POLITICAL
AND
MILITARY
OBSERVATIONS
.
A
NEW
COLLECTION
.
By
J.
D.
of
Kidwelly
.
LONDON
.
Printed
for
H.
Cox
next
Castle-yard
in
Holborne
:
and
H.
Bonwick
in
St.
Pauls
Church-yard
,
1679.
POLITICAL
,
AND
MILITARY
OBSERVATIONS
.
I.
IT
is
the
common
humour
of
Mankind
,
principally
to
fear
the
danger
which
is
next
at
hand
,
and
to
be
more
carefully
concern'd
for
things
present
,
than
is
requisite
;
and
on
the
contrary
,
to
make
less
account
than
they
ought
of
those
things
which
are
to
come
,
and
at
a
distance
;
and
this
out
of
a
certain
presumption
,
that
Time
and
the
contingency
of
humane
accidents
may
afford
some
remedy
for
the
latter
.
II.
IT
happens
many
times
that
the
wisdom
which
is
over-curious
,
and
too
too
considerative
,
may
be
blame-worthy
;
inasmuch
as
the
affairs
of
the
World
are
subject
to
so
many
and
so
great
a
diversity
of
occurrences
and
disappointments
,
that
that
seldom
happens
,
which
wise
men
imagined
would
come
to
pass
.
That
person
therefore
who
quits
the
present
good
,
out
of
a
fear
of
the
future
danger
,
(
it
being
presuppos'd
that
the
danger
is
not
inevitable
and
too
near
at
hand
)
finds
,
to
his
sorrow
,
that
he
has
let
slip
the
occasion
which
presented
it self
to
him
of
gaining
honour
or
advantage
,
meerly
out
of
a
fear
of
the
danger
,
which
is
afterwards
found
to
have
been
vain
.
III.
WHen
the
prudent
man
finds
himself
induc'd
to
give
way
to
some
just
cause
of
discontent
(
from
what
occasion
soever
it
may
proceed
)
he
ought
to
moderate
it
,
what
lies
in
his
power
,
with
a
mature
judgment
;
out
of
this
motive
,
that
he
is
not
so
much
to
mind
his
own
private
interest
,
as
that
of
the
publick
;
since
it
is
not
unlikely
,
but
that
his
discontent
may
be
prejudicial
to
the
welfare
of
the
State.
IV.
A
Great
power
,
and
that
united
in
one
person
,
is
more
to
be
dreaded
than
that
which
is
divided
amongst
several
parties
;
which
latter
,
as
it
has
a
diversity
of
motives
,
so
has
it
also
a
diversity
and
discordancy
of
operations
,
and
those
promoting
a
diversity
of
designes
.
V.
THere
is
this
observable
in
Republicks
,
that
they
are
not
govern'd
according
to
the
inclinations
of
a
single
person
,
but
by
the
joint
deliberations
and
consent
of
many
;
and
thence
it
comes
,
that
commonly
they
are
thought
to
carry
on
their
consultations
with
more
moderation
and
respect
.
VI.
SUch
as
the
Prince
is
in
point
of
Morality
,
such
is
the
government
of
affairs
.
If
the
Prince
himself
be
a
person
of
no
great
esteem
,
those
are
in
a
condition
tending
to
ruine
;
is
he
be
a
person
of
conduct
,
and
vertuous
,
they
flourish
.
VII
.
NEw
Conquests
,
if
they
be
not
not
well
regulated
,
nor
prudently
governed
,
do
rather
burthen
the
person
who
has
made
them
,
than
render
him
more
potent
and
considerable
.
For
it
is
not
to
be
expected
that
he
should
be
the
occasion
of
any
good
or
happiness
to
a
Government
,
which
he
hath
acquir'd
by
indirect
means
.
VIII
.
ASwe
find
in
the
ordering
of
mans
body
,
that
it
is
not
sufficient
the
Head
be
free
from
all
indisposition
,
but
it
is
withal
requisite
that
the
other
Members
exercise
their
several
functions
:
So
neither
is
it
sufficient
in
the
Government
of
a
State
,
that
the
Prince
himself
be
unchargeable
with
any
default
in
the
management
of
affairs
,
if
there
be
not
a
correspondency
of
diligence
and
vertuous
action
in
his
Officers
.
IX
.
THe
Prince
and
the
Republick
are
seriously
to
consider
,
what
difference
there
is
between
being
the
first
Aggressors
in
a
war
against
another
,
and
expecting
the
other
to
be
the
first
beginner
thereof
;
between
treating
about
the
dividing
of
another
State
,
and
expecting
till
their
own
be
in
danger
thereof
:
and
lastly
,
whether
it
be
better
to
have
one
only
Assistant
,
or
to
engage
alone
against
several
joint
Adversaries
;
and
after
such
consideration
made
to
deliberate
about
what
is
likely
to
prove
most
conducive
to
their
particular
interest
.
X.
IT
is
a
thing
of
singular
prudence
and
great
repute
in
a
great
Prince
,
when
he
so
demeans
himself
in
his
affairs
,
as
that
they
who
are
inferiour
to
him
,
have
no
occasion
to
suspect
,
that
he
does
any
thing
out
of
dissimulation
,
or
by
way
of
personation
,
or
out
of
any
other
design
that
is
not
good
and
justifiable
.
XI
.
WHen
Princes
enter
into
leagues
,
in
order
to
the
reducing
of
interests
to
a
certain
equality
,
there
easily
arise
disgusts
and
jealousies
among
them
;
whence
it
often
happens
,
that
enterprises
begun
with
a
great
opinion
of
success
,
meet
with
many
difficulties
,
and
in
fine
come
to
nothing
.
XII
.
FOr
a
man
to
be
a
King
may
sometimes
be
the
effect
of
success
;
but
to
exercise
that
sacred
and
royal
function
,
which
proposes
to
it self
for
its
last
end
,
the
good
and
welfare
of
his
people
,
depends
wholly
on
the
person
himself
,
and
the
vertue
which
ought
to
be
attendant
on
him
.
XIII
.
IN
difficult
and
intricate
deliberations
,
the
Prince
ought
to
approve
those
for
easie
and
desirable
which
are
necessary
,
or
at
least
those
which
in
comparison
of
others
,
seem
to
imply
less
difficulty
,
and
less
danger
.
XIV
.
THe
greater
and
more
powerful
a
King
is
,
the
more
honourable
it
is
for
him
to
employ
his
grandeur
in
the
maintenance
and
administration
of
justice
,
and
the
publick
faith
;
there
being
not
any
thing
more
unbecoming
a
Prince
or
Republick
,
than
to
be
defective
in
the
observance
of
publick
obligations
.
XV.
IN
things
that
are
doubtful
,
the
Prince
ought
to
continue
in
suspence
,
and
to
reserve
to
himself
,
as
much
as
lyes
in
his
power
,
the
means
of
taking
and
fixing
upon
that
resolution
,
which
he
shall
find
by
the
general
course
of
affairs
likely
to
prove
most
beneficial
and
expedient
.
XVI
.
THe
prudential
Captain
is
he
,
who
to
obtain
a
victory
with
greater
security
,
would
rather
do
it
with
great
protraction
of
time
,
much
hardship
endur'd
,
and
cautious
adventuring
forward
,
with
sufficient
provision
for
all
accidents
,
than
to
overcome
with
ease
and
expedition
,
meerly
to
acquire
glory
to
himself
by
puting
all
to
an
immediate
hazard
.
XVII
.
IT
commonly
happens
through
the
corrupt
judgment
of
mankind
,
that
prodigality
is
more
recommended
in
a
King
,
though
in
some
measure
attended
with
rapine
,
than
frugality
,
though
accompani'd
by
an
abstinence
from
encroaching
upon
that
which
is
anothers
.
XVIII
.
ALL
the
things
,
for
which
men
are
so
industrious
and
concern'd
in
this
world
,
are
reducible
to
two
points
,
to
wit
,
profit
and
honour
;
under
that
of
profit
is
comprehended
whatever
concerns
the
Body
,
under
that
of
honour
,
whatever
concerns
the
mind
.
XIX
.
THE
Prince
ought
to
be
grave
,
by
a
regular
stayedness
of
demeanour
,
governing
himself
with
moderation
in
all
his
affairs
,
performing
the
promises
he
hath
made
,
and
standing
more
in
fear
of
doing
that
which
is
evil
,
than
that
any
ill
should
be
done
to
him
;
and
all
this
with
a
continual
remembrance
,
that
he
being
but
a
man
,
has
receiv'd
from
God
a
power
almost
divine
;
but
to
this
end
,
that
he
might
be
a
furtherer
and
advancer
of
things
just
,
and
of
good
report
,
in
his
Government
.
XX.
THE
Citizen
who
begins
to
concern
himself
in
the
management
of
the
publick
affairs
,
ought
to
live
according
to
the
usual
course
of
the
other
Citizens
,
and
accommodate
himself
to
their
humour
,
and
with
all
the
dexterity
and
prudence
he
can
,
promote
those
things
,
wherewith
the
populace
are
more
satisfy'd
,
and
by
which
they
are
ordinarily
kept
in
a
good
humour
.
By
these
compliances
he
will
come
into
repute
and
credit
,
and
acquire
authority
.
XXI
.
THey
who
are
entrusted
with
the
management
of
the
affairs
of
a
free
State
,
ought
to
be
always
mindful
of
two
precepts
of
Plato
.
One
is
,
that
they
principally
promote
the
advantage
of
the
Citizens
,
and
make
all
their
endeavours
subservient
to
that
end
,
not
regarding
their
own
private
interests
.
The
other
is
,
that
they
have
an
eye
on
the
whole
body
of
the
Republick
,
so
as
that
though
they
incline
to
one
party
,
yet
they
must
notdesert
another
.
The
reason
of
it
is
,
that
the
Commonwealth
ought
to
be
govern'd
as
a
Guardianship
▪
is
,
to
wit
,
for
the
good
and
advantage
of
those
who
are
receiv'd
under
the
charge
thereof
,
and
not
altogether
for
theirs
,
to
whom
it
is
committed
.
XXII
.
IT
is
the
peculiar
charge
of
the
Magistrate
,
to
be
careful
,
that
he
represent
the
person
of
the
City
,
and
that
he
maintain
the
order
and
dignity
thereof
,
observe
the
Laws
,
and
be
mindful
of
the
things
committed
to
his
trust
,
and
make
provision
not
only
for
what
is
done
,
but
also
for
what
ought
to
be
done
;
it
being
his
business
,
that
the
Common-wealth
be
as
well
regulated
after
his
death
,
as
it
was
,
while
he
liv'd
.
XXIII
.
THat
War
is
just
which
is
necessary
,
and
that
is
a
pious
▪
recourse
to
Arms
,
when
there
remains
no
hopes
otherwise
than
in
Arms
;
and
that
war
is
just
which
a
Prince
enters
into
▪
either
to
recover
what
is
lost
,
or
to
prevent
the
wrong
intended
him
.
XXIV
.
THis
ought
to
be
heeded
by
Governours
,
that
when
they
pardon
a
small
number
of
delinquent
persons
,
they
disoblige
all
the
good
;
in
regard
that
these
latter
perceiving
that
mischief
is
pardon'd
,
cannot
promise
themselves
that
good
will
be
requited
by
the
Governours
;
and
thereupon
▪
persuading
themselves
that
there
is
more
to
be
gotten
among
the
wicked
,
they
are
easily
diverted
from
well
doing
.
XXV
.
IT
is
always
observ'd
,
that
in
Cities
,
they
who
are
necessitous
envy
the
good
,
and
have
an
esteem
for
the
wicked
;
they
quarrel
at
things
of
ancient
establishment
,
and
are
forward
to
promote
novelties
;
and
out
of
the
aversion
they
have
for
the
wealthier
sort
,
they
study
tumult
and
seditions
,
imagining
that
their
poverty
and
multitude
will
indemnify
them
from
the
punishments
,
due
to
the
disorders
,
whereof
they
are
the
occasions
and
abettors
.
XXVI
.
WHen
persons
of
a
mean
and
despicable
condition
are
guilty
of
any
miscarriage
,
it
is
known
but
to
few
persons
,
and
the
noise
of
their
actions
reaches
no
further
than
their
conditions
will
bear
.
But
the
acts
and
demeanour
of
those
who
are
of
great
quality
,
and
owners
of
great
Estates
,
are
remarkable
to
all
,
and
so
become
more
highly
censureable
.
XXVII
.
IT
is
seldom
seen
that
a
vertuous
man
loses
his
Liberty
,
but
he
withal
in
some
respect
loses
his
Life
;
in
regard
it
is
a
thing
notorious
to
all
,
and
of
great
difficulty
to
those
who
have
been
educated
and
enur'd
to
freedom
,
to
be
reduc'd
to
a
servile
life
,
inasmuch
as
of
all
things
in
the
world
Liberty
is
the
best
and
most
desireable
,
the
very
name
whereof
is
a
character
of
vertue
,
as
servitude
is
a
mark
of
misfortune
.
XXVIII
.
WHen
a
person
of
noble
extraction
degenerates
from
his
Ancestors
by
the
doing
of
things
that
are
not
vertuous
,
he
ought
to
remember
,
that
by
how
much
the
more
illustrious
the
Lives
of
his
Progenitors
were
,
in
their
times
,
so
much
the
more
scandalous
and
reproachable
will
his
appear
:
inasmuch
as
the
lustre
and
reputation
of
Ancestors
is
as
it
were
a
light
to
their
Descendents
,
which
discovers
,
to
the
eyes
of
others
,
the
vertue
or
vice
which
is
remarkable
in
them
.
XXIX
.
'T
IS
an
humour
highly
commendable
in
a
victorious
Prince
,
when
he
is
so
far
mindful
of
himself
,
as
to
endeavour
rather
to
do
what
is
consistent
with
the
rules
of
generosity
,
than
to
impose
conditions
too
insupportable
upon
his
conquer'd
enemies
.
XXX
.
HE
who
is
of
an
humour
inclin'd
to
peace
,
will
not
be
diverted
from
the
concluding
of
it
by
the
great
difficulties
which
present
themselves
in
the
negotiation
thereof
;
inasmuch
as
the
difficulties
occurrent
therein
,
are
remov'd
either
by
the
force
of
down-right
justice
,
or
by
retaliating
injustice
with
injustice
,
and
counterpoising
reason
with
reason
,
or
by
the
enduring
of
a
lesser
prejudice
,
or
by
a
mutual
deference
of
several
parties
in
abating
somewhat
of
their
right
;
as
shall
seem
most
convenient
to
prudent
persons
,
according
to
the
importance
of
the
thing
in
dispute
.
XXXI
.
IT
is
the
property
of
a
well
establish'd
and
well
regulated
Commonwealth
,
that
all
Affairs
,
or
the
greatest
part
thereof
,
as
far
as
it
is
possible
,
be
manag'd
,
and
decided
by
the
Laws
,
rather
than
left
to
the
decision
and
discretion
of
a
Judge
;
inasmuch
as
there
are
few
of
so
great
abilities
and
sound
understanding
,
as
to
be
sufficiently
skill'd
in
the
Laws
,
and
withal
of
unquestion'd
integrity
,
to
give
right
judgement
in
a
doubtful
case
;
whereas
the
Laws
themselves
,
by
long
experience
of
affairs
,
and
by
mature
consideration
,
are
reduc'd
to
perfection
:
but
the
judgment
of
man
according
to
his
natural
bent
to
love
or
a
version
is
wrested
and
corrupted
without
the
support
of
the
Law.
XXXII
.
AMong
those
of
the
popular
rank
,
discords
arise
from
the
disparity
of
Estates
,
in
regard
those
of
the
lower
rate
are
desirous
to
be
equal
to
those
of
the
higher
;
but
among
the
Nobility
,
they
proceed
from
grandeurs
,
inasmuch
as
they
who
are
equal
are
desirous
to
aggrandize
themselves
.
XXXIII
.
WHen
men
are
come
near
that
disaster
or
inconvenience
into
which
they
are
fatally
design'd
to
fall
,
't
is
then
that
they
are
principally
depriv'd
of
those
advantages
of
circumspection
and
prudence
,
with
the
assistance
whereof
they
might
,
in
all
likelihood
,
have
avoided
the
inconvenience
which
threatned
them
.
XXXIV
.
WHen
matters
of
great
importance
are
under
debate
,
there
is
not
any
thing
more
necessary
on
the
one
side
,
nor
more
dangerous
on
the
other
,
than
to
take
advice
thereupon
;
and
no
doubt
the
prudent
person
stands
less
in
need
of
counsel
than
the
imprudent
,
and
accordingly
the
former
derives
greater
advantages
from
taking
counsel
than
the
other
,
because
he
has
so
great
a
stock
of
prudence
,
as
to
be
able
to
consider
and
weigh
things
of
himself
,
and
amongst
the
reasons
that
are
offer'd
,
to
discern
those
which
make
most
for
his
interest
.
But
what
assurance
can
the
imprudent
person
have
,
in
asking
counsel
,
that
the
advertisements
he
receives
are
good
and
faithful
?
For
if
the
person
who
gives
counsel
be
not
highly
faithful
and
well
affected
to
him
who
desires
it
,
but
is
inducible
to
be
otherwise
,
out
of
some
notorious
concern
of
his
own
,
or
out
of
some
motive
of
advantage
,
or
flender
satisfaction
,
he
will
frame
his
advice
so
as
that
it
may
be
most
beneficial
to
himself
.
