BOOK
I.
CHAP.
I.
Of
Senators
in
General
,
their
Original
and
Necessity
.
HE
that
sweateth
in
the
pursuit
of
those
studies
that
conduce
to
private
recreation
,
as
well
as
publike
emolument
,
personates
and
represents
a
grave
wise
man
;
and
merits
the
general
applause
of
all
persons
:
For
,
Omne
tulit
punctum
,
qui
miscuit
util●
dulci
.
And
(
if
I
may
be
a
competent
Judge
)
there
is
no
Science
accompanied
with
more
delight
to
the
Student
,
or
benefit
to
the
Commonwealth
into
which
he
is
incorporated
,
than
that
of
Government
:
wherefore
being
sufficiently
convinced
,
that
all
the
transactions
of
a
well-regulated
State
are
managed
by
solid
reason
,
mature
deliberation
,
and
sound
judgement
,
not
by
wavering
opinion
,
uncertain
fate
,
or
fantastique
fortune
;
I
have
made
the
original
of
Senators
,
their
duty
,
dignity
,
internal
and
external
qualifications
,
the
Theme
on
which
I
intend
to
expatiate
in
general
in
this
first
Book
:
But
more
particularly
in
this
Chapter
,
of
the
original
cause
of
their
institution
or
creation
.
For
the
performance
of
that
task
which
I
have
voluntarily
imposed
upon
my self
,
I
have
dived
into
the
depth
of
civil
knowledge
,
and
pried
into
the
Arcana
of
Philosophy
;
collecting
whatsoever
hath
been
related
,
penned
,
or
experimentally
known
heretofore
,
either
by
Academick
Learning
,
Parliaments
in
Commonweals
,
Policy
in
Government
,
or
History
.
But
to
begin
:
Man
,
the
perfection
of
the
Creation
,
was
not
made
a
Citizen
or
Inhabitant
of
this
World
only
,
but
Lord
Paramount
over
all
Creatures
that
have
a
being
within
the
compass
of
the
terrestrial
Globe
:
This
authority
and
dignity
was
conferred
upon
him
by
the
supreme
Governour
of
Heaven
and
earth
,
who
hath
descended
so
far
below
his
sacred
Self
,
as
to
make
him
his
Co-partner
in
Government
,
adorning
him
with
divine
understanding
;
to
the
intent
,
that
the
Scepter
of
this
terrene
Empire
may
be
swayed
by
his
Reason
and
Counsel
.
The
cause
of
this
co-union
of
Government
between
God
and
Man
,
proceeds
from
Reason
;
which
being
perfect
,
makes
Man
capable
of
imitating
Almightiness
;
so
that
it
appears
,
there
is
a
kind
of
near
alliance
or
consanguinity
between
the
Creator
and
the
Creature
,
who
sometimes
is
made
God's
Vicegerent
upon
earth
:
yet
without
divine
assistance
,
no
reason
or
counsel
can
be
termed
good
,
or
perfect
:
For
,
the
seed
of
this
glimmering
resemblance
of
a
Deity
planted
in
Man
,
if
it
light
on
fertile
ground
,
and
that
happen
to
meet
with
good
culture
,
produceth
a
crop
according
to
the
expectation
of
the
Coelestial
Planter
;
otherwise
,
it
is
like
corn
cast
into
a
barren
soyl
;
whose
product
is
nothing
but
brambles
,
thorns
,
or
thistles
.
Thus
then
Man
being
reduced
to
a
sense
or
feeling
of
those
sparks
of
divinity
that
lie
latent
in
him
,
should
be
wrought
to
a
perswasion
,
that
he
hath
the
Character
or
Idaea
of
a
Deity
in
his
mind
;
the
impression
of
the
Creator's
holy
Image
stamped
on
his
soul
;
and
ought
thereupon
to
be
so
industrious
in
the
employment
of
his
talent
,
and
the
management
of
his
affairs
,
that
his
actions
may
speak
him
worthy
,
in
some
sense
,
of
so
heavenly
a
favour
bestowed
on
him
.
Yet
,
though
he
be
made
God's
associate
(
as
it
were
)
he
must
return
him
the
glory
,
to
whom
it
properly
and
primarily
belongs
;
and
acknowledge
all
authority
to
flow
from
him
,
as
from
the
Fountain
:
For
,
as
brute
Animals
are
not
governed
by
Animals
,
but
by
an
Herdsman
;
no
more
can
Man
rule
or
govern
Man
,
without
the
assistance
and
protection
of
Providence
divine
.
And
should
any
man
be
so
sordidly
ignorant
,
or
atheistically
prophane
,
as
to
undertake
the
Government
of
any
Country
or
Nation
,
without
divine
knowledge
or
assistance
;
it
must
necessarily
follow
,
that
that
State
,
Common-wealth
,
or
Kingdom
,
and
every
Member
thereof
,
be
implunged
into
an
Ocean
of
misery
and
infelicity
:
For
,
it
is
in
vain
to
build
upon
the
imagined
welfare
of
a
State
,
or
Kingdom
,
if
God
be
not
the
Protector
and
Patron
thereof
.
It
is
then
as
conspicuous
as
the
Meridian
Sun
,
that
all
vertue
,
wisdom
and
goodness
owes
its
original
to
God
;
which
did
instigate
the
purblind
,
or
rather
pure-blind
Heathen
,
that
had
only
the
rush-candle
of
Nature
,
to
consecrate
publike
Temples
to
Vertue
,
Faith
,
Concord
,
Wisdom
,
Peace
,
&c.
And
if
Ovid
the
Ethnick
durst
be
so
bold
,
well
may
we
then
à
fortiori
affirm
,
and
maintain
,
Est
Deus
in
nobis
,
agitante
calescimus
illo
;
Spiritus
hic
sacrae
lumina
mentis
habet
.
It
is
therefore
our
duty
to
endeavour
the
deserving
a
more
noble
title
than
that
of
meer
Man
,
and
strenuously
to
labour
in
the
pursuit
of
Understanding
,
that
flies
a
higher
pitch
,
than
either
humanity
or
morality
dare
aspire
unto
;
that
so
,
if
possible
,
we
may
surpass
all
our
Ancestors
,
and
live
according
to
the
dictates
of
that
which
hath
the
greatest
supremacy
in
us
,
viz.
Reason
;
by
vertue
whereof
,
we
are
made
sensible
of
a
Deity
,
know
how
to
exercise
Vertu●…
,
embrace
that
which
is
good
,
and
avoid
what
is
evill
:
this
is
that
which
endows
a
man
with
the
qualifications
of
Wisdom
,
Valour
,
and
Justice
;
by
this
we
are
able
to
discern
,
that
the
terrestrial
Globe
is
wheel'd
about
by
divine
wisdom
;
it
is
this
that
makes
a
man
Noble
,
a
Hero
:
which
was
the
reason
that
the
Lacedaemonians
imposed
the
title
of
Gods
upon
those
persons
,
that
were
judged
to
move
in
the
highest
sphear
of
understanding
;
homines
de
meliore
luto
;
men
of
a
more
noble
allay
,
than
dull
mud-wall'd
man
can
boast
of
:
Nay
,
Homer
deifies
Hector
in
this
ensuing
Distich
:
Non
hominis
certe
mortalis
filius
ille
Esse
videtur
,
sed
divino
semine
natus
.
So
that
we
may
maintain
(
without
being
Paradoxical
)
that
that
man
,
who
is
guided
by
solid
reason
in
all
his
words
and
actions
,
is
quasi
semi-deus
inter
mortales
;
a
Demi-god
among
men
.
Now
,
of
such
repute
is
a
Sage
Senator
,
or
grave
Cousellor
;
who
hath
reason
for
his
Cynosure
,
and
wisdom
his
coadjutress
in
all
undertakings
.
Such
persons
are
so
necessary
in
a
Commonwealth
,
that
they
can
by
no
means
be
omitted
or
left
out
:
For
,
the
King
being
but
a
single
person
,
cannot
have
an
eye
unto
all
the
transactions
of
his
Kingdom
;
besides
,
somtimes
it
happens
,
that
he
is
seduced
from
the
conduct
of
reason
,
by
yeilding
to
his
affections
,
or
slackning
the
reins
of
his
appetite
and
licentiousness
;
and
the
rude
multitude
,
being
ignorant
,
is
altogether
uncapable
of
that
understanding
,
or
knowledge
.
Yet
the
Senate
,
elected
according
to
the
Law
of
the
Land
,
and
compacted
or
made
up
of
vertuous
,
sober
,
grave
,
discreet
persons
,
do
from
their
place
,
as
from
a
Pharos
,
or
Watch-tower
,
look
about
them
,
and
provide
all
things
requisite
for
the
discreet
and
well
regulating
of
the
State
wherein
they
live
;
preventing
all
mutinies
,
seditions
and
dissentions
that
the
rebellious
rabble
durst
any
waies
attempt
:
Of
such
great
use
and
necessity
are
they
,
and
that
not
only
to
the
King
,
but
the
people
also
;
like
unto
the
vital
part
of
mans
soul
,
which
residing
in
the
heart
,
enliveneth
and
quickens
that
which
partakes
of
Reason
,
and
is
situated
in
the
head
:
and
a
Monarch
that
is
guided
by
the
advice
and
counsel
of
a
grave
Senate
,
rules
his
Kingdom
prudently
,
and
governs
it
discreetly
.
For
,
as
reason
in
all
her
proceedings
,
makes
use
of
the
service
of
the
senses
;
yet
she
alone
determines
,
and
deserves
the
greatest
honour
and
esteem
:
so
a
Prince
,
though
he
admit
of
Counsel
,
is
to
be
judged
the
wisest
;
and
is
uncontroulable
in
all
his
actions
:
for
it
is
a
Maxim
among
us
,
that
The
King
can
do
no
wrong
.
And
as
the
hand
distinguished
into
fingers
is
thereby
strengthned
,
and
made
the
more
apt
to
lay
hold
on
any
thing
;
so
he
that
governeth
with
the
aid
and
assistance
of
Counsel
,
shall
manage
all
affairs
with
the
greater
consideration
and
prudence
.
Their
original
did
proceed
from
the
benefit
that
it
was
imagined
would
accrue
to
the
Commonwealth
,
whereof
they
were
members
,
by
their
counsel
:
And
although
they
,
that
first
assembled
men
into
Cities
,
who
before
like
Savages
,
ranged
over
the
woods
,
and
inhabited
the
desarts
dispersedly
,
without
either
Law
or
Order
,
first
gained
the
Title
of
Kings
;
yet
that
course
alone
could
not
make
them
understand
the
dutiful
Allegiance
they
owed
unto
their
Soveraign
:
wherefore
perceiving
,
that
when
they
were
civilized
,
and
reduced
from
their
brutality
,
the
authority
of
a
single
Person
was
not
of
sufficiency
to
curb
and
check
them
in
the
full
career
of
their
exorbitancies
,
they
judged
it
convenient
to
have
assistance
from
serious
and
grave
Counsellors
:
which
we
find
performed
by
Romulus
the
Proto-basileus
,
or
first
King
of
the
Romans
;
who
supposing
the
Government
of
a
single
Person
without
a
Senate
to
be
perilous
and
unsafe
,
made
a
Convocation
of
100
Senators
,
who
out
of
respect
to
their
gray
heads
,
and
grave
understandings
,
obtained
the
name
of
Patres
.
Theopompus
also
,
King
of
Sparta
,
trod
the
same
path
;
For
,
he
constituted
the
Ephori
,
and
invested
them
with
eminent
authority
:
whereat
his
wife
being
offended
,
was
so
pragmatical
as
to
tell
him
,
That
he
had
derogated
from
his
dignity
,
and
clipt
the
wing
of
his
ensuing
Posterity
,
by
diminishing
their
authority
and
supremacy
:
But
he
replied
,
like
himself
,
That
the
Counsel
and
gravity
of
a
Senate
would
fortifie
his
Kingdom
,
and
be
instead
of
a
Bulwark
against
the
impious
machinations
and
plots
of
rebellious
Subjects
.
Whereby
it
is
apparent
,
that
Monarchs
first
embraced
Counsellors
out
of
necessity
:
and
all
rational
men
are
of
opinion
,
that
those
State-transactions
are
most
firm
and
solid
,
that
are
digested
by
the
wisdome
of
a
Parliament
,
ere
they
come
to
a
publike
birth
.
Now
,
I
call
that
a
Parliament
,
or
Senate
,
which
by
Royal
Authority
,
and
the
general
consent
of
the
whole
Nation
,
is
freely
elected
,
and
constituted
,
to
advise
and
govern
the
State
;
and
consequently
,
a
Senator
,
or
Parliament-man
,
is
one
lawfully
chosen
into
the
number
of
those
that
are
authorized
to
sit
at
the
helm
,
and
steer
the
Ship
of
State
.
And
it
hath
ever
been
observed
,
that
they
were
alwaies
the
most
grave
,
discreet
,
and
noble
sort
of
Subjects
;
because
there
is
no
Society
of
Men
,
or
Nation
,
how
barbarous
and
brutish
soever
,
but
will
voluntarily
and
cordially
consent
,
that
the
Government
should
be
imposed
upon
,
and
rest
in
those
persons
that
are
vertuous
;
and
think
it
just
and
reasonable
to
obey
them
.
Nor
are
there
any
so
fit
to
govern
,
as
the
ancient
,
experienced
,
which
are
usually
chosen
;
because
others
,
either
through
want
of
maturity
or
experience
,
are
usually
withdrawn
by
their
juvenile
phancies
,
and
recreations
,
from
such
serious
places
of
authority
:
but
a
grave
Counsellor
is
not
disturbed
or
discomposed
with
extravagant
affections
,
transported
by
appetite
,
or
inveigled
by
youth
;
but
by
Reason
directed
,
by
Counsel
fortified
,
and
by
Age
made
perfect
.
And
further
,
Philosophers
maintain
,
that
in
all
things
there
are
three
degrees
;
Great
,
Small
,
and
Indifferent
:
And
that
is
judged
the
most
perfect
,
that
participates
of
either
,
and
stands
in
an
Aequilibrium
between
two
:
Now
,
the
Senator
standing
as
a
mean
or
moderator
between
the
King
and
People
,
the
Monarch
and
his
Subjects
;
may
be
the
more
intimately
acquainted
with
the
perfection
of
all
things
;
and
study
what
is
the
Office
of
a
King
,
and
the
duty
and
Allegiance
of
a
Subject
;
with
the
Rights
,
Properties
,
Liberties
,
and
Laws
appertaining
to
both
;
and
so
advise
them
accordingly
;
that
the
King
may
not
turn
tyrannical
for
want
of
Counsel
,
nor
the
people
transcend
the
bounds
of
a
moderate
becoming
liberty
:
Therefore
he
must
of
necessity
be
a
man
of
excellent
endowments
,
a
clear
intellect
,
and
a
piercing
understanding
,
to
dive
into
the
intricacies
of
Government
.
Scipio
saith
,
That
as
the
end
of
Mariners
,
and
their
laborious
endeavours
,
tends
to
a
safe
arrival
into
the
intended
Haven
;
the
Physicians
skill
and
art
is
employed
for
the
recovering
and
preserving
health
in
his
distempered
Patients
;
and
the
Captains
valour
levels
at
victory
:
So
the
happiness
of
Subjects
,
their
glory
,
life
,
and
liberty
should
be
the
summa
totalis
,
or
chiefest
end
that
our
Counsellor
should
aime
at
;
all
which
he
must
labour
to
preserve
,
maintain
and
augment
,
by
his
industry
and
endeavour
,
to
the
utmost
extent
of
his
ability
;
and
leave
no
stone
unturned
for
the
benefit
of
the
Republick
,
of
which
he
is
a
Member
.
Nor
is
it
my
design
here
in
this
Treatise
to
broach
any
new-fangled
opinion
,
like
those
that
are
hatcht
in
the
brains
of
our
Phanatick
Regicides
;
or
to
phancie
a
Chimaera
,
or
make
my
brain
the
womb
or
Idaea
of
an
Utopian
Counsellor
,
that
can
only
be
imagined
,
and
not
found
in
esse
(
as
Plato
did
in
his
Commonwealth
,
and
Cicero
in
his
Orator
)
but
my
discourse
shall
tend
to
,
and
end
in
a
relation
and
description
of
such
Persons
as
have
liv'd
heretofore
,
and
citra
omnis
controversiae
aleam
,
may
be
hereafter
.
And
as
divine
Plato
composed
,
and
reduced
all
those
things
into
order
,
that
might
conduce
to
the
felicity
of
his
City
,
or
Republick
;
the
same
course
will
we
take
in
the
Character
of
our
Counsellor
:
wherefore
perswade
your self
to
be
arrived
at
,
or
come
to
some
famous
Emporium
,
or
Piazza
;
whereunto
all
persons
,
of
all
Nations
,
Countries
and
Cities
repair
;
and
we
will
disrobe
every
single
person
of
some
Vertue
,
Law
,
Custome
,
or
Qualification
,
that
shall
seem
most
advantagious
and
beneficial
to
our
enterprize
;
and
therewith
make
up
our
Sage
Senator
,
Grave
Counsellor
,
or
Perfect
Politician
:
that
they
,
who
for
the
future
are
invested
with
such
eminent
dignity
and
authority
,
may
imitate
our
Senator
,
and
endeavour
to
be
adorned
with
these
ensuing
qualifications
.
CHAP.
II.
Of
the
diversity
of
Man's
nature
in
general
,
and
of
the
Parentage
and
Education
of
a
Senator
in
particular
.
THere
is
nothing
more
clear
,
than
that
the
Supreme
Power
,
among
many
other
gifts
,
hath
conferr'd
that
of
Reason
upon
Man
,
to
the
end
that
by
vertue
thereof
,
he
may
pry
into
the
nature
of
Coelestial
,
as
well
as
Terrestrial
bodies
;
and
thereby
honour
,
reverence
,
and
adore
the
Creator
.
Now
,
he
that
is
sensible
of
the
gifts
of
God
,
and
the
benefits
of
Nature
;
and
doth
,
both
by
contemplation
and
action
,
employ
this
supernatural
gift
,
slowly
Apes
the
Deity
,
and
thereby
resembles
him
,
as
much
as
comes
within
the
compass
of
mortality
.
But
,
they
that
contrary
to
Nature
,
and
the
end
of
their
Creation
,
indulge
their
genius
,
delighting
themselves
in
sensuality
,
neglecting
,
or
totally
deserting
Reason
;
Facie
tantum
homines
sunt
,
non
animo
:
carry
only
the
outward
aspect
or
complexion
of
a
Man
;
because
they
are
destitute
of
his
more
noble
endowments
.
Hence
ariseth
the
variety
of
mens
natures
and
dispositions
,
or
rather
conditions
:
for
,
some
are
born
Free
,
Noble
,
Wise
,
and
with
an
aptitude
to
govern
;
others
,
Vassals
,
Rusticks
,
Ideots
,
predestinated
to
servitude
and
bondage
:
All
Societies
of
men
,
being
willing
and
ready
to
submit
to
the
Government
of
the
more
grave
and
wise
;
promoting
,
and
accumulating
honours
on
them
,
and
Offices
,
with
reverence
and
respect
suitable
to
their
deserving
gravity
and
understanding
.
Plato
is
of
opinion
,
that
God
in
mans
first
Creation
,
did
by
his
omniscience
so
order
it
,
that
in
the
generation
of
those
that
are
destin'd
and
adapted
to
govern
,
he
hath
distill'd
some
drams
of
gold
in
their
composition
;
and
in
them
that
are
to
assist
Kings
and
Superiours
by
their
deliberate
counsel
,
and
mature
advice
,
silver
;
but
the
Nature
of
Peasants
and
Mechanicks
is
tempered
with
Brass
and
Iron
.
Which
similitude
the
Philosopher
extends
to
the
manners
,
nature
,
and
capacitie
of
man
.
For
,
although
every
man
naturally
desireth
,
that
the
issue
of
his
loyns
may
resemble
him
;
yet
sometimes
,
though
seldom
,
it
happens
contrary
to
his
expectation
:
for
Gold
sometimes
produceth
Silver
,
a
more
inferiour
metal
.
Therefore
it
is
requisite
,
that
a
Prince
should
be
capable
of
understanding
the
natural
disposition
and
inclination
of
his
Royal
Off-spring
,
that
their
Iron
may
be
converted
into
the
Gold
of
a
more
noble
disposition
:
but
,
if
neither
good
Education
,
Documents
nor
Precepts
can
operate
upon
their
inclinations
,
so
as
to
cause
a
Metamorphosis
,
or
Transmutation
;
the
Government
must
be
transferr'd
to
those
,
whose
wisdome
renders
them
more
capable
.
For
,
it
hath
been
prognosticated
,
and
the
event
hath
been
experimentally
known
to
succeed
according
to
the
Prediction
;
That
they
that
are
ruled
by
ignorant
,
mechanick
Governours
,
come
to
ruine
,
destruction
,
and
confusion
.
To
prevent
all
which
misfortunes
,
it
is
requisite
,
that
our
Counsellor
be
a
natural
Subject
of
that
place
or
Country
where
he
governeth
;
no
forreigner
:
of
the
same
Country
,
because
that
birth
and
being
do
not
only
oblige
,
but
induce
a
man
to
believe
,
that
it
is
honourable
,
just
,
and
requisite
for
him
to
spend
his
bloud
in
defence
thereof
,
when
occasion
is
offered
:
Dulce
&
decorum
est
pro
patria
mori
;
It
is
a
sweet
and
comely
thing
to
die
for
ones
Country
.
And
how
can
it
be
that
any
man
,
of
what
constitution
soever
,
should
not
affect
that
place
wherein
his
Parents
,
Neighbours
,
Friends
,
and
Allies
reside
;
and
that
Country
to
which
he
is
indebted
for
his
Life
,
Name
,
and
Honour
,
and
every
thing
else
that
is
either
for
delight
or
necessity
?
Non
nobis
enim
nati
sumus
(
saith
the
Orator
)
sed
patriae
;
Our
Country
challengeth
the
greatest
part
of
us
.
And
it
is
most
certain
,
that
Nature
hath
so
deeply
rooted
the
affection
to
their
native
place
in
the
mind
of
man
,
that
never
was
any
good
Subject
timorous
,
or
unwilling
to
lay
down
his
life
,
and
hazard
his
fortunes
in
her
defence
,
if
necessity
required
.
Nay
,
it
hath
been
so
prevalent
,
that
the
most
impious
and
unnatural
persons
,
that
endeavoured
the
subversion
of
the
place
of
their
nativity
,
the
very
sight
of
their
native
soyl
hath
prevented
their
cruel
enterprize
.
Veturia
did
disswade
her
Son
Martius
befieging
Rome
,
only
by
reducing
to
his
memory
the
love
and
respect
he
ought
to
bear
to
his
natural
Country
;
branding
him
with
the
name
of
impious
and
audacious
,
for
being
so
highly
ambitious
,
as
to
disturb
the
quiet
of
that
City
wherein
he
was
begot
and
educated
;
altogether
unmindful
of
his
Wife
,
Children
,
and
friends
that
remained
there
.
So
notable
was
the
piety
of
Veturia
to
her
Country
,
and
no
less
was
that
of
her
Son
in
forgiving
it
;
which
had
been
somewhat
ingrateful
to
him
at
that
time
,
through
the
cruelty
of
the
Tribunes
persecuting
the
Nobility
.
Sertorius
also
entreated
Pompeius
and
Metellus
to
endeavour
the
procurement
of
his
revocation
;
alledging
,
that
he
took
it
for
a
greater
piece
of
honour
to
have
the
name
of
an
obscure
Roman
Citizen
,
than
that
of
Emperour
in
any
other
place
of
the
habitable
World
.
Well
then
might
Naso
sing
,
Nescio
qua
natale
solum
dulcedine
cunctas
Dacit
,
&
immemores
non
sinit
esse
sui
.
The
Obligation
that
devoteth
and
bindeth
us
to
our
Country
,
is
great
,
upon
this
account
;
because
our
goods
,
persons
and
fortunes
are
therein
contained
.
Pythagoras
(
as
it
is
reported
by
divine
Plato
)
judged
it
a
crime
of
as
deep
a
dye
,
to
be
guilty
of
ingratitude
to
the
place
of
ones
nativity
,
as
to
ones
own
Mother
,
to
whom
we
are
indebted
for
being
:
Nor
can
there
be
an
offence
so
hainous
,
but
the
affection
to
our
native
Country
should
allay
and
mitigate
.
Our
Counsellor
must
be
of
natural
birth
:
no
Forreiner
;
because
their
counsel
or
advice
is
thought
and
accounted
suspicious
and
dangerous
;
which
was
the
reason
that
mov'd
the
Athenians
not
only
to
exclude
strangers
from
their
Council
,
but
to
drive
them
out
of
their
Cities
,
lest
they
should
aspire
at
the
dignity
of
Magistracy
,
and
instigate
or
work
upon
the
minds
of
Citizens
,
so
as
to
perswade
them
to
Innovation
;
and
so
mutation
of
Laws
,
Customs
and
manners
might
ensue
,
and
consequently
Seditions
and
Rebellions
.
Which
method
the
Venetians
have
diligently
observed
;
for
,
it
is
their
study
and
their
whole
industry
,
to
prevent
their
sitting
among
them
in
Council
,
lest
they
intruding
under
a
false
name
or
title
,
should
arrive
to
dignity
and
eminency
in
the
Republick
.
Besides
,
it
is
requisite
he
be
of
the
Nobility
;
begotten
of
honest
Parents
;
because
honest
parents
produce
honest
children
,
for
the
most
part
.
He
must
be
of
the
number
of
noble
and
free
Citizens
,
who
assumes
his
title
from
that
Nobility
that
owes
its
original
to
Vertue
;
which
he
may
partly
challenge
as
his
own
,
and
partly
as
his
Ancestors
.
They
therefore
that
are
nobilitated
and
adorned
with
their
own
peculiar
vertues
,
as
well
as
with
those
of
their
Predecessors
,
merit
esteem
,
preferment
,
honour
and
fame
,
above
all
others
,
and
are
to
be
highly
reverenced
;
and
the
reason
is
,
because
that
Vertuous
and
good
Parents
,
have
a
generous
,
good
,
vertuous
and
noble
Issue
:
according
to
the
Lyrick
Poet
,
Fortes
fortibus
creantur
,
&
bonis
,
Est
in
jumentis
,
est
in
equis
Patrum
Virtus
,
nec
imbellem
feroces
Progenerant
aquilae
columbam
.
Now
(
as
Aristotle
affirmeth
)
that
person
that
comes
of
a
noble
race
,
is
the
stem
of
a
noble
stock
,
and
hath
the
affluence
of
Fortune
accompanied
with
Vertue
,
hath
arrived
to
the
apex
or
perfection
,
the
very
Quintessence
of
true
Nobility
.
But
,
because
it
is
a
rarity
to
find
one
person
adorned
with
them
all
;
Vertue
alone
can
by
her
own
right
and
property
nobilitare
viros
.
As
for
revenues
,
large
acres
,
specious
&
spacious
Mannors
,
but
no
manners
,
and
the
honour
that
we
challenge
from
our
Ancestors
,
without
vertue
,
they
are
so
far
from
being
ornaments
,
that
they
prove
a
disparagement
and
a
stain
to
the
Owner
.
Such
persons
render
the
name
of
their
Predecessors
obscure
;
And
through
the
vices
of
their
Posterity
,
are
entombed
in
the
grave
of
oblivion
:
Therefore
it
is
better
to
ascend
the
top
of
Nobility
by
a
man
's
own
vertue
(
saith
the
fluent
Orator
)
than
to
be
reputed
for
the
opinion
conceived
of
his
Ancestors
;
because
the
Beginner
of
Nobility
deserves
most
praise
and
applause
.
He
that
is
the
off-spring
of
a
noble
Family
,
deserves
honour
and
esteem
undoubtedly
,
with
this
proviso
,
that
he
make
it
the
Butt
and
End
of
his
Endeavours
and
Industry
,
to
equal
,
if
not
excel
,
the
Vertues
of
his
Parents
and
Predecessors
,
and
to
gain
unto
himself
more
vertuous
and
glorious
Attributes
.
And
infinitely
are
they
to
be
commended
that
do
so
;
for
they
are
so
far
from
obscuring
the
Fame
and
Renown
of
their
Fore-fathers
,
that
they
add
a
most
resplendent
lustre
:
to
it
by
their
own
vertue
yet
verdant
and
blossoming
.
The
Law
of
the
Rhodians
is
worthy
of
commendation
;
for
they
enacted
,
that
those
children
that
did
lead
a
debauched
life
,
not
imitating
the
vertues
of
their
Parents
,
should
be
utterly
disinherited
,
and
their
Lands
by
a
Deed
of
gift
freely
disposed
of
to
the
most
vertuous
of
the
Race
or
Family
.
It
is
an
office
of
piety
,
to
leave
unto
Posterity
a
demonstration
of
our
gratitude
and
thankfulness
to
our
Ancestors
,
whose
heirs
we
are
,
not
only
of
their
external
substance
,
(
the
goods
of
fortune
,
I
mean
)
but
of
their
virtue
,
glory
,
and
renown
:
which
is
the
true
inheritance
,
and
the
best
of
all
terrene
possessions
.
For
,
't
is
not
a
stately
Building
hung
within
with
coats
of
Arms
,
and
badges
of
the
honour
of
others
,
nor
the
vast
unmeasurable
pieces
of
Land
belonging
thereunto
,
but
Vertue
,
that
Nobilitates
;
As
Juvenal
sings
,
Tota
licet
veteres
exornent
undique
cerae
Atria
,
Nobilitas
sola
est
,
atque
unica
virtus
.
For
,
wheresoever
Vertue
is
resident
,
it
deserves
more
ample
commendation
than
Fortune
can
lay
claim
to
,
because
she
refuseth
none
,
but
may
be
by
every
one
embraced
;
she
dwels
in
the
homely
Peasants
Cottage
,
as
well
as
in
the
Princes
stately
Palace
;
and
we
find
the
Sun-bak'd
Peasant
adorn'd
with
russet-honesty
,
when
the
gaudy
fantastick
Lord
oft-times
is
so
vitious
,
that
he
is
a
stranger
both
to
vertue
and
honesty
.
Cleanthes
was
a
poor
water-drawer
;
and
,
though
his
outside
might
seem
rough-hewn
,
and
he
despicable
and
contemptible
to
one
whose
sight
pries
no
farther
than
the
external
part
:
yet
his
mind
was
refin'd
,
and
his
intellect
ennobled
with
such
faculties
as
will
speak
him
Man
,
to
an
understanding
person
,
maugre
all
the
force
and
violence
of
Poverty
or
Fortune
:
Nor
did
Vertue
find
Plato
noble
,
but
made
him
so
.
And
it
is
most
certain
,
that
from
Bondmen
Kings
have
descended
,
and
the
off-spring
of
Kings
hath
been
enslaved
:
such
revolutions
,
long
tract
of
time
,
by
the
assistance
of
fickle
fortune
,
doth
produce
:
for
,
according
to
the
Poet
,
Si
fortuna
volet
,
fies
de
Rhetore
Consul
;
Si
volet
haec
eadem
,
fies
de
Consule
Rhetor
.
Up
and
down
,
Kiss
and
frown
.
Fortune
is
no
state
at
all
.
Was
not
Agathocles
from
a
Potter
advanced
to
the
Throne
?
What
Heroes
were
Romulus
,
Tullus
,
Hostilius
,
Tarquinius
Priscus
,
and
the
whole
Race
of
the
Romans
,
more
than
others
?
Of
mean
parentage
all
,
not
atavis
regibus
editi
.
Hearken
to
Juvenal
,
and
he
will
give
you
the
same
information
:
Et
tamen
ut
longe
repetas
,
longoque
revolvas
,
Nomen
ab
infami
gentum
deducis
Asylo
.
Who
therefore
may
be
termed
noble
?
He
that
by
nature
is
made
vertuous
,
and
qualified
or
adorned
with
the
attribute
of
wisdom
.
Moreover
,
as
the
exercise
of
our
qualities
is
various
,
so
are
the
degrees
of
Nobility
.
The
Nobility
of
private
persons
,
that
lead
a
contemplative
life
only
,
may
be
called
Philosophical
Nobility
;
but
the
same
in
those
that
gain
glory
and
renown
by
their
sage
and
wise
Counsel
in
behalf
of
the
Commonwealth
,
or
that
manifest
themselves
stout
and
valiant
in
managing
war
for
the
defence
of
their
Country
,
is
termed
Civil
Nobility
.
The
force
and
efficacy
of
this
Nobility
extends
to
Posterity
,
and
engraves
or
makes
monumentum
aere
perennius
;
That
is
,
armour
of
proof
against
the
iron
teeth
of
time
;
Quod
nec
Jovis
ira
,
nec
ignis
,
Nec
poterit
ferru●…
,
nec
edax
abolere
vetustas
.
By
these
ensigns
of
Fame
and
vertue
,
men
are
stimulated
and
spurred
on
to
imitate
and
exceed
the
vertue
of
all
their
Predecessors
.
And
as
in
every
Republick
there
are
two
kinds
of
Time
,
the
one
of
Peace
,
and
the
other
of
War
:
so
the
Citizens
are
of
two
sorts
;
the
one
fitted
for
Peace
,
and
the
other
adapted
for
War
:
The
former
by
Arms
doth
enlarge
the
Territories
and
bounds
of
his
native
Country
,
or
at
least
defend
them
from
the
invasion
of
forraign
enemies
;
the
other
by
wise
counsel
and
grave
advice
doth
rule
and
preserve
it
inviolable
.
Wherefore
,
a
Commonwealth
should
be
composed
of
these
two
sorts
of
men
:
for
,
as
in
the
management
and
proceedings
of
State-affairs
,
action
followeth
consultation
,
and
is
inferior
to
it
;
so
those
persons
,
by
whose
mature
counsel
and
deliberate
advice
the
Commonwealth
was
quietly
,
peaceably
and
discreetly
governed
,
were
of
greater
esteem
than
those
that
enlarged
the
Confines
thereof
by
War
and
Arms
.
Homer
,
the
Prince
of
Graecian
Poets
,
produceth
Agamemnon
,
saying
,
He
could
sooner
surprize
and
subjugate
the
City
of
Troy
by
the
advice
of
ten
Nestors
or
Ulysses
,
than
by
the
valour
of
twice
as
many
Ajaces
or
Achilles
.
Pyrrhus
likewise
was
heard
to
use
this
expression
frequently
,
That
Cineas
by
his
eloquence
had
won
more
Cities
,
than
he
with
all
his
men
of
War
had
ever
conquered
.
But
,
he
that
excelleth
in
wisdom
and
martial
knowledge
,
deserves
the
Crown
and
honour
above
all
:
and
though
,
as
we
said
before
,
it
is
Vertue
that
makes
a
man
Noble
,
without
the
additional
riches
of
Fortune
;
yet
it
is
requisite
our
Counsellor
should
be
wealthy
;
because
thereby
he
may
be
able
to
supply
his
Country
,
if
compelled
to
wage
war
;
for
money
is
the
sinews
and
strength
of
war
.
But
good
education
,
saith
Plato
,
is
the
basis
and
foundation
of
solid
wisdom
and
prudence
.
It
is
therefore
requisite
,
that
from
their
tender
years
they
be
instructed
in
all
things
that
conduce
to
the
accomplishment
of
man
,
è
cunabulis
,
as
we
say
,
even
from
the
cradle
and
swathing
clouts
,
for
then
are
they
most
apt
to
imbibe
and
suck
in
the
most
wholesome
Precepts
that
shall
be
exhibited
unto
them
:
for
then
anima
est
quasi
tabula
rasa
,
like
a
blank
or
piece
of
clean
white
paper
,
capable
of
any
vertuous
or
noble
impression
.
And
as
it
behoveth
a
Republick
to
be
stored
with
knowing
Subjects
,
so
ought
they
to
be
diligent
in
their
education
,
and
provide
them
good
Tutors
,
that
may
instruct
them
,
and
chalk
them
out
the
way
of
Vertue
.
For
,
as
a
good
husbandman
diligently
pruneth
his
plants
,
and
loppeth
off
the
superfluous
branches
,
when
the
season
requires
it
,
that
they
may
grow
the
faster
;
so
the
Commonwealth
,
that
may
justly
be
termed
the
Parent
and
housewise
of
Subjects
,
ought
to
be
extraordinary
diligent
to
provide
for
the
careful
and
vertuous
education
of
youth
,
by
lopping
off
the
superfluous
branches
of
vice
,
and
engrafting
them
on
the
stock
of
Vertue
.
The
Lacedaemonians
used
to
elect
Magistrates
out
of
the
number
of
their
grave
,
wise
and
sober
Citizens
,
and
call
them
publike
Tutors
,
which
might
serve
to
educate
and
train
up
their
younglings
;
and
were
alwaies
reverenced
by
them
,
being
judged
vertuous
men
in
action
,
and
well
skill'd
in
military
discipline
.
And
the
ancient
Romans
were
as
strict
and
careful
in
this
point
of
education
,
as
the
Lacedaemonians
.
Cato
was
so
diligent
in
the
nurture
and
education
of
his
Son
,
that
he
disdained
not
to
receive
him
into
his
tuition
,
and
take
him
into
his
pupillage
or
guardianship
as
soon
as
ever
ripeness
of
age
had
fitted
him
for
instruction
.
And
although
at
that
very
time
he
kept
Chilo
the
Grammarian
,
and
one
excellent
in
that
art
,
in
his
house
,
to
instruct
his
Children
,
yet
he
had
not
permission
to
correct
them
,
but
that
was
left
to
the
discretition
of
the
Father
.
Besides
,
he
disdained
to
be
engaged
to
a
School-master
for
the
instruction
of
his
Children
altogether
;
wherefore
he
taught
them
the
Laws
,
manners
and
Customes
of
his
own
as
well
as
other
Nations
;
as
also
,
how
to
dart
,
handle
his
Arms
,
swim
,
(
which
was
anciently
much
in
esteem
;
for
,
Aristotle
when
he
would
set
forth
an
absolute
Dulman
or
Ignaro
,
saith
,
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
,
he
could
neither
read
nor
swim
,
)
and
to
endure
both
heat
and
cold
,
that
he
might
be
hardened
and
seasoned
for
any
enterprize
.
Besides
,
he
penn'd
a
History
with
his
own
hands
,
and
committed
it
to
the
perusal
of
his
Son
,
that
he
might
therein
see
and
understand
the
heroick
deeds
and
actions
of
his
Ancestors
,
and
be
instructed
in
the
art
of
Government
.
He
never
spake
any
unclean
or
passionate
word
before
his
Son
,
but
was
as
circumspect
in
his
language
,
as
if
the
Vestal
Virgins
or
Priests
were
in
presence
;
observing
that
ancient
rule
,
Nil
dicta
foedum
,
factuve
haec
●●…ina
tangat
Intra
quae
puer
est
—
—
And
this
was
the
oeconomique
or
domestique
discipline
of
Cato
,
and
of
the
major
part
of
the
Romans
,
especially
of
the
better
sort
,
in
the
education
of
their
Children
.
In
like
manner
the
Philosophers
of
Greece
composed
plaies
for
the
instruction
of
youth
;
which
is
preserved
to
this
very
day
among
us
,
(
though
that
custome
for
some
years
was
almost
obsolete
and
out
of
request
.
