management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no.4 (2020), pp. 86-100 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v2i4.127 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 86 www.mer-j.com application of convex optimization results of de finetti’s problem for proportional reinsurance (a case study of caarama insurance company in algiers) zahra cheraitia1, hanya kherchi medjden2 1phd student, national higher school of statistics and applied economics, tipaza (algeria) cheraitia-zahra@outlook.fr 2professor, national higher school of statistics and applied economics, tipaza (algeria) hanya.kherchi@gmail.com published: 22-09-2020 accepted: 19-09-2020 received: 02-08-2020 abstract: the objective of this research is to find the optimal retention level for a proportional reinsurance treaty based on the results of the convex optimization developed in de finetti’s model. the latter makes it possible to determine the level of retention that achieves the expected profit by the insurer while minimizing claims volatility. the convex functions appear abundantly in economics and finance. they have remarkable specificities that allow actuaries to minimize financial risks to which some institutions are exposed, especially insurance companies. therefore, the use of mathematical tools to manage the various risks is paramount. in order to remedy the optimization problem, we have combined the probability of failure method with the "de finetti" model for proportional reinsurance, which proposed a retention optimization process that minimizes claim volatility for a fixed expected profit based on the results of the non-linear optimization. keywords: convex function, nonlinear optimization, proportional reinsurance, risk minimization, caarama insurance company. jel codes : c02, c25, c61, g22. corresponding author: national higher school of statistics and applied economics, university center kolea, tipaza (algeria). [cheraitia-zahra@outlook.fr] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v2i4.127&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-09-22 pp. 86-100 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 87 1. introduction the insurer is responsible for guaranteeing the various risks to which its customers are exposed, and for indemnifying claims that have occurred. however, the risks covered can have a strong influence on the security of the insurer and possibly on its result, which encourages it to seek cover. as a business, the insurance company applies to itself the techniques of risk management, namely reinsurance. reinsurance allows the insurer to transfer part of its risks for a premium. it is an essential operation that guarantees the insurability of these risks, and which thus contributes to the development of insurance both for damage and life insurance (tosetti, béhar, fromenteau, & ménart, 2011, p. 11). relations between insurers and reinsurers are based on a community of interest, each party seeking to determine the commitment that meets its objectives, by setting the share of the risk to be retained. this part represents its retention, which is one of the most sensitive parameters in reinsurance (blondeau & partrat, 2003, pp. 14-83). as transactions between the two organizations are common, a poor appreciation of the level of retention directly impacts their profitability. to this end, each party must establish with precision a reinsurance program that optimizes its commitment. the search for an optimal reinsurance structure for the insurer is considered to be its major concern, therefore actuaries have used convex functions. in finance, optimization algorithms are essential to define models that minimize risks. for this purpose, convex functions are the main tool used in risk management (charpentier, 2010). for example, de finetti’s work on nonlinear optimization has proved that the results of convex optimization allow for the definition of a dynamic approach to programming in insurance when it comes to determining optimal retention. afterwards, both mathematicians glineur and walhin even extended de finetti’s results on other reinsurance treaties. this paper aims to define an optimal proportional reinsurance structure based on de finetti's results on convex optimization in order to define an efficient reinsurance structure. to support this issue, we will develop a practical case devoted to the determination of an optimal retention level according to the de finetti model using portfolio data from the life insurance company, followed by a comparative analysis with the level retention practised by the managers of the company. the analysis of this problem will also allow us to measure the effects of reassurance on the probability of ruin. the latter led us to define precisely an efficient reinsurance structure for the combinations of profitability measures and risk. application of convex optimization results of de finetti’s problem for proportional reinsurance (a case study of caarama insurance company in algiers) cheraitia z., & kherchi medjden h. 88 2. the reinsurance approach 2.1 definition of reinsurance reinsurance can be defined as the technique by which an insurer transfers all or part of the risks it has taken out to another company. the idea that drives the reinsurance relationship is that of a sort of sharing of the ceding company by the reinsurer. the reinsurance transaction is based on the good faith of the parties and generally involves a lasting partnership over time (blondeau & partrat, 2003, p. 2). 2.2 forms of reinsurance 2.2.1 proportional reinsurance we talk about proportional reinsurance when the reinsurer commits the same way to premiums and claims. there are again two types of treaties: the quota share treaty: this is the best-known treaty where the ceding company, which is the company that wants to reinsure, cedes to its reinsurer a percentage of the risk it has taken on as a direct insurer. this form of the treaty makes it possible to transfer a share of the claims and the same share of the premiums. in addition, the treaty provides that the reinsurer also bears a share of the management and acquisition costs corresponding in principle to the proportion of its commitment to the portfolio. this treaty is characterized by equality between the proportion of premiums received by the reinsurer and the proportion of the cost of claims transferred to the reinsurer. the treaty in excess of full, or treated in excess of capital (surplus): to limit the drawbacks mentioned with the quota share treaty, we can introduce the full surplus treaty which seeks to homogenize the net portfolio by keeping all of the small risks and by limiting the custody on the most important risks to a level deemed acceptable: full. once the full has been determined, all the risks with exposures lower than the full are retained entirely by the ceding company and the risks exceeding the full are distributed between the ceding company and the reinsurer. 2.2.2 non-proportional reinsurance unlike proportional reinsurance based on the original commitment and proportional cession, it is the number of claims and the limited scope of coverage that predominate in non-proportional reinsurance. in the context of non-proportional reinsurance coverage, the following treaties can be cited: the excess of loss treaty: intuitively, we can estimate that the volatility of the loss experience is primarily influenced by the most pp. 86-100 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 89 important losses. to reduce the volatility of claims, it is, therefore, preferable to play on a maximum claim limit retained by the ceding company. thus no individual claim can by itself excessively unbalance the results. the excess of claims contract specifies the reinsurer's commitment to each claim (per risk or per event). most generally, this commitment is defined by an intervention limit (deductible) and the extent of the commitment (scope). the annual stop-loss treaty: the annual excess loss allows you to work directly on the overall annual claims charges. as in the case of excess claims, the reinsurer makes a defined commitment beyond a single intervention (the deductible) and a commitment limit (the scope). the difference with excess claims is that the claim expense considered is the total annual claim expense. another difference is that the limits are generally expressed as a percentage of the gross premiums written by the ceding company. 2. convex function theory convex functions are one of the most basic types of functions. a function f : → r is convex if its domain is a convex set and for all x, y in its domain, and all λ∈ [0, 1], we have : f(λx + (1 − λ)y) ≤λf(x) + (1 − λ)f(y) (1) convex functions have a lot of applications. it is used for proving some inequalities in an easy manner. also, it has various applications in operation research, quadratic and geometric programming problems (constantin & persson, 2004, pp. 145-157). convex functions are particularly easy to minimize (for example, any minimum of a convex function is a global minimum). for this reason, there is a very rich theory for solving convex optimization problems that have many practical applications (for example, circuit design, controller design, modelling, etc.) 3. de finetti’sresultats on non-linear problems historically, actuaries have focused on optimal reinsurance in a twodimensional space. their purpose is to compare and improve their strength and performance. it is obvious that the insurer is always looking to maximize its profit and minimize the standard deviation of this profit (glineur & walhin, 2006, pp. 2-8). consider a portfolio with n independent risks , … , against a application of convex optimization results of de finetti’s problem for proportional reinsurance (a case study of caarama insurance company in algiers) cheraitia z., & kherchi medjden h. 90 premium ,…, . we will protect each risk by proportional reinsurance with a percentage of transfer (1 – θ). the ceded premium is loaded by a technical load based on the expected value; it is written as follows: p(surrendered)= (1+ )(1 – θ ) e(x) (2) de finetti suggested choosing a divested quantity (1– ) that minimizes the variance of the insurer's result and keeps its expectation value constant. the result of the insurer is given by: z(θ)= ∑ ( −(1+ )(1 – ) e( ) – ) (3) θ is a vector of proportionally conserved quantities. θ= ( ,…, ). the determination of this vector will be a problem of minimizing the volatility of claims; min var z (θ) under the constraints e (z (θ)) = k ≥0 , i =1,…,n ⩽ 1, i =1,…,n where k is the expectation value of the result chosen by the insurer. to solve this problem, it is necessary to understand the variance of claims by the policy. var (z(θ)) = var [ – ∑ ( var ( )] = ∑ var ( ) (4) the expectation value of the result is given by e(z(θ)) e(z(θ)) = ∑ ( − (1+ )(1 – ) e( ) – ( )) = ∑ − )(1 – ) e( ) – ( )) (5) the problem to be solved is, therefore; min ∑ var ( ) pp. 86-100 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 91 under the constraints: ∑ (1 – ) e( ) = –k + ∑ ( ) ≥ 0 , i= 1,…, n ⩽ 1 ,i= 1,…, n − ⩽ 0 ,i= 1,…, n the solution of this modelling is: = min[1, max (0, 1 ̶ – ( ) ( ) )] (6) λ is the constant of the lagrange multiplier. 4. optimization steps 4.1 the probability of ruin p(x > r+p) ⩽α (7) r: the amount of the reserves of the company p: the number of premiums x: the overall burden of the claim α: minimum level fixed a priori the first goal of determining the probability of ruin is to logically evaluate the wealth of the company (deelstra & plantin, 2006), that is to say, the probability that the scenario translating a failure is realized, and to estimate the initial level of reserves to make this probability sufficiently low. the insurer may consider using reinsurance to minimize the likelihood of bankruptcy. in the case of a quota share, the minimization takes place as well (azcue, p. &muler, n. 2005); we consider a homogeneous group of n risks. the random variable is the expenditure from risk no. i and the total amount of expenses of the group for the current year and therefore x= + +,…,+ it is assumed that the pure premium is charged proportionally to the expected value. for simplicity, it will be assumed that the technical loading application of convex optimization results of de finetti’s problem for proportional reinsurance (a case study of caarama insurance company in algiers) cheraitia z., & kherchi medjden h. 92 rate applied by the reinsurer to the pure reinsurance premium is also equal to λ and that there is no commission payment by reinsurance. by applying the following assumptions: (h1): the random variables , ... are independent and identically distributed. given the above ratings, the cumulative annual amount of claims rated x is: x= + +,…,+ x follows the binomial law of parameters n and p, which is noted ~ ɓ (n, p) from which one deduces the mathematical expectation value and the variance of the random variable x: e(x)= n petvar(x)= n p q let us introduce the additional hypothesis (h2) below that will allow us to easily carry out mathematical calculations; (h2): it is assumed that the number n of insureds is large enough for the law binomial ɓ (n, p) can be approximated by the normal distribution: n (m, σ2) with (m = n p and σ = √ ) this approximation will be possible provided that the product npq is sufficiently large. approximately: ~ n (n p, n p q) the random variable θx follows approximately the law n(θ e (x), v (x)). p (ruine) = p {θx> r+ θп(x)} (8) defining the reduced centred random variable u by: u= ( ) ( ( )) (9) p (ruined) = p {u > ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) } (10) p (ruined) = p {u > ( ) ( ) } (11) or again; p (ruined) = 1( ( ) +λ ( ) ( ) ) (12) pp. 86-100 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 93 moreover, we have seen previously that the profit before reinsurance is equal to: b= п(x)x (13) its mathematical expectation value and its variance have for expression: e(b) = λ e(x) (x) = (b) if the factor of safety before reinsurance is greater than or equal to the value t desired by the insurer (which is judged 4), that is: t= ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) ≥ t (14) so, reinsurance is not necessary. conversely, if the previous inequality is not verified, the insurer will have to resort to reinsurance. we are now in this case and it is assumed that the insurer wishes to best adjust the full conservation for a given risk. the insurer's annual profit after reinsurance, denoted b (θ), is given by: b(θ) = п(x) – θx – (1 + μ) (1 – θ) e(x) (15) or the technical bonus can also be written п (x) = (1 + λ)e(x) (16) given the above assumptions, we deduce the expectation value and the variance: e (b(θ))= (λ – μ)e(x) + μθe(x) (17) and: var (b(θ)) = var(x) (18) or the technical bonus can also be written п (x) = (1 +λ)e(x). given the above assumptions, we deduce the expectation and the variance: 0⩽ ⩽1 application of convex optimization results of de finetti’s problem for proportional reinsurance (a case study of caarama insurance company in algiers) cheraitia z., & kherchi medjden h. 94 t(θ) = ( ( )) ( ( )) = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (19) as we are in the context of proportional share reinsurance, the insurer commission = reinsurance commission, and we write: t(θ) = ( ) ( ) (20) retention is sought from the retention coefficient t(θ): t(θ) ≥ 4 ⇒ ( ) ( ) ≥ 4 ⩽ ( ) ( )) (21) therefore, the probability of ruin will allow us to determine the insurer's retention interval. for this purpose, we had the idea of combining the probability of ruin theorem with convex optimization, and this to determine accurately the insurer's retention (hess, 2000, pp. 16-22). 4.2 de finetti’s optimization on proportional reinsurance after defining the retention interval from the probability of ruin, de finetti's model developed (3) will allow us to accurately determine the percentage that represents the insurer's retention. to further explanation, we review de finetti’s results: i = min [ 1, max (0, 1 – ( ) ( ) ) ] (22) these results could be found based on results of nonlinear optimization that generalize the notion of lagrange multipliers under inequality constraints. 5. data application for digital application, we used data from the caarama insurance company in algiers. our work is presented as follow: 5.1 the probability of ruin calculation applying the probability of ruin to different reinsurance treaties would be a bit difficult, especially for non-proportional treaties that require more statistics (hull, 2013). for our study, we will apply this theorem in a quota proportional treaty. this treaty is the most answered in algeria given pp. 86-100 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 95 the lack of experience and control of risk in personal insurance. to be able to calculate the probability of ruin for this portfolio, it must be verified that: claims are independent and identically distributed. the which represents the disaster attributed to each police, follow the normal law. it is already known that the claims are independent and identically distributed, remains to verify their normality: normality test results data: charge de sinistre w = 0.64228, p-value < 0.22 source: prepared by authors with caramma data elaborated with r3.5 if the p-value is below the fixed alpha level (often 0.05) then the null hypothesis is rejected and it is concluded that the disaster distribution is not normally distributed. the p-value is equal to 0.22> 0.05, which implies the normality of the amounts of claims. as a result, we continue: e(x)= ∑ = 3 363 088,08 ϭ(x)=( ∑( − ( )) ) / = 4 178 268,38 for a security load λ=15% п(x)= (1+λ) e(x) = 3 867 551,29 t= 2.51 we note that our safety factor is equal to 2.51 < 4 hence the need to resort to reinsurance. in this case, the retention interval is: ⩽ ( ) ( )) ⩽ ∗ , . ∗ , ⩽61.7% and so the probability of ruin is: p (ruined) = 1 ( ( ) ( ) ) =1 0.999968 application of convex optimization results of de finetti’s problem for proportional reinsurance (a case study of caarama insurance company in algiers) cheraitia z., & kherchi medjden h. 96 p (ruined) = 0.0032% we can confirm that reinsurance reduces the probability of ruin of the insurance. after having determined the interval of the retention which corresponds to the commitments of the insurer, one tries to find the percentage which makes it possible to optimize this retention thanks to the modelling of "de finetti". 5.2 optimization by de finetti’s modelling on a portfolio de finetti proposed to analyze proportional reinsurance structures by minimizing the variance of the insurer's gain under the constraint that the expected gain is fixed a priori. to carry out this optimization process, we assume the following assumptions: the overall claim burden over one year is: x= ∑ . each xi represents the victim attributed to each police. for i = 1, ..., n, the are independent and identically distributed. the pure premium used to cover on average the loss ratio is worth p=e(x). the insurer applies an equal load to the identical pure premium for each policy. this shipment is supposed to represent the profit of the insurer. we do not include in this percentage management and acquisition fees, as well as any taxes. the technical premium that can be used to pay the claims is, therefore: p=(1+ )e(x). optimal retention refers to θ. we chose to solve this problem through the r software. the latter allowed us to find an optimal value (or vector) (maximum or minimum) for a formula that is the objective to be achieved, under constraints or limits applied to the values or vectors sought, and this in order to solve linear or nonlinear problems, but it is limited to a reduced number of constraints. in the case of our problem, the size of our sample is very large, and as the number of constraints follows the number of variables, we face a large problem. but we can always find a workable solution for the reduced problem while respecting the constraints. the sub-portfolio we have selected includes the largest clients, representing 20% of the initial portfolio. pp. 86-100 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 97 table 1. premium and claims data sub-portfolio (dzd) insured pi xi 1 18 874 721,62 24 427 493,71 2 625 158,00 4 141 666,66 3 1 524 649,50 6 793 190,00 4 5 968 415,15 2 586 010,77 5 2 042 545,64 27 681 666,66 6 1 321 601,45 1 800 000,00 7 38 758 259,58 941 666,66 8 54 145 614,51 2 278 125,00 9 28 293 239,63 941 666,66 10 87 852,76 600 000,00 11 124 794,00 100 000,00 12 9 426 211,76 907 257,23 13 686 164,67 981 531,44 14 691 900,00 516 000,00 15 344 824,64 2 051 648,75 ∑ 162 5 952,92 76747 923,54 source: insurance company caarama data prepared by authors on r3.5 it should be noted that this sub-portfolio is rather homogeneous, insofar as premiums collected by the company sometimes cover the amounts of claims and make a profit, other times they take losses. but the turnover is still positive. however, the loss ratio is still important and therefore will affect, possibly, the retention of the insurer. to determine the average profit, we used the result found by the ruin probability method, that is, calculate e (z (61.7%)). e(z(61.7%))= 162 915 952.92-(0.15*0.617*10 603 839.13)-10 603 839.13 e(z(61.7%))= 151 702 923,2 da we can conclude that this amount represents the maximum expected profit that an insurer could expect. given its reserves which have limited the level of retention to 61.7%, the insurer is not aiming for more than its expected profit, although it can increase its real profit if it keeps more than 61.7%, it does not have the necessary reserves which would allow it, in the event of the occurrence of disasters, to assume its retention. we can also calculate the minimum expected profit to make it vary between the two terminals: e(z(0%))= 152 368 128,8 da application of convex optimization results of de finetti’s problem for proportional reinsurance (a case study of caarama insurance company in algiers) cheraitia z., & kherchi medjden h. 98 on r 3.5 we have varied the amount of profit expected to observe, for each amount, the level of retention that minimizes the volatility of claims using the lp function. our results are as follows: table 2. retention results the expected gain the reinsurer loading the retention min ϭ(x) 153 217 000,00 15% 61,70% 2 643 006,26 153 150 000,00 15% 56.83% 2 242 253,10 153 050 000.00 15% 49.56% 1 705 372,60 152 950 000,00 15% 42.29% 1 241 847,81 152 890 000,00 15% 37.93% 998 944,21 152 800 000,00 15% 31.39% 648 105,44 source: prepared by authors using caarama’s data on r3.5 for each expected return value, the r application has found a level of retention considered optimal because it minimizes the loss volatility. the more the expected profit increases, the more the retention of the insurance will be important, but this is not reassuring because the volatility of the accident increases with the expected return value. indeed, a company wishing to improve the profitability of its portfolio must accept to bear more risks. the volatility of this portfolio is not significant compared to the expected profit. here is a portfolio that contains good risks. however, it is important to consider the level of retention that minimizes the variance in earnings. the volatility of the claim provides a good indication of the risk of loss. indeed, when a company decides to increase its level of retention to aim for a more attractive profit, it must expect greater loss volatility that could hit its portfolio and fluctuate its results. the company caarama insurance has opted for retention of 50% applied to this portfolio. given the lack of data, we can assume two cases: the expected profit was 153,050,000 da; or the negotiations with its reinsurers ended up agreeing on 50% as retention. this level of retention can be considered optimal because it reduces the volatility of the claim, but only if the expected profit is equal to 153,050,000 da. determining the optimal level of retention for this portfolio depends on the policy of the insurer and its attitude to risk (which is measured by the volatility of the claim), the insurance company must target a goal rather pp. 86-100 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 99 realistic that corresponds to its target of the year and optimize it (deelstra, & plantin, 2006). the level of optimal retention will not necessarily be put into practice in the portfolio concerned, it will also depend on negotiations with the reinsurer, which in turn optimizes its own retention. 5. conclusion nonlinear optimization provides a key decision-making tool in quantitative finance, and our work is a critical illustration of the importance of convex function studies in decision-making. as for the insurer, the principle of risk-sharing between him and the reinsurer is based on actuarial methods that determine the commitment that corresponds to each party. for the retention to be optimal, it must correspond to the strategies predefined by the insurer according to the expected return torque, loss volatility. the optimization process can be achieved by combining two methods that aim respectively at determining the retention interval and optimizing it for a fixed expected benefit. the theory of ruin helped us to: find the interval of our retention, which should be less than 61.7%; to note the positive effect of reinsurance on the insurer's security by minimizing its probability of ruin; to calculate the maximum expected profit of the insurer, which was subsequently used in the "de finetti" method. lastly, the application of the "de finetti" method allowed us to determine the exact value of the retention, which contributes to the profit desired by the insurer, and for which the volatility of the claims is minimal. but this value is not necessarily put into practice, everything depends on the negotiations with the reinsurer, and the attitude of the insurer against the risk. we can propose as an extension for our study realistic modelling of the expected profit value. application of convex optimization results of de finetti’s problem for proportional reinsurance (a case study of caarama insurance company in algiers) cheraitia z., & kherchi medjden h. 100 references azcue, p. &muler, n. (2005). optimal reinsurance and dividend distribution policies in the cramér–lundberg model. mathematical finance. 15, 261-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.09601627.2005.00220.x blondeau, j & partrat, c. (2003). la réassurance : approche technique [reinsurance : atechnicalapproach]. paris : economica. charpentier, a. (2010). la modélisation en réassurance [reinsurance modeling]. risques, 80, 36-41. constantin, p. n, & persson, l. e. (2006). convex functions and their applications. new york: springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/0-38731077-0 deelstra, g. & plantin, g. (2006). théorie du risque et réassurance [risk theory and reinsurance]. paris : economica. glineur, f. & walhin, j. (2006). de finetti’s retention problem for proportional reinsurance revisited. blätter der dgvfm, 27, 451– 462. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02809170 guarnieri, f. (2008). le cadre juridique de la gestion des risques [the legal framework for risk management]. paris : tec and doc. hess, c. (2000). methode actuarielles de l’assurance vie [actuarial methods of life insurance]. paris : economica. hull, j. (2013). gestion des risques et institutions financière [risk management and financial institutions] (3rd ed.). france : pearson. tosetti, a., béhar, t., fromenteau, m., & ménart, s. (2011). assurance : comptabilité, réglementation, actuariat [insurance: accounting, regulation, actuarial] (2nd ed.). paris : economica. © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. recommended citation : cheraitia, z., & kherchi medjden, h. (2020). application of convex optimization results of de finetti’s problem for proportional reinsurance (a case study of caarama insurance company in algiers). management & economics research journal, 2(4), 86-100. https://merj.com/merj/index.php/merj/article/view/127 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no.4 (2020), pp. 10-26 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v2i4.122 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 10 www.mer-j.com the impact of tourism industry on economic growth: the case of algeria (cointegration & causal analysis) boumedyen taibi1, khadidja lamri2 1associate professor, university dr. tahar moulay, saïda (algeria)  didenmajor@yahoo.fr 2phd student, university dr. tahar moulay, saïda (algeria)  lamrikhadidja2222@gmail.com published: 22-09-2020 accepted: 15-07-2020 received: 24-04-2020 abstract: the objective of this research paper is to analyze the relationship between tourism and economic growth in algeria during the period 19952018. to this end, an economic model was estimated according to the econometric methodology (cointegration relationship test and vector error correction model “vecm” in addition to the granger causality test). the results showed that the number of tourists has a negative impact on economic growth in algeria, which means that algeria depends on other variables to increase economic growth, such as oil revenues. keywords: causality, cointegration, economic growth, tourism, algeria. jel codes: c1, o4, z32. 1. introduction tourism is a human activity that satisfies the person and his values, society and objectives, in addition to the state and its budgetary ambitions. this human activity has been institutionalized over the generations since its emergence in the 19th century, passing from a shared individual need of a social class (the english aristocracy) to an aroused, oriented, cultivated, and democratized need. all of this explains the growing interest of small and large companies in the states for this significant source of income. tourism has become a major driver of social and economic progress corresponding author: university dr. tahar moulay, saïda (algeria). [ didenmajor@yahoo.fr] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v2i4.122&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-09-22 the impact of tourism industry on economic growth: the case of algeria (cointegration & causal analysis) boumedyen taibi & khadidja lamri 11 through job creation and companies, infrastructure development, and earned export earnings. it is considered one of the leading service industries in the global economy. as the economic flows which result from international tourism have become vital factors in economic growth and international economic relations in many countries. tourism is considered one of the most important economic activities for the mediterranean countries. due to their geographic position at the heart of three continents, these countries attract more than 30% of international tourist arrivals, which generates jobs and revenues. algeria is part of the mediterranean basin but it has not managed to develop the tourism sector with a very low number of foreign tourists (2657000 tourists in 2018) and to rank well compared to competing destinations like morocco, tunisia, turkey, spain, italy…etc. today, governments have focused their attention on the development of the tourism sector, thanks to these economic advantages. therefore, the development of the tourism sector is a necessary priority for governments, which requires medium and long-term policies and planning to achieve tourism attractiveness. in algeria, hydrocarbons are still the chosen sector so far, bearing in mind that the barrel of oil is somewhat volatile. algeria must search for other sectors to rely on and search for new opportunities at the international level to diversify its sources, however, in the context of the current global economy, tourism is of particular interest. in this sense, our main problem in this paper is: what is the impact of tourism on economic growth in algeria? to answer this problem, we propose four main hypotheses for our research, which are: the tourism sector has a positive impact on economic growth in algeria; the tourism sector has a negative impact on economic growth in algeria; the nbt and reer caused the gdp; the nbt and reer do not cause the gdp. pp. 10-26 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 12 2. review of literature & the theoretical framework to lay the foundations of research, we addressed through this paper the presentation of some review of literature highlighting the most important results reached. 2.1. review of literature in this section, we will try to present the most important results of the review of literature related to tourism and economic growth. 2.1.1. the study of (arslanturk & others, 2011) entitled "time-varying linkages between tourism receipts and economic growth in a small open economy": investigates the causal link between tourism receipts and gdp in turkey for the period 1963-2006. the study uses the rolling window and time-varying coefficient estimation methods to analyze the granger causality based on vector error correction model (vecm). the findings of the paper indicate that there is no granger causality between the series, while the findings from the time-varying coefficients model based on the state-space model and rolling window technique show that gdp has no predictive power for tourism receipts. however, tourism receipts have a positive predictive content for gdp following the early 1980s. 2.1.2. the study of (ekanayake & aubrey, 2012) entitled "tourism development and economic growth in developing countries": its objective is to investigate the relationships between tourism development and economic growth in developing countries using the newly developed heterogeneous panel cointegration technique. this study examines the causal relationship between tourism development and economic growth using granger causality tests in a multivariate model and using the annual data for the 1995–2009 period. the study finds no evidence to support the tourism-led growth hypothesis. the results of the fmols show that, though the elasticity of tourism revenue with respect to real gdp is not statistically significant for all regions, its positive sign indicates that tourism revenue makes a positive contribution to economic growth in developing countries. the results of the study suggest that governments of developing countries should focus on economic policies to promote tourism as a potential source of economic growth. 2.1.3. the study of (ben zaarour & satour, 2017) entitled "tourism and economic growth in algeria": evidence of cointegration and causal analysis”. this paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and tourism development in algeria. the purpose of this research is to test empirically the long-term relationship between economic growth and tourism the impact of tourism industry on economic growth: the case of algeria (cointegration & causal analysis) boumedyen taibi & khadidja lamri 13 development for annual data collected between 1995 and 2014. the study uses a multivariable model that includes gross domestic product and as a proxy of economic growth and a variable reflecting the tourism economy such as arrivals of international tourists, income from expatriate spending. other relevant variables are added to estimate the econometric model. 2.1.4. the study of (harrats & ramdani, 2018) entitled " studying the causal relationship between tourism investment and tourism growth in algeria using toda and yamamoto methodology": this study aims to find the causal relationship between tourism investment and tourism growth in algeria, where the toda and yamamoto methodology, using the methodology of toda and yamamoto, which is based on the vector autoregression (var) model, the study concluded that there is a one-way causality from tourism investment to domestic tourism raw production. 2.2. the theoretical framework during the 20th century, tourism gradually established itself as an essential element of social and economic life, first in europe and north america, then in asia and later in other parts of the world, in this section, we will present general tourism information. 2.2.1. definition of tourism “tourism is a new phenomenon that has emerged in everyday reality for less than half a century. but it experienced such rapid expansion and generalization in society as a commonplace and a naturally constitutive element of this daily life” (cazes, 1989, p. 07). one of the earliest definitions of tourism was given by an austrian economist, hermann v, schullard, in the year 1910 who defined it as: “the total of operators, mainly of an economic nature which directly relates to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or region” (raj, 2002, p. 69). for the world tourism organization (wto), “tourism is a trip away from your usual place of residence for more than 24 hours but less than 04 months, for leisure purposes, a professional purpose (business tourism) or a health goal (health tourism)"(camilleri, 2018, p. 02). professors hunziker & krap (1942) defined tourism as “the totality of the relationship and phenomenon arising from the travel and stay of strangers, provided the stay does not imply the establishment of a permanent residence and is not connected with remunerated activity” (raj, 2002, p. 69). in 1991, the united nations world tourism organisation declared that “tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in pp. 10-26 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 14 places outside of their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes” (camilleri, 2018, p. 02). 2.2.2. the tourism market the tourism market is defined by tourist demand and tourist supply. figure 1. the tourism market source: (caccomo, 2007, p. 19) 2.2.2.1. tourist demand tourism demand is defined on the basis of total tourist spending on goods and services of domestic production in 1972, rené baretje introduced the function which links tourist demand to xk factors like this: y= f (x1, x2,..., xk) with f’<0 (1) this translates to: an increase in prices will cause automatically a decrease in the quantities. this law applies to the tourist sector, so if the price of a stay increases its demand falls and vice versa. price tourist demand tourist supply tastes and fashions quality returned price of substitutes production factors subsidy taxes technology production costs the impact of tourism industry on economic growth: the case of algeria (cointegration & causal analysis) boumedyen taibi & khadidja lamri 15 figure 2. the tourist demand curve 2.2.2.2. tourist supply the tourist supply can be defined as "the quantity of goods and services that can be presented on the market at a given price. thus, the tourist offer is presented as a "basket" of goods and services, which are offered to consumers in order to satisfy their needs. what is offered to consuming tourists is in fact a set of by-products (accommodation, transport entertainment, and environment). " y= f (x1, x2,..., xk) with f’>0 (2) this translates to: an increase in prices will cause automatically an increase in the quantities. figure 3. the tourist supply curve the tourism product consists of a set of activities. it is a basket made up of several products and services of a different nature and composition, with special characteristics. it is a composite product offering a set of p2 p1 price q1 q2 tourist supply p1 p2 price q1 q2 tourist demande pp. 10-26 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 16 material goods (hotel, craft products, etc.) and services of natural resources (landscape, beach, flora and fauna, etc.), socio-cultural resources (museums, etc.) and resources, technological (factory, nuclear power plants, etc.) and human relations, of the same importance. 3. methods the estimation of the empirical model took place in four stages. first, we will perform unit root tests on each of the variables of the model to ensure the econometric approach to follow, secondly, we will look for the existence of a cointegration relationship between the variables and third place based on the cointegration relationship found, we will estimate a medium and long term model, in the end, we will evaluate the robustness of the model selected using the appropriate tests. as a final step, we will determine the trend of the relationship between economic growth and the tourism industry by the granger causality test. 3.1 adf test before the treatment of a time series, stochastic characteristics should be studied. if these characteristics that is to say, its expectancy and its variance are modified over time, the time series is considered as nonstationary, in the case of an invariant stochastic process, the time series is then stationary. in a formalized way, the stochastic process yt is stationary if: (bourbonnais, 2015, pp. 239-240) e (yt) = e (yt+m) = μ ∀t and ∀m, the average is constant and independent of time. var (yt) < ∞ ∀t, the variance is finite and independent of time. cov (yt, yt+k) = e [(yt − μ) (yt+k − μ)] = γk , the covariance is independent of time. it appears from these properties that a white noise process εt in which the εt are independent and of the same law n (0, σ 2 ε) is stationary. a time series is therefore stationary if it is the realization of a stationary process. this implies that the series have neither trend nor seasonality and more generally no factor changing over time (bourbonnais, 2015, p. 240) the stationarity test used is that of augmented dickey-fuller (adf 1981). this test exists in three different versions: the first model without constant or deterministic trend presented generally as follows: ∆ t = t-1 − ∑ j ∆ t-j+1 + t the impact of tourism industry on economic growth: the case of algeria (cointegration & causal analysis) boumedyen taibi & khadidja lamri 17 the second model with constant and without deterministic trend: ∆ t = t-1 − j ∆ t-j+1 + + t the third model with the constant and deterministic trend: ∆ t = t-1 − j ∆ t-j+1 + + + t where δy "t" is the change between periods t and t + 1. the null hypothesis h0 of non-stationarity is evaluated by testing the hypothesis φ=1 that means there is a unit root. 3.2 johansen’s cointegration test (1988) the study of cointegration makes it possible to test the existence of a stable long-term relationship between two non-stationary variables, including delay variables and exogenous variables. there are several tests of cointegration, the most general being johansen's. whatever the test is chosen, it has significance only on non-stationary long series. therefore, the cointegration analysis makes it possible to identify the true relationship between two variables, by looking for the existence of a cointegrating vector and eliminating its effect if necessary. two series x and y are cointegrated if the following two conditions are satisfied: they are assigned a stochastic trend of the same order of integration and a linear combination of these series allows to reduce to a series of the order of integration inferior (dupont, 2009). to determine the number of cointegration relationships, johansen (1988) proposes two tests based on the eigenvalue of a matrix derived from a two-step calculation : calculation of two residues ut and vt by making two regressions: the first : ∆ t = 0 + 1 ∆ t-1 + 2 ∆ t-2 + ⋯ + p ∆ t-p + t (3) the second : ∆ t-1 = 0′ + 1′ ∆ t-1 + 2′ ∆ t-2 + ⋯ + p′ ∆ t-p + t (4) pp. 10-26 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 18 with: t = 1,t 2,t ….…. k,t ut and vt are the matrices of the residuals of dimension (k, n), with k: number of variables, n: number of observations. . = 1 t t′ . = 1 t t′ . = 1 t t′ . = 1 t t′ extracting the k eigenvalues of the matrix m of dimension k: k in the following manner: = . . . . the number of cointegration relationships is tested by the "trace" (likelihood ratio) statistic provided by johansen, written: trace = − ∑ ln (1 − i) (5) with n: number of observations, i eigenvalue of the matrix m, k: number of variables, r: rank of the matrix. this statistic follows a probability distribution similar to x2 tabulated using simulation by johansen and juselius (1990). the trace test works by excluding alternative hypotheses: the rank of the matrix r = 0, ie h0: r = 0 against h1: r > 0, if h0 is refused we proceed to the next test (λ trace > the critical value read in the table), in the opposite case, the procedure is stopped and the rank of the matrix is r = 0. if after having rejected different hypotheses h0 at the end of the procedure, we test, h0: r = k-1 against h1: r = k. if we refuse h0 then the rank of the matrix is r = k and there is no cointegration relation because the the impact of tourism industry on economic growth: the case of algeria (cointegration & causal analysis) boumedyen taibi & khadidja lamri 19 variables are all i (0). the second test proposed by johansen is given by the statistic of the maximum eigenvalue: max = − log (1 − r+1 ) (6) the test is carried out like the trace test, sequentially by excluding alternative hypotheses. in case of divergence of the two tests: trace and maximum eigenvalue, the test of the trace with the highest power is preferred. 3.3 estimation of a vector error correction model (vecm) this type of econometric specification is known as the partial adjustment or error correction mechanism. the latter type of specification was popularized by hendry under the general theme of error correction models (ecm) davidson, hendry, srba & yeo (1978) (maurel, 1989, p. 105). the approach of this model allows us to determine both short-term and long-term properties at the same time. 3.4 model validation to test the normality of the residuals, we use the j-b test from jarque and bera. this test follows a distribution of "chi-square" with two degrees of freedom. it is frequently used to determine whether the residuals of a linear regression follow a normal distribution. the test of j-b formulates the null hypothesis of normal distribution of the residues and this hypothesis is accepted only if the statistic j-b is lower than the critical value 5.99. this normality of the residuals is also accepted when the critical probability is superior to the 5% threshold (mignon & lardic, 2002, p. 275). the jarque-bera statistic is written (damodar gurrati, 2004, p. 149): = + ( ) (7) with: n: number of observations k: number of explanatory variables if the data come from the residues of linear regression. otherwise, k = 0. s: coefficient of asymmetry of the test sample. k: kurtosis of the tested sample. s and k are defined by: pp. 10-26 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 20 = 3 3 = ∑ ( i ̅) ∑ ( i ̅) (8) = 4 4 = ∑ ( i ̅) ∑ ( i ̅) (9) with: ̂3, ̂4 the estimators of the third and fourth moments, ̅ : is the mean of the sample and is the variance of the sample. 3.5 granger causality causality in the sense defined by granger (1969) and sims (1972) is inferred when lagged values of a variable, say xt, have explanatory power in a regression of a variable yt on lagged values of yt and xt. the var can be used to test the hypothesis. tests of the restrictions can be based on simple f tests in the single equations of the var model. that the unrestricted equations have identical regressors means that these tests can be based on the results of simple ordinary least squares (ols) estimates. the notion can be extended in a system of equations to attempt to ascertain if a given variable is weakly exogenous to the system. if lagged values of a variable xt have no explanatory power for any of the variables in a system, then we would view x as weakly exogenous to the system. once again, this specification can be tested with a likelihood ratio test as described below the restriction will be to put “holes” in one or more matrices or with a form of f test constructed by stacking the equations (greene, 2002, p. 592). 4. results and discussion globally, tourism has become widely recognized by governments, many international business houses and financing agencies as an effective way to raise the level of development of a country's economy; to the extent that emerging economies like india are beginning to think that they are an alternative source of economic growth, therefore, in this section, we will study the impact of the tourism sector on economic growth in algeria for the period 1990-2018 and analyze the results. 4.1 presentation of model variables 4.1.1 presentation of the model in this study, we used the following reduced equation: = + t + + (10) the impact of tourism industry on economic growth: the case of algeria (cointegration & causal analysis) boumedyen taibi & khadidja lamri 21 with: gdp: gross domestic product : constant nbt: number of tourists reer: real effective exchange rate : error term the empirical model of equation 8 can be expressed in logarithmic form as follows: ln = + t + + (11) the logarithmic form was used to linearize and homogenize the data. 4.1.2 data sources and variables the variables of this study are: gross domestic product (gdp), the number of tourists (nbt), real effective exchange rate (reer) annual data from 1995 to 2018 were obtained from the world bank development. 4.2 empirical results in this section we will present our empirical results: 4.2.1 graphical presentation of variables before any analysis of time series, it is essential to study carefully the graph representing its evolution, because it provides a priori with a global idea on the nature and the characteristics of the processes generating this series, namely the seasonality trend etc. 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 log gdp 2.56 2.58 2.60 2.62 2.64 2.66 2.68 2.70 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 log nbt figure 4. gross domestic product figure 5. number of tourists source: results obtained from eviews9 source: results obtained from eviews 9 pp. 10-26 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 22 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 log reer figure 6. real effective exchange rate source: results obtained from eviews 9 the graphical representation of our raw series shows that there is a trend. so probably this series is not stationary, for confirmation we will apply the stationarity test. 4.2.2 adf test the adf test on our series is presented in the following table. we took the model with intercept: table 1. adf test with intercept on the gdp, nbt, reer series. variable t-statistic critical values probability order gdp nbt reer -3.889942 -3.384542 -3.918533 -3.004861 -3.004861 -3.004861 0.0077 0.0229 0.0072 i(1) i(1) i(1) source: prepared by the researchers, based on outputs of eviews 9 the result confirms that the series is not stationary in level, and are all integrated of order 1. they are therefore stationary in first difference. 4.2.3 cointegration test “johansen (1988)” the test relating to the number of cointegration relations is given by the value of the trace. we apply the test of johansen (1988) to determine the number of cointegration vectors. the cointegration test is presented in the following table. table 2. trace test hypothesized no.of ce (s) eigenvalue trace statistic critical value 0.05 probability none 0.687756 37.42953 29.79707 0.0055 at most 01 0.383108 11.82219 15.49471 0.1657 at most 02 0.052863 1.194846 3.841466 0.2744 source: prepared by the researchers, based on outputs of eviews 9 the impact of tourism industry on economic growth: the case of algeria (cointegration & causal analysis) boumedyen taibi & khadidja lamri 23 according to table n° 02 and on the basis of johansen statistics, we reject, at the 5% threshold (37.42953 > 29.79707 for the trace), the null hypothesis h0, absence of cointegration relation against the alternative hypothesis. (there is at least one cointegration relationship between the variables). so we accept the null hypothesis h0: there is at most 1 cointegration relation, against h1: there are at least 2 cointegration relations, at the 5% threshold (11.82219 <15.49471 for the trace). we accept h0: the presence of a single cointegration relationship at the 5% threshold. 4.2.4 identification of the cointegration relationship = −0.977246 + 0.906738 − 15.76355 (12) [20.0121] [3.33255] the result of the estimation of the long-term relationship of the number of tourists confirmed that the nbt has a significant negative effect on the gdp (t-student> 1.96), on the other hand, the reer has a significant positive effect on nbt (t -student> 1.96). 4.2.5 estimation of a vector error correction model (vecm) after the estimation of a vecm model we obtained the following dynamic equation: d(gdp) = 1.01758524926*( gdp(-1) 0.977245948913*nbt(-1) + 0.906737935779*reer(-1) 15.7635465769 ) + 0.206520595523* d(gdp(-1)) 0.0130659673321*d(gdp(-2)) 0.210535429236*d(nbt(-1)) 0.209656884331*d(nbt(-2)) + 0.499453850429*d(reer(-1)) + 0.972226834906*d(reer(-2)) + 0.087256864902 (13) the adjustment coefficient or the recall force is negative -1.01 and more significant (t-student > 1.96), so we conclude that there is a short-term long-term adjustment of 100% in the unit. 4.2.6 model validation (j-b test) to test the normality of the residues, the j-b test was used. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 series: residuals sample 1995 2018 observations 24 mean -1.48e-16 median -0.004589 maximum 0.259722 minimum -0.220274 std. dev. 0.135243 skewness 0.249474 kurtosis 2.362844 jarque-bera 0.654916 probability 0.720754 figure 7. j-b test source: results obtained from eviews 9 according to figure 7, the j-b statistic is 0.65 with a probability of pp. 10-26 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 24 72%. we conclude that the residuals are normally distributed (the null hypothesis of normality is accepted). 4.2.7 granger causality test after confirming the existence of a long-term relationship, we are going through another step represented in determining the trend of the relationship between economic growth and the tourism industry, and this is illustrated by the granger causality test. table 03. granger causality test null hypothesis observation fstatistic probability nbt does not granger cause gdp 22 5.44396 0.0149 gdp does not granger cause nbt 22 0.27256 0.7647 reer does not granger cause gdp 22 6.57027 0.0077 gdp does not granger cause reer 22 0.43367 0.6551 source: prepared by the researchers, based on outputs of eviews 9 according to this table, six hypotheses were tested simultaneously namely the causality between the two variables taken two by two, at the 5% threshold, it is clear from the results of the table that the causal relationship is in the same trend, meaning that the nbt causes economic growth (gdp), furthermore, still at the 5% threshold, the reer has an influence on the gdp and not vice versa. 