis bovis, 85 ferri pomatum, 90 rhamni purshianae (extractum cascarae sagradae), 57 rhei, 183 false unicorn (helonias), 107 farfara, 85 fel bovis, 85 fennel, 96 oil, 141 seed, 96 water, 141 fermented milk, 123 ferrated elixir of calisaya, alkaloidal (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum et ferri), 92 extract of apples, 90 wine of wild cherry, 174 ferri carbonas, 85 carbonas saccharatus, 86 cinchonae et calcii lactophosphatis, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et calcii lactophosphatis), 50 et ammonii citras, 87 et quininae citras, 88 et quininae citras solubilis (ferri et quininae citras), 88 iodidi syrupus (syrupus ferri iodidi), 90 iodidum, 90 lactas, 90 lactophosphas, 90 malas, 90 malas crudus (extractum ferri pomatum), 90 oxidum saccharatum, 91 protochloridum, 92 tersulphas, 94 ferric acetate, 85 acetate solution, 85 and gentian phosphate elixir, 92 chloride, 86 chloride solution, 86 chloride, tincture, ethereal, 87 chloride, tasteless tincture (tinctura ferri citro-chloridi), 87 chloride tincture, 86 citrate, 87 citrate, soluble (ferri et ammonii citras), 87 citrate solution, 87 citro-chloride tincture, 87 citro-chloride tincture with gentian elixir (elixir gentianae et ferri), 87 glycerinophosphate (ferri glycerophosphas), 88 glycerophosphate, 88 hydrate with magnesia (ferri hydroxidum cum magnesii oxido), 88 hydroxide, 88 hydroxide (magma ferri hydroxidi), 89 hydroxide magma, 89 hydroxide, with, magnesium oxide, 88 hypophosphite, 89 hypophosphite elixir, 89 hypophosphite solution, 89 hypophosphite syrup, 89 nitrate, 91 nitrate solution, 91 oxide, soluble (ferri oxidum saccharatum), 91 oxychloride, 91 oxychloride solution, 91 oxysulphate, 91 oxysulphate solution, 91 phosphate, 91 phosphate elixir, 92 phosphate, soluble (ferri phosphas), 91 pyrophosphate, 92 pyrophosphate elixir, 93 pyrophosphate, quinine and strychnine elixir, 93 pyrophosphate, soluble (ferri pyrophosphas), 92 salicylate solution, 206 subsulphate, 93 subsulphate solution, 93 sulphate, basic solution (liquor ferri subsulphatis), 93 sulphate solution, 94 ferrous carbonate, 85 carbonate mass, 85 carbonate pills, 86 chloride, 92 chloride solution, 92 chloride syrup, 92 iodide, 90 iodide pills, 90 iodide syrup, 90 lactate, 90 malate, 90 sulphate, 93 sulphate, dried (ferri sulphas exsiccatus), 93 sulphate, exsiccated, 93 sulphate, granulated, 94 sulphate, precipitated (ferri sulphas granulatus), 94 ferruginous pills (pilulae ferri carbonatis), 86 ferrum, 94 albuminatum, 94 oxydatum saccharatum (ferri oxidum saccharatum), 91 peptonatum, 94 redactum (ferrum reductum), 95 ficus, 96 fig, 96 figs, syrup compound, 195 firm zinc glycerogelatin, 229 fish berry (cocculus indicus), 67 flaxseed (linum), 124 oil (oleum lini), 143 fleming's solution (liquor calcis sulphuratae), 51 flexible collodion, 176 flies, russian (cantharis), 54 spanish (cantharis), 54 flowers of sulphur (sulphur sublimatum), 215 fluidextract, aromatic, 66 of aconite, 15 of adonis, 16 of aletris, 19 of angelica root, 30 of apocynum, 31 of aralia, 32 of arnica, 33 of asclepias, 35 of aspidosperma, 35 of baptisia, 38 of belladonna root, 39 of berberis, 40 of bitter orange peel, 36 of bittersweet, 80 of black cohosh (fluidextractum cimicifuga), 63 of black haw (fluidextractum viburni prunifolii), 227 of black snakeroot (fluidextractum cimicifuga), 63 of blue flag, 120 of boldo, 43 of buchu, 44 of buchu compound, 44 of buckthorn bark (fluidextractum frangulae), 97 of calendula, 51 of calumba, 51 of canadian hemp (fluidextractum apocyni), 31 of cannabis, 54 of cascara sagrada, 58 of cascara sagrada, aromatic, 58 of catnep, 59 of caulophyllum, 59 of celery fruit, 31 of chestnut leaves, 58 of chimaphila, 60 of chionanthus, 60 of chirata, 61 of cimicifuga, 63 of cinchona, 64 of cinchona, aqueous, 65 of cocillana, 68 of coffee, 69 of colchicum corm, 69 of colchicum seed, 69 of condurango, 72 of conium, 72 of convallaria flowers, 72 of convallaria root, 73 of coptis, 73 of cornus, 74 of corydalis, 74 of cotton root bark, 103 of couch grass (fluidextractum tritici), 222 of cubeb, 76 of cypripedium, 77 of damiana, 77 of dandelion (fluidextractum taraxaci), 218 of digitalis, 79 of dioscorea, 80 of drosera, 80 of echinacea, 80 of ergot, 82 of eriodictyon, 83 of eucalyptus, 84 of euonymus, 84 of eupatorium, 84 of euphorbia pilulifera, 84 of frangula, 97 of fucus, 97 of galega, 98 of gelsemium, 99 of gentian, 100 of geranium, 101 of ginger, 231 of glycyrrhiza, 102 of green hellebore (fluidextractum veratri viridis), 225 of grindelia, 104 of guarana, 106 of hamamelis leaves, 106 of helianthemum, 107 of helonias, 107 of henbane (fluidextractum hyoscyami), 115 of hops, 108 of hydrangea, 108 of hydrastis, 114 of hyoscyamus, 115 of ipecac, 119 of jaborandi (fluidextractum pilocarpi), 163 of jalap, 120 of juglans, 121 of juniper berries, 121 of kava, 121 of kola, 122 of krameria, 123 of lappa, 124 of leptandra, 124 of lobelia, 126 of lupulin, 127 of matico, 131 of mezereum, 134 of mullein leaves, 225 of musk root (fluidextractum sumbul), 216 of nux vomica, 136 of paracoto, 154 of pareira, 155 of parsley root, 159 of phytolacca, 162 of pilocarpus, 163 of pinkroot (fluidextractum spigeliae), 208 of podophyllum, 167 of pomegranate, 103 of prickly ash (fluidextractum xanthoxyli), 228 of quassia, 176 of quebracho (fluidextractum aspidospermatis), 35 of quercus, 176 of rhamnus cathartica, 183 of rhubarb, 183 of rhus glabra, 185 of rose, 186 of rubus, 187 of rumex, 187 of sabal, 187 of sanguinaria, 189 of sarsaparilla, 191 of sarsaparilla compound, 191 of saw palmetto (fluidextractum sabal), 187 of scoparius, 193 of scutellaria, 193 of senecio, 194 of senega, 194 of senna, 194 of serpentaria, 195 of solanum, 208 of spigelia, 208 of squill, 192 of staphisagria, 209 of stavesacre (fluidextractum staphisagria), 209 of stillingia, 209 of stillingiae compound, 209 of stramonium, 210 of sumbul, 216 of taraxacum, 218 of thuja, 220 of thyme, 220 of trifolium, 222 of trillium, 222 of triticum, 222 of uva ursi, 223 of valerian, 224 of veratrum viride, 225 of verbena, 226 of viburnum opulus, 226 of viburnum prunifolium, 227 of wild cherry, 174 of xanthoxylum, 228 of zea, 228 fluidextracts, 96 fluidextractum see also under fluidextract. apii fructi, 31 aurantii amari, 36 castaneae, 58 catariae, 59 corni, 74 coto (fluidextractum paracoto), 154 dulcamarae, 80 gossypii corticis, 103 granati, 103 humuli, 108 iridis versicoloris, 120 petroselini radicis, 159 pruni virginianae, 174 rhei, 183 rhois glabrae, 185 scillae, 192 turnerae (fluidextractum damianae), 77 verbasci foliae, 225 zingiberis, 231 fluidglycerate of cascara sagrada, 58 of cascara sagrada, aromatic, 58 of glycyrrhiza, 102 of krameria, 123 of licorice (fluidglyceratum glycyrrhizae), 102 of rhubarb, 183 fluidglycerates, 96 foeniculum, 96 formaldehyde, 96 solution, 96 formamin (hexamethylenamina), 107 formates elixir, 8 elixir, compound, 8 formic acid, 8 acid spirit, 8 formin (hexamethylenamina), 107 fowler's solution (liquor potassii arsenitis), 168 foxglove (digitalis), 79 francis' triplex pills (pilulae aloes, hydrargyri et scammonii compositae), 21 frangula, 97 fluidextract, 97 fraxinus, 97 french mixture (liquor iodi phenolatus), 118 fresh apple juice, 214 drugs, tinctures, 221 egg, 153 egg albumen, 152 egg yolk, 152 fringe tree bark (chionanthus), 60 frost-weed (helianthemum), 107 fucus, 97 fluidextract, 97 galangal, 98 galega, 98 fluidextract, 98 galla, 98 gallic acid, 9 gallotannic acid (acidum tannicum), 13 gambir, 98 powder, compound, 98 tincture, compound, 98 troches, 99 gamboge, 52 pipe (cambogia), 52 gargle of guaiac compound, 105 garlic, 19 syrup, 19 gaultheriae, oleum (methylis alicylas), 133 gelatin, 99 glycerinated, 99 gelatinum chondri, 63 gelsemium, 99 extract, 99 extract, powdered (extractum gelsemii), 99 fluidextract, 99 tincture, 99 gentian, 99 and ferric phosphate elixir, 92 and iron elixir, 87 and rhubarb tincture, 185 elixir, 100 elixir, glycerinated, 100 extract, 100 fluidextract, 100 infusion, compound, 100 tincture, compound, 100 with tincture of ferric citrochloride, elixir of (elixir gentianae et ferri), 87 geranium, 101 fluidextract, 101 german chamomile (matricaria), 131 gilead buds, balm of (populi gemmae), 167 ginger, 231 fluidextract, 231 oleoresin, 232 syrup, 232 tincture (tinctura zingiberis), 232 wild (asarum), 34 glacial acetic acid, 6 glandulae suprarenales siccae (suprarenalum siccum), 216 glandulae thyroideae siccae (thyroideum siccum), 220 glauber's salt (sodii sulphas), 206 glonoin (glycerylis nitras), 101 pills (pilulae glycerylis nitratis), 102 spirit (spiritus glycerylis nitratis), 102 glucose, 101 liquid (glucosum), 101 syrupy (glucosum), 101 glusidum (benzosulphinidum), 40 glycerin, 101 suppositories, 101 glycerinated elixir of gentian, 100 gelatin, 99 vaccine virus (virus vaccinicum), 227 glycerite of bismuth, 41 of boroglycerin, 7 of carbolic acid (glyceritum phenolis), 159 of egg yolk, 153 of golden seal (glyceritum hydrastis), 114 of guaiac, 105 of hydrastis, 114 of pepsin, 157 of phenol, 159 of starch, 29 of tannic acid, 13 of tannin (glyceritum acidi tannici), 13 of tar, 165 of tragacanth, 221 glycerites, 101 glyceritum amyli, 29 picis liquidae, 165 vitelli, 153 glycerogelatinum acidi salicylici, 12 iodoformi, 117 zinci durum, 229 zinci molle, 229 glycerol (glycerinum), 101 glycerophosphates elixir, compound, 203 solution, compound (elixir glycerophosphatum compositum), 203 glyceryl trinitrate, 101 trinitrate spirit, 102 glycerylis nitras, 101 glyconin (glyceritum vitelli), 153 glycyrrhiza, 102 elixir, 19 elixir, aqueous, 102 elixir, aromatic, 19 extract, 102 extract, pure, 102 fluidextract, 102 fluidglycerate, 102 mixture, compound, 150 powder, compound, 194 syrup, 103 glycyrrhizin, ammoniated, 103 goat's rue, european (galega), 98 godfrey's cordial (mistura opii et sassafras), 150 gold and arsenic bromide solution, 7 and sodium chloride, 37 golden seal (hydrastis), 114 extract (extractum hydrastis), 114 glycerite (glyceritum hydrastis), 114 tincture (tinctura hydrastis), 114 goldthread (coptis), 73 gossypii cortex, 103 gossypium purificatum, 103 stypticum, 86 goulard's cerate (ceratum plumbi subacetatis), 167 extract (liquor plumbi subacetatis), 167 granatum, 103 granular effervescent salts, 188 ferrous sulphate, 94 opium, 151 gray powder (hydrargyrum cum creta), 112 green hellebore (veratrum viride), 225 hellebore, fluidextract (fluidextractum veratri viridis), 225 soap, tincture (linimentum saponis mollis), 190 gregory's powder (pulvis rhei compositus), 184 griffith's mixture (mistura ferri composita), 86 grindelia, 104 fluidextract, 104 guaiac, 104 gargle, compound, 105 glycerite, 105 mixture, 105 resin (guaiacum), 104 tincture, 105 tincture, ammoniated, 105 tincture, compound, 105 tincture, dewees' (tinctura guaiaci composita), 105 wood, 104 lignum, 104 guaiacol, 104 carbonate, 104 petrox (petroxolinum guaiacolis), 105 petroxolin, 105 guaiacum, 104 guarana, 105 elixir, 106 fluidextract, 106 gum arabic (acacia), 5 asafetida (asafoetida), 34 benjamin (benzoinum), 39 myrrh (myrrha), 136 senegal (acacia), 5 tragacanth (tragacantha), 221 gun cotton, soluble (pyroxylinum), 175 gutta percha, 106 solution, 106 guttae pectorales (tinctura pectoralis), 152 guy's pills (pilulae digitalis, scillae et hydrargyri), 79 haematoxylon, 106 hall's dinner pills, 20 solution of strychnine (liquor strychninae acetatis), 212 hamamelis, 106 leaves, 106 leaves, fluidextract, 106 water, 106 hartshorn liniment (linimentum ammoniae), 25 heavy magnesia (magnesii oxidum ponderosum), 129 magnesium oxide, 129 hebra's itch ointment (unguentum sulphuris compositum), 216 helianthemum, 107 fluidextract, 107 hellebore, american (veratrum viride), 225 green (veratrum viride), 225 helonias, 107 fluidextract, 107 hematoxylon extract, 106 hemlock, poison (conium), 72 henbane (hyoscyamus), 115 fluidextract (fluidextractum hyoscyami), 115 tincture (tinctura hyoscyami), 115 heroin (diacetylmorphina), 78 hydrochloride (diacetylmorphinae hydrochloridum), 