)
Nor
were
they
only
capable
of
indoctrinating
,
or
laying
down
the
tenets
that
are
necessary
to
a
happy
and
good
life
,
but
they
were
of
ability
to
instruct
in
the
Laws
and
manner
of
Government
:
Yea
,
this
our
present
Age
hath
some
Seminaries
of
Learning
and
Vertue
(
according
to
the
Graecian
custome
)
the
Universities
of
Cambridge
and
Oxford
,
(
though
lately
ready
to
expire
,
and
almost
demolished
by
the
Phanaticks
,
who
hated
all
book-learning
(
as
they
term
it
)
because
their
crimes
were
so
hainous
,
that
they
went
beyond
the
mercy
of
the
book
.
)
Hither
Youth
might
resort
,
as
unto
a
Harvest
of
Science
and
Knowledge
,
and
might
reap
a
crop
of
Vertue
and
good
Discipline
.
But
it
were
to
be
wish'd
,
that
the
Doctors
and
Tutors
in
our
Universities
would
instruct
their
Pupils
in
the
art
of
living
,
and
not
disputing
well
altogether
,
(
for
,
so
might
they
deserve
preferment
from
the
Commonwealth
,
and
commendation
from
all
solid
persons
,
)
and
not
take
more
delight
in
hearing
a
Praevaricator
or
Jester
,
than
a
solid
Philosopher
.
In
ancient
times
,
Philosophers
enjoyned
their
Pupils
silence
,
and
taught
it
also
;
but
our
modern
wits
teach
them
only
to
talk
or
discourse
;
which
is
the
reason
the
Nation
is
filled
with
so
many
worded
Orators
,
and
prating
Philosophers
.
They
endeavor
not
,
nunc
di●rum
,
▪
to
refine
the
understanding
,
but
to
cloath
the
tongue
with
frothy
language
;
and
are
applauded
for
altercation
and
strength
of
wit
in
their
publike
arguments
,
but
not
for
modesty
or
solid
wisdom
:
yet
there
is
hope
of
a
reformation
in
these
Schools
of
Learning
,
when
those
loyal
Spirits
,
that
for
their
Allegiance
to
their
Soveraign
were
dismissed
,
are
re-instated
.
The
ancient
Graecian
Academies
were
the
Nurseries
of
Commonweals
;
and
out
of
them
(
as
from
the
Trojan
Horse
)
issued
most
excellent
Monarchs
,
stout
Captains
,
and
wife
Governors
.
Alexander
and
Scipio
,
with
whose
Fame
the
whole
World
hath
ecchoed
,
had
their
primitive
education
in
Schools
of
Literature
;
and
many
others
,
which
I
omit
.
Thus
it
is
apparent
,
that
men
ought
to
be
trained
up
in
Schools
,
that
so
they
may
be
instructed
in
the
Principles
of
Government
:
wherefore
it
ought
to
be
the
care
of
every
State
,
Republick
and
Kingdom
,
that
their
Seminaries
of
Learning
be
as
well
furnished
and
stored
with
Vertues
,
as
the
Citizens
shops
are
with
wares
and
commodities
.
Now
then
,
we
see
that
good
education
is
requisite
,
and
accomplisheth
our
Senator
.
Besides
,
he
must
have
an
inclination
to
Vertue
;
for
if
not
,
his
evill
disposition
will
hardly
be
bettered
by
Philosophy
:
for
,
the
nature
of
man
prompts
him
to
evill
;
and
he
finding
himself
strengthned
with
the
Science
of
Philosophy
,
is
more
expert
,
and
gains
more
skill
to
palliate
and
plead
for
his
bad
actions
:
for
the
best
of
Sciences
possessed
by
a
man
of
an
evil
dispostion
,
is
depraved
,
and
,
contrary
to
its
own
nature
,
is
a
help
to
,
and
promoter
of
evill
counsel
.
So
that
it
may
be
maintained
,
that
good
instruction
bestowed
upon
an
evill
nature
,
is
oftentimes
ill
employed
,
and
ineffectual
.
Though
it
is
most
certain
,
that
Education
prevails
much
with
tender
years
,
changing
it
from
vice
,
and
molding
it
according
to
the
form
of
Vertue
.
Diogenes
being
demanded
,
How
a
man
might
lead
a
peaceable
and
quiet
life
;
Replied
,
first
,
He
must
fear
the
Deity
,
who
is
the
Author
of
all
felicity
.
Secondly
,
He
must
bestow
good
education
on
his
Children
,
the
want
whereof
makes
them
enemies
,
and
disrespectful
to
their
aged
Parents
.
Thirdly
,
He
must
avoid
ingratitude
to
his
friends
,
which
of
all
crimes
is
the
most
odious
and
comprehensive
,
containing
within
it self
a
whole
bundle
of
offences
.
Ingratum
dixeris
,
&
omnia
dixeris
.
Mention
but
Ingratitude
,
and
you
have
epitomized
all
sins
in
a
word
.
Moreover
,
it
is
necessary
that
Children
be
instructed
in
the
rudiments
of
Grammar
,
Rhetorick
and
Logick
,
whereby
they
may
understand
the
property
of
speech
,
and
the
excellency
thereof
,
as
also
defend
it
by
argumentation
.
Thus
may
he
understand
the
Art
of
Eloquence
,
which
is
perfected
by
use
,
discourse
,
and
surveying
the
works
of
Poets
and
Orators
;
and
being
thus
instructed
,
he
will
shake
off
those
petty
inconsiderable
things
that
are
understood
by
every
mean
capacity
,
and
take
into
consideration
matters
of
greater
weight
and
importance
.
And
the
mind
,
beginning
to
know
her self
,
seeks
after
the
true
food
and
nourishment
that
will
satisfie
and
content
her
,
which
is
Philosophy
;
of
which
in
this
ensuing
Chapter
.
CHAP.
III.
The
knowledge
of
Arts
and
Sciences
required
in
Senators
;
and
particularly
,
that
of
Philosophy
.
PHilosophy
is
the
food
and
medicine
of
the
mind
,
affording
it
Vertue
as
Aliment
,
and
healing
all
sorts
of
maladies
and
disturbances
that
are
incident
thereunto
,
making
a
perfect
path-way
to
happiness
.
The
reason
is
,
because
that
then
the
mind
shaketh
on
the
terrene
incumbranees
that
usually
clog
the
body
,
and
meditates
upon
things
Divine
and
Coelestial
.
This
knowledge
of
Philosophy
is
of
two
sorts
;
the
one
consists
in
the
subtilty
of
Nature
,
and
is
subject
to
the
universal
contemplation
of
all
men
:
The
other
demonstrateth
and
laies
down
the
true
institution
of
men
and
manners
,
shewing
how
Republicks
and
Kingdoms
ought
to
be
regulated
,
and
private
Families
ordered
.
To
the
first
these
parts
of
Philosophy
belong
:
Physicks
or
natural
Philosophy
,
Metaphysicks
or
Divinity
,
and
the
Mathematicks
;
and
to
the
other
,
Ethicks
,
Politicks
and
Oeconomicks
.
Nor
is
the
finis
or
end
of
these
two
sorts
of
Philosophy
altogether
discrepant
,
since
they
both
tend
to
the
perfection
of
man
:
yet
in
this
they
differ
,
that
the
one
endeavours
it
by
Contemplation
,
and
the
other
by
Action
;
the
one
by
Theory
,
and
the
other
by
Practice
;
whereof
a
double
felicity
doth
arise
,
the
one
private
,
and
the
other
publike
.
Now
,
those
that
place
felicity
in
the
exercise
of
vertue
for
the
good
of
the
Republick
,
the
more
publike
it
be
,
the
more
praise-worthy
it
is
judged
;
because
a
multitude
receives
benefit
thereby
,
and
not
one
single
person
.
Yet
we
are
necessitated
and
compelled
to
confess
,
that
contemplation
on
felicity
hath
the
pre-eminency
,
because
it
instructs
in
the
principal
efficient
causes
of
all
things
and
transactions
.
God
also
without
action
,
by
his
perpetual
and
divine
contemplation
and
prescience
,
foreseeing
all
things
,
doth
by
his
own
example
move
Philosophers
to
prefer
divine
contemplation
before
all
humane
action
and
felicity
.
That
Philosophy
is
necessary
in
a
Senator
,
for
the
more
secure
management
of
State-affairs
,
will
appear
by
what
follows
.
Philosophy
is
the
eternal
,
immortal
gift
of
the
Creator
,
instructing
us
in
the
knowledge
of
all
things
both
divine
and
humane
;
as
also
the
nature
of
vertue
and
vice
:
so
that
he
that
(
as
in
a
glass
)
peeps
therein
,
and
then
considers
and
meditates
upon
it
,
shall
see
the
forms
,
Idaea's
and
Images
of
all
things
;
and
perceive
a
resemblance
or
representation
both
of
body
and
mind
.
It
was
not
therefore
without
cause
styled
by
fluent
Cicero
,
Universal
knowledge
,
the
conduct
of
life
,
the
searcher
of
vertue
,
the
expeller
of
vice
,
and
the
Panacea
,
or
health
of
the
Soul
.
For
indeed
,
there
is
nothing
in
the
world
to
be
thought
or
acted
,
either
in
Court
or
Council
,
of
great
or
small
importance
,
but
proceeds
from
Philosophy
,
as
the
Nurse
of
all
consultations
,
actions
,
and
resolutions
:
which
if
you
make
your
rule
to
walk
by
,
all
your
words
and
actions
will
be
judged
sober
,
wise
,
discreet
,
and
in
all
respects
perfect
,
as
far
as
man
can
be
.
For
,
in
what
Country
soever
the
People
have
a
Philosopher
to
their
Prince
,
or
one
that
is
counselled
by
Philosophers
;
war
,
discord
,
or
rebellion
is
seldome
found
.
But
,
methinks
I
hear
some
Phanatick
lay
this
Objection
in
my
way
,
as
a
stumbling-block
to
my
proceedings
.
Dost
thou
imagine
,
Sir
Philosopher
(
that
's
as
good
as
Mr
Doctor
,
an
usual
phrase
among
them
)
that
the
felicity
of
Kingdoms
and
Republicks
,
or
the
wisdom
of
Kings
and
Governours
proceeds
from
thy
lazy
idle
discipline
?
(
Rash
,
illiterate
fellows
,
they
never
consider
that
the
sweat
of
the
brains
is
greater
than
the
sweat
of
the
brow
)
whenas
that
Art
is
but
a
meer
juggling
,
prating
science
;
not
that
knowledge
whereby
men
arrive
to
their
intended
felicity
.
How
canst
thou
be
so
impudent
(
the
Omer
of
respect
they
afford
to
every
one
is
Thou
and
Thee
;
and
if
it
lay
in
their
power
,
they
would
take
away
two
as
necessary
Pronouns
,
Thine
and
Mine
)
as
to
dare
to
infect
the
Kingdom
(
Commonwealth
,
I
should
have
said
;
for
the
name
of
King
is
enough
to
fright
them
into
convulsion-fits
)
with
that
that
will
prove
the
ruine
and
destruction
of
it
?
For
,
as
thou
hast
filled
the
Schools
with
debate
and
contention
,
so
wilt
thou
rend
the
state
with
divisions
;
and
though
it
may
be
argued
out
in
the
University
without
blows
,
yet
canst
thou
think
,
that
it
will
be
determined
in
a
Commonwealth
without
the
effusion
of
bloud
?
How
shall
the
happiness
of
a
Republick
be
maintained
and
preserved
by
Philosophers
,
whose
opinions
carry
so
much
variety
,
dubiousness
,
and
diametrical
opposition
?
Which
of
all
the
Philosophical
Sects
shall
our
Common-wealth
be
guided
by
;
the
Platonist
,
Peripatetick
,
Stoick
,
Cynick
,
or
Epicure
?
Now
,
they
that
differ
about
the
summum
bonum
,
do
they
not
dissent
in
the
substance
of
Philosophy
?
Therefore
I
am
clearly
of
opinion
,
That
they
who
relie
solely
on
Philosophy
,
are
rather
to
be
excluded
than
admitted
to
govern
in
any
State
or
Republick
whatsoever
.
Is
it
consentaneous
to
reason
,
that
he
should
be
a
Legislator
,
that
approves
of
no
Law
,
but
what
is
of
his
own
prescription
,
relying
wholly
upon
his
own
reason
,
or
rather
phancie
and
opinion
;
conceiting
all
persons
,
himself
excepted
,
brutish
and
irrational
?
Is
not
this
the
humour
and
disposition
of
your
philosophical
crew
?
Did
Diogenes
,
Zeno
,
or
Epictetus
ever
deserve
to
sit
at
the
Helm
of
State
?
To
which
I
reply
;
There
are
two
sorts
of
Philosophers
whom
I
judge
altogether
unfit
to
govern
:
the
first
are
they
that
have
only
had
a
smack
of
Philosophy
,
so
that
the
thirsting
heat
of
their
vitious
desires
and
appetites
is
not
quenched
by
vertue
;
and
they
themselves
lead
lives
quite
contrary
to
the
Precepts
of
Philosophy
,
for
want
of
good
ground
and
solid
foundation
in
that
Science
.
Another
sort
of
Philosophers
there
is
,
quite
contrary
to
the
forementioned
,
who
having
à
tenera
aetate
,
from
their
very
youth
been
conversant
with
Philosophers
,
and
studied
Philosophy
,
do
waste
away
their
daies
in
the
contemplative
part
only
:
such
kind
of
Philosophy
,
which
conduceth
not
to
the
emolument
&
benefit
of
the
Commonwealth
or
Kingdom
,
is
altogether
improfitable
.
For
,
albeit
they
be
learned
,
wise
,
and
have
turned
over
most
Authors
,
and
can
give
an
account
of
all
their
Precepts
and
rules
;
yet
they
applying
their
minds
to
contemplation
,
not
being
experienced
in
civill
affairs
,
are
unfit
for
Government
.
Now
these
contemplative
Philosophers
are
justly
called
Sapientes
,
but
they
are
not
prudentes
;
as
Geometricians
,
Mathematicians
,
and
all
the
Society
of
natural
Philosophers
.
In
like
manner
Diogenes
,
Zenocrates
,
Chrysippus
,
Carneades
,
Democritus
,
Metrocles
,
Aristippus
,
Anaxagoras
,
and
Thales
,
were
wise
men
,
and
of
profound
knowledge
;
but
not
prudent
;
because
their
manner
of
wisdom
and
Philosophy
did
prompt
them
to
recreate
and
content
themselves
in
obscure
,
secret
and
hidden
matters
,
contrary
to
the
nature
of
prudence
:
and
though
these
Sciences
in
themselves
are
good
and
commendable
,
yet
are
they
impertinent
and
unprofitable
to
the
State
,
when
kept
close
to
themselves
,
and
not
employed
for
the
publick
good
.
Now
,
prudence
consists
in
those
things
that
require
deliberation
and
counsel
:
yet
,
if
those
contemplative
Philosophers
had
not
debarr'd
themselves
from
humane
Society
and
conversation
,
but
sought
after
employment
in
publike
affairs
,
as
Pericles
,
Solon
,
Lycurgus
,
Plato
,
Demosthenes
,
Cato
,
Cicero
,
and
others
did
,
they
had
no
doubt
been
men
of
incomparable
wisdom
and
prudence
,
which
Socrates
(
though
herein
he
contradict
Aristotle
)
styles
the
only
vertue
;
meaning
(
as
I
conceive
,
with
submission
to
more
mature
judgements
)
that
no
vertue
can
be
or
continue
without
it
.
Bion
was
of
opinion
,
That
Prudence
did
excel
all
other
vertues
,
as
far
as
the
sight
doth
the
rest
of
the
senses
;
affirming
that
vertue
to
be
as
proper
and
frequent
in
old
men
,
as
vigour
and
strength
in
those
that
are
young
.
Wherefore
it
is
requisite
that
our
Senator
be
endued
therewith
;
for
he
can
neither
speak
nor
act
any
thing
sutable
to
his
age
and
gravity
,
if
he
be
not
,
as
with
sauce
,
seasoned
therewith
.
The
Latines
call
this
vertue
Prudentia
,
à
providendo
,
from
foreseeing
things
to
come
,
disposing
of
those
that
are
present
,
and
recollecting
things
past
.
For
,
he
that
doth
not
ruminate
on
things
past
,
is
altogether
unmindful
of
his
elapsed
life
;
and
he
that
foresees
not
things
future
,
is
subject
to
many
perils
,
and
apt
to
be
ensnared
by
every
misfortune
.
Prudence
(
saith
Cicero
)
is
the
knowledge
of
things
good
,
evill
,
and
indifferent
;
consisting
wholly
in
the
choice
of
that
which
is
to
be
embraced
,
as
also
in
that
which
is
to
be
eschewed
,
or
carefully
avoyded
.
And
according
to
Aristotle
,
it
is
a
habit
coupled
with
perfect
reason
,
apt
for
good
action
,
and
exercised
in
those
things
which
are
either
good
or
evil
,
and
may
evene
or
happen
to
man
during
this
life
.
Therefore
contemplative
wisdome
differs
from
Prudence
in
this
,
that
the
former
exceedeth
not
the
bounds
of
contemplation
,
and
the
latter
is
wholly
exercised
in
action
,
and
the
management
of
humane
affairs
.
Plato
affirmeth
,
that
there
are
two
things
observable
in
the
life
of
Man
;
The
first
is
,
For
a
man
to
know
himself
:
And
the
second
,
To
know
and
understand
all
things
:
Therefore
let
our
Senator
be
stored
with
this
wisdom
,
viz.
of
knowing
himself
;
for
without
it
,
no
reason
,
vertue
,
action
or
cogitation
can
be
reputed
good
or
perfect
.
By
the
help
of
this
wisdom
,
the
prudent
man
first
settles
and
orders
his
own
affairs
;
in
which
skill
if
he
be
deficient
,
he
must
not
be
offended
at
the
name
of
fool
.
Now
,
under
Prudence
is
comprehended
or
contained
the
skill
of
well-regulating
domestical
business
,
and
the
knowledge
of
enacting
and
making
Laws
,
civill
wisdom
,
and
policy
in
consultation
and
judgement
.
Which
is
the
reason
why
Cicero
termeth
the
prudent
management
of
oeconomiques
,
or
houshold
,
domestical
,
and
the
fame
in
State-affairs
,
civill
wisdom
.
And
to
the
end
that
the
Senator
may
ground
his
wisdom
upon
a
solid
foundation
,
whereunto
his
imagination
may
have
recourse
for
reason
to
steer
him
to
the
truth
;
let
him
alwaies
have
before
his
eyes
these
things
,
honesty
,
and
profit
:
So
that
whatsoever
he
acteth
or
affirmeth
privately
,
or
publikely
,
may
be
directed
by
them
both
:
for
,
all
things
that
can
be
either
conceived
by
reason
,
or
expressed
by
truth
,
are
included
within
the
limits
of
these
two
.
Wherefore
it
is
convenient
that
he
be
furnished
with
a
peracute
wit
,
and
solid
understanding
,
that
he
may
dive
into
the
abstruse
nature
of
things
,
and
find
out
what
is
honest
and
profitable
;
lest
the
mind
hoodwinckt
with
inordinate
affections
and
desires
,
seduce
the
judgement
,
and
lead
him
from
the
path
of
truth
.
And
many
there
are
,
who
finding
themselves
to
have
depraved
their
reason
,
by
giving
the
reins
to
their
loose
affections
and
lusts
,
do
fall
into
erronious
opinions
quite
opposite
and
contrary
to
wisdome
.
Whence
it
follows
inevitably
,
that
they
are
not
only
cheated
in
their
choice
of
that
which
is
honest
and
profitable
,
but
are
blindfolded
with
the
love
of
that
which
is
absolutely
dishonest
and
unprofitable
.
To
prevent
which
errour
,
two
things
are
to
be
taken
into
consideration
.
First
,
Not
to
take
things
unknown
for
known
,
and
praecipitantly
assent
unto
them
:
Next
,
Not
to
give
way
in
the
least
to
any
evill
custome
;
(
for
,
consuetudo
or
usus
secunda
natura
;
Custome
doth
tyrannize
over
the
nature
of
man
;
)
or
to
walk
contrary
to
the
rules
of
vertue
.
A
thing
that
may
with
facility
be
comprehended
by
a
Senator
,
if
he
consider
the
good
and
welfare
of
the
Commonwealth
,
which
is
the
Meta
or
scope
that
all
wisdom
and
counsel
aims
at
:
nor
can
the
Natives
of
his
own
Country
,
nay
,
wisdom
her self
,
require
more
at
his
hands
,
or
expect
more
from
him
,
than
industry
in
preserving
the
safety
and
felicity
of
the
place
of
his
nativity
.
But
now
it
lies
upon
me
to
prove
what
Philosophy
best
befits
a
Senator
.
Wherefore
since
the
felicity
of
every
Counsellor
,
and
the
quintessence
of
all
knowledge
consists
in
action
,
it
ought
to
be
his
care
and
study
to
be
exquisite
in
that
part
of
Philosophy
which
prescribeth
the
rules
of
regulating
mens
actions
,
and
the
Science
of
Government
;
to
the
end
,
that
he
may
understand
what
is
the
best
course
of
life
;
what
is
necessary
and
requisite
for
the
administration
of
publike
and
private
affaires
,
and
be
skilful
in
ordaining
Laws
,
correcting
Judgments
,
and
governing
of
People
.
Let
him
therefore
be
expert
in
that
part
of
Philosophy
that
instructeth
the
management
of
mans
life
,
and
the
Art
of
Consultation
.
For
otherwise
what
account
will
he
be
able
to
give
de
vivendi
ratione
,
of
the
best
way
of
living
,
according
to
the
rules
of
vertue
,
that
is
uncapable
of
giving
you
a
definition
thereof
?
What
discourse
can
such
a
one
make
concerning
Counsel
,
Justice
,
Fortitude
,
Temperance
,
or
Wisdom
?
How
shall
he
appease
the
mutineers
,
suppress
sedition
,
or
mitigate
the
rigour
and
severity
of
the
Laws
,
or
proceed
according
to
the
rigour
thereof
,
when
he
is
ignorant
of
the
precepts
of
Justice
and
Prudence
?
What
counsel
or
advice
can
he
afford
either
of
War
,
Peace
,
or
Contracts
,
that
understands
not
when
War
is
lawful
,
or
unlawful
;
Peace
just
,
or
unjust
;
and
Treaties
honorable
,
or
dishonorable
?
Whenas
he
ought
not
only
to
conceive
all
the
Precepts
of
vertue
and
morality
,
and
to
understand
them
by
name
;
but
to
exercise
and
put
them
in
practice
.
The
sum
of
which
knowledge
is
contained
in
the
Ethicks
,
Politicks
,
and
Oeconomicks
;
from
these
,
as
from
a
Magazine
or
Store-house
,
he
may
furnish
himself
with
all
Rules
,
Directions
,
and
Precepts
,
for
the
exercise
of
vertue
,
and
the
government
of
a
Kingdom
,
as
also
the
order
of
a
domestical
life
.
And
though
all
this
while
we
plead
for
the
necessity
of
Philosophy
in
our
Senators
,
yet
are
we
clearly
against
the
divisions
and
Sects
of
Philosophy
;
nor
is
it
profitable
,
but
rather
injurious
to
the
Commonwealth
,
that
the
minds
of
men
should
be
divided
into
several
whimsies
and
opinions
.
First
therefore
,
we
extirpate
Epicurism
;
Because
it
being
grounded
on
,
and
supported
by
sensual
delights
and
pleasures
,
ought
not
to
be
in
him
whom
we
elect
for
our
Senator
.
The
Stoick
we
do
not
blame
or
accuse
;
yet
we
hold
it
convenient
that
their
Tenets
be
exploded
,
as
unfit
for
our
Counsellor
;
in
regard
that
(
as
Cicero
saith
)
they
maintain
the
Philosopher
to
be
the
only
wise
man
,
and
that
all
other
persons
are
but
Thieves
,
barbarous
,
and
infatuated
.
For
,
it
were
absurd
to
admit
him
a
Senator
,
that
is
of
an
opinion
there
is
no
wise
Counsellor
,
Freeman
,
or
Citizen
,
himself
excepted
.
And
though
there
hath
ever
been
a
dissention
between
the
Stoick
and
Peripatetick
touching
the
Summum
bonum
:
yet
we
adhere
to
the
latter
,
because
they
are
the
best
Tutors
of
Vertue
and
good
Manners
,
and
the
most
noble
,
valiant
,
wise
,
discreet
Captains
:
Counsellors
,
Emperours
and
Kings
have
issued
out
of
that
Society
.
Besides
,
it
is
requisite
that
our
Senator
be
well
read
in
History
,
and
exercised
in
all
humane
Learning
:
For
first
,
in
History
he
will
find
out
the
notable
sayings
and
acts
of
wise
men
,
that
have
lived
in
elapsed
time
,
which
are
not
so
plentifully
found
in
any
Books
,
as
in
the
monumental
Annals
,
and
Chronicles
of
fore-past
Ages
.
This
was
the
reason
that
moved
Tully
to
call
History
,
The
witness
of
time
,
the
light
of
truth
,
the
memorial
of
life
,
and
the
Herald
of
Antiquity
.
For
,
can
any
person
paint
out
so
fully
to
the
life
,
or
give
so
perfect
a
delineation
of
Vertue
,
Fortitude
,
Justice
,
Continence
,
Frugality
,
and
contempt
of
death
,
in
an
eloquent
and
fluent
Oration
,
as
may
be
read
in
the
actions
of
Cornelii
,
Valerii
,
Fabritii
,
Curii
,
Decii
,
Mutii
,
and
others
?
What
noble
Heroes
have
our
modern
times
produced
!
Hath
not
the
Politick
Monck
,
Noble
Massey
,
and
Loyal
Montross
,
been
singular
and
almost
unimitable
for
their
Policy
,
Valour
,
and
Magnanimity
?
From
these
,
and
the
like
,
he
may
make
an
extract
of
the
most
exact
civill
knowledge
,
and
direct
himself
in
the
management
of
State-affairs
.
Besides
,
Policy
must
be
one
of
his
chief
studies
:
and
he
must
be
expert
in
understanding
the
transactions
of
Noblemen
,
the
humors
,
dispositions
,
and
temper
of
all
mens
spirits
,
the
Order
and
Government
of
Commonweals
,
and
civill
Societies
:
it
is
also
necessary
,
that
he
be
perfect
in
all
Ordinances
,
Acts
and
Laws
,
either
for
Peace
,
War
,
Provisions
,
the
quality
of
the
Subject
,
the
administration
of
the
State
,
or
the
nature
of
men
:
as
also
to
understand
,
what
exalts
,
and
what
abaseth
the
mind
;
what
Vertue
is
,
what
Discipline
and
Education
is
most
convenient
for
youth
;
what
Customs
must
be
ratified
or
made
firm
;
what
duty
we
owe
to
God
,
and
what
reverence
to
Religion
,
and
Allegiance
to
our
Soveraign
:
in
all
which
,
we
have
a
Monck
among
us
of
late
(
though
none
that
ever
entred
into
Canonical
Orders
)
who
will
sufficiently
instruct
us
.
Nor
must
he
be
ignorant
in
Leagues
,
Contracts
,
and
Alliances
with
Forraign
Princes
and
Potentates
:
Since
such
proceedings
are
dayly
found
in
Kings
Courts
.
Well
therefore
did
Antonius
describe
a
Senator
or
Counsellor
,
in
these
words
:
He
is
one
that
ought
to
understand
by
what
means
the
Kingdom
or
Republick
receives
benefit
;
and
when
occasion
offers
,
to
put
them
in
practice
.
And
,
such
were
in
Rome
the
Lentuli
,
Gracchi
,
Metelli
,
Scipiones
,
and
Lelii
.
Now
,
he
that
is
well
practised
in
the
Law
,
hath
experience
in
War
,
or
skill
in
oeconomicks
,
or
domestick
Authority
,
deserves
to
be
promoted
to
the
dignity
of
a
Counsellor
.
Eloquence
is
also
a
great
ornament
to
our
Senator
;
but
of
that
and
some
other
qualifications
,
more
at
large
in
the
ensuing
Chapter
.
CHAP.
IV.
Of
Eloquence
,
Clemency
,
Piety
,
and
other
Vertues
necessary
to
the
accomplishment
of
a
Senator
.
THese
most
noble
Sciences
and
Arts
will
be
infinitely
adorned
in
our
Senator
by
the
addition
of
Eloquence
,
which
is
the
true
ornament
of
wisdom
.
For
,
without
this
accomplishment
,
all
things
else
are
as
it
were
dead
,
till
they
do
flourish
by
the
help
of
Rhetorick
;
And
an
eloquent
,
terse
,
and
curiously-penn'd
Oration
doth
not
only
commend
the
Author
,
but
the
private
and
publike
benefit
is
oftentimes
promoted
thereby
.
It
is
this
that
appeaseth
with
her
neat-spun
blandishments
the
fury
of
our
enraged
enemies
.
Now
,
whatsoever
he
pronounceth
,
it
must
be
done
gravely
,
advisedly
,
eloquently
,
readily
,
and
with
comely
gesture
;
for
this
,
according
to
the
Poet
,
—
Emollit
animos
,
&
temperat
iras
.
The
supple
oyl
of
an
insinuating
Oration
will
heal
the
wounds
of
a
mutinous
Rabble
,
and
reduce
them
to
their
former
obedience
.
Next
unto
Eloquence
,
the
knowledge
and
insight
in
the
Law
is
required
;
the
end
whereof
tends
to
the
conservation
of
Equity
.
And
indeed
,
who
can
with
greater
wisdom
decide
a
cause
or
controversie
?
Who
can
better
appease
sedition
,
(
the
poyson
of
a
Kingdom
)
or
more
rationally
defend
the
Laws
,
Customs
,
Rights
and
Priviledges
of
the
People
,
than
he
that
is
skill'd
in
the
Law
?
Well
then
may
we
say
,
as
it
hath
been
affirmed
heretofore
,
That
the
Habitation
of
a
learned
Lawyer
is
the
Oracle
of
the
City
.
Now
,
the
Law
in
all
Kingdoms
is
bound
to
tye
every
man
to
his
duty
,
and
to
defend
them
so
long
as
they
continue
vertuous
and
faithful
.
But
,
it
is
not
sufficient
only
to
enact
Laws
neither
,
that
punish
or
recompence
men
according
to
demerits
;
but
,
to
compose
Laws
,
Customs
,
and
Exercises
(
as
the
Lacedemonians
did
)
wherein
the
People
may
take
delight
:
besides
,
such
judgement
must
be
used
in
the
prescribing
of
Laws
,
that
therein
all
occasion
of
offences
may
be
removed
.
For
,
as
the
Physician
by
his
medicines
heals
the
maladies
of
the
body
;
so
the
Counsellor
ought
by
good
and
wholsome
Laws
to
cure
the
distempers
of
the
mind
.
Yet
they
are
not
to
be
approved
of
,
who
perceiving
an
inconveniency
growing
,
immediately
fall
to
execution
,
without
considering
how
the
same
mischievous
design
may
be
utterly
extirpated
:
For
it
is
more
consonant
to
reason
,
for
a
Senator
to
endeavour
the
reducing
men
to
justice
and
honesty
,
than
to
study
how
to
execute
them
for
every
offence
committed
.
What
man
can
be
so
inhumane
,
that
would
not
rather
remove
the
cause
?
and
then
assuredly
the
effect
would
cease
.
Who
would
not
rather
provide
corn
for
the
poor
,
than
through
the
want
thereof
force
them
to
turn
Robbers
,
and
send
them
to
execution
for
it
?
And
who
is
there
,
that
seeing
the
Kingdom
overspread
with
debauchery
,
and
the
peodle
addicted
to
licentiousness
,
would
not
endeavour
to
correct
and
reform
these
enormities
by
pecuniary
mulcts
,
sooner
than
by
penal
Laws
?
Therefore
,
as
Cicero
saith
,
if
thou
wilt
remove
Covetousness
,
take
away
her
Mother
,
Execess
.
Wherefore
he
must
have
all
the
commodities
and
discommodities
of
his
Country
before
his
eyes
,
and
then
he
may
be
so
expert
in
State-Chirurgery
,
as
to
heal
the
sores
and
wounds
wherewith
the
body
politick
is
oftentimes
troubled
.
Yet
we
desire
not
that
our
Senator
should
be
a
pleader
at
the
Bar
,
Proctor
,
or
Advocate
,
because
that
most
of
that
Tribe
(
Charity
forbids
me
to
say
all
)
being
mercenary
,
are
many
times
the
ministers
of
falshood
and
injustice
,
bearing
about
them
minds
and
tongues
principled
against
justice
and
truth
.
Indeed
,
it
is
a
difficult
piece
of
business
for
him
to
be
a
Lover
of
equity
and
truth
,
whose
tongue
hath
been
accustomed
to
walk
for
lucre
.
Not
but
that
many
famous
Counsellors
have
been
found
among
those
gowned
Gentlemen
;
but
all
men
are
incident
to
failings
,
of
what
profession
or
function
soever
:
nor
is
this
to
be
imputed
to
them
alone
,
there
are
others
that
shake
hands
with
them
:
But
enough
of
that
.
Civill
Discipline
falls
next
under
our
consideration
,
whereby
he
is
instructed
how
to
lead
his
life
discreetly
,
and
to
govern
his
Country
with
gravity
and
justice
.
Now
he
was
termed
a
civill
man
among
Philosophers
,
who
by
vertue
and
wisdom
was
enabled
to
command
civilly
;
and
he
oftentimes
had
the
authority
of
making
Laws
,
and
governing
of
Subjects
.
Plato
in
his
Commonwealth
hath
framed
two
sorts
of
Discipline
;
the
one
relating
to
the
exercises
of
the
body
,
and
the
other
of
the
mind
:
the
discipline
of
the
mind
he
called
Musica
,
and
that
of
the
body
Gymnastica
.
Now
,
by
the
harmony
of
Musick
,
he
understands
a
certain
concord
or
consent
of
mind
,
wherein
all
actions
do
amiably
agree
with
vertue
,
and
vertue
with
them
;
which
Copula
Law
and
Philosophy
make
up
in
Man
:
for
hereby
we
are
capable
of
judging
what
is
honest
,
and
what
dishonest
;
what
just
,
and
what
unjust
;
what
is
to
be
loved
,
and
what
to
be
loathed
:
and
besides
,
what
duty
we
owe
to
our
Parents
,
Princes
and
Magistrates
.
By
Gymnastica
,
he
means
the
exercises
of
the
body
,
whereby
the
vigour
and
strength
of
man
is
much
helped
and
encreased
.
This
consists
in
leaping
,
running
,
wrestling
,
hunting
,
riding
,
darting
,
swimming
,
to
be
both
right
and
left-handed
;
in
brief
,
all
military
exercises
and
honest
recreations
are
contained
in
this
word
Gymnastica
.
It
is
very
necessary
and
requisite
in
all
sorts
of
men
(
much
more
then
in
our
Senator
)
to
conjoyn
the
exercises
of
the
body
with
the
vertues
of
the
mind
,
and
to
mix
Fortitude
with
Temperance
.
For
,
as
by
the
one
,
Man
aspireth
to
that
which
is
noble
;
so
by
the
other
,
he
thinks
it
no
derogation
to
him
to
be
humble
;
and
being
thus
in
aequilibrio
,
he
inclines
neither
to
this
side
,
nor
that
;
so
that
he
shall
never
dare
,
nor
doubt
too
much
.
And
as
by
Fortitude
we
are
able
to
repulse
injury
,
so
by
Temperance
and
Moderation
we
abstain
from
offering
injury
.
By
the
former
,
we
are
prompted
to
an
honest
becoming
violence
;
by
the
latter
,
we
are
instructed
to
check
and
curb
hair-bain'd
fury
,
and
to
quench
the
flames
of
a
vindicative
spirit
.
Now
,
it
is
the
opinion
of
Plato
,
that
the
Musical
and
Gymnastical
Sciences
conduce
much
to
these
qualifications
;
For
to
the
one
,
Temperance
,
and
the
other
Vertues
may
be
referred
;
to
the
other
,
Fortitude
of
body
,
and
magnanimity
of
mind
.
Wherefore
it
is
convenient
,
that
they
be
both
united
,
and
walk
hand
in
hand
;
because
the
Gymnastick
Exercises
alone
,
create
firmness
;
and
Musick
of
it self
,
begets
too
much
mildness
and
effeminacy
:
but
both
twinn'd
and
coupled
together
in
any
man
,
do
mould
him
according
to
the
shape
and
perfection
of
Vertue
.
Therefore
every
person
that
would
be
thought
fit
for
counsel
,
must
be
thus
exercised
;
because
hereby
he
is
adapted
both
for
peace
and
war
;
and
to
this
very
purpose
was
he
born
;
for
he
must
be
as
able
to
perform
the
Office
of
a
Commander
,
as
a
Counsellor
:
notable
therefore
,
and
worthy
the
mentioning
,
was
that
Roman
Institution
,
which
imposed
a
command
upon
them
to
train
up
their
noble
and
honourable
Citizens
to
be
Counsellors
at
home
,
and
Captains
abroad
:
which
is
the
reason
,
that
Rome
enclosed
so
great
a
number
of
Sage
Senators
and
stout
Souldiers
within
the
circumference
of
her
walls
:
Insomuch
that
Cyneas
,
the
Embassadour
of
Pyrrhus
,
having
had
audience
of
the
splendid
and
illustrious
Senate
,
reported
,
that
in
Rome
he
had
seen
an
Assembly
of
many
Kings
.
Nor
can
they
be
skill'd
in
commanding
,
if
the
Subjects
are
not
exercised
in
obedience
;
which
is
performed
by
their
love
and
honour
to
the
Magistrate
,
as
well
as
obeying
their
Commands
;
all
which
proceeds
from
the
due
execution
of
Laws
:
and
the
first
step
that
leads
up
to
the
Temple
of
Vertue
,
is
to
submit
to
the
Law
,
and
the
Law
maker
:
for
the
Law
of
every
Kingdom
,
State
,
or
Republick
,
is
nothing
but
vertue
,
and
a
good
decorum
in
the
leading
of
our
lives
,
reduced
to
certain
rules
.
Theopompus
King
of
Sparta
,
hearing
it
related
that
the
reason
why
that
Commonwealth
flourished
so
much
,
proceeded
from
the
Kings
skill
in
Policy
and
Government
;
replied
,
No
such
matter
;
for
the
true
reason
is
this
,
The
Subjects
are
well
exercised
in
their
duty
and
obedience
to
Superiours
.
And
(
as
Plutarch
hath
it
)
to
obey
the
Magistracie
and
the
Laws
,
to
undergo
all
dangers
and
travels
with
patience
,
to
fight
manfully
,
and
die
voluntarily
,
was
the
chief
point
of
the
Lacedemonian
discipline
.
And
herein
they
were
all
trained
;
to
the
end
,
that
being
thus
instructed
,
they
might
know
how
to
defend
their
Country
in
time
of
War
,
govern
it
in
time
of
Peace
;
and
such
as
live
privately
,
to
employ
their
vacant
hours
honestly
,
that
is
,
in
the
prosecution
of
Learning
;
obtaining
a
becoming
gesture
,
musick
,
painting
,
vaulting
,
and
the
like
,
that
they
may
keep
themselves
in
action
,
and
be
freed
from
that
gross
imputation
of
ignorant
.
It
behoves
him
also
to
be
witty
and
docible
.
Now
,
Wit
is
a
certain
natural
force
of
reason
,
able
to
conceive
what
is
rational
;
which
,
although
many
times
it
be
not
helpt
by
industry
,
art
or
memory
,
yet
it
is
powerful
of
it self
,
and
without
learning
may
burnish
a
man
.
