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Arbor Day Leaves


BY

N.H. EGLESTON

OF THE FORESTRY DIVISION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON;
AUTHOR OF "HAND-BOOK OF TREE-PLANTING," ETC., ETC.

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO

Arbor Day Leaves

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Arbor Day Leaves

A COMPLETE PROGRAMME FOR ARBOR DAY OBSERVANCE, INCLUDING READINGS,
RECITATIONS, MUSIC, AND GENERAL INFORMATION


N.H. EGLESTON

OF THE FORESTRY DIVISION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON.
AUTHOR OF "HAND-BOOK OF TREE-PLANTING," ETC.

[Illustration]

COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO BOSTON

       *       *       *       *       *




CONTENTS.

                PAGE
Introduction      2
Origin of Arbor Day      2
Readings for Arbor Day      3
  About Trees--(J. Sterling Morton)      3
  Leaves, and What They Do      5
  Bryant, the Poet of Trees      8
  Forest Hymn--(Bryant)      8
  James Russell Lowell      9
  The Oak--(James Russell Lowell)      9
  What One Tree is Worth      11
  Enduring Character of the Forests--(Susan Fenimore Cooper)      11
  The Popular Poplar Tree--(Blanch Willis Howard)      12
  Forestry and the Need of It--(Hon. Adolph Lené)      12
  Tree Weather Proverbs      13
  Flowers      13
Arbor Day Celebrations      14
  Growing Observance of Arbor Day      14
  States and Territories Observing Arbor Day      15
  Encouraging Words      15
  The Best Use of Arbor Day      16
  Trees in Their Leafless State      18
Programme for Arbor Day      19
  I. Exercises in the School Room      19
  II. The March      24
  III. Exercises at the Tree Planting      25




INTRODUCTION.


In preparing the second number of our manual for Arbor Day, we have
endeavored to keep in mind the fact that Arbor Day was originally
designed not as a mere festival or holiday, a pleasant occasion for
children or adults, but to encourage the planting of trees for a
serious purpose--the lasting benefit of the country in all its
interests. As the poet Whittier has so well said, "The wealth, beauty,
fertility, and healthfulness of the country largely depend upon the
conservation of our forests and the planting of trees." Arbor Day is
not a floral festival, except as the trees may offer their bright
blossoms for the occasion. In making our selections from authors,
therefore, we have restricted ourselves to what they have said about
trees, and have endeavored also to choose only such selections as are
of high literary character, and so, not only admissible for occasional
use but worthy to be learned and carried in memory for life; trees of
thought which may be planted in the young minds in connection with
Arbor Day, to grow with their growth and be perpetual sources of
enjoyment.


ORIGIN OF ARBOR DAY.

To J. Sterling Morton, ex-Governor of Nebraska, and Secretary of
Agriculture under President Cleveland, belongs the honor of
originating this tree-planting festival, and he is popularly known
throughout our whole country as the "father of Arbor Day." So well has
the day been observed in Nebraska since 1872 that there are now over
700,000 acres of trees in that state planted by human hands.

The successful establishment of the day in Nebraska commended it at
once to the people of other states, and it was soon adopted by Kansas,
Iowa, and Minnesota, and was not long in making its way into Michigan
and Ohio.

In the latter state it took on a new character, which has caused it to
spread rapidly throughout the country. The teachers and pupils of the
schools were invited to unite in its observance, and instead of trees
being planted merely as screens from the winds, they were also planted
for ornamental purposes and as memorials of important historical
events and of celebrated persons, authors, statesmen, and others. Thus
the tree-planting has gained a literary aspect and an interest for all
classes, for young as well as old. In preparation for it the pupils of
the schools have been led to the study of trees, their characteristics
and uses. They have learned the history of celebrated trees and of
persons who have been connected with them. They have become familiar
with the lives of eminent persons and the best writings of
distinguished authors, and thus have received most valuable
instruction, while, at the same time, their finer tastes have been
cultivated.

Since the observance of the day has been modified, as it was on its
introduction into Ohio, it has spread rapidly through the country and
at present forty-four states and territories celebrate Arbor Day. Its
every way healthful and desirable features have so generally commended
it also that it has gained a foothold abroad and has begun to be
observed in England, Scotland, France, and even in far-off South
Africa. It has become preëminently a school day and a school festival.
In many cases school teachers and superintendents have introduced its
observance. But it has soon so commended itself to all that, in most
cases, it has been established by law and made a legal holiday.




Readings for Arbor Day.

ABOUT TREES.

From the originator of Arbor Day.


A tree is the perfection in strength, beauty, and usefulness of
vegetable life. It stands majestic through the sun and storm of
centuries. Resting in summer beneath its cooling shade, or sheltering
besides its massive trunk from the chilling blast of winter, we are
prone to forget the little seed whence it came. Trees are no
respecters of persons. They grow as luxuriantly beside the cabin of
the pioneer as against the palace of the millionaire. Trees are not
proud. What is this tree? This great trunk, these stalwart limbs,
these beautiful branches, these gracefully bending boughs, these
gorgeous flowers, this flashing foliage and ripening fruit, purpling
in the autumnal haze are only living materials organized in the
laboratory of Nature's mysteries out of rain, sunlight, dews, and
earth. On this spot, in this tree, a metamorphosis has so deftly taken
place that it has failed to excite even the wonder of the majority of
men.

[Illustration]

Here, sixty years ago, a school boy planted an acorn. Spring came,
then the germ of this oak began to attract the moisture of the soil.
The shell of the acorn was then broken open by the internal growth of
the embryo oak. It sent downward a rootlet to get soil and water, and
upward it shot a stem to which the first pair of leaves was attached.
These leaves are thick and fleshy. They constitute the greater bulk of
the acorn. They are the first care-takers of the young oak. Once out
of the earth and in the sunlight they expand, assume a finer texture,
and begin their usefulness as nursing leaves, "folia nutrientia." They
contain a store of starch elaborated in the parent oak which bore the
acorn.

In tree infancy the nursing leaves take oxygen from the air, and
through its influence the starch in the nursing leaves is transmuted
into a tree baby-food, called dextrine, which is conveyed by the water
absorbed during germination to the young rootlet and to the gemmule
and also to the first aerial leaf. So fed, this leaf expands, and
remains on the stem all summer. The nursing leaves die when the aerial
leaves have taken their food away, and then the first stage of oak
hood has begun. It has subterranean and superterranean organs, the
former finding plant-food in the earth, and the latter gathering it in
the air, the sunlight, and the storm. The rootlets in the dark depths
of soil, the foliage in the sunlit air, begin now their common joint
labor of constructing a majestic oak. Phosphates and all the
delicacies of plant-food are brought in from the secret stores of the
earth by the former, while foliage and twig and trunk are busy in
catching sunbeams, air, and thunderstorms, to imprison in the annual
increment of solid wood. There is no light coming from your wood,
corncob, or coal fire which some vegetable Prometheus did not, in its
days of growth, steal from the sun and secrete in the mysteries of a
vegetable organism.

Combustion lets loose the captive rays and beams which growing plants
imprisoned years, centuries, even eons ago, long before human life
began its earthly career. The interdependence of animal and tree life
is perennial. The intermission of a single season of a vegetable life
and growth on the earth would exterminate our own and all the animal
races. The trees, the forests are essential to man's health and life.
When the last tree shall have been destroyed there will be no man left
to mourn the improvidence and thoughtlessness of the forest-destroying
race to which he belonged.