78 hexamethylenamine, 107 hexamethylene-tetramine (hexamethylenamina), 107 hiera picra (pulvis aloes et canellae), 21 high bush cranberry bark (viburnum opulus), 226 hive syrup (syrupus scillae compositus), 192 hoffmann's anodyne (spiritus aetheris compositus), 16 drops (spiritus aetheris compositus), 16 homatropine bromide (homatropinae hydrobromidum), 107 hydrobromide, 107 honey, 132 and borax (mel sodii boratis), 200 clarified, 132 of rose, 132 of rose and sodium borate, 200 of rose with borax (mel rosae et sodii boratis), 200 of sodium borate, 200 honeys, 132 hope's mixture (mistura camphorae acida), 149 hops, 108 elixir, 108 fluidextract, 108 tincture, 108 horsenettle berries (solanum), 207 hot drops (tinctura capsici et myrrhae), 55 humulus, 108 hydrangea, 108 fluidextract, 108 hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum, 108 chloridum mite, 109 iodidum flavum, 110 iodidum rubrum, 110 nitras, 110 oxidum flavum, 111 oxidum rubrum, 111 salicylas, 111 unguentum (unguentum hydrargyri dilutum), 112 hydrargyrum, 112 ammoniatum, 113 cum creta, 112 hydrastine, 113 chloride (hydrastinae hydrochloridum), 113 hydrochloride, 113 solution, colorless (liquor hydrastinae compositus), 113 solution, compound, 113 hydrastis, 114 extract, 114 extract, powdered (extractum hydrastis), 114 fluidextract, 114 glycerite, 114 tincture, 114 hydrated chloral, 61 hydriodic acid, diluted, 9 acid, syrup, 9 hydrobromic acid, diluted, 9 hydrochloric acid, 9 acid, syrup, 9 solution of arsenic (liquor acidi arsenosi), 34 hydrochlorophosphates syrup, compound (syrupus phosphatum cum quinina et strychnina), 179 hydrocyanic acid, diluted, 9 hydrogen dioxide, 114 dioxide solution, 115 peroxide (hydrogenii dioxidum), 114 peroxide solution (liquor hydrogenii dioxidi), 115 hydrous wool fat (adeps lanae hydrosus), 16 hyoscine hydrobromide (scopolaminae hydrobromidum), 193 hyoscyami folium (hyoscyamus), 115 tinctura (tinctura hyoscyami), 115 hyoscyamine bromide (hyoscyaminae hydrobromidum), 115 hydrobromide, 115 hyoscyamus, 115 and colocynth pills, 71 extract, 115 fluidextract, 115 oil, compound, 115 tincture, 115 hypophosphite of iron, solution of (liquor ferri hypophosphitis), 89 hypophosphites and calisaya, alkaloidal, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, et hypophosphitum), 180 and cinchona alkaloids, elixir, 180 and iron elixir, 89 elixir, 48 solution, 48 solution, compound, 48 syrup, 48 syrup, compound, 49 with cod liver oil emulsion, 144 hypophosphorous acid, 10 acid, diluted, 10 hypophysis, desiccated, 116 solution, 116 ignatia, 116 amara (ignatia), 116 extract, 116 extract, powdered (extractum ignatiae), 116 tincture, 116 india senna or alexandria senna (senna), 194 indian berry (cocculus indicus), 67 tobacco (lobelia), 126 indigo carmine (sodii indigotindisulphonas), 204 infusa, 116 infused oils, 137 infusion of brayera, 43 of cinchona, 65 of digitalis, 79 of gentian compound, 100 of rose compound, 186 of senna compound, 194 of wild cherry, 174 infusions, 116 infusum pruni virginianae, 174 inula, 117 inunction, menthol, 132 menthol, compound, 133 inunctions, 117 iodi carbolatus, liquor (liquor iodi phenolatus), 118 iodine, 117 collodion, 118 ointment, 119 petrox 5% (petroxolinum iodi dilutum), 118 petrox 10% (petroxolinum iodi), 118 petroxolin, 118 petroxolin, diluted, 118 solution, carbolized (liquor iodi phenolatus), 118 solution, compound, 118 solution, phenolated, 118 tincture, 118 tincture, churchill's (tinctura iodi fortior), 119 tincture, decolorized, 118 tincture, stronger, 119 iodized phenol, 160 iodoform, 117 aromatized, 117 collodion, 117 glycerogelatin, 117 ointment, 117 petrox (petroxolinum iodoformi), 117 petroxolin, 117 iodotannin syrup, 118 iodum, 117 ipecac, 119 and opium powder, 151 and opium syrup, 151 and opium tincture, 152 fluidextract, 119 powder, compound (pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii), 151 syrup, 119 wine, 119 ipecacuanhae radix, 119 iris, 119 versicolor, 120 irish moss (chondrus), 62 moss gelatin (gelatinum chondri), 63 moss mucilage (mucilago chondri), 63 iron, 94 albuminate, 94 albuminate, solution, 94 and aloes pills, 20 and ammonium acetate, solution, 25 and ammonium citrate, 87 and beef wine, 57 and calcium lactophosphate, syrup, 50 and cinchona alkaloids elixir, 92 and gentian elixir, 87 and hypophosphites elixir, 89 and manganese iodide syrup, 90 and manganese, peptonate, solution, 95 and pepsin elixir, 156 and protochloride solution (liquor ferri protochloridi), 92 and quinine citrate, 88 and quinine citrate, soluble (ferri et quininae citras), 88 and zinc solution, compound, 231 beef and wine (vinum carnis et ferri), 57 bismuth and calisaya, alkaloidal, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et bismuthi), 41 bismuth and cinchona alkaloids elixir, 41 bismuth, calisaya, alkaloidal, and strychnine, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri, bismuthi et strychninae), 213 bismuth, strychnine and cinchona alkaloids elixir, 213 bitter wine, 88 by hydrogen (ferrum reductum), 95 calisaya alkaloidal and strychnine elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et strychninae), 213 calisaya and lactophosphate of lime elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et calcii lactophosphatis), 50 cinchona alkaloids and calcium lactophosphate elixir, 49 cinchona alkaloids and strychnine elixir, 213 citrate, wine, of (vinum ferri), 88 citro-chloride, 87 crude malate (extractum ferri pomatum), 90 elixir of pyrophosphate of iron (elixir ferri pyrophosphatis), 93 hypophosphite, solution (liquor ferri hypophosphitis), 89 lactate (ferri lactas), 90 lactate elixir, 90 lactophosphate, 90 lactophosphate syrup, 90 malate (ferri malas), 90 mixture compound, 86 pepsin and calisaya, alkaloidal, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum ferri et pepsini), 156 pepsin and cinchona alkaloids elixir, 156 peptonate, 94 perchloride (ferri chloridum), 86 perchloride solution (liquor ferri chloride), 86 protochloride (ferri protochloridum), 92 protochloride, syrup (syrupus ferri protochloridi), 92 protosulphate (ferri sulphas), 93 quevenne's (ferrum reductum), 95 quinine, aloes, and nux vomica pills, 94 quinine and strychnine elixir, 87 quinine and strychnine, syrup of the phosphates of, 92 quinine, strychnine and arsenic pills, mild, 95 quinine, strychnine and arsenic pills, stronger, 95 reduced, 95 saccharated oxide of, syrup (syrupus ferri saccharati solubilis), 91 salicylated mixture (liquor ferri salicylatis), 206 sesquichloride (ferri chloridum), 86 soluble oxide of syrup (syrupus ferri saccharati solubilis), 91 solution of peptonate of, 94 tersulphate (ferri tersulphas), 94 tersulphate solution (liquor ferri tersulphatis), 94 tincture of crude malate (tinctura ferri pomata), 90 tincture, tasteless (tinctura ferri citro-chloridi), 87 wine, 88 jaborandi (pilocarpus), 163 fluidextract (fluidextractum pilocarpi), 163 jackson's pectoral syrup (syrupus morphinae et acaciae), 134 jalap, 120 and calomel (pulvis hydrargyri chloridi mitis et jalapae), 110 and mild mercurous chloride powder, 110 extract, 120 fluidextract, 120 powder, compound, 120 resin, 120 tincture, 120 tincture, compound, 120 jamaica ginger tincture (tinctura zingiberis), 232 james' powder (pulvis antimonialis), 30 jamestown weed (stramonium), 210 janeway's pills (pilulae aloes et podophylli compositae), 21 javelle water (liquor potassae chlorinatae), 167 jennerian vaccine (virus vaccinicum), 227 jimson weed (stramonium), 210 juglans, 120 fluidextract, 121 juniper and potassium acetate elixir, 168 berries, 121 berries, fluidextract, 121 berries, oil (oleum juniper), 141 oil, 141 spirit, 142 spirit, compound, 142 tar, oil (oleum cadinum), 139 juniperus, 121 kaolin, 121 cataplasm, 121 kava, 121 fluidextract, 121 kava kava (kava), 121 kentish's ointment (linimentum terebinthinae), 148 kermes mineral (antimonium sulphuratum), 30 kieselguhr, purified (terra silicea purificata), 219 kino, 121 and opium powder, compound, 122 and opium tincture, compound, 122 composita, tinctura (tinctura kino et opii composita), 122 compositus, pulvis (pulvis kino et opii compositus), 122 tincture, 122 tincture, compound (tinctura kino et opii composita), 122 kissingen salt, artificial, 202 artificial, effervescent, 202 kola, 122 fluidextract, 122 nuts (kola), 122 kousso (brayera), 43 krameria, 122 extract, 122 extract, powdered (extractum krameriae), 122 fluidextract, 123 fluidglycerate, 123 syrup, 123 tincture, 123 kumyss (lac fermentatum), 123 labarraque's solution (liquor sodae chlorinatae), 197 lac fermentatum, 123 sulphuris (sulphur praecipitatum), 215 vaccinum, 123 lactic acid, 10 lactophosphate of lime, calisaya, and iron, elixir (elixir of cinchona alkaloids, iron and calcium lactophosphate), 50 lactose (saccharum lactis), 188 lactucarium, 123 syrup, 123 tincture, 124 lady slipper root (cypripedium), 77 webster's dinner pill (pilulae aloes et mastiches), 20 lafayette mixture (mistura copaibae), 73 lamotte's drops (tinctura ferri chloridi aetherea), 87 lanolin (adeps lanae hydrosus), 16 anhydrous (adeps lanae), 15 lapis calaminaris (calamina praeparata), 46 lappa, 124 fluidextract, 124 larch agaric (agaricus), 18 turpentine (terebinthina laricis), 218 lard, 15 benzoinated, 15 larkspur seed, 77 tincture, 78 lassar's mild resorcinol paste (pasta resorcinolis mitis), 182 naphthol paste (pasta betanaphtholis), 40 stronger resorcinol paste (pasta resorcinolis fortis), 182 zinc paste (pasta zinci), 229 laudanum (tinctura opii), 152 sydenham's (tinctura opii crocata), 152 laughing gas (nitrogenii monoxidum), 136 lavender oil, 142 spirit, 142 spirit, compound (tinctura lavandulae composita), 142 tincture, compound, 142 laxative elixir (elixir cascarae sagradae compositum), 57 pills, compound, 22 pills, post partum, 71 species, 195 lead acetate, 165 and opium lotion, 165 and opium pills, 151 and opium wash (lotio plumbi et opii), 16 carbonate, 166 iodide, 166 oxide, 166 oxide, red, 166 plaster, 166 red (plumbi oxidum rubrum), 166 subacetate, 167 subacetate solution, 167 subacetate solution, diluted, 167 subacetate, cerate, 167 sugar (plumbi acetas), 165 water (liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus), 167 white (plumbi carbonas), 166 lemon oil, 143 peel, 124 peel tincture, 124 leptandra, 124 extract, 124 extract, powdered, 124 fluidextract, 124 licorice (glycyrrhiza), 102 elixir (elixir glycyrrhizae), 19 elixir, aqueous (elixir glycyrrhizae aquosum), 102 elixir, aromatic (elixir glycyrrhizae aromaticum), 19 extract (extractum glycyrrhizae), 102 fluidglycerate (fluidglyceratum glycyrrhizae), 102 powder, compound (pulvis glycyrrhizae compositus), 194 syrup (syrupus glycyrrhizae), 103 life root (senecio), 193 light magnesia (magnesii oxidum), 129 lignum vitae (guaiaci lignum), 104 lily-of-the-valley flowers (convallariae flores), 72 root (convallariae radix), 72 lime (calx), 52 chloride (calx chlorinata), 52 chlorinated, 52 elixir of calisaya, iron and lactophosphate of lime (elixir of cinchona alkaloids, iron and calcium lactophosphate), 49 juice, 214 juice and pepsin, 157 liniment, 52 potassa with, 172 soda with, 198 sulphurated (calcii sulphidum crudum), 50 sulphurated, solution, 51 water (liquor calcis), 52 limonis cortex, 124 liniment, acetic turpentine, 148 ammonia, 25 belladonna, 39 camphor, 53 camphorated soap, 190 canada (linimentum opii compositum), 149 chloroform, 62 hartshorn (linimentum ammoniae), 25 lime, 52 of aconite and chloroform, 15 of ammonium iodide, 28 of croton oil, 149 of croton oil, compound, 149 of mustard compound, 147 of opium compound, 149 of soft soap, 190 of soft soap compound, 190 st. john long's (linimentum terebinthinae aceticum), 148 soap, 190 stokes' (linimentum terebinthinae aceticum), 148 turpentine, 148 volatile (linimentum ammoniae), 25 liniments, 124 linimentum aconiti et chloroformi, 15 album (linimentum terebinthinae aceticum), 148 ammonii iodidi, 28 calcis, 52 saponis mollis, 190 saponis mollis compositum, 190 sinapis compositum, 147 terebinthinae, 148 terebinthinae