5. conclusion this article has attempted to analyze the relationship between tourism and economic growth in algeria since the period 1995-2018, to do this, four tests were used: the stationarity test, the johansen cointegration test, the correction error test and the granger causality test. the results showed that: the series of variables, gdp, nbt, reer are stationary in the first difference the three variables are cointegrated, they evolve together and consequently display a long-term relationship at least in one trend the estimation of a vecm model shows that there is a short-term long-term adjustment of 100% in granger's sense, nbt causes gdp and not the reverse, and the reer has an influence on the gdp and not vice versa the impact of tourism industry on economic growth: the case of algeria (cointegration & causal analysis) boumedyen taibi & khadidja lamri 25 on the economic plan: to examine our four hypotheses posed previously: the tourism sector has a positive impact on economic growth in algeria the tourism sector has a negative impact on economic growth in algeria the nbt and reer caused the gdp the nbt and reer do not cause the gdp the effect of nbt on gdp is negative, so we accept hypothesis 02 the results showed that the nbt and reer cause gdp, so we accept hypothesis 03. the hydrocarbons sector dominates a large percentage of the algerian economy, about 98%. considering that oil is non-renewable energy and in view of the crisis that algeria was exposed to in 1989 as a result of the collapse of hydrocarbon incomes and the decrease in exchange reserves. thus, algeria adopted new policies to revive the algerian economy represented in the development of the tourism sector, in which this policy achieved a positive result. however, algeria did not maintain this policy. it can be said that tourism development in algeria has become imperative, despite what algeria possesses of oil wealth, which must be used to strengthen the infrastructure for the development of non-oil economic sectors to achieve the principle of sustainable development and avoid financial crises resulting from fluctuations in the oil market. in the context of economic diversification, algeria should promote halal tourism, which aims to provide travel services in accordance with islamic principles. references arslanturk, y., balcilar, m., & ozdemir, z. a. (2011). time-varying linkages between tourism receipts and economic growth in a small open economy. economic modelling, 28(1), 664–671. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.06.003 ben zaarour, c., & satour, r. (2017). tourism and economic growth in algeria: evidence of cointegration and causal analysis. mpra paper no 78731. retrieved from https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/78731/1/mpra_paper_78731.pdf. bourbonnais, r. (2015). econométrie : cours et exercice corrigés [econometrics: corrected course and exercise]. paris: édition dunod. caccomo, j. l. (2007). fondements d’économie du tourisme [foundations of tourism economics]. belgique: édition de boeck. pp. 10-26 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 26 camilleri, m. a. (2018). the tourism industry: an overview. in travel marketing, tourism economics and the airline product: an introduction to theory and practice (pp. 3–27). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49849-2_1 cazes, g. (1989). le tourisme international: mirage ou stratégie d'avenir? [international tourism: mirage or strategy for the future?]. paris: hatier. damodar, n. g. (2004). econométrie [econometrics]. paris: édition de boeck . dupont, l. (2009). cointégration et causalité entre développement touristique, croissance économique et réduction de la pauvreté : cas de haïti [cointegration and causality between tourism development, economic growth and poverty reduction: the case of haiti]. études caribéennes, 13-14. ekanayake, e., & aubrey, e, l. (2012). tourism development and economic growth in developing countries. the international journal of business and finance research, 6 (1), 51-63. greene, w. h. (2002). econometric analysis. 5th edition, prentice-hall, upper saddle river. harrats, h., & ramdani, m. (2018). drash al'elaqh alsbbyh byn alastthmar alsyahy walnmw alsyahy fy aljza'er balast'emal mnhjyh toda and yamamoto [studying the causal relationship between tourism investment and tourism growth in algeria using toda and yamamoto methodology]. al bashaer economic journal, 4 (2), 134-164. maurel, f. (1989). modèles à correction d’erreur : l’apport de la théorie de cointégration [error correction models: the contribution of cointegration theory]. economie et prévision , 88(2), 105-125. mignon v., & lardic s. (2002). econométrie des séries temporelles macroéconomiques et financières [econometrics of macroeconomic and financial time series]. paris: economica. raj, k. (2002). modern dictionary of tourism. new delhi: sarup & sons. © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. recommended citation : taibi, b., & lamri, k. (2020). the impact of tourism industry on economic growth: the case of algeria (cointegration & causal analysis). management & economics research journal, 2(4), 1026. https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj/article/view/122 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no.4 (2020), pp. 27-44 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v2i4.123 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 27 www.mer-j.com performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds abdelkader derbali1 , ahmed k elnagar2 , lamia jamel3 , monia ben ltaifa4 1assistant professor, department of administrative and financial sciences and techniques, community college, taibah university, medinah (saudi arabia)  derbaliabdelkader@outlook.fr 2assistant professor, department of administrative and financial sciences and techniques, community college, taibah university, medinah (saudi arabia)  ahmed_karam@tourism.suez.edu.eg 3assistant professor, department of finance and economics, college of business administration, taibah university, medinah (saudi arabia)  lajamel@yahoo.fr 4assistant professor, human resource department, community college in abqaiq, king faisal university, abqaiq (saudi arabia)  monia_mbl@yahoo.fr published: 22-09-2020 accepted: 27-08-2020 received: 03-05-2020 abstract: the purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of prominent multi capital and large capital funds. we examine the performance of 10 prominent funds under both the selected categories has been analyzed during the period of study from 2013 to 2018. their performance has also been compared against the two most diversified benchmark indices of india such as bse 200 and nifty 500. we have also attempted to find out whether there is any considerable difference in the performance of the two categories of funds or not. to do so, we employ a one-way analysis of variance (anova) for the comparison of mutual funds as an econometric methodology for a period of study from 2013 to 2018 for a sample of 20 indian mutual funds. from the empirical findings, we find that the mutual fund schemes under both the categories such as multi capital funds and large cap funds corresponding author: department of administrative and financial sciences and techniques, community college, taibah university, medinah (saudi arabia). [ derbaliabdelkader@outlook.fr] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v2i4.123&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-09-22 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4098-3120 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1787-8189 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-068x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9202-2554 performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds abdelkader derbali, ahmed k elnagar, lamia jamel & monia ben ltaifa 28 have generated good returns over the period and that too with reasonable risk. therefore, it is very safe to conclude that they are a good investment option for an investor. in terms of the performance of these mutual funds, the average monthly returns generated by the funds in each category are numerically different, but this difference has not been found statistically significant. at the same time, there is no significant difference between these funds and nifty 500 as well as these funds and bse 200 in terms of their returns. keywords: large cap funds, mutual funds, multi-cap funds, return, risk. jel codes: g32, g20, o16. 1. introduction with the constantly changing scenario of the indian capital market, avenues for investments in financial assets have changed drastically. in past, investors (particularly small investors) had limited investment options e.g. shares, bonds and debentures, post office deposits, and bank fds etc. but in recent times investors have got lot more avenues for this purpose and mutual funds are one of them. sebi (mutual fund) regulations, 1993, define a mutual fund as “a fund established in the form of a trust by a sponsor to raise money by the trustees through the sale of units to the public under one or more schemes for investing in securities in accordance with these regulations” in the current economic era, the indian mutual fund industry has emerged as one of the most promising investment opportunities. investment in financial assets has always been a matter of great importance in an investor’s life. every investor, no matter how small the savings are, wants to earn a good amount of returns at a sustainable rate of risk. to substantiate the diversified financial goals of investors, a variety of mutual funds schemes has surfaced out. it is important for both the investors and the fund managers to undergo rigorous and constant evaluation, regarding the risk & return, of various schemes under purview. it enables the fund managers to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these schemes, which help them to make improved decisions in future. mutual funds are categorized into various categories e.g. large capital funds, multi capital funds, mid capital funds, small capital funds, elss, index funds, balanced funds, debt funds and liquid funds etc. this study is about multi capital and large capital mutual funds. both these fund categories are very popular among investors. however, an pp. 27-44 vol. 1 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 29 investor’s orientation towards risk and return along with the duration of investment plays a dominant factor to decide which cap to invest in. generally, investors with a shorter time horizon, lower threshold towards risk and consideration for steady returns prefer to invest in large capital funds. on the contrary, multi capital funds are chosen by investors with relatively long time horizons, higher risk thresholds and so potentially higher returns. this research paper is an attempt to analyze the performance of prominent mutual funds under two important capital categories i.e. multi capital and large capital funds based on returns generated by them over a period of five years. their performance has also been compared against that of bse200 and nifty500. we have also tried to find out whether there is any significant difference in the performance of these funds or not. from the empirical findings, we can show that this study reveals that the mutual fund schemes under both the categories i.e. multi capital funds and large capital funds have generated good returns over the period and that too with reasonable risk. therefore, it is very safe to conclude that they are a good investment option for an investor. the rest of our paper is organized as follows: section 2 presents a literature review and research hypothesis. section 3 describes the econometric methodology utilized in this study. section 4 is devoted to the empirical results. finally, section 5 concludes. 2. literature review a large number of researchers and analysts have conducted various studies related to the performance of various mutual fund schemes. some important studies are mentioned below: rangasamy and sathiyapriya (2017) elaborate on a study on the performance evaluation of mutual fund schemes. the main objective of the study was to analyze the risk and return of the schemes and to evaluate the performance of equity, debt and balanced schemes of selected mutual funds using treynor, sharpe, jensen measure etc. the study was an attempt to evaluate various mutual fund schemes with respect to four financial years (2012-2016). pandow (2017) present a study on the performance of mutual funds in india. the study advocates that the industry be confronted with a number of challenges like low penetration ratio, lack of product differentiation, lack of investor awareness and ability to communicate value to customers, lack of interest of retail investors towards mutual funds and evolving nature of the industry. based on the analysis, the study suggests that if the industry has to utilize its potential fully, it has to address these challenges. performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds abdelkader derbali, ahmed k elnagar, lamia jamel & monia ben ltaifa 30 agarwal and mirza (2017) investigate a study on the risk-adjusted performance of the mutual fund industry in india. the research includes measuring the performance of selected mutual schemes based on risk and return and comparing the performance of the selected schemes with the benchmark index to see whether the scheme is outperforming or underperforming the benchmark. in addition, funds were ranked based on the performance and strategies were suggested to invest in a mutual fund. nandhini and rathnamani (2017) develop a study on the performance of equity-based mutual funds (with special reference to equity large-cap and mid-cap mutual funds). the study focuses on the performance of selected equity large and small-cap mutual fund schemes and they were analyzed with various risk-return measurement tools such as alpha, beta, standard deviation and sharpe ratio. damayanti and cintyawati (2015) conduct a study that aims to determine factors that affect the performance of mutual funds, especially equity mutual funds. several factors are considered to affect the performance of mutual funds such as asset under management (aum), fund age, past performance, asset allocation, turn of the year effect, equity funds with blue-chip or non-blue chip stocks, equity funds owned by insurance or non-insurance companies, external factors such as the rupee against the us dollar (exchange rate) and investors behaviour etc. husain and sharma (2014) analyze the performance of the equity mutual funds industry against risk-free rate and benchmark return over the period of five years. the risk-return analysis revealed that out of 10 schemes 3 had underperformed the market while 7 were found to have lower total risk than the market and all the schemes have given returns higher than riskfree rates. the result of regression analysis suggested that benchmark market index return has a statistically significant impact on mutual fund return at a 5% level of significance. choudhary and chawla (2014) conduct research on the topic performance evaluation of mutual funds: a study of selected diversified equity mutual funds in india. through this study, an attempt has been made to analyze the performance of growth-oriented equity diversified schemes on the basis of return and risk evaluation. the analysis was achieved by assessing various financial tests like average return, sharpe ratio, treynor ratio, standard deviation, beta and coefficient of determination. narayanasamy and rathnamani (2013) in their study focused on the performance of selected equity large-cap mutual fund schemes in terms of the risk-return relationship. the main objective of the research work was to analyse the financial performance of selected mutual fund schemes through pp. 27-44 vol. 1 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 31 statistical parameters such as alpha, beta, standard deviation, r-squared, sharpe ratio etc. kumar and kumar (2012) elaborate a study with the prominent objective to determine the appropriate benchmark index that consists of appropriate asset classes of securities to pave the way for precise estimation. the study considers tax planning (equity linked savings scheme-elss) funds and selected indices of the national stock exchange and bombay stock exchange. the study reveals that broad-based indices that consist of large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap asset classes would be an appropriate benchmark for evaluating the performance of elss funds. philips and kinniry (2010) develop a paper based on mutual fund ratings and future performance. their paper addresses two questions surrounding mutual fund rating systems. first, why index funds tend to receive an average rating based on relative quantitative metrics and second, whether a given performance rating offers actionable information. specifically, the paper focused on whether higher-rated funds can be expected to outperform lower-rated funds in the future. cujean (2020) creates an equilibrium model to explicate why little mutual fund directors always outperform, much though numerous have great informational benefits. then, the important ingredient is that executives get investing proposals across proposal communication. the proposal sharing increases the statistical importance of alpha across improved value informativeness. however, it additionally affects welladvised executives to take greater places, which creates their alpha deafening though a considerable portion of executives creates powerful informational benefits, statistical implication and perseverance of alpha focus in underachieving funds. cujean (2020) argues that the in-house advancement of proposals cannot clarify these realities. badrizadeh and paradi (2020) propose a new data envelopment analysis (dea) methodology, such as mixed variable dea (mv-dea), that offers a method where dmus with some different cultural assumptions are examined relative to every previous while maintaining their particular attributes. in their paper, badrizadeh and paradi (2020) try to assess private pension funds’ profitability by contemplating the particular traits of such funds in contrast with mutual funds. the canadian personal pension funds, controlled by the federal government of canada (fgc), and canadian open-ended mutual funds were analyzed. their empirical findings of the novel mv-dea methodology were related to traditional data envelopment analysis models and it was demonstrated that the mv-dea model provided more convincing findings in their paper. performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds abdelkader derbali, ahmed k elnagar, lamia jamel & monia ben ltaifa 32 busse et al. (2020) examine interdependencies among trade costs, portfolio traits, and mutual fund profitability. they employ a new database of real mutual fund transactions. they show that managing for investing type, greater funds recognize shorter proportion trade costs than reduced funds. also, they conclude that bigger mutual funds transaction fewer regularly and hold larger stocks to aggressively prevent acquiring greater transaction costs. they conclude that gross returns of greater funds are smaller than those of lesser funds due, in part, to the attributes of their investments, which indicates that reducing returns to magnitude could occur due to restricted investing prospects because of transaction cost limitations. based on the previous literature review, we will test the following hypotheses: h01: selected multi capital funds do not generate significantly different returns. h02: selected large capital funds do not generate significantly different returns. h03: multi capital and large capital funds do not generate significantly different returns. h04: there is no significant difference between the returns of multicap and large cap mutual funds and that of benchmark nifty 500. h05: there is no significant difference between the returns of multicap and large cap mutual funds and that of benchmark bse 200. 3. research methodology this study has been conducted keeping in mind the following objectives: to analyze the performance of prominent large-cap and multicap mutual funds, to evaluate the performance of prominent large-cap and multi-cap mutual funds regarding two benchmark indices i.e. bse 200 and nifty 500, and to examine whether these funds are significantly different in terms of the return generated by them or not. for the purpose of this paper, the following 10 prominent mutual funds schemes under each category i.e. multi-cap and large cap have been presented in table 1. bse 200 and nifty500 have been chosen as the benchmark indices to judge the performance of the selected mutual fund schemes. relevant data have been collected through authorized websites for a period of five years ranging from january 2013 to december 2018. pp. 27-44 vol. 1 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 33 table 1. selected multi-cap funds and large cap funds sr. no multi capital funds large capital funds 1. canara robeco equity diversified canara robeco blue chip equity 2. uti equity fund edelweiss large cap fund 3. hdfc equity fund growth option hdfc top 100 fund 4. mirae asset india equity fund axis bluechip fund growth 5. aditya birla sun life equity fund invesco india largecap fund 6. icici prudential multicap fund uti master share-growth 7. jm multicap fund icici prudential bluechip fund 8. kotak standard multicap fund reliance large cap fund 9. aditya birla sun life equity fund idfc large cap fund 10. franklin india equity fund jm core 11 fund source: own elaboration 3.1 calculation of return for the purpose of this research work monthly return of each mutual fund, scheme understudy has been calculated. in order to calculate monthly return following two net asset value (nav) of the fund is considered  the opening nav of the month and  the closing nav of the month the formula for calculating monthly return: = ( ) × 100 (1) 3.2 calculation of risk risk is calculated based on the monthly return of the mutual fund scheme under study. the risk associated with a mutual fund is calculated by using standard deviation as a measure of risk. the total risk of a mutual fund scheme is measured by calculating the standard deviation (sd) of the monthly returns using the below mention formula: = ∑ ( − ) (2) where sd represents standard deviation, n represents the number of monthly returns, rt represents monthly returns of the mutual fund and r represents the mean return of the mutual fund. in this study for the data analysis, excel and r 3.5.2 software have been used. descriptive statistics of all the variables have been presented. performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds abdelkader derbali, ahmed k elnagar, lamia jamel & monia ben ltaifa 34 this study uses a one-way analysis of variance (anova) and paired two-sample t-test for the comparison of mutual funds. the purpose of the analysis of variance is to compare the means of k populations, from random and independent samples taken from each of them. these populations are generally variants (or levels k) of one or more controlled factors of variation (factors a, b, etc.). anova has another advantage over simple t-tests: it allows us to detect interactions between variables, and therefore, to test more complex hypotheses. 4. empirical findings it is clear from table 2, that the maximum average for annual return in the multi capital category has been generated by mirae asset india equity fund (15.12%) while the minimum return has been generated by canara robeco equity diversified fund (10.44%). in the large capital category, the maximum average annual return has been generated by reliance large capital fund (14.16%) while the minimum return has been generated by idfc large fund (9.72%). other funds in each category have given a return between the mentioned maximum and minimum values. these returns are good from any perspective. but at the same time, we shouldn’t overlook the fact that there is a risk associated with these returns. also, we can conclude that multi capital funds have returns superior to the returns in the case of large capital funds in the context of our sample. in the same table, we can remark that the multi capital funds are riskier than the large capital funds in the indian context. so, we can reject the first three hypotheses (h01, h02 and h03) which indicate that these elected multi capital funds do not generate significantly different returns, the selected large capital funds do not generate significantly different returns, and the multi capital and large capital funds do not generate significantly different returns. figure 1 presents monthly average returns of nifty500, bse200, multi capital mutual funds & large capital mutual funds. for the two benchmark indices (nifty500 and bse200), the high level of their returns is for the beginning of 2013 and 2015. however, for the multi capital mutual funds and large capital mutual funds, the high level of returns is for the beginning of the period of study in 2013 and the low level of returns is for the beginning of 2015 and on the end of 2018. tables 3 and 4 summarize the descriptive statistics of returns for multi capital mutual funds, large capital mutual funds and the two benchmark indices (nifty500 and bse200). from these tables, we can find that the high level of volatility (measured by standard error) of returns pp. 27-44 vol. 1 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 35 is for nifty500 (0.532923657) followed respectively by multi capital mutual funds (0.528458551), bse200 (0.521654236) and large capital mutual funds (0.515306678). also, in the mean of returns, we can show that the high level of mean is for multi capital mutual funds (1.119933239) followed respectively by large capital mutual funds (0.971223614), nifty 500 (0.916050632) and bse 200 (0.890394425). additionally, we can find that the high level of the sum of returns is for multi capital mutual funds (67.19599434) followed respectively by large capital mutual funds (58.27341683), nifty500 (54.96303794) and bse200 (53.42366553). then, we can conclude that multi capital mutual funds in india are more performing than large capital mutual funds. this conclusion is founded in the case of our sample used in this paper. then, we apply the one way anova methodology to test whether there is a significant difference between the ten large capital mutual funds and ten multi capital mutual funds or not in terms of returns generated by them. from tables 5 and 6, it can be seen that within the categories of capital mutual funds (i.e. large capital & multi capital) there is no statistically significant difference in return generation, i.e. all the mutual funds under these categories generate more or less the same return. then, we can reject the two last hypotheses (h04 and h05) which say that there is no significant difference between the returns of multi capital and large capital mutual funds, and that of benchmark nifty 500 and there is no significant difference between the returns of multi capital and large capital mutual funds and that of benchmark bse 200. from table 7, it can be seen that between the categories of capital mutual funds (i.e. large capital and multi capital) there is no statistically significant difference in return generation. in other words, we can say that both these categories are more or less the same in terms of generating returns. based on the results presented in table 7, we can accept the first three hypotheses (h01, h02 and h03) which indicate that these elected multi capital funds do not generate significantly