In all civilizations man has cut down and consumed, but seldom
restored or replanted, the forests. In biblical times Palestine was
lovely in the foliage of the palm, and the purpling grapes hung upon
her hillsides and gleamed in her fertile valleys like gems in the
diadems of her princes. But man, thoughtless of the future, careless
of posterity, destroyed and replaced not; so, where the olive and the
pomegranate and the vine once held up their luscious fruit for the sun
to kiss, all is now infertility, desolation, desert, and solitude. The
orient is dead to civilization, dead to commerce, dead to intellectual
development. The orient died of treelessness.

From the grave of the eastern nations comes the tree monition to the
western. The occident like the orient would expire with the
destruction of all its forests and woodlands.

Twenty-five thousand acres of woodland are consumed by the railroads,
the manufactories, and the homes of the United States every
twenty-four hours. How many are planted? To avert treelessness, to
improve the climatic conditions, for the sanitation and embellishment
of home environments, for the love of the beautiful and useful
combined in the music and majesty of a tree, as fancy and truth unite
in an epic poem, Arbor Day was created. It has grown with the vigor
and beneficence of a grand truth or a great tree. It faces the future.
It is the only anniversary in which humanity looks futureward instead
of pastward, in which there is a consensus of thought for those who
are to come after us, instead of reflections concerning those who have
gone before us. It is a practical anniversary. It is a beautiful
anniversary. To the common schools of the country I confide its
perpetuation and usefulness with the same abiding faith that I would
commit the acorn to the earth, the tree to the soil, or transmit the
light on the shore to far off ships on the waves beyond, knowing
certainly that loveliness, comfort, and great contentment shall come
to humanity everywhere because of its thoughtful and practical
observance by all the civilized peoples of the earth.

J. STERLING MORTON.


[Illustration]

LEAVES, AND WHAT THEY DO.

The leaves of the trees afford an almost endless study and a constant
delight. Frail, fragile things, easily crumpled and torn, they are
wonderful in their delicate structure, and more wonderful if possible
on account of the work which they perform.

They are among the most beautiful things offered to our sight. Some
one has well said that the beauty of the world depends as much upon
leaves as upon flowers. We think of the bright colors of flowers and
are apt to forget or fail to notice the coloring of leaves. But what a
picture of color, beyond anything that flowers can give us, is spread
before our sight for weeks every autumn, when the leaves ripen and
take on hues like those of the most gorgeous sunset skies, and the
wide landscape is all aglow with them. A wise observer has called
attention also to the fact that the various kinds of trees have in the
early springtime also, only in a more subdued tone, the same colors
which they put on in the autumn. If we notice the leaves carefully, we
shall see that there is a great variety of color in them all through
the year. While the prevailing color, or the body color so to speak,
is green, and the general tone of the trees seen in masses is
green--the most pleasant of all colors to be abidingly before the
sight--this is prevented from becoming dull or somber because it
comprises almost innumerable tints and shades of the self-same color,
while other distinct colors are mingled with it to such an extent as
to enliven the whole foliage mass. Spots of yellow, of red, of white,
and of intermediate colors are dashed upon the green leaves or become
the characteristic hues of entire trees, and so there is brought about
an endless variety and beauty of color.

Then there is the beauty of form, size, position, and arrangement. Of
the one hundred and fifty thousand or more known species of trees, the
leaves of each have a characteristic shape. The leaves of no two
species are precisely alike in form. More than this is also true. No
two leaves upon the same tree are in this respect alike. While there
is a close resemblance among the leaves of a given tree, so that one
familiar with trees would not be in doubt of their belonging to the
same tree, though he should see them only when detached, yet there is
more or less variation, some subtle difference in the notching or
curving of the leaf-edge perhaps, so that each leaf has a form of its
own. These differences of shape in the leaves are a constant source of
beauty.

What a variety of size also have the leaves, from those of the birches
and willows to those of the sycamores, the catalpas and the
paulownias. On the same tree also the leaves vary in size, those
nearest the ground and nearest the trunk being usually larger than
those more remote. How different as to beauty would the trees be if
their leaves were all of the same size; how much less pleasing to the
sight.

Then what a wide difference is there in the position of the leaves on
the trees and their relative adjustment to each other? Sometimes they
grow singly, sometimes in pairs, sometimes in whirls or clusters. Some
droop, others spread horizontally, while others still are more or less
erect. The leaves of some trees cling close to the branches, others
are connected with the branches by stems of various length and so are
capable of greater or less movement. The leaves of poplars and aspens
have a peculiarly flattened stem, by reason of which the slightest
breath of wind puts them in motion.

These are some of the most obvious characteristics of the leaves, and
by which they are made the source of so much of the beauty of the
world in which we live. It will be a source of much pleasure to anyone
who will begin now, in the season of swelling buds and opening leaves,
to watch the leaves as they unfold and notice their various forms and
colors and compare them one with another. There is no better way of
gaining valuable knowledge of trees than this, for the trees are known
by their leaves.

But let us turn now from their outward appearance and consider what is
done by them, for the leaves are among the great workers of the world,
or, if we may not speak of them as workers, a most important work is
done in or by means of them, a work upon which our own life depends
and that of all the living tribes around us.

Every leaf is a laboratory, in which, by the help of that great
magician, the sun, most wonderful changes and transformations are
wrought. By the aid of the sun the crude sap which is taken up from
the ground is converted by the leaves into a substance which goes to
build up every part of the tree and causes it to grow larger from year
to year; so that instead of the tree making the leaves, as we commonly
think, the leaves really make the tree.

Leaves, like other parts of the plant or tree, are composed of cells
and also of woody material. The ribs and veins of the leaves are the
woody part. By their stiffness they keep the leaves spread out so that
the sun can act upon them fully, and they prevent them also from being
broken and destroyed by the winds as they otherwise would be. They
serve also as ducts or conduits by which the crude sap is conveyed to
the leaves, and by which when it has there been made into plant food,
it is carried into all parts of the tree for its nourishment.
Protected and upheld by these expanded woody ribs, the body of the
leaf consists of a mass of pulpy cells arranged somewhat loosely, so
that there are spaces between them through which air can freely pass.
Over this mass of cells there is a skin, or epidermis as it is called,
the green surface of the leaf. In this there are multitudes of minute
openings, or breathing pores, through which air is admitted, and
through which also water or watery vapor passes out into the
surrounding atmosphere. In the leaf of the white lily there are as
many as 60,000 of these openings in every square inch of surface and
in the apple leaf not fewer than 24,000. These breathing pores, called
stomates, are mostly on the under side of the leaf, except in the case
of leaves which float upon the water. There is a beautiful contrivance
also in connection with these pores, by which they are closed when the
air around is dry and the evaporation of the water from the leaves
would be so rapid as to be harmful to the tree, and are opened when
the surrounding atmosphere is moist.

The green color of the leaves is owing to the presence in the cells of
minute green grains or granules, called chlorophyll, which means
leaf-green, and these granules are indispensable to the carrying on of
the important work which takes place in the leaves. They are more
numerous and also packed more closely together near the upper surface
of the leaf than they are near the lower. It is because of this that
the upper surface is of a deeper green than the lower.

Such, then, is the laboratory of the leaf, the place where certain
inorganic, lifeless substances such as water, lime, sulphur, potash,
and phosphorus are transformed and converted into living and organic
vegetable matter, and from which this is sent forth to build up every
part of the tree from deepest root to topmost sprig. It is in the
leaves also that all the food of man and all other animals is
prepared, for if any do not feed upon vegetable substances directly
but upon flesh, that flesh nevertheless has been made only as
vegetable food has been eaten to form it. It is, as the Bible says,
"The tree of the field is man's life."