aceticum, 148 tiglii, 149 tiglii compositum, 149 linseed, 124 oil, 143 oil, raw (oleum lini), 143 linum, 124 liquefied carbolic acid (phenol liquefactum), 160 phenol, 160 liquid apiol (oleoresina petroselini), 159 glucose (glucosum), 101 opodeldoc (linimentum saponis), 190 paraffin (petrolatum liquidum), 158 petrolatum, 158 petrox (petroxolinum liquidum), 158 petroxolin, 158 storax (styrax), 214 liquor see also under solution. acidi arsenosi, 34 alumini acetatis, 23 alumini, acetatis (liquor alumini subacetatis), 24 alumini acetico-tartratis, 24 alumini subacetatis, 24 ammoniae anisatus (spiritus ammoniae anisatus), 25 ammonii acetatis, 25 ammonii citratis, 27 antisepticus, 7 antisepticus alkalinus, 169 arseni et hydrargyri iodidi, 33 arsenicalis (liquor potassii arsenitis), 168 arsenicalis clemens, 168 arsenicalis fowleri (liquor potassii arsenitis), 168 arsenicalis pearsonii (liquor sodii arsenatis, pearson), 198 auri et arseni bromidi, 7 bismuthi, 42 bromi, 43 burowii (liquor alumini acetatis), 23 calcis, 52 calcis sulphuratae, 51 carmini, 56 chlori compositus, 62 cocci, 67 cresolis compositus, 75 ferri acetatis, 85 ferri albuminati, 94 ferri chloridi, 86 ferri citratis, 87 ferri et ammonii acetatis, 25 ferri hypophosphitis, 89 ferri nitratis, 91 ferri oxychloridi, 91 ferri oxysulphatis, 91 ferri peptonati, 94 ferri peptonati cum mangano (liquor ferri peptonati et mangani), 95 ferri peptonati et mangani, 95 ferri protochloridi, 92 ferri salicylatis, 206 ferri subsulphatis, 93 ferri tersulphatis, 94 formaldehydi, 96 guttae perchae, 106 hydrargyri et potassii iodidi, 110 hydrargyri nitratis, 110 hydrastinae compositus, 113 hydrogenii dioxidi, 115 hypophosphitum, 48 hypophosphitum compositus, 48 hypophysis, 116 iodi carbolatus (liquor iodi phenolatus), 118 iodi compositus, 118 iodi phenolatus, 118 magnesii citratis, 128 magnesii sulphatis effervescens, 129 pancreaticus (liquor pancreatini), 153 pepsini, 157 pepsini antisepticus, 157 pepsini aromaticus, 157 phosphatum acidus, 11 phosphatum compositus, 11 phosphori, 161 picis alkalinus, 165 picis carbonis, 165 plumbi subacetatis, 167 plumbi subacetatis dilutus, 167 potassae (liquor potassii hydroxidi), 172 potassae chlorate (liquor potassae chlorinatae), 167 potassae chlorinatae, 167 potassi arsenatis et bromidi (liquor arsenicalis clemens), 168 potassii citratis, 171 potassii hydroxidi, 172 sodae (liquor sodii hydroxidi), 204 sodae chlorinatae, 197 sodae et menthae, 199 sodii arsenatis, 198 sodii arsenatis, pearson, 198 sodii boratis compositus, 200 sodii chloridi physiologicus, 202 sodii citratis, 202 sodii citro-tartratis effervescens, 202 sodii glycerophosphatis, 203 sodii hydroxidi, 204 sodii phosphatis compositus, 205 strychninae acetatis, 212 zinci chloridi, 229 zinci et alumini compositus, 230 zinci et ferri compositus, 231 liquores, 125 liquorice root (glycyrrhiza), 102 litharge (plumbi oxidum), 166 lithium bromide, 125 bromide elixir, 125 carbonate, 125 citrate, 126 citrate, effervescent salt, 126 citrate elixir, 126 salicylate, 126 salicylate elixir, 126 with effervescent artificial vichy salt, 200 liver of sulphur (potassa sulphurata), 168 lobelia, 126 fluidextract, 126 tincture, 127 logwood (haematoxylon), 106 london paste (soda cum calce), 198 long buchu, 44 lotio ammoniacalis camphorata, 25 flava, 111 nigra, 109 lotion of lead and opium, 165 vleminckx' (liquor calcis sulphuratae), 51 yellow, 111 lotions, 127 lozenges (trochisci), 223 lugol's solution (liquor iodi compositus), 118 lunar caustic (argenti nitras fusus), 33 lupulin, 127 fluidextract, 127 oleoresin, 127 lycopodium, 127 mace, 127 macrotys (cimicifuga), 63 madderwort (absinthium), 5 magma bismuthi, 42 ferri hydroxidi, 89 magnesiae, 128 magmas, 128 magnesia (magnesii oxidum), 129 and rhubarb powder, anisated, 184 asafetida and opium mixture, 128 calcined (magnesii oxidum), 129 heavy (magnesii oxidum ponderosum), 129 light (magnesii oxidum), 129 magma, 128 milk (magma magnesiae), 128 with ferric hydrate (ferri hydroxidum cum magnesii oxido), 88 magnesium carbonate, 128 chloride, 128 citrate, 128 citrate solution, 128 hydroxide, 128 oxide, 129 oxide heavy, 129 oxide with ferric hydroxide, 88 sulphate, 129 sulphate solution, effervescent, 129 male fern (aspidium), 35 oleoresin (oleoresina aspidii), 35 mallow leaves, 130 malt, 129 and cod liver oil emulsion, 144 extract, 129 malvae folia, 130 mandrake (podophyllum), 167 manganese and iron peptonate solution, 95 and sodium citrate (mangani citras solubilis), 130 citrate, soluble, 130 dioxide, precipitated, 130 glycerophosphate, soluble, 130 hypophosphite, 130 iodide and iron, syrup, 90 sulphate, 131 manganous glycerophosphate, soluble (mangani glycerophosphas solubilis), 130 manna, 131 syrup, 131 marigold (calendula), 51 marsh mallow leaves (althaeae folia), 23 mallow root (althaea), 22 trefoil (menyanthes), 133 mass of copaiba, 73 of ferrous carbonate, 85 of mercury, 112 vallet's (massa ferri carbonatis), 85 masses, 131 mastic, 131 and aloes pills, 20 matico, 131 fluidextract, 131 leaves (matico), 131 matricaria, 131 may apple rhizome (podophyllum), 167 meadow anemone (pulsatilla), 174 mel, 132 boracis (mel sodii boratis), 200 depuratum, 132 rosae, 132 rosae et sodii boratis, 200 sodii boratis, 200 melilot, 132 mellita, 132 mentha piperita, 132 viridis, 132 menthol, 132 and camphor (menthol camphoratum), 133 camphorated, 133 inunction, 132 inunction compound, 133 petrox (petroxolinum mentholis), 133 petroxolin, 133 spray, 133 spray compound, 133 menyanthes, 133 mercurial ointment, 112 ointment, diluted, 112 mercuric chloride (hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum), 108 chloride, corrosive, 108 chloride, corrosive, poison tablets, 109 chloride mull, corrosive, 109 iodide (hydrargyri iodidum rubrum), 110 iodide and arsenous solution, 33 iodide, red, 110 nitrate, 110 nitrate ointment, 111 nitrate solution, 110 oxide, red, 111 oxide, red, ointment, 111 oxide, yellow, 111 oxide, yellow, ointment, 111 salicylate, 111 subsalicylate (hydrargyri salicylas), 111 mercurous chloride (hydrargyri chloridum mite), 109 chloride and jalap, mild, powder, 110 chloride, mild, 109 iodide (hydrargyri iodidum flavum), 110 iodide, yellow, 110 mercury, 112 ammoniated, 113 ammoniated ointment, 113 and potassium iodide solution, 110 and scammony and aloes compound pills, 21 bichloride (hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum), 108 biniodide (hydrargyri iodidum rubrum), 110 digitalis, and squill, pills, 79 iodide, red (hydrargyri iodidum rubrum), 110 iodide, yellow (hydrargyri iodidum flavum), 110 mass, 112 oleate, 112 perchloride (hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum), 108 petrox (petroxolinum hydrargyri), 112 petroxolin, 112 podophyllum and aloes pills, 21 protochloride (hydrargyri chloridum mite), 109 protoiodide (hydrargyri iodidum flavum), 110 subchloride (hydrargyri chloridum mite), 109 with chalk, 112 metallic pills (pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae et arseni fortiores), 95 methyl salicylate, 133 salicylate petrox (petroxolinum methylis salicylatis), 133 salicylate petroxolin, 133 methylene blue (methylthioninae chloridum), 133 methylmorphine (codeina), 68 methylthioninae hydrochloridum (methylthioninae chloridum), 133 methylthionine chloride, 133 methysticum (kava), 121 mezereon (mezereum), 134 mezereum, 134 fluidextract, 134 mild mercurous chloride, 109 mercurous chloride and jalap powder, 110 pills of iron, quinine, strychnine and arsenic, 95 resorcinal paste, 182 resorcinal paste, lassar's (pasta resorcinolis mitis), 182 milk, cow's, 123 fermented, 123 of almond (emulsum amygdalae), 29 of asafetida (emulsion asafoetidae), 34 of bismuth (magma bismuthi), 42 of magnesia (magma magnesia), 128 of sulphur (sulphur praecipitatum), 215 sugar (saccharum lactis), 188 mindererus spirit (liquor ammonii acetatis), 25 mineral oil (petrolatum liquidum), 158 mint and soda, solution, 199 soda (liquor sodae et menthae), 199 mistura see also under mixture. adstringens et escharotica (mistura adstringens), 77 ammonii chloridi, 27 antidysenterica (mistura camphorae acida), 149 chloroformi et cannabis indicae composita (mistura chloroformi et morphinae composita), 62 cretae, 76 olei picis, 145 opii alkalina (mistura opii et sassafras), 150 pectoralis stokes, 26 picis liquidae (mistura olei picis), 145 sassafras et opii (mistura opii et sassafras), 150 sodae et menthae (liquor sodae et menthae), 199 sodii citratis (liquor sodii citratis), 202 solvens simplex (mistura ammonii chloridi), 27 mixture, acid camphor, 149 aromatic camphor, 142 astringent, 77 basham's (liquor ferri et ammonii acetatis), 25 brown (mistura glycyrrhizae composita), 150 carminative, 150 chalk, 76 chapman's (mistura copaibae et opii), 73 copaiba, 73 copaiba and opium, 73 griffith's (mistura ferri composita), 86 hope's (mistura camphorae acida), 149 iron, compound, 86 lafayette (mistura copaibae), 73 of ammonium chloride, 27 of chloral and potassium bromide compound, 61 of chloroform and morphine compound, 62 of glycyrrhiza compound, 150 of guaiac, 105 of iron, salicylate (liquor ferri salicylatis), 206 of magnesia, asafetida and opium, 128 of oil of tar, 145 of opium and chloroform compound, 150 of opium and rhubarb compound, 150 of opium and sassafras, 150 of rhubarb, alkaline, 183 of rhubarb and soda (mistura rhei composita), 183 of rhubarb compound, 183 oleo-balsamic, 142 parrish's camphor (mistura camphorae aromatica), 142 squibb's diarrhea (mistura opii et chloroformi composita), 150 sun cholera (mistura opii et rhei composita), 150 tar (mistura olei picis), 145 villate's (mistura adstringens), 77 mixtures, 134 molded silver nitrate, 32 monkshood (aconitum), 14 monobromated camphor, 53 monsel's solution (liquor ferri subsulphatis), 93 morphine, 134 and acacia syrup, 134 and chloroform mixture, compound, 62 chloride (morphinae hydrochloridum), 134 hydrochloride, 134 sulphate, 135 with compound syrup of white pine, 135 moschus, 135 motherplaster, camphorated (emplastrum fuscum camphoratum), 53 mother's salve (unguentum fuscum), 53 mucilage of acacia, 5 of chondrus, 63 of irish moss (mucilago chondri), 63 of sassafras pith, 191 of tragacanth, 221 mucilages, 135 mull, corrosive mercuric chloride, 109 salicylic acid, 12 zinc, 229 mulla creosoti salicylata, 12 mullein flowers, 225 leaves (verbasci folia), 225 leaves, fluidextract, 225 mulls, 135 muriatic acid (acidum hydrochloricum), 9 musk, 136 deer (moschus), 135 root (sumbul), 216 root, fluidextract (fluidextractum sumbul), 216 tincture, 135 tonquin (moschus), 135 mustard, black, 197 brown (sinapis nigra), 197 liniment, compound, 147 oil (oleum sinapis volatile), 147 oil, volatile, 147 paper (emplastrum sinapis), 197 plaster, 197 spirit, 147 white, 197 yellow (sinapis alba), 197 mutton suet (sevum praeparatum), 197 myrcia oil, 145 spirit, compound, 145 myrica, 135 myristica, 136 oil, 145 myrrh, 136 and aloes pills, 20 and aloes tincture, 21 and capsicum tincture, 55 gum (myrrha), 136 tincture, 136 naphthol (betanaphthol), 40 paste, lassar's (pasta betanaphtholis), 40 nebula aromatica, 158 eucalyptolis, 83 mentholis, 133 mentholis composita, 133 thymolis, 220 nebulae, 136 neroli, oil (oleum aurantii florum), 138 neutralizing cordial (mistura rhei alkalina), 183 niemeyer pills for dropsy (pilulae digitalis, scillae et hydrargyri), 79 pills for phthisis (pilulae opii, digitalis et quininae), 151 night blooming cereus (cactus grandiflorus), 45 nitre, sweet spirit (spiritus aetheris nitrosi), 17 nitric acid, 10 nitrogen monoxide, 136 nitroglycerin (glycerylis nitras), 101 pills, 102 spirit (spiritus glycerylis nitratis), 102 nitrohydrochloric acid, 10 acid, diluted, 10 nitromuriatic acid (acidum nitrohydrochloricum), 10 acid, diluted (acidum nitrohydrochloricum dilutum), 10 nitrous ether, 17 ether spirit, 17 oxide (nitrogenii monoxidum), 136 normal salt solution (liquor sodii chloridi physiologicus), 202 nutgall, 98 ointment, 98 tincture, 98 nutmeg (myristica), 136 oil (oleum myristicae), 145 nux vomica, 136 and