Wherefore
he
must
so
know
his
own
wit
,
as
to
become
sharp
in
reason
,
and
finding
out
the
causes
of
things
:
which
of
it self
is
a
happiness
,
and
that
a
great
one
too
;
as
the
Poet
sings
,
Felix
qui
potuit
rerum
cognoscere
causas
.
Nay
,
wisdom
her self
,
whereby
we
first
conceive
all
things
,
springs
from
acuteness
of
wit
:
Now
,
they
that
are
adorned
with
them
both
,
are
termed
ingenious
;
and
that
wit
is
the
best
,
and
most
to
be
commended
,
which
is
constant
,
strong
,
sharp
,
pleasant
,
and
natural
.
Now
,
the
edge
of
ingenuity
is
very
much
acuated
by
the
whetstone
of
docility
and
memory
:
By
the
one
,
we
are
taught
to
make
a
construction
of
those
things
that
are
laid
before
us
;
by
the
other
,
we
retain
whatsoever
proceeds
from
our
invention
,
or
the
expressions
of
others
;
therefore
it
is
requisite
our
Counsellor
should
be
well
exercised
in
these
accomplishments
:
for
,
it
is
an
argument
of
a
dull
,
slow
,
ignorant
person
,
not
to
have
a
quick
conception
of
what
is
said
,
and
a
tenacious
memory
to
recollect
what
hath
been
spoken
by
others
.
Now
next
,
he
must
have
Understanding
:
For
as
wit
is
the
ornament
of
a
Senator
,
so
Understanding
is
the
light
of
wit
,
by
which
we
conceive
all
things
,
or
their
Idaea's
,
whether
true
or
false
.
For
,
by
common
understanding
we
comprehend
the
knowledge
of
things
,
and
thereby
pass
a
judgement
on
them
,
and
conclude
,
all
that
is
honest
is
to
be
referred
to
vertue
,
and
what
is
unlawful
or
dishonest
,
to
vice
:
yet
this
understanding
is
not
separated
from
the
Senses
,
who
are
,
as
it
were
,
Interpreters
and
Reporters
of
knowledge
;
yet
must
we
be
careful
to
avoid
being
deceived
by
sensual
judgement
;
for
it
is
frequently
known
,
that
either
art
or
subtilty
,
singly
or
joyntly
,
play
the
cheat
with
us
;
which
errour
is
to
be
diligently
avoided
.
Besides
,
he
must
be
circumspect
,
not
only
in
private
,
but
publick
chances
and
events
:
For
he
must
endeavour
to
foresee
all
blustring
storms
that
may
be
injurious
to
the
State
,
and
study
the
preservation
of
every
member
thereof
.
This
that
we
call
circumspection
,
is
a
careful
and
mature
consideration
of
things
to
be
practised
or
acted
;
and
of
great
importance
,
as
well
in
the
serene
time
of
peace
,
as
in
the
blustring
season
of
war
;
because
that
wise
circumspection
diverts
the
force
and
fury
of
Fortune
,
and
we
are
ready
to
submit
to
grave
counsel
and
advice
.
In
this
vertue
Quintus
Fabius
did
excell
;
for
he
according
to
the
Poet
,
by
procrastination
and
lingring
delay
,
preserved
the
Roman
State
.
Unus
homo
nobis
cunctaendo
restituit
rem
.
But
on
the
contrary
,
Flaminius
relying
upon
the
arm
of
strength
,
and
his
courage
,
incircumspectly
assaulted
Hannibal
,
to
his
great
disadvantage
and
prejudice
.
So
Q.
Scipio
the
Consul
,
with
divers
that
might
be
mentioned
,
through
their
incircumspection
were
infested
by
the
Cimbri
.
And
it
is
as
useful
in
time
of
peace
:
for
the
Senator
should
be
eyed
like
Argus
,
and
Lynx-sighted
,
to
pry
narrowly
into
those
things
that
might
arise
to
the
discommodity
of
the
Commonwealth
,
and
make
a
discovery
of
them
;
otherwise
,
he
cannot
prevent
the
seditions
,
wars
,
and
calamities
that
dayly
happen
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Common-wealth
.
Some
men
are
so
ignorant
and
blinded
with
superfluity
and
pleasure
,
that
they
can
hardly
discern
things
that
are
placed
before
their
eyes
,
much
less
foresee
them
;
which
sort
of
men
,
as
persons
given
up
to
their
private
more
than
the
publike
interest
,
are
to
be
exempted
from
Government
.
For
,
though
they
understand
that
through
want
of
circumspection
war
threatens
a
Nation
,
the
people
are
captivated
,
the
Country
run
over
and
ruinated
,
Towns
sack'd
,
Houses
burnt
,
fields
wasted
,
Temples
profaned
;
yet
use
they
no
circumspection
,
counsel
,
and
medicine
,
either
to
cure
or
cool
their
fury
or
rage
.
But
the
grave
Counsellor
studies
by
what
means
to
continue
the
common
safety
and
welfare
of
a
Country
or
Kingdom
:
He
provideth
,
that
the
rage
of
a
barbarous
enemy
may
be
beaten
back
or
restrained
by
Fortresses
,
Pallizadoes
,
and
Garrisons
;
that
Castles
and
Bulwarks
may
be
erected
,
the
places
of
defence
fortified
,
and
all
breaches
stopt
up
;
all
which
thus
ordered
,
check
the
fury
of
an
insulting
enemy
,
and
annihilate
his
barbarous
design
and
intention
to
bring
all
to
destruction
.
Now
there
being
a
convention
of
well-trained
Citizens
,
armed
and
ready
to
oppose
,
the
Commonwealth
is
thereby
fortified
,
(
and
the
Lacedemonians
call
stout
men
the
walls
of
Sparta
)
disdaining
the
force
of
forrein
enemies
,
and
preventing
their
offering
violence
.
As
for
his
Speech
,
he
must
be
compendious
,
curt
and
grave
,
in
all
his
Orations
that
he
pens
,
or
Speeches
that
he
makes
;
as
Horace
adviseth
him
,
In
verbis
etiam
tenuis
,
cautusque
serendis
.
For
,
a
rash
inconsiderate
speech
,
is
not
so
soon
called
back
as
pronounced
;
and
the
unadvised
utterance
thereof
,
may
prejudice
the
Commonwealth
,
and
afford
the
Orator
matter
of
repentance
.
And
the
reason
is
this
,
because
in
an
extempore
speech
we
pour
out
and
divulge
many
things
that
are
to
be
concealed
.
Nor
must
our
Senator
be
overswayed
by
Passion
;
for
,
passion
is
like
false
position
in
Verse
,
nine
faults
at
least
.
Now
it
is
the
noblest
piece
of
wisdom
under
the
heavens
,
for
a
man
to
monarchize
over
himself
,
so
as
to
subjugate
and
conquer
his
affections
,
according
to
that
known
verse
,
Fortior
est
qui
se
,
quam
qui
fortissima
vincit
Moenia
—
It
is
a
greater
piece
of
valour
for
a
man
to
subdue
and
curb
his
hair-brain'd
passion
,
than
to
conquer
the
stoutest
enemy
.
Besides
,
when
he
is
put
upon
a
parley
with
the
enemy
,
a
treaty
with
Embassadors
,
or
a
conference
with
neighbouring
Princes
,
he
must
be
very
circumspect
;
for
their
endeavour
is
to
discover
secrets
by
conjecture
,
and
fish
out
the
design
intended
by
circumstances
and
signs
.
Wherefore
he
must
have
a
constant
fixed
resolution
,
and
a
composed
countenance
;
for
the
changing
of
the
countenance
,
motion
of
the
eyes
,
and
variety
of
gesture
,
are
the
bewrayers
of
mens
minds
,
as
Gondamore
well
observed
;
and
indeed
,
facies
est
index
rerum
.
One
may
soon
read
a
mans
mind
in
his
face
,
and
by
the
calculation
of
his
looks
guess
at
his
intentions
.
And
as
he
must
not
be
too
credulous
,
no
more
must
he
be
altogether
incredulous
,
unless
the
reputation
of
the
matter
or
person
compel
him
to
it
;
Since
it
is
very
unseemly
,
and
beneath
the
gravity
of
a
judicious
Senator
,
to
maintain
a
controversie
against
an
apparent
truth
.
Neither
would
we
confine
him
to
an
absolute
silence
,
or
padlock
his
mouth
,
so
as
to
debar
him
of
that
excellent
gift
of
speech
;
for
,
thereby
he
may
be
thought
stupid
or
effeminate
,
since
the
one
is
imputed
to
ignorance
,
and
the
other
to
a
kind
of
maidenly
modesty
,
or
misbecoming
bashfulness
.
Therefore
he
must
use
a
mean
between
both
;
yet
so
,
that
he
be
a
greater
hearer
than
speaker
:
Nature
bestowed
on
man
a
pair
of
ears
,
and
but
one
single
tongue
.
Yet
,
notwithstanding
all
this
,
it
must
needs
be
judged
as
great
a
piece
of
discretion
to
know
when
to
be
silent
,
as
well
as
how
,
where
,
to
whom
,
and
in
what
place
to
speak
.
Next
,
Sagacity
and
craftiness
is
requisite
:
for
,
War
was
never
more
politickly
managed
,
Armies
more
securely
governed
,
nor
the
plots
and
machinations
of
subtile
enemies
more
wisely
undermined
,
or
overthrown
,
than
by
the
vertue
of
caution
;
which
he
that
wants
,
can
no
way
be
termed
a
Captain
General
.
Now
,
Sagacity
is
a
sharp
and
pleasant
conceit
;
and
as
it
is
the
property
of
a
wise
man
to
consult
well
,
so
it
is
the
part
of
an
apprehensive
spirit
,
ingeniously
to
understand
,
and
pass
a
solid
sentence
or
judgement
of
what
another
speaketh
.
And
as
he
must
be
quick
of
apprehension
,
so
it
is
likewise
necessary
that
he
be
crafty
and
subtill
in
searching
and
prying
into
the
thoughts
of
Subjects
,
to
the
end
he
may
understand
what
they
desire
,
what
they
expect
or
hope
for
,
and
what
their
inclination
binds
them
most
unto
.
By
which
means
,
he
will
not
only
keep
the
Subject
close
to
his
lawful
obedience
,
but
also
by
knowing
their
intended
conspiracies
,
prevent
the
evil
thereof
.
For
,
sometimes
debauched
Subjects
aime
at
the
destruction
of
sober
solid
persons
;
induced
thereunto
,
or
rather
seduced
,
by
hate
,
malice
,
or
insolency
;
sometimes
because
they
find
themselves
inferiour
to
others
in
riches
,
dignity
or
authority
;
and
sometimes
because
they
imagine
themselves
to
be
inconsiderable
,
and
of
little
or
no
esteem
in
the
Kingdom
,
Republick
,
or
State
wherein
Providence
hath
allotted
them
their
being
and
residence
:
And
so
by
these
means
,
create
war
,
and
cause
sedition
,
and
reduce
the
State
to
an
apparent
hazard
.
In
suppressing
these
commotions
and
cogitations
of
wicked
men
,
he
must
be
close
and
reserved
,
not
dealing
openly
,
or
by
direct
opposition
;
but
rather
by
soft
perswasion
,
kind
admonition
,
earnest
entreaty
,
or
favourable
chastisement
,
reduce
them
to
a
better
temper
,
and
furnish
them
with
more
honest
principles
.
But
,
if
he
deal
with
a
refractory
stubborn
people
,
he
must
menace
them
with
authority
,
and
terrifie
them
with
severity
,
that
so
he
may
divert
them
from
such
execrable
enterprises
;
perpetually
meditating
on
the
conservation
of
the
Commonwealth
,
which
is
consummated
by
his
endeavour
for
the
felicity
of
Subjects
,
and
his
extirpation
of
sedition
and
discord
,
with
their
efficient
causes
.
Aristotle
saith
,
that
a
man
may
speak
doubtfully
upon
any
occasion
twice
,
and
be
excused
:
but
if
he
trip
the
third
time
,
he
is
permitted
to
speak
no
more
in
that
cause
.
Nor
must
he
be
tedious
or
prolix
;
for
a
long-winded
Oration
,
cram'd
with
cart-rope
speeches
,
longer
than
the
memory
of
man
can
fathom
,
doth
but
talk
them
into
dulness
,
and
sooner
stupifie
their
minds
than
quicken
their
attentions
.
And
he
must
likewise
suit
his
discourse
to
the
capacity
of
his
Auditory
;
for
,
he
prodigals
a
Mine
of
Excellency
(
saith
one
of
our
Learned
Gentlemen
)
that
wasts
a
terse
Oration
to
an
ignorant
assembly
,
where
Mercury
himself
,
were
he
Orator
,
would
lose
his
labour
.
Therefore
as
his
speech
must
not
be
over-long
,
(
a
fault
that
Caesar
sometimes
found
Cato
guilty
of
,
and
reproved
him
for
)
no
more
must
it
be
obscured
with
aenigmatical
sentences
,
or
intricate
words
,
which
puzzle
the
Auditors
rather
than
profit
them
;
and
by
labouring
in
the
explication
of
the
terms
,
make
them
forget
the
subject
and
matter
of
the
discourse
.
Now
it
importeth
not
much
whether
his
speech
be
penn'd
or
rehearsed
;
yet
the
reasons
written
are
more
solid
,
and
penn'd
with
more
diligence
,
if
the
matter
require
a
long
Oration
.
His
voice
should
be
manly
,
promising
of
gravity
,
not
effeminacy
,
clear
and
audible
;
not
so
low
as
cannot
well
be
heard
,
nor
so
loud
as
to
be
term'd
bawling
.
And
as
he
must
be
moderate
in
his
speech
,
so
it
is
requisite
that
he
be
of
a
temperate
mind
.
Now
,
Nature
hath
so
ordered
it
,
that
there
is
a
kind
of
combate
or
contention
between
the
mind
and
body
of
man
,
suspending
and
diverting
his
disposition
from
the
true
end
of
vertue
.
For
,
the
alluring
irretiating
lusts
of
the
body
do
labour
to
oppress
and
enslave
the
mind
;
and
the
mind
armed
and
fortified
with
reason
,
doth
endeavour
to
resist
and
oppugn
them
:
and
that
vertue
of
mind
is
called
Temperance
,
which
is
employed
in
contemning
all
pleasures
,
especially
those
that
are
known
by
the
senses
,
as
Taste
,
and
Touch
;
yet
doth
it
not
generally
detest
all
pleasures
,
but
only
those
that
thwart
vertue
and
reason
.
Now
,
some
pleasures
there
are
by
nature
lawful
,
and
others
unlawful
;
and
both
incident
to
the
mind
,
as
well
as
the
body
.
The
corporeal
pleasures
are
bred
up
and
born
with
us
,
so
that
with
difficulty
are
they
restrained
,
especially
in
those
men
that
take
more
delight
and
complacency
in
the
exercises
of
the
body
than
those
of
the
mind
,
which
renders
them
brutish
and
sensual
.
Therefore
the
body
must
submit
to
the
checks
and
controulment
of
the
mind
,
and
by
this
means
man
may
attain
perfection
.
All
Vertues
conduce
to
the
felicity
of
a
Kingdom
,
but
Temperance
alone
is
the
preservatrix
of
felicity
;
for
it
keeps
the
State
from
that
infection
which
oftentimes
ariseth
from
excess
and
immoderation
,
and
hath
subverted
many
famous
Cities
and
Countries
.
Now
every
Senator
ought
to
furnish
the
Kingdom
with
such
Laws
as
may
punish
riot
and
excess
,
lest
the
Subject
being
poyson'd
therewith
,
Covetousness
spring
up
among
them
,
the
mother
of
all
Vices
.
We
read
,
that
in
Rome
there
were
Laws
and
Ordinances
made
and
enacted
against
excess
both
in
expences
and
apparel
.
The
Lacedemonians
did
also
keep
their
feasts
in
publike
places
,
that
no
man
should
dare
to
be
wastful
in
the
sight
of
other
Citizens
,
and
so
encourage
them
to
an
imitation
of
their
luxuriousness
or
extravagancy
.
Heretofore
,
the
Magistrates
of
Gallia
Belgica
allowed
of
no
Law
nor
Custome
that
might
make
the
people
effeminate
.
And
at
this
day
,
licentiousness
and
immoderate
expences
are
inhibited
by
Law
in
some
parts
of
Italy
.
And
since
the
lusts
of
men
are
insatiable
,
(
as
appears
by
Catiline
and
his
fellow-conspirators
,
who
being
thriftless
and
licentious
persons
,
attempted
to
make
war
against
the
Commonwealth
)
they
must
be
held
in
with
the
bridle
of
the
Law
.
And
the
Senator
must
be
free
from
intemperancy
,
that
so
he
may
be
an
example
for
others
to
follow
and
imitate
;
wherein
let
him
take
pattern
by
the
severity
of
the
Censores
,
who
were
the
Masters
and
Tutors
of
civil
temperance
and
modesty
:
and
so
by
private
admonition
,
as
well
as
publike
castigation
,
he
may
withdraw
them
from
intemperance
.
Nor
is
this
vertue
without
her
Concomitants
,
Modesty
,
Bashfulness
,
Honesty
,
and
Continency
.
And
by
these
,
mans
life
is
beautified
,
adorned
,
and
made
happy
.
Modesty
(
say
the
Stoicks
)
is
a
vertue
that
containeth
the
knowledge
of
decent
speech
and
action
.
And
whatsoever
we
speak
or
do
,
we
ought
to
observe
a
mean
,
lest
we
expatiate
on
a
subject
more
largely
than
necessity
requires
,
forgetting
the
Counsel
of
Solon
,
Ne
quid
nimis
.
Wherefore
tye
your self
to
a
comely
decorum
in
all
your
words
and
actions
,
composing
your
countenance
,
eyes
,
gesture
,
motion
,
and
your
whole
body
to
a
modest
posture
,
that
the
simplicity
and
integrity
of
your
intentions
may
thereby
be
made
manifest
and
apparent
.
Bashfulness
sometimes
gains
a
man
much
commendation
;
and
this
qualification
renders
a
man
honest
,
and
induceth
him
to
lead
a
good
life
,
because
in
all
actions
it
instructs
how
to
avoid
all
reproach
,
obloquy
,
and
villany
.
And
as
Justice
forbids
the
wronging
of
a
person
by
act
or
deed
;
so
Bashfulness
teacheth
a
man
not
to
be
offended
:
for
a
good
man
doth
not
only
voluntarily
abstain
from
doing
injury
,
but
is
,
as
it
were
,
frightned
from
it
by
Bashfulness
.
Yet
I
mean
not
here
,
that
Bashfulness
that
is
frequent
with
young
men
,
and
Offenders
,
because
they
are
compelled
or
constrained
to
that
kind
of
shamefac'dness
;
and
that
perturbation
of
mind
doth
misbecome
a
grave
and
temperate
person
;
But
that
that
we
hunt
after
,
ariseth
from
a
vertuous
disposition
,
and
so
gets
a
certain
habit
or
exercise
,
accompanied
with
a
fixed
resolution
to
avoid
all
evill
:
so
that
if
at
any
time
through
ignorance
an
errour
be
committed
,
we
remain
ashamed
;
which
is
commendable
.
Julius
Caesar
engaged
with
Pompeius
the
younger
at
Corduba
,
perceiving
his
men
ready
to
retreat
,
and
seek
for
refuge
by
their
heels
,
steps
out
into
the
front
,
and
there
in
person
behaved
himself
manfully
;
which
the
Souldiers
seeing
,
could
not
for
shame
but
turn
about
,
and
face
the
enemy
again
;
being
,
partly
by
the
valour
of
their
General
,
and
partly
by
their
own
shamefac'dness
,
instigated
thereunto
.
There
is
in
man
a
certain
natural
instinct
of
honesty
,
prompting
and
spurring
him
on
to
the
performance
of
all
lawful
actions
,
and
diverting
him
from
the
perpetration
of
what
is
unlawful
;
which
proceedeth
from
vertue
;
and
therein
her
dignity
resteth
,
though
sometimes
it
ariseth
from
fame
,
glory
and
opinion
.
Now
,
he
that
through
diligent
observation
understandeth
what
is
meant
by
measure
,
order
,
and
gravity
,
and
observes
this
sweet
decorum
in
his
words
and
actions
,
making
it
his
chiefest
care
not
to
think
or
speak
any
thing
unseemly
,
effeminate
,
or
licentious
,
may
be
termed
honest
;
and
the
power
of
honesty
is
so
great
,
that
of
it self
it
sufficeth
to
disswade
men
from
an
ignominious
life
.
Among
the
number
of
vertues
required
in
our
Senator
,
Continency
&
Abstinency
challenge
no
mean
place
;
for
,
they
not
only
contemn
the
illecebrae
,
or
allurements
of
inordinate
desires
,
but
also
withhold
our
eyes
from
beholding
,
or
our
hands
from
fastning
on
them
.
Nor
is
there
a
more
noble
spectacle
,
than
to
see
men
contented
with
what
nature
and
industry
hath
allotted
,
without
coveting
what
appertains
to
others
;
which
they
might
easily
do
,
did
they
but
consider
,
that
Natura
pauc
is
contenta
:
Nature
will
be
satisfied
with
mean
commons
.
Paulus
Aemylius
is
highly
extolled
for
his
continency
,
who
converted
no
part
of
the
vast
wealth
that
was
brought
out
of
Macedonia
and
Spain
to
his
own
private
use
,
but
delivered
the
whole
into
the
publike
Exchequer
;
choosing
rather
to
be
termed
poor
,
than
branded
with
the
name
of
deceitful
:
And
after
his
expiration
,
his
goods
being
sold
under
the
Launce
(
uti
mos
erat
,
according
to
custome
)
there
was
not
left
a
sufficient
competency
for
his
Wife
to
live
on
.
The
example
of
Scipio
Africanus
is
admirable
,
who
in
his
greener
years
,
at
the
taking
of
Carthage
,
being
but
twenty
years
old
,
had
there
(
among
many
other
captives
)
a
Virgin
of
incomparable
beauty
,
yet
did
he
not
offer
to
deflower
her
,
but
gave
her
to
a
man
unto
whom
she
was
formerly
betrothed
;
and
bestowed
all
that
gold
upon
her
for
a
dowry
,
which
her
friends
offered
for
her
redemption
.
We
therefore
judge
it
necessary
that
our
Senator
be
continent
,
imitating
Pericles
in
his
advice
to
Sophocles
his
Associate
,
and
Praetor
at
Rome
;
who
fixing
his
eye
on
a
beautiful
Roman
Damosel
,
whom
they
met
accidentally
in
their
way
to
the
Senate-house
,
and
being
somewhat
too
large
in
her
commendation
;
told
him
,
that
a
Senator
must
not
only
keep
hands
free
from
corruption
,
but
also
chaste
eyes
,
that
cast
no
wanton
glances
,
because
they
are
grand
instigations
to
lust
.
Wherefore
,
it
was
judged
an
act
of
discretion
in
Cato
the
Censor
,
to
turn
Lucius
Quintus
Flaminius
out
of
the
Senate
for
his
incontinency
;
because
he
being
Consul
in
France
,
permitted
a
common
Strumpet
,
at
her
request
,
to
strike
a
Prisoner
that
had
his
Sentence
past
,
without
offence
.
Nay
,
Manlius
was
devested
of
that
dignity
,
for
kissing
his
own
Wife
in
the
sight
of
his
own
Daughter
.
And
Salustius
for
adultery
,
and
light
actions
,
was
excluded
from
fitting
(
had
it
been
so
with
us
,
Henry
Martin
had
never
rested
so
long
in
the
Parliament-House
.
)
I
omit
speaking
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
with
many
more
,
who
by
their
continency
gain'd
no
less
honour
than
by
their
martial
triumphs
.
Now
,
it
is
most
certain
,
that
there
is
nothing
brings
more
dishonour
to
the
dignity
of
a
Senator
,
than
a
leud
,
debauched
,
incontinent
life
;
because
it
procureth
private
obloquy
or
reproach
,
and
defaceth
,
or
at
least
blemisheth
the
Majesty
of
commanding
.
Sardanapalus
spun
out
his
daies
among
the
Distaff-bearers
,
I
mean
women
,
consuming
all
his
time
in
incontinent
exercises
,
wasting
both
his
internal
and
external
substance
upon
wanton
women
,
and
the
pleasing
his
gust
;
as
appears
by
that
Epitaph
,
which
,
living
,
he
commanded
to
be
engraven
on
his
Tomb
,
Ede
,
Bibe
,
Lude
.
Which
Aristotle
chancing
to
spy
,
stopt
,
and
read
;
and
smiling
,
said
,
It
was
fitter
to
be
fixed
on
the
grave
of
an
Oxe
,
than
the
Tomb
of
a
Prince
.
All
pleasures
that
are
not
reduced
to
necessity
and
honesty
,
are
reproachful
;
and
those
above
all
,
draw
men
to
vice
and
uncleanness
most
,
that
are
discerned
by
the
touch
and
taste
.
Wherefore
the
Counsellor
must
be
careful
,
that
neither
his
own
,
nor
the
life
of
his
Subjects
,
be
implunged
into
the
mire
of
voluptuousness
and
obscenity
;
which
may
be
soon
effected
,
by
removing
all
occasions
of
intemperancy
.
The
Lacedaemonians
used
to
shew
their
drunken
servants
to
their
children
,
that
they
,
beholding
their
sordidness
and
bestiality
,
might
abhor
the
vice
of
excessive
compotation
.
But
it
were
to
be
wished
that
we
could
follow
,
as
well
as
read
these
instances
.
Great
was
the
moderation
and
temperance
of
the
Ancients
in
their
diet
;
for
,
they
lived
not
to
eat
,
but
did
eat
to
live
:
Though
in
these
our
modern
times
the
plague
of
intemperance
is
so
epidemical
,
that
more
men
are
infected
with
,
and
perish
thereby
,
than
by
the
rage
or
fury
of
war
;
and
it
is
the
mode
for
them
to
drink
other
mens
healths
so
long
,
till
at
last
they
drink
away
their
own
.
Who
would
not
then
commend
M.
Curius
the
Roman
Senator
,
that
had
rather
the
Embassadors
sent
by
the
Samnites
should
find
him
at
a
homely
supper
,
quenching
his
thirst
in
a
woodden
Bowl
,
than
surrounned
or
accommodated
with
all
the
variety
Nature
or
Art
could
afford
?
Nay
,
he
refused
the
Gold
they
presented
him
with
;
saying
,
I
had
rather
command
those
that
are
rich
,
than
be
rich
.
I
need
not
mention
Fabricius
,
Fabius
,
Tubero
,
Cato
and
Scipio
,
whose
temperate
and
sober
lives
have
eternized
their
names
.
Hortensius
went
not
without
a
reproof
,
for
presenting
his
Guests
with
a
boyl'd
Peacock
,
at
a
Supper
prepared
for
the
Augurs
.
And
Cassius
was
thought
intemperate
,
for
drinking
a
little
water
in
publike
,
and
not
enduring
thirst
for
a
small
time
.
Yet
do
we
not
tye
our
Senator
to
so
much
strictness
,
but
only
to
moderation
in
all
things
.
Duronius
was
removed
from
the
Senate
,
because
that
he
being
a
Tribune
,
made
null
the
Law
for
the
restraint
of
feasting
.
Surely
,
the
Roman
State
was
altogether
happy
in
such
Senators
,
that
were
not
only
Masters
of
Counsel
,
but
Tutors
of
Vertue
and
good
Manners
.
Now
,
that
the
people
of
Rome
were
temperate
,
even
to
admiration
,
may
be
conjectured
from
what
is
reported
of
them
:
when
the
presents
which
Pyrrhus
King
of
Epire
,
after
his
overthrow
,
brought
to
Rome
,
were
publikely
shewn
,
hoping
thereby
to
gain
the
good
will
of
the
People
,
there
was
not
one
among
them
,
that
did
so
much
as
offer
to
stretch
forth
his
hand
to
lay
hold
on
any
of
them
;
so
as
that
King
saw
himself
twice
vanquished
at
once
,
as
well
by
continency
,
as
force
of
arms
.
But
,
when
excess
found
footing
in
Rome
,
after
the
victory
obtained
in
Asia
,
and
that
the
people
began
to
wantonize
through
plenty
and
idleness
;
on
a
sudden
,
the
civil
discipline
of
Temperance
and
Parsimony
was
neglected
;
and
in
lieu
thereof
,
Avaritiousness
attended
with
a
Legion
of
other
vices
,
soon
entred
among
the
Roman
Legions
,
and
(
if
we
may
credit
Salust
)
brought
their
City
to
a
sad
and
lamentable
Catastrophe
.
Nor
indeed
is
there
any
thing
that
sooner
works
the
ruine
of
King
,
Kingdom
,
and
Subjects
,
than
excess
.
Diogenes
seeing
a
Bill
upon
the
door
of
a
Prodigals
house
,
which
shewed
it
was
to
be
let
;
said
,
I
knew
very
well
that
House
was
so
full
of
meat
and
wine
,
that
ere
long
it
would
vomit
out
the
Master
.
Now
't
is
most
certain
,
that
immoderate
pampering
,
and
excessive
drinking
,
wasteth
the
strength
of
the
body
,
and
prejudiceth
the
mind
.
Notable
is
that
Law
of
Solon
,
whereby
that
Senator
was
thought
to
deserve
death
,
that
was
addicted
to
the
vice
of
drunkenness
.
Philip
the
Macedonian
King
being
over-come
with
drink
,
past
sentence
upon
a
woman
:
she
forthwith
made
her
appeal
;
and
being
demanded
to
whom
,
replied
,
To
Philip
being
sober
.
And
without
doubt
,
excess
in
drinking
depraves
the
judgement
of
man
;
insomuch
,
that
Kings
are
made
Slaves
,
old
Folks
become
Children
,
Wise
men
are
infatuated
and
made
fools
,
and
fools
turned
to
mad
men
.
But
our
Senator
shall
observe
the
old
rule
:
—
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
.
A
medium
is
to
be
observed
in
all
things
:
we
must
eat
and
drink
for
necessity
,
not
satiety
;
following
the
advice
of
the
Poet
Anacharsis
,
who
usually
said
,
The
first
draught
was
of
necessity
,
the
second
of
superfluity
,
and
the
third
of
madness
.
Besides
,
it
were
unseemly
in
a
Counsellor
to
have
bloud-shot
eyes
,
a
furious
countenance
,
and
a
stammering
speech
;
all
which
imperfections
are
the
customary
attendants
of
drunkenness
:
Nor
will
it
become
him
,
overcome
with
meat
or
drink
,
to
snore
away
the
night
,
but
only
to
use
both
with
so
much
moderation
,
as
that
they
may
only
continue
health
,
and
make
the
body
agile
and
fit
for
action
.
For
,
by
moderate
diet
we
find
,
not
only
the
mind
,
but
the
body
more
submissive
and
obedient
;
when
as
satiety
and
excess
is
the
sepulchre
of
the
one
,
and
the
corruption
of
the
other
.
We
find
Troy
to
be
ruinated
through
the
excess
of
the
Inhabitants
;
when
as
otherwise
it
might
have
stood
to
this
day
:
Invadunt
urbem
somno
,
vinoque
sepul●am
.
But
,
although
we
discommend
excess
in
both
,
as
a
thing
misbecoming
,
and
very
hainous
;
yet
our
Senator
must
be
sure
not
to
be
avaricious
,
niggardly
,
and
close-fisted
,
because
it
is
an
argument
of
a
base
servile
spirit
,
to
debar
himself
of
that
comliness
and
order
that
is
required
in
the
Family
of
such
a
person
.
Therefore
private
excess
must
be
banished
,
and
publike
magnificence
maintained
;
and
as
needless
and
superfluous
delicacy
is
to
be
avoyded
much
more
than
penury
and
niggardliness
;
And
,
as
immoderate
expences
are
known
to
be
prejudicial
both
to
the
Estate
,
Body
,
and
Mind
:
so
necessary
and
convenient
fare
is
both
comly
and
wholsome
;
and
this
must
be
observed
with
respect
to
the
place
,
time
and
persons
.
For
,
we
read
,
that
L.
Tubero
making
a
publike
Feast
,
covered
all
his
beds
with
the
skins
of
Kids
;
and
in
so
doing
was
judged
indiscreet
,
and
ignorant
in
the
knowledge
of
what
appertained
to
publike
honour
and
dignity
;
and
for
this
same
fact
,
lost
the
Office
of
Praetor
.
Notable
was
that
quip
that
a
Duke
bestowed
upon
a
Prince
,
to
this
purpose
;
who
with
his
noble
retinue
being
invited
to
a
Collation
,
the
Prince
altogether
ignorant
of
any
mode
used
at
Court
,
or
indeed
common
civility
,
suffered
them
to
be
seated
without
cushions
;
which
the
Duke
perceiving
,
put
his
Cloak
under
him
in
lieu
thereof
;
and
all
his
followers
in
imitation
of
him
,
did
the
same
;
and
after
their
repast
,
left
their
Cloaks
upon
the
stools
,
and
were
departing
:
at
which
the
Prince
somewhat
amazed
,
told
them
,
they
forgot
their
cloaks
:
No
,
no
,
replied
the
Duke
,
an
't
please
your
Majesty
,
it
is
not
our
custome
to
be
so
uncivil
,
as
to
carry
our
Cushions
along
with
us
:
then
did
he
begin
to
understand
the
mistake
,
and
went
away
ashamed
.
Next
to
Temperance
,
Justice
is
a
Vertue
to
be
very
much
followed
by
our
Senator
;
of
which
in
the
next
Chapter
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
Justice
and
her
concomitants
,
which
our
Senator
ought
to
be
adorned
with
.
NAture
hath
made
all
things
in
themselves
good
,
certain
,
perfect
,
and
in
all
respects
absolute
;
which
was
the
reason
that
induced
the
Stoick
to
believe
,
that
to
live
according
to
Nature
was
the
chief
felicity
of
man
:
for
,
Nature
is
the
Conductrix
&
Tutoress
of
perfect
life
,
instructing
us
in
our
obedience
to
the
Author
thereof
.
Now
,
this
harmony
of
Nature
may
be
fitly
called
Justice
;
for
,
this
is
that
Vertue
(
and
indeed
Regina
Virtutum
,
the
Queen
of
all
Vertues
)
which
labours
in
defence
of
the
Law
,
and
preservation
of
the
consent
of
Nature
;
since
whatsoever
complies
with
Nature
,
is
Just
;
and
what
dissenteth
,
unjust
.
Such
men
therefore
,
that
follow
the
dictates
of
Nature
,
are
just
;
being
it
is
contrary
to
Nature
to
think
ill
either
of
God
or
Man
.
Whereupon
Justice
is
of
three
sorts
,
(
though
there
be
many
subdivisions
)
Natural
,
Humane
,
and
Divine
.
The
first
foundation
of
Justice
natural
,
proceeds
from
Nature
her self
;
which
informes
us
to
do
as
we
would
be
done
by
:
Quod
tibi
fieri
non
vis
,
alteri
ne
feceris
.
This
natural
equity
commandeth
us
to
abstain
from
doing
injury
,
or
offending
of
any
person
whatsoever
.
And
by
this
ligament
,
men
are
conglutinated
or
co-united
with
a
mutual
affection
and
bond
of
amity
.
In
that
Age
,
which
is
known
by
the
name
of
Aetas
aurea
,
among
the
Poets
;
by
the
help
of
natural
Justice
only
,
deceit
,
fraud
,
or
injury
had
no
residence
upon
Earth
;
they
were
non-entia
,
no
such
things
to
be
found
in
Nature
.
Then
was
there
no
sedition
,
tumults
,
or
hatred
;
but
benevolence
,
fidelity
,
true
love
,
and
real
affection
.
The
Lawyers
Profession
was
not
in
use
,
pleading
and
wrangling
was
unknown
to
them
;
for
,
equity
and
Justice
determined
all
things
,
and
all
things
were
common
;
every
man
thought
that
his
own
goods
did
belong
as
much
to
his
neighbour
as
to
himself
.
They
that
lived
in
that
Age
were
enforced
and
confined
to
vertue
and
honesty
,
because
they
knew
not
vice
,
and
by
natural
instinct
were
stimulated
to
the
exercise
of
Justice
.
Of
this
happy
time
Ovid
sings
most
excellently
.
Aurea
prima
sata
est
aetas
,
quae
vindice
nullo
,
Sponte
suâ
,
sine
lege
,
fidem
rectumque
colebat
;
Poena
,
metusque
aberant
,
nec
supplex
turba
timebat
Judicis
orasui
,
sed
erant
sine
judice
tuti
.
But
,
as
soon
as
the
Sun
of
truth
declined
,
and
began
to
be
obscured
with
the
caliginous
mists
of
vice
;
immediately
the
minds
of
men
were
depraved
,
and
they
headlong
without
fear
or
wit
implunged
themselves
into
an
Ocean
of
filthiness
.
Then
every
man
shielded
himself
against
Vertue
,
quite
contrary
to
his
former
principles
;
but
afterwards
it
was
a
practice
among
them
,
lawful
,
to
scandalize
and
prejudice
all
persons
,
whether
in
goods
,
or
good
name
;
to
lead
a
brutish
,
inhumane
life
;
abuse
that
excellent
gift
of
Reason
,
and
employ
it
in
the
exercise
of
vice
;
as
the
same
Poet
hath
it
,
Protinus
erupit
venae
pejoris
in
aevum
Omne
nefas
,
fugere
pudor
,
verumque
,
fidesque
,
In
quorum
subiere
locum
,
fraudesque
,
dolique
,
Insidiaeque
,
&
vis
,
&
amor
sceleratus
habendi
.
And
surely
that
deluge
of
impiety
had
over-run
the
whole
race
of
mankind
,
had
not
the
force
of
nature
and
reason
in
some
few
,
opposed
,
and
stood
as
a
trench
against
the
fury
of
this
inundation
.
That
small
residue
of
men
(
proclaiming
war
against
vice
)
did
so
work
upon
them
(
that
lived
like
brutes
)
by
perswasion
,
as
to
reduce
them
to
humanity
;
informing
them
how
to
live
,
not
only
by
words
,
but
also
by
works
;
what
Civility
,
Vertue
,
and
Honour
was
,
and
what
was
the
original
of
Laws
in
Cities
and
Countries
:
so
that
hereby
they
might
be
instructed
in
those
things
that
were
good
,
honest
,
and
civill
.
From
hence
the
precepts
of
vertue
took
their
original
,
and
vast
volumes
of
the
duty
and
manners
of
men
were
composed
.
This
consideration
of
humane
nature
and
the
Universe
,
was
epitomized
in
one
word
by
the
Grecians
,
viz.
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
,
or
wisdome
;
and
the
Authors
thereof
were
termed
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
,
or
Wisemen
,
who
afterwards
(
according
to
the
example
of
Pythagoras
,
)
named
themselves
Philosophers
.
And
by
this
means
the
light
of
humane
reason
and
nature
,
that
was
benegroed
with
the
clouds
of
vice
,
did
reassume
its
pristine
lustre
and
splendor
,
and
endowed
us
with
the
knowledge
of
divine
and
humane
things
;
which
knowledge
is
called
Philosophy
.
Thus
was
that
golden
world
restored
.
Now
,
that
duty
which
natural
Justice
prompts
us
to
observe
to
our
Parents
,
is
called
Piety
;
which
was
the
reason
,
that
Aeneas
by
the
Homer
of
our
Latine
Poets
was
styled
Pious
Aenaeas
.