But let us consider a little further the work of the leaves. The tree
is made up almost wholly of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. It is easy
to see where the oxygen and hydrogen are obtained, for they are the
two elements which compose water, and that, we have seen, the roots
are absorbing from the ground all the while and sending through the
body of the tree into the leaves. But where does the carbon come from?
A little examination will show.

The atmosphere is composed of several gases, mainly of oxygen and
nitrogen. Besides these, however, it contains a small portion of
carbonic acid, that is, carbon chemically united with oxygen. The
carbonic acid is of no use to us directly, and in any but very minute
quantities is harmful; but the carbon in it, if it can be separated
from the oxygen, is just what the tree and every plant wants. And now
the work of separating the carbon from the oxygen is precisely that
which is done in the wonderful laboratory of the leaf. Under the magic
touch of the sun, the carbonic acid of the atmosphere which has
entered the leaf through the breathing pores or stomates and is
circulating through the air-passages and cells, is decomposed, that
is, taken to pieces; the oxygen is poured out into the air along with
the watery vapor of the crude sap, while the carbon is combined with
the elements of water and other substances which we have mentioned, to
form the elaborated sap or plant-material which is now ready to be
carried from the leaves to all parts of the plant or tree, to nourish
it and continue its growth. Such is the important and wonderful work
of the leaf, the tender, delicate leaf, which we crumple so easily in
our fingers. It builds up, atom by atom, the tree and the great
forests which beautify the world and provide for us a thousand
comforts and conveniences. Our houses and the furniture in them, our
boats and ships, the cars in which we fly so swiftly, the many
beautiful and useful things which are manufactured from wood of
various kinds, all these, by the help of the sun, are furnished us by
the tiny leaves of the trees.


BRYANT, THE POET OF TREES.

     "It is pleasant," as Mr. George W. Curtis has said, "to
     remember, on Arbor Day, that Bryant, our oldest American
     poet and the father of our American literature, is
     especially the poet of trees. He grew up among the solitary
     hills of western Massachusetts, where the woods were his
     nursery and the trees his earliest comrades. The solemnity
     of the forest breathes through all his verse, and he had
     always, even in the city, a grave, rustic air, as of a man
     who heard the babbling brooks and to whom the trees told
     their secrets."

     His "Forest Hymn" is familiar to many, but it cannot be too
     familiar. It would be well if teachers would encourage their
     pupils to commit the whole, or portions of it, at least, to
     memory. Let it be made a reading lesson, but, in making it
     such, let pains be taken to point out its felicities of
     expression, its beautiful moral tone and lofty sentiment,
     and its wise counsels for life and conduct. Nothing could be
     more appropriate, especially for the indoor portion of the
     Arbor Day exercises, than to have this poem, or portions of
     it, read by some pupil in full sympathy with its spirit, or
     by some class in concert.

FOREST HYMN.

    The groves were God's first temples, ere man learned
    To hew the shaft and lay the architrave
    And spread the roof above them, ere he framed
    The lofty vault to gather and roll back
    The sound of anthems; in the darkling wood,
    Amidst the cool and silence, he knelt down
    And offered to the Mightiest solemn thanks
    And supplications. For his simple heart
    Might not resist the sacred influences
    Which from the stilly twilight of the place
    And from the gray old trunks that high in heaven
    Mingled their mossy boughs, and from the sound
    Of the invisible breath that swayed at once
    All their green tops, stole over him and bowed
    His spirit with the thought of boundless power
    And inaccessible majesty. Ah, why
    Should we, in the world's riper years, neglect
    God's ancient sanctuaries and adore
    Only among the crowd and under roofs
    That our frail hands have raised? Let me, at least,
    Here, in the shadow of this ancient wood,
    Offer one hymn, thrice happy if it find
    Acceptance in His ear.

    --BRYANT.


JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.

We can hardly see or think of trees without being reminded of Mr.
Lowell, whose death during the last year was so great a loss. He was
eminently a lover of trees, and they were the inspiration of some of
his best prose and poetry. This love of trees led him to call his
pleasant place of residence, in Cambridge, "Elmwood." In making up our
selections for reading or recitation on Arbor Day, the writings of no
one have been turned to more often, probably, than those of Mr.
Lowell, and it will be very proper if we make this year's observance
distinguished by the abundance of our extracts from his various works.
We may well also plant memorial trees in honor of him. No one is more
worthy of such honor, and we can hardly do any better thing than to
plant trees which shall bear his name and remind us hereafter of his
noble words and noble life. And no memorial of him would be more
appropriate or more accordant with his own feelings than a growing
tree. This is abundantly shown by the following letter, written only a
few years ago, when it was proposed in one of our schools, to plant on
Arbor Day, a tree in his memory.

"I can think of no more pleasant way of being remembered than by the
planting of a tree. Like whatever things are perennially good, it will
be growing while we are sleeping, and will survive us to make others
happier. Birds will rest in it and fly thence with messages of good
cheer. I should be glad to think that any word or deed of mine could
be such a perennial presence of beauty, or show so benign a destiny."


[Illustration]

THE OAK.

    What gnarled stretch, what depth of shade, is his?
      There needs no crown to mark the forest's king;
    How in his leaves outshines full summer's bliss!
      Sun, storm, rain, dew, to him their tribute bring,
    Which he, with such benignant royalty
      Accepts, as overpayeth what is lent;
    All nature seems his vassal proud to be,
      And cunning only for his ornament.

    How towers he, too, amid the billowed snows,
      An unquelled exile from the summer's throne,
    Whose plain, uncintured front more kingly shows,
      Now that the obscuring courtier leaves are flown.
    His boughs make music of the winter air,
      Jewelled with sleet, like some cathedral front
    Where clinging snow-flakes with quaint art repair
      The dents and furrows of Time's envious brunt.

    How doth his patient strength the rude March wind
      Persuade to seem glad breaths of summer breeze,
    And win the soil that fain would be unkind,
      To swell his revenues with proud increase!
    He is the gem; and all the landscape wide
      (So doth his grandeur isolate the sense)
    Seems but the setting, worthless all beside,
      An empty socket, were he fallen thence.

    So, from oft converse with life's wintry gales,
      Should man learn how to clasp with tougher roots
    The inspiring earth;--how otherwise avails
      The leaf-creating sap that sunward shoots?
    So every year that falls with noiseless flake
      Should fill old scars up on the stormward side,
    And make hoar age revered for age's sake,
      Not for traditions of youth's leafy pride.

    So, from the pinched soil of a churlish fate,
      True hearts compel the sap of sturdier growth,
    So between earth and heaven stand simply great,
      That these shall seem but their attendants both;
    For nature's forces, with obedient zeal
      Wait on the rooted faith and oaken will,
    As quickly the pretender's cheat they feel,
      And turn mad Pucks to flout and mock him still.

    Lord! all Thy works are lessons,--each contains
      Some emblem of man's all-containing soul;
    Shall he make fruitless all Thy glorious pains,
      Delving within Thy grace an eyeless mole?
    Make me the least of Thy Dodona-grove,
      Cause me some message of Thy truth to bring,
    Speak but a word through me, nor let Thy love
      Among my boughs disdain to perch and sing.

    --JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.


WHAT ONE TREE IS WORTH.

It will help us, perhaps, to appreciate properly, the value and
manifold uses of trees if we consider the uses to which a single one
of the many species is put. A Chinese gives us the following account
of the Bamboo.