And
that
intention
of
his
being
for
the
most
part
unknown
to
the
party
consulting
,
he
makes
no
discovery
,
if
he
be
not
a
prudent
person
,
of
the
perfidiousness
of
the
Counsel
that
is
given
him
.
XXXV
.
HE
who
is
desirous
to
ballance
things
between
Princes
,
and
to
observe
a
punctual
neutrality
,
must
,
with
the
greatest
circumspection
he
can
,
abstain
not
only
from
all
acts
,
but
also
from
any
discovery
,
which
may
raise
a
suspicion
of
his
being
inclin'd
to
one
side
more
than
the
other
.
XXXVI
.
YOuth
,
as
it
is
that
part
of
Man's
Age
which
is
most
greedy
of
honour
,
and
looks
upon
disgrace
with
the
greatest
indignation
,
so
is
it
also
the
most
capable
of
enduring
the
inconveniencies
,
difficulties
,
and
hardships
,
which
necessarily
attend
War.
The
difference
there
is
between
men
or
nations
is
not
to
be
measured
by
years
,
but
by
ingenuity
,
vivacity
,
and
soundness
of
judgment
,
study
,
industry
,
and
the
particular
exercises
of
vertue
.
XXXVII
.
IF
a
great
person
has
done
thee
an
injury
,
dissemble
thy
reception
thereof
,
and
smother
thy
resentments
;
for
it
is
a
pure
extravagance
to
be
disgusted
against
a
person
,
whom
thou
dar'st
not
call
to
account
,
and
whom
it
were
imprudence
in
thee
further
to
exasperate
.
XXXVIII
.
THere
happens
an
infinite
variety
of
turns
and
changes
in
military
affairs
;
therefore
ought
not
a
man
to
grow
too
confident
upon
new
advantages
,
nor
be
too
much
depressed
,
upon
the
contrary
:
inasmuch
as
ever
and
anon
,
there
comes
some
alteration
,
whereby
this
lesson
may
be
learnt
,
that
when
opportunity
presents
it self
,
it
should
not
be
neglected
,
because
it
lasts
but
for
a
short
time
.
XXXIX
.
WHen
matters
come
first
under
deliberation
,
it
is
most
seriously
to
be
consider'd
,
what
the
issue
thereof
may
be
;
and
then
ought
men
to
be
cautious
how
they
assent
to
uncivil
and
pernicious
demands
.
For
some
have
found
by
experience
,
that
when
such
as
they
are
treating
withal
have
obtain'd
what
they
desir'd
,
it
has
prov'd
only
an
encouragement
to
them
to
make
a
further
progress
in
their
demands
.
XL.
THe
more
sudden
and
unexpected
accidents
are
,
the
greater
discomposure
and
astonishment
do
they
cause
to
those
to
whom
they
happen
.
It
is
therefore
the
part
of
a
prudent
person
,
to
make
that
provision
before-hand
,
which
may
prevent
his
being
surpriz'd
or
disturb'd
;
or
if
it
so
happen
that
it
cannot
be
avoided
,
let
him
endeavour
,
from
the
present
state
of
things
,
to
foresee
what
may
come
to
pass
,
using
all
the
precautious
remedies
,
which
his
experience
and
prudence
can
suggest
,
and
not
suffering
things
to
grow
worse
and
worse
.
XLI
.
IT
always
happens
,
in
civil
conversation
,
that
,
whether
a
vicious
act
be
chastis'd
,
or
a
vertuous
act
recompenc'd
,
the
whole
body
of
the
Citizens
receives
a
good
thereby
;
nor
was
there
ever
any
expedient
more
contributory
to
the
preservation
of
Cities
in
a
happy
and
flourishing
state
,
than
that
counterballancing
of
punishment
and
reward
,
justly
apply'd
according
to
desert
.
XLII
.
ALL
the
assurances
that
can
be
had
of
an
Enemy
whether
by
oath
,
parole
,
engagement
to
friends
,
promises
,
or
whatever
other
way
can
be
imagin'd
,
are
good
;
but
by
reason
of
the
corruption
of
persons
,
the
depravation
of
Morality
,
and
the
vicissitude
of
times
and
accidents
,
the
best
expedient
is
for
a
man
to
take
such
order
in
his
affairs
,
as
that
the
Enemy
may
not
be
in
a
capacity
to
annoy
him
.
XLIII
.
THE
present
method
of
carrying
on
a
War
is
much
different
from
that
of
the
Ancients
,
who
did
not
their
work
by
Assassinations
,
and
surprises
,
but
discover'd
to
the
Enemy
,
if
any
base
contrivance
were
in
hand
against
him
,
and
all
out
of
a
confidence
that
they
should
be
able
to
overcome
him
by
Vertue
.
XLIV
.
WHen
a
man
is
advanc'd
to
some
great
charge
;
it
is
soon
discover'd
whether
he
be
a
person
of
great
abilities
,
or
not
;
but
above
all
,
by
the
augmentation
of
his
worldly
concerns
,
and
the
advantages
he
may
have
by
his
Office
,
the
affections
of
his
heart
are
discover'd
,
together
with
his
disposition
;
inasmuch
as
,
the
greater
person
he
is
,
so
much
the
less
cautious
will
he
be
,
in
suffering
himself
to
be
carryed
away
with
the
current
of
his
own
natural
humour
.
XLV
.
BE
it
thy
continual
care
,
that
thy
Superiour
conceive
no
ill
opinion
of
thee
,
and
be
not
over-confident
of
the
leading
an
unblameable
course
of
life
,
but
endeavour
to
be
such
an
one
as
that
thou
maist
not
be
much
afraid
to
fall
into
his
hands
;
inasmuch
as
there
is
an
infinite
number
of
unforeseen
occasions
,
wherein
thou
mayst
stand
in
need
of
him
,
and
be
glad
to
insinuate
into
his
favour
.
XLVI
.
THE
Governour
ought
rather
to
fix
his
consideration
upon
the
substance
and
reality
of
the
thing
,
than
upon
the
appearance
of
it
,
measuring
it
rather
by
prudence
,
than
by
his
own
will
,
and
being
always
distrustful
of
himself
;
in
regard
it
is
a
great
reproach
to
a
State
,
when
imprudence
is
attended
by
danger
.
XLVII
.
THE
grand
mystery
of
War
consists
rather
in
obedience
,
than
a
curiosity
of
knowing
the
reason
of
the
General
's
orders
;
and
that
Army
is
well
fitted
and
prepar'd
for
danger
,
which
,
before
it
is
set
on
work
,
is
the
most
exactly
kept
under
discipline
.
XLVIII
.
ALL
those
who
are
concern'd
,
or
commissionated
to
deliberate
and
treat
of
Affairs
of
great
importance
,
ought
to
consider
with
themselves
,
whether
that
they
undertake
will
prove
beneficial
to
the
Commonwealth
,
honorable
to
themselves
,
and
may
be
compass'd
without
any
great
difficulty
.
XLIX
.
IN
the
carrying
on
of
Enterprises
,
it
is
to
be
observ'd
,
whether
he
who
gives
the
advice
,
is
also
willing
to
expose
his
person
to
danger
;
and
when
the
enterprise
has
taken
effect
it
is
to
be
consider'd
,
to
whom
the
honour
thereof
is
principally
to
be
attributed
.
L.
IN
the
times
of
publick
disturbances
and
seditions
,
they
always
have
the
greatest
power
and
credit
,
who
of
all
are
the
most
wicked
;
but
in
times
of
peace
and
tranquillity
,
they
are
most
in
esteem
who
are
the
most
remarkable
for
their
conduct
,
and
observance
of
discipline
.
LI.
MEN
would
not
be
so
violently
addicted
to
mischief
,
were
it
not
for
the
advantages
or
satisfaction
they
reap
thereby
.
This
gave
occasion
to
wise
Law
givers
to
make
punishments
and
rewards
the
ground-work
and
support
of
their
Governments
,
not
so
much
out
of
a
design
to
afflict
their
subjects
,
as
to
divert
them
from
those
things
wherein
they
are
apt
to
follow
their
own
corrupt
inclinations
.
LII
.
AS
Discord
divides
one
City
and
makes
it
two
,
or
more
,
and
gives
occasion
to
those
who
have
their
eye
upon
it
to
advance
and
carry
on
their
designes
with
greater
success
against
it
;
so
Union
restrains
and
cements
the
Counsels
of
many
,
and
reduces
them
into
one
body
,
and
by
that
means
keeps
the
government
closely
compacted
together
,
and
uncorrupted
.
LIII
.
AS
it
happens
in
a
structure
of
importance
,
that
there
is
more
danger
of
the
falling
of
one
Stone
towards
the
foundation
,
than
if
a
hundred
Tiles
fall
down
from
the
roof
of
it
:
so
is
it
a
much
greater
fault
in
point
of
policy
,
to
disobey
justice
,
than
to
commit
many
slight
faults
against
the
particular
devoir
between
man
and
man
;
since
it
has
been
observ'd
,
that
many
times
great
scandals
have
been
rais'd
in
the
Commonwealth
,
which
were
occasion'd
at
first
by
some
small
disobedience
.
LIV.
IT
would
be
a
good
and
wholsom
Law
,
if
those
persons
,
who
observe
no
regularity
in
their
lives
,
who
are
negligent
in
the
managery
of
their
domestick
concerns
,
who
order
not
their
affairs
as
they
ought
to
do
,
and
discover
no
observance
of
discipline
in
their
own
families
,
but
live
in
perpetual
jarring
and
contention
with
their
Neighbours
,
should
be
put
under
the
tuition
of
Guardians
,
who
might
treat
them
and
keep
them
in
,
as
distracted
and
extravagant
persons
,
to
prevent
the
communicating
their
extravagance
to
others
;
inasmuch
as
the
Commonwealth
is
never
more
likely
to
fall
into
disturbance
,
than
it
is
by
their
means
who
observe
no
rule
in
their
private
demeanour
.
LV.
THere
is
not
any
thing
more
common
or
more
pernicious
among
men
,
than
that
deceitful
imagination
of
one
mans
condition
being
better
than
another
.
And
this
proceeds
hence
,
that
mens
eyes
are
so
blinded
with
malice
and
envy
,
that
they
would
rather
with
much
trouble
grasp
at
what
belongs
to
another
,
than
quietly
enjoy
their
own
.
The
condition
of
Princes
is
really
good
,
if
they
make
a
good
use
thereof
.
In
like
manner
,
the
popular
state
is
good
,
if
men
acquit
themselves
therein
as
they
ought
to
do
.
The
condition
of
the
wealthy
is
good
,
if
they
use
it
with
moderation
;
and
so
is
that
of
the
poor
,
if
it
be
attended
with
patience
,
which
is
of
such
a
soveraign
vertue
,
as
to
make
that
good
which
is
generally
accounted
otherwise
.
LVI
.
IF
Subjects
knew
what
a
hard
task
the
Prince
has
in
commanding
,
or
if
the
Prince
knew
how
sweet
a
thing
it
is
to
live
in
tranquillity
,
the
meaner
sort
would
have
a
great
compassion
on
the
Grandees
,
and
the
Grandees
would
envy
those
of
a
mean
condition
;
inasmuch
as
the
divertisements
which
the
Prince
enjoies
,
amount
to
little
in
comparison
of
the
discontents
he
is
forc'd
to
endure
.
But
as
the
station
of
the
Prince
is
the
highest
of
all
,
as
he
can
do
more
than
all
,
as
his
worth
exceeds
that
of
all
the
rest
,
as
he
endures
more
than
all
,
and
surpasses
all
in
government
;
so
is
it
necessary
,
that
the
Court
,
the
person
,
and
life
of
the
Prince
be
better
regulated
than
those
of
all
the
rest
,
inasmuch
as
it
is
the
rule
,
measure
,
and
standard
thereof
.
LVII
.
THere
is
not
any
thing
whereof
a
wise
Prince
should
be
more
selfsatisfy'd
,
than
that
he
has
about
him
some
persons
eminent
for
their
valour
and
conduct
,
to
carry
on
the
military
concerns
,
and
others
signal
for
their
prudence
and
integrity
,
to
manage
the
civil
.
LVIII
.
IT
is
a
very
remarkable
observation
,
that
men
eminent
for
their
valour
and
good
fortune
in
Military
affairs
are
born
and
flourish
much
more
in
one
time
than
they
do
in
another
.
For
if
a
valiant
person
rise
up
in
the
time
of
a
daring
Prince
,
he
shall
be
in
great
esteem
,
and
employ'd
upon
extraordinary
designes
;
but
if
he
live
under
a
timorous
and
distrustful
Prince
,
such
a
Prince
shall
make
greater
account
of
those
who
study
how
to
improve
and
advance
his
Revenues
,
than
he
will
do
of
him
who
shall
return
crown'd
with
Laurels
from
the
Wars
.
LIX
.
THey
who
are
desirous
of
the
reputation
of
good
Princes
,
ought
to
propose
to
themselves
the
examples
of
such
as
have
been
such
in
their
several
ages
:
for
to
that
end
are
the
Lives
and
Actions
of
illustrious
persons
,
by
faithful
Historians
,
transmitted
to
Posterity
;
that
Princes
and
Grandees
may
have
such
Exemplars
set
before
them
as
they
ought
to
imitate
.
LX.
THE
greatest
care
a
Governour
ought
to
take
,
is
to
find
out
the
person
who
shall
advise
him
to
govern
well
,
and
to
maintain
his
Estate
with
Justice
.
And
that
is
not
done
with
harsh
words
,
but
with
a
meekness
that
gains
mens
hearts
,
and
acts
of
good
example
;
for
a
generous
Soul
is
easily
drawn
in
to
obey
,
when
the
person
who
imposes
the
command
is
of
good
repute
and
example
.
LXI
.
THere
happens
one
thing
in
the
world
which
is
worthy
our
serious
observance
;
to
wit
,
that
as
among
the
good
,
there
is
some
one
,
transcendently
good
,
so
in
like
manner
,
among
the
bad
,
there
is
one
transcendently
such
.
But
the
misfortune
is
,
that
the
good
person
does
not
gain
so
much
honour
by
his
vertue
,
as
the
lewd
person
does
reputation
by
his
lewdness
;
in
regard
vertue
renders
a
man
naturally
inclin'd
to
retirement
,
whereas
the
vicious
person
never
thinks
better
of
himself
,
than
when
he
appears
upon
the
Stage
.
LXII
.
PRinces
ought
not
to
betray
their
surprize
and
astonishment
at
any
thing
,
even
when
things
seem
to
go
most
against
them
;
but
they
should
obstinately
stand
upon
the
defence
of
their
own
,
expecting
their
neighbour
Princes
will
find
it
their
own
interest
to
keep
them
up
in
their
former
station
,
to
prevent
the
over-growth
of
some
ambitious
Pretender
.
LXIII
.
THE
person
o'repress'd
with
calamities
and
disasters
is
always
hearkning
after
some
change
of
fortune
,
whereas
he
who
is
at
his
ease
does
not
so
much
as
think
of
any
alteration
;
the
litter
is
sufficiently
satisfi'd
with
the
present
posture
of
his
affairs
,
and
the
other
looks
on
Vicissitude
as
the
only
means
to
cause
some
amendment
in
his
condition
.
LXIV
.
SOme
wise
men
affirm
,
that
when
the
Commonwealth
is
upon
the
choice
of
a
Governour
,
they
should
be
sure
to
pitch
upon
a
person
who
has
been
at
least
ten
years
in
the
wars
;
in
regard
that
he
alone
is
most
likely
to
be
the
best
preserver
of
a
desired
peace
,
who
has
been
experimentally
acquainted
with
the
miseries
and
calamities
consequent
to
War.
LXV
.
NO
doubt
but
that
Prince
does
most
wisely
,
who
regulates
his
affairs
answerably
to
his
Revenues
;
in
regard
that
if
he
do
not
,
and
his
Territories
be
but
small
,
he
must
either
run
the
hazard
of
losing
what
he
is
possess'd
of
,
or
,
to
keep
himself
up
,
do
those
things
that
are
burthensom
to
his
Subjects
,
and
so
his
Government
must
degenerate
into
Tyranny
.
LXVI
.
IT
is
the
greatest
commendation
that
can
be
of
the
supream
Magistrate
,
to
be
conversant
and
familiar
with
the
good
,
(
since
that
familiarity
is
the
greatest
incentive
and
encouragement
that
can
be
to
goodness
;
)
to
be
liberal
of
his
estate
in
doing
of
good
works
,
(
it
being
notorious
,
that
he
who
values
his
reputation
,
makes
but
little
account
of
mony
;
)
to
extirpate
Tyranny
(
inasmuch
as
the
concent
and
harmony
of
the
Princes
Government
consists
in
the
chastisement
of
the
bad
,
and
the
rewarding
of
the
good
;
)
and
to
shew
his
munificence
upon
all
occasions
;
in
regard
there
is
not
any
thing
more
endears
the
Majesty
of
the
Prince
,
than
when
he
makes
all
the
demonstrations
he
can
of
his
grandeur
,
in
relieving
others
,
and
not
expecting
that
he
should
derive
great
advantage
from
others
.
LXVII
.
TWO
things
render
a
City
secure
,
and
highly
contribute
to
the
commendation
and
honour
of
its
Governours
;
the
one
,
when
it
is
guarded
by
those
whose
Estates
are
the
most
considerable
,
&
is
well
provided
with
all
things
relating
to
the
defensive
part
;
the
other
,
when
there
is
a
fair
correspondence
between
its
Governours
and
their
Neighbours
;
without
which
there
cannot
be
a
free
intercourse
of
commerce
,
and
mutual
supplies
of
all
necessary
provisions
.