different returns, the selected large capital funds do not generate significantly different returns, and the multi capital and large capital funds do not generate significantly different returns. in this context, we find a considerable difference between simple descriptive statistics and the anova methodology. then, we apply the paired two-sample t-test is applied to test whether the observed values of the variables of these three mutual funds are significantly different from the standard values or not. from tables 8, 9, 10, and 11, it can be seen that at a level of performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds abdelkader derbali, ahmed k elnagar, lamia jamel & monia ben ltaifa 36 significance of 5% the p-value is greater or equal to 0.05, therefore we accept the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no statistically significant difference between mean returns of nifty500 and large cap or multi-cap mutual fund returns, and bse200 and large cap or multi-cap mutual fund returns. then, we can accept the two last hypotheses (h04 and h05) which say that there is no significant difference between the returns of multi capital and large capital mutual funds, and that of benchmark nifty 500 and there is no significant difference between the returns of multi capital and large capital mutual funds, and that of benchmark bse 200. in this case, we conclude an important difference between simple descriptive statistics and the paired two-sample t-test technique. table 2. return and risk of selected funds (monthly calculation) sr. no mutual funds average return (%) total risk (sd)% multi capital funds 1 canara robeco equity diversified fund 0.87 4.30 2 uti equity fund 1.01 3.98 3 hdfc equity fund growth option 1.02 4.88 4 mirae asset india equity fund 1.26 3.92 5 aditya birla sun life equity fund 1.24 4.39 6 icici prudential multicap fund 1.14 3.82 7 jm multicap fund 1.09 4.76 8 kotak standard multicap fund 1.21 4.03 9 aditya birla sun life equity fund 1.24 4.39 10 franklin india equity fund 1.13 3.75 large capital funds 1 canara robeco blue chip equity fund 0.86 3.92 2 edelweiss large cap fund 0.95 3.89 3 hdfc top 100 fund 1.03 4.64 4 axis bluechip fund growth 1.00 3.89 5 invesco india largecap fund 0.95 3.75 6 uti master share-growth 0.82 3.64 7 icici prudential bluechip fund 1.05 3.76 8 reliance large cap fund 1.18 4.27 9 idfc large cap fund 0.81 3.67 10 jm core 11 fund 1.07 5.82 source: these are the results based on calculations with the help of monthly data for the selected time period (january 01, 2013, to december 31, 2018) pp. 27-44 vol. 1 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 37 figure 1: monthly average returns of nifty 500, bse 200, multi capital mutual funds & large capital mutual funds source: own elaboration table 3. descriptive statistics of multi capital and large capital mutual funds multi capital mutual funds large capital mutual funds mean 1.119933239 mean 0.971223614 standard error 0.528458551 standard error 0.515306678 minimum -8.299512227 minimum -8.231407745 maximum 12.47133963 maximum 10.04124032 sum 67.19599434 sum 58.27341683 count 60 count 60 source: own elaboration performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds abdelkader derbali, ahmed k elnagar, lamia jamel & monia ben ltaifa 38 table 4. descriptive statistics of two benchmar indices i.e. nifty 500 & bse 200 nifty 500 bse 200 mean 0.916050632 mean 0.890394425 standard error 0.532923657 standard error 0.521654236 minimum -9.29217849 minimum -8.649465301 maximum 10.08907144 maximum 10.12240816 sum 54.96303794 sum 53.42366553 count 60 count 60 source : own elaboration table 5. anova: single factor for large capital mutual funds summary groups count sum average variance canara robeco blue chip equity fund 60 51.89233 0.864872 15.33711 edelweiss large cap fund 60 57.05623 0.950937 15.11978 hdfc top 100 fund 60 61.94614 1.032436 21.57991 axis bluechip fund growth 60 59.92729 0.998788 15.08373 invesco india largecap fund 60 56.99951 0.949992 14.09595 uti master share-growth 60 48.5027 0.818378 13.23764 icici prudential bluechip fund 60 62.98096 1.049683 14.10872 reliance large cap fund 60 70.54208 1.175701 18.23794 idfc large cap fund 60 48.5027 0.808378 13.43764 jm core 11 fund 60 64.38423 1.07307 33.85397 anova source of variation ss df ms f p-value f crit between groups 7.683392 9 0.85371 0.048981 0.999982 1.895737 within groups 10283.25 590 17.42924 total 10290.93 599 source: own elaboration pp. 27-44 vol. 1 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 39 table 6. anova: single factor for multi capital mutual funds summary groups cou nt sum average variance canara robeco equity diversified fund 60 51.90193 0.865032 18.49496 uti equity fund 60 60.47326 1.007888 15.88318 hdfc equity fund growth option 60 61.02171 1.017028 23.75977 mirae asset india equity fund 60 75.67318 1.26122 15.34697 aditya birla sun life equity fund 60 74.26742 1.23779 19.27455 icici prudential multicap fund 60 68.42584 1.140431 14.63812 jm multicap fund 60 65.64711 1.094119 22.68657 kotak standard multicap fund 60 72.49056 1.208176 16.23154 aditya birla sun life equity fund 60 74.26742 1.23779 19.27455 franklin india equity fund 60 67.79152 1.129859 14.08982 anova source of variation ss df ms f p-value f crit between groups 8.689945 9 0.965549 0.053737 0.999973 1.895737 within groups 10601.12 590 17.968 total 10609.81 599 source: own elaboration performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds abdelkader derbali, ahmed k elnagar, lamia jamel & monia ben ltaifa 40 table 7. anova: single factor between multi-cap & large cap mutual funds summary groups count sum average variance multi cap mutual funds 60 67.195994 34 1.1199332 39 16.756106 39 large cap mutual funds 60 58.273416 83 0.9712236 14 15.932458 32 anova source of variatio n ss df ms f p-value f crit between groups 0.6634365 78 1 0.6634365 78 0.0405913 56 0.8406756 65 3.9214781 81 within groups 1928.6253 18 118 16.344282 36 total 1929.2887 55 119 source: own elaboration table 8. paired two sample t-test for comparison of mean return of the nifty 500 and large cap mutual funds nifty 500 large cap mean 0.916050632 0.971223614 variance 17.04045745 15.93245832 observations 60 60 pearson correlation 0.97187596 hypothesized mean difference 0 df 59 t stat -0.439529003 p value 0.66188401 source: own elaboration pp. 27-44 vol. 1 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 41 table 9. paired two sample t-test for comparison of mean return of the nifty 500 and multi-cap mutual funds nifty 500 multi cap mean 0.916050632 1.119933239 variance 17.04045745 16.75610639 observations 60 60 pearson correlation 0.975655351 hypothesized mean difference 0 df 59 t stat -1.739842592 p(t<=t) two-tail 0.087101034 source: own elaboration table 10: paired two sample t-test for comparison of mean return of the bse 200 and large cap mutual funds bse 200 large cap mean 0.890394425 0.971223614 variance 16.32738851 15.93245832 observations 60 60 pearson correlation 0.974761865 hypothesized mean difference 0 df 59 t stat -0.692877534 p(t<=t) two-tail 0.491104867 source: own elaboration table 11: paired two sample t-test for comparison of mean return of the bse 200 and multi-cap mutual funds bse 200 multi cap mean 0.890394425 1.119933239 variance 16.32738851 16.75610639 observations 60 60 pearson correlation 0.970305757 hypothesized mean difference 0 df 59 t stat -1.791409832 p(t<=t) two-tail 0.078356701 source: own elaboration 5. conclusion this study aims to investigate empirically the performance of prominent multi capital and large capital funds in india through the period of study from 2013 to 2018. the performance of these two categories of mutual funds is compared against the two most varied benchmark indices of performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds abdelkader derbali, ahmed k elnagar, lamia jamel & monia ben ltaifa 42 india such as bse 200 and nifty 500. to do so, we utilize the one-way analysis of variance (anova) as an appropriate econometric methodology to compare the performance of mutual funds for a sample of 20 indian mutual funds. the empirical results of this study reveal that the mutual fund schemes under both the categories i.e. multi capital funds and large capital funds have generated good returns over the period and that too with reasonable risk. therefore, it is very safe to conclude that they are a good investment option for an investor. in terms of the performance of these mutual funds, the average monthly returns generated by the funds in each category are numerically different, but this difference has not been found statistically significant (on applying one way anova). as categories also, no statistically significant difference is observed between the means of average monthly returns of funds of multi capital and large capital categories. at the same time, there is no significant difference between these funds and nifty500 as well as these funds and bse200 in terms of their returns. our empirical findings can be used by the investors, traders, speculators, and directors of mutual funds to appreciate their investing project. also, our outcomes can be used by researchers to develop their study and to validate their investigation. this study indicates that multi capital funds and large capital funds have important returns during the period of study. however, to explain the generated returns, we should in future research to develop a comparative study between 5 categories of a mutual fund; mid & small capital, large-capital, multi capital, infrastructure and hybrid. also, we can increase the sample by investigating a comparative study between india and other countries. acknowledgements the authors wish to thank the editor in chief and anonymous referees whose valuable comments significantly improve the quality of the paper. conflict of interest the authors report no conflicts of interest. the authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper. pp. 27-44 vol. 1 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 43 references agarwal, s., & mirza, n. (2017). a study on the risk-adjusted performance of mutual funds industry in india. review of innovation and competitiveness, 3(1), 75-94. https://doi.org/10.32728/ric.2017.31/4 ashraf, s. h., & sharma, d. (2014). performance evaluation of indian equity mutual funds against established benchmarks index. international journal of accounting research, 2(1), 1000113. https://doi.org/10.4172/2472-114x.1000113 badrizadeh m., & paradi j.c. (2020). pension funds and mutual funds performance measurement with a new dea (mv-dea) model allowing for missing variables. in: charles v., aparicio j., zhu j. (eds) data science and productivity analytics. international series in operations research & management science, 290, 391-413. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43384-0_14 busse, j.a., chordia, t., jiang, l., & tang, y. (2020). transaction costs, portfolio characteristics, and mutual fund performance, management science, forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3524 cujean, j. (2020). idea sharing and the performance of mutual funds. journal of financial economics, 135(1), 88-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.05.015 damayanti, s.m. & cintyawati, c. (2015). developing an integrated model of equity mutual funds performance: evidence from the indonesian mutual funds market. gstf journal on business review (gbr), 6(2), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.7603/s40706-015-0016-3 kumar, v., & kumar, a. (2012). construction of appropriate benchmark index for mutual funds: specific reference to tax saver funds. international journal of financial management, 2(1), 74-90. http://www.publishingindia.com/ijfm/30/construction-of-appropriatebenchmark-index-for-mutual-funds-an-empirical-analysis-with-specificreference-to-tax-saver-funds-elss/130/1032/ nandhini, r. & rathnamani, dr. v. (2017). a study on the performance of equity mutual funds (with special reference to equity large cap and mid cap mutual funds). iosr journal of business and management, 19(2), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-1902026772 narayanasamy, dr. r. v. & rathnamani. (2013). performance evaluation of equity mutual funds (on selected equity large cap funds). international journal of business and management invention, 2(4), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1252910 pandow, b. a. (2017). performance of mutual funds in india. international journal of research in it, management and engineering, 7(1), 14-23. http://indusedu.org/pdfs/ijrime/ijrime_1035_24314.pdf philips, c. b., & kinniry, f. m. jr. (2010). mutual fund ratings and future performance. vanguard research, working research paper, no. 06/2010. https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~aldous/157/papers/mutual_funds.pdf performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds abdelkader derbali, ahmed k elnagar, lamia jamel & monia ben ltaifa 44 rangasamy, dr. s., & sathiyapriya, m. (2017). trend and performance of selected mutual funds. international research journal of engineering and technology, 4(2), 1651-1654. https://www.irjet.net/archives/v4/i2/irjetv4i2324.pdf © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. recommended citation: derbali, a., k elnagar, a., jamel, l., & ben ltaifa, m. (2020). performance of mutual funds: a comparative study of prominent multi capital and large capital funds. management & economics research journal, 2(4), 27-44. https://merj.com/merj/index.php/merj/article/view/123 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 1 (2021), pp. 44-59 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.155 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 44 www.mer-j.com tourism, trade and self-employment growth in west africa: evidence from ghana, nigeria and cote d'ivoire jimoh olakunle saka1 1 senior lecturer, department of economics, lagos state university, ojo (nigeria)  jaystatistics@yahoo.com published: 16 -03 -2021 available online: 10 -03-2021 accepted: 06 -03 -2021 received: 07 -02 -2021 how to cite: saka, j. o. (2021). tourism, trade and self-employment growth in west africa: evidence from ghana, nigeria and cote d'ivoire. management & economics research journal, 3(1), 44-59. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.155 abstract: this study attempts to evaluate the relationship between tourism and trade and self-employment growth in ghana, nigeria and cote d'ivoire using a time series data spanning the period 1991-2019. in this study, an applied gmm approach was employed. results show that export and import trade, development assistance and personal remittance flows significantly spur self-employment during the study period while indicators of tourism activities represented by the number of tourist arrivals retard growth of selfemployment but increase export trade in these countries. on this basis, the business atmosphere and infrastructural facilities should be improved to sufficiently boost the relationship between trade and tourism and hence spur self-employment growth in these countries. keywords: tourism, trade, self-employment, gmm. jel codes: z30, f10, j21. corresponding author: department of economics, lagos state university, ojo (nigeria) (nigeria). [jaystatistics@yahoo.com] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. mailto:jaystatistics@yahoo.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.155 mailto:jaystatistics@yahoo.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.155 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.155&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-03-16 http://www.mer-j.com/ tourism, trade and self-employment growth in west africa: evidence from ghana, nigeria and cote d’lvoir j.o. saka 45 1. introduction for developing countries such as nigeria, tourism serves as a means of generating income and remains a key contributor to the economic size and a catalyst for backward and forward linkages. from the global macroeconomic views, tourism facilitates people’s movement across international borders on a yearly basis and has been regarded as the world’s growth engine through the globalization of goods and services, increasing leisure time, technological and transport revolution and encouraging middle classes. besides among the tourism entrepreneurship economic benefits include income generation through taxes levied on tourists, foreign exchange earnings, easing balance of payment problems, economic diversification and employment generations within rural and remote areas (ekanayake & long, 2012). so far, the tourism sector provides one-tenth of worldwide gdp and employment and aside from chemicals and fuel, it is the third-largest sector in the world (unwto, 2018). international tourism has experienced improvement towards the second half of the 20th century and early in the 21st century despite the emergence of obstacles including terrorist activities, natural disasters, and growing health hazards. in the 1950s, 100% of tourism flows was linked to 15 countries and by the 20th century, tourism became part of the trade balances of many countries and at a point, the top 15 countries accounted for just 60% of all international flows. webster, fletcher and hardwick (2007) emphasise intra-industry trade (iit) through a multi-country analysis and observe that indonesia, sri lanka, greece, and mexico had the highest iit along with some developed economies. some developed economies such as japan and germany are identified with the lowest values of iit. it is therefore plausible to assume a relationship between international tourism and trading in goods as it facilitates an increase in international trade since goods can be transported from and to the destinations of interest (tsui & fung, 2016). at the global level, tourism accounts for approximately 10% of the gross domestic product (gdp) translating to about us$7.5 trillion and can bring about 1 out of 11 jobs. the economic significance of tourism is linked partly to the upcoming sustainable development goals of 2030 and is seen as a pointer to major development tools for poverty alleviation and sustainable development (gonzález, 2017). as in 2014, the total earnings by the ldcs in exports from international tourism reached us$16.4b translating to about 7% of the total exports. this, therefore, gives the ldcs competitive options in taking part in global economic relations. in the same vein, trade pp. 44-59 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 46 contributes to tourism development through increasing integration between countries which results in investment in infrastructure such as transportation, linguistics and technology thereby making travel much easier and more interesting (chaisumpunsakul & pholphirul, 2018; santanagallego et al., 2011). despite many positive externalities tourism business brings to participating countries, it is not without some demerits. in africa just as in every other part of the world, the level of mistrust among participating agents such as various smuggling acts, engagements in illegal activities etc., expose the countries to external attacks in the form of travel bans and warnings. several movements abroad have been made through illegal means without a necessary travel document and such attempts have led to untimely deportation thereby defeating the tourism trade ambition. this subsequently retards economic progress that would have been made through tourists’ activities. based on the world development indicator database, the trade share in total gdp between 1960 and 2019 has been below expectation to drive tourism positive intervention into the economies of cote d’ivoire, ghana and nigeria with respective 32.6%, 31.4% and 14.4% of their respective gdp. in 2015-2017, cote d’ivoire receipts from tourists’ activities amounted to 1.75% of the total export, and 9.94% of the total exports for ghana during 1995-2018; while nigeria received 1.25% for the same period as ghana. these low levels of receipts appeared insufficient to facilitate tourism-related employment activities including hoteling, accommodation, business trips and self-employment share in total employment. during 1991 -2019, ghana only had an average of 5.10% of employers’ total share in total employment being the highest, followed by nigeria recording an average of 3.53%. similarly, trade integration which can boost infrastructural development including transportation; technology etc. to foster tourism activities within these countries is still low. besides, the interaction between trade and tourism activities is yet to sufficiently boost employment as expected going by the statistics above. the current research becomes highly motivated going by the economic significance of tourism in boosting employment opportunities for which trade also becomes germane. besides, tourism is also given top consideration in the sustainable development plan of 2030; hence it becomes relevant to further improve trade integration to further boost tourist attraction and employment growth. subsequently, in this paper, the objectives are to examine the trade–tourism relationship and the employment effect of trade and tourism in cote d’ivoire, ghana and nigeria. tourism, trade and self-employment growth in west africa: evidence from ghana, nigeria and cote d’lvoir j.o. saka 47 2. literature review as a good guide on tourism entrepreneurship business, earlier literature surveys have come up with various issues relating to tourism entrepreneurship (bryon, 2012); entrepreneurship as a drive towards making tourism business benefits (taskov, metodijeski, dzaleva, & filipovski, 2011); tourism entrepreneurship as a factor enhancing the development of social life of social communities and touristic services (rusu, isac, & cureteanu, 2016). the consequence of neoliberal policies and globalization is that export should be a major strategy in many developing countries (bhagwati, 1978) and hence policies for implementation of trade increase became necessary. these policies including (facilitating human and property mobility, simplifying border operations, etc. among others also stimulate tourism development. researchers have identified the role of international trade theory in the economics of tourism over time. sinclair and stabler (1997) among others, evaluate the relevance of comparative advantage theory to international specialization in tourism entrepreneurship. besides, they also discuss the role trade theories for example those of intra-industry trade relating to imperfect competition, product differentiation and scale economies play in the tourism business. in the export-led growth (elg) theory framework, tourism enhances the existence of new models because it involves goods and services conventionally not traded at the international level. in line with this, tourism-led growth theory (tlg) is therefore given more recognition (balaguer & cantavella-jorda, 2002). compared to the elg, tlg plays very relevant roles in underdeveloped countries on the basis that it gives recognition to opportunities such as natural and cultural beauties which seem not unique in the developed world to be utilized (balaguer & cantavella-jorda, 2002). while tourism encourages trade flows, so also that trade can facilitate tourism development. aside from facilitating consumption, tourists foster export growth through the demand for goods and services produced in the host domestic economy. consequently, such products can gain access to the market in their home countries or alternatively that the business opportunities they observed during their foreign visits may become useful on returning to their home countries (fischer & gil-alana, 2009). trade between countries can serve as a medium through which tourists find goods and services familiar to them in their own countries and so this tends to attract tourists (khan, toh, & chua, 2005; kulendran & pp. 44-59 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 48 wilson, 2000; santana-gallego et al., 2011). in either way, such opportunities may result in employment and further create a multiplier effect on gdp growth. moreover, some theoretical reasons that bilateral trade can increase the share of tourism demand have been argued. first is that bilateral trade can lead to a preference for home-country products and second, bilateral trade helps reduce costs of transactions between home and host country (leitão, 2010). transaction costs can be reduced through cultural, historical and geographical proximity and hence promote tourism entrepreneurship. on the other hand, theoretically, tourism is observed to have some indirect impact on trade increase which could be through the import of necessary raw materials to enhance the production of tourist products and services thus improving the image of the region in question by transferring information about the region which subsequently leads to outstanding business opportunities (santana-gallego, ledesma-rodrı ´guez, & pe ´rez-rodrı ´guez, 2011). generally, literature on tourism demand gives attention to some relevant determining factors including transport costs, price, income in tourism engaging countries and population which may capture the market size. the population as one of the factors captures population changes. literature emphasizes that population has some correlation with immigration (witt & witt, 1995; oigenblick & kirschenbaum, 2002). this is so because immigrants are considered to bring a preference to the home-country products which subsequently lowers transaction costs. some studies conclude that tourism in a host country with family and friends can be promoted by the respective immigrants (oigenblick & kirschenbaum, 2002; dwyer et al., 1992). earlier research works on trade believe that international trade theory is more or less international localization theory. the potential to create employment has become a great impression among supporters of tourism. although manufacturing industry development contributes immensely to total output growth but with few employment opportunities. the spread in the benefits of industrialisation through income from employment opportunities which is grossly inadequate becomes a big challenge to industrial policy. some strands of research studies have examined the relationship between trade and tourism and likewise their effect on employment growth. (khan et al., 2005) in the relationship between trade and tourism confirm the influence of international trade on tourism demand for the us economy. turner and witt (2001) carry out a study for new zealand with findings that international trade significantly impacts business tourism. aradhyula and tronstad (2003) demonstrated the efficiency of business trips in border trade between the us and mexico whereas tsui and tourism, trade and self-employment growth in west africa: evidence from ghana, nigeria and cote d’lvoir j.o. saka 49 fung (2016) maintained that business travel and trade indicate some reciprocal link between hong kong, china, taiwan and the united states. shan and wilson (2001) study the relationship between trade and tourism between china and australia, the united kingdom and the usa. using the var method, they find that a bi-directional relationship exists between trade and tourism. 