"The bamboo plant is cultivated almost everywhere; it is remarkable
for its shade and beauty. There are about sixty varieties, different
in size according to its genus; ranging from that of a switch to a big
pole measuring from four to five inches in diameter. It is reared from
shoots and suckers, and, after the root once clings to the ground, it
thrives and spreads without further care or labor. Of these sixty
varieties, each thrives best in a certain locality, and throughout the
whole empire of China the bamboo groves not only embellish the gardens
of the poor, but the vast parks of the princes and wealthy. The use to
which this stately grass is put is truly wonderful. The tender shoots
are cultivated for food like the asparagus; the roots are carved into
fantastic images of men, birds, and monkeys. The tapering culms are
used for all purposes that poles can be applied to, in carrying,
supporting, propelling, and measuring; by the porter, the carpenter,
and the boatman; for the joists of houses and the ribs of sails; the
shafts of spears and the wattles of hurdles, the tubes of aqueducts
and the handles and ribs of umbrellas and fans. The leaves are sewed
upon cords to make rain-cloaks for farmers and boatmen, for sails to
boats as well as junks, swept into heaps to form manure, and matted
into thatches to cover houses. The bamboo wood is cut into splints and
slivers of various sizes to make into baskets and trays of every form
and fancy, twisted into cables, plaited into awnings, and woven into
mats for the bed and floor, for the sceneries of the theatre, for the
roofs of boats, and the casing of goods. The shavings are picked into
oakum to be stuffed into mattresses. The bamboo furnishes the bed for
sleeping and the couch for reclining, the chair for sitting, the
chop-sticks for eating, the pipe for smoking, the flute for
entertaining; a curtain to hang before the door, and a broom to sweep
around it. The ferrule to govern the scholar, the book he studies and
the paper he writes upon, all originated from this wonderful grass.
The tapering barrels of the organ and the dreadful instrument of the
lictor--one to strike harmony, and the other to strike dread; the rule
to measure lengths, the cup to gauge quantities, and the bucket to
draw water; the bellows to blow the fire and the box to retain the
match; the bird-cage and crab-net, the fish-pole, and the water-wheel
and eaveduct, wheelbarrow, and hand-cart, and a host of other things,
are the utilities to which this magnificent grass is converted."


ENDURING CHARACTER OF THE FORESTS.

Of all the works of the creation which know the changes of life and
death, the trees of the forest have the longest existence. Of all the
objects which crown the gray earth, the woods preserved unchanged,
throughout the greatest reach of time, their native character. The
works of man are ever varying their aspect; his towns and his fields
alike reflect the unstable opinions, the fickle wills and fancies of
each passing generation; but the forests on his borders remain to-day
the same as they were ages of years since. Old as the everlasting
hills, during thousands of seasons they have put forth and laid down
their verdure in calm obedience to the decree which first bade them
cover the ruins of the Deluge.

SUSAN FENIMORE COOPER.


THE POPULAR POPLAR TREE.

    When the great wind sets things whirling
      And rattles the window panes,
    And blows the dust in giants
      And dragons tossing their manes;
    When the willows have waves like water,
      And children are shouting with glee;
    When the pines are alive and the larches,--
      Then hurrah for you and me,
        In the tip o' the top o' the top o' the tip of
          the popular poplar tree!

    Don't talk about Jack and the Beanstalk--
      He did not climb half so high!
    And Alice in all her travels
      Was never so near the sky!
    Only the swallow, a-skimming
      The storm-cloud over the lea,
    Knows how it feels to be flying--
      When the gusts come strong and free--
        In the tip o' the top o' the top o' the tip of
          the popular poplar tree!

    --BLANCH WILLIS HOWARD.


FORESTRY AND THE NEED OF IT.

"Experience as well as common sense teaches us that the selecting of
the species and the mere planting of the same is not a guarantee of
successful forestry."

In this country we have heretofore not made any distinction between
forests and woodlands, while in Europe, and more especially in those
countries in which forestry has reached a high state of development,
the distinction is clearly defined. Prof. Rossmässler, in speaking of
the difference between forest and woodland (Forst und Wald), says:
"Every forest is also a woodland, but not every woodland, be it ever
so large, is a forest. It is the regular cultivation and economical
management which turns a woodland into a forest."

This difference between forests and woodland is also indicated by the
terms _forester_ and _woodman_; the former term being applied to the
man who advocates the perpetuation of woodland in accordance with the
teachings and principles of forestry, and the latter to the man whose
profession is that of felling trees.

In this meaning of the term, we, in this country, have really no
forests, but woodlands only. To turn these woodlands into forests, and
to plant forests, where for climatic and other considerations they are
needed, is the aim and object of the advocates of forestry.

The forester, it will be seen, has a distinct mission, which is to
perpetuate the forests so indispensable to civilized life, and to
produce at a minimum expense, from a given piece of ground, the
greatest amount of forest products.

As our forests decrease in extent and deteriorate in quality, and as,
with the increase of our population, the demands upon forest products
of all kinds become greater, the necessity of a rational system of
forestry, and the need of educated foresters becomes more apparent
every day. We should, moreover, constantly bear in mind that, while
there are trees, as the catalpa, the ash and the hickory, which will
attain merchantable size in forty or fifty years from the seed, there
are others such as the pine and the tulip-poplar, which require for
reaching the necessary dimensions a period of from sixty to eighty
years; and still others, such as the oaks and the black walnut, for
the full development of which about a hundred and fifty years are
required. Can we, in view of this, still be in doubt as to whether or
not the time has come when we should earnestly consider the question?

Hon. ADOLPH LENÉ,
Secretary of Ohio State Forestry Bureau.


TREE WEATHER PROVERBS.

    If the Oak is out before the Ash,
      T'will be a summer of wet and splash;
    But if the Ash is out before the Oak,
      T'will be a summer of fire and smoke.

    When the Hawthorne bloom too early shows,
    We shall have still many snows.

    When the Oak puts on his goslings gray,
    'Tis time to sow barley, night or day.

    When Elm leaves are big as a shilling,
    Plant kidney beans if you are willing;
    When Elm leaves are as big as a penny,
    You _must_ plant kidney beans if you wish to have any.


FLOWERS.

    Spake full well, in language quaint and olden,
      One who dwelleth by the castled Rhine,
    When he called the flowers, so blue and golden,
      Stars, that in earth's firmament do shine.

    Stars they are, wherein we read our history,
      As astrologers and seers of eld;
    Yet not wrapped about with awful mystery,
      Like the burning stars which they beheld.

    Wondrous truths, and manifold as wondrous,
      God hath written in those stars above;
    But not less in the bright flowerets under us
      Stands the revelation of His love.

    Bright and glorious is that revelation,
      Writ all over this great world of ours--
    Making evident our own creation,
      In these stars of earth, these golden flowers.

    --LONGFELLOW.

     Flowers seem intended for the solace of ordinary humanity;
     children love them; tender, contented, ordinary people love
     them. They are the cottager's treasure; and in the crowded
     town mark, as with a little fragment of rainbow, the windows
     of the workers in whose heart rests the covenant of peace.

     RUSKIN.




Arbor Day Celebrations.

[Illustration]

GROWING OBSERVANCE OF ARBOR DAY.


It adds to the pleasure attending the observance of Arbor Day when we
think how many are uniting with us in its celebration. It is but a few
years since the day was first known and its observance was limited to
a single one of our States. Now the day is known and observed from
Maine to Oregon and from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico. Not only is
this true, but this our tree-festival so commends itself to all that
its observance has spread more rapidly and more widely than any other
public observance in the world's history. It is already established in
portions of England, France, and Italy, in far-away South Africa and
Australia, and we shall probably hear before long of its adoption in
China and Japan.