The
Daughter
of
Cimon
was
adorned
with
this
Vertue
;
for
she
fed
her
Father
with
her
own
milk
,
being
condemned
to
die
,
and
thereby
did
eternize
her
name
.
This
Justice
doth
also
oblige
us
to
nourish
and
cherish
all
persons
in
distress
;
defend
and
govern
himself
:
for
,
he
that
by
wilful
obstinacy
destroys
himself
by
famine
,
negligence
,
or
violent
death
,
is
judged
an
enemy
,
and
no
friend
to
Nature
.
By
this
Justice
natural
,
we
are
engaged
to
relieve
and
refresh
our
necessitated
friends
and
neighbours
,
and
by
generation
to
propagate
posterity
;
which
is
called
nodosa
aeternitas
:
propagation
is
a
knotty
Eternity
;
for
,
by
the
issue
of
our
loyns
we
do
as
it
were
tye
a
knot
,
and
thereby
lengthen
our
name
and
family
.
Socrates
defineth
this
natural
Justice
thus
:
It
is
the
Science
of
good
and
evill
according
to
nature
;
which
that
man
that
exercises
,
deserves
the
term
of
a
good
man
;
and
if
he
communicate
it
to
others
,
the
title
of
a
good
Citizen
;
because
then
he
is
not
only
beneficial
to
himself
,
but
to
others
also
.
They
that
Nature
hath
been
so
prodigal
unto
,
as
to
bestow
singular
gifts
,
and
incomparable
endowments
on
,
ought
to
transcen●…
all
others
in
this
natural
Justice
,
as
much
as
they
do
in
their
natural
parts
;
otherwise
they
will
have
but
a
mean
repute
(
if
any
at
all
)
in
the
world
.
The
next
is
Justice
divine
;
whereby
we
are
obliged
and
bound
to
acknowledge
,
love
,
honour
,
reverence
,
adore
,
and
worship
God
:
And
it
hath
pleased
Nature
to
implant
this
knowledge
in
man
;
as
if
thereby
she
would
intimate
unto
us
,
that
all
other
creatures
do
only
feed
and
pamper
their
bodies
,
whenas
Man
should
aime
at
a
more
noble
marke
,
viz.
the
Deity
.
Nor
is
there
any
people
upon
earth
but
adore
some
God
or
other
,
and
hold
it
a
duty
incumbent
upon
every
one
of
them
so
to
do
.
Now
all
the
substance
and
force
of
this
Justice
is
contained
in
Religion
,
which
is
the
worship
of
God
.
But
being
that
is
a
different
subject
from
what
we
intend
to
expatiate
on
,
we
shall
leave
the
prosecution
thereof
to
the
Clergy
.
Humane
Justice
,
which
is
also
termed
sometimes
civil
,
is
of
an
obscure
and
hidden
nature
;
for
,
although
it
receive
its
being
from
Justice
natural
,
and
therefore
the
precepts
and
use
thereof
carry
little
or
no
seeming
difficulty
along
with
them
:
yet
is
it
not
truly
conceived
,
unless
it
be
by
such
who
are
either
endued
with
a
kind
of
divine
nature
,
or
have
been
employed
in
all
sorts
of
vertue
.
For
,
this
Vertue
requireth
a
Learned
,
Wise
man
,
who
reasonably
,
constantly
and
voluntarily
practiseth
it
.
And
such
our
Senator
should
be
.
All
civil
Justice
consists
,
partly
in
the
preservation
of
humane
society
,
and
is
partly
exercised
in
a
Court
of
Judicature
.
This
Vertue
approveth
of
no
unlawful
,
cruel
,
or
barbarous
action
;
but
embraceth
honesty
,
tranquillity
and
peace
;
endeavouring
to
keep
men
from
sedition
,
malice
,
and
enmity
;
not
coveting
aliena
bona
;
but
,
unicuique
suum
tribuens
;
gives
every
one
their
due
.
By
this
Vertue
our
Counsellor
becomes
a
defender
of
the
common
people
;
the
Protector
of
the
innocent
and
Orphans
;
and
a
debaser
of
the
proud
and
haught
:
a
Lover
of
those
that
are
good
,
a
friend
to
truth
,
and
an
enemy
to
vice
,
and
consequently
to
vicious
persons
.
The
foundation
of
this
Vertue
is
fidelity
;
which
Cicero
defines
to
be
a
constant
and
true
performer
of
promise
.
A
just
Senator
therefore
affirms
the
truth
,
sticks
close
to
his
promise
;
standeth
to
compacts
;
restoreth
what
he
borrows
;
and
is
not
compelled
to
be
faithfull
by
Law
,
testimony
,
or
oath
,
but
by
his
own
free
will
and
conscience
;
labouring
to
keep
under
injustice
,
and
to
see
that
the
weaker
sort
be
not
over-powred
by
the
stronger
;
that
might
over-come
not
right
.
Valiant
men
,
in
his
judgement
,
deserve
to
be
crowned
with
reward
;
and
idle
,
puny-spirited
subjects
,
the
lash
of
punishment
;
and
by
these
two
,
punishment
and
preferment
,
the
benefit
of
a
Commonwealth
is
infinitely
promoted
.
In
the
distribution
of
offices
,
he
is
directed
by
the
rule
of
uprightness
and
equity
;
hating
to
be
greaz'd
in
the
fist
with
bribery
,
reputing
those
worthy
of
most
ample
honour
,
who
can
lay
claim
to
the
greatest
merit
.
Which
is
a
thing
to
be
very
much
insisted
on
in
a
Kingdom
,
or
Republick
;
because
,
Honos
virtutes
praemium
,
Honour
is
the
reward
of
vertue
;
and
as
due
to
a
deserving
person
,
as
wages
to
an
hired
servant
:
which
was
the
reason
,
that
wrought
the
Antients
to
erect
stately
Images
,
triumphal
Arches
;
and
publike
sepulchres
,
open
commendation
,
and
the
like
,
were
conferred
on
men
of
service
and
desert
.
Now
they
that
are
nobly
educated
,
vertuously
enclined
,
grave
and
ancient
,
deserve
honour
and
reverence
;
and
that
either
by
bowing
the
head
or
body
,
in
giving
them
place
:
And
,
as
goods
are
of
three
sorts
,
viz.
goods
of
the
mind
,
goods
of
the
body
,
and
goods
of
Fortune
;
so
they
are
all
in
conferring
of
honour
to
be
respected
.
Therefore
those
of
the
mind
assume
the
first
place
;
those
of
the
body
the
next
,
and
those
of
Fortune
the
last
,
as
the
meanest
in
value
and
worth
,
though
now
adaies
of
most
esteem
in
the
eye
of
the
World
.
All
these
things
our
Senator
must
be
skill'd
in
;
and
in
the
distribution
of
offices
,
and
conferring
of
honours
,
he
must
observe
equality
,
the
balance
of
Justice
;
wherewith
every
mans
manners
,
vertues
and
actions
are
poized
and
examined
.
In
which
he
must
be
very
circumspect
and
unbyassed
,
lest
he
prove
partial
,
leaning
to
one
side
more
than
another
;
and
so
come
off
with
the
term
of
an
unequal
Judge
.
For
,
he
that
bestows
honour
,
and
accumulates
favours
upon
the
undeserving
,
doth
a
manifest
injury
to
those
that
can
plead
desert
;
and
so
by
consequence
is
an
unjust
Judge
.
Wherefore
Philosophers
give
us
a
definition
of
this
justice
,
as
followeth
:
It
is
an
habit
of
the
mind
destined
to
common
utility
;
giving
honour
to
every
person
that
may
be
judged
worthy
of
it
.
And
among
those
vertues
that
plead
for
an
interest
in
humane
society
,
equality
is
neither
the
last
,
nor
the
least
;
she
exercising
the
office
of
a
Handmaid
or
Lady
of
honour
to
that
Queen
of
Vertues
,
Justice
:
Nor
doth
she
remove
a
hairs-breadth
from
her
,
but
sticks
close
to
her
principles
and
precepts
.
Now
this
equality
in
just
pondering
and
weighing
things
,
and
persons
,
useth
a
double
manner
of
proceeding
;
the
one
ordinary
,
and
the
other
common
;
one
judging
by
number
,
weight
,
and
measure
;
the
other
more
difficile
and
secret
,
that
is
,
weighing
every
thing
by
reason
and
judgement
.
Which
knowledge
is
only
attained
by
wise
men
,
and
those
that
are
exercised
in
great
affairs
,
and
matters
of
importance
and
weight
;
and
the
other
by
those
that
are
chiefly
employed
in
barrating
,
buying
and
selling
.
Let
our
Senator
be
skill'd
in
that
knowledge
that
proceeds
from
reason
and
judgement
,
that
he
may
thereby
understand
how
to
distribute
offices
,
confer
honours
,
bestow
gifts
,
what
is
due
to
every
person
,
just
,
good
,
and
indifferent
in
all
things
,
persons
,
and
places
.
This
equality
is
an
excellent
qualification
,
and
of
eminent
use
and
service
in
a
Kingdom
.
And
where
Counsellors
are
ignorant
therein
,
we
find
but
raw
and
weak
consultation
,
and
all
things
managed
at
randome
,
without
any
thing
of
certainty
;
to
the
disturbance
of
publike
society
.
Another
kind
of
justice
there
is
,
which
is
commonly
called
justice
forraign
,
not
much
unlike
this
before
mentioned
,
chiefly
conversant
about
judgement
;
whose
foundation
is
the
Law
,
and
whose
prop
or
support
is
the
judgement
of
wise
,
solid
,
discreet
Senators
.
Before
such
time
(
as
is
already
mentioned
)
that
written
Laws
were
found
out
,
each
man
was
his
own
Legislator
,
and
prescribed
his
own
peculiar
Laws
,
not
diving
into
the
books
of
Law-makers
or
Doctors
for
precepts
or
instructions
:
For
,
then
that
pure
and
immaculate
Virgin
Justice
had
her
residence
in
the
mind
of
man
,
dictating
unto
him
Laws
and
Precepts
,
whereby
he
led
an
upright
life
,
without
exercising
any
fraud
,
deceit
or
collusion
.
But
,
as
soon
as
men
,
tired
with
the
strict
discipline
of
justice
,
began
to
covet
their
neighbours
goods
,
offer
injuries
,
and
neglect
the
restauration
of
what
they
had
taken
no
upon
credit
;
immediately
hate
,
dissimulation
,
enmity
and
war
sprung
up
,
and
gave
way
to
the
invention
of
martial
weapons
,
as
well
offensive
as
defensive
;
and
that
in
so
furious
a
manner
,
as
might
force
Justice
,
nay
,
compel
Jupiter
himself
to
give
place
:
thus
,
as
sweet-tongued
Ovid
sings
,
—
Terras
Astraea
reliquit
.
She
made
her self
wings
,
and
flew
to
heaven
for
sanctuary
,
whereever
since
she
hath
taken
up
her
habitation
.
And
hence
it
is
that
we
have
recourse
to
heaven
in
our
dayly
Orizons
for
justice
.
Homer
used
to
term
Kings
inspired
with
the
wisdome
of
good
Government
,
Sons
of
Jupiter
:
and
we
style
them
,
Gods
Vicegerents
.
And
since
reason
cannot
prevail
with
us
so
far
,
as
thereby
to
lead
a
quiet
,
peaceable
,
and
just
life
;
we
must
have
recourse
to
justice
;
who
by
her
Laws
admonisheth
,
corrects
,
and
honours
us
,
preparing
rewards
for
good
,
and
storing
up
punishments
for
evill
actions
.
This
justice
(
according
to
Ulpianus
)
is
a
constant
desire
,
or
fixed
resolution
to
bestow
upon
every
man
that
which
of
right
belongs
unto
him
.
Now
the
ordaining
and
enacting
of
Laws
,
appertains
to
a
Counsellor
,
as
the
most
discreet
person
,
and
fit
for
that
office
.
And
Plato
teacheth
,
that
these
things
are
to
be
observed
in
constituting
Laws
,
Acts
,
or
Ordinances
.
The
Legislator
must
enact
them
with
a
paternal
love
,
that
may
cause
a
reciprocation
of
filial
duty
:
not
with
a
Lordly
,
tyrannical
intent
,
yet
framing
them
to
the
terror
of
malefactors
,
who
neither
regard
Law
,
nor
reason
;
according
to
that
known
Hexameter
,
Sic
volo
,
sic
jubeo
;
stat
pro
ratione
voluntas
.
My
will
is
the
only
Law
that
I
own
or
acknowledge
.
Besides
,
he
must
be
sure
that
his
Laws
contain
no
more
prescription
of
commands
,
than
discipline
of
manners
;
that
the
severity
of
the
one
may
be
mitigated
by
the
gentleness
of
the
other
.
And
the
intent
and
end
of
all
Law
is
,
that
men
may
be
felicitated
thereby
,
as
far
as
comes
within
the
compass
of
humanity
;
and
that
offenders
may
receive
a
punishment
sutable
to
their
crimes
,
of
necessity
,
and
not
on
set
purpose
:
which
moved
Justinian
to
make
a
triple
division
of
legal
precepts
:
To
live
honestly
,
prejudice
no
man
,
and
give
to
every
one
his
due
.
He
therefore
that
doth
abandon
the
Law
,
and
follows
the
dictates
of
his
own
corrupt
will
,
contemning
the
Statutes
of
a
Kingdom
,
is
guilty
of
a
notorious
crime
,
as
well
as
he
that
denies
God
,
Nature
,
or
Reason
.
Heraclitus
,
that
stream'd
away
his
time
in
tears
,
was
wont
to
say
,
That
all
men
were
as
deeply
engaged
to
defend
their
Laws
,
as
the
walls
of
their
City
;
and
his
reason
was
,
because
that
a
wall-less
City
might
be
preserved
,
but
a
Lawless
one
could
never
,
by
all
the
strength
of
humane
invention
.
For
by
Laws
they
expel
idleness
,
the
mother
of
Vice
,
which
renders
the
mind
effeminate
,
and
makes
it
grow
wanton
.
Cato
said
as
truly
,
as
pithily
,
Nihil
agendo
,
male
agere
didicerunt
:
By
doing
nothing
,
the
people
learn'd
to
do
ill
.
Diodorus
mentions
a
certain
Law
that
was
among
the
Aegyptians
,
whereby
every
Subject
was
compelled
to
give
in
his
name
to
the
Magistrates
,
withall
declaring
what
kind
of
life
he
most
affected
,
how
he
lived
,
and
what
Art
he
exercised
:
And
if
he
were
found
to
give
a
false
account
of
his
life
,
he
was
put
to
death
.
Draco
seeing
the
Citizens
wasteful
,
made
a
Law
,
that
he
that
was
found
idle
should
be
executed
;
which
being
too
severe
and
rigid
,
Solon
did
qualifie
,
punishing
that
offence
with
infamy
only
.
By
the
imperial
Law
it
is
provided
,
that
idle
,
sloathful
,
and
thriftless
Subjects
be
either
whipt
to
death
,
or
enslaved
.
In
every
Kingdom
there
are
certain
exercises
both
for
peace
and
war
:
Some
are
bred
up
Clergy-men
,
Counsellors
,
and
Judges
;
others
,
Captains
,
Commanders
,
and
Souldiers
:
that
so
the
Kingdom
may
be
furnished
with
Subjects
in
Peace
or
War
,
and
by
their
actions
the
Country
may
be
defended
from
the
invading
enemy
,
and
her
Territories
or
skirts
enlarged
.
Nor
must
Laws
be
often
altered
;
for
,
as
soon
as
the
people
perceive
any
mutation
,
their
minds
being
prone
to
innovation
,
they
presently
desire
all
the
rest
be
changed
and
subverted
;
though
sometimes
necessity
requires
that
they
be
corrected
or
reformed
.
The
least
mutation
in
a
Kingdom
,
is
of
dangerous
consequence
,
breeding
a
contempt
of
Laws
,
and
sedition
also
.
Wherefore
the
Locrenses
had
a
Law
,
that
if
any
man
did
invent
a
new
Law
,
he
should
propose
it
to
the
people
in
publike
,
with
a
halter
about
his
neck
;
to
the
end
,
that
if
it
were
judged
pernicious
or
unprofitable
,
he
should
be
forthwith
hang'd
,
as
an
Author
of
evill
.
And
it
doth
very
much
concern
Princes
and
Counsellors
to
walk
according
to
those
Laws
they
ordain
;
for
it
is
odious
to
be
Legislator
;
&
Legis
violator
;
a
Law-maker
,
and
a
Law-breaker
:
for
there
is
nothing
that
Subjects
so
much
look
upon
,
as
the
lives
of
their
Superiors
.
Regis
ad
exemplum
totus
componitor
orbis
.
All
Nations
,
all
the
World
over
,
follow
the
example
of
a
King
:
which
if
he
steer
his
actions
according
to
Justice
,
finds
Subjects
obedient
and
loyal
,
who
will
keep
close
to
their
allegeance
.
Seleucus
made
a
Law
,
that
whosoever
was
taken
in
adultery
should
be
deprived
of
both
his
eyes
.
Afterwards
his
Son
was
found
guilty
of
that
Crime
:
his
Subjects
went
to
mediate
,
desiring
him
to
sign
his
pardon
;
but
their
suit
prevailed
no
otherwise
,
then
that
first
he
caused
one
of
his
Sons
eyes
to
be
put
out
,
and
then
one
of
his
own
;
that
so
the
severity
and
reputation
of
Law
might
be
observed
,
and
that
the
force
thereof
might
be
in
more
esteem
than
the
authority
of
men
.
The
ends
why
Laws
were
ordained
,
were
two
:
The
one
,
that
men
may
understand
Justice
,
and
have
entertainment
among
them
;
the
other
,
that
it
may
continue
.
The
first
,
is
the
duty
of
the
Law-maker
,
who
frameth
the
people
in
the
mould
of
Vertue
.
And
the
second
is
the
Office
of
the
Judge
,
who
is
to
suppress
the
exorbitancies
of
offenders
,
and
preserve
the
rights
and
priviledges
of
his
Country
.
Now
it
often
falls
out
,
that
dubious
businesses
,
and
those
matters
of
concernment
too
,
are
brought
before
a
Judge
;
expecting
his
determination
.
Wherefore
he
must
reduce
that
to
equality
,
which
he
thinketh
unequal
:
not
unlike
a
line
cut
into
unequal
parts
,
and
that
part
which
is
found
too
long
is
cut
shorter
,
and
so
added
to
the
other
:
So
doth
the
Judge
,
who
is
the
Living
Law
and
Oracle
of
the
Kingdom
.
Nor
must
he
pass
a
sentence
upon
any
matter
,
or
decide
any
cause
,
before
he
hath
heard
both
Plaintiff
and
Defendant
,
and
examined
all
their
Witnesses
:
For
,
as
Seneca
hath
it
most
excellently
,
Qui
statuit
aliquid
parte
inaudita
altera
;
Aequum
licet
statuerit
,
haud
aequus
fuerit
.
He
must
be
voyd
of
all
passion
,
hate
,
or
partiality
:
one
that
scorns
bribery
,
will
not
be
daunted
with
menaces
,
or
threatned
out
of
the
truth
,
or
moved
by
the
subtilty
of
adulation
:
for
,
where
a
Judge
,
Magistrate
,
or
Senator
is
subject
to
passion
,
there
is
little
,
or
indeed
no
Justice
in
his
Judicature
:
nor
is
there
any
one
thing
that
poysons
a
Commonwealth
or
Kingdom
more
,
then
corrupt
and
unjust
Magistrates
.
Justice
of
old
was
by
Philosophers
painted
like
a
beautiful
Virgin
,
having
a
severe
grave
countenance
,
penetrating
eyes
,
a
chaste
look
,
inclining
to
gravity
:
which
Image
carries
this
representation
,
that
Judges
ought
to
be
incorrupt
,
chaste
,
severe
,
sharp-witted
,
good
,
grave
,
constant
and
inexorable
.
Cambyses
,
King
of
Persia
,
caused
the
skin
of
an
unjust
Judge
to
be
flea'd
,
and
hung
up
in
the
Court
,
as
a
terror
to
all
those
that
were
unjust
in
their
sentence
.
Solon
being
demanded
,
How
a
Kingdom
might
best
be
preserved
;
answered
,
By
the
Peoples
obedience
to
Superiour
authority
,
and
the
Magistrates
subscription
to
the
Law
.
And
Bias
used
to
say
,
That
place
was
most
secure
,
where
men
stood
in
awe
of
the
Law
,
no
less
than
of
a
Tyrant
.
It
is
a
shame
and
reproach
to
a
Nation
to
have
Laws
,
that
like
the
Spiders
web
,
entangle
the
weak
and
simple
,
and
let
the
strong
and
mighty
escape
.
Which
our
Senator
must
very
diligently
observe
,
and
continually
provide
that
the
Laws
be
preserved
inviolable
.
Justice
admits
of
another
division
among
Moral
Philosophers
,
and
that
is
Distributive
and
Commutative
.
Justice
Distributive
,
is
that
that
respects
equality
in
the
distribution
of
reward
or
punishment
,
according
to
Geometrical
proportion
.
For
,
as
there
are
several
degrees
of
crimes
and
offences
perpetrated
by
the
impious
;
so
there
are
likewise
of
the
merits
of
deserving
and
vertuous
persons
;
In
regard
that
the
circumstances
of
persons
,
places
,
and
time
,
do
oftentimes
aggravate
the
crime
.
As
for
instance
;
He
that
offends
a
Magistrate
,
deserves
a
higher
punishment
than
he
that
offends
a
private
person
:
And
he
that
commits
an
insolency
in
the
Church
during
divine
service
,
or
in
Court
before
a
Judge
sitting
upon
the
Bench
,
must
be
more
severely
corrected
,
than
if
these
circumstances
did
not
accompany
the
fault
.
And
in
like
manner
,
the
different
conditions
of
men
in
the
distribution
of
recompences
,
or
conferring
of
honours
,
must
be
narrowly
considered
and
pried
into
.
Wherefore
it
is
apparent
,
that
in
the
distribution
of
honour
,
as
well
as
in
the
inflicting
of
punishment
,
this
Geometrical
proportion
must
be
observed
;
because
that
by
this
means
we
observe
the
same
proportion
between
persons
,
as
we
do
between
things
;
and
though
there
be
an
inequality
of
measure
,
yet
will
there
be
an
equality
of
reason
.
As
thus
:
He
that
hath
a
double
share
of
merit
,
twice
as
much
as
another
man
,
deserves
a
double
recompence
according
to
the
Geometrical
proportion
,
which
differs
from
the
Arithmetical
,
observed
in
Justice
Commutative
:
for
the
latter
respects
the
equality
of
quantity
,
and
things
distributable
,
without
regard
to
the
merits
or
demerits
of
a
person
.
Justice
Commutative
is
that
that
looks
upon
equality
and
faith
in
contracts
,
bargains
,
humane
commerces
and
negotiations
;
as
buying
,
selling
,
borrowing
,
and
the
like
.
As
for
example
;
the
same
sort
of
wine
,
oyl
,
corn
,
cloath
,
or
other
vendible
commodities
,
is
sold
to
a
Magistrate
as
well
as
to
a
Mechanick
.
But
now
let
us
come
to
her
Concomitants
.
And
first
of
Piety
;
by
which
we
please
God
,
and
get
repute
among
men
.
Numa
Pompilius
,
to
get
credit
by
the
Religion
that
he
framed
for
the
Romans
(
counterfeiting
Piety
)
induced
them
to
believe
that
he
and
his
Wife
Aegeria
used
to
convene
with
the
Gods
in
a
certain
place
consecrated
to
Camena
,
and
there
did
receive
the
Laws
and
Religion
the
Romans
were
to
follow
:
so
that
they
that
neither
by
the
softness
of
perswasion
,
nor
the
violence
of
compulsion
could
be
reduced
to
Religion
;
by
a
counterfeit
colour
of
Piety
were
brought
to
be
very
religious
.
And
if
so
among
them
,
how
will
the
true
Religion
prevail
among
us
that
are
Christians
?
Yet
in
Religion
two
things
are
to
be
declined
,
viz.
heresie
and
superstition
;
which
vices
pervert
weak
instable
persons
.
There
is
likewise
a
certain
kind
of
Piety
due
to
Parents
,
by
which
we
obey
,
reverence
,
and
respect
them
.
Innocency
is
another
of
her
Associates
;
which
Vertue
affects
simplicity
,
abhorring
dissimulation
and
hypocrisie
;
wherefore
,
fawning
Sycophants
,
that
Dog-like
will
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
,
fall
down
under
your
feet
,
and
seem
to
adore
you
;
Dissemblers
,
that
hold
with
the
hare
,
and
run
with
the
hound
;
carry
fire
in
one
hand
,
and
water
in
the
other
;
and
tale-bearers
,
that
are
rimarum
pleni
,
full
of
chincks
,
no
sooner
a
secret
can
be
committed
to
their
keeping
,
but
it
drops
from
them
like
water
through
a
sieve
;
such
persons
are
to
have
no
place
in
the
Catalogue
of
our
Senators
.
And
as
no
man
might
have
admittance
into
the
Temple
of
Ceres
Elucina
,
but
he
that
was
innocent
;
there
being
this
Superscription
over
the
Portal
,
Let
no
man
enter
but
he
that
knoweth
his
own
innocency
:
So
into
holy
Council
,
which
is
the
Temple
of
Justice
and
Truth
,
let
no
man
have
admittance
,
but
he
that
is
innocent
,
and
of
integrity
.
His
mind
must
be
open
and
sincere
,
not
obscure
or
deceitful
,
saying
one
thing
,
and
meaning
another
;
his
thoughts
and
his
words
must
be
Relatives
;
his
tongue
must
be
the
true
interpreter
of
his
mind
;
and
his
face
not
shrowded
with
a
fained
disguise
,
but
full
of
natural
sincerity
.
Courteous
he
must
be
;
for
an
affable
debonaire
disposition
will
scrue
it self
into
the
good
will
of
all
men
.
He
must
hear
with
patience
,
and
reply
with
discretion
;
free
from
all
sowerness
and
insolency
in
words
or
action
.
Benignity
is
another
thing
necessary
;
for
as
God
is
kind
and
gentle
to
us
,
so
must
we
manifest
our selves
to
those
that
are
a
sphere
below
us
.
He
must
therefore
be
gentle
,
mild
,
and
of
a
sweet
disposition
:
not
austere
,
supercilious
;
and
as
Timon
was
,
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
,
A
man-hater
.
For
as
to
the
Moderator
of
all
things
,
Religion
and
Piety
is
due
;
so
is
love
and
benevolence
unto
men
.
Next
,
Clemency
;
which
properly
appertains
to
Magistrates
,
and
men
in
authority
;
for
by
vertue
hereof
,
the
heat
of
their
displeasure
towards
Malefactors
is
abated
,
and
they
themselves
qualified
.
Her
opposite
is
Cruelty
,
and
bitter
extremity
in
punishment
;
a
quality
proper
to
Tyrannical
and
inhumane
persons
.
Draco
was
so
rigid
and
severe
,
nay
(
I
may
say
)
cruel
,
that
he
inflicted
death
upon
idle
persons
,
as
well
as
Murderers
;
and
being
askt
the
reason
,
replied
,
because
he
thought
that
punishment
due
for
the
commission
of
a
petty
offence
;
and
for
those
of
a
higher
nature
,
he
could
not
invent
any
great
enough
.
But
Scipio
much
more
clement
and
pitiful
,
could
say
,
That
he
had
rather
be
instrumental
to
the
saving
of
the
life
of
one
single
Citizen
,
than
to
the
slaughter
of
1000
Enemies
.
And
indeed
for
a
Magistrate
to
be
perpetually
punishing
,
is
as
reproachful
,
as
to
see
Physicians
alwaies
killing
their
Patients
with
their
Quacksalving
and
Emperical
tricks
.
Besides
,
Clemency
in
a
Governour
creates
a
kind
of
bashfulness
or
fear
of
offending
in
any
person
.
Yet
Clemency
must
be
so
used
,
as
that
severity
,
if
need
be
,
must
not
be
altogether
neglected
:
for
no
Country
can
be
well
governed
without
it
,
by
reason
of
the
different
dispositions
of
men
;
for
a
harsh
word
strikes
deeper
with
some
,
than
a
shrewd
punishment
with
others
.
Over-much
clemency
was
an
imperfection
that
the
Stoicks
would
have
all
wise
men
to
want
;
alledging
,
that
it
was
an
argument
of
an
ignoble
mind
,
condescending
and
subscribing
to
the
guilt
of
other
mens
crimes
and
offences
:
and
therefore
such
men
may
be
assimilated
to
fond
foolish
women
,
that
would
have
Malefactors
freed
from
the
lash
and
rigour
of
the
Law
,
because
Crocodile-like
,
after
the
commission
of
an
hainous
offence
,
they
can
drop
a
deceitful
tear
.
Next
,
Liberality
.
Among
some
of
those
Vertues
that
were
constellated
in
Scipio
Africanus
,
this
is
not
the
least
;
that
before
his
return
from
any
place
,
he
obliged
some
person
or
other
to
him
by
his
liberality
.
The
Son
of
Titus
Vespatianus
was
wont
to
say
,
That
that
day
wherein
he
had
not
bestowed
some
benefit
,
was
utterly
lost
.
Now
in
giving
,
these
two
things
are
observable
;
to
forget
the
benefits
we
bestow
,
and
remember
perfectly
what
we
have
received
:
for
ingratitude
is
a
black
crime
;
Ingratum
dixeris
,
&
omnia
dixeris
;
Name
but
Ingratitude
,
and
you
epitomize
all
crimes
in
a
word
.
Magnificence
is
the
next
concomitant
of
Justice
;
which
Vertue
consisteth
in
large
expences
,
and
great
gifts
;
differing
from
Liberality
in
this
only
,
that
the
one
is
employed
in
small
and
mean
,
the
other
in
large
gifts
.
Now
it
is
observable
,
that
Magnificent
men
usually
erect
Churches
,
build
Cities
,
Towns
,
and
Villages
,
and
employ
themselves
about
such
things
as
may
either
redound
to
the
glory
of
the
Creator
,
or
else
augment
the
fame
of
the
Author
.
And
though
Parcimony
be
judged
a
noble
revenue
,
yet
must
not
our
Senator
be
so
penurious
,
as
altogether
to
forget
liberality
,
or
Magnificence
;
and
so
degenerate
into
Covetousness
,
which
is
a
malady
incurable
:
which
as
Salust
hath
it
,
doth
effeminate
both
body
and
mind
:
Delighting
it self
in
two
things
,
giving
nothing
,
and
receiving
much
:
and
yet
excess
must
be
avoided
;
so
that
the
middle
way
is
best
.
The
advice
of
Apollo
to
his
unsatisfied
Son
Phaeton
is
very
good
,
—
Medio
tutissimus
ibis
.
Therefore
that
no
man
might
exceed
a
becoming
moderation
in
expences
,
it
was
provided
by
a
Law
at
Rome
,
that
no
Senator
should
be
indebted
above
a
certain
sum
of
money
prescribed
.
Which
order
was
taken
,
to
remove
excess
and
superfluity
in
expences
.
P.
Rufinus
was
deposed
by
the
Censors
for
having
10
l.
weight
in
Silver
.
And
Aemilius
Lepidus
having
spent
6000
l.
in
building
a
house
,
was
devested
of
his
Senatorship
.
So
strict
were
the
ancient
Romans
,
lest
the
Senators
excess
should
move
the
Plebeians
to
the
same
superfluity
.
Yet
we
allow
a
Senator
far
more
liberty
than
so
;
for
,
our
Laws
do
not
so
narrowly
confine
them
.
Next
,
Friendship
;
which
is
absolutely
necessary
:
for
,
since
man
is
a
civil
person
,
and
a
lover
of
society
,
he
cannot
be
destitute
of
other
mens
conversation
;
from
hence
,
as
from
a
source
or
foundation
,
all
amity
,
marriage
,
or
consanguinity
doth
flow
:
And
he
that
endeavours
to
deprive
a
Kingdom
of
united
friendship
,
doth
in
a
manner
snatch
the
Sun
out
of
the
firmament
.
Friendship
is
of
an
uniting
or
congregating
quality
;
for
as
cold
congeals
a
multitude
of
waters
into
one
cake
of
Ice
,
so
Friendship
makes
of
many
one
;
which
is
by
Laelius
defined
to
be
a
perfect
consent
of
things
divine
and
humane
,
in
all
love
,
charity
,
and
affection
.
Yet
are
we
not
to
entertain
any
person
at
the
first
sight
(
prima
facie
,
as
we
say
)
as
a
friend
;
we
must
first
,
according
to
our
Proverb
,
eat
a
bushel
of
salt
with
them
,
that
so
we
may
dive
into
their
disposition
,
and
know
what
metal
they
are
made
of
.
It
is
the
opinion
of
the
Philosophical
Tribe
,
that
that
amity
is
most
sure
,
and
best
grounded
,
that
is
nourished
by
similitude
of
temper
;
for
where
mans
delight
is
one
and
the
same
,
his
affection
cannot
be
divers
.
Such
friends
were
Achilles
and
Patroclus
;
Orestes
and
Pilades
;
Damon
and
Pythias
,
with
many
more
that
might
be
mentioned
.
The
friendship
of
the
two
last
was
so
great
,
that
Dionysius
did
earnestly
desire
to
make
a
third
person
,
that
so
there
might
be
a
Trinity
of
friends
linked
together
with
the
ligament
of
love
.
Few
friends
are
best
;
and
the
reason
is
,
because
perfect
friendship
is
inconsistent
with
multiplicity
of
persons
:
and
indeed
they
that
delight
to
associate
themselves
with
many
,
are
not
accounted
friends
,
but
sociable
;
for
it
is
one
thing
to
be
a
lover
of
conversation
,
and
courteous
in
the
entertainment
of
all
persons
;
and
another
thing
to
be
a
friend
to
one
whom
we
make
a
constant
companion
,
one
who
is
the
Manuscript
wherein
we
write
all
our
secrets
.
Epaminondas
was
heard
to
use
this
expression
frequently
,
That
a
man
should
not
leave
the
Court
till
he
made
an
addition
to
the
number
of
his
old
friends
by
gaining
of
a
new
one
;
but
this
observation
tends
more
to
the
obtaining
of
the
common
good
will
of
men
,
than
perfect
friendship
.
Now
true
friendship
requires
three
things
.
First
,
Vertue
,
from
which
we
must
never
swerve
;
Next
,
Pleasure
,
which
proceeds
from
familiarity
and
sweet
conversation
,
stealing
away
the
tediousness
of
melancholy
hours
.
For
,
amici
fures
temporis
.
And
lastly
,
Profit
;
whereby
one
real
friend
may
accommodate
another
with
necessaries
,
when
stimulated
by
that
Tyrant
necessity
.
Though
it
be
the
custome
of
the
World
to
fawn
upon
a
person
that
abounds
with
the
affluence
of
all
terrene
comforts
,
and
hath
high
and
mountain'd
fortunes
;
but
when
he
is
at
a
low
ebb
,
then
they
usually
forsake
him
with
a
Benedicite
,
or
God
help
you
.
Nor
can
you
try
a
real
friend
better
,
than
in
the
kick
of
malignant
chance
:
Then
,
if
he
deserves
that
name
,
he
will
stick
close
to
you
;
if
not
,
scoff
at
your
meanness
.
Well
might
the
Satyrist
say
,
Nil
habet
infelix
paupertas
durius
in se
,
Quam
quod
ridiculos
homines
facit
.
—
As
if
the
Poor
man
were
but
fortunes
Dwarf
,
(
saith
one
excellently
)
made
lower
than
the
rest
of
men
,
to
be
laugh'd
at
.
Yet
,
if
any
thing
that
is
unjust
be
requested
by
one
friend
of
another
,
it
is
his
duty
to
disswade
,
rather
than
encourage
him
.
Pericles
being
desired
by
a
friend
to
assist
him
by
bearing
false
witness
;
replied
like
a
Christian
more
than
a
Pagan
,
Tuus
sum
usque
ad
aras
;
I
am
yours
to
do
you
any
courtesie
that
comes
within
the
limits
of
my
power
,
as
far
as
Religion
gives
me
leave
:
intimating
thereby
,
that
he
would
aid
his
friend
so
far
as
justice
,
equity
,
or
divinity
would
permit
,
and
no
farther
.
Now
by
the
concatenation
of
amity
,
and
co-union
of
Senators
,
the
Kingdom
is
as
it
were
linked
together
,
and
so
strengthned
.
Whenas
,
who
can
expect
concord
or
mutual
love
between
Subjects
,
when
Magistrates
are
disagreeing
and
at
variance
?
Aristides
and
Themistocles
were
enemies
,
yet
whensoever
they
went
out
on
publike
Embassage
or
Commission
,
being
arrived
at
the
borders
of
the
Athenian
Land
,
there
they
laid
down
all
contention
and
former
enmity
;
though
after
their
return
home
they
did
often
renew
their
old
grudge
and
displeasure
.
To
forget
injuries
received
,
is
a
noble
part
,
and
an
argument
of
a
royal
spirit
.
Out
of
Friendship
ariseth
Concord
,
which
is
nothing
but
civil
amity
:
and
a
conspiracy
or
plot
among
all
degrees
of
men
to
maintain
Liberty
,
Law
,
Justice
,
Fidelity
,
Religion
and
Quietness
in
a
Kingdom
.
Wherefore
the
Senate
of
Rome
did
usually
sit
in
the
House
of
Concord
,
to
demonstrate
thereby
,
that
in
Council
nothing
should
pass
contentiously
.
Agesilaus
,
King
of
Lacedaemonia
,
being
asked
why
Sparta
was
not
environed
with
walls
;
informed
the
Questionist
,
that
the
Citizens
lived
united
;
and
shewing
him
the
men
,
said
,
Behold
the
walls
of
Sparta
.
Scilurus
blest
with
a
numerous
off-spring
,
fourscore
Sons
,
before
he
expired
,
produced
a
bundle
of
arrows
,
and
bid
them
break
them
all
at
once
:
they
replied
,
It
was
absolutely
impossible
:
then
took
he
the
arrows
from
them
one
by
one
,
and
so
brake
them
all
;
thereby
exhorting
his
Children
to
live
in
concord
,
for
so
they
might
be
invincible
and
happy
;
whenas
otherwise
they
would
be
ruinated
and
dispersed
.
In
like
manner
Mycypsa
,
King
of
Numidia
,
being
on
his
death-bed
,
assembled
all
his
Children
,
and
left
them
this
golden
Sentence
as
a
Legacy
:
By
concord
the
smallest
inconsiderable
things
encrease
;
but
the
greatest
and
most
considerable
by
discord
come
to
confusion
.
Hospitality
is
a
companion
to
Friendship
and
Concord
,
which
entertains
strangers
as
well
as
friends
,
with
courtesie
and
affability
;
which
Vertue
redounds
very
much
to
a
mans
credit
and
reputation
.
The
priviledges
belonging
thereunto
are
so
considerable
,
that
the
Romans
observed
the
performance
of
the
rights
thereof
even
to
their
very
enemies
;
and
would
never
joyn
in
battel
with
them
,
till
such
time
as
the
Prisoners
to
whom
they
were
indebted
for
food
,
were
manumitted
.