3. research design the theoretical framework emanates from the tourism-economic base analytical framework. theoretically, it is asserted that a stable relationship exists between basic and service jobs such that a change in basic jobs ( be ) facilitates a predictable change in service jobs and consequently in total employment. expansion in basic activities leads to an increase in non-basic jobs and overall employment ( te ) grows by the same multiple m , the employment multiplier as described in equation (1) as follows: t be e t b e m e  (1) the economic impact of tourism may be viewed from its multiplier effect not through its conventional terms as the flow of income but in the form of tourists’ expenditure into the respective economies. such expenditure is transformed into income and /or employment for the economy. henderson and cousins (1975) income multiplier model embrace the direct regional income generation, indirect regional income generation and induced income generation and follows the following patterns. rm      (2) where  is direct regional income generation per dollar (modified to suit nigeria currency denomination) of tourist expenditure.  is indirect regional income generation per dollar of tourist expenditure and;  reflects the induced regional income generation per dollar of tourist expenditure. but: pp. 44-59 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 50 1 1 i j i ji d j i m y     (3) 1 1 ( ) i j i ji i d j i m y y     (4) 1 1 ( ) 1 j i i i i m l m z y         (5) equations (3), (4) and (5) represent direct, indirect and induced regional income models. with appropriate merging and obtaining the regional complete model, we get: 1 1 1 1 1 j i c r j j ji i j j i i i i i i n q m y l m z y       (6) in equation (6), cri is total income generated within the region from tourism activities jn is the number of days in the region spent by the jth tourist type, jq reflects the total daily expenditure by the jth tourist type and other terms. jn and jq indicate the multiplicand while other parameters signify other multiplication processes. the assumption of the employment generation model is the direct relationship between turnover and the employment level. based on henderson and cousins (1975), the regional employment multiplier is embedded in three components. these are the direct employment emanates from those firms which receive tourist expenditure, indirect employment which emanates from other businesses with their turnover being augmented with purchases by the original business and likewise employment which emanates from all businesses due to increased turnover from residents’ expenditure of the factor incomes being generated by the regional multiplier process. the following identity follows thus: rm a b c   (7) where rm is the regional employment multiplier; tourism, trade and self-employment growth in west africa: evidence from ghana, nigeria and cote d’lvoir j.o. saka 51 1 1 j j i ji d j i a m     (8) jd m indicates the increase in employment in the region per naira of turn over with respect to the ith type of business generated within a similar type of business and other types of business which directly receives tourist expenditure. 1 1 ( ) i j i ji i d j i b m m     (9) im is the increase in employment in the region per naira of turn over to the ith business types generated within that business type participating in the subsequent transaction flows: 1 ( ) i i i i c c m        (10) equations (8), (9) and 10 are respectively the direct employment generation, the indirect employment generation, and the induced employment generation. 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ ] 1 j i j i i cr j j ji i j j ji i ij j j j i i i i i ii m n q x n q y m x l m z y                         (11) modifying the foregoing, three baseline models are specified; these are self-employment, export and import models: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1im _ _ _sem export port no arriv oda p rem pop lc               (12) 0 1 2 3 4 2_ _ _export no arriv oda p rem pop lc           (13) 0 1 2 3 4 3im _ _ _port no arriv oda p rem pop lc           (14) pp. 44-59 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 52 where sem denotes self-employment, export denotes total export trade, im port is total import trade, _no arriv is the total tourist arrival, oda represents overseas development assistance, _p rem represent personal remittances and _pop lc is population residing in large cities. 1 2 3    = error term independently and identically distributed. the generalized method of moment gmm estimation technique is employed. it corrects an econometric model suspected with nonorthogonality among the regressors and error terms. the gmm estimation is one of the most important developments in time series econometrics. generally, consideration is given to n equations accompanied by additive regression errors and that: ( , ) 0t te q   (15) tq is a mxn matrix of instruments and t is a 1nx vector of regression errors from the n equations in existence. let ^ w be a mxm positive definite weighting matrix with the emphasis that ^ w may be sample dependent. given that s is the sample size and based on hansen (1982), gmm estimator chooses ^  that minimises the function: ' ^ 1 1 1 1 ( ) ( ) s s t t t t s g w s g                   (16) under general conditions, ^ s  , consistent and asymptotically normal. suppose the long-run variance of 0( )tg  takes the form: 0 0( ) ( ) 't t j j eg g        (17) efficiency of gmm is defined by choosing ^ w such that 1^ w     and hence ^ 1 , the weighting matrix. given that tg is a mxk matrix of derivatives of the orthogonality condition, just obtained at ^ 0 as follows: tourism, trade and self-employment growth in west africa: evidence from ghana, nigeria and cote d’lvoir j.o. saka 53 ^ ( )t t g g      (18) defining ^ g as sample counterpart evaluated at the sample estimator of 0 ; such that : ^ ^ 1 1 ( )s t t g g s        (19) the necessary condition that: ^  = ^ ^ 1 1 1 ' ( ) 0 s t t g s g            (20) it makes sense to observe that since t t tg q  , then the necessary condition may be re-written as : 1 1 0 s t t t s z q         , ^ 1't tz g q   , ^ ^ ( )t t   (21) with more moments than parameters, gmm takes a similar fashion observed in the instrumental variable estimation. data employed for this study was obtained from the world development indicators spanning the period 1991-2019 and in some cases missing data is inevitable. 4. estimation table 1. descriptive statistics sem export import no arriv oda p rem pop_lc mean 0.98 3.32 3.25 13.87 18.68 -0.88 3.55 median 1.26 3.54 3.36 13.83 18.71 -0.65 3.68 std 0.70 0.57 0.48 1.01 1.68 1.25 0.26 skew 0.77 -1.57 -0.62 -2.00 0.15 -0.97 -1.50 kur 4.20 5.37 1.67 7.88 1.97 5.35 4.57 j-b 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 the descriptive statistics in table 1 indicates that official development assistance has the highest mean and median values with personal remittance flows having the lowest mean and median. intuitively, pp. 44-59 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 54 the three countries concerned have a large size of development assistance compared to other financial flows. the relatively high standard deviation further demonstrates the large size and volatility of development assistance into these countries. jarque-bera statistics which is above 5% level shows that only total receipt from tourism has a normal distribution. table 2. gmm estimation of se, export and import equations dep.var sem export import coeff. s.e prob coeff s.e prob coeff s.e prob c 5.41 0.53 0.00 1.87 3.34 0.58 3.37 1.69 0.06 export 0.03 0.04 0.44 ---------------------------- import 0.05 0.05 0.37 ------------------------------ no arriv -0.19 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.18 0.98 -0.15 0.06 0.03 oda 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.19 0.06 0.05 0.19 p rem 0.06 0.05 0.21 -0.71 0.30 0.02 -0.29 0.15 0.06 pop_lc -0.96 -15.80 0.00 -0.09 0.25 0.72 0.25 0.12 0.05 ar (1) 0.73 0.43 0.00 r2 0.85 0.56 0.80 2r  0.81 0.47 0.76 dw 1.93 1.68 2.35 prob.j stat 0.33 0.81 0.60 inst.rank 11 13 14 from the gmm estimation on table 2 and starting with the selfemployment equation, a 10% increase in export trade results in a significant increase in self-employment by about 0.3% and by about 0.5% for a 1% increase in import trade. the direct relationship between the two is in line with the theoretical assertion that exporting always leads to higher demand for labour and hence employment and in this case self-employment. besides, tourists may identify business opportunities that could lead to export trade. as shown in the estimation, rising import results in employment and increase labour force participation. this may subsequently lead to a rising level of self-employment. importation of notable raw materials may show a significant positive impact on domestic firms’ performance through productivity increase. the number of tourist arrival relates negatively to self-employment growth in ghana, nigeria and cote d’ivoire. a 1% increase in the number of tourist arrival declines selfemployment by about 0.2%. this demonstrates the low level of growth of the three countries’ tourism industry despite the potentials including natural features and land formation, creativity and originality among others. this seems to aggravate unemployment problems most importantly in the area of self-employment. tourism, trade and self-employment growth in west africa: evidence from ghana, nigeria and cote d’lvoir j.o. saka 55 the official development assistance similarly shows an improvement in employment growth (0.05). development assistance is expected to rebuild the economic structure together with economic transformation but sometimes the utilization of this particular within the unproductive sector calls for concern. meanwhile, a 10% increase in personal remittance increases employment by 0.6% and by implication, it appears remittance flows help stimulate self-employment growth in the three selected countries. population in the large city shows a negative relationship with selfemployment. the teeming population in the region is expected to compete for the same number of job applications thereby reducing the chances of anyone securing. in the african region, existing competition makes selfemployers demand labour at relatively low wages as increased competition makes it difficult to find a job. for the export and import equations, tourist arrival shows positive and negative effects on export (0.01) and import (-0.15) trade respectively. the positive effect of tourist arrival on export is in line with the fact that international visitors tend to identify business opportunities that could thrive export sales and in which case such opportunities tend not to support import purchases. development assistance stimulates both export (0.1) and import growth (0.06) and is significant at the 10% level. this attests to the idea that foreign financial assistance can thrive in trade flows. however, personal remittance inflows exert significant negative influences on both export (0.71) and import (-0.29) growth. remittance flows are expected to increase productivity for export growth and subsequently increase foreign exchange earnings. this may also increase the importation of necessary raw materials for more productivity. population in the large city also has a negative impact on export (-0.09) and a positive impact on import (0.25) trade. in bilateral trade, population serves as the market size and is expected to trigger the trade. the negative influence here on export could be linked to low domestic production amidst the teeming population. the explanatory power of the explanatory variables is high in each of the scenarios except for the export equation where only about 56% variation in the export growth is explained. the durbin-watson value shows that serial correlation between variables is not a major problem having regulated by the first-order autoregressive scheme in the export and import equations which is positive and significant. the p-value of j statistics is greater than the 5% level of significance; hence the validity in the choice of instruments. pp. 44-59 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 56 endogeneity test table 3. specification : les c lexport limport lno arriv loda lp_rem lpop_largec difference j-stats value df prob. 1.20 2 0.55 next is to examine the non-orthogonality conditions among the regressors as shown by the results of the endogeneity test. for the selfemployment equation and given the probability value (0.55), the hypothesis that all the regressors are exogenous is accepted. table 4. specification : lexport c lno arriv loda lp_rem lpop_largec difference j-stats value df prob. 0.94 2 0.63 in line with the above, the hypothesis that all the regressors in the export equation are exogenous is also accepted following probability value 0.63. table 5. specification : limport c lno arriv loda lp_rem lpop_largec difference j-stats value df prob. 0.26 2 0.88 in the same way, regressors in the import equation are also exogenous given the probability value of 0.88. the results of tables (3), (4) and (5) attest to the justification for the gmm estimation method. 5. conclusion the increasing level of international tourism activities over the period has placed it as an engine of growth and development as it contributes to employment opportunities despite some major obstacles around the globe. the ldcs have benefited from the positive externalities of tourism activities as demonstrated in the increased earnings from export trade which create opportunities for competitiveness. likewise, trade integration also enhances tourist attraction through investment in infrastructure that can further strengthen the relationship with the results that employment growth is enhanced. the panel gmm was employed for the estimation of the relationship between tourism and trade and employment growth with a specific focus on self-employment. export and import trade, development assistance and personal remittance flows were tourism, trade and self-employment growth in west africa: evidence from ghana, nigeria and cote d’lvoir j.o. saka 57 major drivers of self-employment growth in ghana, nigeria and cote d’ivoire. however, several tourist arrivals showed a negative impact on selfemployment but encouraged export trade. major policy implications here are mainly for the countries in question to facilitate trade through a less stringent trade policy framework for tourist attraction and hence boost employment opportunities. likewise, the need to have effective means of linkages through ensuring better infrastructure would not only enhance the free flow of tourism activities but also facilitate domestic trade and self-employment. there should be regulation of the environment from activities that can lead to the outbreak of epidemics which could effectively retard trade, tourism and hence employment. tourism activities are expected to improve trade; hence trade integration should be enhanced and tourists encouraged to embark on activities that can facilitate trade for foreign exchange earnings in their countries. references aradhyula s., & tronstad r. (2003). does tourism promote cross-border trade? american journal of agricultural economics, 85(3), 569– 579. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8276.00456 balaguer, j., & cantavella-jorda, m. (2002). tourism as a long-run economic growth factor, the spanish case. applied economics, 34(7), 877–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110058923 bhagwati, j. n. (1978). foreign trade regimes and economic development, anatomy and consequences of exchange control regimes. new york: national bureau of economic research. bryon, j. (2012). tour guides as storytellers ‐ from selling to sharing. scandinavian journal of hospitality and tourism, 12(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2012.656922 chaisumpunsakul, w., & pholphirul, p. (2018). does international trade promote international tourism demand? evidence from thailand's trading partners. kasetsart journal of social sciences, 39, 393 400. china’, applied economics letters, 8, 279–283. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.06.007 dwyer, j.f., mcpherson, e.g., schroeder, h.w., & rowntree, r.a. (1992). assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest. journal of arboriculture, 18 (5), 227-234. ekanayake, e. m., & long, a. e. (2012). tourism development and economic growth in developing countries. the international journal of business and finance research, 6(1), 51–63. https://econpapers.repec.org/article/oupajagec/ https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8276.00456 https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110058923 https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2012.656922 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.06.007 pp. 44-59 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 58 https://www.theibfr.com/download/ijbfr/2012-ijbfr/ijbr-v6n12012/ijbfr-v6n1-2012.pdf gonzález, a. (2017). sustainable tourism to sustain development. international trade centre henderson, d. m., & cousins, r. l. (1975). the economic impact of tourism: a case study in greater tayside. tourism and recreation research unit. research report 13. edinburgh: university of edinburgh. khan, h., toh, r. s., & chua, l. (2005). tourism and trade: cointegration and granger causality tests. journal of travel research, 44(2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505276607 kulendran, n, wilson, k. (2000). is there a relationship between international trade and international travel, applied economics, 32, 1001–1009? https://doi.org/10.1080/000368400322057 leitão, n. c. (2010). does trade help to explain tourism demand? the case of portugal. theoretical and applied economics, 17 (3/544), 63–74. oigenblick, l. & kirschenbaum, a. (2002). tourism and immigration comparing alternative approaches. annals of tourism research, 29 (4), 1086–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(02)00023-3 rusu, s., isac, f., & cureteanu, r. (2016). worldwide tourism entrepreneurship, a global perspective. facultatea de management agricol, 17(4), 64–68. santana-gallego, m., ledesma-rodrı ´guez, f., & pe ´rez-rodrı ´guez, j.v. (2011). tourism and trade in oecd countries. a dynamic heterogeneous panel data analysis. empirical economics, 41(2), 533–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-011-0477-9 shan, j., & wilson, k. (2001), causality between trade and tourism: empirical evidence from china, applied economics letters, 8:4, 279–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/135048501750104114 sinclair, m.t., & stabler, m. (1997), the economics of tourism, routledge, london. taskov, n., metodijeski, d., dzaleva, t., & filipovski, o. (2011). entrepreneurship in tourism industry lead to business benefits. in 2nd biennial international scientific congress: the influence of tourism on economic development (pp. 1–12). retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.472.4645 &rep=rep1&type=pdf tsui, w. h. k., & fung, m. k. y. (2016). causality between business travel and trade volumes: empirical evidence from hong kong. tourism management, 52, 395–404. https://www.theibfr.com/download/ijbfr/2012-ijbfr/ijbr-v6n1-2012/ijbfr-v6n1-2012.pdf https://www.theibfr.com/download/ijbfr/2012-ijbfr/ijbr-v6n1-2012/ijbfr-v6n1-2012.pdf https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505276607 https://doi.org/10.1080/000368400322057 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(02)00023-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-011-0477-9 https://doi.org/10.1080/135048501750104114 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.472.4645&rep=rep1&type=pdf http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.472.4645&rep=rep1&type=pdf tourism, trade and self-employment growth in west africa: evidence from ghana, nigeria and cote d’lvoir j.o. saka 59 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.010 turner, l.w., & witt, s.f. (2001). forecasting tourism using univariate and multivariate structural time series models. tourism economics, 7 (2). 135–147. https://doi.org/10.5367%2f000000001101297775 unwto (2018). tourism highlights. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419876 webster, a., fletcher j., & hardwick, p. (2007). tourism and empirical applications of international trade theory: a multi-country analysis, tourism economics, 2007, 13 (4), 657–674. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000007782696041 witt, s. witt, c. (1995). forecasting tourism demand: a review of empirical research, international journal of forecasting, 11(3), 447–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2070(95)00591-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.010 https://doi.org/10.5367%2f000000001101297775 https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419876 https://doi.org/10.5367/000000007782696041 https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2070(95)00591-7 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 1 (2021), pp. 60-75 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.153 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 60 www.mer-j.com the mediating role of institutional trust on corporate image and customer trust in iraqi banking sector hamid mohsin jadah 1 , manar hayder ali alghanimi 2, noor hashim mohammed al-husainy 3 1 senior lecturer, department of finance and banking, college of administration and economics, university of kerbala (iraq)  hamed.m@uokerbala.edu.iq 2 master of banking science, lecturer, babylon technical institution, al-furat al-awsat technical university (iraq)  alganimymanar@gmail.com 3 master of banking science, lecturer, imam al-kadhum college for islamic studies, babylon departments (iraq)  noorhashim136@gmail.com published: 16 -03 -2021 available online: 08 -03-2021 accepted: 05 -03 -2021 received: 05 -02 -2021 how to cite: jadah, h. m., alghanimi, m. h. a., & al-husainy, n. h. m. (2021). the mediating role of institutional trust on corporate image and customer trust in iraqi banking sector. management & economics research journal, 3(1), 60-75. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.153 abstract: in today’s highly volatile environment, banks strive to leverage the perceptions of their multiple customers more than ever before to build a sustainable competitive advantage. accordingly, corporate image and customer trust concepts are of vital importance for both academicians and practitioners, concerning their potential impact on internal and external stakeholders. recognizing the intensified significance of a multi-stakeholder corresponding author: department of finance and banking, college of administration and economics, university of kerbala (iraq). [ hamed.m@uokerbala.edu.iq] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8170-5453 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9206-6530 mailto:hamed.m@uokerbala.edu.iq mailto:alganimymanar@gmail.com mailto:noorhashim136@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.153 mailto:trifu.alex@gmail.com mailto:hamed.m@uokerbala.edu.iq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.153 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.153&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-03-16 http://www.mer-j.com/ the mediating role of institutional trust on corporate image and customer trust in iraqi banking sector jadah, h. m., alghanimi, m. h. a., & al-husainy, n. h. m. 61 perspective, the current study attempts to contribute to the literature by examining the mediating role of institutional trust on the relationship between corporate image and customer trust. the study applies the partial least squares structural equation modelling (pls-sem) method to examine this relationship. the data are collected from a total of 372 iraqi banking customers using a random sampling technique. the finding for path-1 shows that there exists a positive and significant association between corporate image, institutional trust, and trust in online banking services. similarly, the result of path-2 also reveals a positive and significant association between institutional trust and trust in online banking services. finally, biascorrected bootstrapping confirms that institutional trust plays a mediating role between corporate image and trust in online banking services in iraq. this study has important theoretical and practical implications. it not only fills some of the gaps in the literature about trust in online banking services, particularly for iraq but it also reinforces to policy-makers that institutional trust is an important factor in promoting customers’ trust in financial services. keywords: corporate image, customer trust, institutional trust, iraqi banking sector. jel codes: l15, l19, l84 1. introduction the banking sector holds a prominent position in any economy, it provides necessary resources for entrepreneurs to carry out economic activities that will result in higher per capita income, improves saving rate, higher economic growth, and a greater diversity of products and services (adams, andersson, andersson, & lindmark, 2009). however, the social and economic benefits of the banking sector can only be secured in a stable and trustworthy business environment. recently, deputy governor, ahmad buraihi ali, of central bank iraq (cbi) stressed that banks' mandate is to foster monetary and financial stability, but we live in a world where there are extraordinary circumstances. after the global financial crisis, the monetary and financial conditions have raised financial uncertainties and it seriously affected the customer’s trust level (ali, 2018). globalization, regulatory and political developments, and financial and economic integration have a far wider international reach and repercussions, further social media and the internet that has become deeply ingrained in the daily lives has opened numerous opportunities and threats for companies from a marketing perspective. like any other economy, the banking sector is also vital for the iraqi pp. 60-75 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 62 economy as well that helps to channelize resources to productive entrepreneurial activities, reduce asymmetric information, transfer risk, and facilitate trade (jadah, mohammed, hasan, & adetayo, 2020). however, the banking sector is facing a shaky environment as a result of the international financial crunch, technological advancement, competition, political instability, turbulent business environment, civil war, us invasion, and isis emergence. further, the maturity of the iraqi population is not provided with banking facilities (jadah, alghanimi, al-dahaan, & al-husainy, 2020). the aforementioned events further damaged the already shaky trust of banking customers in iraq. the banking sector in iraq is not only required to formulate a financial strategy to cope with challenges but also need to devise marketing and advertisement policies to educate, retain, and build customers’ trust in banking services (adeniran, jadah, & mohammed, 2020). in order to keep pace with international competition and to increase reach, iraqi banks also adopted an internet banking system, however, according to the international monetary fund (2019) report, the iraqi banking sector fails to attract new customers and to build trust in banking services due to poor infrastructure, shaky corporate image, and institutional setting (imf, 2019). despite numerous social and economic benefits of the financial sector, banking services usability among iraqis is very low (see jadah, murugiah, & adzis, 2016) and moin, devlin and mckechnie (2017) claimed that poor trust in financial services is one of the significant reasons for lower online-banking penetration. therefore, the key objective of the current paper is to explore the association between firm image and trust in online banking services with the mediating role of institutional trust. in this context, the remainder of this paper is structured as follows. section two illustrates a brief overview of the literature. section three presents the methodology. section four outlines the findings and discussion. section five illustrates the conclusion of this study. 