And so, as we come together to have pleasant talks about the trees and
to march out with songs and banners to plant them in school grounds,
in parks, by the road-side or elsewhere, it will be pleasant to
remember that so many others are engaged in similar services. It
should make the day a happier one for us to think that so many will
enjoy it as we do, as it should always increase our happiness to know
that others are sharing with us anything that is good.

As it will, doubtless, be interesting to all engaging in the
celebration of the day, we give on the next page a list of the States
in which Arbor Day is observed.


STATES AND TERRITORIES OBSERVING ARBOR DAY.

                 YEAR OF
                  FIRST
STATES.        OBSERVANCE   TIME OF OBSERVANCE.

Alabama           1887      22nd February.
Arizona           1890-91   First Friday after first of February.
California        1886
Colorado          1885      Third Friday in April.
Connecticut       1887      In Spring, at appointment of Governor.
Florida           1886      January 8.
Georgia           1887      First Friday in December.
Idaho             1887      Last Monday in April.
Illinois          1888      Date fixed by Governor and Supt. of Public
                                      Instruction.
Indiana           1884        "   "   Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Iowa              1887        "   "        "                     "
Kansas            1875      Option of Governor, usually in April.
Kentucky          1886         "         "
Louisiana         1888-9       "    Parish Boards.
Maine             1887         "    Governor.
Maryland          1889         "       "      in April.
Massachusetts     1886      Last Saturday in April.
Michigan          1885      Option of Governor.
Minnesota         1876         "          "
Mississippi       1892         "    Board of Education.
Missouri          1886      First Friday after first Tuesday of April.
Montana           1887      Third Tuesday of April.
Nebraska          1872      22nd of April.
Nevada            1887      Option of Governor.
New Hampshire     1886         "          "
New Jersey        1884         "          "    in April.
New Mexico        1890      Second Friday in March.
New York          1889      First Friday after May 1.
North Carolina    1893
North Dakota      1884      Sixth of May, by proclamation of Governor.
Ohio              1882      In April          "                "
Oregon            1882      Second Friday in April.
Pennsylvania      1887      Option of Governor.
Rhode Island      1887         "         "
South Carolina  Uncertain   Variable.
South Dakota      1884      Option of Governor.
Tennessee         1875      November, at designation of County
                              Superintendents.
Texas             1800      22nd of February.
Vermont           1885      Option of Governor.
Virginia          1892
West Virginia     1883      Fall and Spring, at designation of Supt.
                            of Schools.
Wisconsin         1889      Option of Governor.
Wyoming           1888         "          "
Washington        1892

Only the following five states or territories fail to observe Arbor
Day--Arkansas, Delaware, Oklahoma, Indian Territory, and Utah.


ENCOURAGING WORDS.

The Governors of our States and the Superintendents of our schools
have generally entered heartily into the observance of Arbor Day and
spoken earnest words of encouragement in its behalf. The following are
specimens of what they have said.

=New Hampshire.=--Governor Currier, in his Arbor Day Proclamation: "I
especially desire that our children may be taught to observe and
reverence the divine energies which are unfolding themselves in every
leaf and flower that sheds a perfume in spring or ripens into a robe
of beauty in autumn, so that the aspirations of childhood, led by
beautiful surroundings, may form higher and broader conceptions of
life and humanity; for the teachings of nature lead up from the
material and finite to the infinite and eternal."

=Illinois.=--Governor Fifer: "Let the children in our schools, the
young men and women in our colleges, seminaries, and universities,
with their instructors, co-operate in the proper observance of the day
by planting shrubs, vines, and trees that will beautify the home,
adorn the public grounds, add wealth to the State, and thereby
increase the comfort and happiness of our people."

=Missouri.=--From the Superintendent of Public Schools, in his annual
report: "Let this love for planting trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers
be encouraged and stimulated in the school-room and not only will the
school-yards profit thereby, but the now barren farm-yards and
pastures will remain the recipients of your instruction."

=California.=--From Superintendent of Public Instruction: "Our schools
cannot protect the forests, but they can raise up a generation which
will not leave their hillsides and mountains treeless; a generation
which will frown upon and rebuke the wanton destruction of our forest
trees. There is no spot on earth that may not be made more beautiful
by the help of trees and flowers."

=Nebraska.=--From the State Superintendent of Public Instruction: "On
this day, above all others, the pupils of our public schools should be
educated to care for the material prosperity of the country and to
foster the growth of trees. Let the child understand that he is
especially interested in the tree he plants: that it is his; that upon
him devolves the responsibility of protecting and cultivating it in
coming years."

=New York.=--Hon. A.S. Draper, ex-Superintendent of Public
Instruction: "The primary purpose of the Legislature in establishing
Arbor Day was to develop and stimulate in the children of the
commonwealth a love and reverence for Nature, as revealed in trees and
shrubs and flowers."


THE BEST USE OF ARBOR DAY.

Arbor Day, to be most useful as well as most pleasant, should not
stand by itself, alone, but be connected with much study and talk of
trees and kindred subjects beforehand and afterward. It should rather
be the focal or culminating point of the year's observation of trees
and other natural objects with which they are closely connected. The
wise teacher will seek to cultivate the observing faculties of the
pupils by calling their attention to the interesting things with which
the natural world abounds. It is not necessary to this that there
should be formal classes in botany or any natural science, though we
think no school should be without its botanical class or classes, nor
should anyone be eligible to the place of a teacher in our public
schools who is not competent to give efficient instruction in botany
at least.

But much may be done in this direction informally, by brief, familiar
talks in the intervals between the regular recitations of the
school-room, or during the walks to and from school. A tree by the
road-side will furnish an object lesson for pleasant and profitable
discourse for many days and at all seasons. A few flowers, which
teacher or pupil may bring to the school-room, will easily be made the
means of interesting the oldest and the youngest and of imparting the
most profitable instruction. How easy also to plant a few seeds in a
vase in the school-room window and to encourage the pupils to watch
their sprouting and subsequent growth.

Then it should not be difficult to have a portion of the school
grounds set apart, where the pupils might, with the teacher's
guidance, plant flower and tree seeds and thus be able to observe the
ways and characteristics of plants in all periods of their growth.
They could thus provide themselves with trees for planting on future
Arbor Days, and at the time of planting there would be increased
enjoyment from the fact that they had grown the trees for that very
purpose.

Why might not every school-house ground be made also an arboretum,
where the pupils might have under their eyes, continually, specimens
of all the trees that grow in the town or in the State where the
school is situated? It would require but a little incitement from the
teacher to make the pupils enthusiastic with the desire to find out
the different species indigenous to the region and to gather them, by
sowing seeds or planting the young trees, around their place of study.

And if the school premises are now too small in extent to admit of
such a use, let the pupils make an earnest plea for additional ground.
As a general fact our school-grounds have been shamefully limited in
extent and neglected as to their use and keeping. The school-house, in
itself and in its surroundings, ought to be one of the most beautiful
and attractive objects to be seen in any community. The approach from
the street should be like that to any dwelling house, over well kept
walks bordered by green turf, with trees and shrubs and flowers
offering their adornment. Everything should speak of neatness and
order. The playground should be ample, but it should be in another
direction and by itself.

Europeans are in advance of us in school management. The Austrian
public school law reads: "In every school a gymnastic ground, a garden
for the teacher, according to the circumstances of the community, and
a place for the purposes of agricultural experiment are to be
created." There are now nearly 8,000 school gardens in Austria, not
including Hungary. In France, also, gardening is taught in the primary
and elementary schools. There are nearly 30,000 of these schools, each
of which has a garden attached to it, and the Minister of Public
Instruction has resolved to increase the number of school gardens and
that no one shall be appointed master of an elementary school unless
he can prove himself capable of giving practical instruction in the
culture of Mother Earth. In Sweden, in 1871, there were 22,000
children in the common schools receiving instruction in horticulture
and tree-planting. Each of more than 2,000 schools had for cultivation
from one to twelve acres of ground.