phosphorus elixir, 161 extract, 136 extract, powdered (extractum nucis vomicae), 136 fluidextract, 136 iron, quinine and aloes pills, 94 tincture, 137 oil, anise (oleum anisi), 138 benne (oleum sesami), 147 camphorated (linimentum camphorae), 53 carbolized (oleum phenolatum), 159 cassia (oleum cassiae), 140 castor, 146 castor, aromatic, 146 castor, emulsion, 146 cod liver, 144 cod liver, emulsion, 144 cod liver, with calcium lactophosphate emulsion, 144 cod liver, with calcium phosphate emulsion, 144 cod liver, with egg emulsion, 145 cod liver, with hypophosphites emulsion, 144 cod liver, with malt emulsion, 144 cod liver, with phosphate of lime emulsion (emulsum olei morrhuae cum calcii phosphate), 144 cod liver, with wild cherry emulsion, 144 cottonseed, 141 croton, 148 croton, collodion, 148 croton, liniment, 149 croton, liniment compound, 149 ethereal, 137 linseed, 143 linseed, raw (oleum lini), 143 mineral (petrolatum liquidum), 158 mustard (oleum sinapis volatile), 147 of allspice (oleum pimentae), 146 of almond, expressed, 138 of american wormseed (oleum chenopodii), 140 of anise, 138 of bay (oleum myrciae), 145 of bergamot, 139 of birch, rectified empyroligneous (oleum betulae empyreumaticum rectificatum), 139 of birch tar, rectified, 139 of bitter almond, 137 of bitter orange, 138 of cade, 139 of cajuput, 139 of caraway, 140 of cardamon, 139 of chenopodium, 140 of cinnamon, 140 of clove, 140 of coriander, 141 of cubeb, 141 of dwarf pine needles, 146 of eucalyptus, 141 of fennel, 141 of flaxseed (oleum lini), 143 of hyoscyamus, compound, 115 of juniper, 141 of juniper berries (oleum juniperi), 141 of juniper tar (oleum cadinum), 139 of lavender, 142 of lemon, 143 of mustard, volatile, 147 of myrcia, 145 of myristica, 145 of neroli (oleum aurantii florum), 138 of nutmeg (oleum myristicae), 145 of orange, 138 of orange flowers, 138 of peppermint, 143 of pimenta, 146 of rosemary, 146 of sandalwood (oleum santali), 146 of santal, 146 of sassafras, 147 of spearmint, 143 of star anise, 138 of sweet almond (oleum amygdalae expressum), 138 of sweet birch (methylis salicylas), 133 of sweet orange (oleum aurantii), 138 of tar mixture, 145 of tar, rectified, 145 of teaberry (methylis salicylas), 133 of theobroma, 148 of thyme, 148 of turpentine, 147 of turpentine emulsion, 148 of turpentine, rectified, 147 of wintergreen (methylis salicylas), 133 olive, 145 phenolated, 159 phosphorated, 161 pimento (oleum pimentae), 146 rosemary (oleum rosmarini), 146 santalwood (oleum santali), 146 sesame, 147 spray, aromatic, 158 tar, rectified, (oleum picis liquidae rectificatum), 145 teel (oleum sesami), 147 turpentine (oleum terebinthinae), 147 turpentine, rectified (oleum terebinthinae rectificatum), 147 oils, infused, 137 volatile spirits, 208 oil-sugars, 137 ointment, 15 basilicon (ceratum resinae), 181 belladonna, 38 blue (unguentum hydrargyri dilutum), 112 brown, 53 calamine, 46 camphor, 53 chrysarobin, 63 citrine (unguentum hydrargyri nitratis), 111 diachylon, 166 hebra's itch (unguentum sulphuris compositum), 216 iodine, 119 iodoform, 117 kentish's (linimentum terebinthinae), 148 mercurial, 112 mercurial, diluted, 112 nutgall, 98 of ammoniated mercury, 113 of boric acid, 7 of carbolic acid (unguentum phenolis), 160 of lead iodide, 166 of mercuric nitrate, 111 of phenol, 160 of potassium iodide, 173 of red mercuric oxide, 111 of rose water, 186 of tannic acid, 14 of yellow mercuric oxide, 111 of zinc oxide, 230 of zinc stearate, 230 petrolatum (petrolatum), 158 resorcinol, compound, 182 simple (unguentum), 15 stramonium, 210 sulphur, 215 sulphur, alkaline, 215 sulphur compound, 216 tar, 165 tar, compound, 146 veratrine, 225 white precipitate (unguentum hydrargyri ammoniati), 113 wilkinson's (unguentum sulphuris compositum), 216 zinc (unguentum zinci oxidi), 230 ointments, 223 olea infusa, 137 oleate of aconitine, 14 of atropine, 36 of cocaine, 67 of mercury, 112 of quinine, 177 of veratrine, 225 oleates, 137 oleic acid, 11 oleo-balsamic mixture, 142 oleoresin of aspidium, 35 of capsicum, 55 of cubeb, 76 of ginger, 232 of lupulin, 127 of male fern (oleoresina aspidii), 35 of parsley fruit, 159 of pepper, 164 oleoresina petroselini, 159 piperis, 164 zingiberis, 232 oleoresins, 137 oleosacchara, 137 oleum see also under oil. aethereum, 137 amygdalae amarae, 137 amygdalae expressum, 138 aurantii, 138 aurantii amari, 138 aurantii corticis (oleum aurantii), 138 aurantii florum, 138 bergamottae, 139 betulae (methylis salicylas), 133 betulae empyreumaticum rectificatum, 139 cari, 140 caryophylli, 140 foeniculi, 141 gaultheriae (methylis salicylas), 133 gossypii seminis, 141 jecoris aselli (oleum morrhuae), 144 lini, 143 menthae piperitae, 143 menthae viridis, 143 morrhuae, 144 picis liquidae (oleum picis liquidae rectificatum), 145 picis liquidae rectificatum, 145 pini pumilionis, 146 ricini, 146 ricini aromaticum, 146 rusci rectificatum (oleum betulae empyreumaticum rectificatum), 139 sinapis volatile, 147 terebinthinae, 147 terebinthinae rectificatum, 147 tiglii, 148 olive oil, 145 opium, 149 and camphor pills, 151 and chalk powder, aromatic, 151 and chloroform mixture, compound, 150 and copaiba mixture, 73 and ipecac powder, 151 and ipecac syrup, 151 and ipecac tincture, 152 and kino powder, compound, 122 and kino tincture, compound, 122 and lead lotion, 165 and lead pills, 151 and lead wash (lotio plumbi et opii), 165 and rhubarb mixture, compound, 150 and sassafras mixture, 150 deodorized, 151 deodorized tincture, 152 digitalis and quinine pills, 151 extract, 149 extract, powdered (extractum opii), 149 granulated, 151 liniment, compound, 149 magnesia, and asafetida mixture, 128 powdered, 150 tincture, 152 tincture, camphorated, 152 vinegar, 149 with saffron tincture, 152 opodeldoc (linimentum saponato-camphoratum), 190 liquid (linimentum saponis), 190 solid (linimentum saponato-camphoratum), 190 orange, elixir, compound (vinum aurantii compositum), 36 flower water, 37 flower water, stronger, 37 flowers, bitter, 37 flowers oil, 138 flowers syrup, 37 oil, 138 peel, bitter, 36 peel, bitter, fluidextract, 36 peel, bitter, tincture, 36 peel, sweet, 36 peel, sweet, tincture, 37 spirit, compound, 138 syrup, 36 wine, compound, 36 ordeal bean (physostigma), 161 oregon grape root (berberis), 40 orphol (bismuthi betanaphtholas), 41 orris, 119 root (iris), 119 ovi albumen recens, 152 vitellum recens, 152 ovum gallinaceum, 153 oxgall, 85 extract, 85 extract, powdered (extractum fellis bovis), 85 oxygen, 153 oxymel of squill, 192 pale catechu (gambir), 98 catechu tincture, compound (tinctura gambir composita), 98 pancreatic solution (liquor pancreatini), 153 pancreatin, 153 powder, compound, 153 solution, 153 papaveris fructus, 153 papers, 60 papoose root (caulophyllum), 59 paracoto, 153 fluidextract, 154 tincture, 154 paraffin, 154 liquid (petrolatum liquidum), 158 paraform (paraformaldehydum), 154 paraformaldehyde, 154 paraldehyde, 154 paregoric (tinctura opii camphorata), 152 pareira, 155 brava (pareira), 155 fluidextract, 155 parrish's camphor mixture (mistura camphorae aromatica), 142 parsley fruit, 159 fruit, oleoresin, 159 root, 159 root, fluidextract, 159 seed (petroselinum), 159 pasque flower (pulsatilla), 174 passion flower, 155 flower tincture, 155 vine (passiflora), 155 paste, betanaphthol, 40 dextrinated, 78 lassar's mild resorcinol (pasta resorcinol mitis), 182 lassar's naphthol (pasta betanaphtholis), 40 lassar's stronger resorcinol (pasta resorcinolis fortis), 182 lassar's zinc (pasta zinci), 229 london (soda cum calce), 198 pencils, 209 resorcinol, mild, 182 resorcinol, strong, 182 unna's soft zinc (pasta zinci mollis), 229 unna's sulphurated zinc (pasta zinci sulphurata), 230 zinc, 229 zinc, soft, 229 zinc, sulphurated, 230 pastes, dermatologic, 155 pearson's solution of sodium arsenate, 198 pectoral drops (tinctura pectoralis), 153 drops, bateman's (tinctura pectoralis), 152 species, 22 tincture, 152 pectoralis, syrupus (syrupus morphinae et acaciae), 134 pelletierine tannate, 155 pellitory root (pyrethrum), 175 tincture (tinctura pyrethri), 175 pencils, paste, 209 unna (stili dilubiles), 209 pepo, 155 pepper, 164 black (piper), 164 cayenne (capsicum), 55 oleoresin, 164 peppermint, 132 essence (spiritus menthae piperitae), 143 oil, 143 spirit, 143 troches, 143 water, 143 pepsin, 155 and bismuth elixir, 156 and iron elixir, 156 and lime juice, 157 and rennin elixir, compound, 156 bismuth and strychnine elixir, 212 cinchona alkaloids and iron elixir, 156 elixir, 156 glycerite, 157 iron and calisaya, alkaloidal, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et pepsini), 156 saccharated, 157 solution, 157 solution, antiseptic, 157 solution, aromatic, 157 wine, 157 peptonate of iron and manganese solution, 95 of iron solution, 94 peptonizing, powder (pulvis pancreatini compositus), 153 perchloride of mercury (hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum), 108 perfumed spirit, 139 peroxide, hydrogen (hydrogenii dioxidum), 114 persio, 157 petrolatum, 158 album, 158 emulsion, 158 liquid, 158 ointment (petrolatum), 158 saponatum liquidum (petroxolinum liquidum), 158 saponatum spissum (petroxolinum spissum), 159 white, 158 petroleum benzin, purified, 39 ether (benzinum purificatum), 39 jelly (petrolatum), 158 jelly, white (petrolatum album), 158 petroselini radix, 159 petroselinum, 159 petrox, liquid (petroxolinum liquidum), 158 solid (petroxolinum spissum), 159 petroxolin, liquid, 158 solid, 159 petroxolins, 159 petroxolinum betanaphtholis, 41 cadini, 139 chloroformi camphoratum, 62 creosoti, 75 eucalyptolis, 83 guaiacolis, 105 hydrargyri, 112 iodi, 118 iodi dilutum, 118 iodoformi, 117 mentholis, 133 methylis salicylatis, 133 phenolis, 160 phenolis camphoratum, 160 picis, 145 spissum, 159 sulphuratum, 215 sulphuratum compositum, 215 terebinthinae laricis, 218 pheasant's eye (adonis), 16 phenacetin (acetphenetidinum), 6 phenazone (antipyrina), 31 phenol, 159 glycerite, 159 iodatum, 160 iodized, 160 liquefied, 160 ointment, 160 petrox (petroxolinum phenolis), 160 petrox, camphorated (petroxolinum phenolis camphoratum), 160 phenolated oil, 159 solution of iodine, 118 water, 159 phenolphthalein, 160 troches, 160 phenyl salicylate, 160 phenylcinchoninic acid, 11 phenyldimethylpyrazolon (antipyrina), 31 phenylis salicylas, 160 phenyl-quinoline-carboxylic acid (acidum phenylcinchoninicum), 11 phosphate of lime with cod liver oil emulsion (emulsum olei morrhuae cum calcii phosphate), 144 of iron, quinine and strychnine, syrup of, 92 quinine and strychnine syrup, 179 solution, acid, 11 solution, compound, 11 syrup, compound, 11 phosphorated oil, 161 phosphates, acid solution of, 11 phosphoric acid, 11 acid, diluted, 11 phosphorus, 161 and nux vomica elixir, 161 elixir, 161 pills, 161 solution, 161 solution, thompson's (liquor phosphori), 161 physiological salt solution (liquor sodii chloridi physiologicus), 202 solution of sodium chloride, 202 physostigma, 161 extract, 162 extract, powdered (extractum physostigmatis), 162 tincture, 162 physostigmine salicylate, 162 phytolacca, 162 fluidextract, 162 picric acid (trinitrophenol), 222 pill, blue (massa hydrargyri), 112 bearing spurge (euphorbia pilulifera), 84 pills, 163 aitken tonic (pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae et arseni mites), 95 antidyspeptic, 212 antiperiodic, 180 antiperiodic, without aloes, 180 barker's post partum (pilulae laxativae post partum), 71 bitter metallic (pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae et arseni fortiores), 95 blaud's (pilulae ferri carbonatis), 86 cathartic, compound, 71 cathartic, vegetable, 71 chalybeate (pilulae ferri carbonatis), 86 cochia (pilulae colocynthidis compositae), 71 dinner, 20 dinner, chapman's, 20 dinner, cole's, 20 dinner, hall's, 20 dinner, lady webster's (pilulae aloes et mastiches), 20 ferruginous (pilulae ferri carbonatis), 86 francis' triplex (pilulae aloes, hydrargyri et scammonii compositae), 21 guy's (pilulae digitalis, scillae et hydrargyri), 79 janeway's (pilulae aloes et podophylli compositae), 21 