Plato
understanding
that
it
was
impossible
to
reduce
his
Commonwealth
to
a
happy
condition
by
any
other
way
but
amity
,
concord
,
or
hospitality
;
brought
down
all
Laws
and
Customs
to
friendship
,
making
all
things
common
,
that
so
mutual
society
and
love
might
be
conserved
;
affirming
withal
,
that
that
brace
of
words
,
Meum
and
tuum
,
were
like
a
pair
of
Engines
framed
on
purpose
to
unhinge
the
whole
World
.
Now
,
since
it
is
manifest
,
that
man
,
whilst
he
lives
,
floats
in
a
turbulent
Sea
of
vexations
and
misfortunes
,
subject
to
perils
as
considerable
for
their
number
as
their
weight
;
and
that
we
must
overcome
them
by
patient
suffering
,
or
manfully
revenge
them
;
we
must
next
discourse
of
Fortitude
,
which
is
able
to
supply
us
with
weapons
to
defend
us
against
the
assaults
of
the
mind
and
fortune
.
A
Life
free
from
the
intermixture
of
discontent
,
is
aimed
at
by
all
,
but
impossible
to
be
obtained
by
any
:
for
Nature
hath
so
ordained
it
,
that
care
,
trouble
and
molestation
is
interwoven
with
the
web
of
our
life
;
so
that
as
our
more
gross
part
,
the
body
,
is
burthened
with
labour
and
toyl
;
so
our
more
spiritual
part
,
the
mind
,
is
disquieted
with
discontented
imaginations
.
Nor
indeed
can
we
tell
how
to
rellish
Vertue
,
unless
we
first
taste
of
discontent
;
for
,
the
clouds
of
sorrow
being
overblown
(
like
rest
after
labour
)
the
fruit
of
felicity
is
much
more
delightful
and
pleasing
.
Vertue
is
not
a
Lady
that
loves
to
smother
her self
in
down
,
and
lie
at
her
ease
;
—
Petit
ardua
virtus
:
But
she
affects
industry
,
triumphing
in
the
midst
of
most
imminent
danger
:
which
made
Hercules
forsake
the
path
of
pleasure
,
because
it
was
wide
,
broad
,
and
easie
to
be
traced
;
and
turn
into
the
way
of
Vertue
,
whereunto
the
passage
is
hard
,
and
the
ascent
difficult
.
Nor
must
we
only
despise
all
labours
and
difficulty
in
ascending
the
Pyramid
of
Vertue
;
but
when
we
are
possessed
therewith
,
we
must
with
far
more
courage
and
magnanimity
endure
all
calamities
,
sorrows
and
afflictions
.
Now
there
is
no
misfortune
,
how
great
soever
,
but
she
can
withstand
,
and
with
her
own
power
overcome
.
This
excellency
of
mind
is
called
Fortitude
,
an
affection
that
submits
to
Vertue
by
constant
and
patient
suffering
.
The
nature
and
substance
of
Prudence
,
Justice
,
and
Temperance
,
is
soft
and
effeminate
without
Fortitude
:
for
it
is
their
property
to
think
and
act
only
;
but
the
quality
of
this
Vertue
is
to
think
and
execute
constantly
,
manfully
,
and
valiantly
.
All
commendation
due
to
Fortitude
,
consisteth
in
Domestical
,
and
Publike
or
Military
actions
.
Domestical
Fortitude
adorns
a
Man
;
and
her
quality
is
to
remove
all
perturbation
of
mind
,
Fear
,
Sorrow
,
Anger
,
Voluptuousness
,
and
every
other
exorbitant
affection
.
Fortitude
Military
consists
in
undergoing
all
perils
and
dangers
,
all
labour
and
hardship
,
that
so
a
man
may
be
able
to
look
death
in
the
face
,
if
his
country
or
a
good
cause
require
it
.
He
must
look
to
lie
sometimes
at
the
signe
of
the
Star
,
and
have
his
bed
feathered
with
the
down
of
Heaven
;
lie
down
a
Man
,
and
rise
a
Snow-ball
;
gnaw
Match
,
instead
of
Liquorish
;
He
must
fear
nothing
;
contemn
all
worldly
things
,
and
be
resolved
to
suffer
whatsoever
can
befall
him
.
Moreover
,
it
is
the
duty
of
our
Senator
to
be
so
couragiously
affected
and
disposed
,
that
all
his
gifts
of
body
and
mind
be
as
with
a
certain
sauce
seasoned
with
Fortitude
;
for
,
as
without
salt
all
meats
,
so
all
Vertues
without
Fortitude
are
judged
unsavoury
.
This
is
that
which
defendeth
both
body
and
mind
from
the
cruel
shock
of
misfortune
.
This
is
that
which
renders
us
quiet
and
peaceable
in
Prudence
,
constant
in
Temperance
,
and
stout
,
valiant
and
invincible
in
Justice
.
Yet
is
there
something
to
be
declined
in
this
Vertue
;
as
being
fool-hardy
,
proud
,
rash
,
timerous
,
sloathful
,
or
puny-spirited
;
For
,
he
that
intends
to
gain
the
reputation
of
valiant
,
must
be
pricked
forward
by
no
other
spur
than
Glory
,
Renown
,
or
Vertue
;
—
Immensem
gloria
calcar
habet
.
He
must
follow
the
conduct
of
no
other
Captain
but
Reason
,
and
not
be
led
up
by
Chance
,
Hazard
,
or
Desperation
;
alledging
that
rash
piece
of
Poetical
fury
for
his
excuse
,
Una
salus
victis
nullam
sperare
salutem
.
The
People
of
Numantia
chose
rather
to
be
massacred
,
than
yield
to
the
merciful
enemy
;
and
the
Saguntines
were
guided
by
the
same
Precepts
:
but
we
must
never
act
any
thing
desperately
.
Well
might
that
Roman
Demosthenes
Cicero
say
,
Injustissimam
pacem
bello
justissimo
antefero
;
I
prefer
the
most
unjust
Peace
before
the
most
just
War
.
Now
he
that
despairs
,
flees
from
Fortitude
;
and
it
is
an
argument
of
a
dunghil-spirit
,
to
seek
death
by
shewing
the
heel
through
fear
and
pusillanimity
.
But
a
valiant
man
despiseth
life
judiciously
,
fighteth
stoutly
;
not
as
one
destitute
of
all
hope
;
but
,
because
he
is
grounded
on
this
perswasion
,
that
it
becomes
him
so
to
deport
himself
:
which
moves
him
rather
to
choose
an
honourable
death
,
than
blur
his
life
with
the
stain
of
reproach
.
This
Vertue
hath
many
Concomitants
,
which
with
some
other
qualifications
shall
be
the
subject
of
the
ensuing
Chapter
.
CHAP.
VI
.
Of
Fortitude
and
her
Concomitants
,
as
Magnanimity
,
Constancy
,
Patience
,
Confidence
,
&c.
THis
Vertue
,
as
is
before
mentioned
,
wants
not
her
retinue
of
other
Vertues
.
And
first
,
Magnanimity
,
which
makes
a
man
aspire
to
honour
and
dignity
;
and
yet
by
the
help
of
vertue
,
imitating
Marcellus
,
who
consecrated
a
Temple
to
Honour
our
of
the
spoyls
of
Syracusa
,
making
the
access
thereunto
through
the
House
of
Vertue
near
adjoyning
;
perswading
himself
,
that
there
was
no
possible
way
of
catching
at
honour
,
to
a
mans
credit
and
reputation
,
but
by
the
aid
and
assistance
of
Vertue
.
This
will
support
him
,
as
bladders
do
a
young
swimmer
,
from
being
implunged
into
despair
when
he
floats
upon
the
waters
of
affliction
.
The
fame
of
Codrus
shall
live
till
the
conflagration
of
the
World
,
who
for
the
preservation
of
his
Souldiers
and
Country
,
offered
up
himself
a
sacrifice
.
Curtius
and
Scaevola
are
immortal
;
the
one
,
because
he
cast
himself
into
a
merciless
gulph
,
to
cure
Rome
of
the
infectious
Plague
;
the
other
,
for
burning
his
own
hand
,
to
make
his
enemies
sensible
that
no
torture
should
deter
Romans
from
prosecuting
the
defence
of
their
Liberty
.
Heroick
actions
embalm
the
memories
of
Magnanimous
spirits
,
and
preserve
them
sweet
and
fresh
,
maugre
the
malignity
of
fickle
Fortune
,
or
the
succession
of
Ages
.
There
is
no
Chronicle
nor
History
in
which
they
shall
not
have
a
place
,
and
be
honourably
mentioned
and
registred
,
for
Posterity
to
imitate
.
Besides
,
our
Senator
must
bestow
gifts
voluntarily
and
liberally
,
and
receive
them
with
a
modest
blush
,
and
a
kind
of
unwilling
willingness
,
following
the
counsel
of
Hesiod
,
who
teacheth
,
that
a
good
turn
received
should
be
returned
with
Interest
;
for
the
Recipient
is
inferiour
to
the
Donor
.
Taxilis
,
an
Indian
King
,
meeting
with
Alexander
the
Great
(
as
Plutarch
informs
us
)
accosted
him
in
this
manner
:
Noble
Monarch
,
I
challenge
you
,
not
to
war
,
or
duel
;
but
to
another
kind
of
combat
:
if
you
be
our
Inferiour
,
receive
a
benefit
;
if
our
Superiour
,
bestow
one
on
us
.
To
whom
Alexander
replied
,
as
the
Story
farther
informs
us
,
This
contention
is
laudable
,
and
suits
with
Our
Dignity
;
for
we
should
endeavour
to
exceed
one
another
in
well
doing
:
and
closed
these
words
with
an
embrace
;
suffering
him
to
enjoy
his
Kingdom
,
with
additions
.
Among
those
of
the
more
noble
extract
,
let
him
behave
himself
with
a
well-balasted
deportment
,
and
be
the
discreet
Herald
of
his
own
praise
;
but
among
those
of
the
inferiour
allay
(
the
vulgar
I
mean
)
he
must
abstain
from
so
doing
,
because
of
the
contrary
effects
:
for
in
the
one
,
it
attracts
love
;
in
the
other
,
it
causeth
hatred
.
Next
,
it
behoveth
our
Senator
in
all
successes
and
events
to
be
constant
and
unmoved
;
and
not
like
Proteus
,
capable
of
receiving
all
shapes
.
The
constancy
of
Aristides
deserves
no
mean
commendation
,
considered
as
he
was
a
Heathen
;
for
Dionysius
the
Tyrant
,
demanding
his
Daughter
in
marriage
,
he
retorted
,
That
he
had
rather
see
her
wedded
to
her
Grave
,
than
to
a
Tyrant
:
and
having
slain
her
,
he
was
re-demanded
,
whether
he
had
changed
his
opinion
;
he
replied
,
He
was
sorry
for
the
fact
,
but
glad
that
he
had
so
exprest
himself
.
Who
can
but
admire
the
constancy
of
Cato
?
Who
,
if
we
may
relie
upon
the
Records
of
the
Ancients
,
was
ever
observed
to
keep
the
same
countenance
,
as
well
when
he
was
repulsed
and
accused
,
as
when
he
was
Praetor
:
being
still
immutable
in
Counsel
,
War
,
at
the
time
of
his
Death
,
and
when
that
pannick
fear
agueshook
his
whole
Country
;
Caesar
being
victorious
,
and
as
a
Tyrant
usurping
the
Government
of
the
Republick
.
Xantippe
,
who
was
the
Billingsgate
Wife
of
Socrates
,
the
wife
Philosopher
(
if
a
modern
title
may
be
applied
to
an
ancient
scold
)
could
utter
this
to
his
eternal
honour
,
that
she
alwaies
observed
he
went
out
and
returned
with
the
same
countenance
;
for
indeed
,
he
was
so
rarely
qualified
,
that
no
violent
or
impetuous
gusts
of
adversity
could
shake
him
out
of
his
constant
composed
temper
.
Merit
will
be
crowned
with
her
deserved
bayes
,
Velit
nolit
invidiae
,
in
spight
of
fate
;
or
else
her
very
enemies
will
lend
a
helping
hand
.
It
becomes
him
therefore
to
be
a
fixed
star
,
no
Planet
,
in
his
own
Sphere
;
like
Regulu●
,
who
rather
than
the
Captives
should
be
restored
,
delivered
himself
into
the
hands
of
the
Carthaginians
.
It
is
reported
,
that
when
Nicorontos
,
the
Tyrant
of
Cyprus
,
had
vanquished
Anaxarchus
;
he
told
him
,
he
might
prolibitu
,
as
he
pleased
,
torment
and
wrack
his
body
,
but
he
could
never
prejudice
the
constancy
of
his
mind
;
that
would
be
still
inviolable
.
Yet
he
must
be
wary
that
his
constancy
extend
only
to
just
causes
and
ends
;
for
to
defend
any
conceit
by
strength
of
sophistical
dissertations
,
against
the
opinion
of
wise
men
,
is
an
argument
of
a
perverse
and
obstinate
,
no
constant
disposition
:
For
in
vain
were
all
our
consultations
,
if
like
the
River
Euripus
,
they
ebb
and
flow
at
no
certainty
.
In
Council
,
as
he
must
be
active
,
so
like
a
stone
he
must
be
mute
,
and
not
divulgive
,
because
there
pass
many
things
in
consultations
which
are
to
be
communicated
neither
to
strangers
,
nor
domestical
friends
;
and
it
is
the
property
of
a
light
and
unsettled
head
,
to
blab
all
mysteries
spoken
in
Council
:
as
if
they
could
receive
nothing
,
but
like
squeamish
stomachs
they
must
immediately
cast
it
up
.
The
Romans
would
not
admit
the
Senators
Pedarii
,
when
they
had
any
weighty
matter
in
hand
,
nor
any
of
the
Clerks
to
be
present
;
but
they
themselves
debated
it
.
At
first
,
indeed
,
the
Senate-house
was
open
to
all
young
men
,
that
were
descended
of
the
Patricii
;
till
after
that
noble
and
memorable
part
acted
by
Papyrius
,
they
were
forbidden
;
lest
through
the
unsetledness
of
greener
heads
,
the
secrets
of
State
should
be
divulged
,
and
the
Republick
thereby
damnified
:
who
being
one
day
questioned
by
his
Mother
,
what
matter
was
so
long
in
debate
among
them
,
and
compelled
to
give
some
answer
;
replied
merrily
,
Whether
it
were
more
advantagious
to
the
Common-wealth
,
that
one
man
should
have
two
Wives
,
or
one
woman
have
two
Husbands
:
and
so
by
dissembling
the
truth
,
came
off
handsomely
,
satisfying
his
Mother
without
prejudice
to
the
Senate
or
the
Commonwealth
.
The
next
Concomitant
of
Fortitude
is
Patience
,
which
(
according
to
Tully
)
is
a
voluntary
and
continual
enduring
of
adverse
fortune
,
either
for
credit
or
commodity
;
which
are
the
two
Poles
about
which
the
World
moves
;
and
the
use
hereof
is
in
war
greatest
.
For
they
that
are
Men
of
war
,
Souldiers
,
adventure
their
lives
for
their
Country
,
and
undergo
all
perils
and
dangers
whatsoever
,
with
a
patient
,
resolute
,
and
undaunted
mind
.
If
Coriolanus
had
taken
it
patiently
when
he
had
a
repulse
for
aspiring
to
the
Consulship
,
he
had
manifested
himself
discreet
,
and
his
life
had
not
been
attended
by
so
many
disasters
.
Patience
is
the
Panacea
of
all
griefs
:
for
things
past
that
are
irrecoverable
,
may
be
endured
,
though
not
amended
.
He
that
cannot
undergo
the
bitter
chance
of
misfortune
,
is
but
a
bearded
woman
:
yet
in
the
exercise
of
patience
,
we
must
be
very
circumspect
that
the
multitude
and
greatness
,
the
quantity
and
quality
of
injuries
do
not
discompose
us
:
for
,
Laesa
patientia
fit
furor
;
Patience
abused
is
turned
into
fury
.
Confidence
is
another
of
Fortitudes
Associates
,
which
is
a
certain
conceit
or
assurance
of
mind
that
we
shall
have
future
success
;
encouraging
,
and
fetting
us
forward
to
the
atchievement
of
noble
and
heroick
performances
.
He
that
is
confident
,
is
a
perfect
stranger
to
cowardly
fear
.
It
is
storied
of
Julius
Caesar
,
that
seeing
Caius
Crastinus
prepared
for
the
Pharsalick
war
with
hope
of
success
,
asked
him
what
he
thought
would
be
the
event
of
the
battel
:
whereunto
Crastinus
(
holding
up
his
hand
armed
)
answered
,
Caesar
,
thou
shalt
be
victorious
,
and
have
cause
to
commend
me
dead
or
alive
:
which
accordingly
fell
out
,
and
he
was
slain
in
the
skirmish
;
whereupon
Caesar
assembled
his
Army
,
and
made
an
Oration
in
his
praise
.
Aristotle
affirms
,
that
men
,
according
to
the
success
they
have
already
had
,
judge
of
the
future
in
their
proceedings
.
Plutarch
reports
,
that
Antonius
was
alwaies
accompanied
with
an
Egyptian
Philosopher
,
who
,
by
the
calculation
of
mens
looks
,
would
give
a
shrewd
guess
at
their
disposition
,
fortune
,
and
destiny
:
He
did
very
much
expatiate
upon
the
felicity
of
Antonius
,
but
more
upon
that
of
Octavius
;
saying
,
That
the
Genius
that
waited
on
Octavius
was
more
powerful
than
that
that
attended
Antonius
;
which
he
conceived
,
because
in
gaming
,
Cock
,
or
Quail-fighting
,
he
had
the
better
hap
,
and
was
most
fortunate
;
besides
other
conjectures
.
It
is
thought
,
nay
,
maintained
,
that
every
King
,
Prince
,
and
Person
hath
a
certain
Guardian
Angel
;
which
Spirits
are
by
Homer
and
Plato
called
Genii
;
and
by
others
Lares
,
Daemones
,
Lemures
;
and
by
us
,
Angeli
:
which
,
as
they
affirm
,
assist
them
in
battel
,
and
inform
them
what
is
to
be
done
.
Of
which
there
are
two
sorts
,
the
one
good
,
the
other
evill
.
We
read
that
Uladislaus
Jagelonus
King
of
Polonia
,
in
the
Prussian
war
against
the
Germans
,
spied
an
Angel
armed
assisting
him
;
whom
he
religiously
called
Divum
Stanislaum
:
by
reason
of
this
spectacle
,
he
fought
resolutely
,
came
off
victorious
,
and
in
spight
of
the
Tyrants
fury
delivered
Prussia
.
Plutarch
tells
us
of
an
evil
Angel
that
still
accompanied
Brutus
;
who
being
in
consultation
about
the
management
of
war
,
perceived
a
man
standing
before
him
of
a
prodigious
bulk
:
he
demanding
of
him
,
Who
he
was
;
received
this
answer
,
That
he
was
his
evil
Spirit
,
whom
he
should
see
in
the
Philippick
war
:
which
proved
true
;
for
thereby
he
did
not
only
prognosticate
his
ill
success
,
but
his
death
also
,
which
accordingly
happened
.
That
the
Romans
relied
much
upon
the
predictions
of
their
Spirits
,
appears
,
by
the
Inscriptions
of
the
Roman
Coyns
:
Genius
Augusti
,
Genius
Senatus
,
Genius
Populi
Romani
;
and
thereupon
Ovid
sings
,
Et
vigilant
nostra
semper
in
urbe
Lares
.
But
to
pass
by
all
these
Phancies
;
there
is
nothing
conduceth
more
to
the
perfecting
of
a
Conquerour
,
than
Confidence
;
which
our
Senator
must
be
endowed
with
;
for
many
times
all
other
helps
and
hopes
fail
,
when
this
remains
for
the
last
Refuge
.
Security
brings
up
the
rear
of
the
Concomitants
of
that
Noble
General
Fortitude
;
which
as
it
is
the
end
of
a
good
,
so
is
it
of
a
valiant
life
;
and
hereby
we
gain
tranquillity
of
mind
.
He
that
hath
Security
,
is
in
the
same
condition
he
was
before
his
Birth
:
my
Author
is
Cicero
.
Now
,
this
Security
tends
to
a
peaceable
and
quiet
life
in
a
Republick
,
which
is
commonly
termed
,
Common
Felicity
.
Yet
our
Security
must
have
a
better
foundation
than
an
airy
conceit
;
Sloath
,
Carelesness
,
or
Negligence
.
Pompeius
,
being
Commander
of
numerous
Forces
,
and
going
to
wage
war
with
Caesar
,
seem'd
secure
;
yet
some
of
his
captains
,
that
feared
the
vigilancy
of
Caesar
,
advised
him
to
be
diligent
:
to
whom
he
said
,
All
was
secure
,
and
they
might
in
utramque
aurem
dormire
,
take
their
rest
,
and
sleep
securely
.
But
this
Security
caused
his
flight
,
and
by
consequence
his
overthrow
.
This
is
an
errour
incident
to
most
Kingdoms
and
Republicks
;
who
being
russetted
with
peace
,
and
grown
hoary
,
as
it
were
,
with
quietness
,
think
themselves
secure
,
when
as
they
are
sloathful
,
cowardly
,
dull
,
and
negligent
.
The
Roman
Empire
was
extreamly
enlarged
by
their
Vertue
Military
;
insomuch
that
their
Eagles
flew
as
far
,
if
not
father
,
than
the
current
of
their
Laws
did
run
.
This
Metropolis
,
from
the
time
of
Romulus
,
till
the
reign
of
Octavius
Augustus
,
was
never
unarm'd
.
But
Octavius
finding
a
general
peace
all
the
World
over
,
caused
the
Temple
of
Janus
(
which
stood
open
in
time
of
universal
peace
only
,
)
to
be
shut
;
as
if
thereby
the
State
should
be
for
ever
secured
from
Martial
tumults
.
Rome
being
by
this
means
secured
,
no
succeeding
Emperour
opened
the
Temple
of
Janus
:
so
that
from
that
time
the
People
embraced
an
idle
lazy
life
;
whence
it
followed
,
that
in
process
of
time
all
Countries
,
Cities
and
Kingdoms
shook
off
the
Roman
Yoke
,
and
purchased
their
own
liberty
;
whereas
she
,
quite-disarm'd
,
became
subject
to
the
Goths
.
We
therefore
approve
of
no
other
Security
in
our
Counsellor
,
but
such
,
as
wanteth
not
care
and
provision
to
repel
danger
and
misfortune
when
they
begin
to
encroach
upon
us
.
And
happy
is
that
Kingdom
,
that
in
time
of
peace
prepares
for
war
.
It
will
not
be
amiss
,
I
presume
,
to
inform
you
what
men
are
to
be
judged
valiant
,
and
the
rewards
due
unto
such
persons
so
judged
.
Some
there
are
,
that
only
led
with
love
to
Vertue
,
grounded
upon
honest
Principles
,
choose
rather
to
hazard
their
lives
and
bodies
in
fight
,
than
in
time
of
necessity
to
abandon
their
Prince
,
Country
,
or
Friends
.
We
find
it
recorded
,
that
the
Roman
,
German
,
and
French
Captains
did
alwaies
animate
their
Souldiers
to
fight
,
with
perswasions
of
the
efficacious
power
of
their
great
Forces
,
the
Valour
of
their
General
,
the
Virtue
of
their
Ancestors
,
and
the
numerous
spoils
taken
from
the
enemy
:
but
the
Commanders
of
Polonia
use
no
other
argument
or
compellation
than
this
;
Let
every
person
be
mindful
of
his
own
Virtue
,
and
peculiar
reputation
:
which
only
Sentence
did
satisfie
the
Polonians
,
whose
fixed
resolution
it
is
to
fight
till
Victory
seats
her self
upon
their
Banners
,
or
die
in
the
Field
.
Now
,
he
that
stands
thus
affected
to
Vertue
and
Honesty
,
may
lawfully
be
termed
Valiant
.
Which
sort
of
men
are
not
to
pass
without
their
reward
,
and
badges
of
honours
,
as
Ensigns
of
their
Loyalty
and
Allegiance
to
their
King
.
It
is
but
reason
and
equity
,
that
after
the
turmoyls
of
War
,
they
should
be
cloathed
with
long
Robes
,
and
enjoy
the
tranquillity
of
a
serene
,
quiet
and
peaceable
life
.
In
Rome
,
all
such
Souldiers
were
adopted
Senators
,
as
brought
home
any
spoyl
that
did
belong
to
the
Person
of
the
enemy
,
or
that
wore
a
Garland
for
saving
a
Citizen
in
fight
.
Those
that
had
born
office
in
the
field
for
the
space
of
ten
years
,
were
admitted
to
be
civill
Magistrates
.
Nay
,
Regulus
being
removed
from
the
dignity
of
a
Senator
,
was
so
much
disturbed
at
the
affront
,
that
he
tore
his
cloaths
,
and
manifested
the
wounds
of
his
body
that
he
had
received
in
battel
;
thereby
claiming
a
place
in
the
Senate-house
;
and
made
a
succinct
relation
of
those
martial
services
he
had
done
for
the
good
of
his
Country
;
which
wrought
so
much
upon
the
Senate
,
that
he
was
re-admitted
to
his
former
dignity
.
The
Peripateticks
affirm
,
that
anger
is
Cos
fortitudinis
,
the
whetstone
of
Fortitude
;
and
men
lightly
moved
thereby
,
attempt
all
things
with
the
more
vivacity
and
sprightliness
.
Yet
our
Senator
must
be
careful
that
he
avoid
all
fury
and
outrage
in
the
use
thereof
,
lest
he
be
branded
with
madness
,
and
lose
the
title
of
Valiant
;
which
may
be
effected
by
making
Anger
a
Companion
,
no
Commander
of
Fortitude
.
There
is
nothing
more
misbecoming
any
man
(
especially
a
Counsellor
)
than
Anger
:
for
he
that
is
overswayed
with
that
furious
passion
,
becomes
like
a
brute
beast
,
whose
property
it
is
to
seek
revenge
in
the
heat
and
height
of
fury
.
Wherefore
in
all
enterprises
,
let
Honesty
bring
up
the
front
,
or
be
Commander
;
and
Anger
be
Adjutant
General
.
Plato
the
Divine
calls
Anger
,
The
Sinews
of
the
mind
,
because
thereby
she
is
stretched
and
scrued
up
,
and
by
Lenity
let
down
.
And
he
that
engageth
with
an
enemy
,
prompted
to
his
enterprize
by
no
other
instigation
than
Anger
,
deserves
the
name
of
Cholerick
,
and
not
Valiant
;
because
he
undertakes
the
management
of
his
affairs
,
moved
thereunto
by
a
certain
perturbation
of
mind
,
not
by
reason
or
honour
.
Wherefore
it
was
well
said
by
the
Epicure
,
Anger
is
the
issue
of
Madness
;
which
is
a
prejudicial
to
the
health
of
the
body
,
as
the
perfection
of
the
mind
.
Some
there
are
that
ascribe
more
to
Fortune
,
than
,
if
rightly
considered
,
she
can
lay
claime
to
;
and
being
armed
with
this
conceit
,
only
cry
out
Victoria
,
before
they
do
classicum
canere
;
which
,
as
we
say
,
count
their
Chickens
before
they
be
hatcht
.
For
although
the
force
of
Fortune
be
great
,
and
most
considerable
in
War
,
(
because
it
is
most
prevalent
in
those
things
where
reason
is
least
powerful
)
yet
must
we
not
rely
upon
her
so
much
,
as
altogether
to
forsake
all
advice
and
consultation
;
for
,
those
that
are
conducted
by
reason
,
want
not
the
Auspices
of
Fortune
.
Hannibal
suing
for
peace
with
Scipio
,
expressed
himself
as
followeth
;
I
have
been
instructed
by
good
and
bad
success
so
well
,
that
I
am
sensible
it
is
far
better
to
relie
on
Reason
,
than
Fortune
.
For
she
often
fails
when
a
man
is
come
to
the
last
pinch
of
extremity
;
and
there
is
nothing
more
fickle
and
inconstant
;
she
's
a
Female
,
and
will
wax
and
wane
twice
in
a
minute
;
and
blinds
the
judgement
of
those
that
bridle
not
her
head-strong
fury
.
Therefore
let
our
Senator
be
suae
fortunae
faber
,
the
hammer
of
his
own
fortune
;
and
make
way
for
his
success
by
his
valour
and
magnanimity
,
and
then
she
will
afford
assistance
;
for
she
lacqueys
reason
,
as
a
shadow
doth
the
body
.
It
is
the
opinion
of
Xenophon
,
that
in
war
evill
fortune
accompanies
the
bad
,
and
good
fortune
the
good
.
Alexander
,
Scipio
and
Hannibal
were
fortunate
,
but
not
so
much
through
the
aide
of
that
fickle
Lady
,
as
the
assistance
of
Wisdome
,
and
the
benefit
of
Vertue
.
Yet
he
behaves
himself
wisely
,
that
takes
Fortune
and
Opportunity
when
it
is
offered
:
for
,
post
est
occasio
calva
;
he
must
take
her
by
the
foretop
,
because
she
's
bald
behind
;
and
once
past
,
is
past
recovery
.
Now
,
some
there
are
,
that
if
they
find
success
in
their
undertakings
,
immediately
ascribe
all
to
Fortune
as
the
Authoress
,
as
is
before
mentioned
;
yet
there
is
no
man
that
may
be
termed
wise
,
but
scorns
to
make
her
the
Directress
of
his
actions
.
Now
,
to
the
perfection
of
our
Senators
body
,
(
for
we
have
already
discoursed
of
the
endowments
of
the
mind
.
)
The
goods
of
the
body
consist
partly
in
the
whole
body
,
and
partly
in
some
particular
members
thereof
:
Health
,
strength
and
soundness
are
required
in
the
whole
body
;
but
perfect
sence
,
and
agility
,
and
activeness
in
some
peculiar
members
only
.
And
as
there
is
a
consent
or
harmony
between
the
body
and
mind
;
so
is
there
a
certain
correspondency
and
similitude
between
the
vertues
of
them
both
.
Health
resembleth
Justice
;
because
it
reduceth
the
different
constitutions
of
the
body
to
an
equal
temperature
,
and
they
both
conspire
to
make
the
body
and
mind
perfect
.
Strength
is
compared
to
Fortitude
;
because
they
mutually
assist
one
another
in
the
undergoing
of
perils
and
dangers
.
Soundness
of
body
is
assimilated
to
Prudence
:
for
as
Prudence
makes
a
reconciliation
between
all
opinions
and
judgments
,
till
they
shake
hands
;
so
in
a
sound
body
,
all
parts
unite
their
forces
together
,
to
make
it
up
perfect
.
Health
doth
very
much
avail
;
for
in
all
our
actions
she
sets
us
forward
with
courage
and
delight
;
whereas
sickness
debilitates
the
body
,
and
hinders
it
from
the
prosecution
of
a
design
:
She
's
not
to
be
had
by
price
,
saith
the
Lyrick
Poet
,
—
Non
gemmis
neque
purpura
venale
nec
auro
.
Neither
Gold
nor
Silver
can
purchase
it
.
The
multitude
of
Acres
will
not
cure
so
much
as
the
head-ach
;
nor
the
tumbling
over
of
your
Bags
,
the
rich-Gout
,
Stone
,
or
Collick
.
It
is
a
free
gift
of
the
Creator
,
as
from
the
prime
efficient
;
but
good
diet
and
exercise
is
the
secundary
cause
:
Therefore
our
Senator
must
take
heed
lest
he
destroy
or
lose
this
inestimable
Jewel
by
Intemperancy
.
Health
(
saith
the
Prince
of
Orators
)
is
maintained
by
knowing
a
mans
own
body
,
and
taking
an
observation
of
those
things
which
agree
or
disagree
most
with
the
natural
constitution
;
as
also
by
continency
in
diet
,
and
contempt
of
pleasures
:
what
else
remains
,
must
be
fetch'd
out
of
the
volumes
of
those
two
famous
pillars
of
the
Temple
of
Aesculapius
,
Galen
and
Hippocrates
.
Diogenes
used
to
laugh
them
to
scorn
,
that
thought
to
procure
health
,
being
distempered
,
by
sacrificing
to
the
Gods
;
and
yet
wallow
all
their
life-time
in
debauchery
and
excess
.
Let
our
Senator
therefore
be
,
as
the
Physicians
term
it
,
Sanguine
or
Cholerick
;
for
those
humours
encline
men
to
be
ingenious
,
docible
,
healthy
,
and
of
large
memories
.
Aristatle
saith
,
Melancholick
men
are
witty
,
because
they
being
subject
to
anger
,
are
apt
to
have
divine
cogitations
,
and
profound
thoughts
;
yet
are
they
to
be
excluded
from
Council
,
because
the
humour
most
predominant
in
such
persons
is
cold
and
dry
;
which
makes
their
consultations
solitary
,
sowre
,
sad
and
dull
:
for
a
melancholy
person
is
nothing
but
a
lump
of
quickned
care
;
whereas
the
merry
soul
is
blithe
,
pleasant
,
affable
and
debonair
.
Cicero
chancing
to
meet
with
that
passage
in
Aristotle
,
that
melancholick
persons
were
ingenious
;
with
a
smile
,
said
,
He
rejoyced
extremely
,
that
Nature
had
favoured
him
so
far
,
as
to
make
him
dull
witted
,
and
not
melancholick
.
Caesar
being
desired
to
take
heed
of
a
corpulent
,
merry
,
jovial
person
;
said
,
Such
persons
were
not
to
be
feared
,
but
those
rather
that
were
sad
,
of
a
swarthy
meagre
complexion
;
pointing
to
Brutus
and
Cassius
.
Nor
do
we
approve
of
phlegmatick
persons
,
as
fit
for
Senators
;
lest
their
cross
humour
be
a
disturbance
to
all
the
rest
,
and
so
prove
offensive
:
for
,
as
the
motion
of
the
phlegmatick
is
Saturnine
,
slow
and
dull
;
so
likewise
is
the
disposition
of
their
mind
.
Good
proportion
and
comliness
of
bodie
is
requisite
in
our
Senator
;
for
according
to
the
Poet
,
Gratior
est
pulchro
veniens
&
corpore
virtus
.
Now
I
call
that
comliness
in
him
,
which
shews
him
to
be
manly
,
and
not
effeminate
.
Aristotle
saith
,
in
tall
persons
there
is
no
great
vertue
,
and
in
the
short
or
low
of
stature
,
little
;
therefore
let
him
be
of
a
moderate
size
.
His
body
must
not
be
gross
,
nor
yet
lean
and
dry
,
like
a
Skeleton
or
Anatomy
.
For
,
the
former
is
unapt
for
travel
,
and
the
latter
over-weak
to
endure
hardship
.
Besides
,
great
notice
should
be
taken
of
those
that
Nature
hath
mark'd
with
any
deformity
,
or
defect
of
Member
,
as
the
want
of
an
eye
:
For
such
persons
are
counted
crafty
and
subtile
,
and
so
unfit
for
Consultation
,
(
had
this
been
observed
among
us
,
Hewson
had
never
sate
so
oft
in
Council
.
)
Yet
,
notwithstanding
all
these
niceties
of
features
and
comeliness
,
if
any
such
person
,
though
deformed
in
body
,
be
perfect
in
mind
;
he
shall
be
admitted
:
for
the
excellency
of
Vertue
over-comes
the
imperfection
of
Nature
.
And
though
the
inward
disposition
is
sometimes
known
by
the
outward
complexion
;
yet
is
not
the
conjecture
of
the
virtues
of
the
mind
by
the
lineaments
of
the
body
so
certain
,
but
that
it
may
fail
:
for
many
there
be
,
who
are
rough-hewn
without
,
but
neatly
polisht
within
.
Nor
can
deformity
of
body
blemish
the
mind
,
though
the
beauty
of
the
mind
beautifie
that
of
the
body
.
Nor
doth
Vertue
confine
her self
either
to
beauty
or
deformity
,
meanness
or
greatness
;
but
sometimes
dwels
with
russet
honesty
,
in
the
low
cottage
,
as
well
as
with
plumed
gallantry
in
lofty
Palaces
.
So
that
not
the
countenance
of
a
Senator
is
altogether
to
be
regarded
,
but
his
mind
and
qualifications
.
Now
,
to
the
Robes
and
Vesture
of
our
Senator
:
He
must
be
decently
apparelled
,
according
to
his
degree
and
dignity
;
for
the
comely
ornament
of
a
garment
adds
a
reverence
to
his
person
;
and
by
his
Robes
he
is
distinguished
from
all
other
sorts
and
kinds
of
persons
.
The
Roman
Senators
wore
a
Garment
set
full
of
studs
or
tufts
of
Gold
;
and
on
their
Hose
did
they
wear
the
form
of
the
Moon
;
which
was
the
cognizance
or
hadge
of
great
honour
.
This
kind
of
Ornament
the
Romans
were
beholding
to
other
Nations
for
,
according
to
all
probability
;
for
Isaiah
the
Prophet
foretold
the
Noble
women
of
Judaea
,
that
God
would
take
away
those
Moons
and
Ornaments
of
the
Hose
.
Plutarch
alledgeth
four
causes
of
this
fashioned
Hose
among
the
Romans
,
which
for
the
Readers
delight
and
recreation
I
shall
here
rehearse
.
First
,
Because
their
superstition
taught
them
,
that
the
souls
of
their
Heroes
should
be
led
the
nearest
way
to
Heaven
by
the
light
of
the
Moon
.
The
second
was
,
that
the
Sign
of
the
Moon
did
manifest
their
descent
from
the
Arcadians
,
who
came
into
Italy
with
Evander
;
and
the
Arcadians
were
so
lunatick
as
to
imagine
themselves
more
ancient
than
the
Moon
.
The
third
cause
that
mov'd
them
to
the
wearing
of
the
Moon
,
was
,
to
the
end
that
in
prosperity
it
might
be
as
a
memento
unto
them
of
the
mutability
and
inconstancy
of
Fortune
.
For
,
as
the
Moon
is
sometimes
partly
lightned
,
and
partly
darkned
;
so
no
honour
or
felicity
can
be
so
clear
and
refulgent
,
but
it
may
somtimes
be
overcast
with
clouds
of
obloquy
and
malice
.
The
fourth
cause
was
,
that
as
the
Moon
drinks
in
all
her
light
from
the
Sun
;
so
ought
all
men
to
think
themselves
indebted
to
heaven
for
their
wisdom
.
Others
there
are
who
affirm
,
that
the
Roman
Senators
did
not
wear
the
figure
of
the
Moon
,
but
the
proportion
of
the
letter
C.
as
though
the
hundred
that
Romulus
chose
to
be
Patres
(
as
he
call'd
them
)
should
thence
take
their
Title
.
It
hath
ever
been
a
Custom
in
all
Kingdoms
,
Republicks
,
and
well-govern'd
States
heretofore
,
to
distinguish
the
Degrees
of
men
by
their
Vesture
;
and
without
doubt
this
is
of
much
moment
to
make
them
constant
and
settled
in
their
professions
.
Among
the
Romans
no
man
might
be
adorned
with
Purple
,
but
Senators
,
Magistrates
,
Priests
,
and
the
Younger
sort
that
were
of
noble
ranke
and
quality
.
I
omit
the
mentioning
of
Rings
,
Chains
,
and
Bracelets
,
which
were
bestowed
on
vertuous
persons
,
advanced
to
dignity
,
as
encouragements
.