Why should we be behind the Old World in caring for the schools? By
the munificence of one of her citizens, New York has twice offered
premiums for the best-kept school-grounds. Why may we not have Arbor
Day premiums in all of our States and in every town for the most
tasteful arrangement of school-house and grounds? These places of
education should be the pride of every community instead of being, as
they so often are, a reproach and shame.


TREES IN THEIR LEAFLESS STATE.

As the season for Arbor Day and tree-planting comes on, just before
the buds begin to swell and are getting ready to cover the trees with
a fresh mantle of leaves, it is well--as it is also when the leaves
have fallen from the trees in autumn--to give attention to the bare
trees and notice the characteristic forms of the various species, the
manner in which their branches are developed and arranged among
themselves, for a knowledge of these things will often enable one to
distinguish the different kinds of trees more readily and certainly
than by any other means. The foliage often serves as an obscuring
veil, concealing, in part at least, the individuality and the
peculiarities of the trees. But if one is familiar with their forms of
growth, their skeleton anatomy, so to speak, he will recognize common
trees at once with only a partial view of them.

Some trees, as the oak, throw their limbs out from the trunk
horizontally. As Dr. Holmes says: "The others shirk the work of
resisting gravity, the oak defies it. It chooses the horizontal
direction for its limbs so that their whole weight may tell, and then
stretches them out fifty or sixty feet so that the strain may be
mighty enough to be worth resisting." Some trees have limbs which
droop toward the ground, while those of most, perhaps, have an upward
tendency, and others still have an upward direction at first and later
in their growth a downward inclination, as in the case of the elm, the
birch, and the willows. Some, like the oak, have comparatively few but
large and strong branches, while others have many and slender limbs,
like many of the birches and poplars.

The teacher should call attention to these and other characteristics
of tree-structure, drawing the various forms of trees on the
blackboard and encouraging the pupils to do the same, allowing them
also to correct each other's drawings. This will greatly increase
their knowledge of trees and their interest in them as well as in
Arbor Day and its appropriate observance.

[Illustration]




Programme for Arbor Day.


We give in this part of our manual a programme for Arbor Day
observance. It is presented not so much in the expectation that it
will be exactly copied as that it may serve as suggestion of what may
be done. We have added various selections from poets and prose writers
which may help those who are preparing for the proper observance of
Arbor Day. But these are only a few specimens from the great stores of
our literature. A little care and painstaking beforehand will furnish
an ample supply of the desired material, for our literature abounds in
such. Not the least of the benefits of the observance of Arbor Day is
the opportunity it gives for making the young familiar with the best
thoughts of the best writers and thus giving them a literary culture
in the pleasantest manner. Thus while preparing to plant trees we may
be planting in the young mind and heart growths more precious and
lasting than they.

       *       *       *       *       *

I.-Exercises In the School-Room.


=1. READING.= (BY THE TEACHER, OR BY CLASSES.)

"And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding
seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is
in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. And the earth brought forth
grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding
fruit, whose seed was in itself after his kind."

"And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is
pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the
midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil."

"Blessed is the man that trusteth in the Lord, and whose hope the Lord
is. For he shall be as a tree planted by the waters, and that
spreadeth out her roots by the river, and shall not see when heat
cometh, but her leaf shall be green; and shall not be careful in the
year of drought, neither shall cease from yielding fruit."

"I will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and the
myrtle, and the oil tree; I will set in the desert the fir tree, and
the pine, and the box tree together: that they may see, and know, and
consider, and understand together, that the hand of the Lord hath done
this, and the Holy One of Israel hath created it."

"He that trusteth in his riches shall fall: but the righteous shall
flourish as a branch."

"Wisdom is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her, and happy is
everyone that retaineth her."

"And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal,
proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb. In the midst of
the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree
of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit
every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the
nations."


=2. INVOCATION SONG.=

TRIBUTE TO NATURE.

[Tune--"AMERICA."]

[Illustration: Music notation]

    Of nature broad and free,
    Of grass and flower and tree,
        Sing we to-day.
    God hath pronounced it good
    So we, His creatures would
    Offer to field and wood,
        Our heartfelt lay.

    To all that meets the eye,
    In earth, or air, or sky,
        Tribute we bring.
    Barren this world would be,
    Bereft of shrub and tree:
    Now, gracious Lord, to Thee,
        Praises we sing.

    May we Thy hand behold,
    As bud and leaf unfold,
        See but Thy thought;
    Nor heedlessly destroy,
    Nor pass unnoticed by;
    But be our constant joy:
        All Thou hast wrought.

    As each small bud and flower
    Speaks of the Maker's power,
        Tells of His love;
    So we, Thy children dear,
    Would live from year to year,
    Show forth Thy goodness here,
        And then above.

    --MARY A. HEERMANS.


=3. READING ARBOR DAY LAW, OR PROCLAMATION OF GOVERNOR.=

[As the laws regarding Arbor Day vary in different States, it will be
necessary for each teacher or superintendent to procure and read the
one applicable to his State.]


=4. READING LETTERS IN REFERENCE TO ARBOR DAY.=

[These may consist of circular letters from superintendents, etc., and
other incidental letters. It is suggested that notes of invitation to
the exercises be sent to the parents of the children and to
influential people. These will in many cases elicit replies bearing on
the subject. In case such letters cannot be secured, at this point the
"Encouraging Words" printed on page 15 of this pamphlet may be read
with profit.]


=5. RECITATION.=

ALL THINGS BEAUTIFUL.

    All things bright and beautiful,
      All creatures great and small,
    All things wise and wonderful,--
      The Lord God made them all.

    Each little flower that opens,
      Each little bird that sings,
    He made their glowing colors,
      He made their tiny wings.

    The purple-headed mountain,
      The river, running by,
    The morning, and the sunset
      That lighteth up the sky.

    The tall trees in the greenwood,
      The pleasant summer sun,
    The ripe fruits in the garden,--
      He made them, every one.

    He gave us eyes to see them,
      And lips that we might tell
    How great is God Almighty,
      Who hath made all things well.

    --C.F. ALEXANDER.


=6. READING. Bryant's Forest Hymn.= (SEE PAGE 8.)


=7. RECITATIONS.= (By Different Pupils.)

THE PURPOSE OF ARBOR DAY.

_First pupil._

     To avert treelessness; to improve the climatic conditions;
     for the sanitation and embellishment of home environments;
     for the love of the beautiful and useful combined in the
     music and majesty of a tree, as fancy and truth unite in an
     epic poem, Arbor Day was created. It has grown with the
     vigor and beneficence of a grand truth or a great tree.

     --J. STERLING MORTON.

BE NOBLE.

_Second pupil._

    Be noble! and the nobleness that lies
    In other men sleeping, but never dead,
    Will rise in majesty to meet thine own;
    Then wilt thou see it gleam in many eyes,
    Then will pure light around thy path be shed,
    And thou wilt nevermore be sad and lone.

    --LOWELL.

LEAVES.