LXVIII
.
A
Soveraign
Lord
,
who
would
be
obey'd
,
will
do
well
,
in
the
first
place
to
conclude
it
necessary
,
that
when
he
commands
,
he
should
make
some
discovery
of
his
own
personal
observance
thereof
,
in
regard
that
no
Lord
is
to
propose
that
soveraignty
to
himself
,
as
to
be
exempted
from
the
acts
and
exercises
of
Vertue
;
especially
since
that
the
Prince
,
being
the
mirrour
of
others
,
is
oblig'd
so
evidently
and
actually
to
apply
himself
thereto
,
as
that
he
himself
should
give
example
to
those
that
are
under
his
Government
.
LXIX
.
TO
meet
with
some
unexpected
misfortune
,
is
a
thing
,
of
its
own
nature
,
not
good
;
yet
may
it
accidentally
contribute
to
the
advantage
of
a
person
of
sound
understanding
;
in
as
much
as
it
may
be
an
occasion
to
him
of
standing
more
strictly
upon
his
guard
,
in
case
the
like
accident
may
happen
another
time
,
there
being
few
who
truly
believe
what
evil
is
,
till
they
have
had
some
experience
thereof
.
Whence
it
comes
,
that
all
persons
not
well
vers'd
in
affairs
proceed
ordinarily
either
with
too
much
negligence
,
or
too
much
presumption
;
whereas
he
who
has
once
weather'd
out
a
disastrous
chance
,
becomes
thereby
so
much
the
more
cautious
and
considerate
.
LXX
.
PRinces
will
do
well
,
so
to
converse
with
their
Subjects
,
as
that
they
may
be
induc'd
to
serve
them
rather
out
of
a
readiness
of
inclination
,
than
out
of
hopes
of
reward
;
in
regard
that
the
less
respect
men
have
for
mony
,
the
less
it
implies
of
servitude
.
For
he
who
loves
another
sincerely
and
generously
,
does
not
become
arrogant
in
prosperity
,
nor
flinches
from
him
in
adversity
;
does
not
bemoan
himself
upon
the
consideration
of
poverty
,
nor
is
cast
down
and
disgusted
at
his
not
being
much
in
favour
,
nor
recoyles
in
the
time
of
persecution
.
In
short
,
there
is
a
correspondence
between
Life
and
Love
to
the
last
gasp
.
LXXI
.
EVery
State
ought
so
to
desire
Peace
,
as
to
be
nevertheless
diligent
in
the
making
of
all
Military
preparations
;
for
peace
without
Arms
is
weak
and
indefensive
.
Thence
it
came
,
that
the
Heathens
represented
even
the
Goddess
of
Arts
and
sciences
armed
;
and
so
,
to
be
desirous
of
peace
and
to
carry
on
the
preparatives
of
war
,
are
not
things
simply
contradictory
.
LXXII
.
HE
truly
understands
the
tender
and
transcendent
concern
of
Friendship
,
who
obliges
his
friend
before
he
be
requir'd
to
do
it
.
For
in
so
doing
,
he
is
not
only
generous
in
the
disposal
of
his
kindnesses
,
but
also
causes
them
to
be
receiv'd
with
a
greater
sense
of
obligation
,
by
disburthening
his
friend
of
that
bashfulness
and
fear
of
repulse
,
which
commonly
attends
asking
.
LXXIII
.
THat
Prince
does
well
who
makes
it
his
business
to
be
well
supply'd
with
prudent
Commanders
and
persons
eminent
for
their
valour
for
the
management
of
War
:
But
no
doubt
,
he
does
better
,
whose
Court
flourishes
with
wise
Counsellors
,
and
Statesmen
;
in
regard
that
the
gaining
of
battels
consists
in
the
prowess
and
valorous
deportment
of
many
,
but
it
happens
sometimes
,
that
the
government
of
the
Commonwealth
is
committed
to
the
management
of
one
particular
person
.
LXXIV
.
OF
all
employments
the
worst
is
that
which
is
concern'd
in
the
chastisement
of
other
mens
miscarriages
;
and
thence
is
it
that
a
well-advis'd
person
does
what
lies
in
his
power
,
to
avoid
them
;
in
regard
that
the
reprehension
of
Vices
does
more
commonly
beget
an
aversion
for
the
reprover
,
than
it
does
amendment
in
those
that
are
reprov'd
.
LXXV
.
EVery
fault
,
what
excuse
soever
there
may
be
for
it
,
is
however
condemnable
;
inasmuch
as
if
it
be
committed
out
of
a
sudden
sally
of
passion
,
it
is
already
a
great
miscarriage
,
but
if
out
of
forethought
and
deliberation
,
the
mischief
is
so
much
the
greater
.
LXXVI
.
'T
IS
well
done
for
a
man
to
endeavour
to
manage
all
his
concerns
with
reason
,
and
to
carry
on
every
enterprize
by
order
;
but
in
the
doing
of
it
,
there
is
much
difficulty
.
And
yet
considerate
persons
,
to
compass
what
they
have
design'd
,
will
use
such
diligence
and
precaution
,
as
may
prevent
those
inconveniences
;
which
,
for
want
thereof
,
might
otherwise
ensue
.
LXXVII
.
IT
is
but
reasonable
,
that
the
Citizen
,
who
,
while
he
continu'd
in
the
quality
of
a
private
person
,
was
affable
and
familiar
with
his
friends
,
should
demean
himself
with
an
equal
degree
of
affability
and
humanity
towards
them
,
when
he
has
put
on
the
Robe
of
Magistracy
.
For
as
it
is
the
character
of
a
mean
spirit
to
be
arrogant
upon
the
honours
successively
acquir'd
by
valorous
atchievements
;
so
when
a
man
grows
proud
upon
his
advancement
to
an
Office
,
whereof
he
must
within
a
short
time
after
be
devested
,
he
betrays
his
indigence
of
modesty
and
vertue
,
and
little
reflects
,
that
if
mens
exaltation
to
honours
must
change
their
manners
,
humours
,
and
deportment
,
it
ought
to
change
them
for
the
better
,
and
not
for
the
worse
.
LXXVIII
.
WHen
persons
of
understanding
propose
to
themselves
the
obtaining
of
somewhat
which
is
not
to
be
obtain'd
without
some
difficulty
,
they
bethink
themselves
of
the
proper
means
to
compass
their
ends
.
Many
things
are
obtain'd
,
by
the
dextrous
and
insinuating
applications
of
those
employ'd
therein
;
as
appears
frequently
by
the
Negotiations
of
Ambassadors
,
and
other
publick
persons
.
LXXIX
.
THE
chief
Commander
of
an
Army
,
besides
his
skill
and
experience
in
military
affaires
,
ought
to
be
magnanimous
,
of
a
sedate
temper
,
valiant
,
liberal
,
and
prudent
.
It
is
expected
from
him
,
that
he
should
stand
upon
his
authority
in
the
management
of
affairs
,
that
he
should
be
grave
in
discourse
,
and
a
punctual
observer
of
his
promises
.
When
affairs
of
importance
come
into
debate
,
he
ought
to
use
all
imaginable
circumspection
,
to
deliberate
with
a
mature
judgement
,
and
then
put
things
in
execution
with
great
diligence
.
His
demeanour
and
countenance
towards
his
Soldiers
ought
to
be
cheerful
,
serene
,
and
obliging
to
all
,
yet
with
a
remembrance
of
his
quality
,
and
the
distance
there
is
between
them
;
that
so
he
may
not
,
by
his
excessive
familiarity
,
give
his
Army
occasion
to
be
disobedient
and
undisciplin'd
;
nor
disgust
it
,
by
being
too
morose
and
severe
.
And
whereas
the
good
affections
of
the
Souldiery
is
the
most
certain
hope
he
has
for
the
obtaining
of
a
victory
,
it
ought
to
be
his
constant
endeavour
not
only
that
they
should
bear
him
the
reverence
and
respect
due
to
his
character
,
but
also
that
they
should
have
a
mutual
kindness
one
for
another
,
and
be
sensible
of
their
being
members
of
the
same
body
;
rewarding
those
who
merit
it
,
and
disgracing
and
punishing
the
neglectors
of
their
duty
.
LXXX
.
THE
power
of
Fortune
(
by
that
name
did
the
Heathens
call
the
secret
and
not
ordinarily
perceptible
disposition
of
the
extraordinary
works
of
God
)
is
of
wonderful
consequence
in
humane
accidents
,
but
especially
in
the
case
of
War
and
Armes
.
So
that
a
Command
not
rightly
understood
,
an
Order
not
well
executed
,
some
temerarious
action
,
or
the
voice
of
an
ordinary
Souldier
,
does
many
times
transfer
the
victory
to
those
who
before
seem'd
vanquish'd
.
And
that
causes
of
a
sudden
an
infinite
number
of
accidents
,
which
it
is
impossible
to
foresee
,
or
remedy
.
LXXXI
.
MEN
are
never
more
easily
deceiv'd
,
than
they
are
by
those
who
have
the
reputation
of
being
most
sincere
,
that
is
,
at
the
greatest
distance
from
deceiving
.
LXXXII
.
THE
greater
and
more
important
things
are
,
the
more
apt
are
men
to
discourse
of
them
,
never
minding
how
closely
they
keep
to
the
truth
,
or
how
far
they
receed
from
it
.
There
are
some
who
believe
,
and
hold
to
be
most
certain
,
what
they
have
heard
,
not
regarding
whether
it
be
true
or
false
.
Others
,
though
a
thing
be
ever
so
true
,
relate
it
otherwise
than
it
is
,
and
afterwards
Time
making
some
additionals
to
the
story
,
the
thing
is
much
augmented
beyond
what
was
reported
at
the
first
.
LXXXIII
.
TO
come
into
favour
and
authority
,
one
while
by
ostentation
and
munificence
,
another
while
by
industry
and
vigilance
,
are
two
ways
equally
prejudicial
and
pernicious
,
when
they
are
practis'd
subtilly
in
order
to
a
mans
advancement
to
Government
.
Thence
came
it
that
wise
men
have
affirm'd
,
that
the
tracks
leading
to
principality
are
steepy
and
difficult
,
but
when
once
men
are
gotten
into
them
,
every
thing
helps
and
sets
them
forward
.
LXXXIV
.
IT
cannot
be
easily
imagin'd
,
whence
it
comes
that
Princes
are
so
favourable
to
some
,
and
so
cross
and
inflexible
to
others
;
to
wit
,
whether
there
be
in
that
some
secret
of
nature
,
or
that
it
lies
in
our
power
to
keep
our selves
in
a
mean
,
so
as
that
we
may
not
too
obstinately
oppose
the
inclinations
of
him
who
governs
,
and
yet
withal
,
that
we
forbear
precipitating
our selves
into
a
scandalous
adulation
,
and
a
kind
of
servile
deportment
,
but
that
we
observe
such
a
moderation
as
neither
to
crouch
to
ambition
,
nor
be
over
desirous
of
honour
,
and
by
that
means
pass
our
lives
with
more
security
,
and
less
danger
.
LXXXV
.
THere
are
but
few
that
can
by
prudent
advertisements
distinguish
between
good
and
evil
,
between
what
is
profitable
,
and
what
is
prejudicial
,
but
follow
the
ordinary
road
of
growing
better
,
and
more
cautious
,
by
the
knowledge
which
they
derive
from
the
common
events
of
things
.
LXXXVI
.
THose
things
that
are
foreseen
prove
much
less
hurtful
,
than
those
whereof
we
have
no
preapprehension
at
all
.
He
therefore
may
be
accounted
a
person
of
a
sound
understanding
and
excellent
temper
,
who
has
the
government
of
himelf
,
and
as
with
an
unstartled
spirit
,
entertains
the
arrival
of
sudden
and
unexpected
accidents
.
LXXXVII
.
THough
the
particular
thoughts
and
imaginations
of
every
one
be
known
only
to
God
himself
,
yet
the
natural
inclinations
of
a
people
or
a
Province
is
a
thing
obvious
and
easy
to
be
known
;
inasmuch
as
their
actions
being
publick
,
they
must
needs
thereby
discover
their
intentions
and
affections
;
from
which
prudent
men
will
be
able
to
give
a
character
of
them
accordingly
.
LXXXVIII
.
SUbjects
are
much
more
satisfi'd
to
have
their
Prince
near
them
,
than
at
a
great
distance
from
them
;
inasmuch
as
there
accrew
thence
two
considerable
advantages
;
one
,
that
the
truly
loyal
,
and
well
affected
,
being
more
immediately
under
his
protection
,
are
so
much
the
more
engag'd
to
his
service
;
the
other
,
that
the
pernicious
designes
of
turbulent
persons
are
the
more
easily
prevented
.
LXXXIX
.
A
Commander
in
chief
ought
to
to
acquire
reputation
,
not
by
the
hardships
and
dangers
of
others
(
as
many
do
)
but
by
the
sweat
and
hazard
of
his
own
person
,
and
by
the
interposition
of
his
own
vertue
.
And
whereas
it
is
no
less
honourable
to
terminate
a
War
by
Counsel
,
than
to
put
a
period
thereto
by
Arms
,
he
ought
to
use
both
means
,
and
should
principally
reflect
,
that
the
first
successes
are
those
which
rendor
him
most
dreadful
to
the
Enemy
,
or
,
on
the
contrary
,
despicable
and
of
little
repute
;
in
regard
that
,
for
the
most
part
,
such
as
the
beginning
is
,
such
is
the
issue
.
XC
.
AS
it
is
a
thing
unquestionably
certain
,
that
Victories
are
gain'd
by
preventions
and
diversions
,
so
is
it
withal
certain
,
that
he
is
at
a
great
distance
from
good
counsel
,
who
,
without
evident
necessity
,
transfers
the
War
,
which
another
had
been
first
engag'd
in
,
to
himself
.
XCI
.
A
Person
of
comprehensive
parts
,
who
can
husband
time
well
,
has
no
reason
to
complain
that
his
life
is
too
short
;
for
he
who
makes
advantage
of
the
infinite
occasions
that
present
themselves
to
him
does
anticipate
Time
it self
.
XCII
.
LIberty
is
a
thing
makes
a
great
noise
in
the
world
,
yet
few
truly
understand
wherein
it
consists
.
But
of
all
kinds
of
Liberty
,
that
of
Persuasion
is
the
most
desir'd
by
all
,
in
so
much
that
to
gain
it
,
some
would
rather
be
transplanted
to
people
Solitudes
,
than
smother
their
discontents
to
live
in
well-govern'd
Societies
.
XCIII
.
HE
who
desires
to
be
in
favour
with
his
Superiour
ought
to
make
all
the
discoveries
he
can
of
the
respect
and
reverence
he
bears
him
;
for
if
there
be
once
a
failure
in
that
,
the
endearing
correspondence
between
Superiours
and
Inferiours
is
immediately
dissolv'd
.
XCIV
.
HE
who
is
entrusted
with
the
custody
of
a
City
which
expects
a
Siege
,
ought
above
all
things
,
to
be
think
himself
of
all
the
remedies
which
may
protract
time
,
and
to
cut
off
all
opportunities
,
though
ever
so
small
,
from
the
Enemy
,
inasmuch
as
many
times
one
day
,
nay
one
hour
,
produces
some
accident
which
may
occasion
the
relief
of
it
.
XCV
.
HE
is
easily
deceiv'd
who
relies
on
the
first
advertisement
he
receives
of
some
accident
that
hath
happen'd
,
in
regard
that
commonly
the
effects
are
not
aswerable
to
the
first
advices
that
come
.
He
therefore
who
is
not
forc'd
by
necessity
to
do
otherwise
,
ought
to
expect
several
confirmations
thereof
,
ere
he
takes
up
his
final
resolution
,
what
he
ought
to
do
.
XCVI
.
IT
is
a
dangerous
thing
to
be
govern'd
by
examples
,
if
there
be
not
a
concurrence
in
the
general
,
and
also
in
all
the
particulars
of
the
same
reasons
to
be
consider'd
.
The
same
may
be
said
,
if
things
be
not
regulated
by
the
same
prudential
motives
and
reflections
;
and
withal
,
if
there
be
not
a
combination
of
all
the
other
inducements
,
and
the
accidents
and
success
consequent
thereto
.
XCVII
.
AS
it
is
a
servile
act
for
any
man
to
be
a
slave
to
his
affections
;
so
,
to
subdue
anger
,
the
great
disturber
of
counsel
;
to
be
moderate
in
Victory
,
which
,
of
its
own
nature
,
is
insolent
and
haughty
;
to
be
absolute
master
of
ones
self
,
which
is
the
devoir
of
a
well
temper'd
and
generous
soul
;
to
exercise
humanity
,
meekness
,
and
liberality
towards
an
Enemy
,
is
a
thing
truly
royal
,
divine
,
and
worthy
of
eternal
memory
.
XCVIII
.
THere
is
not
any
thing
more
becoming
or
more
necessary
to
a
Prince
,
than
to
be
just
,
liberal
,
and
benevolent
;
inasmuch
as
it
is
the
inseparable
;
attribute
of
Grandeur
and
Power
to
relieve
the
oppressed
,
and
to
alleviate
the
calamities
of
others
;
and
this
especially
in
Kings
,
who
,
by
such
acts
,
approach
so
much
the
nearer
the
Divinity
,
whose
living
images
they
are
,
upon
the
score
of
their
supereminent
rank
.