Though
these
customs
now
adaies
are
obsolete
,
since
the
alteration
of
vertues
,
manners
and
times
;
for
Jone
is
as
neatly
trickt
up
as
my
Lady
,
and
the
Artizan
as
the
Gentleman
:
It
is
most
certain
,
that
by
ornaments
and
additional
titles
of
honour
men
are
put
in
mind
of
their
duty
;
and
thereby
they
prosecute
all
things
with
the
more
eagerness
and
diligence
.
Scepters
,
Crowns
,
Chains
,
Rings
,
Gowns
,
Robes
and
Saddles
,
are
no
dignities
,
but
the
badges
of
Dignity
,
whereby
men
are
stirred
up
and
encouraged
to
perform
what
is
requisite
in
the
office
and
place
whereunto
those
Badges
belong
.
Remulus
(
saith
Livy
)
intending
to
take
the
Government
of
a
strange
People
upon
him
,
did
adorn
himself
with
his
majestical
Robes
,
and
called
twelve
Lictors
with
Maces
,
to
attend
upon
his
person
,
that
he
might
thereby
appear
with
greater
pomp
and
ostentation
,
and
so
captivate
the
hearts
of
the
people
:
for
the
Vulgar
(
like
Children
)
are
hugely
taken
with
the
outward
face
and
appearance
of
things
;
and
mind
the
outward
bark
more
than
the
inward
substance
.
Our
Senator
therefore
shall
observe
such
a
decorum
in
his
apparel
,
as
not
to
encline
to
lightness
or
foolish
gallantry
,
so
to
decline
all
slovingliness
and
rusticity
:
As
he
must
not
be
like
the
Frenchified
Gallant
,
who
when
he
hath
once
seen
Paris
,
comes
over
metamorphos'd
both
in
body
and
mind
;
dancing
out
an
entertainment
to
his
friend
with
a
giddy
feather
in
his
Crown
:
no
more
must
he
be
like
the
Sunbak'd-peasant
,
who
understands
nothing
of
ceremony
or
civility
besides
the
management
of
his
plough
,
and
understands
no
other
Gammut
but
Hay
,
gee
,
ho
,
which
he
signs
to
his
country
Teem
when
they
draw
the
Plow
that
furrows
the
face
of
the
Earth
.
He
must
ever
observe
such
a
comly
neatness
,
as
may
speak
him
man
,
and
not
woman
;
utterly
declining
and
abhorring
all
nice
curiosity
.
CHAP.
VII
.
Of
Travel
;
the
Age
,
Gravity
,
and
Election
of
our
Senator
.
THe
major
part
of
the
wisdom
of
a
Counsellor
consists
in
the
knowledge
of
the
Manners
,
Laws
and
Customs
of
all
Nations
;
which
is
best
attained
by
forrain
Travel
,
as
Homer
sings
of
Ulysses
,
Dic
mihi
Musa
virum
captae
post
tempora
Trojae
,
Qui
mores
hominum
multorum
vidit
,
&
urbes
.
And
indeed
,
there
is
nothing
accomplishes
a
man
more
than
forrain
Travel
.
In
motu
melas
.
There
is
a
certain
kind
of
harmony
in
motion
.
And
as
the
Master
of
Eloquence
hath
it
,
Plebeiae
sane
sunt
istae
animae
,
quae
suis
affixae
trabibus
domi
resident
;
illa
divinior
,
quae
coelum
imitatur
,
&
gaudet
motu
.
Those
are
dunghil
spirits
,
that
live
confin'd
to
the
narrow
round
of
the
place
of
their
nativity
;
and
that
soul
is
of
a
more
noble
allay
,
that
like
the
Heavens
rejoyceth
in
motion
.
Sir
Thomas
Moor
writes
,
that
a
mans
best
friends
in
Travel
is
his
coyn
:
yet
under
favour
,
notwithstanding
the
Authority
of
so
learned
a
Grandee
,
if
a
man
be
accompanied
with
too
many
of
these
friends
,
his
journey
will
be
motus
trepidationis
;
for
according
to
the
nipping
Satyrist
,
Pauca
licet
portes
argenti
vascula
puri
;
Nocte
iter
ingressus
gladium
,
contumque
timebis
,
Et
motae
adLunam
trepidabis
arundinis
umbram
Whereas
,
as
he
immediately
affirms
,
Cantabit
vacuus
coram
latrone
viator
.
The
indigent
Traveller
shall
sing
before
a
Qui
va
la
?
or
High-way-man
.
Yet
would
not
we
have
our
Counsellor
so
destitute
of
money
,
as
thereby
to
expose
himself
to
hardship
and
distress
;
but
so
handsomly
accommodated
,
as
that
he
may
take
a
survey
of
all
Countries
with
honour
and
credit
.
Yet
in
travelling
,
he
must
be
very
careful
that
he
only
come
over
again
furnished
and
full
fraughted
with
those
Laws
and
Customes
that
are
honest
and
civil
,
and
leave
those
that
are
erroneous
and
evill
behind
him
.
For
,
Terras
,
non
animos
mutant
,
qui
transmare
currunt
.
Or
at
least
they
should
do
so
,
and
not
like
some
green
heads
that
corrupt
themselves
,
and
learn
nothing
but
the
superstitious
Idolatrous
ceremonies
of
other
Countries
,
and
be
sure
to
retain
what
is
bad
,
though
it
prove
to
their
own
prejudice
and
ruine
.
He
must
be
very
exact
in
informing
himself
what
Laws
,
Jurisdictions
,
what
order
of
life
,
military
Discipline
,
civil
Government
,
and
domestical
life
is
in
every
Nation
practised
.
He
shall
take
particular
notice
of
the
situation
of
Countries
and
places
,
the
building
of
Cities
,
their
Fortification
,
Strength
and
Ammunition
.
Let
him
also
understand
the
vertue
of
every
Prince
;
how
his
People
stand
affected
to
him
,
and
upon
what
terms
;
the
wisdom
of
their
Senate
,
the
form
and
method
of
their
Consultations
,
as
far
as
without
prejudice
to
himself
it
may
be
pried
into
;
the
nature
and
ingenuity
of
the
people
;
what
vertues
they
adhere
to
,
and
what
vices
they
are
most
addicted
unto
;
what
Learned
men
,
Souldiers
and
Commanders
are
in
every
Country
to
be
found
out
;
that
so
by
the
report
of
them
to
his
own
Nation
,
the
best
precepts
may
be
cull'd
out
,
and
the
rest
rejected
.
Yet
he
must
take
heed
,
lest
by
the
new-fangled
fashions
that
he
brings
over
,
he
make
not
the
people
effeminate
,
and
careless
of
their
own
Laws
,
Customs
,
and
ancient
vertues
:
for
as
Pliny
saith
truly
,
Est
natura
hominum
novitatis
avida
:
Man's
nature
prompts
him
to
embrace
Novelty
,
which
oftentimes
proves
pernicious
,
and
tends
to
the
molestation
of
the
Kingdom
,
Republick
,
or
State
.
Many
famous
persons
have
taken
delight
in
travel
,
as
Nestor
,
Menelaus
,
and
Alexander
the
Great
,
out
of
love
thereunto
,
Homer
,
and
Democritus
,
that
merrily
passed
his
time
away
,
travelled
all
over
Aegypt
,
Babylon
,
and
Persia
;
thereby
hoping
to
obtain
knowledge
,
that
so
their
minds
being
stored
with
variety
of
observation
,
they
might
be
the
more
accomplished
,
and
remain
content
with
their
own
fortune
.
The
words
that
Diodorus
Siculus
reports
to
be
written
upon
the
Tomb
of
Osiris
,
are
worthy
the
quotation
and
remembrance
;
which
are
these
,
or
to
this
effect
:
Osiris
Rex
sum
,
Saturm
antiquior
filius
,
qui
nullum
orbis
locum
reliqui
,
quem
non
attigerim
,
discens
ea
omnia
,
quae
generi
humano
utilia
sunt
,
&
necessaria
.
But
if
he
want
money
to
support
him
in
travel
,
let
him
employ
his
time
in
the
study
of
Geography
,
and
Cosmography
:
And
a
smack
he
may
have
of
Natural
Philosophy
;
but
to
consume
much
time
in
that
Science
,
is
judg'd
,
by
some
,
superfluous
in
a
Senator
.
The
field
of
knowledge
is
unmeasurable
and
infinite
;
which
was
the
reason
that
men
applied
themselves
to
one
particular
Art
or
Science
.
Aliquis
in
omnibus
,
and
nullus
in
singulis
,
is
no
fit
Motto
for
a
Counsellor
.
Wherefore
,
we
commit
to
the
Jurisdiction
of
our
Senator
two
sorts
of
Countries
;
the
one
is
that
which
containeth
both
God
and
Man
(
not
as
if
we
prescribed
God
his
place
of
residence
,
but
we
speak
here
according
to
vulgar
capacities
)
not
limited
within
the
bounds
of
Europe
,
Asia
or
Africa
;
but
is
only
surrounded
by
the
posting
Sun
.
The
other
is
the
place
that
Nature
hath
destined
for
his
residence
or
being
,
as
England
,
France
,
Italy
,
Spain
,
Germany
,
&c.
For
it
belongs
unto
him
to
take
a
survey
of
the
order
and
nature
of
the
Macrocosm
,
the
universal
World
,
which
the
Latines
call
,
Majorem
Mundum
;
as
well
as
the
Microcosme
,
or
little
World
,
where
he
hath
his
habitation
and
abode
,
which
they
term
,
Minorem
mundum
.
And
when
the
mind
is
dismanacled
of
those
worldly
incumbrances
which
usually
adhere
to
the
body
,
and
by
Travel
and
Science
is
perfected
,
as
much
as
lies
within
the
verge
of
humanity
to
be
;
she
officiates
as
she
ought
,
affecting
Vertue
,
and
disaffecting
Vice
,
suppressing
the
lusty
insurrections
of
the
flesh
,
and
like
a
Monarch
curbing
and
giving
Laws
to
all
exorbitant
affections
.
Nay
further
,
when
the
mind
hath
pried
into
the
nature
of
the
Heavens
,
considered
their
harmonious
motion
,
knows
the
circumference
of
the
Earth
,
her
Longitude
,
Latitude
,
and
the
rarities
contained
therein
;
hath
plough'd
the
furrow'd
Ocean
,
and
seen
the
wonders
of
the
deep
,
understands
their
causes
,
beginnings
and
ends
;
what
is
the
order
and
beauty
of
the
glimmering
Lights
of
Heaven
,
and
what
influence
they
have
upon
sublunary
bodies
:
what
causeth
the
passions
or
deliquia
of
the
two
Grand
Luminaries
,
the
Sun
and
Moon
;
the
reason
of
their
Rising
and
Setting
,
their
Diurnal
,
Nocturnal
and
horary
motion
;
what
is
the
generation
and
corruption
of
all
things
;
what
the
nature
of
the
Elements
,
of
Animals
,
and
the
vertue
and
beauty
of
that
innumerable
number
of
fragrant
herbs
that
usually
adorn
the
Earth
:
when
,
I
say
,
all
these
things
are
understood
by
one
single
person
,
and
God
acknowledged
the
Supreme
Author
and
Governour
of
them
all
;
Shall
not
that
Person
be
judged
a
Prince
,
rather
than
a
meer
Inhabitant
or
Citizen
of
the
World
,
that
is
of
so
profound
and
polite
an
understanding
?
Surely
yes
.
Socrates
,
who
by
the
Oracle
at
Delphos
was
pronounced
the
wisest
of
Ethnicks
,
being
demanded
what
Country-man
he
was
;
replied
,
A
man
of
the
World
;
not
confining
himself
to
any
particular
place
or
Country
;
for
he
thought
himself
to
be
an
universal
Prince
.
The
same
Laertius
reports
of
that
Tub-hugging
Cynick
Diogenes
.
Omne
solum
forti
patria
,
is
an
old
saying
;
and
Omne
solum
sapienti
patria
,
carries
as
much
truth
with
it
,
as
the
former
antiquity
.
The
whole
World
is
a
Wise
man's
Country
:
'T
is
a
City
that
comes
not
under
the
tyrannous
scourge
of
any
Nero
,
Domitian
,
or
Caligula
;
Nor
can
be
environ'd
with
walls
,
but
is
surrounded
with
the
universal
Circle
,
governed
by
a
comly
order
,
and
natural
decorum
,
as
it
were
with
a
Law
certain
and
inviolable
,
palizadoed
with
no
other
fortifications
than
the
Elements
.
The
Citizens
or
Inhabitants
of
this
place
are
termed
Philosophers
,
commanded
only
by
themselves
,
fortified
with
invincible
minds
,
and
sufficiently
arm'd
against
the
griping
talons
of
penury
,
or
any
other
misfortune
that
can
seize
upon
man
.
Such
Persons
(
nay
,
Princes
as
these
,
I
may
say
,
without
entrenching
on
the
Royal
Charter
of
Kings
)
no
fury
of
War
can
terrifie
,
no
Faggot
frighten
,
nor
Axe
disturb
;
for
they
are
all
valiant
,
resolute
,
and
beyond
the
prejudice
of
Fortune
.
Now
,
to
the
Age
and
Gravity
of
our
Senator
.
They
that
have
penned
any
thing
of
the
life
of
man
,
did
usually
confine
it
to
a
certain
proportion
of
time
.
Plato
assigneth
eighty
one
years
;
Solon
,
eighty
;
others
affirm
,
that
the
continuance
of
mans
life
extends
but
to
seventy
,
referring
all
to
the
number
seven
,
because
it
frequently
fals
out
,
that
every
seventh
year
some
alteration
or
change
appears
in
the
body
.
The
first
seven
years
,
Childrens
teeth
fall
out
;
The
next
seven
,
their
hair
grows
;
The
third
,
their
body
comes
to
its
proper
stature
and
height
;
The
fourth
,
they
encrease
in
bulk
and
thickness
;
The
fifth
,
they
arrive
at
their
full
strength
and
virility
;
The
sixth
,
they
find
themselves
addicted
to
pleasure
and
delight
;
The
seventh
,
they
come
to
the
maturity
and
ripeness
of
wit
and
understanding
;
The
eighth
,
they
begin
to
be
termed
aged
,
or
ancient
;
The
ninth
,
weak
and
feeble
,
beholding
to
the
support
of
the
staff
,
and
the
help
of
Spectacles
;
And
the
tenth
,
they
have
one
foot
in
the
grave
,
and
are
reckoned
to
be
è
peculio
Proserpinae
,
of
Proserpina's
fold
.
Others
there
are
,
who
maintain
that
this
change
happens
every
ninth
year
,
and
so
ascribe
the
alteration
thereof
to
every
unequal
number
till
twenty
and
one
.
Pythagoras
the
silent
,
called
the
eightieth
year
of
mans
Age
fatal
,
dividing
it
into
four
times
twenty
,
as
followeth
:
Childhood
,
continues
till
twenty
;
Youth
,
other
twenty
;
Man's
estate
,
the
other
twenty
;
and
old
Age
,
the
fourth
,
which
puts
a
period
to
all
.
Some
again
compare
Mans
Age
to
the
four
Seasons
of
the
Year
:
Childhood
,
is
compared
to
the
Spring
;
Youth
,
to
Summer
;
Manhood
,
to
Autumn
;
and
Old-Age
,
to
Winter
.
Varro
divides
Man's
Age
into
four
degrees
,
and
comprehends
every
of
them
within
the
number
of
fifteen
:
Childhood
(
saith
he
)
lasts
till
fifteen
,
for
so
long
Children
are
weak
and
tender
;
Youth
,
till
thirty
,
because
till
that
Age
men
encrease
and
grow
in
height
and
thickness
;
Ripe
Age
till
forty
five
,
for
so
long
strength
of
body
continues
,
and
men
are
then
fit
to
be
employed
in
publike
affairs
;
Old-Age
begins
at
sixty
,
and
then
the
body
is
impotent
,
crazy
and
decay'd
;
so
that
they
are
not
fit
for
State-employments
,
lingring
,
and
consuming
till
death
come
and
trip
up
their
heels
,
as
he
did
all
their
Ancestors
before
them
.
To
this
division
of
mans
Age
we
assent
;
but
the
distinction
by
number
doth
principally
belong
to
Physicians
;
for
they
in
exhibiting
their
medicines
,
observe
certain
critical
daies
.
But
our
opinion
is
,
that
the
forty
fifth
year
of
man's
age
is
most
suitable
for
Consulation
;
because
then
the
strength
both
of
body
and
mind
is
arrived
to
the
very
height
.
Besides
,
it
is
the
middle
age
of
Man
;
and
at
that
time
,
if
ever
,
the
mind
is
perfect
in
judgement
and
experience
,
less
attracted
with
brutish
affections
and
desires
,
and
least
of
all
transported
with
rage
,
fury
,
or
passion
.
When
old
Rome
was
in
her
glory
,
and
shone
with
all
her
splendor
,
Senators
were
chosen
at
that
Age
,
being
then
most
perfect
in
body
and
mind
:
yet
dare
we
not
deny
,
but
that
some
men
may
be
termed
Aged
at
thirty
;
that
is
,
are
both
prudent
,
grave
and
wise
.
And
we
find
it
upon
record
,
that
some
,
though
very
few
,
were
created
Senators
by
the
Romans
before
the
thirtieth
year
of
their
Age
;
which
we
do
not
disallow
,
in
regard
that
men
may
be
reputed
ancient
for
vertue
as
well
as
number
of
years
:
yet
care
must
be
taken
that
the
Kingdom
be
governed
chiefly
by
mature
and
grave
Head-pieces
;
for
as
Plutarch
affirms
,
that
Kingdom
is
most
happy
that
hath
store
of
young
mens
Lances
,
and
old
mens
Laws
.
Pertinent
is
that
of
Euripides
to
this
purpose
:
Dictum
est
vetustu●…
facta
Juvenum
,
caeterum
magis
valent
concilia
Senum
.
In
Athens
no
person
was
created
Senator
before
he
was
fifty
years
old
.
And
in
Rome
it
was
permitted
for
any
man
of
sixty
to
enter
the
Senate-house
,
though
he
never
came
to
the
Senatorship
by
choice
or
election
;
and
after
that
year
,
it
was
left
to
his
pleasure
to
be
present
or
absent
;
so
that
they
did
neither
bind
him
to
,
nor
bar
him
from
coming
to
Council
.
A
good
,
though
ancient
Custom
;
for
every
man
,
though
he
hath
seen
as
many
Winters
as
hoary-headed
Nestor
,
ought
to
employ
himself
pro
posse
suo
,
according
to
his
utmost
ability
,
for
the
benefit
of
his
native
Country
.
Plato
is
of
opinion
,
that
men
must
learn
till
Age
snow
white
hairs
upon
their
heads
.
Nulla
dies
sine
linea
;
that
day
is
lost
,
in
which
a
man
hath
not
better'd
his
knowledge
.
Yet
we
prohibit
decrepit
,
doting
persons
,
whose
judgements
are
as
crazy
as
their
bodies
;
and
the
reason
is
,
because
their
counsels
and
consultations
are
for
the
most
part
dubious
,
and
are
rather
he
sitant
conjectures
than
solid
counsels
,
beginning
every
Sentence
with
perhaps
,
perchance
,
peradventure
,
and
the
like
:
and
this
they
do
,
as
being
sensible
of
their
former
imbecility
and
weakness
,
and
so
are
unwilling
to
suffer
a
relapse
into
their
juvenile
and
youthful
errours
and
mistakes
.
Yet
,
if
they
have
only
so
many
years
over
their
heads
as
may
render
them
grave
,
solid
and
wife
,
they
are
perfect
in
uttering
their
conceits
:
for
by
use
and
experience
(
which
is
the
best
School-Mistris
)
they
have
gain'd
,
as
it
were
,
a
third
eye
,
whereby
they
are
enabled
to
pry
into
,
and
discern
with
the
more
vivacity
,
the
events
and
causes
of
things
.
And
as
every
man
is
discovered
by
his
speech
,
so
is
the
prudence
and
wisdom
of
a
Senator
manifested
by
uttering
his
opinion
.
Socrates
,
casting
his
eye
upon
a
Youth
that
he
never
had
seen
before
,
saies
to
him
,
Speak
,
that
I
may
know
thee
:
So
may
we
say
to
our
Counsellor
,
By
the
solidity
of
thy
speech
,
and
the
gravity
of
thy
deportment
,
manifest
thy self
unto
us
.
Now
his
opinion
must
be
delivered
in
significant
,
but
plain
naked
terms
;
not
daubed
over
fuco
Rhetoricae
lascivientis
,
with
the
paints
of
lasciviating
Rhetorique
,
which
becomes
the
Rhetorick
School
,
better
than
the
Parliament
House
.
But
so
much
for
his
Age
and
Gravity
.
Now
to
the
Election
of
our
Senator
.
Among
the
Romans
(
in
the
times
of
Yore
Lords
of
the
whole
World
)
Senators
were
elected
divers
waies
;
for
,
they
were
chosen
either
by
the
King
,
Consuls
,
Dictators
,
Tribunes
of
the
people
,
the
Censors
or
Chieftains
.
And
the
Custome
of
free-born
natives
is
to
choose
Senators
among
themselves
,
or
else
to
commit
the
authority
of
Election
to
a
single
person
,
who
for
wisdome
,
gravity
and
dignity
is
judged
the
most
fit
,
and
that
is
the
King
;
which
the
Romans
did
at
first
.
Romulus
,
the
first
founder
of
their
City
,
elected
a
hundred
Senators
;
which
custome
was
followed
by
their
succeeding
Kings
.
But
,
when
Kingly
Government
,
through
the
insolent
government
of
Tarquinius
the
Ravisher
,
was
removed
,
this
power
of
election
(
according
to
the
quality
of
the
time
)
was
somewhat
changed
,
yet
not
given
to
a
multitude
;
for
till
the
State
returned
to
the
Basis
and
foundation
of
Government
,
Monarchy
,
Senators
were
elected
by
Consuls
,
Censors
,
Dictators
,
or
Chieftains
.
In
all
which
Elections
,
till
the
time
of
Augustus
,
there
is
no
mention
made
of
lots
;
but
the
Fame
,
Family
,
Order
,
Office
before
born
,
riches
and
possessions
,
were
most
of
all
considered
and
respected
.
Now
,
since
there
is
no
earthly
possession
but
comes
far
short
of
Vertue
for
excellency
in
the
choice
of
Senators
,
that
must
be
chiefly
look'd
upon
;
because
they
are
reputed
Defenders
of
the
Law
,
Moderators
of
Liberty
,
and
Conservers
of
a
Kingdom
.
And
as
the
Republick
or
Kingdom
is
oftentimes
infected
by
the
vice
and
impiety
of
Magistrates
;
so
is
it
antidoted
,
corrected
and
repaired
by
their
vertues
.
Such
are
the
People
of
every
Country
,
as
are
the
Manners
of
their
Governours
;
and
the
Subjects
are
apt
to
Ape
the
Customs
and
Constitutions
of
their
Prince
.
It
was
well
said
of
one
,
That
the
change
of
Princes
Lives
,
and
the
alteration
of
Manners
in
Magistrates
,
would
also
work
even
to
a
mutation
of
the
Customs
,
Institutions
and
Rights
,
nay
,
of
the
Kingdom
it self
.
And
to
deal
really
with
you
,
evill
Princes
are
very
much
to
be
blamed
,
not
in
that
they
themselves
are
guilty
of
any
crime
,
for
it
is
a
Maxim
in
our
Common
Law
,
That
the
King
can
do
no
wrong
;
but
that
thereby
the
Subjects
are
prone
to
be
feduced
,
and
led
away
to
the
same
exorbitancies
;
which
may
justly
be
so
termed
in
them
,
though
not
in
a
King
.
And
indeed
,
how
can
it
enter
within
the
lists
of
possibility
for
a
man
to
perswade
other
men
to
be
vertuous
,
when
he
himself
is
vicious
?
The
Romans
derided
Scylla
,
who
,
though
a
man
infinitely
debauched
,
and
wholly
given
up
to
licenciousness
,
did
nevertheless
admonish
and
stir
up
others
to
Sobriety
,
Temperance
and
Frugality
.
And
who
would
not
blame
Lisander
?
though
he
swam
in
a
contrary
stream
,
yet
he
allowed
and
gave
toleration
to
the
Citizens
for
those
vices
which
he
himself
abstained
from
and
abhorred
.
But
Lycurgus
deserves
commendation
,
because
he
never
imposed
the
observation
of
that
upon
any
man
,
which
he
himself
did
not
first
of
all
diligently
follow
.
Yet
in
a
free-State
,
(
if
any
such
there
be
)
it
hath
been
observed
,
they
have
been
directed
by
the
suffrage
of
chance
.
This
order
of
Election
is
observed
by
that
Virgin
,
Venice
.
The
like
institution
Solon
authorized
among
the
Athenians
for
the
choice
of
the
five
hundred
Senators
:
For
,
out
of
every
Tribe
were
so
many
elected
,
as
were
thought
to
deserve
that
dignity
;
whose
names
were
put
into
a
Pot
;
and
into
another
as
many
Beans
,
the
one
half
white
,
and
the
other
black
:
now
so
many
as
hapned
upon
the
white
,
were
pronounced
Senators
;
and
those
that
chanced
to
light
on
the
black
,
were
repulsed
and
dismissed
:
which
made
Thucydides
to
call
that
Senate
,
Senatum
à
Faba
.
Besides
,
it
was
observed
among
the
Romans
what
Office
he
had
born
before
his
Election
,
and
with
what
fidelity
he
had
discharged
himself
of
his
duty
:
for
they
made
choice
of
their
Senators
out
of
that
number
of
men
only
,
that
were
by
them
styled
Patres
,
which
was
,
as
it
were
,
the
Nursery
of
Counsellors
,
that
so
they
might
be
known
to
be
men
famous
for
some
publike
exploit
,
or
renowned
for
their
Wisdom
and
Gravity
.
Among
us
,
those
that
sit
in
Parliament
obtain
that
Dignity
three
manner
of
waies
:
-
First
,
By
reason
of
their
Tenure
.
-
Secondly
,
By
vertue
of
Writ
;
and
-
Thirdly
,
By
vertue
of
Office
.
Per
Tenure
are
these
:
Archbishops
,
Bishops
,
Abbots
,
Priors
,
Dukes
,
Marquesses
,
Earls
and
Barons
.
And
these
are
summoned
to
appear
before
the
Parliament
in
the
space
of
48.
daies
.
They
that
come
in
per
Breve
,
or
by
Writ
,
are
these
:
Knights
of
the
Shires
,
Burgesses
,
Citizens
,
Barons
of
the
Cinque-Ports
,
and
the
King's
Council
.
There
come
also
per
Breve
,
directed
to
the
several
Deans
and
Arch-Deacons
of
this
Kingdom
,
two
several
Proctors
of
the
Clergy
for
every
several
Deaconry
&
Arch-deaconry
;
and
these
Proctors
of
the
Clergy
are
elected
by
the
Clergy
.
There
come
hither
per
Service
,
or
by
vertue
of
Office
,
The
Chief
Crier
of
England
;
The
Chief
Usher
;
The
Chancellor
;
The
Treasurer
;
The
Chamberlain
,
and
Barons
of
the
Exchequer
;
The
Justices
of
either
Bench
;
The
Steward
of
England
;
The
Porter
,
Grooms
,
and
all
tyed
by
service
to
be
here
done
.
The
Stewards
Office
was
to
place
the
Lords
;
the
Porter
used
to
see
there
be
but
one
door
to
enter
in
and
go
out
at
:
And
every
one
of
the
above-mentioned
Officers
,
hath
had
his
several
Charge
respectively
.
Thus
have
you
had
a
description
of
our
Sage
Senator
,
of
all
the
qualifications
that
tend
to
his
accomplishment
;
his
Duty
,
Dignity
and
Office
displayed
and
laid
open
;
the
rewards
due
unto
,
and
conferred
on
him
;
the
ancient
Customs
of
the
Romans
and
Grecians
touching
this
particular
;
their
election
and
choice
;
as
also
their
manner
of
sitting
in
Parliament
among
us
;
how
and
by
what
means
they
obtain
the
Senatorship
,
or
title
of
Parliament-men
,
according
to
our
modern
styles
,
who
were
so
termed
,
because
every
Member
of
this
High
and
most
absolute
Court
of
Justice
in
England
(
from
which
there
is
no
appeal
to
any
other
for
redress
)
should
sincerely
and
discreetly
Parler
la
ment
,
as
it
is
in
the
old
Norman
French
,
that
is
,
freely
express
their
minds
for
the
benefit
of
the
Kingdom
.
Nor
are
the
Laws
of
this
Island
only
,
and
the
Liberty
of
the
Subject
conserved
by
Parliament
,
but
those
of
all
well
policied
Kingdoms
&
Countries
else
in
Europe
.
The
Germans
have
their
Diets
;
The
Danes
and
Swedes
their
Riicks
Dachs
;
The
Spaniard
calls
his
Parliament
Las
Cortes
;
And
the
French
have
(
or
at
least
should
have
)
their
Assembly
of
the
three
States
,
though
it
be
now
in
a
manner
grown
obsolete
,
because
the
authority
thereof
was
by
accident
devolv'd
upon
the
King
:
it
will
not
be
altogether
impertinent
to
give
you
a
succinct
account
of
this
memorable
alteration
;
which
hapned
as
followeth
:
When
our
Nation
had
taken
such
large
footing
in
France
,
that
they
advanced
as
far
as
Orleans
,
and
had
forced
their
then
Soveraign
to
fly
to
Bourges
in
Berry
,
for
sanctuary
;
the
Assembly
of
the
three
States
not
being
able
to
convene
during
these
pressures
in
full
Parliament
,
because
that
by
those
invasions
the
enemy
made
into
the
very
bowels
of
the
Kingdom
,
the
Country
was
altogether
unpassable
,
so
that
the
power
that
was
inherent
in
the
Parliamentary
Convention
,
of
enacting
Laws
,
assessing
the
Subject
with
Taxes
,
subsidiary
Levies
,
and
other
Impositions
,
was
transmitted
to
the
King
,
during
the
rage
and
fury
of
that
war
only
;
which
proving
of
long
continuance
,
that
entrusted
Authority
began
to
grow
habitual
,
and
could
never
hitherto
be
taken
from
him
;
so
that
his
Edicts
stand
in
lieu
of
Acts
of
Parliament
.
Out
of
these
foregoing
premises
this
Conclusion
may
easily
be
deduced
,
That
the
principal
Fountain
whence
the
King
derives
his
happiness
and
safety
,
is
the
Parliament
:
It
is
the
great
Conduit-Pipe
which
conveys
unto
him
his
Peoples
bounty
and
gratitude
;
the
truest
Looking-glass
wherein
he
discerns
their
loves
.
Now
the
Subjects
love
hath
been
ever
accounted
the
prime
Citadel
of
a
Prince
.
In
his
Parliament
he
appears
as
the
Sun
in
the
Meridian
,
in
the
Altitude
of
his
Glory
,
in
his
highest
State-Royal
,
as
the
Law
informs
us
.
But
lest
we
should
spin
out
too
long
a
thread
,
and
so
wear
the
Readers
Patience
thread-bare
,
we
will
conclude
this
first
Book
,
and
make
the
discourse
which
we
allot
for
the
scope
and
Subject
of
our
next
,
run
in
another
Channel
.
Finis
Libri
Primi
.
THE
Second
Book
,
TREATING
Of
KINGS
,
and
their
PREROGATIVE
.
CHAP.
I.
EK
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
—
A
Jove
Principium
—
In
the
Trinity
we
find
Unity
;
Among
the
Orders
of
Angels
there
is
an
Archangel
;
The
Heavens
have
their
Primum
mobile
,
and
the
Sun
is
their
chief
Luminary
;
The
Beasts
of
the
Forest
have
the
Lion
to
their
King
;
The
Fowls
of
the
Air
,
the
Eagle
:
The
Fish
of
the
Sea
a
Soveraign
;
And
shall
man
only
be
Independent
?
Absit
,
Absit
;
let
us
therefore
sing
with
Homer
:
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
.
Kings
(
saith
one
of
our
quondam
Pen-men
,
though
since
an
Apostate
)
are
lively
Representations
,
living
Statues
or
Pictures
,
drawn
to
the
life
of
the
great
Deity
:
these
Pictures
,
for
their
better
continuance
,
are
done
in
Oyl
;
the
colours
of
the
Crown
never
fade
,
they
are
no
water-colours
.
They
are
Gods
Vicegerents
here
upon
earth
;
nay
,
God
the
Father
,
God
the
Son
,
and
God
the
Holy
Ghost
say
,
they
are
Gods
,
and
would
have
them
live
as
Gods
.
God
the
Father
plainly
affirms
,
Joh.
10.
34.
Dixi
dii
est
is
:
I
have
said
ye
are
Gods
.
God
the
Son
told
Pilat●
Thou
shouldst
have
no
power
,
except
it
were
(
●●…ta
de
super
)
given
from
above
.
And
I
'm
sure
the
Holy
Ghost
tells
us
,
Per
me
Reges
regnant
;
By
me
Kings
reign
,
and
not
by
the
suffrage
of
the
people
;
for
then
it
would
have
been
per
nos
.
They
are
the
Lord
's
anointed
,
therefore
not
to
be
touch'd
or
brought
in
question
by
their
Subjects
:
for
all
the
failings
in
a
King
can
but
make
him
a
bad
King
;
but
he
remains
a
King
still
.
If
indeed
,
as
one
saith
excellently
,
Kings
held
their
Crowns
by
Indentures
from
the
People
,
they
were
then
disobliged
from
their
obedience
to
him
upon
his
failing
(
in
those
things
whereunto
he
was
sworn
at
his
Coronation
)
on
his
part
;
but
if
they
receive
their
Crowns
immediately
from
God
,
and
that
by
him
alone
Kings
raign
,
as
is
said
before
,
then
they
must
still
stick
close
to
their
Allegiance
,
or
else
come
off
with
the
brand
of
Traytors
.
Our
modern
times
have
furnished
us
with
too
many
of
that
infernal
rabble
,
who
were
so
hellishly
wicked
and
impious
,
as
to
fight
against
their
lawful
Soveraign
;
and
having
got
him
in
their
clutches
,
slew
him
at
his
own
door
.
But
to
the
purpose
.
The
Athenians
,
(
as
Demosthenes
writes
in
his
Oration
against
Neaera
)
when
Theseus
had
contrived
the
model
of
their
Commonwealth
,
being
accustomed
to
choose
some
one
out
of
the
number
of
the
vertuous
,
by
a
general
consent
,
manifested
by
holding
up
their
hands
,
they
elected
him
King
.
In
ancient
times
,
the
election
of
Kings
was
ever
held
sacrum
&
divinum
quid
,
a
certain
holy
and
divine
action
among
the
very
Heathens
.
Romulus
,
after
the
sight
of
twelve
Ravens
(
if
we
may
credit
Livy
)
or
rather
because
the
lightning
had
pierced
his
body
from
the
left
to
the
right
side
(
as
Dionysius
hath
it
)
was
by
divination
chosen
King
;
and
that
ordinance
,
called
Jus
Auspiciorum
,
was
religiously
obeyed
.
Their
authority
hath
been
judged
ever
as
divine
as
their
election
;
for
Homer
and
Isocrates
joyntly
affirm
,
That
he
that
governeth
as
a
King
,
represents
the
Deity
.
The
Kings
of
Persia
were
honour'd
as
Gods
,
and
the
people
believed
that
they
were
the
sole
and
absolute
defenders
of
their
Laws
,
Liberties
,
Lives
,
and
Country
.
The
ancient
Latines
called
their
Kings
,
Indigetes
,
that
is
,
deified
;
(
as
Aeneas
and
Romulus
were
)
whose
bodies
after
they
were
expired
,
could
never
be
found
.
Kings
are
the
Sons
,
not
of
the
most
voices
,
but
of
the
most
High
;
and
as
God
is
King
of
the
whole
Universe
,
so
are
they
Lords
of
the
whole
Commonwealth
.
About
their
skirts
they
have
this
Motto
written
by
the
finger
of
God
,
Touch
not
mine
Anointed
.
Nor
did
ever
any
Church-man
,
Christian
Father
or
Expositor
,
obtrude
any
other
sence
upon
this
Text
,
than
that
it
was
meant
of
Kings
,
till
such
time
as
the
Puritan
and
Papist
,
both
at
a
time
,
and
that
time
bearing
not
above
100.
years
date
,
who
began
then
to
infect
the
world
with
this
damnable
doctrine
,
That
it
was
Lawful
to
murder
Kings
.
It
is
strange
that
two
such
contrary
factions
,
that
had
ever
been
antipathetical
one
to
the
other
,
should
nevertheless
,
like
Herod
and
Pilate
,
agree
in
condemning
the
Lord's
Anointed
.
Dieu
&
mon
Droit
,
is
their
Motto
;
God
,
and
my
Right
:
no body
else
have
any
thing
to
do
with
me
.
They
have
a
Noli
me
tangere
,
to
defend
them
from
the
assaults
of
rebellious
Subjects
.
Yet
although
Kings
are
counted
God's
Lieutenants
,
or
Adjutant-Generals
;
the
Council
,
Wisdom
,
and
Knowledge
of
Kings
is
not
their
own
,
but
given
them
by
God
,
who
is
the
Author
of
every
good
and
perfect
gift
,
according
to
that
verse
of
the
Holy
Pen-man
:
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
.
—
And
since
,
I
say
,
no
King
can
with
his
own
peculiar
stock
of
wisdom
govern
his
Kingdom
rightly
(
for
it
is
the
prerogative
of
the
Almighty
only
to
know
all
things
that
appertain
to
good
Government
,
)
they
have
ever
used
to
call
unto
their
aid
and
assistance
some
wise
grave
men
,
by
whose
advice
and
counsel
the
Kingdom
might
be
well
regulated
.
These
men
being
as
a
mean
between
the
King
and
the
People
,
do
on
the
one
hand
,
understand
the
Office
of
the
King
;
and
on
the
other
,
the
Duty
of
the
Subject
;
knowing
what
course
must
be
taken
for
the
preservation
of
the
Kings
Honour
and
Royal
Prerogative
,
and
what
belongs
to
the
profit
and
benefit
of
his
good
and
Loyal
Subjects
.
Thus
a
King
may
govern
all
things
well
,
not
only
by
his
own
opinion
,
which
may
oftentimes
prove
deceitful
;
but
by
the
general
advice
and
counsel
of
others
,
whereby
his
judgement
and
reason
is
brought
to
perfection
.
And
as
the
hand
divided
into
many
fingers
,
is
thereby
made
more
strong
and
apt
to
lay
hold
on
all
things
;
so
he
that
governs
by
the
aid
and
assistance
of
Councellors
,
will
manage
all
publike
affairs
,
tending
to
the
benefit
of
the
Kingdom
and
Country
whereof
he
is
Soveraign
,
with
the
greater
discretion
and
wisdom
:
for
a
single
person
is
not
able
to
manage
all
affairs
without
additionall
help
.
Alexander
,
King
of
Macedonia
,
conquered
many
Countries
,
and
subjugated
a
multitude
of
Enemies
.
Pyrrhus
was
excellent
at
the
choice
of
places
for
Fortification
.
Hannibal
was
often
attended
with
success
in
Victory
,
but
knew
not
how
to
make
the
best
improvement
of
it
:
Vincere
scis
Hannibal
,
uti
Victoria
nescis
.
Philopoemon
was
a
brave
Admiral
at
Sea
;
Cleon
could
manure
lands
and
possessions
;
Cicero
was
a
famous
Orator
;
Pompeius
a
valiant
General
;
Cato
a
grave
Senator
;
and
Scipio
admirable
both
in
peace
and
war
.