_Third pupil._

     The leaves of the herbage at our feet take all kinds of
     strange shapes as if to invite us to examine them.
     Star-shaped, heart-shaped, spear-shaped, arrow-shaped,
     fretted, fringed, cleft, furrowed, serrated, sinuated, in
     whorls, in tufts, in spires, in wreaths, endlessly
     expressive, deceptive, fantastic, never the same from
     footstalk to blossom, they seem perpetually to tempt our
     watchfulness and take delight in outstripping our wonder.

     --RUSKIN.

INFLUENCE OF NATURE.

_Fourth pupil._

              Therefore am I still
    A lover of the meadows and the woods
    And mountains, and of all that we behold
    From this green earth; of all the mighty world
    Of eye and ear, both what they half create
    And what perceive; well pleased to recognize
    In nature, and the language of the sense,
    The anchor of my purest thoughts, the nurse,
    The guide, the guardian of my heart, and soul,
    Of all my moral being.

    --WORDSWORTH.

_Fifth pupil._

     I regard the forest as an heritage, given to us by nature,
     not for spoil or to devastate, but to be wisely used,
     reverently honored, and carefully maintained. I regard the
     forest as a gift entrusted to us only for transient care
     during a short space of time, to be surrendered to posterity
     again as unimpaired property, with increased riches and
     augmented blessings, to pass as a sacred patrimony from
     generation to generation.

     --BARON FERDINAND VON MUELLER.

NATURE'S COMFORT.

_Sixth pupil._

    If thou art worn and hard beset
    With sorrows that thou wouldst forget,
    If thou wouldst read a lesson that will keep
    Thy heart from fainting and thy soul from sleep,
    Go to the woods and hills! No tears
    Dim the sweet look that Nature wears.

    --LONGFELLOW.

_Seventh pupil._

     It may be said that the measure of attention given to trees
     indicates the condition of agriculture and civilization of a
     country.

     --MAHÉ.

_Eighth pupil._

    I said I will not walk with men to-day,
      But I will go among the blessed trees,--
    Among the forest trees I'll take my way,
      And they shall say to me what words they please.

    And when I came among the trees of God,
      With all their million voices sweet and blest,
    They gave me welcome. So I slowly trod
      Their arched and lofty aisles, with heart at rest.

_Ninth pupil._

     Forests can flourish independent of agriculture; but
     agriculture cannot prosper without forests.

_Tenth pupil._

     The man who builds does a work which begins to decay as soon
     as he has done, but the work of the man who plants trees
     grows better and better, year after year, for generations.

_Eleventh pupil._

     Of all man's works of art a cathedral is greatest. A vast
     and majestic tree is greater than that.

     --H.W. BEECHER.

_Twelfth pupil._

     In an agricultural country the preservation or destruction
     of forests must determine the decision of Hamlet's
     alternative: "to be or not to be." An animal flayed or a
     tree stripped of its bark does not perish more surely than a
     land deprived of the trees.

     --FELIX L. OSWALD.

_Thirteenth pupil._

     By their fruit ye shall know them. Do men gather grapes of
     thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so every good tree
     bringeth forth good fruit; but the corrupt tree bringeth
     forth evil fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit,
     neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Therefore
     by their fruits ye shall know them.


=8. DECLAMATION.=

A FOREST SONG.

    A song for the beautiful trees!
      A song for the forest grand,
      The garden of God's Own land,
    The pride of His centuries.
    Hurrah! for the kingly oak,
      For the maple, the sylvan queen,
    For the lords of the emerald cloak,
      For the ladies in living green.

    So long as the rivers flow,
      So long as the mountains rise,
      May the forest sing to the skies,
    And shelter the earth below.
    Hurrah! for the beautiful trees,
      Hurrah! for the forest grand,
      The pride of His centuries,
    The garden of God's own land.

    --W.H. VENABLE.


=9. ADDRESS.= (BY TEACHER OR SOME ONE INVITED FOR THE OCCASION.)


=10. DECLAMATION.=

A JUNE DAY.

    Now is the high-tide of the year,
      And whatever of life hath ebbed away
    Comes flooding back with a rippling cheer,
      Into every bare inlet and creek and bay;
    Now the heart is so full that a drop overfills it,
    We are happy now because God wills it;
    No matter how barren the past may have been,
    'Tis enough for us now that the leaves are green;
    We sit in the warm shade and feel right well
    How the sap creeps up and the blossoms swell;
    We may shut our eyes but we cannot help knowing
    That skies are clear and grass is growing;
    The breeze comes whispering in our ear,
    That dandelions are blossoming near,
      That maize has sprouted, that streams are flowing,
    That the river is bluer than the sky,
    That the robin is plastering his house hard by;
    And if the breeze kept the good news back,
    For other couriers we should not lack;
      We would guess it all by yon heifer's lowing,--
    And hark! how clear bold chanticleer,
    Warmed with the new wine of the year,
    Tells all in his lusty crowing!

    Joy comes, grief goes, we know not how:
    Everything is happy now,
      Everything is upward striving;
    'Tis as easy now for the heart to be true
    As for grass to be green or skies to be blue,--
      'Tis the natural way of living.

    --LOWELL: _Sir Launfal._


=11. VOTING FOR THE TREE OR FLOWER WHICH SHALL BE THE EMBLEM OF THE
SCHOOL FOR THE YEAR.=

Suggestions.--If this programme should prove too long, parts of it may
readily be omitted. If the day be a fine one, it might be well to
transfer the address and, perhaps, the readings to the third part of
the programme at the tree.

In order to facilitate the voting of the tree or flower and have it
occupy but little time, it would be well to have a blackboard facing
the pupils during the exercises with a few drawings of trees and
flowers, each with a characteristic attribute printed beneath it. The
voting may then be expeditiously performed by pointing to the
drawings.

In some States there is a provision for the children to vote on Arbor
Day for a favorite flower, which shall be considered the State flower.
In others a State tree may be selected by vote of the children. In
such cases this is the time for the selection.


=12. RECITATION.=

THE AMERICAN FLAG.

    When Freedom from her mountain height
      Unfurled her standard to the air,
    She tore the azure robe of night
      And set the stars of glory there;
    She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
    The milky baldric of the skies,
    And striped its pure celestial white
    With streakings of the morning light;
    Then from his mansion in the sun
    She called her eagle bearer down,
    And gave into his mighty hand
    The symbol of her chosen land.

    --J.R. DRAKE.

     [To be recited and followed immediately by the song "Star
     Spangled Banner."]


=13. SONG.=

STAR SPANGLED BANNER.

FRANCIS KEY.

[Illustration: Music notation]

    1. Oh, say can you see, by the dawn's early light,
       What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming?
       Whose broad stripes and bright stars thro' the perilous fight
       O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming,
       And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air
       Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there;
       Oh, say does the star-spangled banner still wave
       O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave?

    2. On the shore dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep,
       Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
       What is that, which the breeze o'er the lowering steep,
       As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses!
       Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
       In full glory reflected now shines on the stream;
       'Tis the star-spangled banner, Oh, long may it wave
       O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave!

    3. Oh, thus be it ever when freemen shall stand
       Between their loved homes and the war's desolation.
       Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land
       Praise the pow'r that has made and preserved us a nation.
       Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
       And this be our motto--"In God is our trust,"
       And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
       O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave!


II.--The March.

     _Suggestions._--See that the children keep step to the air
     of the song. Arrange them according to size, the smallest
     first, that the column may present a picturesque appearance.

MARCHING SONG.

[Illustration: Music notation]

    1. There's Springtime in the air
         When the happy robin sings,
       And earth grows bright and fair,
         Covered with the robe she brings.

    _Cho._ March, oh, march, 'tis Arbor Day,
                Joy for all and cares away;
                March, oh, march, from duties free
                To the planting of the tree.