XCIX
.
PErsons
of
lewd
inclinations
have
always
some
opportunity
of
doing
evil
,
and
though
they
do
it
not
,
yet
is
it
not
so
great
a
satisfaction
to
others
,
to
see
that
they
do
not
commit
those
enormities
which
they
might
,
as
it
is
an
affliction
,
to
think
that
it
is
in
their
power
to
commit
them
.
C.
THat
Commonwealth
wherein
there
is
justice
duly
administred
for
the
poor
,
chastisement
for
such
as
are
insolent
and
tyrannically
inclin'd
,
an
exact
observance
of
weights
and
measures
,
as
to
those
things
which
concern
the
sustentation
of
humane
life
,
discipline
and
exercise
for
the
younger
sort
,
and
as
little
avarice
as
may
be
in
those
that
are
advanc'd
in
age
,
must
needs
be
an
excellent
constitution
of
Government
.
CI.
LET
not
any
Prince
think
that
the
choice
of
a
Tutor
for
his
Son
is
a
thing
of
small
importance
.
For
in
that
case
,
his
diligence
and
circumspection
ought
to
be
the
greater
,
in
that
he
is
not
to
do
in
this
,
as
in
other
Offices
which
are
bestow'd
either
upon
the
mediation
of
others
,
or
by
corruption
,
or
importunity
or
friendship
,
or
for
a
reward
of
some
services
already
done
:
in
regard
that
though
some
one
of
his
Courtiers
has
manag'd
an
Embassy
with
good
success
,
or
been
General
of
an
Army
,
or
some
great
Officer
about
the
Prince's
person
,
or
relating
to
his
Houshold
,
yet
does
it
not
follow
that
such
a
person
is
fit
to
teach
his
Son.
The
reason
is
,
that
for
a
man
to
be
an
Ambassador
,
or
General
,
it
requires
only
in
the
former
a
good
stock
of
dexterity
and
dissimulation
,
and
in
the
latter
,
that
he
have
valour
and
good
fortune
;
but
to
be
Governour
to
a
Prince
,
it
is
requisite
,
that
he
have
all
the
accomplishments
,
and
qualifications
,
suitable
to
the
education
of
a
person
of
that
transcendent
dignity
.
CII
.
IN
the
disastrous
accidents
of
our
life
,
wherein
our
own
industry
and
strength
are
of
little
account
,
the
only
remedy
we
have
,
is
to
look
on
the
worst
of
misfortunes
as
things
not
incompatible
with
the
condition
of
humanity
,
and
to
be
so
far
prudent
,
as
to
smother
our
resentments
thereof
.
CIII
.
BEtween
two
Princes
,
the
one
addicted
to
the
exercises
of
vertue
,
the
other
complying
with
the
suggestions
of
vice
,
there
is
this
difference
,
that
the
latter
is
only
obey'd
,
but
the
former
is
both
obey'd
and
belov'd
.
Besides
,
the
good
and
vertuous
Prince
makes
the
most
difficult
enterprises
seem
light
,
and
on
the
contrary
,
the
Tyrant
makes
the
lightest
seem
most
heavy
.
Happy
therefore
is
he
who
is
obey'd
,
but
much
more
happy
he
who
is
both
obey'd
and
belov'd
;
for
the
body
grows
weary
of
obeying
,
but
the
mind
is
never
wearied
nor
cloy'd
with
loving
.
CIV
.
THere
is
one
thing
which
a
wise
Prince
will
always
be
mindful
of
,
to
wit
,
that
,
in
the
management
of
the
publick
affairs
,
his
Governours
and
Judges
never
permit
the
abrogation
of
ancient
Customes
,
nor
the
introduction
of
new
ones
;
in
regard
the
Populace
is
commonly
so
humorous
and
extravagant
,
that
they
would
every
day
have
new
Princes
,
and
new
Laws
.
CV
.
IT
is
an
easy
matter
to
design
what
a
man
would
have
done
by
another
person
,
and
by
what
means
it
is
most
likely
to
be
brought
to
effect
;
but
to
command
the
execution
thereof
is
no
slight
thing
,
inasmuch
as
between
those
two
there
are
many
things
which
obstruct
,
retard
,
and
disturb
such
executions
.
CVI.
'T
IS
a
thing
out
of
all
dispute
,
as
Aristotle
affirms
in
his
Rhetorick
,
that
Riches
do
often
render
those
persons
,
that
are
possess'd
thereof
,
proud
and
insolent
:
but
he
who
shall
wisely
consider
it
,
will
say
with
Seneca
,
that
none
is
more
worthy
,
none
makes
greater
approaches
to
the
Divinity
,
than
he
who
makes
no
account
of
riches
;
which
,
saies
he
,
I
am
far
from
affirming
that
thou
shouldst
not
be
possess'd
of
,
but
I
would
have
thee
possess'd
thereof
without
any
fear
,
distraction
,
or
disturbance
.
Which
happiness
thou
art
not
to
acquire
,
but
by
this
only
expedient
,
to
wit
,
by
a
firm
persuasion
,
that
thou
canst
live
happily
without
them
,
and
that
thou
shouldst
always
look
on
them
,
as
if
they
were
taking
their
flight
away
from
thee
.
CVII
.
WHat
presumption
soever
a
man
may
have
of
his
own
abilities
,
yet
ought
he
not
so
to
rely
on
his
own
counsel
,
as
that
sometimes
it
may
not
be
more
safe
for
him
to
submit
to
that
of
others
;
in
regard
that
he
who
is
asham'd
of
consulting
,
and
defies
the
conduct
and
directions
of
another
,
may
assure
himself
,
for
the
most
part
,
that
he
has
a
fool
to
his
Guide
,
and
consequently
that
he
must
needs
be
guilty
of
many
miscarriages
.
CVIII
.
IT
is
not
prudence
to
judge
of
Counsels
by
the
event
of
things
,
in
regard
that
many
times
good
Counsels
have
not
an
issue
answerable
thereto
,
and
on
the
contrary
,
evil
Counsels
may
prove
fortunate
.
But
when
evil
Counsels
are
applauded
,
upon
the
score
of
their
being
successful
,
it
is
a
secret
encouragement
for
men
to
do
those
things
that
are
unjust
,
which
may
prove
highly
prejudicial
to
the
Commonwealth
,
inasmuch
as
evil
Counsels
are
not
always
fortunate
;
and
there
is
also
another
fault
in
blaming
and
censuring
the
more
prudent
Party
,
whose
advertisements
have
not
had
the
success
which
was
expected
,
in
regard
that
such
a
procedure
disheartens
the
Citizens
from
giving
their
opinions
freely
,
when
the
publick
concerns
of
their
City
requires
it
.
CIX
.
WHen
it
happens
that
there
is
a
necessity
of
denying
some
person
his
request
,
it
is
but
requisite
,
to
keep
the
said
person
from
being
disgusted
,
and
to
assure
him
of
the
good
will
they
bear
him
,
and
to
make
some
other
overture
to
him
,
so
that
he
may
thereby
perceive
that
they
have
a
respect
for
him
,
and
would
gladly
oblige
him
.
Upon
this
demeanour
,
the
other
,
if
he
have
any
sentiment
of
humanity
,
will
be
as
much
,
if
not
more
,
satisfi'd
,
than
if
his
request
had
been
granted
:
So
great
an
influence
have
kind
words
and
an
obliging
carriage
over
the
minds
of
good
natur'd
persons
.
CX
.
IN
publick
affairs
it
is
requisite
that
men
be
extreamly
careful
and
considerate
at
the
beginning
of
what
they
design
;
in
regard
it
will
not
be
afterwards
in
their
power
without
dishonour
and
danger
,
to
receed
from
the
deliberation
once
fixt
upon
,
and
in
which
they
have
for
some
time
persisted
.
CXI
.
WHat
is
wish'd
by
the
greater
number
does
not
often
succeed
in
regard
that
for
the
most
part
the
events
of
humane
actions
depend
on
the
wills
of
few
;
and
the
intentions
of
these
latter
being
in
a
manner
always
different
from
those
of
the
greater
number
,
things
seldome
happen
otherwise
than
according
to
the
intention
of
those
from
whose
directions
they
derive
their
first
motion
.
CXII
.
NEutrality
is
most
commendable
in
the
Wars
wherein
other
parties
are
engag'd
,
in
regard
that
many
inconveniences
and
great
charges
are
thereby
avoided
;
and
it
may
be
time
enough
to
be
concern'd
for
either
party
,
when
success
seems
to
intimate
which
side
is
most
likely
to
prevail
.
CXIII
.
THE
clemency
of
Princes
hath
always
gain'd
them
good-will
and
reputation
;
and
,
on
the
contrary
,
rigour
,
(
if
there
be
not
some
extraordinary
necessity
for
it
)
has
always
produc'd
the
contrary
effects
,
and
instead
of
removing
the
obstacles
and
difficulties
,
which
lay
in
their
way
,
it
has
made
some
additionals
thereto
.
CXIV
.
IT
is
more
wisely
done
for
a
man
to
court
his
friendship
who
is
unwilling
to
become
his
Enemy
,
than
to
curry
favour
with
him
,
who
one
time
or
other
cannot
be
his
Friend
.
CXV
.
THere
are
three
principal
considerations
to
be
minded
in
the
carrying
on
of
all
Enterprises
,
to
wit
,
the
justice
of
the
Cause
,
the
facility
of
the
Victory
to
be
obtain'd
,
and
the
conveniences
and
advantages
accruing
thereby
.
CXVI
.
THere
is
not
any
thing
so
short-liv'd
as
the
remembrance
of
a
Benefit
,
and
many
times
,
the
greater
it
is
,
the
more
likely
it
is
to
be
repay'd
with
ingratitude
.
For
,
he
who
is
not
willing
to
take
off
the
obligation
,
by
retaliation
or
remuneration
,
often
endeavours
to
do
the
same
thing
in
another
sense
,
perswading
himself
,
that
the
good
turn
was
not
so
great
;
and
they
who
are
asham'd
of
their
having
been
reduc'd
to
the
necessity
of
desiring
a
kindness
,
are
vext
and
tormented
in
their
minds
that
they
have
receiv'd
it
.
So
that
the
remembrance
of
the
necessity
into
which
they
were
fallen
makes
a
greater
impression
upon
them
,
than
that
of
the
Obligation
which
had
been
layd
upon
them
.
CXVII
.
MAny
are
the
inconveniences
that
happen
in
the
Armies
of
confederated
parties
;
while
they
are
concerting
their
designes
,
the
opportunity
of
entring
into
action
slips
away
,
their
preparatives
are
delay'd
,
interrupted
,
and
diverted
,
according
to
the
forces
,
aimes
,
and
counsels
of
the
Princes
concern'd
,
so
that
it
must
needs
prove
a
hard
matter
to
make
a
firm
union
,
where
there
is
so
much
disorder
and
distrust
,
and
withal
so
great
a
diversity
of
inclinations
,
and
courages
,
and
varieties
of
conditions
.
CXVIII
.
'T
IS
the
natural
humour
of
the
Populace
to
be
always
desirous
of
novelties
,
and
to
be
easily
fill'd
with
false
and
vain
persuasions
,
lightly
hurry'd
away
with
the
insinuations
of
those
who
have
once
set
them
on
work
,
as
the
waves
of
the
Sea
are
stir'd
by
the
blowing
of
the
wind
.
CXIX
.
SO
extravagant
is
the
nature
of
mankind
,
that
when
they
are
forc'd
out
of
one
extreme
,
wherein
they
have
been
violently
detain'd
,
they
ride
in
full
speed
to
the
other
extreme
,
without
ever
making
the
least
halt
in
the
mean.
CXX
.
THere
is
one
thing
highly
considerable
in
military
concerns
,
and
that
is
the
Reputation
of
the
chief
Commanders
.
Assoon
as
this
begins
once
to
decline
,
the
souldiery
is
immediately
discourag'd
;
the
loyalty
of
the
Nations
concern'd
is
shaken
;
there
follow
distraction
and
distrust
in
Counsels
,
and
want
of
a
hearty
and
cheerful
concurrence
in
Action
;
the
provision
for
the
Army's
subsistence
is
interrupted
;
and
on
the
contrary
the
Enemy
is
heartned
,
those
who
were
content
to
observe
a
Neutrality
,
are
apt
to
incline
to
the
successful
party
,
and
all
difficulties
grow
greater
and
greater
.
CXXI
.
IN
human
Actions
men
ought
for
the
most
part
to
make
their
Counsels
complyant
with
the
present
Necessity
,
and
not
,
out
of
an
over-earnestness
to
overcome
that
which
is
too
difficult
,
and
as
it
were
impossible
,
to
expose
the
generality
to
a
manifest
danger
and
inconvenience
.
CXXII
.
WE
find
many
times
by
experience
,
that
those
things
which
at
the
first
prospect
present
themselves
as
highly
dreadful
,
appear
by
degrees
so
much
the
less
considerable
,
that
,
if
the
former
errour
be
not
renew'd
by
some
additional
accident
,
all
the
terrour
in
process
of
time
vanishes
,
and
we
are
induc'd
to
laugh
and
wonder
at
our
former
astonishment
.
CXXIII
.
HE
who
finds
that
there
is
no
account
made
of
him
,
gives
way
to
disgust
,
and
that
inspires
him
with
thoughts
of
revenge
,
and
inclines
him
to
attempt
dangerous
things
,
which
sometimes
meet
with
their
design'd
effect
;
especially
when
the
person
who
is
become
so
daring
is
of
any
authority
,
or
remarkable
for
some
extraordinary
qualification
.
CXXIV
.
ALL
subjection
is
burthensome
,
all
restriction
is
insupportable
to
him
who
would
live
as
he
pleases
himself
.
A
person
of
that
humour
can
find
but
little
quiet
under
a
regular
Government
,
in
regard
that
there
is
a
necessity
either
of
his
complyance
which
the
Prince
,
or
of
his
ruin
by
him
.
CXXV
.
IT
is
commonly
observ'd
,
that
a
resolution
taken
either
too
hastily
,
or
with
too
much
affection
comes
off
with
a
slur
.
For
the
much
celerity
of
the
resolver
does
not
allow
him
the
leisure
to
reflect
on
those
things
which
ought
to
be
consider'd
,
before
the
resolution
be
taken
;
and
the
excessive
affection
so
prepossesses
the
mind
,
that
it
does
not
take
notice
of
any
thing
but
what
is
most
pressing
in
such
or
such
a
point
.
To
these
two
examples
may
be
added
two
others
,
to
wit
,
in
these
cases
,
when
there
is
time
enough
to
deliberate
,
and
the
person
deliberating
is
unprepossess'd
with
any
particular
affection
,
yet
out
of
a
certain
natural
incapacity
,
or
through
an
insuperable
kind
of
remisness
or
debility
of
spirit
,
remarkable
through
all
their
actions
,
they
never
do
any
thing
that
holds
water
.
CXXVI
.
WHen
affairs
are
reduc'd
to
the
extremity
,
as
that
there
remains
nothing
for
hope
to
rely
upon
but
the
pure
Providence
of
God
,
the
prosecution
of
the
adventure
in
such
a
case
must
be
look'd
on
as
the
result
of
reason
and
prudence
,
insomuch
that
we
ought
to
attempt
the
danger
,
not
minding
how
little
ground
there
presents
it self
to
humane
prudence
.
For
God
many
times
takes
a
certain
delight
in
sending
a
spirit
of
infatuation
upon
the
counsels
and
designs
of
some
people
,
and
making
those
calamities
which
they
intended
to
bring
on
others
to
recoyle
upon
themselves
.
CXXVII
.
THE
greater
a
man's
credit
and
reputation
is
amongst
the
generality
of
the
People
,
the
more
dangerous
it
is
to
support
and
advance
him
.
As
therefore
it
is
an
easy
matter
at
the
beginning
to
oppose
the
disorders
which
may
ensue
thereupon
,
so
when
they
are
come
to
any
growth
,
it
will
be
so
much
the
more
difficult
to
remedy
them
.
CXXVIII
.
THE
exercise
of
Arms
,
the
observance
of
the
Lawes
,
and
the
frequent
celebration
of
Divine
Service
,
in
a
well
regulated
City
cannot
ordinarily
be
separated
,
without
the
destruction
of
them
all
.
So
that
there
is
a
correspondence
between
them
and
the
state
of
the
Soul
,
wherein
there
are
the
vegetative
part
,
the
sensitive
,
and
the
intellectual
;
which
parts
yet
do
not
make
three
Souls
,
but
one
only
distinguish'd
by
the
operations
of
the
three
faculties
:
So
the
establishment
of
the
State
requires
a
reciprocal
aid
and
correspondence
.
CXXIX
.
WHere
ever
there
is
servitude
,
there
is
also
fear
;
and
the
greater
the
former
is
,
the
greater
also
is
the
latter
.
But
though
servitude
implies
Tyranny
,
yet
has
the
Tyrant
as
great
a
share
of
the
fear
,
as
they
over
whom
he
tyrannizes
,
inasmuch
as
he
who
commands
Slaves
,
is
not
himself
free
;
Now
the
Tyrant
being
such
,
it
follows
that
he
himself
is
servile
as
well
as
his
people
,
and
so
as
there
is
force
and
indignity
on
both
sides
,
so
is
there
a
continual
augmentation
of
fear
.