So
were
several
others
,
that
might
be
instanced
:
for
every
man
(
according
to
the
Proverb
)
is
a
Roscius
in
his
own
Profession
.
Now
when
so
many
well-qualified
Heroes
are
bound
up
together
in
Council
,
what
a
Constellation
of
Vertues
will
shine
and
appear
there
?
And
what
firm
Edicts
and
good
Laws
will
there
be
enacted
by
them
for
the
publick
benefit
and
good
of
the
Kingdom
?
which
he
is
obliged
to
;
for
he
is
called
Rex
,
à
Regendo
;
but
some
will
have
it
,
à
recte
agendo
.
And
it
is
clear
,
that
one
man
cannot
be
so
clear
sighted
as
to
perceive
all
;
which
proves
that
verse
of
Homer
to
be
true
,
rendred
into
Latine
,
thus
:
Bini
conveniunt
melius
rem
perspicit
alter
.
Nor
doth
this
any
waies
diminish
his
power
and
authority
;
for
though
many
convene
,
yet
he
is
still
the
head
of
them
all
,
and
hath
a
negative
voice
;
nor
can
any
Act
be
pass'd
without
his
Royal
assent
or
approbation
.
It
is
taken
pro
confesso
,
that
there
is
much
care
and
vigilancy
required
in
a
Monarch
;
for
,
he
must
not
seek
so
much
after
his
own
profit
,
as
the
publike
good
and
commodity
of
his
People
;
he
must
observe
the
Laws
,
preserve
the
Rights
and
Liberty
of
his
Subjects
,
and
maintain
the
authority
and
reputation
of
his
Senate
.
For
Kings
were
first
of
all
instituted
for
the
aid
and
assistance
of
the
vertuous
,
against
those
that
are
vicious
:
to
them
absolute
power
is
transmitted
,
to
the
end
that
they
may
revenge
injuries
,
and
be
just
Judges
in
all
causes
and
legal
proceedings
.
A
good
King
ought
to
be
as
vigilant
over
those
whom
Providence
hath
allotted
him
Supreme
,
as
a
Shepherd
is
of
his
Flock
.
Homer
calls
King
Agamemnon
,
the
shepherd
of
the
People
;
and
Plato
in
imitation
of
him
,
the
Shepherd
and
Conserver
of
Mankind
.
Besides
,
he
should
govern
his
People
,
not
as
Masters
do
their
Servants
,
but
as
Parents
do
their
Children
;
with
Paternal
care
,
not
with
rigid
severity
or
cruelty
.
And
as
it
is
customary
with
indulgent
Parents
,
sometimes
to
rebuke
their
Children
,
sometimes
to
admonish
and
encourage
them
,
and
sometimes
also
to
correct
and
punish
them
;
so
should
a
Prince
behave
himself
toward
his
Subjects
;
manifesting
himself
sometimes
severe
,
(
when
moved
thereunto
)
and
at
other
times
gentle
,
affable
and
courteous
,
both
for
the
preservation
of
his
people
,
and
the
safety
of
the
Kingdom
;
defending
and
enlarging
the
bonum
commune
with
no
less
care
than
a
Father
provides
for
the
sustentation
of
his
Children
.
This
makes
the
difference
between
Kings
and
Tyrants
:
the
one
is
studious
for
the
publike
good
,
the
other
for
his
own
private
profit
.
The
end
of
the
Tyrants
endeavour
is
voluptuousness
;
but
the
Kings
study
is
honour
:
Riches
are
the
mark
at
which
a
Tyrant
levels
,
but
Vertue
is
the
true
Meta
of
the
King
.
Tyrants
desire
the
assistance
of
strangers
,
but
Kings
are
guarded
by
their
own
loyal
Subjects
.
Alphonsus
,
King
of
Arragon
,
being
demanded
what
Subjects
of
his
he
most
tenderly
affected
?
answered
,
I
love
them
better
that
love
me
,
than
those
that
fear
me
.
And
not
without
reason
did
he
thus
express
himself
:
for
fear
is
usually
accompanied
with
hatred
.
A
King
is
as
secure
by
the
love
,
good
will
and
loyalty
of
his
Subjects
,
as
by
the
defence
of
Arms
;
and
his
Senators
will
stand
him
in
more
stead
upon
any
occasion
,
than
a
Tyrants
Souldiers
.
Trajanus
,
that
great
Emperour
of
the
World
,
did
alwaies
call
the
Senate
,
his
Father
:
for
,
as
the
Father
usually
foretels
the
Son
what
may
prove
beneficial
,
and
what
injurious
to
him
:
so
the
Senate
counsels
the
King
,
and
instructs
him
how
to
conserve
his
Kingdom
,
and
by
what
Laws
and
Ordinances
it
must
be
governed
.
This
is
the
only
way
to
keep
the
King
from
Tyranny
,
and
the
Subject
from
Rebellion
.
Now
tyranny
in
the
one
,
with
rebellion
in
the
other
,
will
soon
verifie
that
Dystich
of
the
Satyrist
:
Adgenerum
Cereris
sine
caede
,
&
vulnere
pauci
Descendunt
Reges
,
&
sicca
morte
Tyranni
.
A
good
King
knows
how
to
irretiate
and
allure
the
hearts
of
the
People
to
him
by
love
and
clemency
,
sooner
than
by
violence
and
compulsion
.
And
good
people
know
their
duty
and
obedience
:
and
if
the
King
through
the
sins
of
the
people
be
any
way
misguided
,
they
will
bite
their
nails
,
and
not
scratch
their
heads
;
they
know
it
is
a
crime
inexplable
,
to
quarrel
with
Majesty
:
the
only
way
to
live
happy
in
a
Kingdom
,
is
this
,
first
,
to
give
God
,
and
then
Caesar
his
due
.
But
when
Kings
grow
tyrannical
,
then
there
is
little
or
no
allegiance
from
the
Subject
,
but
what
they
are
compelled
to
;
whereas
that
is
far
more
to
be
esteemed
,
that
flows
naturally
and
voluntarily
from
the
people
;
and
this
usually
stirs
them
up
to
sedition
,
and
so
consequently
to
their
utter
ruine
and
destruction
,
and
the
downfal
both
of
Kingdom
and
King
:
and
the
reason
is
,
because
Tyrants
use
certain
sleights
and
State-tricks
to
deprive
the
Subject
of
liberty
:
First
,
by
clearing
the
Country
of
all
good
and
wise
men
,
either
by
banishment
,
imprisonment
,
or
death
;
because
the
vertue
of
good
men
reproves
them
for
their
vice
,
and
renders
them
odious
;
whenas
all
they
aim
at
is
only
to
enslave
the
Nation
,
to
the
intent
that
they
may
prosecute
their
own
lust
and
pleasure
without
obstruction
.
Such
counsel
as
this
,
Periander
poysoned
Thrafibulus
with
;
who
by
his
infernal
Rhetorick
endeavoured
to
perswade
him
to
cut
off
the
highest
spikes
of
corn
;
meaning
thereby
,
that
he
should
cause
the
cream
of
the
Athenian
Nobility
to
be
executed
.
The
like
subtilty
did
Sextus
Tarquinius
,
the
Son
of
Lucius
,
follow
;
who
being
suborned
by
his
Father
,
pretended
to
be
banished
,
and
fled
fraudulently
to
the
Gabii
;
where
having
scrap'd
as
much
acquaintance
as
he
judged
convenient
,
sent
privily
to
his
Father
to
know
his
will
and
pleasure
,
and
what
farther
was
to
be
done
in
the
business
for
his
satisfaction
:
who
conducted
the
Messenger
into
the
garden
,
where
walking
together
,
he
with
a
wand
in
his
hand
strook
off
all
the
heads
of
the
Poppies
before
him
;
which
being
by
the
Nuncio
reported
to
his
Son
,
who
had
hellish
wit
enough
to
understand
such
damnable
mysteries
,
soon
put
the
chief
of
the
Nobility
to
death
,
and
by
force
and
injustice
usurped
the
Government
of
the
Commonwealth
,
and
deprived
the
Subjects
of
their
liberty
.
Another
knack
they
have
to
prejudice
their
Subjects
,
by
inhibiting
their
meetings
,
conventions
and
conferences
,
to
prevent
their
study
of
honest
discipline
.
Nay
,
farther
,
they
often
sow
discord
among
the
people
,
to
the
end
that
filled
with
hate
and
private
displeasure
,
they
may
be
stirred
up
to
civil
war
and
sedition
;
who
being
thereby
much
impoverished
,
and
the
war
ceasing
,
are
compelled
to
pay
for
their
pardon
;
and
being
after
this
manner
fleeced
both
waies
of
their
money
,
and
reduced
to
poverty
,
become
base
minded
,
and
altogether
unfit
to
defend
their
Lives
,
Laws
,
or
Liberties
.
These
,
and
many
more
that
might
be
numerated
,
are
the
plots
and
devices
of
Tyrants
;
all
which
,
they
imagine
,
tend
to
their
own
benefit
,
and
to
the
promoting
of
their
ambitious
designs
;
whenas
oftentimes
it
proves
quite
contrary
,
to
their
own
ruine
and
personal
destruction
:
for
if
they
mount
themselves
too
often
on
the
Subjects
galled
back
,
they
will
undoubtedly
cast
their
rider
,
let
him
be
never
so
expert
a
Horseman
.
But
Kings
are
of
a
quite
contrary
temper
and
disposition
:
it
is
the
good
,
and
not
the
ruine
of
their
Subjects
they
labour
for
;
because
they
understand
sufficiently
,
that
the
loss
of
Subjects
is
the
shaking
off
of
their
Crowns
;
and
wanting
their
protection
,
they
are
left
unarm'd
to
the
mercy
of
the
insulting
enemy
.
But
we
will
now
leave
the
lofty
Subject
of
Kings
to
the
fancy
of
a
more
sublime
wit
,
and
the
work
of
a
more
noble
quill
;
and
come
to
our
second
Chapter
,
which
treats
of
the
division
of
Commonweals
.
CHAP.
II.
Of
the
division
of
Commonweals
and
Kingdoms
.
THe
diversity
of
Republicks
proceeds
not
from
Fortune
,
or
Chance-medley
,
nor
the
disposition
of
the
Heavens
,
or
the
influence
of
the
Stars
upon
things
sublunary
;
but
every
Government
is
framed
according
to
the
minds
,
tempers
,
and
constitutions
of
men
,
their
wits
and
education
;
though
some
ascribe
their
variety
to
the
situation
of
the
Country
or
Climate
where
men
have
their
allotted
residence
and
beeing
.
It
is
confest
,
that
sometimes
,
through
sedition
,
faction
,
and
civil
war
;
Kingdoms
are
subverted
,
and
changed
into
States
;
for
the
proof
whereof
we
need
not
ramble
far
,
since
our
native
rebellions
have
lately
manifested
the
truth
hereof
.
Such
is
the
fluctuating
condition
of
all
worldly
things
,
that
mischance
waits
at
the
elbow
of
good
fortune
,
and
vice
is
masked
with
vertue
,
that
she
may
not
appear
in
her
own
native
hew
and
deformity
;
for
Man
is
prone
to
forsake
v●●●…ue
and
embrace
vice
,
which
ever
hood-winks
him
with
an
appearance
of
good
.
Sometimes
also
it
falls
out
,
that
well-governed
Republicks
,
through
evill
Ministers
,
are
either
utterly
extinguished
,
or
altered
into
other
forms
of
Government
.
Hence
it
happens
,
that
Kingdoms
become
Tyrannies
,
Optimacies
come
under
the
jurisdiction
of
a
few
;
Popular
States
are
perverted
into
licentious
liberty
,
and
from
that
reduced
into
Tyranny
;
and
this
is
the
revolution
of
their
Government
,
and
original
of
their
Catastrophe
.
Plato
writes
,
that
the
mutation
of
Commonweals
is
fatal
,
through
the
disposition
of
the
Heavens
,
and
the
operation
or
influence
of
Coelestial
bodies
upon
Terrestrial
.
But
as
we
have
already
instanced
,
their
variation
happens
from
the
variety
of
the
minds
of
the
Inhabitants
.
For
some
Countries
abound
with
rich
,
others
are
cram'd
with
poor
men
.
In
some
,
there
is
store
of
Nobles
,
Souldiers
and
Husbandmen
;
in
others
,
plenty
of
Merchants
,
Handicraftsmen
and
Artificers
.
Now
,
wheresoever
the
number
of
Merchants
,
Artificers
and
Husbandmen
surmount
the
rest
,
that
State
usually
becommeth
Popular
:
But
where
there
is
the
greatest
quantity
of
rich
men
,
there
is
established
the
government
of
a
few
.
Where
the
major
part
of
Citizens
be
good
,
wise
and
vertuous
,
that
State
is
apt
to
be
governed
as
an
Optimacy
.
There
are
three
things
(
saith
Aristotle
)
that
contend
for
priority
in
Government
:
Liberty
,
Riches
and
Vertue
.
For
,
Nobility
(
which
supplies
the
fourth
place
)
is
the
associate
of
vertue
and
riches
,
because
the
equal
mixture
of
rich
and
poor
men
,
make
a
Popular
State
.
A
faction
of
rich
men
,
is
called
,
the
Government
of
a
few
;
and
the
consent
of
all
three
,
viz.
Freemen
,
rich
men
,
and
good
men
,
is
counted
an
Optimacie
:
such
was
the
Carthaginian
Republick
;
for
Rich
men
,
Good
men
,
and
Noblemen
were
therein
equally
esteemed
.
Now
,
it
is
the
disposition
and
desire
of
some
men
to
live
,
in
Kingdoms
rather
than
in
any
other
State
;
who
are
such
men
as
are
naturally
ambitious
of
honour
,
vertuous
,
and
fitted
for
action
.
The
Cappadocians
having
enjoyed
Kings
for
many
years
(
whose
Race
was
at
length
extinguished
)
were
profered
by
the
Romans
to
have
their
State
converted
into
popular
Liberty
;
but
they
refused
it
:
whereupon
they
appointed
Ariobarsanes
,
their
friend
,
King
of
Cappadocia
.
The
Athenians
followed
the
quite
contrary
course
;
for
they
affecting
a
Popular
State
,
would
not
allow
of
the
Government
by
one
,
nor
many
.
Yea
,
some
there
are
that
approve
of
Tyrannical
Government
most
of
all
;
as
the
Siculi
of
old
,
who
were
ever
accustomed
to
be
ruled
by
Tyrants
,
and
so
were
almost
all
the
people
of
Asia
;
who
being
naturally
servile
,
are
even
to
this
Age
subject
to
tyrannical
Government
.
Now
,
if
any
man
demand
,
What
a
Common-wealth
is
?
This
doubt
cannot
arise
from
the
name
,
it
being
a
certain
order
among
the
Inhabitants
assembled
together
in
one
City
or
Country
,
and
there
residing
;
but
from
the
variety
and
difference
of
Republicks
:
for
as
mens
manners
,
delights
and
estates
be
various
,
so
also
is
the
Government
of
Commonweals
manifold
.
And
though
the
Terminus
ad
quem
,
or
end
,
is
one
and
the
same
,
viz.
bonum
,
good
;
yet
the
Terminus
d
quo
,
or
means
whereby
they
aspire
to
that
good
,
are
various
,
and
so
consequently
the
Laws
and
Customs
are
of
sundry
sorts
that
are
by
them
used
.
For
,
he
that
shall
compare
the
Laws
of
Hippodamus
enacted
for
the
Miletians
,
with
those
of
Minos
made
for
the
Candians
;
or
the
Ordinances
of
Lycurgus
,
with
the
Decrees
of
Solon
,
the
one
writing
of
the
Lacedaemonian
,
the
other
of
the
Athenian
Government
,
may
with
facility
understand
their
Laws
to
be
divers
,
their
Magistrates
unlike
,
and
the
Form
of
their
States
very
discrepant
.
The
seven
Wise
wen
(
Thales
excepted
,
who
did
not
care
for
fishing
in
the
troubled
waters
of
State-affairs
)
introduced
several
exercises
,
Laws
and
Governments
according
to
the
peoples
capacity
,
and
their
own
pecular
fancies
,
and
by
sundry
orders
and
uses
did
execute
them
.
Which
variety
of
Government
hath
ministred
matter
of
great
controversie
and
contrariety
of
opinion
;
Insomuch
,
that
the
Learned
,
as
well
in
our
,
as
forrain
Schools
and
Universities
,
have
assumed
the
disputation
of
the
several
sorts
of
Commonweals
,
and
confined
them
to
a
certain
number
;
besides
,
they
have
manifested
which
of
them
deserve
the
greatest
commendation
,
and
ought
to
be
embraced
.
Plato
and
Aristotle
seem
to
excell
all
persons
that
ever
wrote
on
this
Subject
:
For
they
with
solid
judgement
,
and
great
respect
to
the
nature
of
men
,
and
the
temperature
of
the
Region
or
Climate
,
have
discreetly
appointed
Laws
and
Governments
suitable
to
the
disposition
and
temper
of
the
Inhabitants
:
therefore
according
to
the
opinion
of
these
two
famous
Philosophers
,
we
will
discourse
of
three
sorts
of
Republicks
:
The
first
is
called
,
Monarchia
;
The
second
,
Aristocratia
;
And
the
third
,
Democratia
;
which
the
Latines
term
,
Regnum
,
Optimatum
Principatus
,
&
Popularis
Respublica
.
The
Supreme
Governour
of
all
things
,
by
his
Providence
divine
,
hath
so
ordered
,
that
the
faculties
or
powers
of
man's
mind
should
reside
in
three
parts
of
his
body
,
representing
thereby
three
Idaea's
or
Forms
of
Republicks
;
constituting
Reason
as
sole
Monarch
,
or
Lord
Paramount
of
them
all
,
to
remain
in
the
head
,
being
the
highest
part
.
The
second
part
,
as
most
vigilant
and
apt
to
obey
,
he
hath
placed
near
unto
it
,
in
the
breast
,
creating
it
a
companion
and
helper
to
the
head
;
which
Plato
calls
,
Vim
irascendi
,
or
affectuum
sedem
.
The
third
,
resembling
a
rude
multitude
,
witless
,
froward
,
and
full
of
sensual
desires
,
harbours
beneath
the
heart
,
far
remote
from
the
other
.
In
these
parts
of
the
soul
,
as
in
a
Mirrour
or
Looking-glass
,
we
may
spy
out
three
sorts
of
Commonweals
.
The
highest
supplies
the
place
of
King
,
as
destined
and
appointed
to
exercise
authority
over
all
.
The
second
,
though
in
place
inferiour
,
yet
in
quality
is
of
no
less
regard
,
being
well
obeyed
:
for
,
where
Reason
swaies
without
the
aid
and
assistance
of
the
affections
,
all
actions
are
weak
and
impotent
.
Just
so
a
Senate
wanting
the
assistance
of
Reason
,
which
deports
her self
partly
as
Captain
,
partly
as
a
Souldier
in
all
actions
and
consultations
,
becomes
timorous
and
effeminate
.
Aristotle
hath
therefore
made
a
division
of
the
power
of
Reason
,
making
one
part
absolute
and
standing
upon
its
own
Guard
,
and
the
other
,
as
it
were
,
depending
and
subservient
,
like
a
Son
that
obeyeth
the
Father
.
Which
Titus
Livius
hath
significantly
expressed
,
in
setting
forth
the
errour
of
Minutius
in
his
unadvised
fight
against
Hannibal
,
which
Fabius
reprehends
in
these
or
the
like
words
:
Souldiers
(
saith
he
)
I
have
often
heard
,
that
he
that
of
himself
can
rightly
judge
,
deserves
the
greatest
commendation
:
next
unto
him
are
they
,
that
know
how
to
subscribe
to
the
good
advice
of
others
:
But
he
that
can
neither
counsel
,
nor
follow
the
counsel
of
others
,
is
but
an
inch
on
this
side
a
Natural
,
and
of
a
very
shallow
capacity
.
The
third
part
of
man's
mind
resembles
a
Popular
Government
,
wherein
the
multitude
hath
authority
to
hear
all
causes
,
and
determine
or
decide
all
controversies
,
though
many
contests
arise
from
hence
to
the
prejudice
both
of
the
Country
and
Inhabitants
.
Aristotle
writes
also
,
that
the
Image
or
representation
of
Republicks
may
be
found
out
in
private
families
;
for
the
authority
of
the
Father
over
his
Children
may
be
compared
to
Principality
;
because
Children
are
the
Parents
charge
;
he
alone
must
provide
for
them
all
,
and
their
faults
are
chastised
,
rather
than
severely
punished
by
him
;
so
ought
a
good
King
to
demean
himself
toward
his
good
Subjects
.
Therefore
Jupiter
,
the
God
of
Gods
and
Men
,
is
by
Homer
styled
Father
.
The
Husbands
authority
over
the
Wife
may
be
compared
to
Optimacie
;
for
the
Husband
ought
to
rule
his
Wife
according
to
Justice
,
and
command
nothing
but
what
may
endure
the
test
of
the
Laws
of
God
and
man
.
The
State
Popular
is
assimilated
to
brotherly
Society
;
for
they
ought
to
live
in
equality
,
differing
only
in
the
degrees
of
Age
.
And
as
the
Father
that
useth
rigour
and
cruelty
towards
his
Children
,
is
judged
a
Tyrant
,
and
no
Father
;
so
that
King
,
that
by
the
oppression
of
the
Subject
endeavours
to
encrease
his
private
interest
,
contemning
all
Laws
,
and
living
dishonourably
,
puts
off
his
Kingship
,
and
is
called
Tyrant
.
A
Husband
and
Wife
living
in
discord
,
either
through
negligence
,
or
obstinacy
,
rejecting
the
care
of
their
Children
,
and
domestick
affairs
,
do
thereby
abuse
their
authority
,
and
become
unworthy
the
name
of
natural
Parents
;
so
Optimacie
abused
,
deserves
not
that
title
.
In
like
manner
Brethren
disagreeing
,
neglecting
their
mutual
profit
,
addicting
themselves
to
sloath
and
lasciviousness
,
are
not
to
be
accounted
Brethren
;
no
more
is
a
Popular
State
so
to
be
esteemed
,
if
of
such
a
temper
.
Thus
it
is
apparent
,
that
through
the
default
and
inconsiderateness
of
Superiors
,
true
Commonweals
are
converted
into
false
and
contrary
Governments
.
Policy
,
which
by
the
Graecians
is
called
,
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
,
and
by
Plato
and
Aristotle
,
Respublica
popularis
,
may
be
referred
to
all
sorts
of
Republicks
;
because
that
word
is
universal
,
and
includes
all
civil
Government
.
Plato
adds
another
kind
of
Government
,
that
is
,
a
King
subject
to
his
Laws
;
making
Monarchy
of
two
sorts
,
and
consequently
two
Kings
;
the
one
bound
and
confined
,
the
other
free
,
and
not
restrained
to
any
Law
:
this
is
his
opinion
of
Monarchy
,
though
not
ours
.
But
now
let
us
discourse
of
the
best
sort
of
Republicks
,
though
it
be
a
very
hard
task
:
to
the
accomplishment
of
which
intended
work
,
it
is
requisite
that
a
man
understand
the
best
kind
and
order
of
life
;
for
otherwise
a
perfect
Commonwealth
cannot
be
conceived
:
but
what
sort
of
life
merits
the
reputation
of
the
best
,
as
yet
latet
in
obscuro
among
the
major
part
of
Philosophers
.
The
Epicures
,
Stoicks
and
Peripateticks
are
of
different
opinions
concerning
this
subject
,
and
have
divided
the
world
by
the
variety
of
their
Sects
and
whimsies
.
But
our
intent
is
to
concur
with
the
Peripateticks
,
because
their
Schools
have
been
the
greatest
Nurseries
of
good
Governours
.
The
Stoicks
,
that
did
ever
wed
themselves
to
an
austere
life
,
ground
their
felicity
upon
Vertue
only
;
which
we
disapprove
not
,
so
that
they
consent
,
that
external
goods
,
which
both
Nature
and
Fortune
have
made
for
the
use
of
man
,
to
the
end
he
may
thereby
be
the
better
accommodated
,
be
joyned
thereunto
as
necessary
additaments
;
otherwise
he
cannot
be
perfect
:
and
seeing
that
man's
felicity
is
numbred
among
things
that
are
perfect
,
and
that
thing
is
only
perfect
that
wants
nothing
;
surely
,
whosoever
desires
to
be
happy
,
must
necessarily
be
fully
furnished
,
so
that
his
felicity
may
be
absolute
,
and
no
way
deficient
.
Riches
are
very
necessary
;
the
liberal
person
stands
in
need
of
money
to
perform
the
actions
of
Liberality
,
and
the
just
man
must
therewith
reward
and
make
satisfaction
.
The
Warriour
wants
it
;
for
according
to
the
Poet
,
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
{non-Roman}
.
Argentis
pugna
telis
,
ac
omnia
vinces
.
Now
the
Epicure
,
he
placeth
his
summum
bonum
in
sensual
delights
and
pleasures
;
which
is
more
becoming
a
beast
,
than
a
man
.
Whereas
Aristotle
makes
a
joynt
agreement
of
Vertue
,
and
other
additional
ornaments
,
or
external
helps
,
most
necessary
for
a
well-regulated
person
.
Philosophers
affirm
,
that
there
are
three
sorts
of
life
:
The
first
,
consisteth
in
Action
;
The
second
,
in
Contemplation
;
And
the
third
,
in
Pleasure
.
That
which
resteth
in
Action
,
if
not
accompanied
with
wisdom
and
vertue
,
proveth
unprofitable
,
and
is
subject
to
many
vices
and
imperfections
.
That
which
is
employed
in
Contemplation
,
not
being
accompanied
with
Action
,
is
vain
and
ineffectual
.
For
,
as
he
that
boldly
looks
upon
the
Sun
when
in
the
Meridian
of
his
lustre
,
is
made
blind
with
his
vehement
heat
and
tralucent
splendor
:
so
the
mind
of
man
,
continually
occupied
with
the
speculation
of
sublime
mysteries
,
becomes
stupid
,
heavy
,
and
languishing
.
He
therefore
that
desires
the
name
of
vertuous
,
must
lead
a
civil
as
well
as
a
philosophical
,
an
active
as
well
as
a
contemplative
life
;
the
mixture
of
which
two
,
makes
man
happy
and
fortunate
.
But
he
that
delights
only
in
sensuality
,
absolutely
forgetting
that
he
was
ever
qualified
with
the
gift
of
reason
,
may
be
said
to
represent
man
,
as
to
his
outward
complexion
or
blush
;
but
he
wants
the
true
and
proper
nature
of
man
.
Hence
ariseth
the
diversity
of
mankind
;
for
some
are
born
free
,
noble
,
wise
,
and
fit
for
government
;
others
,
servile
,
boorish
,
witless
,
destined
to
servitude
and
bondage
.
Plato
hath
it
,
that
God
in
Man's
Creation
had
so
ordered
,
that
in
the
generation
of
those
that
are
apt
to
govern
,
he
hath
mixed
gold
;
of
them
that
are
appointed
as
assistant
to
Governours
,
silver
;
And
the
nature
of
Plough-men
and
Artizans
is
compounded
with
Brass
and
Iron
:
which
similitude
Aristotle
applies
to
the
manners
and
capacities
of
men
.
For
,
although
every
man
doth
naturally
desire
that
his
children
should
resemble
him
;
yet
it
often
happens
,
that
silver
is
the
issue
of
gold
,
and
some
metal
of
a
more
inferiour
allay
,
the
issue
of
silver
.
It
is
therefore
very
requisite
,
that
Princes
pry
into
the
nature
of
their
Children
,
that
they
may
understand
their
disposition
;
and
they
that
are
like
Iron
may
be
converted
into
gold
;
or
that
proving
impossible
,
the
government
may
be
allotted
to
others
:
for
it
hath
been
oraculously
prophesied
,
that
those
Countries
that
are
governed
by
Brass
and
Iron
,
should
perish
and
come
to
confusion
.
But
now
as
to
Optimacie
,
it
consists
in
a
certain
number
of
vertuous
Citizens
(
or
at
least
should
)
because
they
govern
the
Republick
according
to
the
Rules
and
Edicts
of
the
Law
;
whereas
in
popular
States
all
things
are
contrarily
managed
:
for
Liberty
being
the
end
thereof
,
the
State
is
ruled
according
to
will
and
popular
fury
,
without
the
consideration
of
vertue
or
reason
.
In
such
Cities
,
men
are
called
good
,
because
they
are
profitable
or
beneficial
to
the
Commonwealth
,
not
for
their
being
endowed
with
honesty
,
which
consists
in
the
action
of
vertue
;
so
that
vertue
there
is
measured
by
publike
profit
,
not
honesty
;
for
Popular
Justice
,
called
Jus
populare
,
is
where
honour
is
conferred
upon
persons
,
not
according
to
the
vertue
of
him
that
receiveth
,
but
the
number
of
those
that
give
it
;
who
think
those
things
to
be
most
equitable
,
that
are
so
according
to
the
Vogue
of
the
multitude
,
not
as
Justice
instructs
us
;
and
that
to
be
honourable
,
which
hath
the
repute
of
popular
fame
,
or
approbation
of
the
Multitude
.
And
though
it
must
necessarily
be
granted
,
that
there
is
corruption
in
all
Republicks
;
yet
is
it
frequently
known
in
Popular
States
,
and
that
more
than
in
any
other
kind
of
Government
:
for
if
any
man
well-principled
chance
to
have
his
residence
or
abode
in
any
such
State
,
and
he
out
of
natural
reason
only
disgust
the
Plebeian
insolency
,
and
by
admonition
,
reprehension
and
correction
strives
to
reduce
the
Citizens
or
Inhabitants
to
a
more
vertuous
and
religious
course
of
life
,
he
is
instantly
branded
with
the
name
of
an
enemy
to
the
State
,
and
arrested
by
the
Law
of
Ostracisme
;
and
many
times
it
falls
out
,
that
he
comes
to
execution
.
Many
famous
Citizens
of
the
popular
States
of
Greece
were
hereby
afflicted
,
as
Aristides
,
Thucydides
,
Socrates
,
Themistocles
and
Damon
;
and
at
Rome
,
Camillus
and
Scipio
had
the
same
measure
dealt
them
.
Aristides
deserves
a
monument
that
may
endure
to
perpetuity
,
for
his
singular
vertue
and
wisdom
;
who
for
his
integrity
of
life
and
conversation
,
was
sirnamed
Justus
.
And
at
that
time
when
the
Law
of
Ostracisme
was
in
force
among
the
Athenians
,
a
rude
,
boorish
,
beef-brain'd
fellow
,
with
a
scrole
of
paper
in
his
hand
,
chanced
to
meet
him
,
who
with
much
importunacy
would
have
forced
him
to
write
his
name
therein
.
Aristides
being
astonished
at
his
earnest
and
strange
request
;
asked
him
,
Whether
any
man
could
ever
say
he
had
injured
any
person
?
No
,
(
replied
the
fellow
)
all
the
reason
that
prompts
me
to
my
demand
,
is
only
this
,
I
stomach
your
Sirname
,
Justus
.
It
is
reported
by
Cicero
,
that
the
Ephesi
,
at
the
banishment
of
their
Prince
,
Hermodorus
,
pronounced
this
Sentence
:
Let
us
not
excel
one
another
;
and
if
any
do
contrary
to
what
is
herein
specified
or
mentioned
,
he
shall
no
longer
reside
among
us
,
but
must
procure
some
other
dwelling
place
.
Strange
Customs
of
Popular
States
!
Plato
(
as
we
have
already
instanced
)
saith
,
That
no
State
can
be
long
liv'd
that
is
governed
by
Iron
or
Brass
;
that
is
,
by
phanatick
or
infatuated
persons
;
who
being
altogether
unfit
for
Government
,
seem
to
be
born
to
disturb
,
rather
than
obey
.
For
they
,
after
some
petty
or
imaginary
success
at
war
,
growing
insolent
and
tympanous
,
have
alwaies
some
flattering
Tutors
,
and
colloguing
popular
Captains
to
extol
their
Vertues
,
ready
at
hand
;
who
immediately
upon
this
allured
,
or
rather
caught
with
the
golden
bait
of
glory
,
reject
the
authority
of
their
wise
governours
,
rebelling
against
their
Superiours
,
and
so
usurping
their
lawful
power
,
take
it
into
their
hands
,
and
manage
it
according
to
their
own
corrupt
wills
and
depraved
judgements
;
which
is
the
cause
that
such
States
soon
expire
,
and
that
oftentimes
in
their
very
infancy
:
for
through
the
diversity
of
minds
and
opinions
among
them
,
they
become
void
of
counsel
;
and
after
a
continued
series
(
if
it
last
any
considerable
time
)
of
insolency
,
contention
and
faction
,
they
become
submissive
either
to
a
few
,
or
else
to
some
single
person
.
Thus
did
the
Athenians
,
who
having
obtained
the
victory
in
a
memorable
Sea-fight
against
the
Medes
,
bladder'd
up
with
pride
from
their
success
herein
,
it
caused
sedition
and
tumultuation
in
that
State
,
notwithstanding
the
contrary
endeavours
of
the
more
sober
to
prevent
it
.
Nay
,
the
original
of
States
Popular
sometimes
ariseth
from
rebellion
attempted
against
the
Royal
Party
,
as
it
frequently
happened
at
Rome
:
and
at
other
times
it
falls
out
,
when
the
people
through
tyranny
are
exasperated
,
and
made
desperate
by
the
rigour
of
their
Princes
or
Governours
;
for
then
by
force
of
arms
against
their
King
,
they
begin
to
mould
a
new-fashioned
Government
among
themselves
;
which
the
Swisses
,
not
many
years
since
,
have
done
.
As
to
Oligarchy
or
Tyranny
,
we
shall
not
extend
our
discourse
,
but
pass
them
by
,
because
we
judge
such
kind
of
Government
to
be
altogether
unjust
,
insupportable
,
and
quite
contrary
to
a
vertuous
and
civill
life
.
Now
,
as
to
the
discovery
of
the
most
notable
and
imitable
Commonweals
and
Kingdoms
in
the
habitable
World
,
that
shall
be
the
subject
of
our
ensuing
Chapter
.
CHAP.
III.
Wherein
is
contained
the
various
Forms
of
the
most
memorable
and
famous
Commonweals
and
Kingdoms
in
the
World
.
THe
excellency
and
pre-eminency
of
every
Nation
or
Republick
may
easily
be
understood
by
the
Government
and
Laws
therein
practised
and
exercised
:
for
those
are
judged
the
best
,
that
direct
the
course
of
their
life
according
to
justice
and
equity
,
and
not
the
peculiar
w●imsies
of
their
own
natural
fancy
;
and
constantly
persevere
therein
,
without
so
much
as
the
appearance
of
change
or
variation
:
it
is
an
apparent
and
clear
argument
of
female
frailty
,
far
derogating
from
the
dignity
of
Man
,
to
be
so
fickle
and
inconstant
,
as
to
seek
after
variety
;
but
to
be
fix'd
and
grounded
,
is
an
argument
of
a
noble
resolution
.
And
first
,
as
for
the
Commonwealth
of
Plato
,
we
shall
pass
that
by
,
because
it
is
usually
said
,
that
such
a
Government
as
his
,
neither
is
,
hath
been
,
nor
shall
be
hereafter
.
The
Athenian
Republick
was
first
made
as
followeth
:
That
People
being
dispersed
,
and
haunting
the
woods
and
fields
like
brute
Animals
,
were
first
by
Cecrops
,
and
after
by
Theseus
confined
to
a
City
,
which
was
then
called
Cecropia
,
now
Athens
,
and
at
length
reduced
to
a
Kingdom
,
descendable
to
their
Posterity
.
But
what
authority
the
Senate
had
under
those
Kings
(
which
order
did
represent
the
Optimacie
)
cannot
be
manifested
or
apparently
known
,
by
reason
of
the
length
of
time
,
and
multitude
of
years
since
elapsed
,
as
also
the
paucity
of
those
Writers
that
have
any
waies
discoursed
thereon
.
Yet
we
must
believe
,
that
Kings
had
in
those
daies
their
Sages
or
Wisemen
about
them
,
and
made
use
of
their
counsel
in
the
management
of
their
political
affairs
.
The
Kings
of
that
Age
(
as
Thucydides
writes
)
did
rule
by
consent
of
People
,
and
with
their
suffrages
did
many
times
determine
those
things
whereof
they
themselves
were
doubtful
.
Yet
that
Government
was
of
short
continuance
;
for
,
in
tract
of
time
(
which
altereth
all
things
)
it
was
committed
to
the
multitude
,
whose
force
and
power
did
utterly
subvert
the
Commonwealth
.
The
Lacedaemonian
State
seemed
to
contain
all
the
three
sorts
of
Government
,
viz.
King
,
Nobles
,
and
People
;
the
Nobles
were
their
Senators
,
and
the
People
were
the
Ephori
;
for
they
were
alwaies
elected
out
of
the
number
of
popular
men
.
Now
the
Lacedaemonians
are
very
much
extolled
,
in
that
for
the
space
of
seven
hundred
years
compleat
,
they
have
continued
without
any
alteration
of
their
Laws
,
Customs
,
or
Government
.
But
the
Venetians
in
that
respect
may
challenge
a
greater
portion
of
glory
,
for
they
have
till
this
very
present
Age
of
ours
constantly
lived
under
one
Form
of
Government
and
Governours
the
space
of
one
thousand
years
,
and
better
.
Now
the
Venetians
in
framing
their
Republick
,
do
include
within
the
name
of
People
,
Gentlemen
and
Citizens
;
being
very
careful
to
oppose
any
other
,
if
he
presume
or
dare
usurp
that
title
,
because
they
only
are
capable
of
Magistracy
.
The
Senate
is
chosen
out
of
that
number
that
represents
an
Optimacie
,
and
is
the
foundation
,
as
it
were
,
of
that
State
.
The
Duke
is
elected
out
of
that
number
that
resemble
Kings
.
Polybius
doth
very
much
extol
the
Roman
Monarchy
,
because
it
was
made
up
of
the
King
,
Nobility
and
People
;
supposing
that
by
this
means
the
King
for
fear
of
the
People
durst
not
become
insolent
;
and
the
People
,
out
of
respect
to
the
Senate
,
durst
not
disobey
the
King
.
Which
Form
of
Republick
is
accounted
most
just
.
For
as
perfect
harmony
is
made
up
of
Treble
,
Mean
,
and
Base
;
so
the
best
and
surest
agreement
among
men
,
and
the
most
stable
Government
,
is
established
by
the
mixture
of
the
Best
,
the
Mean
,
and
the
Base
people
.
Romulus
(
saith
Livy
)
being
(
as
we
have
already
mentioned
)
by
consent
both
of
God
and
men
elected
King
,
though
the
State
was
then
but
an
Embryo
,
refused
to
have
the
reins
of
Government
lie
altogether
upon
his
own
shoulders
,
and
did
therefore
call
unto
his
assistance
one
hundred
Senators
,
who
out
of
respect
to
their
Age
and
Gravity
,
were
called
Fathers
.
And
lest
the
People
should
suppose
that
they
were
hereby
deluded
,
misled
,
and
defrauded
of
all
honour
,
and
thereby
envy
and
malignity
might
ensue
,
to
the
prejudice
of
the
King
or
Senate
;
He
made
them
Judges
,
and
gave
them
full
power
and
authority
to
sit
and
determine
War
,
and
conclude
peace
,
with
many
other
priviledges
thereunto
annexed
.