    2. There's Springtime in the air
         When the buds begin to swell,
       And woodlands, brown and bare,
         All the summer joys foretell.--_Cho._

    3. There's Springtime in the air
         When the heart so fondly pays
       This tribute, sweet and rare,
         Which to mother earth we raise.--_Cho._


III.--Exercises at the Tree-Planting.


=1. PLANTING OF TREES.= (ONE OR MORE).


=2. SONG.=

PLANTING THE TREE.

[Illustration: Music notation]

    Gather we here to plant the fair tree;
    Gladsome the hour, joyous and free,
    Greeting to thee, fairest of May!
    Breathe sweet the buds on our loved Arbor Day.
    Gather we now, the sapling around,
    Singing our song--let it resound:

    _Refrain._
      Happy the day! Happy the hour!
      Joyous we, all of us, feel their glad power.

    Shovel and spade, trowel and hoe,
      Carefully dig up the quick-yielding ground;
    Make we a bed, softly lay low
      Each little root with the earth spread around;
    Snug as a nest, the soil round them pressed,
    This is the home that the rootlings love best.

    _Refrain._

    Moisten and soften the ground, ye Spring Rains;
    Swell ye the buds, and fill ye the veins,
    Bless the dear tree, bountiful Sun;
    Warm thou the blood in the stem till it run;
    Hasten the growth, let leaves have birth,
    Make it most beautiful thing of the earth.

    _Refrain._

    --[DR. E.P. WATERBURY]


=3. RECITATIONS.=

     NOTE.--One or more of the recitations may be given with the
     planting of each tree, the number depending upon the number
     of trees planted.

_First pupil._

    Plant in the spring-time the beautiful trees,
    So that in future each soft summer breeze,
    Whispering through tree-tops may call to our mind,
    Days of our childhood then left far behind.

    Days when we learned to be faithful and true;
    Days when we yearned our life's future to view;
    Days when the good seemed so easy to do;
    Days when life's cares were so light and so few.

_Second pupil._

    Plant trees for beauty, for pleasure and for health;
    Plant trees for shelter, for fruitage and for wealth.

_Third pupil._

NOBILITY.

    True worth is in _being_, not _seeming_,
      In doing each day that goes by
    Some little good--not in the dreaming
      Of great things to do by and by.

    --ALICE CARY.

_Fourth pupil._

PLANTING OF TREES.

    Oh, happy trees which we plant to-day,
      What great good fortunes wait you!
    For you will grow in sun and snow
      Till fruit and flowers freight you.

    Your winter covering of snow,
      Will dazzle with its splendor;
    Your summer's garb, with richest glow,
      Will feast of beauty render.

    In your cool shade will tired feet
      Pause, weary, when 'tis summer,
    And rest like this will be most sweet
      To every tired new-comer.

_Fifth pupil._

THE COMING OF SPRING.

    When wake the violets, winter dies;
      When sprout the elm buds, Spring is near;
    When lilacs blossom, Summer cries,
      Bud, little rose! Spring is here.

    --LOWELL.

_Sixth Pupil._

     When we plant a tree, we are doing what we can to make our
     planet a more wholesome and happier dwelling-place for those
     who come after us, if not for ourselves.

     --O.W. HOLMES.

_Seventh pupil._

     "It is no exaggerated praise to call a tree the grandest and
     most beautiful of all the productions of the earth."

     --GILPIN, _Forest Scenery_.

_Eighth pupil._

    "Kind hearts are the gardens,
      Kind thoughts are the roots,
    Kind words are the blossoms,
      Kind deeds are the fruits."

_Ninth pupil._

    What do we plant when we plant the tree?
    We plant the ship which will cross the sea.
    We plant the mast to carry the sails;
    We plant the planks to withstand the gales--
    The keel, the keelson, and beam and knee;
    We plant the ship when we plant the tree.

_Tenth pupil._

    What do we plant when we plant the tree?
    We plant the houses for you and me.
    We plant the rafters, the shingles, the floors,
    We plant the studding, the lath, the doors,
    The beams and siding, all parts that be;
    We plant the house when we plant the tree.

_Eleventh pupil._

    What do we plant when we plant the tree?
    A thousand things that we daily see;
    We plant the spire that out-towers the crag,
    We plant the staff for our country's flag,
    We plant the shade, from the hot sun free;
    We plant all these when we plant the tree.

    --HENRY ABBEY.


=4. TREE PLANTING SONG.=

PLANTING OF THE TREE.

[Illustration: Music notation]

    1. Long this little stem has grown
       In a quiet spot, unknown:
       Now we plant it here, to be
       Ever honored as our tree.

    2. May the kind earth give it food,
       And warm sunlight o'er it brood,
       Shower make bright, and storm make hard,
       And no harm its growth retard.

    3. May it give to men delight,
       Rich in shade, and fair to sight;
       And while untold years roll by,
       Speak of us to memory.

    4. Little tree, our own! we pray,
       Be our teacher every day;
       On us strength and grace impress,
       That we, too, the world may bless.

    J.D. BURRELL.


=5. PATRIOTIC RECITATION.=

UNION AND LIBERTY.

    _First voice._

    Flag of the heroes who left us their glory,
      Borne through our battle-fields' thunder and flame,
    Blazoned in song and illumined in story,
      Wave o'er us all who inherit their fame!

    _Second voice._

    Light of our firmament, guide of our nation,
      Pride of her children, and honored afar,
    Let the wide beams of thy full constellation
      Scatter each cloud that would darken a star!

    _Third voice._

    Empire unsceptred! what foe shall assail thee,
      Bearing the standard of Liberty's van?
    Think not the God of thy fathers shall fail thee,
      Striving with men for the birthright of man!

    _Fourth voice._

    Yet, if by madness and treachery blighted,
      Dawns the dark hour when the sword thou must draw,
    Then, with the arms of thy millions united,
      Smite the bold traitors to Freedom and Law!

    _All._

        Up with our banner bright,
        Sprinkled with starry light,
    Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore;
        While through the sounding sky,
        Loud rings the Nation's cry,--
    Union and Liberty!--one evermore!

    --OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.


=6. ADDRESS OR READING OF SOME SELECTION FROM ANOTHER PART OF THIS
PAMPHLET.=


=7. MARCHING FROM THE FIELD.= (TO FOLLOWING TUNE.)

WOODMAN, SPARE THAT TREE.

GEORGE P. MORRIS.

HENRY RUSSELL.

[Illustration: Music notation]

    1. Woodman, spare that tree!
       Touch not a single bough;
       In youth it shelter'd me,
       And I'll protect it now;
       'Twas my forefather's hand,
       That placed it near his cot,
       There, woodman, let it stand,
       Thy axe shall harm it not!

    2. That old, familiar tree,
       Its glory and renown
       Are spread o'er land and sea,
       And would'st thou hew it down?
       Woodman, forbear thy stroke!
       Cut not its earth-bound ties;
       Oh! spare that aged oak,
       Now tow'ring to the skies.

    3. When but an idle boy,
       I sought its friendly shade;
       In all their gushing joy,
       Here, too, my sisters played;
       My mother kiss'd me here;
       My father press'd my hand,
       Forgive this foolish tear,
       But let that old oak stand!

    4. My heart-strings 'round thee cling,
       Close as thy bark, old friend!
       Here shall the wild-bird sing,
       And still thy branches bend.
       Old tree, the storm thou'lt brave,
       And, woodman, leave the spot;
       While I've a hand to save,
       Thy axe shall harm it not!


=8. BREAKING RANKS AND DISMISSAL.=

[Illustration]




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