2. literature review this section discusses the previous literature that has been carried out in the domain of online banking. it includes an in-depth analysis of studies that explore the concepts of institutional trust, corporate image, and trust in online services, particularly in relation to banking services. various explanations of the word trust show how complicated is the concept. in the organizational trust literature, it is found that trust is the expectation or belief about the trusted party or the willingness of the trustee to rely on another party. it is the behavioural intention to depend along with the sense of risk or vulnerability in case the trust is violated (yu, balaji, & the mediating role of institutional trust on corporate image and customer trust in iraqi banking sector jadah, h. m., alghanimi, m. h. a., & al-husainy, n. h. m. 63 khong, 2017). similarly, online trust is explained as the expectation of the customer of delivering those expectations and believes in the command possessed by the site. the trust is developed when there are positive impressions of the customers about the electronic site and the customers are also willing to take ownership of the vulnerability. definition of trust is mainly related to the security of the trustee and is related to the online banking environment with the actions that are performed by the customer in an online setup and the user expects the internet to fulfil the needs. it is stated by sikdar, kumar, and makkad (2015) that the level of adoption of online banking by customers is highly dependent on trust, institutional and positive corporate image. wang, ngamsiriudom, and hsieh (2015) find that the trust in organisations changes over time and it follows a three-stage process which includes the construction of trust, constancy if trust exists already, and dissolution leading to decline in trust. institutional trust plays a crucial role in the development as well as maintenance of a successful relationship of the banks with the customer and this is particularly significant because of the complexity of the financial products. it can be said that the customer trust in online banking indicates the negative influence of the belief that there is a high level of risk in which the transaction is made. hence, institutional trust acts as insurance against unexpected behaviours and underlying risks. pauline, esterik-plasmeijer, and raaij (2017) classify trust as relational, calculus and institutional. relational trust is developed continuously as the relationships between the trustee and trustor are gradually established. this type of trust is mainly dependent on the knowledge that comes from confiding with the trustor. calculus-based trust is a communicational attribute in financial dealings and is based on logical choice as it is formed after careful evaluation of the profits. the third type of trust, institutional trust, is based on the institutional factors that operate on broad trust supports that preserve further risk-taking and trusting behaviour. both relational and calculus-based trust are developed from the institutional-based trust. in contrast to earlier classification, moin et al. (2017) categorised trust into three classes such as interpersonal, dispositional, and institutional trust. ennew et al. (2011) claimed that financial service providers should consider five key characteristics which include shared values, competencies and expertise, consistency and integrity, communication, concern and benevolence to increase customers’ trust in their services. according to mcknight, choudhury, and kacmar (2000), institutional trust depends on two key attributes for financial service pp. 60-75 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 64 like situational normality and structural assurance. the situational trust comprises an online banking system whereas structural assurance is about regulation, legal protections, and data encryption. both of these features would positively affect the trust intention of customers of financial services. fuglsang and jagd (2015) stated that the usage of online banking services is dependent on the trust of that individual on the internet. due to the high risk and distrust prevailing in online banking as the chances of being hacked are very high, hence, online transactions particularly financial ones are naturally risky and dangerous. hence, the trust in the institution decides the extent to utilize the banking service. online banking security is a major challenge for banks considering recent cases of security breaches that reveal customer concerns in online transactions as well as the vulnerability of online information (sikdar et al., 2015). online banking consists of complex interactions between a number of entities such as financial institutions, legislatures as well as system designers thus affecting the understanding of an individual. hence, the perception of the bank at the institution level (as a bank), as well as a system-level (internet as a channel), has to be carefully assessed (mcneish, 2015). a number of studies have mentioned the factors that influence the trust of online-banking services, for instance, alalwan, dwivedi, rana, and williams (2016) stated that assessment of the security of the seller and the examination of electronic commerce system directly affects the tendency of the users to use online banking services. there are other methods of making customers trust the services such as security warnings, seals and guides to safety practices (koksal, 2016). however, the institutional use and name recognition, corporate image of the company, is the best method as the formerly mentioned methods are seen general internet security and are not always related by the customer to the institution. wang et al. (2015) found that customers require a very high trust level for executing online financial transactions and customers also require information regarding institutional factors and service provider’s image to establish a long-term relationship. similarly, oliveira et al. (2017) and yang, chen and wei (2015) also revealed that the tendency to trust online services is highly dependent on the company’s image. the term firm image is the response of the customer to the total offering and is the sum of the ideas, impressions and beliefs of the public about a certain organization. corporate image is the function of the collection of experiences of purchasing and consumption that are made over time (bruggen, 2014; zameer, tara, kausar, & mohsin, 2015). corporate image can also be understood as explained by melewar, gupta, kitchen, and the mediating role of institutional trust on corporate image and customer trust in iraqi banking sector jadah, h. m., alghanimi, m. h. a., & al-husainy, n. h. m. 65 foroudi, (2017) that it develops as the result of the process of communication that the organisation sets up with the customers to spread a particular message. this message reflects the vision, mission, strategic intention and goals as well as the core values of the institution. according to horng, liu, chou, tsai, and hu (2018), there are four aspects of the corporate image that are screening, subjectivity, elaboration and changeability. mostafa (2017) said that the subjective impression of the institution and the activities of the same relate to customers' attitudes. hence, it is clear that the firm image has a significant influence on customer behaviour and trust. melewar et al. (2017) reinforce that firm image has a direct impact on the trust of the customers as it allows positive influence on not only potential customers but also employees, investors, and analysts. there are two principal components of the corporate image that are functional and emotional. the first component relates to the tangible attributes and thus can be easily measured while the second component relates to the psychological attributes associated with the attitudes and feelings towards the organization. hence, the emotional attribute is based on the individual experiences and also on the information processing of the attributes of the functional indicators of corporate image. also classify the corporate image as the summation of functional and emotional factors that includes contacting experience with the organization as well as any inexperienced information such as prediction, advertising and word-ofmouth. according to zameer et al. (2015), reliability and integrity between the partners are important to develop trust. similarly, electronic banking adoption and commitment will also depend on trust in online banking services. it is concluded by rahi (2015) that transaction-specific uncertainty, as well as other related risks of banks behaving opportunistically, is reduced when trust in electronic banking is high and the banking firm can deliver the expected outcomes. interaction also becomes less complex when the people assume that the party they trust behaves as they expect them to do. another set of studies by dauda and lee (2015) and oliveira et al. (2017) has shown that trust is highly critical to stimulating banking operations online as trust becomes a necessary component when individuals assume the presence of uncertainty. on the other hand, the customer is not keen to carry out online banking services if there is no technology trust as said by mcneish (2015)that the dimensions of security services enhance the technology trust where the security services dimensions indicate authentication, confidentiality mechanisms and access control systems. the capability process based on the accuracy, privacy, accountability as well as the authenticity of these authorizing parties and pp. 60-75 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 66 transactions highly supports the technology trust. history of the positive corporate image serves as the tool of self-verification as the image is transformed into trust as said by horng et al. (2018) that when the customers have in mind a positive schema of the brand, then it ultimately leads to higher customer satisfaction and that the trust of the customer is the key to make actual purchase or utilization of services. based on the literature, the framework and the hypotheses are developed as follow: figure 1. the study framework 3. methodology this study explored the association between corporate image, customer trust in the iraqi banking sector with the mediating impact of institutional trust. a five-point likert scale questionnaire is utilized to collect data from 410 banking customers for the banks that work in iraq and the questionnaire is adapted from the studies of alvin (2017), bruggen (2014), and moin et al. (2017). the current paper utilized the same methodology as hair et al. (2017). for checking the hypothesis the technique of partial least quadratic structural equation (pls-sem) is utilized. the pls-sem methodology is in many respects superior to other statistical techniques, such as the number of sample size constraints, efficiency in constructing the mathematical model along with estimation, accuracy in calculations and soft modelling assumptions (hair et al., 2017). in addition, sem integrates two powerful statistical methods: exploratory and structural path analysis that allow the simultaneous evaluation of the metrics model. 4. findings and discussion this section illustrates the findings, 450 questionnaires were distributed in the iraqi banking sector, the authors received back 382 questionnaires, twelve questionnaires were excluded because of a high number of missing values, therefore, a total of 372 questionnaires were used the mediating role of institutional trust on corporate image and customer trust in iraqi banking sector jadah, h. m., alghanimi, m. h. a., & al-husainy, n. h. m. 67 to examine the hypothesis. descriptive statistics are presented below. table 1. the descriptive statistics measures gender age group nature of customers male female 20+ 30+ 40+ 50 & above job holders businessman other frequency 213 159 68 185 73 46 104 237 31 percentage 57.26 42.74 18.27 49.73 19.62 12.36 27.95 63.70 08.33 as can be seen from the results presented in table 1, 57.26% of the respondents were males and the majority, 49.73%, of the respondents were falling between the age of 30-39 years. it is also apparent and quite interesting that the majority of the respondents were comprised of businessmen and jobholders. this is critical because most banking services/products take care of the needs of workers and companies. the product of cronbach's alpha is presented below. table 2. the cronbach’s alpha variable number of items cronbach’s alpha cr ave institutional trust 05 0.80 0.72 0.85 corporate image 11 0.69 0.69 0.71 trust in online banking services 08 0.76 0.75 0.81 previous studies such as litzinger et al. (2005) argued that cronbach alpha value if higher than 0.6 would be assumed sufficient to assure the reliability of the scale and internal consistency. the cronbach's alpha findings revealed that neither was less than 0.70. all variables, therefore, have strong internal stability and trustworthiness. it is apparent from the findings presented in table 2 that the value of cronbach alpha is greater than 0.6 for all variables, hence, providing us reasonable grounds to believe that the adopted questionnaire has good internal consistency and reliability. the robustness of results largely depends on data normality. tabachinich and fidell (2007) argued that the elementary hypothesis of the regression analysis is that “each variable and all linear groupings of the variable are normally distributed”. statistical techniques such as the shapiro-wilk test, skewness and kurtosis, or graphical approach such as qq graphs may be utilized to check the normality of data. d'agostino et al. (1990) argued that the shapiro-wilk test has weak predictability power compared to skewness and kurtosis, therefore, skewness and kurtosis were utilized to test the normality of data for the current study. the following table illustrates the skewness and kurtosis test. pp. 60-75 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 68 table 3. the skewness and kurtosis test variables skewness kurtosis std. deviation value std. deviation value corporate image 0.579 0.43 0.293 0.34 institutional trust 0.28 0.61 trust in online banking services 0.59 0.21 a dataset would be considered normally distributed if skewness and kurtosis value between -1 to +1 (d'agostino et al., 1990). from table 3. it is apparent that the values of all the variables fall between -1 and +1, hence, we assume that the data is normally distributed. moreover, the current paper performed a person correlation to gauge the association between corporate image, institutional trust, and trust in online banking services. the results are presented below. table 4. correlation matrix trust in online-banking services corporate image institutional trust trust in online-banking services 1 corporate image 0.57* 1 institutional trust 0.66* 0.38 1 * significant at 0.05 level. the correlation matrix indicates the strength of association among variables and it also indicates multicollinearity issue in data (gujarati, 2003). the findings of the correlation matrix showed a moderate level of association between variables thereby eliminating the possibility of multicollinearity. in order to test the hypotheses of this study, pls-sem is utilized to study the relationship between corporate image and trust in online banking services with the mediation effect of institutional trust. the following table illustrates the findings of pls-sem. the mediating role of institutional trust on corporate image and customer trust in iraqi banking sector jadah, h. m., alghanimi, m. h. a., & al-husainy, n. h. m. 69 table 5. pls-sem direct effect total effect institutional trust trust in online banking services trust in online banking services se β p-value se β p-value se β p-value corporate image 0.321 0.119 0.00 0.259 0.098 0.00 0.953 0.197 0.00 institutional trust 0.672 0.236 0.00 r2 0.43** 0.59* 0.71* variables total effect direct effect indirect effect β ρ β ρ β ρ-ll ρ-ul institutional trust 0.197 0.00 0.119 0.01 0.078 0.00 0.113 *significant at 0.05; **significant at 0.01 level; se refers to standard error. for the first path, the results of path analysis showed the value of r2 as 59% where corporate image and institutional trust were regressed collectively with the trust in online banking services, in other words, variation in corporate image and institutional trust is explaining trust in online banking services for iraqis by 59%. further analysis showed a significant positive (β=0.098 & p-value=0.00) relationship between corporate image and trust in online banking services. putting it another way, a one-unit increase (decrease) in corporate image, ceteris paribus, would increase (decrease) in the trust level of customers for online banking services by 9%. the result of the current paper is in line with the findings of melewar et al. (2017) and oliveira et al. (2017), these authors also found a significant positive relationship between corporate image and customer trust in product/services. the result also showed a significant positive (β=0.236 & p-value=0.00) relationship between institutional trust and trust in online banking services. this result is in accordance with the studies of boateng (2017), maduku (2016), and moin et al. (2017). these studies concluded that the improvement in the institutional trust would significantly improve the trust in services, particularly financial services. the finding for path-2 of pls-sem pointed out a value of 43% for r2, meaning that corporate image is explaining 43% of the variation in the institutional trust. the path-2 approach also pointed to a significant positive (β=0.119 & p=0.00) association between corporate image and institutional trust. the r2 value for path-3 of pls-sem, where institutional trust is playing the role of mediator between corporate image and trust in online banking services is 71%. again, findings pointed out a significant positive association between corporate image and trust in online banking services with the mediation of institutional trust. in order to check the mediation of institutional trust, a bias-corrected bootstrapping technique is utilized. the pp. 60-75 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 70 findings for mediation showed that institutional trust mediates the association between corporate image (β=0.078 & p-value between =0.00 to 0.113) and trust in online banking services. the possible explanation for these significant positive relationships might be that the corporate image is an accumulation of customer’s experiences developed over time and if the company keep their promises that would result in positive word of mouth and trust in the company. further, if the institutional setting is strong in the country and companies have to answer for any wrongdoing then the trust level of customers on any offering in the country would be much higher. hence, if a regular banking company starts internet banking that has previously been known for fulfilling its commitments and promises and the institutional setting is strong then it would attract a wider audience quickly. 5. conclusion one of the main factors influencing the customer’s purchase intention or service utilization is trust. this paper aims to examine the mediation influence of institutional trust between corporate image and trust in online banking services for iraqi customers. in order to meet the objective of this study, the study data were collected through the distribution of 450 to customers of the banks working in iraq, out of which 372 were utilized to examine the hypothesis. pls-sem approach is utilized for estimation purposes. the path-1 results provide evidence for a significant positive association between corporate image, institutional trust, and trust in online banking services. results for path-2 also revealed a significant positive association between institutional trust and trust in online banking sectors. finally, the bias-corrected bootstrapping method confirmed the mediation influence of institutional trust between corporate image and trust in online banking services. the current study has important repercussions for the financial sector, especially bankers and policymakers. from an administrative perspective, this study highlighted that corporate image plays a vital role in customer’s service utility intention, therefore, banking companies need to make only those promises which they can keep. at the same time, administrators need to improve their infrastructure to make it more secure because security matters a lot in financial transactions and customers would place higher trust if they are given assurance about the security of their online banking system. from the perspective of policymakers, the banking industry provides resources to accelerate economic growth, therefore, policy-makers need to make policies to improve the institutional setting because stringent institutional settings would serve as a safety net for the mediating role of institutional trust on corporate image and customer trust in iraqi banking sector jadah, h. m., alghanimi, m. h. a., & al-husainy, n. h. m. 71 customers. references adams, m., andersson, j., andersson, l.-f., & lindmark, m. (2009). commercial banking, insurance and economic growth in sweden between 1830 and 1998. accounting, business & financial history, 19(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585200802667139 adeniran, a., jadah, h., & mohammed, n. (2020). impact of information technology on strategic management in the banking sector of iraq. insights into regional development, 2(2), 592-601. alalwan, a. a., dwivedi, y. k., rana, n. p. p., & williams, m. d. (2016). consumer adoption of mobile banking in jordan: examining the role of usefulness, ease of use, perceived risk and self-efficacy. journal of enterprise information management, 29(1), 118–139. ali, a. b. (2018) banks, credit and financial depth between iraq and the international experience, central bank of iraq, journal of monetary and financial studies, 3, 31-63. alvin, n. n. (2017). the effectiveness of online advertisement on consumer decision: a case of radio africa group limited nairobi, kenya. united states international university. ansah, m. o., & chinomona, r. (2017). analysis of market orientation on business performance in the multinational service industries. journal of social sciences, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2017 boateng, f. d. (2017). institutional trust and performance: a study of the police in ghana. australian & new zealand journal of criminology, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865817712335 bruggen, m. van. (2014). the corporate identity and corporate image of klm a gap analysis. history, culture and communication. erasmus university rotterdam. d'agostino, r. b., belanger, a., & d'agostino jr, r. b. (1990). a suggestion for using powerful and informative tests of normality. the american statistician, 44(4), 316–321. ennew, c., kharouf, h., & sekhon, h. (2011). trust in uk financial services: a longitudinal analysis. journal of financial services marketing, 16(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1057/fsm.2011.8 fuglsang, l., & jagd, s. (2015). making sense of institutional trust in pp. 60-75 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 72 organizations: bridging institutional context and trust. the organization, 22(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508413496577 gujarati, d. n. (2003). basic econometrics (fourth). new york: mcgrawhiii/irwin. guo, c., kulviwat, s., zhu, j., & wang, y. j. (2017). competing in an emerging market: antecedents and consequences of market orientation and the role of environmental factors. journal of strategic marketing, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254x.2017.1411386 hair, j. f., matthews, l. m., matthews, r. l., & sarstedt, m. (2017). plssem or cb-sem : updated guidelines on which method to use. international journal multivariate data analysis, 1(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmda.2017.087624 horng, j.-s., liu, c.-h., chou, s.-f., tsai, c.-y., & hu, d. c. (2018). does corporate image really enhance consumer’s behavioural intentions? asia pacific journal of tourism research, 23(10), 1008– 1020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1513946 imf. (2019). iraq selected issues. imf country report no. 19/249, 1-47. jadah, h. m., alghanimi, m. h., al-dahaan, n. s., & al-husainy, n. h. (2020). internal and external determinants of iraqi banks profitability. banks and bank systems, 15(2), 79-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(2).2020.08. jadah, h. m., murugiah, l. a. & adzis, a. b. a. (2016). board characteristics and bank performance: evidence from iraq. journal of independent studies and research: management, social sciences and economics, 14(1), 29-41. jadah, h. m., mohammed, n. h., hasan, m. m., & adetayo o. a. (2020). the impact of the political instability on bank’s performance: evidence from iraq. the iraqi magazine for managerial sciences, 16(65), 228-240. jaworski, b. j., & kohli, a. k. (2017). conducting field-based, discoveryoriented research: lessons from our market orientation research experience. ams review, 7(1–2), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-017-0088-5 kasim, a., ekinci, y., altinay, l., & hussein, k. (2018). impact of market orientation, organizational learning and market conditions on the mediating role of institutional trust on corporate image and customer trust in iraqi banking sector jadah, h. m., alghanimi, m. h. a., & al-husainy, n. h. m. 73 small and medium-size hospitality enterprises. journal of hospitality marketing and management, 27(07), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1438955 koksal, m. h. (2016). the intentions of lebanese consumers to adopt mobile banking. international journal of bank marketing, 34(3), 327–346. litzinger, t. a., lee, s. h., wise, j. c., & felder, r. m. (2005). applications, reliability and validity of the index of learning styles. in int. j. egng ed (pp. 103–112). usa: american society for engineering education. maduku, d. k. (2016). the effect of institutional trust on internet banking acceptance: perspectives of south african banking retail customers. south african journal of economic and management sciences, 19(4), 533–548. https://doi.org/10.17159/22223436/2016/v19n4a5 mahmoud, m. a., blankson, c., owusu-frimpong, n., nwankwo, s., & trang, t. p. (2016). market orientation, learning orientation and business performance. international journal of bank marketing, 34(5), 623–648. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-04-2015-0057 malaysian association of risk and insurance. (2018). deputy governor’s opening speech at the malaysian association of risk and insurance management (marim) conference 2018. retrieved july 22, 2018, from https://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_speech&pg=en_speech &ac=803&lang=en mcknight, d. h., choudhury, v., & kacmar, c. j. (2000). trust in ecommerce vendors: a two-stage model. proceedings of the twentyfirst international conference on information systems. association for information systems, (heider 1958), 532–536. mcneish, j. (2015). consumer trust and distrust: retaining paper bills in online banking. international journal of bank marketing, 33(1), 5– 22. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-09-2015-0216 melewar, t. c., gupta, p. f. s., kitchen, p. j., & foroudi, m. m. (2017). integrating identity, strategy and communications for trust, loyalty and commitment. international journal for marketing, 51(3), 572– 604. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-09-2015-0216 moin, s. m. a., devlin, j. f., & mckechnie, s. (2017). trust in financial pp. 60-75 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 74 services: the influence of demographics and dispositional characteristics. journal of financial services marketing, 22(2), 64– 76. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-017-0023-8 mostafa, r. (2017). does corporate image really matter in service recovery context. international journal of customer relationship marketing and management, 8(1), 1–14. narver, j. c., & slater, s. f. (1990). the effect of a market orientation on business profitability. journal of marketing, 54(4), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251757 oliveira, t., alhinho, m., rita, p., & dhillon, g. (2017). modelling and testing consumer trust dimensions in e-commerce. computers in human behavior, 71, 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.050 pauline, w. j., esterik-plasmeijer, v., & raaij, w. f. van. (2017). banking system trust, bank trust, and bank loyalty. international journal of banking marketing, 35(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000001122 sikdar, p., kumar, a., & makkad, m. (2015). online banking adoption: a factor validation and satisfaction causation study in the context of indian banking customers. international journal of bank marketing, 33(6), 760–785. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-09-2015-0216 singh, s., & ranchhod, a. (2004). market orientation and customer satisfaction: evidence from british machine tool industry. industrial marketing management, 33(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-8501(03)00056-7 tse, a. c. b., sin, l. y. m., yau, o. h. m., lee, j. s. y., & chow, r. (2003). market orientation and business performance in a chinese business environment. journal of business research, 56, 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0148-2963(01)00230-2 wang, s. w., ngamsiriudom, w., & hsieh, c. h. (2015). trust disposition, trust antecedents, trust, and behavioural intention. service industries journal, 35(10), 555–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2015.1047827 yu, p. l., balaji, m. s., & khong, k. w. (2017). building trust in internet banking: a trustworthiness perspective. industrial management & data systems, 115(2), 235–252. the mediating role of institutional trust on corporate image and customer trust in iraqi banking sector jadah, h. m., alghanimi, m. h. a., & al-husainy, n. h. m. 75 yusuf dauda, s., & lee, j. (2015). technology adoption: a conjoint analysis of consumers’ preference on future online banking services. information systems, 53, 1–15. retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2015.04.006 zameer, h., tara, a., kausar, u., & mohsin, a. (2015). impact of service quality, corporate image and customer satisfaction towards customers’ perceived value in the banking sector in pakistan. international journal of bank marketing, 33(4), 442–456. جملة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) 96-106، ص )2020( 3عدد 2مجلد ارة واالقتصاد، مجلة بحوث اإلد management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no. 3 (2020), pp. 96-106 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v2i3.112 لوم التسییر، جامعة زیان كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة، التجاریة وع 96 ).الجزائر(الجلفة 3117: ب.عاشور بالجلفة، ص www.mer-j.com تعظیم ربحیة الوحدة المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المحدد وأثرھا في أساسالتكالیف على )سمنت النجف االشرفإدراسة حالة في معمل (االقتصادیة 1 أمیر عقید كاظم العرداوي )العراق(جامعة بغداد قسم الشؤون المالیة، ، مدرس مساعد 1  ameetnoor456@gmail.com 2020-06-21: تاریخ النشر 2020-06-18: تاریخ القبول 202005-20: االستالمتاریخ :ملخص دد أساسھدفت الدراسة للتعرف على نظام التكالیف على ت المح ھ بالوق فات الموج المواص ر دة هوأث ة الوح یم ربحی ي تعظ ادیة ف ل (االقتص منتامعم الل د )س ن خ ائص م ل خص ة وتحلی راس ین أو ى تحس ل عل ة والعم یف قیم ي تض غیلیة الت ة التش ددات التكلف ا بمح تج وربطھ فات المن ومواص . التي ال تضیف قیمة األنشطةاستبعاد ى الیف عل ام التك ة أن نظ ائج الدراس رت نت اسأظھ دد أس ت المح ھ بالوق فات الموج المواص غیلیة ة التش یض التكلف ة تخف ى سیاس ز عل در والترتك ادر الھ ى مص اء عل دفق والقض ي ت یاع ف ض .العملیات التشغیلیة ت اإلنتاج بتقنیة المواصفات الموجھ أساسنظام التكالیف على أنأوصت الدراسة ي الوق ف ي ال یرتكز علىالمحدد ة الت تبعاد الكلف تج واس تحدید الكلفة التي تضیف قیمة وربطھا بمواصفات المن یضبھدف تعظیم ر ،تضیف قیمة تج وتخف ة المن ة بحی ةالتكلف ل اإلنتاجی ي معم تج ف ا المن ر بھ ي یم الت .مع المنافسین من خالل الجودة والمیزة التنافسیةة سمنت النجف االشرف مقارنا ل التشغیلیة األنشطةالمواصفات، تقنیة الوقت المحدد، أساسالتكالیف على : الكلمات المفتاحیة ، معم .اسمنت النجف .m1 ،m14 :تصنیف جال المقدمة . 1 االت ي مج ة ف بة وخاص تراتیجیات المحاس ي اس ر ف ر كبی ل تغی في السنوات األخیرة حص اخفض التكلفة وتقویم األداء التنافسي ت إم ي الوق زة ف یة والمنج فات القیاس ة بالمواص دة المنافس الوح ى الیف عل ام التك دخل نظ تعمل م ق اس ذا المنط ن ھ دد، فم اسالمح فات أس ت المواص ھ بالوق الموج ي فات الت تج بالمواص ودة المن ین ج ة وتحس یض التكلف المحدد في أدارة الكلفة التشغیلیة من أجل تخف ن س م ى العك تج، عل ن المن ون م ة الزب ق رغب ةتحق ة أنظم الیف التقلیدی ات إذالتك ي بمتطلب ال تف ور ا أنشطةالتصنیع الحدیث في ة التط ت، ولمواكب ة التكالیف الموجھ بالوق االت كاف ي المج ل ف لحاص د ناعي فق ال الص ً المج ا ىوخصوص منت أول ل االس ون أن معم وع لك ذا الموض ام بھ ث االھتم الباح ي أدت دیدة الت ة الش ن المنافس اني م ف یع ىالنج راق إل ة إغ بب سیاس ھ بس اض مبیعات واقانخف األس لسِ االمؤلف المر: [ ameetnoor456@gmail.com] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v2i3.112&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-06-21 المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المحدد وأثرھا في تعظیم أساسالتكالیف على أمیر عقید كاظم العرداوي )منت النجف االشرفسإدراسة حالة في معمل (ربحیة الوحدة االقتصادیة 97 ة، ئ المختلف ن المناش منت وم ادة اإلس ن م ة م افة العراقیة باألنواع المختلف ىوباإلض ة إل اع الكلف ارتف .التشغیلیة دون الحصول على المواصفات القیاسیة مشكلة الدراسة 1.1 ل ي معم ق ف بي المطب ام المحاس منتتتمحور مشكلة الدراسة أن النظ رف إس ف االش النج ة اب الكلف ي احتس ة ف ات التقلیدی نظم والنظری ى ال ز عل تج دوناإلنتاجیرتك ا المن ر بھ ي یم ة الت ذ ی أخ ا دد مم ت المح ات الوق ا بموجھ ى أدىبنظر االعتبار تكلفة المراحل التشغیلیة وربطھ ة إل اع تكلف ارتف ى الیف عل ام التك ادیة نظ دات القتص ي الوح ع تبن ھ م یة ل زة التنافس دان المی تج وفق اسالمن أس غیلیة وا ة التش ل التكلف ي تقلی را ف ب دورا مباش دد لع ت المح ھ بالوق فات الموج ى المواص اء عل لقض زة اب المی ل اكتس ن أج تج م ا المن ر بھ ي یم یة الت فات القیاس د المواص یاع وتحدی در والض مصادر الھ الھ ي وإیص میم الھندس ل التص ن مراح داء م ىالتنافسیة ابت تراتیجي إل دخل اس ائي، كم تھلك النھ المس ام ة ونظ اجاإلنشامل ومتكامل مبني على ربط مواصفات المنتج بناء على التكلف دد ت ت المح ي الوق ف . األفضلوالجودة األقلبالكلفة أھمیة الدراسة 2.1 :تبرز أھمیة الدراسة من خالل الجوانب اآلتیة ى الیف عل اھیم التك ن مف ً ع امال ً ش ا ً نظری ارا ة إط دم الدراس استق ھ أس فات الموج المواص دد ت المح رازبالوق د وإب ة الوح یم ربحی ة وتعظ یض التكلف ي تخف ا ف ادیة دورھ ة االقتص . في الوقت المحدد اإلنتاجكمدخل متكامل مبنى على نظام ة اإلنتاجالمواصفات وتقنیة أساسإبراز دور التكامل التكالیف على دد كتقنی في الوقت المح ویر ث والتط ل البح ن مراح داء م غیلیة ابت ة التش یض الكلف ل وتخف محاسبیة تسعى على تحلی . النھائيالخدمة للمستھلك أواء بتقدیم المنتج وتصمیم المنتج وانتھ وإنتاج الدراسة أھداف 3.1 ى إعطاء إلىتھدف الدراسة الیف عل رات التك ن متغی املة ع اسنظرة ش فات، أس المواص : من خالل الجوانب اآلتیة في الوقت المحدد اإلنتاجوتقنیة ا للتط إسمنتالتعرف على واقع معمل دى مواكبتھ رف وم ف االش ة النج ورات التكنولوجی ي األ ع تبن ادیة، م ةواالقتص ال نظم ي مج ة ف ت إدارةالحدیث ھ بالوق غیلیة الموج ة التش الكلف . في الوقت المحدد اإلنتاجالمحدد ومنھا نظام تقنیة ى الیف عل اسالتعرف على وظائف التك ى أس الع عل الل االط ن خ فات م اتالمواص األدبی ین التكالیف و أنشطةالواردة في مجال غیلیة وتحس الیف التش یض التك ى تخف درتھا عل مدى ق .جودة المنتج فرضیات الدراسة 4.1 ى آنللدراسة فرضیة رئیسة واحدة مفادھا ھ أساستطبیق التكالیف عل فات الموج ا المواص ي اإلنتاجبتقنیة دد ف طةفي الوقت المح وفر أنش الیف ی د أساسالتك ي تحدی ً ف امال ً وش لیما ً س طةا األنش ل األنشطةتي تضیف قیمة واستبعاد ال ى تقلی ي عل التي ال تضیف قیمة كمدخل استراتیجي متكامل مبن .الكلفة التشغیلیة وأضافھ ھامش ربح لمنتج االسمنت مجتمع وعینة الدراسة 5.1 ث، ِة البح ي عین ادن ف ناعة والمع وزارة الص ابع ل ف الت منت النج ل اس ار معم مَّ اختی ت ِھ الكبیرة في ة ألھمیت ھ الفاعل ذلك ألھمیت ة، وك ات المتخصص ن القطاع ً ع ال ناعیة فض ات الص القطاع .في إنتاجیة اإلسمنت بغض النظِر عن القصور الذي تعاني منھا محاسبة التكالیف التقلیدیة مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02المجلد 106-96 ص 98 الدراسات السابقة 6.1 یض أساسدور مدخل التكلفة على )2019، الدفاعي و الخلف(دراسة ي تخف المواصفات ف دة . الجودة في منتجات مصنع المأمون تكالیف ى ع لت إل د توص ي، وق في التحلیل نھج الوص اتبعت الم ودة أساسعنده تطبیق مدخل التكالیف على : نتائج أھمھا الیف الج ع التك اس جمی ن قی المواصفات یمك فة ل المواص ودة لك الیف الج ن تك ة م ل فئ وفر , المستنفذة لكل مواصفة، وكذلك تحدید تكالیف ك ا ی مم ة تج فاعلی ا ین تج، مم فات المن ً لمواص ا ودة تبع الیف الج ل تك معلومات أكثر فائدة من خالل تتبع وتحلی .األداءاكبر لتحسین وضمان الجودة وتقویم ة م(دراس كور وجاس ة) 2010، مش ام أھمی ق نظ اجتطبی دد اإلنت ت المح ي الوق ي jitف ف ة ركات العام ة الش في التحلی. دراس نھج الوص ت الم ااتبع ائج أھمھ دة نت ى ع لت إل د توص ي، وق : ل دف (jit)في الوقت المحدد اإلنتاجاستخدام تقنیة یض بھ ف تخف اج كل تج اإلنت ة المن ین نوعی ، وتحس .مقارنتا مع المنافسین اإلطار النظري. 2 أساس المواصفات مفھوم التكالیف على 1.2 ى الیف عل وم التك ر مفھ اسظھ ل أس ن قب فات م ر ) bromwich(المواص ي أواخ ف رین رن العش ن الق تینیات م الیف ,p56 )2005(inglis ,الس ین التك ة ب ل العالق ى تحلی ز عل إذ یرتك فات د المواص م تحدی ن ث والمنافع والقیمة االقتصادیة التي یحصل علیھا المستھلك من المنتجات ، وم تج والخصائص التي تحقق اإلشباع والقیمة للمستھلكین النھائي التي ة المن اس تكلف وئھا قی ى ض یتم عل )barfield et al, 2003, p140.( :المواصفات أساسمفھوم التكالیف على األكادیمیینفقد عرف العدید من الكتاب والباحثین ن ل م رف ك ف، (ع دفاعي، الخل ى )97، ص2019ال الیف عل ام التك اسنظ أس د ة تحدی تم بموجب بي ی ام محاس ھ نظ فات بأن ة المواص ى اإلنتاجالكلف اء عل تج بن ا المن ر بھ ي یم ة الت ی ة إلىیة وتحلیل ھذا المواصفات ساسسلسلة من المواصفات األ إلىتحلیل المنتج ة وثانوی رى فرعی أخ ة ة تكلف ق معرف ن طری ة ع تج بدق فات المن الیف و مواص ة التك طةومعرف ل األنش ذ لك ة لتنفی الالزم .ن طریق تجمیع كلفة كل المواصفاتتج بدقة عالمواصفات وبالتالي تحدید تكلفة المن ن أساسالتكالیف على أن )cokins, 2002(یرى تم م بي ی لوب محاس المواصفات كأس .خصائص ومواصفات المنتج النھائي أساسخاللھ تتبع عناصر التكالیف على فھا عد، (یص ي وس ى ) 702، ص2018الربیع الیف عل اسالتك فات أس لوبالمواص أس ى اإلنتاجبي یعتمد على قیاس الكلفة محاس مم عل ي یص فات الت وء المواص ى ض ة عل تج أساسی ھا المن .وعلى مستویات انجاز كل مواصفة من مواصفات المنتج ى الیف عل ل التك ام تحلی اسنظ ورین أس ى منظ ز عل فات یرتك فات األولالمواص مواص تج ائص المن ات اوخص ى وتوقع ز عل اني یرتك ور الث ةل، والمنظ ل المنافس م وعوام ائن وأذواقھ ، زب ع ا م ادیة مقارنت سیمكن الوحدة االقتصادیة من تعظیم الربحیة وكسب الزبون مما یحق لھا قیمة اقتص .منافسیھا المواصفات أساسمتطلبات تحدید التكلفة على 2.2 ي الیف عل د التك استمر عملیة تحدی تج أس ا المن ز بھ ي یتمی ائص الت فات والخص المواص ):462، ص2019السید، (ایة بعدة خطوات أھمھاإلنتاجخالل المراحل ؛یة للمنتج انطالقا من حاجات ورغبات الزبونساستحدید المواصفات األ ي أساستحدید مستویات االنجاز على تویات الت ي المس ز عل مواصفات المنتج بھدف التركی ي تض ائي والت تھلكین النھ ون والمس ات الزب ات ورغب د حاج ة تس ن وجھ تج م ة للمن یف قیم المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المحدد وأثرھا في تعظیم أساسالتكالیف على أمیر عقید كاظم العرداوي )منت النجف االشرفسإدراسة حالة في معمل (ربحیة الوحدة االقتصادیة 99 ر نظرھم، ویجب أن یكون مستوي اإلنجاز مناسب للوظیفة المحددة للسلعة، وقد یتطلب األم ؛إجراء تعدیالت علي تصمیم المنتج بما یسد حاجات ورغبات الزبون د طةتحدی ر اإلنتاج األنش الل حص ن خ فات م ذ المواص ة لتنفی ة الالزم طةی ل األنش ن أج م دخالت ي م رف عل ة التع ة الخاص اییس األداء المختلف ة مق ة، ودراس ل عملی ات ك ومخرج ي األنشطة، ومدي إضافة كل عملیة للقیمة، بالشكل الذي یتیح إمكانیة التفرقة بین اإلنتاجب الت ؛ا لتي ال تضیف قیمة من اجل استبعادھا األنشطةتضیف قیمة و ؛یةاإلنتاج األنشطةتحدید الموارد الالزمة لتنفیذ ؛الیف مستویات اإلنجاز لكل خط انتاجيتحدید تك .جمیع تكالیف كل المواصفات المنتجتحدید تكلفة وحدة المنتج بت ى الیف عل ام التك اسنظ ل أس ا قب ل م ن مراح داًء م تج ابت فات المن دد مواص فات یح المواص اج ل اإلنت م مراح ن ث یط وم ویر والتخط ث والتط ل اإلنتاجالبح ا قب ل م م مراح ن ث ة وم اجی ي أ اإلنت .خدمات ما بعد البیع بھدف تعظیم القیمة وتحقیق رغبات وحاجات الزبون مفھوم تقنیة الوقت المحدد 3.2 ي ادیة الت ورات االقتص دیات والتط ى أدتالتح ة إل د الكلف ة اإلنتاجتزای ع المنافس ة م ی لوب ن أس ث ع ادیة البح دة االقتص دأت الوح اح ب اض األرب دیدة وانخف یر أوالش ة لتیس ا تقنی عملیاتھ دات ي الوح ث ف ذا البح ة ھ رارات، ونتیج اذ الق ل اتخ ن أج ة م ز بدق ات تتمی ى بیان ول عل والحص ام ر نظ ادیة ظھ اجاالقتص ي اإلنت ع ف الیف والتوس یض التك ى تخف اعد عل ذي یس دد ال ت المح ي الوق ف ورین، ( األقلوزیادة الكفاءة، بالكلفة اإلنتاج ون ون ارت ). 206، ص2000جاریس د أش وري(وق ) ن ي اإلنتاجنظام إلى یاع ف ادر الض ع مص یص جمی ي تقل ث ف طةفي الوقت المحدد بأنھ أسلوب یبح أنش تم اإلنتاج ذلك ی م، ول ت المالئ ي الوق م، وف ان المالئ ي المك م، ف زء المالئ وفیر الج الل ت اجیة من خ إنت ر ااإلنتاج األجزاء نیع، األم ات التص ة متطلب رض مقابل ام لغ ذا النظ ً لھ ا ة وفق ق ی ى تحقی ؤدي إل ذي ی ل الیف یض التك زون، وتخف م المخ یض لحج ى تخف ودة أقص ویر الج وري، (، وتط ). 305، ص2014ن یستعمل بشكل فعال في إذإدارة التكلفة اإلستراتیجیة أسالیبفي الوقت المحدد بأنھ أحدى اإلنتاجیعد روریة، صناعة المنتج وتقلیل عوامل المخاطرة مثل مخاطر السالمة، واالختالس، النفایات غیر الض ). rivera, 2014, p9(والتلف، االختالس وتحمل التكالیف المرتبطة المواد المخزنة ي اإلستراتیجیةفي الوقت المحدد أسلوب من أسالیب إدارة الكلفة اإلنتاجیرى الباحث الت تج وال إلىتسعى ن تخفیض حجم المخزون وتقلیل الكلفة من اجل تطویر جودة المن طةتخلص م األنش التي ال تضیف قیمة المواصفات أساستكامل تقنیة الوقت المحدد مع نظام التكالیف على 4.2 ى اسنظام التكالیف عل فة أس ع فلس ق م فات یتف اجالمواص دف اإلنت دد بھ ت المح ي الوق ف تج وتحق ودة المن ین ج ة وتحس ل التكلف ون تقلی ات الزب ق رغب الح، (ی د ) 49، ص2014ص اوق ت رأش ى إلى أن) 452:، ص2015جاسم، ( اسنظام تكلفة عل ع أس ق م فات یتف اجالمواص ت اإلنت ي الوق ف ة اإلنتاجالمحدد إذ یتم فة الكلف ع فلس ق م ذلك یتف المخزون، وك حسب حاجة الزبون دون االحتفاظ ب تھدفة و ة المس اجالمستھدفة إذ یتم التركیز على الكلف د اإلنت دد لتحدی ت المح ي الوق از ف توى االنج مس ً زا دخلین یرتك ال الم تج ك فات المن ن مواص فة م ل ص ى ك اء عل ر بن نیف عناص ل وتص ى تحلی عل ة تج بالكلف لالتكالیف وربطھا بمواصفات المنتج بھدف تحقیق رغبة الزبون مع ضمان جودة المن األق ي تر الیف الت بة التك ي محاس ة ف ة المطبق ات التقلیدی نظم والنظری ن ال س م ى العك ة عل ى الكلف ز عل تك ة اإلنتاج ای د إم ل وبع الیف قب اجتك ي اإلنت دخلین ف ي الم ع تبن ا م ادیة إدارةیتجاھلھ دة االقتص الوح . األفضلوالوقت األقلوربطھما بالوقت المحدد سیحقق ھامش ربح بالكلفة مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02المجلد 106-96 ص 100 ى اإلنتاجتكامل الیف عل ام التك ع نظ دد م ت المح اسفي الوق ز ع أس فات یرتك ى المواص ل ) :53، ص2014صالح، (مرتكزات ثالث ؛التي ال تضیف قیمة بالوقت األنشطةااللتزام بإلغاء كل ؛المحافظة على مستوى عاٍل من الجودة .االلتزام بالتحسین والتطویر المستمر اجفي الوقت المحدد أسلوب تصنیع متكامل أو نظام اإلنتاجنظام إن ة إنت لعة تام لیم س وتس رى الصنع في الوقت الم رة أخ كیلھا م نعة لتش ف المص حدد إذ یتم تجمیع المواد األولیة واألجزاء نص . اإلشباعبشكل نھائي وبمواصفات جیدة تحقق رغبة الزبون من ى أنیرى الباحث ساسوعلى ھذا األ الیف عل استكامل التك دد أس ت المح ة الوق ع تقنی فات م المواص : اآلتیةترتكز على الخطوات ؛المواصفات الموجة بالوقت المحدد أساسیة على إلنتاجا األنشطةتحدید ل ت لك دة الوق ة وح د تكلف طةتحدی ى اإلنتاج األنش الیف عل ام التك اء نظ ة بن اسی أس ؛المواصفات طتھا ادیة أنش دة االقتص ل الوح ى تحلی اء عل ة بن ة الكلی د الكلف ة اإلنتاجتحدی ةی واإلداری .الوقت المحددوربطھا بموجة اإلنتاج أساسوالتسویقیة على النتائج والمناقشة . 3 ل د معم منتیع ة إس ل التابع د المعام رف اح ف االش ىالنج ة إل ركة العام منتالش لإلس ام ي ع ل ف دأ ب 1974الجنوبیة ومن أھم تشكیالت وزارة الصناعة والمعادن، تأسس المعم اجوب اإلنت نة ي س رأس 1975ف دره ب ال ق ي) 6183100(م ار عراق ة إدین درھا ، وبطاق ة ق ) 676900(نتاجی ً نویا ن س ون ط فات . ملی ادي ذات المواص دي الع منت البورتالن تج االس ة وین ة الرطب ل بالطریق ویعم .العالمیة والجودة العالیة ت اإلنتاجتمھیدا لتخفیض الكلفة ھ بالوق د والموج فات الجی تج بالمواص ة المن ین قیم ة وتحس ی بالوقت المحدد وبیان مدى اإلنتاجالمواصفات وتقنیة ساسأالمحدد یتطلب تطبیق نظام التكالیف على : اآلتیةعلى ربحیة الوحدة االقتصادیة من خالل الخطوات أثرھا لمواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المحدد ا أساسیة على اإلنتاج األنشطةتحدید 1.3 ى الیف عل ام التك اسنظ الزم لإلن أس ت ال ل أو الوق اعات العم ھ بس فات الموج از المواص ج ل ( أنشطةیتضمن إذیة ذات العالقة المباشر بإنتاج منتج اإلسمنت اإلنتاج األنشطة مقلع الحجر، الناق اط ) ، التعبئة والتغلیفالمطاطي، طواحین المعجون، األفران والمرسبات، طواحین اإلسمنت فكل نش ل أساسلھ طاقة منجزة على اعة العم دیرھا%) 85(س م تق ة ت ة النظری ن الطاق االت م ى ح اء عل بن .التوقفات ألغراض الصیانة والتصلیح وغیرھا :المعادلة التالیة تبین احتساب كل من 86400= 12×60× 20× 6=دقیقة / الوقت المحدد لكل عامل سنویا % 85×دقیقة/ الوقت المنجزة لكل عامل سنویا ×عدد العاملین= سنویا / القیمة المنجزة الي دول الت طةالج ى إلنتاجا األنش ة عل اسی ة أس دد والقیم ت المح ة بالوق فات الموج المواص .المنجزة المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المحدد وأثرھا في تعظیم أساسالتكالیف على أمیر عقید كاظم العرداوي )منت النجف االشرفسإدراسة حالة في معمل (ربحیة الوحدة االقتصادیة 101 المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المحدد والقیمة المنجزة أساسعلى یةاإلنتاج األنشطة: )1(جدول رقم المواصفات یة إنتاجاألنشطة ت عدد العاملین ل دد لك الوقت المح دقیقة/ عامل سنویا / القیمة المنجزة نویاس 8812800 86400 102 تكسیر حجر الكلس مقالع الحجر 1 11232000 86400 130 داخل المعملنقل الحجر المكسر من مقلع الحجر إلى الناقل المطاطي 2 المعجونطواحین 3 ادة ون لم ة المك واد األولی ط الم خل ا ) معجون المنتج ( تم تحویلھ م ی ن ث وم إلى األفران والمرسبات 90 86400 7776000 12096000 86400 140 )الكلنكر(إنتاج مادة والمرسباتاألفران 4 6912000 86400 80 طحن مادة الكلنكر إلنتاج االسمنت اإلسمنتطواحین 5 7257600 86400 84 المكیس أوتجھیز االسمنت الفل )المیزان(التعبئة والتغلیف 6 54086400 518400 626 المجموع 2019لسنة اإلنتاجداد الباحث باعتماد بیانات حسابات الكلفة وقسم إع: المصدر : یةاإلنتاج األنشطةتحدید تكلفة وحدة الوقت لكل 2.3 ى اء عل منت بن تج االس ا من ر بھ ي یم ت الت دة الوق ة وح د تكلف وة تحدی ذه الخط من ھ تتض د وكلفة أق أفضلص التي تجعل للمنتج ذات جودة ئالمواصفات والخصا أساس ة أنل بع د قیم م تحدی ت :الوقت من خالل المعادلة التالیةالوقت المحدد سیتم تحدید تكلفة وحدة أساسسنویا على /المنجزة سنویا/القیمة المنجزة/ الكلفة التشغیلیة) = دقیقة/دینار(تكلفة وحدة الوقت یةاإلنتاجوالجدول التالي یبین الكلفة حسب تكلفة وحدة الوقت لكل نشاط یةاإلنتاجتكلفة وحدة الوقت لكل نشاط : )2(جدول رقم .2019لسنة اإلنتاجسم إعداد الباحث باعتماد بیانات حسابات الكلفة وق: المصدر الكلفة التشغیلیة المواصفات یة اإلنتاجاألنشطة ت زة ة المنج القیم سنویا/ تكلفة وحدة الوقت )دقیقة/دینار( 1235 8812800 10880314601 تكسیر حجر الكلس مقالع الحجر 1 المطاطي الناقل 2 ل ال ع نق ن مقل ر م ر المكس حج 1071 11232000 12025610875 الحجر إلى داخل المعمل المعجونطواحین 3 خلط المواد األولیة المكون لمادة تج ( ون المن تم ) معج م ی ن ث وم تحویلھا إلى األفران والمرسبات 9735018328 7776000 1252 757 12096000 9162370191 )الكلنكر (إنتاج مادة والمرسباتاألفران 4 اإلسمنتطواحین 5 اج ر إلنت ادة الكلنك ن م طح 1243 6912000 8589722054 االسمنت 6 التعبئة والتغلیف )المیزان( 947 7257600 6871777643 المكیس أوتجھیز االسمنت الفل 6505 54086400 57264813692 المجموع مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02المجلد 106-96 ص 102 التشغیلیة نشطةتحدید تكلفة الطن الواحد لأل 3.3 ا ) یةاإلنتاج(التشغیلیة نشطةیتم في ھذه الخطوة احتساب تكلفة الطن الواحد لأل التي یمر بھ ى إنتاجيتم تحدید تكلفة وحدة الوقت لكل نشاط إنمنتج االسمنت بعد الیف عل اسوفق تحلیل التك أس فات دد المواص ت المح ھ بالوق د ،الموج یتم تحدی طةس ین األنش تبعاد أو تحس ة واس یف قیم ي تض الت ة األنشطة ل ، مقاالتي ال تضیف قیم وق العم ي س ین ف ع المنافس ا م تج رنت فات المن ى مواص اء عل ، بن دورة أداءتبین وقت اإلنتاجوالبیانات الواردة من قسم ة اإلنتاجال اط بالدقیق ل نش ة الك ع الحج(ی ر مقل ، 3.4، طواحین اإلسمنت 8والمرسبات األفران، 7.7طواحین المعجون ،6.1طي ، الناقل المطا9.2 د لأل) 3.2التعبئة والتغلیف المیزان طةبناء على ذلك یتم احتساب تكلفة الطن الواح ن نش غیلیة م التش :خالل المعادلة التالیة د لأل ن الواح ة الط طةتكلف غیلیة نش ت = التش دو أداءوق ة اإلنتاجرة ال ة(ی دة ×) دقیق ة وح كلف )دقیقة/دینار(الوقت :التشغیلیة الموجة بالوقت المحدد نشطةوالجدول التالي یبین تكلفة الطن الواحد لأل التشغیلیة الموجھ بالوقت المحدد نشطةتكلفة الطن الواحد لأل: )3(جدول رقم المواصفات یة اإلنتاج األنشطة ت الدورة أداءوقت )دقیقة(یة جاإلنتا كلفة وحدة الوقت )دقیقة/دینار( كلفة للطن /التشغیلیة 11362 1235 9.2 تكسیر حجر الكلس مقالع الحجر 1 المطاطي الناقل 2 ع ن مقل ر م ر المكس نقل الحج 6533.1 1071 6.1 الحجر إلى داخل المعمل المعجونطواحین 3 ون ة المك واد األولی ط الم خل ادة ون المن(لم ن ) تجمعج وم ران ى األف ا إل تم تحویلھ م ی ث والمرسبات 7.7 1252 9640.4 6056 757 8 )الكلنكر(إنتاج مادة والمرسباتاألفران 4 اإلسمنتطواحین 5 اج ر إلنت ادة الكلنك ن م طح 4226.2 1243 3.4 االسمنت 6 التعبئة والتغلیف )المیزان( ل منت الف ز االس أوتجھی 2272.8 947 2.4 المكیس 40090.5 6505 36.8 لمجموع ا .2019لسنة اإلنتاجإعداد الباحث باعتماد بیانات حسابات الكلفة وقسم : المصدر لمنتج االسمنت اإلجمالیةتحدید الكلفة 4.3 اإلداریةیتم تحدید تكالیف ) یةاإلنتاج(التشغیلیة نشطةبعد ان تم تحدید تكلفة الطن الواحد لأل اجيلكل نشاط اإلجمالیةمن أجمال الكلفة التشغیلیة % 12بة والتسویقیة إذ تشكل نس تج إنت ھ من ر ب یم ى الیف عل ام التك ق نظ منت وف اساالس وال أس دد ، وص ت المح ھ بالوق فات الموج ىالمواص ة إل الكلف :، من خالل المعادالت التالیة ھامش الربح مقارنتا مع المنافسینالمنخفض وال .الكلفة التشغیلیة للطن الواحد × %12= وتسویقیة إداریةتكالیف .وتسویقیة إداریةتكالیف + الكلفة التشغیلیة للطن الواحد = للطن اإلجمالیةالكلفة ة بن الكلف الي ی دول الت ةوالج ى اإلجمالی الیف عل ام التك ا لنظ منت وفق تج االس اسلمن أس .المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المحدد المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المحدد وأثرھا في تعظیم أساسالتكالیف على أمیر عقید كاظم العرداوي )منت النجف االشرفسإدراسة حالة في معمل (ربحیة الوحدة االقتصادیة 103 المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المحدد أساسلمنتج االسمنت وفقا لنظام التكالیف على ةاإلجمالیالكلفة : )4(جدول رقم .2019لسنة اإلنتاجحسابات الكلفة وقسم إعداد الباحث باعتماد بیانات: المصدر یُالحظ من الجدول أعاله انخفاض الكلفة الكلیة للطن الواحد لمنتج اإلسمنت الخاص بمعمل د رف الجدی ف االش منت النج بحت إذإس ة أص ة اإلنتاجالكلف ار 44901.36(ی ن/دین ق ) ط ق تطبی وف دة أثرھامحدد قد تبین المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت ال أساسنظام التكالیف على ة الوح یم ربحی ي تعظ ف رف ف االش منت النج ل س ي معم ة ف ات المطبق نظم والتقنی ن ال ام م س تم غ إذاالقتصادیة على عك تبل دار ھذا )طن/دینار 84579(تكلفة د بمق ن الواح ة الط ي كلف یض ف 39697(یعني حصول على تخف :ال تضیف قیمة ناتج من خالل أنشطةتمثل ) طن/دینا ف إلىمن الطاقة الصناعیة مما تؤدي %) 24( التقلبات الموسمیة إذ تشكل نسبة ادة الكل زی ؛التشغیلیة ادن ناعة والمع ل وزارة الص ن قب ة م ر مدعوم ة غی لعیة والخدمی تلزمات الس م المس إذمعظ ؛40%یة بنسبة اإلنتاجتشكل ارتفاع في تكالیف د ورتزای ادیة ف األج دوى اقتص ي دون ج ود ف ة والعق بحت القیم اجأص 84579(ي اإلنت .)طن/دینار ى الیف عل اسوعلیِھ یتضح الدور المھم الذي یشكلھُ التكامل بین التك ة أس فات وتقنی المواص ھ ادة جودت تج بزی ة المن ین قیم ي تحس ادیة ف الوقت المحدد أصبح لھا في تعظیم ربحیة الوحدة االقتص أنِھ وبذلك فقد تحققت فرضیة البحث, وتخفیض كلفتھِ إن استعمال التقنیتین أعاله كإطار متكامل من ش .أن یؤدي إلى تحسین قیمة المنتج خالصةال. 4 ا دور أساستم تطبیق التكالیف على أنبعد ین لھ د تب دد ق المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المح ة المط ات التقلیدی نظم والنظری ن ال س م ى العك تج عل ین المن ة وتحس ي رئیسي في تخفیض التكلف ق ف ب : تنتاجاتالنجف وبناء على ذلل فمن أھم االس إسمنتیة في معمل اإلنتاجاحتساب الكلفة الكلفة التشغیلیة المواصفات یة اإلنتاج األنشطة ت للطن الواحد إداریةتكالیف وتسویقیة 10% الكلفة للطن اإلجمالیة حد االو 12725.44 1363.44 11362 تكسیر حجر الكلس مقالع الحجر 1 نقل الحجر المكسر من الناقل المطاطي 2 مقلع الحجر إلى داخل 7317.072 783.972 6533.1 المعمل خلط المواد األولیة طواحین المعجون 3 معجون (المكون لمادة ومن ثم یتم ) المنتج تحویلھا إلى األفران 10797.248 1156.848 9640.4 والمرسبات 6782.72 726.72 6056 )كلنكر ال(إنتاج مادة األفران والمرسبات 4 طحن مادة الكلنكر إلنتاج طواحین اإلسمنت 5 4733.344 507.144 4226.2 االسمنت التعبئة والتغلیف 6 )المیزان( أوتجھیز االسمنت الفل 2545.536 272.736 2272.8 المكیس 44901.36 4810.86 40090.5 المجموع مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02المجلد 106-96 ص 104 ى استطبیق نظام التكالیف عل ة أس ى رغب ز عل ل یرتك تراتیجي متكام دخل اس فات كم المواص ؛األفضلوالجودة األقلالزبون من المنتج وتحلیل تلك الرغبة مع موجھات تكلفة ھ عف التوج ى وأ اإلداريض الیف عل دخل التك ي م بي لتبن اسالمحاس ھ أس فات الموج المواص ة اع التكلف ن ارتف م م ى رغ ث، عل ة البح ي عین دد ف ت المح ام اإلنتاجبالوق عف النظ ة وض ی مت ل س بحتإذ المحاسبي المطبق في معم ة أص ة اإلنتاجالتكلف ار 84579(ی ن/دین ع ) ط وم استبني النظام التكالیف على فات أس ة أ إذالمواص بحت الكلف ة اإلنتاجص ار 44901.36(ی دین ؛)طن/ ت دد بالوق زة والمح ل المنج اعات العم ي س یاع ف در والض اجالھ ي ي واإلنت تغلة ف ر مس غی میة ) طن/ دینار 39697(تشكل كلفتھا أصبحت إذیة اإلنتاجالخطوط ات الموس ن لتقلب اتج م ن بة كل نس ي الطاق%) 24( إذ تش ود ف راء والعق دد االج ذلك ع ا وك ناعیة مم ؤدي ة الص ىت إل .زیادة الكلف التشغیلیة مالبحث یقترحبناء على االستنتاجات ل أھ ى معم ب عل ي یج یات الت منتالتوص ف إس النج : یأخذھا بجدیة أناالشرف ن ال م الیبضرورة االنتق ة األس ل التقلیدی بة معم ي محاس منتف ي إس ف ف اس النج ة قی التكلف نظم إلى ئمةالمال علي المعلومات والحصول ة ال ي الحدیث د الت ي تعتم فات عل ات مواص ورغب ؛العمالء الموجھ بالوقت ل دراء معم ھ م رورة توجی منتض ة إس ف بأھمی ى النج الیف عل تعمال التك اساس أس ع المواصفات وربطھا بالوقت المحدد كتقنیة كلفویة متكاملة الء م ات العم مع رغبات واحتیاج ؛تكلفةالحفاظ علي مستویات منخفضة لل ي الیف عل ام التك ین نظ ل ب اسأن تكام دة أس اعد الوح دد یس ت المح ة الوق فات وتقنی المواص ؛االقتصادیة علي إدارة ربحیة الزبون بشكل دقیق مع استدامة الوقت المحدد لإلنتاج الیف اس التك ام قی ین نظ ل ب ر التكام ي أث اسعل اعد أس دد یس ت المح ة الوق فات وتقنی المواص .صادیة من تخفیض التكالیف غیر الھادفة للربح الوحدة االقت مراجعال barfield, j. t., raiborn, c. a., & kinney, m. r. (2003). cost accounting: traditions and innovations. west group. cokins, g. (2002). integrating target costing and abc. journal of cost management, 16(4), 13-22. inglis r.(2005). market orientation and accounting information aproduct level study. unpublished thesis, university of stirling. lawson, r. (1996). process-based costing at community health plan. journal of cost management, 10, 31-43.. rivera, r. (2014). the utilization of just-in-time principles in the construction industry. strategic book publishing rights agency. ان اس ).2015.(جاسم، مثنى روك ى أس ة عل دخل الكلف ین م ل ب فات ) abcii( التكام لوب) tc(المواص ة وأس الكلف .46العدد، 4 المجلد العراق، امعة تكریت،واالقتصاد، ج اإلدارةكلیة المستھدفة، ، ترجمة زاید محمد عصام الدین، دار المریخ للنشر، اإلداریةالمحاسبة ). 