CXXX
.
IN
matter
of
War
,
Valour
and
Artifice
are
highly
recommended
;
but
the
perfection
of
Arms
consists
in
knowing
the
true
use
of
the
moral
Vertues
,
a
right
understanding
of
political
affairs
,
and
treading
in
the
Steps
of
ancient
and
eminent
Commanders
.
CXXXI
.
IN
Military
affairs
,
when
there
is
some
great
designe
in
hand
,
the
absolute
Authority
of
ordering
all
is
to
be
conferr'd
on
one
single
person
who
transcends
all
the
rest
in
point
of
merit
;
yet
so
as
that
he
be
oblig'd
to
have
always
about
him
such
as
are
well
skill'd
in
Counsel
,
with
whom
he
may
confer
,
and
to
whom
he
may
communicate
all
concerns
of
importance
.
CXXXII
.
MEN
are
glad
of
advertisements
and
directions
in
things
that
are
doubtful
,
not
in
the
certain
;
in
things
subject
to
hazard
,
and
not
to
prudence
:
it
were
therefore
but
requisite
to
consider
what
is
the
principal
concern
in
the
matter
whereof
we
are
to
deliberate
.
For
in
deliberations
,
when
any
one
is
not
constrain'd
by
necessity
,
he
sets
himself
on
work
according
to
the
unconfined
plenitude
of
his
own
will
,
which
is
in
all
things
and
every
where
free
,
and
then
his
thoughts
are
wholly
taken
up
with
the
success
of
the
Enterprize
,
to
wit
,
whether
his
fears
or
hopes
outweigh
one
the
other
;
and
thereupon
he
resolves
to
forbear
attempting
any
thing
when
hazard
has
the
principal
part
,
and
is
most
likely
to
carry
it
;
or
on
the
contrary
he
will
attempt
the
execution
of
his
designe
,
when
prudence
tells
him
that
it
will
prove
advantageous
.
CXXXIII
.
WHen
Commonwealths
are
well
govern'd
,
the
prosecutions
of
envious
persons
turn
to
the
advantage
of
those
against
whom
they
are
intended
,
for
innocency
being
clear'd
by
truth
,
their
endeavours
prove
like
the
stroaks
given
to
the
ball
,
which
the
harder
it
is
struck
,
the
higher
it
rebounds
;
so
the
calumniations
of
the
envious
instead
of
eclipsing
,
add
more
lustre
to
those
against
whom
they
are
directed
.
CXXXIV
.
COntinual
severity
must
needs
exasperate
those
over
whom
it
is
exercis'd
.
But
as
the
excessive
indulgence
of
Parents
makes
their
Children
apt
to
lead
an
irregular
and
disobedient
course
of
life
;
so
the
remisness
of
a
Prince
,
who
suffers
his
authority
to
be
slighted
,
renders
the
Citizen
dissolute
,
and
the
Soldier
undisciplin'd
and
licentious
,
and
proves
withal
the
occasion
of
greater
mischief
,
when
persons
of
quality
are
concern'd
.
For
the
insolence
of
these
last
is
more
dangerous
than
that
of
a
multitude
,
it
being
not
so
difficult
to
discover
the
designes
wherein
many
are
engag'd
,
as
it
is
to
pump
out
the
secret
plottings
of
one
particular
person
.
CXXXV
.
WHen
the
Prince
is
sollicited
by
a
Grandee
in
some
concern
of
great
importance
,
and
that
he
is
unwilling
to
grant
his
request
,
he
ought
to
consider
two
points
,
one
relating
to
the
necessary
circumstances
,
as
the
cause
from
whence
the
discontent
proceeds
,
the
person
disgusted
,
and
the
present
conjuncture
of
time
;
the
other
,
how
requisite
it
may
be
,
to
counterballance
the
refusal
,
by
conferring
some
other
boon
on
the
Petitioner
.
CXXXVI
.
THE
good
Soldier
may
be
likened
to
polish'd
Steel
,
which
while
it
is
handled
preserves
its
lustre
and
brightness
,
and
on
the
contrary
,
for
want
of
being
us'd
,
growes
rusty
,
and
that
rust
consumes
it
,
and
in
time
makes
it
contagious
;
So
the
good
Souldier
,
who
is
good
only
while
he
is
handling
his
Arms
,
in
the
time
of
War
,
is
prejudic'd
in
himself
,
and
may
prove
dangerous
to
others
,
when
he
is
out
of
his
proper
element
and
employment
.
CXXXVII
.
IN
the
competitions
that
happen
between
two
several
parties
,
that
which
is
excluded
will
be
rather
inclin'd
to
close
with
a
third
party
,
than
comply
with
that
,
between
whom
and
it
the
precedent
competition
was
.
CXXXVIII
.
THere
is
not
any
thing
so
prejudicial
to
mankind
as
a
transcendent
prosperity
;
for
the
effects
of
it
,
are
,
licentiousness
,
luxury
,
confidence
to
do
mischief
,
an
irreclaimable
inclination
to
disturb
the
publick
by
some
novelty
,
and
all
the
inconveniencies
consequent
to
satiety
.
CXXXIX
.
THE
infamy
of
being
temerarious
is
more
prejudicial
to
a
Military
Commander
,
than
the
honour
of
a
Victory
is
advantageous
to
him
;
inasmuch
as
when
he
is
chargeable
with
temerity
,
the
blame
is
wholly
attributed
to
him
alone
,
but
the
honour
of
the
victory
,
and
the
prosperous
management
of
affairs
(
at
least
according
to
the
opinion
of
many
)
is
communicable
also
to
others
.
CXL
.
SInce
there
is
frequent
necessity
of
changing
orders
and
deliberations
,
in
the
time
of
War
,
according
to
the
variety
of
accidents
,
it
should
be
the
principal
consideration
of
a
chief
Commander
,
so
to
accommodate
all
things
at
the
beginning
,
as
if
he
had
,
as
much
as
may
be
,
foreseen
all
events
,
and
all
counsels
;
in
regard
that
,
as
the
prosperous
successes
engage
the
respects
and
affections
of
the
Army
towards
their
General
,
so
the
contrary
makes
a
proportionable
abatement
of
the
same
respects
and
affections
,
and
consequently
there
is
not
that
sympathetical
correspondence
which
ought
to
be
between
them
.
CXLI
.
THE
prudent
person
ought
not
to
entertain
any
suspicion
that
men
distrust
his
integrity
,
and
if
he
does
suspect
it
,
he
should
demean
himself
so
as
that
the
wicked
may
not
be
sensible
of
his
having
any
suspicion
of
them
,
lest
that
upon
that
occasion
fear
may
augment
their
licentiousness
,
and
that
,
as
to
others
,
there
may
not
be
an
abatement
of
their
diligence
and
promptitude
.
CXLII
.
'T
IS
prudence
in
a
man
to
make
as
if
he
knew
nothing
of
uncertain
newes
,
or
at
least
to
keep
it
so
secret
,
as
not
to
betray
any
confirmation
thereof
;
in
regard
that
many
times
,
either
it
is
absolutely
false
,
or
the
credit
to
be
given
thereto
admits
of
a
considerable
diminution
.
CXLIII
.
THey
who
are
induc'd
to
commit
some
act
in
the
night
time
proceed
commonly
upon
some
sinful
motive
,
presuming
that
the
night
covers
in
them
what
the
day
would
discover
,
to
wit
,
their
fear
and
shame
.
CXLIV
.
FOR
this
reason
has
God
entrusted
Princes
with
the
Government
of
their
Dominions
,
that
their
Subjects
may
,
in
order
to
the
obtaining
of
their
right
,
appeale
from
that
Law
which
is
dumb
,
and
as
it
were
dead
,
and
without
force
in
it self
,
to
the
living
Law
which
ought
to
be
the
Magistrate
.
CXLV
.
THE
principal
commendation
of
military
Discipline
consists
in
not
opposing
danger
without
necessity
,
by
industry
,
patience
and
policy
to
defeat
and
elude
the
enterprises
of
the
Enemy
,
rather
than
by
destroying
them
in
a
cruel
and
bloody
engagement
.
CXLVI
.
A
Benefit
conferr'd
upon
one
who
is
persuaded
that
he
has
receiv'd
an
injury
counterballanceable
thereto
,
is
not
sufficient
to
remove
out
of
his
disaffected
mind
the
memory
of
the
offence
;
especially
when
the
benefit
comes
at
such
a
time
,
as
that
it
seems
rather
occasion'd
by
necessity
,
than
to
proceed
from
good
will.
CXLVII
.
THE
Counsels
and
secret
designs
of
Princes
are
most
commonly
divulg'd
after
a
manner
much
different
from
that
which
is
true
in
effect
;
and
this
they
do
purposely
to
amuse
the
Generality
,
that
they
may
busy
themselves
in
discoursing
of
one
thing
,
while
another
of
different
nature
is
in
agitation
.
CXLVIII
.
PEace
is
desirable
and
holy
,
when
it
smothers
all
distrusts
and
jealousies
,
when
it
gives
a
check
to
all
dangers
,
and
when
men
are
exonerated
from
all
charges
,
and
may
repose
themselves
without
the
least
fear
of
disturbance
.
But
when
it
hatches
the
contrary
effects
,
it
is
a
pernicious
War
,
under
the
counterfeit
title
of
peace
,
and
a
pestilent
poison
under
the
name
of
a
good
Medicine
.
CXLIX
.
AMbassadors
are
the
Eies
and
Ears
of
States
,
and
the
other
publick
Ministers
are
the
Spectacles
of
the
respective
Princes
by
whom
they
are
employed
.
CL.
MEns
favours
are
to
be
measur'd
by
the
real
effects
,
and
not
by
the
external
demonstrations
thereof
▪
and
yet
it
can
hardly
be
imagin'd
how
great
a
satisfaction
it
is
to
a
man
,
to
be
treated
with
the
ceremonious
part
of
courtesy
and
humanity
▪
The
reason
of
it
may
possibly
be
this
,
that
every
one
is
apt
to
think
,
that
he
deserves
more
than
he
receives
,
and
consequently
is
disgusted
when
he
perceives
there
is
not
that
account
made
of
him
which
he
thinks
due
to
him
.
CLI
.
SUbjects
cannot
be
well
govern'd
without
the
exercise
of
some
severity
at
certain
times
,
yet
is
there
a
necessity
that
it
should
be
season'd
with
a
dextrous
insinuation
of
its
being
not
so
much
the
inclination
of
the
Prince
to
be
severe
,
as
that
it
is
requisite
for
the
publick
good
,
that
the
reformation
of
some
should
be
occasion'd
by
the
punishments
inflicted
upon
others
.
CLII.
A
Man
should
endeavor
to
refrain
from
whatever
may
cause
the
least
dissatisfaction
or
prejudice
to
another
.
It
is
consequent
therefore
,
that
he
should
never
say
any
thing
either
in
a
mans
presence
,
or
his
absence
,
which
may
displease
him
,
unless
there
be
some
necessity
of
his
so
doing
;
in
regard
it
is
the
greatest
extravagance
in
the
world
,
for
a
man
to
make
a
needless
creation
of
Enemies
to
himself
.
CLIII
.
HE
who
runs
himself
into
a
danger
without
ever
considering
,
of
what
concern
it
is
likely
to
be
,
may
be
accounted
a
person
of
a
bestial
humour
.
But
he
who
knows
the
importance
of
it
,
and
yet
freely
exposes
himself
thereto
,
either
upon
the
necessity
there
is
of
so
doing
,
or
upon
some
honourable
account
,
must
a
person
of
great
courage
,
and
truely
magnanimous
.
CLIV.
IT
is
a
vulgar
errour
to
affirm
,
that
Learning
and
Study
are
prejudicial
to
the
Brain
;
though
peradventure
it
might
be
truly
said
of
some
one
,
who
has
a
weak
Brain
,
and
is
of
an
infirm
constitution
;
but
where
there
is
a
conjunction
of
a
good
constitution
,
and
the
accidental
good
of
Learning
,
it
makes
a
most
accomplish'd
person
,
and
of
an
excellent
Temperament
.
CLV
.
THat
glory
is
to
be
accounted
vain
which
is
purchas'd
with
any
injury
done
to
another
;
but
the
true
,
solid
,
and
immortal
glory
is
that
which
consists
not
in
the
ruining
of
Nations
,
and
destruction
of
Cities
,
but
rather
in
the
consolidation
of
Kingdoms
,
the
association
of
Provinces
,
the
settlement
of
publick
tranquillity
,
the
establishment
of
Commerce
,
and
the
deliverance
of
people
out
of
the
miseries
and
calamities
attending
humane
nature
.
CLVI
.
ALL
the
fruit
and
advantage
of
having
obtain'd
a
victory
consists
in
knowing
how
to
use
it
,
and
it
is
a
greater
infamy
not
to
know
how
to
use
it
,
than
not
to
have
gain'd
it
;
in
regard
it
is
more
ignominious
for
us
to
be
deceiv'd
in
those
things
that
are
within
our
power
,
than
in
those
that
are
not
.
CLVII
.
INconsiderate
and
doubtful
deliberations
are
not
excusable
in
any
but
those
whose
concerns
are
in
a
distracted
and
unfortunate
posture
,
or
in
a
person
whose
thoughts
are
wholly
bent
upon
Ambition
,
and
one
who
being
desirous
by
all
the
ways
imaginable
to
get
himself
a
greater
name
,
is
afraid
he
has
not
time
enough
to
do
it
in
.
CLVIII
.
ALL
humane
actions
are
subject
to
many
dangers
;
but
this
is
the
advantage
of
wise
men
,
that
they
know
that
what
ever
may
happen
does
not
always
come
to
pass
,
but
that
upon
some
occasion
or
other
many
dangers
become
none
at
all
,
many
are
stav'd
off
by
prudence
and
industry
;
and
many
are
weather'd
out
by
patience
and
equanimity
.
CLIX.
HE
who
is
more
apprehensive
of
the
future
than
he
ought
to
be
,
must
not
expect
to
be
accounted
a
wise
man
,
nor
yet
they
who
presuppose
for
certain
the
dangers
that
are
but
doubtful
,
and
accordingly
regulate
all
their
deliberations
,
as
if
the
danger
were
inevitable
.
But
it
argues
a
certain
magnanimity
in
that
person
,
who
knowing
and
throughly
considering
the
dangers
,
yet
discovers
how
that
many
times
,
either
by
some
unexpected
chance
,
or
by
the
assistance
of
Vertue
,
men
extricate
themselves
out
of
great
difficulties
and
inconveniences
.
CLX
.
IT
happens
sometimes
,
that
when
a
Prince
assumes
thoughts
of
aggrandizing
himself
,
or
growes
jealous
of
losing
his
Dominions
,
he
takes
occasion
to
forget
what
obligations
may
ly
upon
him
for
benefits
receiv'd
.
A
remarkable
instance
of
this
kind
of
demeanor
we
find
in
Lewis
Sforza
,
who
instead
of
expressing
his
gratitude
to
Charles
VIII
.
of
France
,
for
the
kindnesses
he
had
receiv'd
from
him
,
contributed
his
assistance
for
the
driving
of
him
out
of
Italy
,
and
sided
with
his
enemies
,
and
all
only
to
preserve
his
own
Concerns
,
and
out
of
the
apprehension
he
had
of
the
greatness
of
Charles
.
CLXI
.
IN
the
giving
and
receiving
of
advice
there
are
many
things
to
be
considered
,
but
principally
two
,
to
wit
,
prudence
in
him
who
is
to
receive
the
advice
,
and
fidelity
in
him
who
is
to
give
it
.
For
counsel
being
nothing
else
but
a
discourse
consider'd
and
weigh'd
by
reason
,
in
order
to
a
discovery
whether
a
thing
ought
to
be
done
or
not
,
if
the
person
who
is
to
receive
the
advice
be
not
prudent
,
he
will
not
accept
of
that
which
is
given
him
for
the
best
,
but
will
follow
that
,
which
,
according
to
his
apprehension
,
seems
most
convenient
;
in
as
much
as
not
being
prudent
,
he
will
be
apt
to
fancy
those
things
that
are
most
inconvenient
,
and
so
will
never
set
himself
seriously
to
work
as
he
should
do
.
On
the
other
side
,
he
who
gives
the
advice
,
it
he
be
not
faithful
,
will
find
so
many
ways
to
disguise
the
truth
,
that
many
times
that
is
put
in
execution
,
which
is
more
beneficial
to
the
Consultee
,
than
to
the
Consultor
.
CLXII
.
HE
who
intends
to
engage
in
a
war
ought
to
be
alwaies
prepar'd
,
and
to
have
his
mind
fortify'd
against
whatever
event
may
happen
,
and
to
be
ready
to
entertain
all
occurrences
;
and
he
should
principally
bethink
himself
not
to
enter
into
a
war
unjustly
,
and
consider
well
against
what
Potentate
he
is
to
be
concern'd
,
what
allyances
and
combinations
may
be
made
against
him
,
and
lastly
examine
his
own
forces
and
those
of
his
Adversary
,
and
what
confederates
either
party
may
have
.
CLXIII
.
THE
ambition
of
a
General
often
proves
pernicious
to
the
State
by
which
he
is
employ'd
.