laxative, compound, 22 metallic (pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae et arseni fortiores), 95 niemeyer, for dropsy (pilulae digitalis, scillae et hydrargyri), 79 niemeyer, for phthisis (pilulae opii, digitalis et quininae), 151 of aloes, 20 of aloes and asafetida, 20 of aloes and iron, 20 of aloes and mastic, 20 of aloes and myrrh, 20 of aloes and podophyllum, compound, 21 of aloes, mercury and podophyllum, 21 of aloes, mercury and scammony, compound, 21 of aloin, compound, 22 of aloin, strychnine and belladonna, 22 of aloin, strychnine and belladonna, compound, 22 of antimony, compound, 31 of asafetida, 34 of colocynth and hyoscyamus, 71 of colocynth and podophyllum, 71 of colocynth, compound, 71 of digitalis, squill and mercury, 79 of ferrous carbonate, 86 of ferrous iodide, 90 of glonoin (pilulae glycerylis nitratis), 102 of iron, quinine, aloes and nux vomica, 94 of iron, quinine, strychnine and arsenic, mild, 95 of iron, quinine, strychnine and arsenic, stronger, 95 of nitroglycerin, 102 of opium and camphor, 151 of opium and lead, 151 of opium, digitalis and quinine, 151 of phosphorus, 161 of rhubarb, 184 of rhubarb, compound, 184 plummer's (pilulae antimonii compositae), 31 post partum laxative, 71 quadruplex (pilulae ferri, quinine, aloes et nucis vomicae), 94 quatuor (pilulae ferri, quininae, aloes et nucis vomicae), 94 triplex (pilulae aloes, hydrargyri et podophylli), 21 warburg's (pilulae antiperiodicae), 180 warburg's, without aloes (pilulae antiperiodicae sine aloe), 180 pilocarpine chloride (pilocarpinae hydrochloridum), 162 hydrochloride, 162 nitrate, 163 pilocarpus, 163 fluidextract, 163 pilulae see also under pills. ad prandium, 20 cocciae (pilulae colocynthidis compositae), 71 glycerylis nitratis, 102 metallorum (pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae, et arseni fortiores), 95 metallorum amarae (pilulae ferri, quininae, strychninae et arseni fortiores), 95 quadruplices (pilulae ferri, quininae, aloes et nucis vomicae), 94 triplices (pilulae aloes, hydrargyri et podophylli), 21 pimento (pimenta), 163 oil (oleum pimentae), 146 pimpernel root (pimpinella), 164 pimpinella, 164 tincture, 164 pine bark, white, 164 needles, dwarf, oil, 146 oil, dwarf (oleum pini pumilionis), 146 tar (pix liquida), 164 pinkroot (spigelia), 208 fluidextract (fluidextractum spigeliae), 208 pinus alba, 164 pipe gamboge (cambogia), 52 piper, 164 pipsissewa (chimaphila), 60 pituitary body, desiccated (hypophysis sicca), 116 solution (liquor hypophysis), 116 pix carbonis (pix lithanthracis), 165 liquida, 164 lithanthracis, 165 plaster, adhesive (emplastrum resinae), 182 adhesive, rubber (emplastrum elasticum), 182 belladonna, 38 camphorated brown, 53 cantharides, 54 capsicum, 55 diachylon (emplastrum plumbi), 166 lead, 166 mustard, 197 rosin, 182 rosin adhesive (emplastrum resinae), 182 rubber, 182 soap, 190 plasters, 82 pleurisy root (asclepias), 35 plumbi acetas, 165 carbonas, 166 iodidum, 166 oxidum, 166 oxidum rubrum, 166 subacetas, 167 plummer's pills (pilulae antimonii compositae), 31 podophyllin (resina podophylli), 167 podophyllum, 167 aloes and mercury pills, 21 and aloes pills, compound, 21 and colocynth pills, 71 extract of, 167 fluidextract, 167 resin, 167 poison hemlock (conium), 72 tablets, 221 tablets of corrosive mercuric chloride, 109 poke root (phytolacca), 162 pomegranate, 103 bark (granatum), 103 fluidextract, 103 poplar buds, balsam, 167 poppy capsules, 153 syrup, 153 populi gemmae, 167 post partum laxative pills, 71 partum pills, barker's (pilulae laxative post partum), 71 potassa, chlorinated, 167 chlorinated, solution, 167 cum calce, 172 solution (liquor potassii hydroxidi), 172 sulphurated, 168 with lime, 172 potassium acetate, 168 acetate and buchu, elixir of, 44 acetate and juniper elixir, 168 acetate elixir, 168 and sodium tartrate, 171 arsenate, 168 arsenate and bromides solution (liquor arsenicalis clemens), 168 arsenite, 168 arsenite solution, 168 bicarbonate, 169 bitartrate, 169 bitartrate and sulphur troches, 215 bromide, 169 bromide and chloral mixture, compound, 61 bromide, effervescent salt, 170 bromide, effervescent salt, compound, 170 bromide elixir, 170 bromide with caffeine, effervescent (sal potassi bromidi effervescens compositus), 170 carbonate, 170 chlorate, 171 chlorate troches, 171 chloride, 171 citrate, 171 citrate, effervescent, 171 citrate solution, 171 hydrate (potassii hydroxidum), 172 hydroxide, 172 hydroxide solution, 172 hypophosphite, 172 iodide, 172 iodide and mercury, solution, 110 iodide ointment, 173 iodohydrargyrate solution (liquor hydrargyri et potassii iodidi), 110 nitrate, 173 nitrate paper, 173 permanganate, 173 sulphate, 173 tartrate and antimony, 30 potio rivierii (liquor sodii citratis), 202 poultices, 59 powder, acetanilid, compound, 6 anise, compound (pulvis rhei et magnesiae anisatus), 184 antimonial, 30 aromatic, 66 chalk, compound, 76 composition (pulvis myricae compositus), 135 dover's (pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii), 151 dover's syrup (syrupus ipecacuanhae et opii), 151 dover's tincture (tinctura ipecacuanhae et opii), 152 gray (hydrargyrum cum creta), 112 gregory's (pulvis rhei compositus), 184 james' (pulvis antimonialis), 30 licorice, compound (pulvis glycyrrhizae compositum), 194 of aloes and canella, 21 of bayberry compound, 135 of chalk and opium, aromatic, 151 of chalk, aromatic, 66 of gambir, compound, 98 of glycyrrhiza, compound, 194 of ipecac and opium, 151 of ipecac, compound (pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii), 151 of jalap, compound, 120 of kino and opium, compound, 122 of mild mercurous chloride and jalap, 110 of rhubarb and magnesia, anisated, 184 of rhubarb, compound, 184 of talc, boro-salicylated (pulvis talci compositus), 12 of talc, compound, 12 pancreatin compound, 153 peptonizing (pulvis pancreatini compositus), 153 rubefacient spice, 57 seidlitz (pulvis effervescens compositus), 172 soluble, antiseptic, 231 powdered compound extract of colocynth (extractum colocynthidis compositum), 70 extract of aconite (extractum aconiti), 15 extract of aloes (extractum aloes), 20 extract of cascara sagrada (extractum cascarae sagradae), 57 extract of cimicifuga (extractum cimicifugae), 63 extract of colchicum corm (extractum colchici cormi), 69 extract of colocynth (extractum colocynthidis), 70 extract of euonymus (extractum euonymi), 84 extract of gelsemium (extractum gelsemii), 99 extract of hydrastis (extractum hydrastis), 114 extract of ignatia (extractum ignatiae), 116 extract of krameria (extractum krameriae), 122 extract of leptandra (extractum leptandrae), 124 extract of nux vomica (extractum nucis vomicae), 136 extract of opium (extractum opii), 149 extract of oxgall (extractum fellis bovis), 85 extract of physostigma (extractum physostigmatis), 162 extract of quassia (extractum quassiae), 176 extract of rhubarb (extractum rhei), 183 extract of viburnum prunifolium (extractum viburni prunifolii), 227 opium, 150 powders, 175 precipitated calcium carbonate, 46 calcium phosphate, 50 chalk (calcii carbonas praecipitatus), 46 ferrous sulphate (ferri sulphas granulatus), 94 manganese dioxide, 130 sulphur, 215 zinc carbonate, 229 prepared cacao (cacao praeparata), 44 calamine, 46 chalk, 75 suet, 197 prickly ash bark (xanthoxylum), 228 ash berries, 228 ash, fluidextract (fluidextractum xanthoxyli), 228 protochloride of iron solution (liquor ferri protochloridi), 92 of iron syrup (syrupus ferri protochloridi), 92 of mercury (hydrargyri chloridum mite), 109 protoiodide of mercury (hydrargyri iodidum flavum), 110 prune, 174 prunus virginiana, 174 prussic acid, diluted (acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum), 9 pulsatilla, 174 tincture, 175 pulveres, 175 pulvis see also under powder. aloes et canellae, 21 antisepticus, 231 antisepticus solubilis (pulvis antisepticus), 231 aromaticus rubefaciens, 57 catechu compositus (pulvis gambir compositus), 98 cretae aromaticus, 66 cretae compositus, 76 cretae et opii aromaticus, 151 effervescens compositus, 172 gambir compositus, 98 glycyrrhizae compositus, 194 hydrargyri chloridi mitis et jalapae, 110 myricae compositus, 135 potassii bromidi effervescens (sal potassii bromidi effervescens), 170 potassii bromidi effervescens cum caffeina (sal potassii bromidi effervescens compositus), 170 purgans (pulvis jalapae compositus), 120 salis carolini factitii effervescens, 207 salis kissingensis factitii effervescens (sal kissingense factitium effervescens), 202 salis vichyani factitii effervescens (sal vichyanum factitium effervescens), 200 salis vichyani factitii effervescens cum lithio (sal vichyanum factitium effervescens cum lithio), 200 pumice, 175 pumpkin seed (pepo), 155 pure extract of glycyrrhiza, 102 purgans, pulvis (pulvis jalapae compositus), 120 purging cassia (cassia fistula), 58 purified antidiphtheric serum, 196 antitetanic serum, 196 cotton, 103 infusorial earth (terra silicea purificata), 219 kieselguhr (terra silicea purificata), 219 petroleum benzin, 39 siliceous earth, 219 talc, 217 pyrethrum, 175 tincture, 175 pyrogallic acid (pyrogallol), 175 pyrogallol, 175 pyroxylin, 175 quadruplex pills (pilulae ferri, quininae, aloes et nucis vomicae), 94 quassia, 176 extract, 176 extract, powdered (extractum quassiae), 176 fluidextract, 176 tincture, 176 quatuor pills (pilulae ferri, quininae, aloes et nucis vomicae), 94 quebracho (aspidosperma), 35 fluidextract (fluidextractum aspidospermatis), 35 queen's root (stillingia), 209 quercus, 176 fluidextract, 176 quevenne's iron (ferrum reductum), 95 quicklime (calx), 52 quicksilver (hydrargyrum), 112 quillaja, 176 tincture, 177 quinidine, 177 syrup, 177 syrup, bitterless (syrupus quinidinae), 177 quinine, 177 aloes, iron and nux vomica pills, 94 and urea chloride (quininae et ureae hydrochloridum), 178 and urea hydrochloride, 178 bisulphate, 177 bromide (quininae hydrobromidum), 178 chloride (quininae, hydrochloridum), 179 citrate and iron, 88 citrate and iron, soluble (ferri et quininae citras), 88 dihydrochloride, 178 ferric pyrophosphate and strychnine elixir, 93 glycerinophosphate (quininae glycerophosphas), 178 glycerophosphate, 178 hydrobromide, 178 hydrochloride, 179 hypophosphite, 179 iron and strychnine, syrup of the phosphates of, 92 oleate, 177 opium and digitalis pills, 151 salicylate, 179 strychnine and iron elixir, 87 strychnine and phosphates syrup, 179 strychnine, iron and arsenic pills, mild, 95 strychnine, iron and arsenic pills, stronger, 95 sulphate, 179 tannate, 181 tannate troches, 181 valerate, 181 valerate and strychnine elixir, 181 raspberries, 186 raspberry syrup, 186 raw linseed oil (oleum lini), 143 rectified empyroligneous oil of birch (oleum betulae empyreumaticum rectificatum), 139 oil of birch tar, 139 oil of tar, 145 oil of turpentine, 147 tar oil (oleum picis liquidae rectificatum), 145 turpentine oil (oleum terebinthinae rectificatum), 147 red aromatic elixir, 19 cinchona, 65 clover blossoms (trifolium), 222 elixir (elixir aromaticum rubrum), 19 indigo (persio), 157 iodide of mercury (hydrargyri iodidum rubrum), 110 lead (plumbi oxidum rubrum), 166 mercuric iodide, 110 mercuric oxide, 111 mercuric oxide, ointment, 111 oxide of lead, 166 peruvian bark (cinchona rubra), 65 precipitate (hydrargyri oxidum rubrum), 111 rose, 186 saunders, 189 reduced iron, 95 refined and concentrated diphtheria antitoxin (serum antidiphthericum purificatum), 196 and concentrated tetanus antitoxin (serum antitetanicum purificatum), 196 rennin, 181 and pepsin elixir, compound, 156 replacing elixir curassao (elixir aurantii amari), 138 emplastrum aromaticum (pulvis aromaticus rubefaciens), 57 resin of jalap, 120 of podophyllum, 167 of scammony, 192 resins, 182 resorcin (resorcinol), 182 resorcinol, 182 ointment, compound, 182 paste, lassar's mild (pasta resorcinolis mitis), 182 paste, lassar's, stronger (pasta resorcinolis fortis), 182 paste, strong, 182 rhamnus cathartica, 182 cathartica fluidextract, 183 cathartica syrup, 183 purshiana (cascara sagrada), 57 rhatany (krameria), 