And
if
this
model
of
Government
had
still
continued
in
Rome
,
there
had
not
been
so
great
an
effusion
of
bloud
in
aspiring
after
Liberty
and
enlarging
the
Territories
of
the
Roman
Empire
;
Nor
had
the
happiness
of
that
Country
been
shaken
with
so
many
seditions
,
which
did
at
length
work
her
ruine
and
desolation
:
for
she
was
observed
to
be
very
little
acquainted
with
peace
all
the
time
she
stood
upon
her
own
legs
,
ever
since
she
was
able
to
go
alone
.
But
now
let
us
take
the
Governments
of
our
Age
into
consideration
;
and
first
,
of
the
French
Monarchy
;
which
owns
a
King
,
who
rules
ad
placitum
,
at
his
own
discretion
:
and
although
his
authority
come
not
under
the
lash
of
the
Law
,
yet
like
an
honourable
and
just
Prince
,
he
acts
nothing
contrary
to
Law
,
or
Honour
.
In
his
Kingdom
,
the
Noblemen
,
which
they
call
Peers
,
represent
an
Optimacie
:
the
People
are
divided
into
three
sorts
;
Gentlemen
,
Clergy-men
,
and
the
popular
Multitude
;
and
a
choice
number
of
these
three
assembled
together
by
the
Kings
Edict
or
Command
,
determine
matters
of
greatest
importance
in
the
Kingdom
.
This
Council
was
anciently
called
Panceltium
,
as
the
Aetolians
named
theirs
Panaetolium
,
and
the
universal
Council
of
the
Ionians
was
termed
Panionium
;
though
since
,
as
we
have
already
hinted
,
by
reason
of
the
English
wars
there
,
the
King
got
all
authority
into
his
own
hands
,
so
that
his
word
carries
as
much
force
and
validity
with
it
,
as
the
former
acts
of
Parliament
,
which
were
their
three
Estates
conven'd
and
met
together
.
As
for
the
Spanish
Monarchy
,
the
King
there
hath
Soveraign
authority
and
power
;
the
Council-Royal
represents
an
Optimacie
;
and
the
three
prime
Orders
of
Knighthood
may
be
compared
to
the
popular
State
.
For
the
Order
of
St
Jago
,
Collatrava
,
and
Alcantara
,
assembled
with
the
King
,
decide
the
most
important
State-controversies
and
affairs
.
The
Monarchy
of
Polonia
consists
likewise
of
these
three
sorts
,
i.
e.
The
King
,
Nobility
and
People
;
but
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
this
word
People
here
,
denotes
only
Knights
and
Gentlemen
.
The
Union
and
Fellowship
of
these
orders
is
so
admirable
,
that
the
King
without
the
advice
of
his
Council
and
their
authority
,
can
do
nothing
;
nor
can
the
Council
determine
without
the
King's
approbation
,
and
the
Peoples
consent
.
In
this
Kingdom
,
the
Laws
are
of
so
great
force
,
that
every
man
religiously
swears
to
keep
and
observe
them
;
and
if
any
person
act
contrary
to
that
Oath
,
he
is
accounted
unjust
and
impious
.
Now
that
Oath
by
which
they
swear
to
be
strict
in
the
observance
of
their
Laws
and
Liberty
,
is
in
their
vernacular
language
called
,
Captue
;
which
is
as
much
as
Tegmen
capitis
in
Latine
:
for
,
as
the
head
is
kept
in
health
,
and
preserved
from
the
injury
of
the
nipping
weather
,
by
being
covered
;
so
by
vertue
of
that
Oath
,
their
Laws
,
Lives
,
and
Liberties
are
conserved
;
and
to
maintain
it
,
no
man
is
so
fearful
,
as
not
to
venture
his
life
against
Tyrants
,
and
all
such
as
endeavour
to
cut
the
wings
of
publick
Liberty
and
Happiness
.
This
people
enjoy
great
freedom
;
being
principled
with
this
perswasion
,
that
to
live
according
to
the
direction
of
the
Law
,
is
the
most
absolute
Liberty
in
the
World
.
In
this
Kingdom
,
the
Prince
follows
not
the
dictamen
of
his
own
will
and
fancy
,
but
sticks
close
to
the
Rule
of
the
Law
.
In
waging
war
,
or
concluding
peace
,
he
makes
use
of
his
Council
;
never
transgressing
Law
:
which
works
this
effect
,
that
the
Kings
person
is
not
only
honoured
among
the
people
,
but
had
in
high
reverence
and
estimation
;
so
that
he
may
be
said
to
be
adored
,
rather
than
obeyed
.
And
who
indeed
is
there
,
that
would
not
entirely
love
,
honour
,
respect
,
and
reverence
that
Prince
,
that
in
governing
steers
himself
by
the
Cynosure
of
the
Law
,
contented
to
be
led
by
the
Line
of
reason
,
directing
himself
in
all
his
undertakings
,
according
to
the
prudent
and
grave
advice
of
his
Senators
?
Authority
thus
used
,
creates
a
general
love
,
liking
and
consent
among
the
Subjects
.
To
conclude
,
the
King
of
Polonia
seems
such
a
Prince
,
as
Plato
,
Aristotle
,
Xenophon
,
and
other
Legislators
have
desired
to
bear
sway
in
all
well-regulated
Commonweals
and
Kingdoms
,
and
such
as
both
God
and
Nature
approve
.
The
Senate
here
bears
the
Image
of
Optimacy
,
and
hath
much
power
and
authority
;
for
they
being
chosen
out
of
the
wiser
sort
of
Nobles
,
they
only
,
I
say
,
consult
with
the
King
about
State-affairs
.
Their
authority
is
not
unlike
the
Homotimi
of
Persia
,
or
the
Ephori
of
Lacedaemonia
.
The
Gentlemen
of
Polonia
resemble
the
Popular
State
;
for
on
them
is
imposed
a
great
part
of
the
Government
,
and
may
be
said
to
be
as
a
Seminary
from
whence
issue
both
Counsellors
and
Kings
.
The
Empire
of
Germany
consists
of
the
Emperour
,
Princes
,
and
People
;
which
being
governed
by
divers
Potentates
,
and
their
policy
being
scattered
into
sundry
Governments
,
comes
not
easily
within
the
reach
of
a
concise
description
.
The
quondam
Kingdom
of
Britain
,
now
called
England
,
obeyeth
one
King
;
who
electeth
Senators
,
unto
whom
the
residue
of
Nobles
,
and
some
of
the
Popular
Order
being
joyned
,
make
one
Common
Council
,
which
is
called
in
our
Idiom
,
a
Parliament
.
But
native
modesty
forbids
us
to
proceed
any
farther
upon
this
subject
;
whose
Encomia's
we
judge
to
be
a
Theme
far
more
suitable
to
a
forrain
Pen
.
One
difficulty
there
remains
still
,
the
resolution
whereof
we
have
reserved
for
the
close
of
this
Chapter
;
and
that
is
this
;
What
a
Citizen
is
,
which
we
have
so
much
all
along
discoursed
of
?
To
which
we
answer
:
That
this
word
Citizen
hath
had
several
acceptations
among
Writers
.
Some
have
called
the
whole
number
of
Inhabitants
by
the
name
of
Citizens
.
Others
,
only
those
that
are
descended
of
Noble
and
free-born
Citizens
.
Some
call
them
Citizens
whose
Fathers
were
free-born
within
the
City
;
Others
would
have
them
to
fetch
their
Pedigree
more
remote
,
from
their
ancient
Grandfathers
.
And
some
are
of
opinion
,
that
forrainers
received
into
the
Society
of
Citizens
,
and
naturalized
,
or
Denizen'd
,
deserve
the
name
of
Citizens
.
Aristotle
terms
them
Citizens
,
that
are
capable
of
publick
Offices
in
State
,
and
are
descended
of
free
and
honest
Parentage
.
In
popular
States
,
all
they
are
usually
called
Citizens
that
dwell
in
the
City
,
as
well
Poor
,
as
Rich
;
Bad
,
as
Good
;
none
being
Bond-men
;
for
every
one
is
capable
of
Government
,
because
there
is
an
universal
parity
among
them
.
Of
this
nature
was
the
Athenian
Commonwealth
(
before
spoken
of
)
so
long
as
it
was
subject
to
Popular
Government
;
and
the
Cantons
of
Switzerland
steer
the
same
course
even
to
this
very
Day
.
And
divers
Cities
in
Germany
there
are
,
called
free
;
where
the
Inhabitants
live
popularly
,
secluded
from
Gentlemen
,
and
noble
Citizens
.
In
an
Oligarchy
,
because
men
are
most
respected
for
their
revenues
and
substance
,
they
that
are
most
rich
are
reputed
Citizens
,
though
they
are
dishonourable
,
because
careless
of
all
vertue
;
and
make
it
their
whole
study
to
be
rich
Quo
jure
,
quaque
injuria
,
by
hook
or
by
crook
(
as
we
say
)
right
or
wrong
,
no
matter
which
way
they
obtain
it
;
to
the
end
that
they
may
come
to
dignity
and
preferment
,
not
as
wise
and
vertuous
,
but
as
rich
and
wealthy
persons
.
Among
the
Romans
,
there
were
several
sorts
of
Citizens
;
Some
were
called
Municipes
,
some
Coloni
,
and
others
Latini
;
every
one
of
them
retaining
those
conditions
that
were
allotted
them
by
the
people
of
Rome
.
Some
whereof
were
free
,
some
Confederate
,
and
some
Stipendiary
.
Some
were
created
Citizens
pleno
jure
,
which
was
by
voice
;
and
they
were
thought
worthy
of
all
honours
;
Others
,
Jure
honorario
,
which
were
of
the
number
of
those
that
were
admitted
into
the
the
City
without
the
suffrage
of
the
people
;
and
they
were
honoris
gratia
called
Citizens
,
as
the
Campani
,
and
Equites
.
He
likewise
was
counted
a
Citizen
of
Rome
,
whose
name
was
written
in
the
Book
of
the
Censors
,
and
was
an
House-keeper
.
By
all
which
it
is
perspicuous
and
evident
,
that
in
all
Republicks
they
were
properly
called
Citizens
that
could
plead
a
right
to
Office
,
and
could
give
suffrage
in
the
State
;
whereas
he
that
wants
these
priviledges
,
is
rather
to
be
called
Inhabitant
,
or
Client
,
than
Citizen
.
In
Monarchies
and
Aristocracies
those
are
Citizens
that
are
vertuous
.
In
the
latter
,
good
and
vertuous
men
only
govern
;
in
the
former
,
one
alone
,
that
for
Bounty
,
Liberality
,
and
Magnificency
excels
all
others
.
Those
people
which
are
naturally
Slaves
,
or
wickedly
debauched
,
do
for
the
most
part
obey
Tyrants
,
and
that
Government
is
called
Imperium
despoticum
:
Yet
are
not
all
they
to
be
judged
Slaves
,
that
are
encumbred
with
the
power
and
oppression
of
Tyrants
,
if
they
be
not
withall
base
minded
and
vicious
.
For
we
read
of
many
Citizens
that
have
freed
themselves
and
their
Country
from
servitude
,
by
slaying
or
expelling
the
Tyrants
;
and
if
they
found
their
expectations
were
herein
frustrated
,
they
chose
rather
to
lose
their
lives
than
their
Liberty
,
as
Brutus
and
Cato
did
,
with
many
other
Romans
.
Thus
we
have
given
the
description
and
division
of
the
ancient
States
Popular
,
Republicks
and
Kingdoms
;
in
the
next
Chapter
we
shall
demonstrate
the
new
models
of
Government
set
up
by
the
rebellious
since
the
late
unhappy
wars
between
King
and
Parliament
.
CHAP.
IV.
The
new-fangled
Model
of
Modern
Policy
,
being
of
three
sorts
;
a
Protectordom
,
a
Committeedom
,
and
a
Rumpdom
;
and
first
,
of
the
Protectordom
.
AS
for
that
hellish
monster
,
that
damnable
Machiavilian
that
first
gave
rise
to
this
same
strange
and
unheard
of
Government
;
we
shall
say
nothing
tending
either
to
his
Parentage
,
Birth
,
or
Education
,
because
we
have
reserved
that
as
a
subject
for
another
entire
peece
;
only
,
that
he
might
be
said
to
be
a
man
of
blouds
,
in
the
plural
number
,
as
Zipporah
said
to
her
Husband
Moses
:
Who
butcher-like
made
cruelty
his
profession
,
and
was
never
better
than
when
he
had
his
Sword
sheathed
in
his
Country-mens
bowels
;
so
that
we
may
affirm
,
what
succeeding
Ages
will
unquestionably
maintain
:
—
Dicat
de
Tygride
natum
Posteritas
—
An
audacious
Rebel
,
that
durst
aspire
from
the
mean
condition
of
a
private
person
,
to
the
Throne
,
though
he
first
wash'd
his
hands
in
the
bloud
of
his
Soveraign
!
He
represented
the
real
Tragedy
of
a
King
and
no
King
;
whose
mouth
water'd
after
that
Title
,
but
that
he
durst
not
assume
it
,
being
he
had
fought
so
long
against
it
,
and
was
sworn
to
the
deposition
of
all
Kingship
for
the
future
.
He
,
to
raise
himself
on
the
top
of
the
Pyramid
of
honour
,
trampled
over
the
heads
of
the
most
Loyal
Subjects
of
the
Realm
;
made
a
foot-ball
of
a
Crown
,
and
endeavoured
utterly
to
extirpate
the
Royal
Progeny
,
Root
and
Kind
,
Stem
and
Stock
:
Nay
,
I
will
be
bold
to
say
,
if
that
an
innocent
Babe
had
been
born
with
Vive
le
Roy
in
his
mouth
,
he
must
have
been
food
for
his
Sword
,
as
well
as
the
first-born
were
for
Herods
.
It
is
credibly
reported
,
that
Hugh
Peters
,
that
spiritual
Dragooner
,
and
Nol
,
hatch'd
this
Government
as
they
were
walking
together
in
a
field
:
a
brace
of
pious
Devils
!
They
would
carry
the
outward
shew
of
sanctity
,
whenas
all
their
actions
proclaim'd
them
diabolical
.
There
was
never
so
furious
an
Incendiary
,
as
this
pious
Pulpit-cuffer
;
nor
no
Machiavel
more
apt
to
receive
the
impression
of
infernal
Counsel
,
who
would
sacrifice
both
soul
and
body
to
accomplish
his
own
ends
,
or
promote
his
self-interest
.
The
whole
Nation
was
enchained
in
a
more
than
Aegyptian
Bondage
;
who
were
compelled
to
submit
to
this
Tyrant
Nol
,
or
be
cut
off
by
him
;
nothing
but
a
word
and
a
blow
,
his
will
was
his
Law
;
tell
him
of
Magna
Charta
,
he
would
lay
his
hand
on
his
sword
,
and
cry
Magna
Farta
:
No
Liberty
was
granted
to
the
Subject
,
unless
it
were
that
of
Conscience
;
and
that
too
was
denied
the
more
Orthodox
and
Loyal
Party
.
The
People
were
rob'd
of
all
Laws
,
Rights
and
Priviledges
,
and
sometimes
of
their
Lives
;
whilst
he
,
like
a
Tyrant
,
insulted
with
a
Quis
contradicet
?
The
Citizens
were
so
fleeced
and
pilled
,
that
had
this
inhumane
barbarous
wretch
continued
much
longer
,
he
had
sent
London
into
the
Country
a
begging
.
To
say
God
save
the
King
,
was
a
crime
as
black
as
any
forbidden
in
the
Decalogue
:
but
so
long
as
that
was
prohibited
publikely
and
privately
,
it
was
in
vain
to
cry
out
,
God
speed
the
Plough
,
or
expect
any
blessing
from
the
superiour
power
.
His
infernal
plots
and
machinations
had
wrought
the
utter
ruine
and
desolation
of
the
Country
,
had
not
Providence
divine
cut
him
off
,
to
the
general
benefit
and
rejoycing
of
the
Nation
.
English
ground
groaned
with
the
burthen
of
this
inhumane
Tyrant
.
It
was
not
enough
that
the
English
should
be
scourged
,
but
the
whip
must
lye
before
them
;
it
was
not
sufficient
that
he
should
be
the
Author
of
all
their
woes
while
living
,
but
they
must
live
subject
to
his
Tyranny
and
oppression
;
and
like
so
many
mutes
,
condescend
to
all
his
actions
by
silence
,
not
daring
to
mention
the
least
dislike
,
though
it
thwarted
their
disposition
never
so
much
.
He
was
a
rod
of
their
own
making
,
and
they
were
content
to
untruss
whilest
he
whipt
them
.
In
vain
it
was
for
the
most
accurate
wit
to
plead
Reason
or
Law
against
the
Sword
:
the
Tongue
is
too
weak
a
weapon
for
the
Dagger
.
During
the
usurpation
of
this
same
hellish
Tyrant
,
what
a
Chaos
of
confusion
bespread
the
face
of
the
whole
Nation
?
How
was
all
the
Land
benegroed
with
more
than
the
Egyptian
darkness
of
persecution
?
The
whole
Country
was
enveloped
in
clouds
,
and
ruine
hung
over
the
heads
of
the
people
,
by
as
slender
a
thread
,
as
the
Sword
over
the
head
of
Damocles
at
the
Banquet
.
The
whole
Land
was
entombed
in
despair
,
and
little
or
no
hope
of
a
resurrection
,
till
a
divine
hand
wrought
it
by
his
long-expected
death
:
and
it
is
the
Cordial
wish
and
hearty
desire
of
the
loyal
Pen-man
,
that
all
his
Majesties
and
the
Kingdoms
enemies
were
as
stately
interred
as
he
was
.
Had
he
deserved
an
Epitaph
,
we
would
have
stretch'd
hard
but
our
brain
should
have
furnished
him
with
one
;
but
since
he
was
so
unworthy
,
we
hold
it
as
great
a
disparagement
to
our
quill
to
bestow
a
Copy
of
Verses
on
him
,
as
he
was
a
grief
and
trouble
to
the
Loyal
Party
of
the
Nation
.
And
indeed
,
how
can
any
Son
of
Phoebus
employ
his
time
so
ill
,
as
to
salute
his
dead
corpse
with
an
Epitaph
,
that
was
so
great
an
enemy
to
them
when
living
;
Who
had
a
real
design
to
extirpate
all
literature
,
and
implunge
us
into
as
deep
a
gulph
of
ignorance
and
profaneness
as
the
Turk
is
cast
into
?
he
hated
all
Learning
,
and
the
Learned
,
because
his
crimes
were
so
black
and
horrid
that
they
went
far
beyond
the
mercy
of
the
Book
.
He
granted
a
toleration
for
all
Religions
,
because
his
own
was
to
choose
;
and
that
he
might
not
offend
the
tender
Consciences
of
his
pretended
Zealots
and
Favourites
,
who
were
true
Vassals
to
the
Lust
and
Villany
of
such
an
imperious
Usurper
.
Honesty
was
so
much
out
of
fashion
,
that
he
that
was
vertuous
was
a
Malefactor
,
and
deserved
death
;
for
Knavery
was
à
la
mode
;
and
you
know
the
old
Saying
,
It
is
as
good
to
be
out
of
the
World
,
as
out
of
the
Fashion
.
An
honest
loyall
Subject
was
as
much
hooted
and
pointed
at
,
and
judged
as
ridiculous
an
Object
,
as
a
Spanish
Don
in
his
Country
Garb
at
Paris
.
An
honest
man
was
as
strange
a
sight
in
England
,
as
a
Horse
in
Venice
,
or
a
Beggar
in
Holland
;
and
he
was
as
like
to
be
preferred
to
his
favour
,
as
a
Spurrier
was
to
Queen
Elizabeth
.
But
since
he
is
in
his
grave
▪
we
will
not
rake
up
his
ashes
any
farthe●…
if
he
can
find
any
rest
there
now
dead
,
who
living
I
am
sure
had
little
or
none
in
his
conscience
;
(
for
he
ever
carried
a
civil
War
in
his
breast
,
of
fears
,
suspicions
and
jealousies
)
he
shall
lie
secure
;
for
we
intend
to
disturb
him
no
farther
.
After
the
death
of
this
British
Idoll
,
Richard
the
fourth
his
Son
peep'd
out
;
who
had
no
fault
so
great
,
as
that
he
had
him
to
his
Father
;
for
it
was
generally
believed
,
he
would
be
but
Tenant
to
the
Right
Landlord
,
or
the
Stuarts
Steward
,
to
set
all
things
in
order
till
he
was
restored
.
But
alas
!
he
prov'd
but
a
fortnights
wonder
;
no
sooner
up
,
but
down
;
his
deposition
(
if
we
may
credit
report
)
was
the
womanish
plot
of
weeping
Fleetwoods
Lady
;
who
stomach'd
it
that
his
preferment
should
be
greater
than
her
Husbands
,
though
it
proved
to
little
purpose
:
&
indeed
,
it
is
seldom
known
that
female
counsel
ever
arrives
to
any
better
success
;
nor
is
there
any
reason
that
the
Distaff
should
be
a
companion
for
the
Scepter
.
A
Kitchin
was
a
great
deal
more
fit
for
her
than
a
Throne
,
though
she
had
ambition
enough
to
perswade
her self
that
she
deserved
the
name
of
a
Princess
.
Yet
had
Richard
been
heir
of
his
Fathers
parts
(
though
it
was
well
he
was
not
)
he
would
soon
have
frustrated
all
their
designs
,
and
come
to
as
much
height
and
greatness
:
But
he
had
not
enough
of
the
Rogue
in
his
Composition
,
to
make
up
a
damned
Politician
.
He
was
fitter
to
bear
a
Hawk
on
his
Fist
,
than
to
hold
a
Scepter
in
his
hand
.
A
sedentary
,
retired
,
Country-life
,
was
far
more
suitable
to
his
temper
and
disposition
,
than
a
tumultuous
City-life
.
He
was
altogether
ignorant
in
that
so
much
practised
profession
of
piecing
the
Lion
with
the
Foxes
tail
;
which
no
doubt
he
might
have
done
,
had
he
been
as
well
read
in
Machiavil
as
his
Sire
was
.
He
was
not
much
read
in
Politicks
,
as
appears
by
the
small
term
of
time
that
was
allotted
him
to
play
the
Protector
.
But
no
matter
,
it
was
well
it
fell
out
so
:
he
is
like
to
fare
the
better
for
it
,
in
the
judgement
of
the
most
censorious
.
Besides
,
it
was
what
suited
with
his
phancy
(
according
to
relation
)
better
than
all
the
usurped
power
and
authority
of
his
Predecessor
.
Exit
Protector
,
he
was
but
like
a
Pageant
,
a
King
in
a
Play
;
he
only
appears
upon
the
Stage
,
makes
a
leg
,
and
takes
his
leave
of
you
:
but
what
comes
next
?
The
State-Grotescoes
will
soon
resolve
you
,
the
business
is
already
hatch'd
;
room
for
a
Committteedom
,
which
being
the
second
branch
of
this
tripartite
Anarchy
,
challenges
a
place
in
the
fifth
Chapter
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
a
Committeedom
.
WHen
Richard
(
as
the
Major
part
of
the
Gentry
do
)
had
retired
himself
to
his
Country-house
for
a
mouth-full
of
fresh
Air
,
there
starts
up
another
kind
of
Government
,
hatch'd
by
a
Committee
of
Safety
;
(
of
slavery
,
they
meant
)
who
were
a
rude
rabble
of
Factious
,
Illiterate
,
Phanatick
,
Disloyal
Rebels
;
a
knot
of
Knipperdolings
;
of
the
same
stamp
with
that
German
Botcher
,
Jack-a-Leyden
:
the
very
merdaille
and
excrementitious
off-scouring
of
the
Nation
:
during
which
time
we
might
be
said
to
be
the
true
Antipodes
;
for
the
Shooe
was
placed
above
the
Head
:
and
the
Nation
troubled
with
such
a
State-Apoplexy
,
or
Political
Meagrim
,
that
it
would
soon
have
reel'd
to
its
destruction
(
being
drunk
with
Rebellion
)
had
not
the
Heavens
made
a
restautation
of
our
pristine
Laws
and
ancient
Liberty
,
by
the
re-establishment
of
our
most
gracious
Soveraign
,
Charles
the
Second
.
Thus
did
they
wheel
about
the
Circumference
of
Government
,
till
they
hit
upon
the
Center
,
viz.
Monarchy
.
How
like
a
senseless
body
did
the
Nation
lie
,
during
this
strange
unheard-of
Government
?
Nor
was
it
a
wonder
;
for
how
can
the
Members
live
without
their
Head
?
Miserable
and
despicable
was
the
condition
of
the
Natives
,
so
that
they
became
ridiculous
to
their
Neighbours
;
Law
lay
bleeding
,
and
Justice
run
quite
contrary
to
her
Institution
.
Learning
was
of
so
small
esteem
and
account
,
that
it
was
thought
an
incumbrance
and
prejudice
to
him
that
could
boast
of
it
.
Divinity
was
quite
out
of
date
;
Churches
were
pulled
down
for
Edification
;
To
rob
Cathedrals
sacrilegiously
,
was
Piety
;
The
Temple
was
converted
into
a
Stable
;
so
that
it
might
well
be
said
,
that
Horse
and
Man
serv'd
God
alike
.
The
Pulpits
were
hung
with
blew
Aprons
,
and
Cheapside
produced
better
Preachers
than
Cambridge
.
No
Order
nor
Decorum
in
Gods
house
,
but
all
things
sluttishly
handled
;
as
if
the
Queen
of
Sciences
,
Divinity
,
must
be
cloathed
in
filthy
rags
.
As
if
the
Father
of
Languages
understood
no
Language
but
English
,
the
Latine
and
Greek
Fathers
must
not
be
quoted
,
but
were
almost
come
to
the
Chandlers
shops
to
make
waste
Paper
.
No
Prayer
but
what
was
by
the
Spirit
:
Bold
audacious
Villains
,
that
dare
ascend
the
Pulpit
,
and
there
talk
with
God
ex
tempore
.
And
indeed
,
most
of
these
Spirit-mongers
made
moving
Sermons
:
for
not
a
man
of
understanding
in
the
Church
,
but
would
go
out
before
they
had
done
.
The
Orthodox
Clergy
were
dis-respected
,
calumniated
,
reviled
,
imprisoned
,
and
executed
,
what
not
?
But
why
,
or
wherefore
,
no
one
knew
:
as
squeamish
as
these
Sectaries
seemed
to
be
,
they
could
swallow
down
fat
Benefices
,
and
never
disgorge
them
.
The
Steeple-Houses
must
down
,
they
were
superstitious
businesses
;
They
say
,
their
tender
,
I
say
,
their
large
Consciences
prompted
them
to
these
sacrilegious
actions
;
and
all
for
the
promoting
of
their
own
filthy
lucre
and
self-interest
;
which
made
them
convert
those
Church-Utensils
that
were
consecrated
to
Sacred
uses
,
to
their
own
benefit
and
profit
.
These
foul
fiends
haunted
sacred
grounds
most
,
not
out
of
devotion
,
but
gain
;
Thus
was
it
their
dayly
practice
to
learn
to
leap
over
Steeples
:
and
whereas
we
used
to
say
,
Lord
encrease
our
Faith
;
we
might
then
heartily
cry
out
and
say
,
Lord
decrease
our
Faiths
;
for
we
had
then
so
many
among
us
,
that
if
a
Jew
or
Pagan
had
come
to
be
converted
among
us
,
he
would
have
found
as
much
difference
in
the
outward
ceremony
and
preaching
of
the
Word
,
as
there
is
between
our
Tenets
and
theirs
:
Outward
shew
and
ostentation
had
almost
worm'd
out
the
Substance
of
Religion
.
But
this
Cockatrice
(
thanks
to
Heaven
)
was
crusht
in
the
Shell
;
this
prodigious
birth
prov'd
abortive
,
almost
as
soon
confounded
as
conceived
.
Had
we
suffered
those
Birds
of
prey
to
have
been
fledge
(
for
they
were
but
pin-feathered
)
it
might
have
been
said
in
our
Proverb
,
that
we
brought
up
Birds
to
pick
out
our
own
eyes
.
But
they
were
all
soon
got
by
Lowbelling
;
these
silly
Wood-cocks
were
ensnared
in
a
Gin
laid
by
the
Royal
Party
.
Well
may
Albion
acknowledge
St
George
her
Patron
,
since
we
have
a
Trinity
of
them
to
protect
us
;
one
St
George
,
and
a
brace
of
Sir
Georges
.
This
Committee-Conventicle
of
Cacodaemons
was
soon
crackt
and
dissolved
;
which
hapned
very
successfully
,
for
else
the
whole
Nation
had
soon
come
to
its
dissolution
.
If
ever
there
was
a
Tower
of
Babel
,
sure
it
was
here
then
;
for
what
could
be
said
of
England
more
justly
,
than
that
it
was
a
Land
of
Confusion
?
Now
the
Anabaptists
strutted
it
en
cuerpo
;
they
domineered
as
if
they
had
been
sole
Masters
of
the
Universe
:
And
had
liberty
to
broach
their
damnable
and
erroneous
opinions
in
all
places
without
controule
:
Six
days
shalt
thou
labour
,
that
part
of
the
Commandment
they
allowed
;
and
the
seventh
thou
shalt
teach
,
that
was
their
own
addition
;
at
work
all
the
week
,
and
a
preaching
on
Sundaies
.
Surely
the
leaven
of
these
Pharisees
must
be
very
strong
,
that
can
work
a
Cobler
out
of
the
Stall
into
the
Pulpit
;
where
you
might
see
him
thumb
the
Bible
with
his
massey
fist
,
and
begins
to
pitch
on
a
portion
of
Scripture
,
though
he
begin
at
the
wrong
end
of
the
Book
;
and
then
like
a
Fugitive
,
runs
away
from
the
Text
(
and
how
can
he
do
otherwise
?
for
he
is
beside
the
Last
.
)
Ne
sutor
ultra
creptdam
,
was
an
ancient
Proverb
;
but
they
neglected
all
antiquity
so
much
,
that
they
pulled
down
all
Churches
whose
outside
pronounced
them
ancient
,
and
crept
in
holes
and
corners
;
which
is
enough
to
evince
that
they
can
never
be
registred
inter
Angelos
,
who
were
found
so
often
in
Angulis
:
but
their
deeds
of
darkness
required
such
dark
corners
,
who
if
they
had
appeared
in
the
Light
,
had
soon
manifested
their
imbecility
and
villany
:
But
now
we
may
in
the
Juglers
Dialect
say
,
Presto
!
Jack
Lambert
and
his
Legion
of
Hobgoblins
are
vanished
;
Ingoldsby
routed
his
Forces
,
and
secured
his
Person
;
where
now
in
the
Tower
he
hath
so
much
liberty
(
though
confined
)
as
to
sing
a
Palinode
for
his
fore-past
misdemeanors
,
if
he
have
but
the
grace
to
do
so
:
his
hellish
crew
may
wait
for
his
deliverance
by
an
Angel
,
as
long
as
the
Turks
did
for
the
Resurrection
of
their
Mahomet
,
and
find
themselves
at
length
miserably
deluded
.
All
which
may
afford
them
matter
of
repentance
,
if
they
have
but
the
knowledge
to
make
a
spiritual
improvement
of
so
gracious
an
opportunity
.
But
as
their
reign
was
short
and
of
small
continuance
,
so
will
we
be
,
suiting
the
discourse
to
the
matter
discoursed
on
,
and
come
to
the
third
sort
of
this
new-fangled
Government
,
which
will
take
up
the
last
Chapter
.
CHAP.
VI
.
Of
the
Rumpdom
.
THe
Subject
of
this
discourse
being
concerning
the
Rump
,
we
thought
fit
to
place
it
in
the
Buttock
of
our
Book
,
that
so
we
may
come
to
an
end
by
discoursing
of
an
End
,
a
Fag-end
of
Parliament
,
the
Rump
.
It
is
credibly
reported
,
that
noble
Brown
was
their
Godfather
,
and
bestowed
this
name
upon
these
Arse-worms
;
which
proves
him
to
be
as
good
a
Nomenclator
as
Adam
,
who
gave
names
according
to
the
nature
of
the
Beasts
that
came
before
him
;
and
so
did
he
;
which
was
,
and
will
continue
to
be
a
brand
upon
them
(
notwithstanding
the
Vote
that
past
in
the
House
for
a
fifty
pound
forfeiture
on
every
person
that
should
call
them
by
that
name
)
and
their
posterity
,
so
long
as
the
Sun
and
Moon
endures
.
Had
he
searched
all
the
Dictionaries
that
ever
were
extant
,
he
could
never
have
found
out
a
term
more
suitable
for
them
.
Had
these
beasts
been
to
enter
the
Ark
,
it
would
have
puzzled
Noah
himself
to
have
suited
them
into
pairs
.
This
Rump
was
made
up
of
a
Rabble
of
rude
,
illiterate
,
rebellious
fellows
;
a
heap
or
cluster
of
Mechanicks
;
that
intended
to
reduce
the
Nation
to
as
much
slavery
and
servility
,
as
they
themselves
were
born
to
.
And
first
of
all
,
let
us
nip
Hesilrig
;
that
wide-mouth'd
fellow
,
that
could
swallow
down
Church
and
Bishops
Lands
without
any
scruple
or
conscience
:
so
furious
a
Villain
,
that
he
was
able
to
set
a
whole
Kingdom
in
combustion
:
One
,
that
would
have
made
a
Bonefire
of
the
City
,
so
that
he
might
but
have
warm'd
his
hands
thereby
,
rather
than
fail
.
So
horrible
a
Mammonist
,
that
he
was
resolved
to
cram
his
Coffers
,
though
he
starved
his
Conscience
:
so
that
Lord
have
mercy
upon
rich
Sir
A.
Hesilrig
a
sinner
,
might
have
been
the
sum
of
his
Letany
.
Desborow
,
that
bloudy
beef-brain'd
wretch
falls
under
our
description
next
;
who
was
a
State
Hay-gee-ho
,
or
Carter
;
and
never
shall
come
to
the
honour
to
be
Waggoner
to
Charles
his
Wain
;
who
still
thought
,
when
he
sate
in
the
Parliament
,
that
he
was
whistling
to
the
Country
Teem
;
and
therefore
alwaies
endeavoured
to
ride
the
Citizens
,
and
make
Asses
of
them
.
But
indeed
,
to
speak
truth
,
we
cannot
much
blame
the
Man
;
for
he
was
ever
so
much
used
to
the
Whip
,
that
he
must
still
be
lashing
where-ever
he
came
.
Yet
one
would
have
thought
he
might
have
spit
in
his
hand
and
took
better
hold
;
for
now
his
Whip
may
prove
like
a
Rod
for
his
own
Breech
:
But
no
matter
,
every
School-boy
could
have
told
him
,
that
the
Rump
used
to
pay
for
all
faults
;
And
he
might
have
remembred
that
we
have
a
Proverb
runs
thus
,
The
Pot
goes
not
so
often
to
the
water
,
but
it
comes
broke
home
at
last
;
which
no
doubt
he
will
soon
be
made
sensible
of
.
But
I
am
weary
with
whistling
to
this
Brawny
Boor
.
Enter
Scot
:
his
very
name
implies
treachery
;
As
treacherous
as
a
Scot
,
is
old
,
though
true
;
and
may
be
appliable
to
him
:
for
they
are
as
true
Types
one
of
the
other
,
as
the
Dragon
of
the
Devil
.
A
bitter
enemy
to
Kingship
he
was
,
and
one
that
had
the
impudence
to
affirm
publikely
(
so
report
informs
me
)
that
he
was
one
of
the
chiefest
that
sate
in
the
Highest
Court
of
Injustice
for
the
executing
of
Charles
the
first
;
and
were
it
to
do
again
,
he
would
be
as
ready
upon
that
design
as
ever
.
Sure
he
was
some
kin
to
a
Tinker
,
he
proves
himself
such
a
man
of
metal
.
Surge
Harry
Martin
;
shew
thy
smock-face
:
well
might
he
be
a
Rumper
,
he
delighted
so
much
in
the
Tail
.
A
lewd
dissolute
fellow
;
fitter
to
walk
before
a
party
of
Whores
,
than
to
lead
up
a
Regiment
of
Horse
.
This
is
one
of
that
sanctified
Crew
,
that
would
procure
any
business
to
be
done
,
if
a
female
,
from
whom
he
might
but
expect
a
kindness
,
put
up
the
Petition
.
But
he
was
once
handsomly
fitted
by
a
handsome
Girl
;
which
action
made
the
name
of
Trepan
first
known
in
England
:
His
lustful
desire
,
though
unaccomplished
,
cost
two
hundred
pounds
in
sawce
;
only
they
were
so
civil
to
bestow
a
dinner
of
him
,
inviting
some
other
of
the
Members
of
this
mock-Parliament
,
only
to
divulge
the
frollick
.
Henceforth
,
Harry
,
take
this
advice
as
from
a
friend
,
Beware
of
all
such
costly
petitions
,
if
ever
it
be
thy
hap
to
prefer
any
more
.
But
to
dwell
upon
particulars
thus
,
would
require
a
Volume
:
I
must
hasten
,
since
I
am
come
to
the
end
.
Thus
did
Nol
and
the
Rump
play
at
Nose
in
a
—
with
the
Nation
,
intending
(
as
it
is
thought
)
to
stink
the
People
out
of
their
dominions
,
and
to
remain
with
their
Confederates
Lords
of
Great
Britain
.
(
As
for
the
Rumpers
,
they
provided
a
Scavenger
)
to
sweep
London-streets
;
and
he
hath
swept
them
away
,
and
made
the
house
clean
for
more
deserving
Persons
.
I
wonder
what
benefit
did
ever
accrew
to
the
Nation
by
their
Acts
and
Ordinances
;
or
when
did
they
ever
attempt
any
thing
,
but
,
Tinker-wise
,
in
mending
one
hole
they
made
three
?
All
their
consultations
tended
only
to
their
own
preferment
.
A
knot
of
gnawing
Vermine
,
that
fed
upon
the
fat
of
the
Land
;
A
Company
of
Book-worms
,
who
,
because
ignorant
themselves
,
were
resolved
to
destroy
all
Learning
,
and
implunge
the
People
into
an
Abyss
of
Brutishness
and
Barbarism
:
and
make
them
subscribe
to
,
and
approve
of
whatsoever
their
dunghil
spirits
prompted
them
to
.
But
I
must
draw
to
a
period
.
This
New-fangled
Model
you
have
under
the
notion
of
Modern
Policy
(
though
it
is
a
favour
to
call
it
so
)
for
Rebellion
it
should
be
;
but
I
was
unwilling
to
front
my
Page
with
so
formidable
a
Title
.
For
the
Nation
hath
been
too
too
long
sensible
of
the
heavy
effects
of
Rebellion
;
which
have
lighted
somewhat
hard
upon
their
shoulders
.
The
latter
part
of
this
Piece
,
I
confess
,
differs
from
the
former
,
as
much
as
Heraclitus
from
Democritus
;
yet
it
is
no
offence
,
I
presume
,
(
if
I
may
be
thought
a
sufficient
Apothecary
)
to
put
a
scruple
of
mirth
into
a
dose
of
seriousness
;
wherefore
I
shall
conclude
with
what
I
ever
made
my
Motto
,
—
Non
seria
semper
.