For
it
is
the
ordinary
humour
of
such
persons
to
be
backward
in
putting
a
period
to
the
War
,
even
when
they
may
do
it
with
honour
and
advantage
,
that
they
may
continue
longer
in
their
charges
,
and
by
that
continuance
they
gain
the
affections
of
the
Soldiery
,
and
so
are
in
a
fair
way
to
their
assumption
of
Soveraignty
.
He
who
has
a
powerful
Army
at
his
devotion
has
the
command
of
all
as
far
as
that
can
extend
its
Quarters
.
CLXIV
.
ARE
men
desirous
of
coming
into
great
repute
and
esteem
?
Let
them
be
always
careful
of
doing
those
things
which
are
commendable
and
of
good
report
;
inasmuch
as
vertuous
actions
are
not
the
effects
of
honour
,
but
honour
is
the
effect
and
recompence
of
vertuous
actions
.
CLXV
.
IT
is
generally
acknowledg'd
by
all
,
that
the
Government
of
a
Country
by
one
single
person
,
when
he
is
but
tolerably
good
,
is
better
than
that
of
a
greater
number
,
though
it
be
granted
that
they
also
are
good
.
And
it
may
be
withal
rationally
concluded
,
that
in
a
greater
number
of
Govenours
there
may
be
a
greater
likelihood
of
degeneration
from
the
principles
of
Government
,
and
a
greater
combination
of
Tyranny
,
than
there
can
be
in
one
individual
person
.
CLXVI
.
TO
frame
instructions
for
the
particular
benefit
of
every
one
,
is
a
very
difficult
task
;
but
it
is
much
more
difficult
to
put
such
a
project
in
execution
;
in
regard
that
men
know
well
enough
what
they
ought
to
do
,
but
they
are
extreamly
backward
in
applying
themselves
to
the
performance
thereof
.
Let
him
therefore
who
thinks
that
application
incumbent
upon
him
,
endeavour
to
offer
a
certain
violence
to
his
own
disposition
,
and
make
that
habitual
which
yet
admits
of
no
greater
perfection
than
that
of
desire
;
by
which
means
,
he
will
easily
attain
whatever
shall
be
taught
him
,
and
will
voluntarily
do
any
thing
,
according
as
reason
shall
command
him
,
or
experience
direct
him
.
CLXVII
.
THE
acquisition
of
a
great
Estate
or
Honour
is
a
thing
commendable
,
provided
it
be
done
without
fraud
or
any
indirect
means
;
yet
so
great
is
the
corruption
of
mankind
,
that
men
commonly
are
ambitious
of
high
titles
,
and
magistracy
,
as
if
they
were
illustious
and
magnificent
of
themselves
,
and
did
not
derive
their
true
value
and
esteem
,
from
the
vertue
of
those
who
are
deservedly
advanc'd
thereto
.
CLXVIII
.
A
Military
Commander
ought
so
to
mind
all
things
as
if
he
had
not
charg'd
any
person
with
the
care
thereof
;
and
this
,
not
only
out
of
the
distrust
he
should
have
that
his
commands
may
not
be
punctually
executed
,
but
also
out
of
this
consideration
,
that
his
Soldiers
will
be
more
forward
to
execute
his
orders
,
when
they
shall
find
him
so
laborious
and
vigilant
himself
.
CLXIX
.
HE
who
would
prognosticate
what
will
be
the
effects
of
another
mans
deliberation
,
ought
,
to
avoid
being
deceiv'd
,
to
consider
seriously
,
not
only
what
a
prudent
person
would
be
inclin'd
to
do
upon
the
like
emergency
,
but
also
to
measure
the
abilities
and
disposition
of
the
deliberator
.
CLXX
.
A
Physician
who
undertakes
to
cure
the
infirmity
of
some
particular
member
,
is
very
careful
that
the
medicine
he
applies
does
not
prejudice
any
other
member
:
so
ought
that
privy
Councellor
,
who
is
to
advise
his
Prince
,
to
be
so
his
remembrancer
of
the
concerns
of
the
Commonwealth
,
as
that
he
is
withal
mindful
of
the
honour
and
preservation
of
the
Prince
.
CLXXI.
THere
is
not
any
man
of
so
weak
abilities
,
but
that
he
may
manifestly
perceive
the
difference
there
is
between
actions
proceeding
from
fear
and
errour
,
and
those
which
proceed
from
fraud
and
an
evil
intention
.
CLXXII
.
HE
who
knows
in
himself
what
is
advantageous
,
and
for
the
good
of
the
Commonwealth
,
and
yet
forbears
communicating
it
to
others
,
is
an
insignificant
member
of
that
Body
.
CLXXIII
.
A
Commander
may
make
a
retreat
upon
two
occasions
,
either
out
of
timorousness
,
or
prudence
;
the
former
whereof
is
reproachable
,
the
other
deserves
commendation
,
in
regard
it
seems
to
wave
the
hazarding
of
what
is
not
sufficiently
secur'd
.
That
victory
is
the
most
advantageous
and
most
glorious
,
which
is
gain'd
with
the
least
loss
and
effusion
of
the
Souldiers
blood
.
CLXXIV
.
AS
the
Soul
,
which
ordinarily
ought
to
be
the
Governess
of
the
Body
,
becomes
a
Tyrant
,
when
,
regarding
only
her
own
excellency
,
in
comparison
of
the
Body
,
she
so
thinks
of
her self
,
as
not
to
allow
any
part
of
time
for
the
service
of
the
body
,
whereby
the
latter
is
weakned
,
and
rendered
uncapable
of
performing
its
offices
:
So
,
on
the
contrary
,
they
who
make
the
Body
Lord
over
the
Soul
,
and
employ
their
whole
time
in
satisfying
the
appetites
thereof
,
without
reserving
some
part
for
the
other
,
can
never
become
vertuous
,
nor
have
any
valour
in
themselves
.
CLXXV
.
AVarice
is
,
no
doubt
,
much
more
blameable
in
a
Prince
,
than
in
a
private
person
;
not
only
upon
this
score
,
that
the
Prince
having
more
to
distribute
,
frustrates
men
of
the
benefits
they
expect
from
him
,
but
also
in
regard
,
that
whatever
the
private
person
hath
,
he
may
dispose
thereof
without
any
others
being
much
concern'd
in
it
.
But
whatever
the
Prince
has
,
he
has
chiefly
for
the
benefit
of
others
;
what
therefore
he
retains
to
himself
is
so
much
deducted
out
of
what
men
should
receive
from
him
.
CLXXVI
.
PRinces
have
cause
to
be
more
distrustful
than
other
persons
,
not
only
in
regard
they
are
many
times
flatter'd
,
but
also
that
many
doubtful
advertisements
are
propos'd
to
them
,
and
that
it
is
a
difficult
matter
for
them
to
follow
those
that
are
most
advantageous
to
their
concerns
.
CLXXVII
.
THat
Prince
who
has
the
most
obliging
way
to
gain
the
affections
of
his
People
,
makes
a
great
discovery
of
an
excellent
good
nature
,
and
withal
gives
a
certain
demonstration
of
his
being
unchargeable
with
the
vice
of
Pride
,
which
brings
an
odium
upon
the
vertues
themselves
.
CLXXVIII
.
WHen
any
of
the
Enemies
forces
fall
off
from
him
,
and
come
into
thy
service
,
it
is
no
small
happiness
if
they
prove
faithful
to
thee
;
inasmuch
as
the
forces
of
the
enemy
are
much
more
weakned
,
by
the
defection
of
those
who
desert
him
,
than
by
the
loss
of
those
who
are
kill'd
,
though
the
name
of
turn-coat
,
or
fugitive
be
suspicious
in
new-rais'd
men
,
and
odious
in
old
Souldiers
.
CLXXIX
.
IN
military
concerns
;
the
prosperous
success
of
the
victorious
Prince
proceeds
for
the
most
part
from
the
want
of
Counsel
and
Conduct
in
the
Enemy
.
And
thence
it
comes
,
that
it
is
a
difficult
task
to
subdue
him
who
knows
the
extent
of
his
own
forces
and
those
of
his
Enemy
.
Besides
,
the
performances
of
the
Souldiery
are
to
be
attributed
more
to
their
gallantry
than
to
their
multitude
,
and
sometimes
the
advancement
they
make
depends
more
on
the
advantages
of
the
place
,
where
the
engagement
happens
,
than
upon
their
personal
valour
.
CLXXX
.
MEN
,
Armes
,
Mony
,
and
Provisions
are
the
sinews
of
War
;
but
of
these
four
,
the
two
former
are
the
most
necessary
,
in
regard
that
resolute
men
,
well
Arm'd
,
will
make
a
shift
to
find
mony
and
provisions
;
but
those
two
last
will
not
so
easily
find
Men
and
Arms.
CLXXXI
.
WHen
the
Prince
is
surrounded
by
his
familiar
friends
in
a
time
that
requires
nothing
of
action
,
he
communicates
his
favours
to
those
who
are
most
acceptable
to
him
,
and
most
complyant
with
his
humour
.
But
when
he
has
some
great
design
to
carry
on
,
he
knows
how
to
make
a
distinction
between
those
who
are
purely
favourites
,
and
such
as
may
be
more
serviceable
to
him
.
CLXXXII
.
A
Person
reputed
to
be
of
great
conduct
and
well
experienc'd
in
the
management
of
affairs
,
who
can
maintain
ten
thousand
men
,
is
more
to
be
fear'd
and
esteem'd
than
ten
others
confederated
together
with
each
of
them
five
thousand
men
;
in
regard
they
are
tedious
and
dilatory
in
the
concerting
of
their
designes
,
and
much
time
is
commonly
lost
ere
they
can
be
unanimously
brought
to
resolve
upon
the
same
end
.
CLXXXIII
.
THat
person
who
is
desirous
to
be
entertain'd
into
the
service
of
some
Grandee
,
should
rather
pitch
upon
one
of
some
repute
for
his
prudence
,
than
one
notorious
for
his
ignorance
:
in
regard
that
if
his
dependence
be
on
a
wise
man
,
he
will
find
means
to
ingratiate
himself
into
his
favour
;
but
with
an
ignorant
man
,
his
applications
will
in
all
likelihood
prove
ineffectual
,
by
reason
of
the
want
of
apprehension
in
the
person
to
whom
they
are
made
.
CLXXXIV
.
THE
affairs
of
this
world
are
in
a
perpetual
fluxe
of
uncertainty
and
instability
;
yet
are
they
always
in
a
progressive
course
towards
the
end
to
which
they
ought
to
tend
according
to
their
nature
.
But
this
progress
meets
with
greater
obstructions
than
we
imagine
,
in
regard
that
we
measure
their
motion
according
to
our
life
,
which
is
of
no
great
duration
,
and
not
according
to
their
continuance
,
which
seems
long
to
us
in
respect
of
our selves
.
And
thence
it
comes
,
that
the
judgements
which
we
make
of
them
are
commonly
false
and
defective
.
CLXXXV
.
IN
things
of
importance
,
he
who
does
not
take
into
his
consideration
all
the
particulars
relating
thereto
,
cannot
frame
a
right
judgement
of
them
;
in
regard
that
any
single
circumstance
,
how
inconsiderable
soever
it
be
,
may
change
the
whole
face
of
the
thing
which
is
to
be
judg'd
.
Yet
true
it
is
,
that
many
times
,
a
man
may
frame
a
good
judgement
thereof
,
though
he
have
the
knowledge
but
of
the
affair
,
only
in
general
;
and
on
the
contrary
,
he
who
knows
the
particulars
may
be
guilty
of
a
greater
miscarriage
;
in
regard
that
if
his
head
be
not
clear
,
and
disengag'd
from
passion
,
his
attention
to
the
particular
part
will
confound
and
disturb
his
apprehension
of
the
whole
matter
under
consideration
.
CLXXXVI
.
IT
is
a
great
felicity
for
a
man
to
see
his
Enemy
cast
down
and
lying
at
his
mercy
;
but
the
greater
his
happiness
is
,
to
whom
that
happens
,
the
greater
reason
he
has
to
make
a
commendable
use
of
that
victory
,
by
expressing
his
clemency
and
readiness
to
forgive
,
it
being
the
particular
mark
and
property
of
a
great
and
generous
soul
.
CLXXXVII
.
AN
inferiour
Prince
ought
not
to
hazard
all
he
has
in
one
fight
;
for
if
he
get
the
better
,
he
only
gains
the
more
glory
;
if
he
miscarries
,
he
is
ruin'd
to
all
intents
and
purposes
.
CLXXXVIII
.
WE
find
that
in
the
ordinary
differences
which
happen
between
men
upon
the
civil
account
,
and
in
the
diseases
whereto
men
are
subject
,
the
Judges
and
Physicians
have
recourse
to
the
judgements
of
those
who
have
been
anciently
eminent
in
those
several
Professions
;
The
same
may
be
said
of
affairs
of
State
and
Policy
,
that
it
were
expedient
the
present
Statesmen
consulted
the
directions
of
the
Ancients
,
who
have
been
eminent
for
the
good
Government
and
civilization
of
such
as
were
subject
to
them
.
CLXXXIX
.
THere
are
many
who
seem
to
be
highly
diligent
in
the
reading
of
ancient
Histories
,
and
to
take
a
particular
divertisement
therein
,
by
reason
of
the
remarkable
variety
of
accidents
which
occur
;
but
few
apply
themselves
to
the
imitation
thereof
;
and
that
with
the
greater
reproach
to
themselves
,
in
that
they
think
it
a
thing
not
only
difficult
,
but
also
indeed
impossible
;
as
if
the
Heavens
,
the
Sun
,
and
the
Elements
had
chang'd
their
motions
,
order
and
influences
,
in
comparison
of
what
they
were
heretofore
.
CXC
.
THE
Friendship
there
is
between
persons
of
quality
,
of
a
private
condition
,
proceeds
from
the
mutual
correspondence
of
their
minds
,
and
the
consonancy
of
their
humours
and
dispositions
.
But
among
Princes
,
this
correspondence
of
humours
does
not
always
beget
amity
,
but
sometimes
,
out
of
a
certain
judgement
which
they
frame
to
themselves
,
of
the
advantages
accrueing
by
the
contraction
of
such
Friendships
,
and
sometimes
their
confederations
are
the
effects
of
the
present
exigences
forcing
them
thereto
.
CXCI.
ADversity
is
the
Touch
stone
which
distinguishes
between
those
who
are
friends
out
of
design
,
and
those
who
are
really
such
.
It
makes
a
full
discovery
of
the
fidelity
and
constancy
of
some
,
and
how
slight
and
superfluous
others
may
be
.
So
that
a
man
has
this
benefit
by
adversity
,
that
there
are
driven
from
him
,
without
the
help
of
a
Staff
,
all
that
throng
of
persons
whose
souls
are
mercenary
and
of
no
value
,
full
of
avarice
and
ingratitude
,
and
there
remain
behind
only
those
minds
which
are
fortune
proof
,
and
such
as
cannot
be
surmounted
by
Adversity
.
CXCII
.
HE
who
founds
a
Commonwealth
,
and
establishes
Laws
for
the
government
thereof
,
ought
to
have
presuppos'd
that
men
are
inclin'd
to
wickedness
,
and
will
make
a
discovery
of
that
inclination
,
upon
any
occasion
that
shall
offer
it self
.
And
when
the
malignity
lies
conceal'd
for
some
time
,
it
proceeds
from
some
secret
cause
,
which
,
for
want
of
having
seen
the
experience
of
the
contrary
,
was
not
observ'd
;
but
it
is
afterwards
discover'd
by
time
,
which
brings
all
things
to
light
.
CXCIII
.
NEutrality
,
of
its
own
nature
,
is
full
of
danger
,
in
as
much
as
it
gives
offence
,
on
the
one
side
,
to
the
stronger
party
,
who
expected
to
be
sided
withal
upon
the
score
of
his
grandeur
,
and
on
the
other
to
the
weaker
,
who
takes
it
unkindly
,
and
thinks
it
an
injury
that
he
is
not
assisted
and
reliev'd
.
So
that
the
neutral
party
is
neither
secur'd
against
an
enemy
,
on
the
one
side
,
nor
preserves
a
firiend
,
on
the
other
.
CXCIV
.
AS
long
as
a
Prince
continues
in
a
neutral
condition
,
every
one
endeavours
to
caress
him
,
&
to
draw
him
to
his
party
,
and
consequently
he
is
honour'd
,
and
not
only
enjoys
his
neutrality
in
quietness
,
but
also
makes
an
advantage
of
it
by
the
presents
he
receives
from
those
who
would
lure
him
into
their
Allyance
;
whereas
if
he
has
once
declar'd
himself
,
he
has
lost
the
satisfaction
of
being
a
spectator
of
the
difference
,
and
one
of
the
contending
parties
must
look
upon
him
as
an
enemy
,
though
the
reasons
and
motives
he
had
to
appear
against
him
be
never
so
plausible
.
CXCV.
IT
is
a
hard
question
to
decide
,
whether
be
the
more
ambitious
person
,
he
who
is
desirous
to
keep
what
he
is
possess'd
of
,
or
he
who
endeavours
to
make
new
Conquests
.
For
many
times
great
alterations
are
caus'd
by
him
who
is
peaceably
possess'd
,
in
regard
the
fear
of
losing
begets
in
such
persons
the
same
inclinations
,
which
they
have
who
would
conquer
.
Nay
sometimes
,
he
who
is
possess'd
does
not
think
himself
secure
,
if
he
be
not
always
in
a
readiness
to
make
new
acquests
,
and
to
do
that
,
there
is
a
necessity
of
having
forces
,
and
those
must
be
in
action
,
answerably
to
the
ambitious
desires
of
those
by
whom
they
are
maintain'd
.