122 rheum, 183 rhubarb, 183 and gentian tincture, 185 and magnesia powder, anisated, 184 and opium mixture, compound, 150 and soda mixture (mistura rhei composita), 183 extract, 183 extract, powdered (extractum rhei), 183 fluidextract, 183 fluidglycerate, 183 mixture, alkaline, 183 mixture, compound, 183 pills, compound, 184 powder, compound, 184 syrup, 184 rhubarb syrup, aromatic, 184 syrup, spiced (syrupus rhei aromaticus), 184 tincture, 184 tincture, aqueous, 184 tincture, aromatic, 184 tincture, sweet, 185 wine, compound, 185 rhus glabra, 185 glabra, fluidextract, 185 roasted coffee (coffea tosta), 69 rochelle salt (potassii et sodii tartrate), 171 rock-rose (helianthemum), 107 root (bryonia), 44 rosa centifolia (rosa), 185 gallica, 186 rose, 185 confection, 185 fluidextract, 186 honey, 132 honey and sodium borate, 200 honey with borax (mel rosae et sodii boratis), 200 infusion, compound, 186 syrup, 186 water, 185 water ointment, 186 water, stronger, 185 rosemary oil, 146 rosin, 181 adhesive plaster (emplastrum resinae), 182 cerate, 181 cerate compound, 182 plaster, 182 rubber adhesive plaster (emplastrum elasticum), 182 plaster, 182 rubefacient spice powder, 57 rubi fructus, 186 idaei fructus, 186 rubus, 186 fluidextract, 187 syrup, 187 rumex, 187 fluidextract, 187 russian flies (cantharis), 54 rye, ergot, 82 spurred, 82 sabal, 187 fluidextract, 187 saccharated ferric oxide, 91 ferrous carbonate, 86 iron, soluble, syrup, 91 oxide of iron, syrup (syrupus ferri saccharati solubilis), 91 pepsin, 157 saccharin (benzosulphinidum), 40 soluble (sodii benzosulphinidum), 199 saccharum lactis, 188 ustum (caramel), 55 saffron (crocus), 76 tincture, 76 with opium tincture, 152 saigon cinnamon, 66 st. germain tea (species laxativae), 195 st. ignatius bean (ignatia), 116 st. john long's liniment (linimentum terebinthinae aceticum), 148 sal carolinum factitium, 207 carolinum factitium effervescens, 207 kissingense factitium, 202 kissingense factitium effervescens, 202 lithii citratis effervescens, 126 potassii bromidi effervescens, 170 potassii bromidi effervescens compositus, 170 vichyanum factitium, 199 vichyanum factitium effervescens, 200 vichyanum factitium effervescens cum lithio, 200 sales effervescentes, 188 salicin, 188 salicylated creosote mull, 12 mixture of iron (liquor ferri salicylatis), 206 salicylic acid, 12 acid glycerogelatin, 12 acid mull, 12 acid pencil, 12 collodion, compound, 12 salol (phenylis salicylas), 160 salt, artificial carlsbad, 207 artificial carlsbad, effervescent, 207 glauber's (sodii sulphas), 206 of lithium citrate, effervescent, 126 of potassium bromide, effervescent, 170 of potassium bromide, effervescent, compound, 170 rochelle (potassii et sodii tartras), 171 solution, normal (liquor sodii chloridi physiologicus), 202 solution, physiological (liquor sodii chloridi physiologicus), 202 saltpetre (potassi nitras), 173 salts, granular effervescent, 188 salve, deshler's (ceratum resinae compositum), 182 mother's (unguentum fuscum), 53 sambucus, 188 sandal wood, 189 oil (oleum santali), 146 white (santalum album), 189 sanguinaria, 189 fluidextract, 189 syrup, 189 tincture, 189 santal and saw palmetto tincture, 187 oil, 146 santalum album, 189 rubrum, 189 santalwood oil (oleum santali), 146 santonin, 189 and calomel troches (trochisci santonini compositi), 190 troches, 189 troches, compound, 190 sapo, 190 mollis, 190 sarsaparilla, 191 decoction, compound, 191 fluidextract, 191 root (sarsaparilla), 191 syrup, compound, 191 sassafras, 191 and opium mixture, 150 medulla, 191 oil, 147 pith, 191 pith, mucilage, 191 saw palmetto and santal tincture, 187 palmetto berries (sabal), 187 palmetto, fluidextract (fluidextractum sabal), 187 scammony, aloes and mercury pills, compound, 21 resin, 192 root, 192 scilla, 192 scoparius, 193 fluidextract, 193 scopolamine bromide (scopolaminae hydrobromidum), 193 hydrobromide, 193 scutellaria, 193 fluidextract, 193 secale cornutum (ergota), 82 sedative water (lotio ammoniacalis camphorata), 25 seidlitz powder (pulvis effervescens compositus), 172 seneca snakeroot (senega), 194 senecio, 193 fluidextract, 194 senega, 194 fluidextract, 194 snakeroot (senega), 194 syrup, 194 senna, 194 alexandria, or indian senna (senna), 194 confection, 194 fluidextract, 194 infusion, compound, 194 india, or alexandria senna (senna), 194 syrup, 195 syrup, aromatic, 195 syrup, compound, 195 serpentaria, 195 tincture, 195 serum, antidiphtheric, 196 antidiphtheric, dried, 196 antidiphtheric, purified, 196 antitetanic, 196 antitetanic, dried, 197 antitetanic, purified, 196 fluidextract, 195 sesame oil, 147 seven-barks (hydrangea), 108 sevum benzoinatum, 197 praeparatum, 197 sherry wine, 227 short buchu, 44 siliceous earth, purified, 219 silver nitrate, 32 nitrate, fused (argenti nitras fusus), 33 nitrate, molded, 33 oxide, 33 simple cerate (ceratum), 59 elixir (elixir aromaticum), 18 ointment (unguentum), 15 syrup (syrupus), 188 sinapis alba, 197 nigra, 197 sirup (syrupus), 188 skullcap (scutellaria), 193 slippery elm (ulmus), 223 smallpox vaccine (virus vaccinicum), 227 smith's solution of bromine (liquor bromi), 43 smyrna galls (galla), 98 snake-root, black (cimicifuga), 63 canada (asarum), 34 black, fluidextract (fluidextractum cimicifuga), 63 texas (serpentaria), 195 virginia (serpentaria), 195 soap, 190 green, tincture (linimentum saponis mollis), 190 liniment, 190 liniment, camphorated, 190 plaster, 190 soft, 190 soft, liniment, 190 soft, liniment, compound, 190 white castile (sapo), 190 soap-tree bark (quillaja), 176 soda and mint solution, 199 and rhubarb mixture (mistura rhei composita), 183 baking (sodii bicarbonas), 199 caustic (sodii hydroxidum), 203 chlorinata, 197 cum calce, 198 mint (liquor sodae et menthae), 199 solution (liquor sodii hydroxidi), 204 with lime, 198 sodio-benzoate, caffeine, 45 sodio-salicylate, caffeine, 45 sodium acetate, 198 and calcium glycerophosphates elixir, 47 and calcium hypophosphites syrup, 48 arsenate, 198 arsenate, exsiccated, 198 arsenate solution, 198 arsenate solution, pearson's, 198 benzoate, 198 benzosulphinide, 199 bicarbonate, 199 bicarbonate troches, 200 borate, 200 borate and rose honey, 200 borate honey, 200 borate solution, compound, 200 boro-benzoate, 201 bromide, 201 bromide elixir, 201 cacodylate, 201 carbonate, monohydrated, 201 chloride, 201 chloride and gold, 37 chloride, physiological solution, 202 citrate, 202 citrate and manganese (mangani citras solubilis), 130 citrate solution, 202 citro-tartrate, effervescent solution, 202 cyanide, 202 glycerinophosphate (sodii glycerophosphas), 203 glycerophosphate, 203 glycerophosphate solution, 203 hydrate (sodii hydroxidum), 203 hydroxide, 203 hydroxide solution, 204 hypophosphite, 204 hypophosphite elixir, 204 hypophosphite syrup, 204 hyposulphite (sodii thiosulphas), 207 indigotindisulphonate, 204 iodide, 204 nitrate, 204 perborate, 205 phenolsulphonate, 205 phosphate, 205 phosphate, effervescent, 206 phosphate, exsiccated, 205 phosphate solution, compound, 205 pyroborate (sodii boras), 200 saccharin (sodii benzosulphinidum), 199 salicylate, 206 salicylate elixir, 206 salicylate elixir, compound, 206 sulphate, 206 sulphite, exsiccated, 207 sulphocarbolate (sodii phenolsulphonas), 205 tartrate and bismuth, 41 tartrate and potassium, 171 tetraborate (sodii boras), 200 thiosulphate, 207 soft soap, 190 soap liniment, 190 soap liniment, compound, 190 zinc glycerogelatin, 229 zinc paste, 229 zinc paste, unna's, (pasta zinci mollis), 229 solanum, 207 fluidextract, 208 solid extracts (extracta), 85 opodeldoc (linimentum saponato-camphoratum), 190 petrox (petroxolinum spissum), 159 solidified copaiba (massa copaibae), 73 soluble antiseptic powder, 231 cocoa (cacao praeparata), 44 ferric citrate (ferri et ammonii citras), 87 ferric oxide (ferri oxidum saccharatum), 91 ferric phosphate (ferric phosphas), 91 ferric pyrophosphate (ferri pyrophosphas), 92 gun cotton (pyroxylinum), 175 iron and quinine citrate (ferri et quininae citras), 88 manganese citrate, 130 manganese glycerophosphate, 130 manganous glycerinophosphate (mangani glycerophosphas solubilis), 130 oxide of iron syrup (syrupus ferri saccharati solubilis), 91 saccharated iron syrup, 91 saccharin (sodii benzosulphinidum), 199 solution see also under liquor antiseptic, 7 antiseptic, alkaline, 169 boulton's (liquor iodi phenolatus), 118 burow's (liquor, alumini acetatis), 23 channing's (liquor hydrargyri et potassii iodidi), 110 coal tar, 165 deodorant (liquor zinci et ferri compositus), 231 dobell's (liquor sodii boratis compositus), 200 donovan's (liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi), 33 fleming's (liquor calcis sulphuratae), 51 fowler's (liquor potassi arsenitis), 168 hydrastine, colorless (liquor hydrastinae compositus), 113 hydrochloric, of arsenic, 34 labarraque's (liquor sodae chlorinatae), 197 lugol's (liquor iodi compositus), 118 monsel's (liquor ferri subsulphatis), 93 normal salt (liquor sodii chloridi physiologicus), 202 of acid phosphates (liquor phosphatum acidus), 11 of albuminate of iron, 94 of aluminum acetate, 23 of aluminum acetico-tartrate, 24 of aluminum subacetate, 24 of ammonia, anisated (spiritus ammoniae anisatus), 25 of ammonium acetate, 25 of ammonium citrate, 27 of arsenic chloride (liquor acidi arsenosi), 34 of arsenic, clemens', 168 of arsenous acid (liquor acidi arsenosi), 34 of arsenous and mercuric iodide, 33 of basic ferric sulphate (liquor subsulphatis), 93 of bismuth, 42 of bromine, 43 of bromine, smith's (liquor bromi), 43 of calcium hydroxide, 52 of carmine, 56 of chlorinated potassa, 167 of chlorinated soda, 197 of chlorine, compound, 62 of cresol, compound, 75 of ferric acetate, 85 of ferric chloride, 86 of ferric citrate, 87 of ferric hypophosphite, 89 of ferric nitrate, 91 of ferric oxychloride, 91 of ferric oxysulphate, 91 of ferric salicylate, 206 of ferric subsulphate, 93 of ferric sulphate, 94 of ferrous chloride, 92 of formaldehyde, 96 of glycerophosphates, compound (elixir glycerophosphatum compositum), 203 of gold and arsenic bromide, 7 of gutta percha, 106 of hydrastine, compound, 113 of hydrogen dioxide, 115 of hydrogen peroxide (liquor hydrogenii dioxidi), 115 of hypophosphite of iron (liquor ferri hypophosphitis), 89 of hypophosphites, 48 of hypophosphites, compound, 48 of hypophysis, 116 of iodine, carbolized (liquor iodi phenolatus), 118 of iodine, compound, 118 of iodine, phenolated, 118 of iron and ammonium acetate, 25 of iron perchloride (liquor ferri chloridi), 86 of iron tersulphate (liquor ferri tersulphatis), 94 of lead subacetate, 167 of lead subacetate, diluted, 167 of magnesium citrate, 128 of magnesium sulphate, effervescent, 129 of mercuric nitrate, 110 of mercury and potassium iodide, 110 of oxysulphuret of calcium (liquor calcis sulphuratae), 51 of pancreatin, 153 of pepsin, 157 of pepsin, antiseptic, 157 of pepsin, aromatic, 157 of peptonate of iron, 94 of peptonate of iron and manganese, 95 of phosphates, acid, 11 of phosphates, compound, 11 of phosphorus, 161 of pituitary body (liquor hypophysis), 116 of potassa (liquor potassii hydroxidi), 172 of potassium arsenate and bromides (liquor arsenicalis clemens), 168 of potassium citrate, 171 of potassium hydroxide, 172 of potassium iodohydrargyrate (liquor hydrargyri et potassii iodidi), 110 of protochloride of iron (liquor ferri protochloridi), 92 of phosphorus, thompson's (liquor phosphori), 161 of soda (liquor sodii hydroxidi), 204 of soda and mint, 199 of sodium arsenate, 198 of sodium arsenate, pearson's, 198 of sodium borate, compound, 200 of sodium chloride, physiological, 202 of sodium citrate, 202 of sodium citro-tartrate, effervescent, 202 of sodium glycerophosphate, 203 of sodium hydroxide, 204 of sodium phosphate, compound, 205 of strychnine acetate, 212 of strychnine, hall's (liquor strychninae acetatis), 212 of sulphurated lime, 51 of tar, alkaline, 165 of zinc and aluminum, compound, 230 of zinc and iron, compound, 231 of zinc chloride, 229 physiological salt (liquor sodii chloridi physiologicus), 202 