CXCVI.
THose
who
are
entrusted
with
the
administration
of
publick
offices
,
or
the
government
of
Provinces
ought
to
have
these
three
conditions
;
to
wit
,
That
they
have
●
tenderness
and
affection
for
those
who
are
under
their
jurisdiction
;
that
they
be
invested
with
sufficient
authority
to
constrain
,
where
it
is
requisite
;
and
that
they
be
persons
remarkable
for
their
justice
and
valour
.
But
with
this
precaution
into
the
bargain
,
that
they
who
are
advanc'd
to
the
Government
of
others
be
such
as
have
been
in
their
younger
days
govern'd
and
directed
by
others
.
CXCVII
.
IN
all
the
resolutions
of
this
world
,
there
is
an
intermixture
of
good
and
evil
;
God
having
so
order'd
it
,
that
men
might
be
the
more
sensible
of
the
imperfection
of
their
present
state
.
But
it
is
the
part
of
a
prudent
person
to
counterballance
the
good
and
evil
,
and
to
embrace
that
resolution
wherein
he
finds
either
less
evil
,
or
more
good
.
CXCVIII.
SInce
man
is
to
look
on
his
own
good
and
preservation
as
his
main
concern
,
he
ought
not
in
reason
to
be
tax'd
with
any
inconstancy
,
when
upon
the
vicissitude
of
human
affairs
,
he
also
admits
some
change
in
his
designs
and
procedure
,
yet
continuing
constant
and
resolute
as
to
the
end
he
had
propos'd
to
himself
.
And
this
is
but
to
follow
the
example
of
good
Pilots
,
who
being
bound
for
such
a
Port
,
yet
upon
alteration
of
wind
and
weather
seem
to
change
their
course
,
but
still
in
the
midst
of
the
tempest
they
mind
the
prosecution
of
their
voyage
,
and
the
preservation
of
the
Vessel
.
CXCIX
.
GOod
Souldiers
require
a
good
Captain
,
he
being
the
guide
of
all
,
and
the
success
or
miscarriage
of
a
design
depending
on
his
action
and
conduct
.
Thence
came
the
Greek
Proverb
,
that
an
Army
of
Deer
having
a
Lyon
in
the
head
of
it
,
is
more
terrible
than
an
Army
of
Lyons
headed
by
a
Deer
.
But
it
is
however
requisite
,
that
both
Commanders
and
Souldiers
should
be
good
,
that
it
may
not
happen
as
Caesar
said
going
against
Pompey
,
that
he
went
against
a
Captain
without
Souldiers
;
and
afterwards
going
against
Afranius
that
he
was
to
en●gage
an
Army
without
a
Captain
.
CC.
THere
are
four
sorts
of
men
who
are
always
mention'd
with
honour
.
First
,
they
who
have
been
highly
successeful
in
the
establishment
and
promotion
of
true
Religion
.
Secondly
,
those
who
have
been
the
founders
of
States
and
Kingdoms
,
and
setled
the
Government
thereof
by
good
Laws
.
Thirdly
,
they
who
have
been
Successors
to
the
last
mention'd
,
and
have
made
great
dilatations
of
the
Empires
which
they
found
so
established
.
And
lastly
,
persons
who
have
been
great
Promotors
of
Literature
,
and
Patrons
of
learned
men
.
On
the
contrary
,
the
teachers
of
a
false
Religion
or
destroyers
of
the
true
,
the
disturbers
of
Government
,
and
the
enemies
of
Learning
and
Vertue
,
have
been
,
through
all
ages
,
infamous
and
detestable
.
CCI.
A
People
which
hath
been
accustomed
to
live
in
servitude
,
being
left
to
their
own
liberty
,
may
be
likened
to
a
Beast
that
has
been
kept
in
a
Park
,
which
having
once
got
out
of
it
,
will
be
continually
mischievous
,
till
at
last
it
be
either
destroy'd
or
brought
into
its
former
restraint
.
CCII.
WE
ought
to
be
very
moderate
and
cautious
in
the
commendations
of
persons
.
For
as
it
is
natural
for
any
one
,
to
resent
his
being
disparag'd
,
so
,
on
the
contrary
,
excessive
,
commendation
(
besides
the
hazard
it
implies
of
his
judgement
who
commends
,
and
the
greatness
of
his
merit
who
is
commended
)
is
many
times
offensive
to
him
who
hears
it
.
That
portion
of
self
love
,
which
every
one
has
,
even
though
he
is
not
sensible
of
it
,
makes
us
immediately
apply
to
our selves
the
commendations
and
discommendations
which
we
hear
given
to
others
,
and
confequently
we
imagine
our selves
concerned
therein
,
though
they
are
not
purposely
directed
to
us
.
CCIII
.
WHen
the
Prince
has
fortify'd
himself
with
the
allyances
of
excellent
Captains
,
valiant
Souldiers
,
Arms
,
Mony
,
and
strong
places
,
his
next
work
must
be
to
weaken
the
Forces
,
and
to
defeat
the
designes
of
the
Enemy
;
and
that
is
done
more
slowly
or
with
greater
expedition
,
according
as
occasion
offers
it self
,
which
is
the
source
of
every
great
and
transcendent
action
.
CCIV.
IT
seldom
happens
,
that
a
vertuous
man
will
be
ambitious
of
soveraignty
by
indirect
ways
,
though
his
aim
therein
may
be
good
;
and
that
a
wicked
person
being
once
become
great
,
will
ever
use
that
authority
well
,
which
he
has
attain'd
by
evil
courses
.
CCV
.
THough
a
Successor
in
Government
be
not
fully
so
remarkable
for
his
vertue
as
the
person
whom
he
succeds
,
yet
may
he
maintain
the
state
in
the
same
grandeur
he
found
it
,
by
the
vertue
of
his
Predecessor
,
and
make
his
advantage
of
the
others
labours
.
But
if
it
happen
that
he
does
not
live
long
,
and
that
he
be
again
succeeded
by
one
that
does
not
follow
the
footsteps
of
the
former
,
such
a
State
must
needs
degenerate
.
So
,
on
the
contrary
,
if
two
persons
,
both
eminent
for
the
greatness
of
their
vertue
,
happen
to
be
immediate
Governours
of
the
same
Province
,
they
commonly
do
great
things
,
and
give
a
smart
stroke
to
the
firm
establishment
of
their
Government
.
CCVI.
II
is
a
thing
out
of
all
controversy
,
that
if
there
be
not
Souldiers
where
there
are
men
enough
,
it
proceeds
from
some
defect
in
the
Prince
,
and
not
from
that
of
Nature
,
or
the
situation
of
the
Country
,
or
genius
of
the
Inhabitants
.
And
thence
it
comes
,
that
wise
Princes
keep
up
the
exercise
of
War
even
in
the
times
of
peace
.
CCVII.
IN
a
well-regulated
Common-wealth
,
the
good
Services
and
merits
of
Citizens
shall
make
no
plea
for
their
Crimes
,
if
they
be
of
any
importance
.
For
rewards
being
appointed
for
well
doing
,
and
punishment
for
miscarriages
,
it
is
an
aggravation
of
their
lapses
who
have
done
well
,
that
they
have
done
so
,
and
therefore
if
they
do
amiss
,
there
is
no
account
made
of
their
former
vertuous
demeanour
.
CCVIII
.
HE
who
would
reform
.
a
City
,
to
the
general
satisfaction
of
all
its
Inhabitants
,
should
endeavour
what
he
can
to
retain
the
ancient
Customs
,
and
that
course
of
life
which
the
people
was
traditionally
inclin'd
to
,
that
it
may
not
seem
to
the
Generality
,
that
there
is
any
alteration
in
the
Government
,
though
really
there
be
,
and
that
the
constitution
thereof
is
a
quite
different
thing
from
what
it
was
before
.
For
it
is
the
humour
of
the
Populace
,
to
be
contented
and
layd
asleep
with
that
which
seems
,
as
much
as
with
that
which
really
is
;
and
many
times
there
are
greater
disturbances
occasion'd
by
that
which
seems
to
be
,
than
there
are
by
that
which
really
is
.
CCIX.
THE
vice
of
Ingratitude
proceeds
either
from
avarice
,
or
distrust
.
When
therefore
a
Prince
or
State
sends
out
a
General
upon
some
important
expedition
,
and
the
other
growes
highly
into
repute
thereby
;
such
a
Prince
or
State
is
oblig'd
to
acknowledge
and
recompence
the
service
done
them
.
But
if
,
on
the
contrary
,
they
dishonour
or
affront
him
,
avatice
prompts
him
to
commit
some
inexcusable
fault
,
and
so
he
brings
himself
into
perpetual
infamy
.
CCX
.
AMbition
has
so
great
an
influence
over
the
heart
of
man
,
that
it
keeps
a
perpetual
possession
thereof
.
The
reason
of
it
is
,
that
mans
disposition
being
naturally
inclin'd
to
desire
all
things
,
and
his
desires
always
excessively
surmounting
the
means
of
obtaining
them
,
proves
a
continual
occasion
of
discontent
and
repining
.
Thence
proceeds
the
variety
of
mens
conditions
,
inasmuch
as
their
labouring
to
augment
,
and
the
fear
of
losing
what
they
are
possess'd
of
,
occasions
Quarrels
,
Animosities
,
and
Wars
,
and
those
are
the
fore-runners
of
the
ruine
of
one
Province
,
and
the
aggrandization
of
another
.
CCXI.
THat
Prince
who
would
keep
up
his
Estate
in
a
flourishing
condition
,
will
not
only
be
careful
in
the
removing
of
present
scandals
,
but
also
use
his
utmost
industry
in
providing
against
such
as
may
happen
.
In
regard
that
if
he
make
timely
provision
against
them
,
they
are
easily
reform'd
;
whereas
if
the
evil
be
grown
up
to
a
head
,
the
remedy
comes
too
late
.
CCXII.
IT
is
not
to
be
admir'd
,
that
those
Princes
who
are
very
powerful
and
have
a
numerous
issue
should
have
their
thoughts
much
bent
upon
War
;
and
that
,
either
out
of
a
motive
of
honour
,
or
to
make
provision
for
their
progeny
,
by
Military
Employments
,
or
forreign
Governments
,
if
they
have
Colonies
in
remote
parts
of
the
world
;
or
lastly
to
prevent
the
disturbances
which
may
be
occasion'd
by
the
different
pretensions
of
younger
Brothers
.
CCXIII.
THE
wise
servant
ought
to
imitate
the
excellent
Physician
,
and
foresee
what
he
should
hope
or
fear
,
neither
hoping
nor
fearing
more
or
less
than
is
convenient
,
so
that
he
may
always
know
whether
his
hope
be
in
its
augmentation
,
or
at
its
full
height
,
or
in
its
declining
state
,
and
accordingly
prognosticate
what
he
is
to
expect
.
Being
thus
precaution'd
,
he
will
have
his
Judgment
as
it
were
in
his
hand
,
not
suffering
it
to
be
heightned
by
hope
,
or
to
be
depress'd
by
fear
:
and
so
he
will
prudently
manage
the
Affairs
of
his
Master
,
whose
advantage
.
he
minds
equally
with
his
own
repute
,
in
the
Negotiation
wherein
he
is
employ'd
.
CCXIV.
PLato
would
have
the
devoir
of
a
good
Citizen
to
consist
in
these
four
things
;
to
wit
,
that
he
should
be
prudent
in
diserning
well
what
is
most
conducive
to
the
common
good
,
as
well
as
to
things
present
,
as
to
come
;
that
he
be
just
,
in
distributing
to
every
one
what
is
due
to
him
;
that
he
be
vertuous
,
in
surmounting
the
fear
which
commonly
obstructs
he
exercises
of
vertue
;
and
lastly
,
that
he
have
an
absolute
soveraignty
over
his
affections
.
CCXV
.
THE
shortest
and
surest
way
for
Princes
to
make
a
mutual
discovery
of
their
different
designes
,
is
that
of
Ambassadors
,
especially
if
they
be
persons
of
great
repute
either
upon
the
score
of
the
Grandeur
of
their
Masters
,
or
that
of
their
own
Vertue
.
For
it
being
their
business
to
treat
always
with
great
persons
,
and
diligently
to
weigh
the
actions
,
deportment
,
words
,
and
advices
of
those
with
whom
they
negotiate
,
and
also
those
of
the
Prince
himself
,
they
from
the
present
conjuncture
of
affairs
infer
what
is
most
likely
to
come
to
pass
afterwards
.
CCXVI
.
WHen
men
propose
to
themselves
the
doing
of
some
thing
of
great
importance
,
they
ought
,
with
all
the
industry
they
can
,
prepare
themselves
for
it
,
that
when
opportunity
offers
it self
,
they
may
be
ready
to
put
their
design
in
execution
.
When
therefore
all
the
preparatives
are
cautiouslly
made
,
there
should
be
no
discovery
made
thereof
till
the
opportunity
of
action
does
it
;
and
then
if
there
be
a
neglect
in
the
execution
,
it
argues
that
the
persons
concern'd
therein
were
not
sufficiently
prepar'd
,
or
wanted
courage
to
carry
it
on
.
CCXVII
.
DIstributive
Justice
in
a
political
Government
ought
to
be
regulated
according
to
Geometrical
proportion
,
to
wit
,
according
to
the
quality
of
persons
:
otherwise
,
it
is
not
justice
:
as
we
see
,
that
infamy
to
a
person
of
mean
extraction
amounts
to
little
,
but
to
one
nobly
descended
,
it
is
the
most
indigestible
punishment
.
That
Magistrate
therefore
who
proceeds
to
the
cognizance
of
merits
and
miscarriages
,
favours
and
disgraces
,
by
the
same
measure
,
not
considering
the
diversity
there
may
be
between
some
persons
and
others
,
according
to
their
several
qualifications
,
is
defective
in
the
understanding
of
his
duty
;
in
regard
,
that
persons
of
noble
birth
are
discourag'd
by
the
ignominy
of
being
reduc'd
to
an
equal
rank
with
their
inferiours
,
and
those
,
of
the
meaner
sort
,
finding
themselves
treated
as
persons
of
better
extraction
,
grow
thereby
the
more
insolent
and
insupportable
.
CCXVIII
.
WHen
the
Forces
of
a
Prince
are
regulated
by
prudence
and
conduct
,
they
do
admirable
things
,
securing
his
own
concerns
,
and
those
of
his
friends
,
causing
confusion
and
astonishment
to
his
enemies
.
CCXIX.
IT
may
easily
be
observ'd
by
a
person
who
shall
examine
things
present
with
a
reflection
on
the
past
,
how
that
in
all
Cities
,
and
among
all
Nations
,
there
are
now
the
same
inclinations
,
and
the
same
humours
,
as
were
heretofore
.
So
that
it
is
no
hard
matter
,
for
such
an
Examiner
,
from
the
things
past
,
to
foresee
what
may
happen
in
any
Commonwealth
,
and
consequently
that
Prudence
advises
the
practising
of
the
same
remedies
which
were
used
by
the
Ancients
.
But
in
regard
those
considerations
have
either
been
neglected
,
or
not
fully
comprehended
by
such
as
read
,
or
if
they
have
been
read
,
they
have
not
been
understood
by
those
who
govern
,
it
follows
,
that
the
same
scandals
and
misgovernments
happen
at
all
times
.
CCXX
.
THE
only
way
to
make
a
City
flourish
is
to
use
all
possible
endeavours
to
supply
it
with
Inhabitants
;
and
that
is
done
either
by
love
or
force
.
'T
is
done
by
the
former
,
when
the
ways
to
it
are
free
and
secure
to
strangers
who
are
desirous
to
make
their
habitations
there
;
by
the
latter
,
when
the
neighbouring
places
are
destroy'd
,
and
the
Inhabitants
thereof
obliged
to
transplant
themselves
thither
.
CCXXI
.
A
Small
Republick
cannot
safely
be
possess'd
of
a
City
that
is
stronger
and
greater
than
it self
.
For
otherwise
its
case
would
be
like
that
of
a
Tree
,
whose
branches
being
too
weighty
for
its
boal
,
weaken
it
so
that
the
first
blast
of
wind
lays
it
on
the
ground
.
CCXXII
.
A
Prince
or
Republick
should
submit
to
any
terms
rather
than
have
recourse
to
that
Nation
from
which
it
hath
assistance
.
For
there
cannot
be
a
more
plausible
occasion
for
a
Prince
or
Republick
to
possess
themselves
of
a
City
or
Province
,
than
when
they
send
their
Forces
for
the
defence
thereof
.
CCXXIII.
OF
all
Estates
that
is
the
most
miserable
,
whether
it
be
the
case
of
a
Prince
or
Republick
,
when
they
are
reduc'd
to
such
extremities
,
that
they
can
neither
accept
of
a
Peace
,
nor
carry
on
a
War.
Such
is
the
condition
of
those
who
on
the
one
side
are
over-crush'd
by
the
conditions
that
are
proffer'd
them
of
a
peace
,
and
on
the
other
being
oblig'd
to
continue
the
War
,
are
forc'd
to
become
a
prey
either
to
those
who
are
their
Auxiliaries
,
or
to
their
Enemies
.
CCXXIV.
THE
welfare
of
a
Government
consists
in
this
that
the
subjects
be
so
kept
in
,
as
that
they
have
not
the
power
,
nor
any
reason
to
make
a
disturbance
.
And
this
is
done
,
either
by
making
all
secure
in
depriving
them
of
the
means
of
doing
evil
,
or
gratifying
them
so
well
,
as
that
they
may
not
have
any
plausible
reason
to
desire
a
change
of
Government
.
CCXXV.
THE
Prince
who
is
set
upon
by
another
greater
than
himself
,
can
hardly
commit
a
greater
errour
than
to
refuse
all
overtures
of
accommodation
,
especially
when
they
are
offer'd
him
;
in
regard
that
what
is
proffer'd
cannot
be
so
inconsiderable
but
that
some
advantage
accrewes
to
him
who
accepts
of
it
,
and
is
consider'd
as
part
of
a
victory
obtain'd
by
him
.
CCXXVI
.
AMong
the
marks
whereby
it
may
be
known
what
condition
a
State
is
in
,
we
are
to
consider
the
correspondence
there
is
between
it
and
its
neighbours
.
For
when
it
is
so
govern'd
,
as
that
its
Neighbours
to
gain
its
friendship
become
its
Pensionaries
,
it
is
a
certain
argument
that
such
a
State
is
in
a
flourishing
condition
:
but
when
the
neighbours
that
are
inferiour
to
it
,
are
as
so
many
Suckers
thereto
,
perpetually
draining
its
Exchequer
,
it
is
a
great
sign
of
weakness
or
want
of
conduct
,
or
corruption
in
the
Government
.
CCXXVII
.
MEN
in
their
actions
,
especially
those
of
importance
,
ought
to
consider
,
what
is
most
convenient
to
be
done
,
and
to
accommodate
themselves
to
the
present
conjuncture
;
for
they
who
either
through
an
unfortunate
election
,
or
out
of
a
mutinous
humour
can
admit
of
no
acquiescence
with
the
present
time
,
live
for
the
most
part
in
a
wretched
condition
,
ever
repining
,
and
vainly
expecting
a
change
of
affairs
.
CCXXVIII
.
THat
some
men
are
successful
in
their
undertakings
,
and
others
not
,
it
is
to
be
attributed
to
their
complyance
or
discomplyance
with
the
time
proper
for
the
execution
thereof
.
Thence
is
it
that
we
say
some
men
proceed
in
their
actions
inconsiderately
,
and
as
if
they
were
surprized
,
while
others
do
nothing
without
a
previous
circumspection
and
scrutiny
into
all
the
particulars
that
may
occur
in
their
deportment
.
CCXXIX
.
THat
Commander
who
would
have
a
City
obstinately
defend
it self
,
or
an
Army
once
engag'd
to
fight
it
out
to
the
last
man
,
ought
above
all
things
to
insinuate
into
them
a
persuasion
of
the
necessity
there
is
of
fighting
.
CCXXX
.
THE
wise
Chieftain
who
proposes
to
himself
the
conquest
of
a
Country
or
Province
,
ought
to
measure
the
difficulties
he
may
meet
withal
,
by
considering
the
Necessity
,
which
may
force
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Country
to
defend
themselves
,
answerably
to
the
greatness
of
the
necessity
in
those
who
are
to
defend
themselves
against
him
,
to
make
account
that
his
expedition
will
be
more
or
less
difficult
.
CCXXXI
.
AMong
other
points
of
Military
Discipline
,
a
wise
Captain
ought
to
be
especially
careful
,
what
persons
they
are
who
take
the
word
from
him
;
and
to
take
order
that
his
Souldiers
believe
not
any
but
their
own
Officers
,
who
are
not
likely
to
say
any
thing
to
them
but
what
they
are
entrusted
withal
.
For
want
of
a
punctual
observance
of
this
point
,
incredible
disorders
have
many
times
happen'd
.
CCXXXII
.
IN
a
Military
expedition
,
it
is
much
better
to
send
one
single
person
,
though
endu'd
but
with
ordinary
prudence
,
than
two
together
,
though
very
valiant
persons
,
invested
with
equal
authority
.
CXXXIII
.
SOme
Cities
and
Provinces
,
which
have
held
out
against
all
extremities
of
War
,
have
been
reduc'd
by
some
extraordinay
example
of
generosity
,
humanity
,
or
chastity
.
Of
this
there
are
many
examples
in
the
Roman
Histories
.
CCXXXIV
.
HE
who
is
over-earnestly
desirous
of
being
lov'd
,
if
he
exceed
ever
so
little
in
the
artifices
of
insinuating
himself
,
becomes
contemptible
;
and
,
on
the
contrary
,
he
who
is
over
desirous
to
be
fear'd
,
if
he
exceeds
the
true
measure
,
becomes
odious
.
He
who
can
observe
a
mean
in
these
procedures
must
be
a
person
of
a
great
and
exemplary
vertue
.
CCXXXV
.
THE
only
way
to
avoid
the
infamy
or
danger
which
is
consequent
to
the
giving
of
counsel
,
is
,
to
take
things
moderately
,
to
give
advice
without
passion
,
and
to
defend
it
with
modesty
;
So
that
the
Prince
or
City
,
who
receives
and
follows
the
advice
may
do
it
voluntarily
,
and
not
seem
to
be
over-sway'd
by
the
importunity
of
him
who
is
consulted
.
CCXXXVI
.
THE
wise
Captain
who
has
to
do
with
a
new
Enemy
,
whose
reputation
is
great
,
should
make
a
previous
tryal
of
his
Souldiers
,
by
small
engagements
with
the
Enemy
,
before
he
comes
to
the
hazard
of
a
pitch'd
Battel
,
to
the
end
that
by
such
prelusory
skirmishes
there
may
be
an
abatement
made
of
that
terrour
,
which
the
noise
and
reputation
of
such
an
Enemy
might
have
rais'd
in
them
.
CCXXXVII
.
TO
use
Stratagems
and
circumventions
upon
all
other
occasions
,
raises
a
dislike
of
the
person
using
it
;
but
in
Military
concerns
it
is
otherwise
,
in
so
much
,
that
he
who
subdues
his
enemy
by
a
stratagem
,
is
as
highly
commended
,
as
he
that
does
it
by
force
.
CCXXXVIII
.
A
Resolution
taken
up
with
too
much
precipitancy
,
or
an
over
earnest
affection
,
proves
for
the
most
part
unfortunate
.
The
former
allowes
not
the
time
to
ruminate
on
the
things
which
are
to
be
considered
;
the
latter
takes
up
the
mind
so
,
that
it
heeds
not
any
thing
but
what
immediately
press
upon
it
.
CCXXXIX
.
A
Man
is
much
more
concern'd
at
a
pleasure
or
dipleasure
newly
done
him
,
than
he
is
at
a
signal
kindness
,
which
he
had
receiv'd
some
considerable
time
before
.
Thus
a
mans
immediate
exigences
make
a
much
greater
impression
upon
him
,
than
either
the
remembrance
of
that
which
is
past
,
or
the
foresight
of
that
which
is
to
come
.
CCXL
.
BEsides
many
other
misfortunes
which
must
attend
a
Prince
who
is
neligent
in
the
affairs
of
War
,
these
two
are
most
obvious
,
to
wit
,
that
he
cannot
be
respected
by
the
Souldiery
,
nor
repose
any
trust
in
them
.
To
remedy
this
,
there
are
two
expedients
;
one
relating
to
the
Body
,
the
other
to
the
Mind
.
The
former
requires
the
following
of
the
noblest
and
most
generous
sort
of
exercises
,
such
as
hunting
,
whereby
his
person
is
enur'd
to
the
supporting
of
all
inconveniencies
,
and
he
is
enabled
to
observe
the
advantages
and
situation
of
places
.
The
latter
consists
in
the
reading
of
Histories
,
and
,
in
them
,
reflecting
on
the
actions
of
excellent
men
,
and
how
they
demean'd
themselves
in
their
wars
,
examining
the
occasions
of
their
Victories
,
or
losses
,
and
above
all
,
in
imitating
those
whose
great
Characters
Time
has
transmitted
to
us
.
CCXLI.
IT
is
greater
wisdom
for
a
man
to
be
accounted
poor
,
though
some
shame
be
consequent
thereto
,
provided
he
do
not
incurhatred
or
contempt
,
than
to
gain
the
title
of
a
liberal
person
by
rapine
and
injustice
,
which
are
ever
attended
by
infamy
and
aversion
.
CCXLII.
HE
who
thinks
to
advance
himself
by
his
dependence
on
a
great
Person
,
and
is
desirous
to
be
employ'd
by
him
,
ought
to
keep
as
much
as
he
can
possibly
in
his
presence
.
For
ever
and
anon
,
there
happen
occasions
,
wherein
he
recommends
some
affair
to
him
who
is
next
at
hand
,
which
he
would
not
do
,
if
the
other
were
to
seek
:
and
he
who
misses
the
beginning
of
his
advancement
does
many
times
forfeit
his
access
to
great
things
.
CCXLIII
.
IN
the
particular
accidents
of
War
,
Chance
(
which
is
commonly
known
by
the
name
of
Fortune
)
has
a
greater
influence
than
in
other
humane
actions
.
For
the
different
situation
of
places
,
the
advantages
of
encamping
,
the
diversity
of
the
air
,
diseases
,
want
of
mony
,
scarcity
of
provisions
,
spies
,
guides
,
false
intelligence
,
the
contrivances
of
publick
Ministers
,
and
divers
other
things
occasion
an
infinite
variety
in
the
occurrences
of
War.
CCXLIV
.
IT
is
more
probable
,
that
an
experienc'd
Sea
Commander
,
who
has
ben
accustom'd
to
fight
against
winds
,
waves
,
and
men
,
should
make
a
good
Captain
at
Land
,
where
he
has
only
men
to
deal
withal
,
than
that
a
Land-Captain
should
make
a
good
Commander
at
Sea.
CCXLV
.
THose
very
persons
,
who
attribute
most
to
Vertue
or
Prudence
,
only
that
they
might
exclude
what
is
attributed
to
Fortune
,
cannot
deny
but
that
it
is
an
extraordinary
chance
,
for
any
man
to
live
and
flourish
at
such
time
,
when
those
Vertues
are
in
esteem
for
which
he
is
most
recommendable
,
or
to
be
concern'd
in
such
an
occasion
,
as
where
they
are
most
necessarily
to
be
practis'd
.
CCXLVI
.
THE
Ministers
and
Favourites
of
Princes
,
if
they
are
wise
,
ought
to
procure
all
the
fair
correspondence
that
may
be
between
them
and
their
neighbouring
Princes
,
and
withal
to
raise
in
them
a
tenderness
and
affection
for
their
subjects
.
CCXLVII.
IT
being
every
mans
case
at
some
time
or
other
to
stand
in
need
of
anothers
assistance
,
where
there
is
no
precedent
obligation
upon
the
score
of
benefits
receiv'd
,
nor
any
consideration
of
intimate
friendship
,
or
allyance
,
the
person
solliciting
ought
,
for
this
reason
,
to
make
it
appear
,
that
such
his
request
is
of
great
advantage
,
or
at
least
not
any
way
prejudicial
to
him
whom
he
expects
liberally
to
grant
his
desire
;
then
he
is
to
make
him
sensible
,
how
transcendently
he
will
be
oblig'd
to
him
.
And
where
he
cannot
urge
any
thing
of
this
nature
,
he
ought
not
to
be
disgusted
,
if
he
does
not
obtain
what
he
desires
.
CCXLVIII
.
IN
all
affaires
,
it
is
requisite
first
to
use
reason
,
and
afterwards
force
.
In
military
designes
therefore
,
it
is
of
greater
concern
to
set
ambushes
for
the
Enemy
,
than
only
to
avoid
his
.
The
more
a
man
governs
himself
by
reason
in
any
affair
,
the
more
he
advantages
himself
.
CCXLIX
.
A
Man
makes
a
greater
complaint
when
an
injury
is
done
him
contrary
to
reason
,
than
when
a
violence
is
done
him
by
force
:
for
an
injury
has
place
between
those
who
are
otherwise
equal
in
condition
;
but
force
is
a
mark
,
that
he
who
uses
it
is
more
powerful
,
than
he
on
whom
it
is
used
.
CCL
.
WHen
we
prepare
our selves
to
go
against
our
Enemies
,
we
should
make
account
,
that
the
preparatives
on
their
side
are
as
great
as
those
on
ours
,
not
promising
our selves
any
more
success
for
the
faults
which
we
imagin
they
have
committed
,
but
rather
presuposing
,
that
having
their
senses
,
and
judgment
about
them
,
they
have
provided
for
their
affairs
,
as
well
as
we
have
done
for
ours
.
CCLI
.
A
Wise
man
ought
not
to
conceal
the
advantageous
advice
which
he
has
to
give
his
Country
,
meerly
out
of
the
uncertainty
there
is
of
its
being
put
in
execution
;
for
time
will
discover
the
integrity
and
prudence
of
him
that
gave
the
advice
,
and
withal
the
temerity
and
extravagance
of
those
who
rejected
it
.
CCLII
.
THough
the
act
of
Clemency
should
prove
beneficial
to
the
person
by
whom
it
is
exercis'd
,
yet
does
it
sometimes
tend
to
his
prejudice
.
But
this
happens
according
to
the
subject
on
which
it
is
exercis'd
.
For
when
it
is
done
to
a
multitude
,
it
proves
so
much
the
more
beneficial
,
the
more
the
obligation
conferr'd
thereby
is
multiply'd
,
it
being
in
a
manner
impossible
,
that
a
numerous
party
having
receiv'd
a
benefit
,
should
conspire
together
to
be
ungrateful
to
so
great
a
Benefactor
;
whereas
one
or
few
particular
persons
may
be
of
so
malignant
a
disposition
,
as
to
fall
,
immediatly
after
the
reception
of
a
great
kindness
,
into
that
horrid
vice
of
ingratitude
.
CCLIII
.
THE
best
way
for
a
Captain
to
inspire
his
Souldiers
with
an
obstinate
resolution
of
fighting
,
is
,
to
put
them
out
of
all
hopes
of
safety
,
otherwise
than
by
fighting
.
And
that
resolution
is
augmented
in
them
by
the
confidence
they
have
of
their
Comanders
experience
,
and
the
love
they
bear
their
Country
.
Divers
other
inducements
may
concur
,
but
the
most
pressing
consideration
is
that
which
forces
them
either
to
conquer
,
or
dy
.
CCLIV
.
THE
accomplishment
of
every
enterprize
is
much
more
difficult
than
the
beginning
of
it
;
since
the
latter
may
be
the
effect
of
some
lucky
accident
,
but
the
former
requires
resolution
,
experience
,
and
conduct
.
Thus
a
Vessel
may
weather
out
a
Tempest
at
Sea
,
but
when
it
comes
near
the
Port
,
the
Pilot
shews
the
utmost
of
his
skill
by
reason
of
the
narrow
passage
into
it
.
CCLV.
IT
is
a
great
presumption
,
in
any
person
,
how
much
so
ever
he
may
imagine
himself
in
favour
with
his
Prince
,
to
be
over-forward
in
giving
him
advice
.
For
the
reflectons
of
Soveraigns
being
many
times
fixt
upon
things
of
a
nature
transcending
the
capacities
of
such
as
are
about
them
,
it
happens
,
that
they
are
secretly
dissatisfy'd
when
they
seem
in
some
measure
pleas'd
.
It
is
therefore
the
prudence
of
a
Courtier
,
to
be
alwaies
so
cautious
,
in
offering
his
advice
,
as
that
there
may
be
a
presumptive
probability
,
of
it
s
not
becoming
prejudicial
to
the
Offerer
.
CCLVI.
WHen
a
person
,
who
thinks
himself
in
savour
,
is
of
a
sudden
discountenanc'd
,
he
should
not
give
the
least
admission
to
murmuring
,
disgust
,
or
animosity
;
but
,
reflecting
on
what
might
be
applicable
to
him
,
upon
the
score
of
miscarriage
,
endeavour
,
by
the
arts
of
insinuation
,
and
complaisance
,
to
recover
himself
into
his
former
station
,
in
the
Princes
affections
.
CCLVII
.
THere
are
two
eminent
requisites
,
in
those
,
who
are
concern'd
abroad
,
as
publick
Ministers
.
For
,
if
they
do
not
give
evident
proofs
of
their
vigilance
,
sedulity
,
and
sufficiency
,
in
managing
the
Negotiations
wherein
they
are
entrusted
,
as
also
of
their
perspicacity
,
in
foreseeing
what
influence
they
may
have
on
posterity
,
there
is
a
great
deficiency
in
the
discharge
of
the
trust
reposed
in
them
.
CCLVIII.
THE
main
design
of
Government
is
prudentiallity
carried
on
,
and
advanc'd
,
when
there
is
an
unanimity
of
counsels
amongst
those
who
have
the
administration
of
publick
affairs
.
But
when
they
are
divided
amongst
themselves
,
and
promote
different
interests
,
it
argues
a
dangerous
crisis
.
CCLIX
.
GReat
are
the
calamities
consequent
to
War.
The
Treasury
of
the
Prince
is
exhausted
:
Commerce
is
obstructed
:
and
the
devastations
,
committed
in
a
short
time
,
are
not
repair'd
,
without
a
subsequent
Peace
,
of
many
years
continuance
.
And
such
must
needs
be
the
condition
of
the
many
Countries
,
now
the
seat
of
the
present
War.
FINIS
.