vleminckx' (liquor calcis sulphuratae), 51 solutions, 125 spanish flies (cantharis), 54 sparteine sulphate, 208 spearmint, 132 oil, 143 spirit, 143 water, 143 species, 208 ad infusum pectorale (species pectorales), 22 emollientes, 23 laxativae, 195 pectorales, 22 spermaceti, 60 spice powder, rubefacient, 57 spiced syrup of rhubarb (syrupus rhei aromaticus), 184 spigelia, 208 fluidextract, 208 spignet (aralia), 32 spirit of ammonia, anisated, 25 of anise, 138 of ants (spiritus acidi formici), 8 of bitter almond, 138 of camphor, 53 of cardamon, compound, 140 of chloroform, 62 of cinnamon, 140 of ether, 16 of ether, compound, 16 of formic acid, 8 of glonoin (spiritus glycerylis nitratis), 102 of glyceryl trinitrate, 102 of juniper, 142 of juniper, compound, 142 of lavender, 142 of lavender, compound (tinctura lavandulae composita), 142 of mindererus (liquor ammonii acetatis), 25 of mustard, 147 of myrcia, compound, 145 of nitre, sweet (spiritus aetheris nitrosi), 17 of nitroglycerin (spiritus glycerylis nitratis), 102 of nitrous ether, 17 of orange, compound, 138 of peppermint, 143 of spearmint, 143 of vanillin, compound, 224 spirits, 208 of turpentine (oleum terebinthinae), 147 of volatile oils, 208 spiritus amygdalae amarae, 138 aurantii compositus, 138 glycerylis nitratis, 102 menthae piperitae, 143 menthae viridis, 143 odoratus, 139 sinapis, 147 vanillini compositus, 224 spray, eucalyptol, 83 menthol, 133 menthol, compound, 133 sprays, 136 spurred rye (ergota), 82 squaw root (caulophyllum), 59 squibb's diarrhea mixture (mistura opii et chloroformi composita), 150 squill, 192 fluidextract, 192 mercury and digitalis pills, 79 oxymel, 192 syrup, 192 syrup, compound, 192 tincture, 192 vinegar, 192 squirrel corn (corydalis), 74 staphisagria, 209 fluidextract, 209 star anise oil, 138 grass (aletris), 19 starch, 29 glycerite, 29 stavesacre (staphisagria), 209 fluidextract (fluidextractum staphisagria), 209 stearic acid, 13 sterilized distilled water, 32 stili acidi salicylici dilubiles, 12 dilubiles, 209 stillingia, 209 fluidextract, 209 fluidextract, compound, 209 syrup, compound, 209 stokes' expectorant, 26 liniment (linimentum terebinthinae aceticum), 148 stomach drops (tinctura amara), 100 storax, 214 liquid (styrax), 214 stramonium, 210 extract, 210 fluidextract, 210 ointment, 210 tincture, 210 strong resorcinol paste, 182 stronger ammonia water, 25 orange flower water, 37 pills of iron, quinine, strychnine and arsenic, 95 resorcinol, paste, lassar's (pasta resorcinolis fortis), 182 rose water, 185 tincture of iodine, 119 strontium bromide, 210 carbonate, 210 iodide, 210 salicylate, 211 strophanthin, 211 strophanthus, 211 tincture, 211 strychni semen (nux vomica), 136 tinctura (tinctura nucis vomicae), 137 strychnine, 212 acetate, 212 acetate solution, 212 and quinine valerate elixir, 181 belladonna and aloin pills, 22 belladonna and aloin pills, compound, 22 calisaya alkaloidal, and iron elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri et strychninae), 213 cinchona alkaloids, and iron elixir, 213 cinchona alkaloids, iron and bismuth elixir, 213 ferric pyrophosphate, and quinine, elixir, 93 glycerinophosphate (strychninae glycerophosphas), 212 glycerophosphate, 212 iron and quinine elixir, 87 iron and quinine, syrup of the phosphates of, 92 iron, quinine and arsenic pills, stronger, 95 iron, calisaya, alkaloidal, and bismuth, elixir (elixir cinchonae alkaloidorum, ferri, bismuthi et strychninae), 213 nitrate, 213 pepsin, and bismuth elixir, 212 quinine and phosphates syrup, 179 quinine, iron and arsenic pills, mild, 95 solution, hall's (liquor strychninae acetatis), 212 sulphate, 213 valerate, 213 valerate elixir, 214 styptic collodion, 13 cotton, 86 stypticin (cotarninae hydrochloridum), 74 styrax, 214 subchloride of mercury (hydrargyri chloridum mite), 109 sublimed sulphur, 215 succus citri, 214 citri et pepsinum, 157 limettae cum pepsino (succus citri et pepsinum), 157 pomorum, 214 sucrose (saccharum), 187 suet, benzoinated, 197 mutton (sevum praeparatum), 197 prepared, 197 sugar, 187 of lead (plumbi acetas), 165 of milk, 188 sulphocarbolate zinc (zinci phenolsulphonas), 230 sulphonal (sulphonmethanum), 214 sulphonethylmethane, 214 sulphonmethane, 214 sulphur and cream of tartar troches (trochisci sulphuris et potassii bitartratis), 215 and potassium bitartrate troches, 215 flowers (sulphur sublimatum), 215 iodide, 216 liver (potassa sulphurata), 168 lotum, 215 milk (sulphur praecipitatum), 215 ointment, 215 ointment, alkaline, 215 ointment, compound, 216 precipitated, 215 sublimed, 215 washed, 215 sulphurated antimony, 30 lime (calcii sulphidum crudum), 50 lime solution, 51 petrox (petroxolinum sulphuratum), 215 petrox, compound (petroxolinum sulphuratum compositum), 215 potassa, 168 zinc paste, 230 zinc paste, unna's (pasta zinci sulphurata), 230 sulphuric acid, 13 aromatic, 13 diluted, 13 sumac berries (rhus glabra), 185 sumbul, 216 extract, 216 fluidextract, 216 tincture, 216 sun cholera mixture (mistura opii et rhei composita), 150 sundew (drosera), 80 suppositories, 216 of boroglycerin, 101 of glycerin, 101 suprarenal glands, desiccated (suprarenalum siccum), 216 dried, 216 sweet almond (amygdala dulcis), 28 almond oil (oleum amygdalae expressum), 138 bark (cascarilla), 58 birch oil (methylis salicylas), 133 clover, yellow (melilotus), 132 orange oil (oleum aurantii), 138 orange peel, 36 orange peel, tincture, 37 spirit of nitre (spiritus aetheris nitrosi), 17 tincture of rhubarb, 185 sweetwood bark (cascarilla), 58 sydenham's laudanum (tinctura opii crocata), 152 syrup, 188 hive (syrupus scillae compositus), 192 jackson's pectoral (syrupus morphinae et acaciae), 134 of acacia, 5 of actaea, compound (syrupus cimicifugae compositus), 64 of althaea, 22 of ammonium hypophosphite, 27 of asarum, compound, 34 of blackberry fruit, 186 of bloodroot (syrupus sanguinariae), 189 of buckthorn berries (syrupus rhamni cathartica), 183 of calcium and sodium hypophosphites, 48 of calcium hydrochlorophosphate, 50 of calcium hypophosphite, 48 of calcium iodide, 49 of calcium lactophosphate, 50 of calcium lactophosphate and iron, 50 of cimicifuga, compound, 64 of cinnamon, 66 of citric acid, 8 of codeine, 68 of dover's powder (syrupus ipecacuanhae et opii), 151 of eriodictyon, aromatic, 83 of ferric hypophosphite, 89 of ferrous chloride, 92 of ferrous iodide, 90 of figs, compound, 195 of garlic, 19 of ginger, 232 of glycyrrhiza, 103 of hydriodic acid, 9 of hydrochlorophosphates, compound (syrupus phosphatum cum quinina et strychnina), 179 of hypophosphites, 48 of hypophosphites, compound, 49 of iodotannin, 118 of ipecac, 119 of ipecac and opium, 151 of iron and manganese iodide, 90 of iron lactophosphate, 90 of krameria, 123 of lactucarium, 123 of licorice (syrupus glycyrrhizae), 103 of manna, 131 of morphine and acacia, 134 of orange, 36 of orange flowers, 37 of phosphates, compound, 11 of phosphates with quinine and strychnine, 179 of poppy, 153 of protochloride of iron (syrupus ferri protochloridi), 92 of quinine, 177 of quinidine, bitterless (syrupus quinidinae), 177 of raspberry, 186 of rhamnus cathartica, 183 of rhubarb, aromatic, 184 of rhubarb, spiced (syrupus rhei aromaticus), 184 of rose, 186 of rubus, 187 of saccharated oxide of iron (syrupus ferri saccharati solubilis), 91 of sanguinaria, 189 of sarsaparilla, compound, 191 of senega, 194 of senna, 195 of senna, compound, 195 of sodium hypophosphite, 204 of soluble oxide of iron (syrupus ferri saccharati solubilis), 91 of soluble saccharated iron, 91 of squill, 192 of squill, compound, 192 of stillingia, compound, 209 of tar, 165 of the bromides, 170 of the phosphates of iron, quinine and strychnine, 92 of tolu, 37 of white pine, compound, 164 of white pine with morphine, compound, 135 of wild cherry, 174 of yerba santa, aromatic (syrupus eriodictyi aromaticus), 83 simple (syrupus), 188 syrups, 217 syrupus see also under syrup allii, 19 aurantii, 36 aurantii florum, 37 bromidorum, 170 corrigens (syrupus eriodictyi aromaticus), 83 ferri oxydati solubilis (syrupus ferri saccharati solubilis), 91 ferri protochloridi, 92 ferri, quininae et strychninae phosphatum, 92 ferri saccharati solubilis, 91 papaveris, 153 pectoralis (syrupus morphinae et acaciae), 134 phosphatum compositum, 11 phosphatum cum quinina et strychnina (see under quininae hydrochloridum), 12 phosphatum cum quininae et strychnina, 179 picis liquidae, 165 pini strobi compositus, 164 pini strobi compositus (syrupus pini strobi compositus cum morphina), 135 pini strobi compositus cum morphina, 135 pruni virginianae, 174 rhei et potassii compositus (mistura rhei alkalina), 183 rubi, 187 rubi fructi, 186 rubi idaei, 186 scillae, 192 spinae cervinae (syrupus rhamni catharticae), 183 stillingiae compositus, 209 zingiberis, 232 syrupy glucose (glucosum), 101 talc, boro-salicylated powder (pulvis talci compositus), 12 powder, compound, 12 purified, 217 tamarind, 217 tannic acid, 13 glycerite, 13 ointment, 14 troches, 13 tannin (acidum tannicum), 13 glycerite (glyceritum acidii tannici), 13 tar, 164 birch, rectified oil, 139 coal, 165 glycerite, 165 mixture (mistura olei picis), 145 oil, mixture, 145 oil, rectified (oleum picis liquidae rectificatum), 145 ointment, 165 ointment, compound, 146 petrox (petroxolinum picis), 145 pine (pix liquida), 164 solution, alkaline, 165 solution, coal, 165 syrup, 165 wine, 165 taraxacum, 217 elixir, compound, 217 extract, 218 fluidextract, 218 tartar, cream of (potassi bitartras), 169 cream of, and sulphur troches (trochisci sulphuris et potassii bitartratis), 215 emetic (antimonii et potassii tartras), 30 tartaric acid, 14 tartrated antimony (antimonii et potassii tartras), 30 tasteless tincture of ferri chloride (tinctura ferri citro-chloridi), 87 tincture of iron (tinctura ferri citro-chloridi), 87 tea, breast (species pectorales), 22 teaberry, oil (methylis salicylas), 133 teel oil (oleum sesami), 147 terebene, 218 terebinthina, 218 laricis, 218 terpin hydrate, 218 hydrate and codeine elixir, 68 hydrate and diacetylmorphine elixir, 78 hydrate elixir, 218 terra silicea purificata, 219 tetanus antitoxic globulins (serum antitetanicum purificatum), 196 antitoxin (serum antitetanicum), 196 antitoxin, concentrated (serum antitetanicum purificatum), 196 antitoxin, dried (serum antitetanicum siccum), 197 antitoxin, refined and concentrated (serum antitetanicum purificatum), 196 texas snakeroot (serpentaria), 195 theine (caffeina), 45 theobroma, oil, 148 theocin (theophyllina), 219 theophylline, 219 theobromine sodio-salicylate, 219 thompson's solution of phosphorus (liquor phosphori), 161 thomsonian number six (tinctura capsici et myrrhae), 55 thoroughwort (eupatorium), 84 three bromides elixir, 26 thuja, 219 fluidextract, 220 thyme, 220 fluidextract, 220 oil, 148 thymol, 220 iodide, 220 spray, 220 thyroid glands, desiccated (thyroideum siccum), 220 thyroids, dried, 220 tinctura see also under tincture amara, 100 aurantii amari, 36 aurantii dulcis, 37 cinchonae composita, 65 coto (tinctura paracoto), 154 croci, 76 delphinii, 78 ferri malatis crudi (tinctura ferri pomata), 90 ferri pomata, 90 gallae, 98 humuli, 108 limonis corticis, 124 moschi, 135 pectoralis, 152 persionis, 157 persionis composita, 157 pimpinellae, 164 rhei, 184 rhei aquosa, 184 rhei aromatica, 184 rhei dulcis, 185 rhei et gentianae, 185 rhei vinosa (vinum rhei compositum), 185 sabal et santali, 187 saponis viridis composita, 190 zingiberis, 232 tincturae aethereae, 221 herbarum recentium (tincturae medicamentorum recentium), 221 medicamentorum recentium, 221 tincture, antiperiodic (tinctura antiperiodica), 177 antiperiodic, without aloes, 178 aromatic, 66 bestuscheff's (tinctura ferri chloridi aetherea), 87 bitter, 100 of aconite, 15 of aloes, 21 of aloes and myrrh, 21 of arnica, 33 of asafetida, 34 of belladonna leaves, 38 of benzoin, 39 of benzoin, compound, 39 of bitter orange peel, 36 of bloodroot (tinctura sanguinariae), 189 of bryonia, 44 of cactus grandiflorus, 45 of calabar bean (tinctura physostigmatis), 162 of calendula, 51 of calumba, 51 of cannabis, 54 of cantharides, 55 of capsicum, 55 of capsicum and myrrh, 55 of caramel, 55 of cardamon, 56 of cardamon, compound, 56 of cimicifuga, 64 of cinchona, 65 of cinchona, compound, 65 of cinnamon, 66 of cocculus indicus, 67 of colchicum seed, 70 of crude malate of iron (tinctura ferri pomata), 90 of cubeb, 76 of cudbear, 157 of cudbear, compound, 157 of digitalis, 79 of dover's powder (tinctura ipecacuanhae et opii), 152 of ergot, ammoniated, 82 of ferrated extract of apples, 90 of ferric chloride, 86 of ferric chloride, ethereal, 87 of ferric chloride, tasteless (tinctura ferri citro-chloridi), 87 of ferric citro-chloride, 87 of ferric citro-chloride with gentian (elixir gentianae et ferri), 87 of gambir, compound, 98 of gelsemium, 99 of gentian, compound, 100 of ginger, 232 of golden seal (tinctura hydrastis), 114 of green soap (linimentum saponis mollis), 190 of guaiac, 105 of guaiac, ammoniated, 105 of guaiac, compound, 105 of guaiac, dewees' (tinctura guaiaci composita), 105 of henbane (tinctura hyoscyami), 115 of hops, 108 of hydrastis, 114 of hyoscyamus, 115 of ignatia, 116 of iodine, 118 of iodine, churchill's (tinctura iodi fortior), 119 of iodine, decolorized, 118 of iodine, stronger, 119 of ipecac and opium, 152 of iron, tasteless (tinctura ferri citro-chloridi), 87 of jalap, 120 of jalap, compound, 120 of jamaica ginger (tinctura zingiberis), 232 of kino, 122 of kino and opium, compound, 122 of kino, compound (tinctura kino et opii composita), 122 of krameria, 123 of lactucarium, 124 of larkspur, 78 of lavender, compound, 142 of lemon peel, 124 of lobelia, 127 of musk, 135 of myrrh, 136 of nutgall, 98 of nux vomica, 137 of opium, 152 of opium, camphorated, 152 of opium, deodorized, 152 of opium with saffron, 152 of pale catechu, compound (tinctura gambir composita), 98 of paracoto, 154 of passion flower, 155 of pellitory (tinctura pyrethri), 175 of pimpinella, 164 of physostigma, 162 of pulsatilla, 175 of pyrethrum, 175 of quassia, 176 of quillaja, 177 of rhubarb, 184 of rhubarb and gentian, 185 of rhubarb, aqueous, 184 of rhubarb, aromatic, 184 of rhubarb, sweet, 185 of saffron, 76 of sanguinaria, 189 of saw palmetto and santal, 187 of serpentaria, 195 of squill, 192 of stramonium, 210 of strophanthus, 211 of sumbul, 216 of sweet orange peel, 37 of tolu, 38 of valerian, 224 of valerian, ammoniated, 224 of vanilla, 224 of veratrum viride, 225 of viburnum, compound, 226 of zedoary, bitter, 228 of zedoary, compound (tinctura zedoariae amara), 228 pectoral, 152 stomachic (tinctura amara), 100 warburg's (tinctura antiperiodica), 177 warburg's, without aloes (tinctura antiperiodica sine aloe), 178 tinctures, 221 ethereal, 221 of fresh drugs, 221 tobacco, indian (lobelia), 126 tolu balsam (balsamum tolutanum), 37 syrup, 37 tincture, 38 tonquin musk (moschus), 135 toxitabellae, 221 hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi, 109 tragacanth, 221 glycerite, 221 mucilage, 221 trichloracetic acid, 14 fluidextract, 222 trillium, 222 fluidextract, 222 trinitrin (glycerylis nitras), 101 trinitrophenol, 222 trional (sulphonethylmethanum), 214 trioxymethylene (paraformaldehydum), 154 triplex pills (pilulae aloes, hydrargyri et podophylli), 21 francis' (pilulae aloes, hydrargyri et scammonii compositae), 21 triticum, 222 fluidextract, 222 trituration of elaterin, 81 triturations, 222 troches, 223 of ammonium chloride, 27 of charcoal, 56 of cubeb, 76 of elm, 223 of gambir, 99 of peppermint, 143 of phenolphthalein, 160 of potassium chlorate, 171 of quinine tannate, 181 of santonin, 189 of santonin and calomel (trochisci santonini compositi), 190 of santonin, compound, 190 of sodium bicarbonate, 200 of sulphur and cream of tartar (trochisci sulphuris et potassii bitartratis), 215 of sulphur and potassium bitartrate, 215 of tannic acid, 13 trochisci, 223 carbonis ligni, 56 menthae piperitae, 143 ulmi, 223 turkey corn (corydalis), 74 turnera (damiana), 77 turnerae, fluidextractum (fluidextractum damianae), 77 turner's cerate (unguentum calaminae), 46 turpentine, 218 larch (terebinthina laricis), 218 liniment, 148 liniment, acetic, 148 oil (oleum terebinthinae), 147 oil, emulsion, 148 oil, rectified (oleum terebinthinae rectificatum), 147 petrox, venice (petroxolinum terebinthinae laricis), 218 petroxolin, venice, 218 spirits (oleum terebinthinae), 147 venice, 218 tussilago leaves (farfara), 85 ulmus, 223 unguentumi see also under ointment creosoti salicylatum extensum (mulla creosoti salicylata), 12 fuscum, 53 gallae, 98 hydrargyri, 112 hydrargyri ammoniati, 113 hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi extensum (mulla hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi), 109 hydrargyri dilutum, 112 hydrargyri nitratis, 111 hydrargyri oxidi flavi, 111 hydrargyri oxidi rubri, 111 matris (unguentum fuscum), 53 picis compositum, 146 picis liquidae, 165 salicylatum extensum (mulla acidi salicylici), 12 zinci carbonatis crudi (unguentum calaminae), 46 zinci extensum (mulla zinci), 229 zinci oxidi, 230 zinci stearatis, 230 unicorn root (aletris), 19 unna pencils (stili dilubiles), 209 unna's soft zinc paste (pasta zinci mollis), 229 sulphurated zinc paste (pasta zinci sulphurata), 230 uranium nitrate, 223 uranyl nitrate (uranii nitras), 223 urea chloride and quinine (quininae et ureae hydrochloridum), 178 hydrochloride and quinine, 178 urethane (aethylis carbamas), 17 urisol (hexamethylenamina), 107 uritone (hexamethylenamina), 107 urotropine (hexamethylenamina), 107 uva ursi, 223 fluidextract, 223 vaccine, jennerian (virus vaccinicum), 227 smallpox (virus vaccinicum), 227 virus, 227 virus, glycerinated (virus vaccinicum), 227 valerian, 224 fluidextract, 224 tincture, 224 tincture, ammoniated, 224 vallet's mass (massa ferri carbonatis), 85 vanilla, 224 bean (vanilla), 224 tincture, 224 vanillin, 224 elixir, compound, 224 spirit, compound, 224 vegetable cathartic pills, 71 venice turpentine, 218 turpentine petrox (petroxolinum terebinthinae laricis), 218 turpentine petroxolin, 218 veratria (veratrina), 225 veratrine, 225 ointment, 225 oleate, 225 veratrum viride, 225 viride fluidextract, 225 viride tincture, 225 verbasci flores, 225 verbena, 226 fluidextract, 226 vermuth (absinthium), 5 vesicating collodion (collodium cantharidatum), 54 viburnum, (viburnum prunifolium), 227 opulus, 226 opulus elixir, compound, 226 opulus fluidextract, 226 prunifolium, 227 prunifolium elixir, 227 prunifolium extract, 227 prunifolium extract, powdered (extractum viburni prunifolii), 227 prunifolium fluidextract, 227 tincture, compound, 226 vichy salt, artificial, 199 artificial, effervescent, 200 with lithium, effervescent artificial, 200 villate's mixture (mistura adstringens), 77 vina, 227 vinegar, aromatic, 142 of opium, 149 of squill, 192 vinegars (aceta), 5 vinum see also under wine aurantii compositum, 36 carnis, 56 carnis et ferri, 57 fraxini, 97 picis, 165 pruni virginianae, 174 pruni virginianae ferratum, 174 xericum, 227 virginia snakeroot (serpentaria), 195 viride, veratrum, 225 virus, vaccine, 227 vaccine, glycerinated (virus vaccinicum), 227 vleminckx' lotion (liquor calcis sulphuratae), 51 solution (liquor calcis sulphuratae), 51 volatile liniment (linimentum ammoniae), 25 oil of mustard, 147 oils, spirits, 208 wahoo bark (euonymus), 84 walnut bark, white (juglans), 120 warburg's pills (pilulae antiperiodicae), 180 pills without aloes (pilulae antiperiodicae sine aloe), 180 tincture (tinctura antiperiodica), 177 tincture without aloes (tinctura antiperiodica sine aloe), 178 washed sulphur, 215 washes (lotiones), 127 water see also under aqua almond, bitter, 137 ammonia, 24 ammonia, stronger, 25 anise, 138 camphor, 53 carbolic acid (aqua phenolata), 159 chlorine (liquor chlori compositus), 62 chloroform, 62 cinnamon, 140 creosote, 75 distilled, 32 distilled, sterilized, 32 fennel, 141 hamamelis, 106 javelle (liquor potassae chlorinatae), 167 lead (liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus), 167 lime (liquor calcis), 52 orange flower, 37 orange flower, stronger, 37 peppermint, 143 phenolated, 159 rose, 185 rose, ointment of, 186 rose, stronger, 185 sedative (lotio ammoniacalis camphorata), 25 spearmint, 143 witch hazel (aqua hamamelidis), 106 waters, aromatic, 32 white agaric (agaricus), 18 arsenic (arseni trioxidum), 33 ash bark, 97 ash, wine, 97 castile soap (sapo), 190 dextrin, 78 lead (plumbi carbonas), 166 mustard, 197 oak bark (quercus), 176 petrolatum, 158 petroleum jelly (petrolatum album), 158 pine bark, 164 pine syrup, compound, 164 pine with morphine syrup, compound, 135 precipitate (hydrargyrum ammoniatum), 113 precipitate ointment (unguentum hydrargyri ammoniati), 113 sandal wood (santalum album), 189 walnut bark (juglans), 120 wax, 59 wild black cherry (prunus virginiana), 174 chamomile (matricaria), 131 cherry, 174 cherry and cod liver oil emulsion, 144 cherry, fluidextract, 174 cherry infusion, 174 cherry syrup, 174 cherry wine, 174 cherry wine, ferrated, 174 ginger (asarum), 34 indigo root (baptisia), 38 yam root (dioscorea), 79 wilkinson's ointment (unguentum sulphuris compositum), 216 wine, iron and beef (vinum carnis et ferri), 57 of antimony, 30 of beef, 56 of beef and iron, 57 of citrate of iron (vinum ferri), 88 of colchicum corm, 69 of colchicum seed, 70 of ipecac, 119 of iron, 88 of iron, bitter, 88 of orange, compound, 36 of pepsin, 157 of rhubarb, compound, 185 of tar, 165 of white ash, 97 of wild cherry, 174 of wild cherry, ferrated, 174 pepsin (vinum pepsini), 157 sherry, 227 wines, 227 wintergreen oil (methylis salicylas), 133 witch hazel (hamamelis), 106 extract, distilled (aqua hamamelidis), 106 leaves (hamamelidis folia), 106 water (aqua hamamelidis), 106 wood charcoal, 55 wool fat (adeps lanae), 15 fat, hydrous, 16 wormseed, american oil (oleum chenopodii), 140 wormwood (absinthium), 5 xanthoxylum, 228 fluidextract, 228 fructus, 228 yeast, compressed, 60 yellow cinchona (cinchona), 64 dock (rumex), 187 gentian root (gentiana), 99 iodide of mercury (hydrargyri iodidum flavum), 110 jasmine root (gelsemium), 99 jessamine (gelsemium), 99 lotion, 111 mercuric oxide, 111 mercuric oxide ointment, 111 mercurous iodide, 110 mustard (sinapis alba), 197 peruvian bark (cinchona), 64 sweet clover (melilotus), 132 wash (lotio flava), 111 wax, 59 yerba santa (eriodictyon), 83 elixir, aromatic (elixir eriodictyi aromaticum), 83 syrup, aromatic (syrupus eriodictyi aromaticus), 83 zea, 228 fluidextract, 228 zedoary, 228 tincture, bitter, 228 tincture, compound (tinctura zedoariae amara), 228 zinc, 231 acetate, 229 and aluminum solution, compound, 230 and iron solution, compound, 231 carbonate, precipitated, 229 chloride, 229 chloride, solution, 229 glycerogelatin, firm, 229 glycerogelatin, soft, 229 mull, 229 ointment (unguentum zinci oxidi), 230 oxide, 229 oxide ointment, 230 paste, 229 paste, lassar's (pasta zinci), 229 paste, soft, 229 paste, sulphurated, 230 paste, unna's soft (pasta zinci mollis), 229 paste, unna's sulphurated (pasta zinci sulphurata), 230 phenolsulphonate, 230 stearate, 230 stearate ointment, 230 sulphate, 230 sulphocarbolate (zinci phenolsulphonas), 230 valerate, 231 valerate elixir, 231 valerianate (zinci valeras), 231 zingiber, 231 useful drugs a descriptive list of selected drugs, which has been prepared under the direction and supervision of the council on pharmacy and chemistry of the american medical association. this list was compiled for the purpose of aiding the movement toward the elimination of the mass of useless or superfluous drugs now in books on materia medica. it is particularly fitted to serve as a text for teachers of materia medica and therapeutics. many state medical examining boards are limiting their examinations on therapeutics to this list of drugs. in this book the properties--pharmacologic action, therapeutic uses and dosage, and methods of administration--are briefly but practically discussed. cloth, flexible cover, 4-1/2 by 7-1/2 inches, 176 pages. price, postpaid, 60 cents. american medical association 535 north dearborn street chicago 