2000.(جاریسون، ري إتش و نورین، إیریك .الریاض المملكة العربیة السعودیة ف، ي والخل ود مھیھ فاء محم دفاعي، ص ف ال ا الخل د رض ال محم دخل التكلف). 2019.(نض اس دور م ى أس ة عل .108-94، 44، كلیة الرافدین الجامعیة للعلوم المواصفات في تخفیض تكالیف الجودة، ة ). 2018.(الربیعي، محمد علي محمد وسعد، سلمى منصور فات والتكلف اس المواص ى أس استعمال تقنیتي التكلفة عل ي ؤتمر العلم ائع الم یة، وق ا التنافس دعم المزای ل ل ار متكام تھدفة كإط ة المس ة التقنی ع للكلی ي الراب التخصص .، العراقبغداد، اإلداریة المواصفات الموجھ بالوقت المحدد وأثرھا في تعظیم أساسالتكالیف على أمیر عقید كاظم العرداوي )منت النجف االشرفسإدراسة حالة في معمل (ربحیة الوحدة االقتصادیة 105 ونظام التكلفة على أساس rca إطار مقترح لتكامل نظام محاسبة استھالك الموارد). 2019.(السید، على مجاھد أحمد .)7(2، مجلة الدراسات التجاریة المعاصرةلتدعیم إدارة ربحیة العمالء، abciiالمواصفات رسالة ماجستیر غیر منشورة، اإلدارة اإلستراتیجیة للتكلفة ودورھا في اتخاذ القرارات،). 2014.(زي صالح، صباح فو .كلیة التجارة، الجامعة اإلسالمیة یم ي نع م، عل دد ).2010.( مشكور، سعود جاید وجاس ت المح ي الوق اج ف ام اإلنت ق نظ ة تطبی ى ،)jit(أھمی ة المثن مجل .كلیة اإلدارة واالقتصاد، جامعة المثنى ، واالقتصادیة اإلداریةللعلوم الى متقنیات إدارة الكلفة اإلستراتیجیة، ). 2014.( جمعة. نورى محمود. اكرحیدر ش انیة ، للجلة دی وث االنس ، 63بح 345-384 . references barfield, j. t., raiborn, c. a., & kinney, m. r. (2003). cost accounting: traditions and innovations. west group. cokins, g. (2002). integrating target costing and abc. journal of cost management, 16(4), 13-22. inglis r.(2005). market orientation and accounting information aproduct level study. unpublished thesis, university of stirling. lawson, r. (1996). process-based costing at community health plan. journal of cost management, 10, 31-43. rivera, r. (2014). the utilization of just-in-time principles in the construction industry. strategic book publishing rights agency. rukan, j.m. (2015). the integration between the cost entry based on (abcii) specifications (tc) and the target cost method, college of business and economics, university of tikrit, iraq, 4(46). [in arabic] ray, h. g., & eric, w. n. (2000). administrative accounting, translated by zayed m. e., al-marikh publishing house, riyadh, saudi arabia. [in arabic] al-deafaai, s. m. m., & al-khalaf, n. m. r (2019). the role of the specification-based cost approach in reducing quality costs, al-rafidain university college for sciences, 44, 94-108. [in arabic] al-rubaie, m. a. m., & saad, s. m. (2018). the use of cost techniques based on specifications and target cost as an integrated framework to support competitive advantages, proceedings of the fourth specialized scientific conference of the college of administrative technology, baghdad, iraq. [in arabic] al-sayed, a. m. a. (2019). a proposed framework for integrating an abcii resource consumption accounting system and cost system to support customer profitability management, journal of contemporary business studies, 2 (7). saleh, s. f. (2014). strategic cost management and its role in decision making, master thesis, college of commerce, islamic university. [in arabic] mashkour, s. j., & jasem, a. n. (2010). the importance of implementing the just-in-time production system (jit), al-muthanna journal for administrative and economic sciences. [in arabic] haydar, s., & noory, m. (2014). techniques of strategic cost management, journal of research diyala humanity, 63, 345-384. [in arabic] مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02المجلد 106-96 ص 106 time-driven specified attribute based cost and its effect on maximizing profitability of economic unity (a case study of najaf cement factory) ameer ageed kadhim al-ardawe 1 published: 21-06-2020 accepted: 18-06-2020 received: 20-05-2020 abstract : the study aimed to identify the time-driven specified attribute based cost and its impact to maximize the profitability of the cement plant najaf through studying and analyzing product characteristics and specifications and linking them to operational cost determinants that add value and working to improve or exclude activities that do not add value. the results of the study showed that the system (time-driven specified attribute based cost) is based on a policy of reducing operational costs and eliminating sources of waste and loss in the flow of operational operations. the study recommended that time-driven specified attribute based cost is based on determining the cost that adds value and linking it to product specifications and excluding the cost that does not add value, in order to maximize the profitability of the product and reduce the production cost that the product goes through in the najaf cement factory compared to competitors through quality and competitive advantage. keywords: attributes based costing, specific time technology, operating activities, najaf cement factory. jel classification: m1, m14. © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. how to cite: al-ardawe, a. a. k. (2020). time-driven specified attribute based cost and its effect on maximizing profitability of economic unity (a case study of najaf cement factory). management & economics research journal, 2(3), 96-106. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v2i3.112 [in arabic] 1corresponding author: financial affairs department, university of baghdad (iraq). [ ameetnoor456@gmail.com] management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march مارس): 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 78 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.14 املح ثمار س فرص دعم بائية ا وافز ا ةدور الف خالل زائر 2016-2002ا م صراع ةكر 1  1 دكتوراه ران،طالبة و ران،2جامعة و أحمد، بن زائر(محمد )ا rimania1000@live.fr :يميل the role of fiscal incentives in supporting local investment opportunities in algeria during the period 2002-2016 karima seraa1 1 university of oran 2 mohamed ben ahmed, oran (algeria) خ القبول 201903-10: رسالتار خ شر 20190327: تار ال خ 201903-31: تار ص :م زائـر قامـت لقـد ـ إصـالح بإدخـال ا ذلـك النظـام ع و العديـد باسـتخدامالضـر ات مـن ـ ية التحف ن إطـار ـ الضـر ثمار قـوان ـ أجـل مـن وذلـك سـ ع القـرارات التـأث ة ثمار ا س ا وتوج غرافية أو القطاعية الناحية من سواء يحا توج .ا قـــانون ــا جـــاء ــ ال ية الضــر ـــوافز ا ــم أ ـــ إ التعــرض ــ إ الدراســـة ــذه ــدف رقــــم ثمار ــــ09/16ســــ ــــ3/09/2016املــــؤرخ ع ية الضــــر ــــوافز ا ــــذه أثــــرت وكيــــف ـــ يمنــة وجـــود الدراســة ـــذه خلصــت قـــد و زائــر ا ـــ ــ املح ثمار ســـ حصــيلة تطــور ا قطـــاع ـــ املنجـــزة ثمارات ســـ وعـــدد الزراعـــة ثـــم البنـــاء ثـــم الصـــناعة قطـــاع يليـــھ لنقـــل ة ـ خ املرتبـة يحـتالن التجـارة و تصـاالت قطاع أما جـل،السياحة تمركـز ـ إ باإلضـافة توجـھ ـ إنخفـاض د شـ يـزال ال الـذي نوب بـا باملقارنة الشمال ة ثمار س ع املشار إليھ ة ثمار س ع . املشار ثمار: فتاحيةامللماتال املح،س ثمار ا،س وافز . بائيةا يف jel :o23 ,e62 ,h54تص  املر مة: سلااملؤلف rimania1000@live.fr: يميل،صراع كر https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.14&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 96 -78 :ص 79 abstract: algeria has introduced a reform of the tax system, using many tax incentives under investment laws to influence and guide investment decisions, both in terms of sectoral and geographical. the objective of this study is to examine the most important tax incentives provided by investment law no. 09/16 dated 3/09/2016, and how these incentives affected the development of the local investment in algeria. this study concluded that there is dominance in the number of investments in the transport sector followed by industry, construction, agriculture, and tourism, as for the telecommunications and trade sector, they rank last, in addition to the concentration of most investment projects in the north compared to the south, which is still witnessing a decline in investment projects heading to it. keywords: investment, domestic investment, tax incentives. jel classification: h54, e62, o23 :مقدمة.1 عصــــرنا ــــ خاصــــة الــــدول اقتصــــاد ــــا عل يقــــوم ــــ ال ــــائز الر أحــــد ــــو ثمار ســــ إن بل ا فـاظإا ا ـ إ الـدول سـ ـ ال ديثـة ا قتصـادية سـاليب ـم أ مـن عد نھ املستدامة والتنمية التطور و ار زد إ الوصول أجل من ا إنما و ا .عل ثمارات ســـ مـــن ـــا مخزو ر تطـــو الـــدول جميـــع ـــ ع يفـــرض قتصـــادي الواقـــع إن وإسـتقراره ثمار سـ ـ تحف ـ ع للمساعدة الوسائل مختلف باستعمال زائـر،وذلك وا إ تحتاج ال النامية الدول ن ب ةمن مج ف قتصادية التنمية وتحقيق النمو ز عز قــدر ــ أك تحقيــق لغــرض والتنــافس ســابق ال مواكبــة أجــل مــن ثمارات ســ مــن ــد مز ــ ع ثمارات س من .ممكن قتصـاد مـس زائـري لقـد مـن ا النظـام صـالحات مجموعـة ي ـ بـا ـ ،ا وال الغاية ادة انت ز ا بائية الفعالية م ل كأداة ا شيط لتمو ثمار توجيھ و ت وتحقيق س الداخلية تحقيق ثم من و العدالة . التوازنات كرمية صراع 2016-2002احمللي يف اجلزائر خالل الفرتة االستثماردور احلوافز اجلبائية يف دعم فرص 80 ــــــذب الــــــالزم عالمــــــي ج و ــــــ وال شــــــر ال والغطــــــاء السياســــــية رادة تــــــوفر إن ثمار الــداخ السـ قتصــاد ــة تقو و الوطنيـة ثمارات ســ دعــم ــ م سـا أن شــأنھ مــن عـــن ذلـــك و يئـــاتللـــبالد ال و املؤسســـات و الشـــرائح جميـــع إشـــراك ـــق جماعـــات ،طر مـــن خاصــة و عامــة ومؤسســات ــا إقليميـة ذا حــد ــ ــون ت ــ ح اتيجية ســ ــذه ــ املدنيـة واقعا ا تجسيد عند ا ل ودعما ثمارات س ذب .ضمان البحث1.1 الية :إش ات دور ما بائية التحف ثمار وتوجيـھ اسـتقطاب ا ـ سـ ر املح تطـو ـ م سـا بمـا ؟ الوط قتصاد البحث 2.1 :أسئلة بائية؟ ا ات بالتحف نقصد ماذا املحلية ثمار س مستوى رفع ع بائية ا ات التحق تؤثر كيف جبائية؟لياتما ات تحف منح ا يتم ال البحث3.1 :فرضيات ــــــادة ــــــادة ز ز ــــــ ع عمــــــل بائيــــــة ا ات ــــــ رالتحف تطــــــو بالتــــــا و ــــــ املح ثمار ســــــ الوط .قتصاد ات التحف م ادةسا ز و داء كفاءة ثماري س املشروع إعطاء بائية ا الشغل مناصب البحث4.1 داف إستقطاب: أ بائية ا ات التحف مية أ إبراز إ البحث ذا دف دف كما و املحلية ثمارات السياساتس و عات شر ال و ن القوان م أ ع التعرف إ ثمارات ســ ع املشــار حصــيلة ر تطــو ــ دور ــا ل ــان ــل و الــوط قتصــاد ــ ــة املنت .املحلية املتبــــع5.1 ــــ: املــــن ع باإلعتمــــاد وذلــــك ــــ التحلي الوصــــفي املــــن الدراســــة ــــذه إتبعــــت املراجع مختلف متمثلة أولية ومصادرمصادر ية املكت يات واملقت ات والدور الكتب من ــ متمثلــة ــة وملتقيـــات ثانو مجــالت عــن صـــادرة دراســات مــن والبيانـــات املعلومــات جمــع نت ن من رسمية مواقع .وكذلك سثمار. 2 وم مف جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 96 -78 :ص 81 ثمار اضــر ســ ا ــ ســتخدم ــ ال بــاملوارد ية ــ الت ـــ،ــو صــول ا أمــل ــ ع ــ ع معينــة،إيــراداتاملسـتقبل زمنيــة ة ــ ف خــالل فوائــد ــون حيــث.أو ي ــ الك العائــد أن ثمار لالس ولية النفقات من ),p7 abdellahboughaba,1999(أك حسـب زائـري ا املشـرع ـف عر رقـم 03/01أمـا املتعلـق، 2001 أوت20 ـ املـؤرخ مـر الإلسثمار ر لإل املادة،بتطو يالثانية األ :سثمار جديـــــدة شـــــاطات إســـــتحداث إطـــــار ـــــ تنـــــدرج أصـــــول قـــــدرات،اقتنـــــاء توســـــيع أو يل،نتاج التأ إعادة لة،أو ي ال إعادة ،أو ية عي أو نقدية مات مسا ل ش مؤسسة رأسمال مة ،املسا ليةاستعادة أو جزئية خوصصة إطار شاطات .ال سثمار1.2 ات :مم ثمار س ويتم صائص ا من :بمجموعة مـن مجموعـة ـ ع بناءا مالية عوائد تحقيق إ دف إقتصادية عملية سثمار قتصادية؛ شطة ية ـ الت ة ـ ف ن بـ تفصـل زمنيـة ة ـ ف ووجـود ـا ية ـ الت تـم حاليـة قيم وجود ؛ املا العوائد ع صول ا ة ف إ بالقيم تتعلـــــق ســـــثمار ـــــ مخـــــاطر ـــــوجـــــود العوائـــــد ـــــ ع صـــــول ا مـــــن التأكـــــد عـــــدم قتصادية؛ ات التغ لطبيعة نظرا املستقبل ـــده عوائـــد لتحقيـــق اليـــة ا املاليـــة و املاديـــة صـــول ـــل لتحو ثمار ســـ ســـ لإلسـث ـ الرئ دف ال حسب تتفاوت ة ـخ ع للمسـثمر يـة التأث عـاد و مار املجتمع و وكنج(قتصاد )18ص،2008،وشموط سثمار.2.2 داف :أ للمشروع ص املال رأس ع بدون:املحافظة و و بالدرجة ثمر مس ل دف إن توجيــة أجــل مــن اتيجية إســ بتحديــد ثمر املســ يقــوم ولــذلك رأســمالھ ــ ع املحافظــة شـك املـــال لـــرأس صـــلية القيمـــة ـــ ع باملحافظـــة ســـمح الـــذي ل بالشـــ ثمارتھ وإســـ ثمر املســــ مستقبال منھ عائد .تحقيق الدخلوإستمراية ممكن عائد أق عليھ: تحقيق يحصل الذي العائد أن شك ال كرمية صراع 2016-2002احمللي يف اجلزائر خالل الفرتة االستثماردور احلوافز اجلبائية يف دعم فرص 82 مشروع ثمار س قراره ثمر املس ا بموج يتخذ ال املعاي م أ احد ل ش ثمر املس ـ ـاح ر مـن ممكـن قـدر ـ اك لـھ يحقق الذي املشروع أن أي آخر املفضـلدون املشـروع و ثمر .للمس السيولةـ: تحقيق وع الـدفع ـ ع ثمار سـ صـاحب قدرة املشروع ذا ل السيولة إن مــن بحوزتــھ مــا ــل تحو ــ ع قدرتــھ أو ا اســتحقاق وقــت ــ عليــھ تبــة امل امــات ل ســداد السداد عدم عن الناجمة ل املشا تجنب اجل من خسارة بدون نقد إ .أصول ل سثمار): 01( الش داف أ .325ص،2006،الشمري :املصدر املح.3.2 :سثمار يف يتم ثمارات تص غرا للمعيار تبعا س ثمارات إ ا ية وأخرى محلية اس .أجن ثمارات باإلسـ يقصـد ثمار املتاحـة الفـرص جميـع املحليـة و غـض املحليـة السـوق ـ لالسـ ثمار أداة عن النظر وراق العقارات مثل املستعملة .س ب ،املالية و واملشروعات والذ ة )35ص،2005،رمضان. (التجار مكننـا ـ و ن التمي ثمارات بـ ـ املحليـة سـ ا تتحـدد ال ثمر املـادي بالعائـد أغراضـ للمسـ ـاو ات أو فـرادقـوم ـا ،الشـر تقـوم ـ ال ـزة وتلـك ـون ال حيـث الدولـة أج عائـد ي ثمار ة إالس فقط ل ثمرة ).15-14ص،2005، حافظ. (املس ية. 3 الضر وافز ا ــــا أ ـــ ع بائيــــة ا السياســـة ومــــةعـــرف ا ـــا تخطط ــــ ال امج ـــ ال مــــن مجموعـــة ا عــــــض،وتنفــــــذ إلحــــــداث واملحتملــــــة الفعليــــــة ية الضــــــر دوات افــــــة ــــــا ف مســــــتخدمة ا داف أ تحقيق مة للمسا املقصودة ات الواحد.(تمعلمجالتغ )2ص،2003،عبد مســـــتخدمة الدولـــــة ا تضـــــع ـــــ ال امج ـــــ ال مجمـــــوع ـــــا بأ بائيـــــة ا السياســـــة عـــــرف افـــــةو ثمار س داف أ العائد تحقيق املالئم ع املحافظة املال رأس ص ة إستمرار ادتھ ز و الدخل السيولة ضمان الالزمة جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 96 -78 :ص 83 واملحتملـــة الفعليـــة بائيـــة ا ا سياســــية،مصـــادر و اجتماعيـــة و اقتصـــادية أثـــار . إلحــــداث )dodg,2005, p 211( عرف يالت و جراءات من مجموعةابأ كما سـ ع ذات ال تتخـذه الطـا ي ـ الدولـة التحف ن عوان من فئة لصا م توجيھ لغرض قتصادي املراد املناطق و القطاعات نحو شاط ا ا ال العامة السياسة وفق يع ت ازي . (الدولة ت )27 ص ،2004 ،ا سياسـة ـ إن ي التحف بـا بةا ضـر إعفـاءات و حـوافز تقـديم أسـاس ـ ع القائمـة ـــ ح و ثمار ســـ جــذب سياســـة ـــ ي إيجــا تـــأث ـــا ل ــون ي أن ا شـــا ــ يحصــلمــن ع ـ ـ الـذي التحف ت صـول املانحـة الـدول ت ا ـ منـھ لـھ ـ الفوائـد ع ـداف تحقـق ال ا م نذكر الشروط من بمجوعة يتقيد بان بد ال :املوضوعة ام ثماري املشروع إس ر س غرافية املناطق وتنمية تطو ة ا والنائية؛ الفق ـ حداثـة ثماري املشـروع شـاط أو املنـتج وتم ـ سـ ـ و الـدو املسـتوى ع ع ون أنھ حيث املح املستوى ي فسوف العال املستوى ع للمنتج تم ناك ملا ون ؛التصدير سوق حصة لھ ت ات ــــ التحف مــــنح ــــتم و ثماري ســــ املشــــروع أداء حســــب جبائيــــة ات ــــ تحف مــــنح ـــ كفـــاءة ثماري ســـ املشـــروع أعطـــى لمـــا ـــا اد ز ـــتم و ســـثمار بـــدء مـــع تزامنـــا ؛ داء الوطنية؛ العمالة من ن مع عدد شغيل سثماري املشروع ام إس ثماري س املشروع . املحلية املادية املوارد إستخدام ـوافز مكونـات 1.3 ية ا ناول :الضـر ـ فيمـا سـن ـم ي ونـات أ ـوافز م ية ا الضـر شمل :و ن عـض عـن الدولـة حـق إسـقاط عـن عبـارة ـو :الضـر عفـاء1.1.3 لفـ مبلـغ ـ امل م مقابل السداد الواجب الضرائب ام ن شـاط بممارسـة إل ،قـدي( ،معينـة ظـروف ـ معـ )173ص،2005 قـــد مـــھ و قتصـــادي شـــاط ال طبيعـــة ـــ ع عتمـــد ـــذا و تـــام إعفـــاء ـــون ي وقـــد و ف ي جز ون لف مال الدولة حق إسقاط ي شاط حياة من معينة ملدة امل ما عادة و ال ون سثمار بداية ي يع منھ الغرض شاط .ال كرمية صراع 2016-2002احمللي يف اجلزائر خالل الفرتة االستثماردور احلوافز اجلبائية يف دعم فرص 84 و الضر عفاء ألية إن النقائص من مجموعة من تخلو :ال تحديد خ تضارب ل الضر عفاء بدء تار سب ف خ من تح صول تار ع ا شاء املوافقة خ من أم املشروع بإ ؛نتاج بدء تار ضـــعيفة ـــاح أر أو خســـائر ــــاتحقيـــق عل يتحقـــق ال ثماري ســـ املشـــروع بدايـــة ــــ ؛ ضرائب مدة عد املشروع الضر عفاء اية اء إ ثمر املس املشروع ان إذا يقوم ا الكية أوصناعات تجار قوم ،اس شاء و عفاء من للتمتع جديد آخر مشروع بإ نتقال الدولة نفس جديد من .جديد بإعفاء ليتمتع أخرى لدول أو ية التخفيضـات 2.1.3 بة قيمـة تقلـيص ـ :الضـر وعـاء أوتقلـيص املسـتحقة الضـر بة ام مقابـل الضـر ـ ـ املفـروض املعـدل ،الشـروط بـبعض ل ـاح ع ا املعـاد ر ثمار ،اسـ ملة لتجار املمنوحة أوالتخفيضات شاط ع الرسم ع ا ـ ال ا امل ـ م نظ ام ـ تقـديم ال ائن قائمة م بالز مع ا تم ال العمليات و املتعامل م انجاز ة لصا مع .الضرائب مص يـة املعـدالت.3.1.3 قصـد :التمي ية لألسـعار جـدول تصـميم ـا و ـ يحتـوي الضـر عـدد ع تـائج تـرتبط املعـدالت من عكسـيا املعـدالت ـذه تـرتبط حيـث ،املشـروع لعمليـات محـددة ب ـم متھ مـدى أو املشـروع مـع داد ،قتصـادية التنميـة تحقيـق ـ مسـا ـ املعـدالت ف جيا ثمار عمليات نتائج انخفضت لما تدر .يح والعكس س ـ :ـتالك نظـام 4.1.3 ية مسـألة ـتالك عت ـ بـالنظر ضـر ه إ ـ املباشـر تـأث ع يجة خالل ،الن تالك السنوي القسط حساب من اضع خ ذا يطرح ،لإل ا الدخل بة ـ ـتالك قسـط ـان لمـا و للضـر ـ املفروضـة الضـرائب انـت لمـا كب املؤسسـة ع .أقل انيـة 5.1.3 سـائر ترحيـل إم ـ ا ل :الالحقـة السـنوات إ شـ وسـيلة التقنيـة ـذه و ثـار ـا ـذا و ،معينـة سـنة خـالل خسـائر تحقيـق عـن الناجمـة إلمتصـاص ـ بتحميل ع ال الالحقـة السـنوات ـ ـ ذلـك يـؤدي ح ـل إ -168ص،2005، قـدي( .املؤسسـة رأسـمال تآ 174( ات. 4 ي التحف زائري إطار ةالضر ا ثمار س :قانون قانون ثمار قانون أول 26/07/1963املؤرخ63/277 رقمعت جاء الذي اس جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 96 -78 :ص 85 يجة قتصادية الناحية من صعبة مرحلة ب ن شات لھ عرضت الذي للتخر ل و امل يا ال صدر ، املستعمر طرف من جتماعية و قتصادية ثمار قانون عقبھ 284/66رقم س قـانون عرفـھ الـذي الفشـل عـد مرحلـة ـ القـانون ـذا جـاء وقـد 15/09/1966املـؤرخ ثمار ت277/ 63 رقم س انت ال ا و ة الدولة ف زائر اتيجية و سياسة ا ة إس تنمو ة واجتماعيـة واقتصـادية ـ سـمت وا الدولـة إ يالء ا باسـ ـ وسـيطر القطاعـات ع جميـع شاء ، نتاج ووسائل ـا باإلضـافة عمومية وطنية مؤسسات وإ ار ارجيـة للتجـارة الحت ا عرفت نات الثمان ة ف و ا عد زائر و ن ا ثمار قانون املؤرخ82/11 القانون ،لالس و 21/08/1982 ات املتعلق و الشر س ا قتصاد املختلطة بتأس سي يو حيث ،و يـة املشـاركة سـبة ـ جن ـا ال ال ن التكنولوجيـا نقـل مـع49%تتجـاوز أن يمك ـو والت ن جـزا سـبة مقابـل للمسـتخدم ـة مشـاركة ي القـانون أمـا % 51 ب تقـدر ئر ـو الثـا ف ـــ25/88رقــــم القـــانون قتصــــادية12/07/1988املـــؤرخ صـــالحات مـــع تزامنــــت ـــ ال قتصـادي السـوق قتصادإ إ ياش قتصاد من لالنتقال إستعداد نفتـاح ولـم ،و ـ تطبيـق القـانون ـذا عـرف يجـة وذلـك فع ـ للظـروف ن ة ـا تمـر انـت ال ـ ف ـ الـبالد القــــــــانون جـــــــــاء فقـــــــــد يات ســــــــعي تخفيــــــــف93/12ال أجـــــــــل عمـــــــــن املشـــــــــار أمـــــــــام العراقيـــــــــل إنجـــاز و إجـــراءات بخصـــوص يالت ســ ال مـــن مجموعـــة إعطـــاء مــن تمكـــن وقـــد ة ثمار ســ نظـرا و دعمـھ و ثمار سـ قيـة ل الوطنيـة الـة الو شـاء إ ة ـ الف ـذه دت شـ قد و ع املشار املرسـوم شـر الن قيـة املتعلـق 93/12 ال عـد ب لـم ثمار ـ سـ ات و يتما ـ ئـة غ الب ة؛ ثمار ـة السـلطات ـأت سـ زائر ـ ا راملتعلـق03/01مـر إصـدار إ ثمار بتطـو سـ مر200 6سنة عديل عرف والذي لية28 املؤرخ06/08بموجب سنة 2006 جو و رقم2016 القانون ر ثمار3/09/2016املؤرخ09/16ظ س ر بتطو املتعلق .و اتا-1.4 رقملتحف القانون إطار ية : 3/09/2016املؤرخ09/16الضر يـة جن و الوطنيـة ثمارات سـ ـ ع املطبـق النظام تحديد إ القانون ذا دف دمات ا و السلع إلنتاج قتصادية شاطات ال ديد.املنجزة ا القانون مشروع يؤكد ــ ع ثمار ســ التحف حــول منظومــة لــة ي للــبالدإعــادة قتصــادية السياســة وفــق ات ــ ـــا عل صـــول ا إجـــراءات ع ســـر و ســـيط ت الوطنيـــة،مـــع الـــة الو تنظـــيم إعـــادة جانـــب ـــ إ ن ثمر املســــ ملرافقــــة متخصــــص كقطــــب ثمار بتقــــديم،لالســــ لفــــة م مراكــــز عــــة أر شــــاء وإ كرمية صراع 2016-2002احمللي يف اجلزائر خالل الفرتة االستثماردور احلوافز اجلبائية يف دعم فرص 86 ا ر وتطو ا ودعم املؤسسات شاء إل ة الضرور دمات .ا ــ الصــادر القــانون ــذا حســب ــو املؤرخــة الرســمية ــدة ر 46العــدد03/08/2016ا ثمار باإلس :يقصد نتـاج قـدرات توسـيع و جديدة شاطات إستحداث إطار تندرج أصول إقتناء يل؛ التأ إعادة أو و شركة رأسمال مة .املسا ـــ ال املزايــا القـــانون ـــذا أنبحســب مـــنســتفيد يمكـــن ة ثمار ســـ ع املشـــار ية الضر التخفيضات و عفاءات جتماعيةحسب و قتصادية التنمية ع ع املشار وتأث شاط ال :و تموقع  ؛ لـــــة املؤ ثمارات ســــ ــــل ل كة املشــــ شـــــطةاملزايــــا لفائــــدة إضــــافية مزايــــا و ة عمل/ املتم فرص تخلق ال ؛أو  لالقتصــــــــاداملزايـــــــا اصــــــــة ا ميــــــــة ذات ثمارات ســـــــ لفائــــــــدة نائية ســــــــت .الوط لة 1.1.4 املؤ ثمارات س ل ل كة املش املزايا الشمال 1.1.1.4 املنجزة ع :املشار نجاز : مرحلة مركيـــة-أ ا قـــوق ا مـــن تـــدخل،عفـــاء ـــ ال املســـتوردة الســـلع يخـــص فيمـــا ثمار س إنجاز ،مباشرة املضـــافة -ب القيمـــة ـــ ع الرســـم مـــن ـــدمات،عفـــاء وا الســـلع يخـــص فيمـــا أواملقتناة ال املستوردة ثمار إنجاز مباشرة تدخل محليا ،س ش -ت ع والرسم عوض امللكية نقل حق دفع من العقاري عفاء عن ار يات ل ة املقت تتم العقار ثمار إطار ال ،املع س مــالك)ث مبـالغ و العقــاري ار شـ ـ ع والرســم يل ـ ال حقــوق مـن عفـاء متيـــاز املتضـــمنة الوطنيــة ـــ حــق يــة مــالك ع املب ـــة ـــ العقار يـــة وغ املب ـة ع إلنجــاز املوج ة املشــار ثمار ــ املزايــا ــذه وتطبــق. ســ الــدنيا املــدة ع .املمنوح متياز ق جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 96 -78 :ص 87 سبة-ج ب ة تاوة مبلغ من 90% تخفيض ة يجار من املحددة السنو خالل أمالك مصا قبل ة الدولة ثمار إنجاز ف ،س ملـــــدة -ح العقـــــاري الرســـــ مـــــن ســـــنوات )10( عشـــــر عفـــــاء ـــــ م امللكيــــــات ع ة ثمار تدخل ال العقار س خ من ابتداء،إطار ،قتناء تار يل حقــوق مــن عفـاء-خ ــ ســية فيمــا ال التأس العقــود ات يخــص للشــر ادات . رأسمال والز ستغالل : مرحلة ثالث ثمارات) 3(ملدة لإلس سبة بال مائةسنوات ح شغل) 100(املحدثة منصب شـاط ال بـدء من بائيـة إبتداءا ا املصـا عـده الـذي شـاط ال ـ الشـروع معاينـة عـد و ثمر املس من :بطلب ات أ الشر اح أر ع بة الضر من ،)ibs(عفاء امل ب شاط ال ع الرسم من ).tap(عفاء سبةتخفيض-ت ـة مبلغ من 50 %ب يجار ة تاوة مـن املحـددة السـنو الدولة مصا قبل .أمالك ثمارات2.1.1.4 نـوب ــ املنجــزة سـ ضــاب ا ســتد،العليــا وال ــ ال املنـاطق و ا مة تنمي .الدولة قبل من خاصة مسا نجــاز :مرحلة ناةأ املســت ــ وغ املســتوردة الســلع يخــص فيمــا مركيــة ا قــوق ا مــن عفـاء ثمار س إنجاز مباشرة تدخل وال املزايا .من ــب غ ــدمات وا السـلع يخــص فيمـا املضــافة القيمـة ــ ع الرسـم مــن عفـاء ثمار س إنجاز مباشرة تدخل وال املزايا من ناة ،املست العقاري -ث ار ش ع والرسم عوض امللكية نقل حق دفع من عن عفاء يات ل ة املقت تتم العقار ثمار إطار ال ،املع س امن حقوءإلعفاا -ج اإلشهاايف رمصاولتسجيل ق ولعقار كألمالامبالغ ري األمالاعلى زالمتيااحق املتضـــــــــــــمنةية ــــــــــــــلوطنا يـــــــــــــةية رلعقاك يـــــــــــــةغير واملب املب املـــــو اجهة إلاملمنوحـــــة ع املشـــــار املـــــدة. يةرالستثمانجـــــاز ـــــ ع املزايـــــا ـــــذه تطبـــــق كرمية صراع 2016-2002احمللي يف اجلزائر خالل الفرتة االستثماردور احلوافز اجلبائية يف دعم فرص 88 متياز ق ،الدنيا ملــــــدة-ح العقــــــاري مــــــن ســــــنوات )10( عشــــــر عفــــــاء ــــــ الرســــــم امللكيــــــات ع ة ثمار تدخل ال العقار س خ من ابتداء،إطار ،قتناء تار يل حقوق من عفاء -خ سـية فيما ال التأس العقود ات يخص للشـر ادات ،رأسمال والز املتعلقـــــــــةح شــــــــغال بنفقــــــــات الدولــــــــة طــــــــرف مــــــــن ــــــــي ز ا أو ــــــــ الك التكفــــــــل ة الضرور ساسية شآت ثمار بامل س ا عد وذلك،إلنجاز قبل من تقييم الة ،الو من خ ة تاوة مبلغ التخفيض املحددة يجار ة مصا قبل من السنو ـــمـــنح عنـــوان،الدولـــة أمــالك ـــق عـــن را إنجـــاز أجـــل مـــن متيـــاز طر ة ثمار اس ع : مشار عشر ملدة ستغالل :سنوات )10( مرحلة اتأ الشر اح أر ع بة الضر من ،إعفاء من-ب ع إعفاء املالرسم شاط ،ال سبةتخفيض -ت ـة مبلغ من %50 ب يجار ة تاوة مـن املحـددة السـنو الدولة مصا قبل .أمالك و-2.4 ة املتم شطة لفائدة إضافية عمل/ مزايا فرص تخلق ال أو ول املقـــــام ـــــ مـــــر طـــــرف،علـــــق مـــــن املقـــــررة اصـــــة ا املاليـــــة و بائيـــــة ا ات بـــــالتحف الســـياحية شـــاطات ال لصــا ـــا املعمـــول الفالحيـــة،نظمــة و ال. الصــناعية املزايـــا ـــذه ثمار ســ ترقيــة قــانون منظومــة ــ ــا عل املنصــوص تلــك مــع ــا جمع الــة،يمكــن ا ــ و يع ـــــ ـــــ ك ـــــ التحف تطبيـــــق ال.يـــــتم النـــــوع ضـــــافيةأمـــــا املزايـــــا مـــــن ي يخـــــص،ثـــــا ـــــو ف تخلق ال ع مناملشار دائم100أك شغل ستد،منصب ال املناطق املنجزة و ب،التنميــة يقــدر ي جبــا إعفــاء مــدة مــن ع املشــار ــذه ســتفيد مرحلــةســنوات5و ــ ع .ستغالل ذات-3.4 ثمارات س لفائدة نائية ست الوطاملزايا لالقتصاد اصة ا :مية نجاز مرحلة جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 96 -78 :ص 89  املعمـــــول طبقـــــا،تخفـــــيض أو إعفـــــاء مـــــنح ع شـــــر قـــــوق ،بـــــھ لل مركيـــــة ل ا بائيــــة ــــا وا وغ ع ذات خــــرى قتطاعــــات مــــن والرســــوم و الطــــا ي بــــا ا املساعدات عانات كذا،املا الدعم أو أو يالت و س ال .تمنح قد ال ل  نجـاز مزايــا ــل تحو انيـة الـوطلمجا موافقــة عــد،إم ثمار لــس محــل،لالســ ل املستفيد مع للمتعاقدين تحو ثمر بإنجاز،املس لف ثمار وامل ساب س .خ ذا ستغالل مرحلة  ة مزايا مدة تمديد لف سنوات؛)10( عشر إتصلأن يمكنستغالل  ونـات املـواد،الرسـوم مـن باإلعفـاء الشـراء نظـام مـن سـتفيد ـ وامل ـ ال تـدخل من السلع إنتاج القيمة الرسم من عفاء املستفيدة املضافة؛ع  مــن ــ الرســم ســتفيد أســعار املطبــق املضــافة القيمــة ع ــ املنتجــة الســلع ع ــــ شطة ــــ تــــدخل ال ال،الناشــــئة الصــــناعيةإطــــار ملــــدة )5( خمــــس تتجــــاوز و .سنوات فقــــد ســـبق مــــا ــــ إ ثمارباإلضـــافة ســــ ر لتطــــو الوطنيــــة الـــة للو ديــــدة ا لــــة ي ال املرافقـة بتقــديم املزايــا،املخولـة ن،ومــنح ثمر املســ وثــائق ـل ب والتكفــل نجــاز عـة ومتا الــــــــة الو إطـــــــارات مــــــــن ـــــــون يت الــــــــذي الالمركــــــــزي الشـــــــباك خــــــــالل دارات،مـــــــن وإطــــــــارات ثمار باإلس عالقة ا ل ال العمومية يئات وال ديد ا القانون جاء ما م أ مـن،ومن للعشـرات املزايـا مـن سـتفادة إلغـاء و شــاطات التجــاري وخاصــة،ال ع الطــا ذات ــا ــأو،م قطــاعال ــل حســب عا شــبّ ،تمثــل الوثائق تقليص ع،وكذا أر استحداث جانب شباك) 04(إ ل ل عة تا :مراكز املزايا سي املزايا:مركز سي ب لف لفائدة،يُ املوضوعة املختلفة ات التحف و ثمار ية(ســــ الضــــر مركــــز،)عفــــاءات ــــام م مــــن انــــت ــــ ال العمليــــات ــــل أي الشباك مستوى ع املركز ا سيقوم بالوالية .الضرائب كرمية صراع 2016-2002احمللي يف اجلزائر خالل الفرتة االستثماردور احلوافز اجلبائية يف دعم فرص 90 جــــراءات يفاء اســـــ شـــــاء:مركــــز إ بـــــإجراءات املرتبطــــة ـــــدمات ا بتقــــديم لـــــف يُ ن املعني الة الو أعوان من ون ت و ع؛ املشار وإنجاز مـن،املؤسسات ـل : وممثلـو التجاري ،البلدية ل ئة،والتعم،وال التأمينـات،والعمل،والب صـندو و جراء وغ .لألجراء املقاوالت شاء إل الدعم املؤسسات: مركز ر وتطو شاء إ ودعم بمساعدة لف ،يُ عـالم خدمـة قـدم ن،و ـو مـن،والت لالسـتفادة القابلـة ثمارات لالسـ واملرافقـة ثم س قانون .ارمنظومة ــــــة ــ قليميــ ــــــة ــ قيــ ال ــــــز ــ املحليــــــــــة: مركـ ماعــــــــــات ا مـــــــــع الوثيــــــــــق بالتعــــــــــاون لـــــــــف ،يُ الواليـة شـاطات وإثـراء ـع تنو اتيجية إسـ وإنجـاز وضع مة ـق،باملسا طر عـن ـــا وطاقا ـــا موارد بـــاإلطالع،عبئـــة ن ثمر للمســـ ســـمح معطيـــات بنـــك وضـــع مـــع ــ ــ املوجــودة انــات م و الفــرص مختلفــة ــ قتصــادع قطاعــات مــن قطــاع ل ــــ الســـــلطات،املح ــــ ع احــــھ إق و ثمار ســـــ ترقيــــة مخطــــط بإعـــــداد يقــــوم كمــــا للواليـة ة،املحليـة الضــرور مـوال رؤوس جـذب شـطة أ وتنفيــذ وإعـداد وتصـور ــــــا يئـــــــات،إلنجاز وال دارات مــــــع املعطيــــــات بنــــــك ضـــــــبط و املركــــــز مســــــك يُ ـــــا كمـ ال،املعنيـــــة وعيـــــة الواليـــــةحـــــول ـــــ املتـــــوفرة ـــــة منـــــاخ،عقار تقيـــــيم جانـــــب ـــــ إ املعنيــــة،عمـــال املحليــــة للســـلطات ــــا لرفع العراقيــــل خدمــــة،وتحديــــد وضــــع و جانـب و ن املحليـ ن ثمر املسـ ن بـ مـع ات وشـرا أعمـال عالقـات ووضـع،إلقامة املوجودين ن ثمر املس لفائدة ثمار س عد ما عة متا .خدمة املح.5 ثمار س حصيلة ر تطو ا دور و بائية ا وافز :ا ثمار حصيلة تطور -1.5 ع حيث من س ).2016-2002(املشار ة خـالل ـ ـ 2002 مـن الف ة جمـا العـدد بلـغ 2012 إ ثمار سـ ع املنجـزة للمشـار كمـا ،جزائـري دينـار مليـون 2546840 بلغـت ليـة إجماليـة بقيمـة وذلـك مشـروع 32004 س أنـھ نالحـظ ن تناسـق بالضـرورة نـاك لـ ع عـدد بـ ة املشـار ثمار لة سـ ـ السـنة ـ امل جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 96 -78 :ص 91 القيمة ن ذه جمالية و ع ل عرفت وال 2009 سنة أن نرى حيث ،السنة ذات املشار من من عدد أك ع ـ املرتبة تحتل تكن لم القيمة حيث املشار منـذ .و تـم2012-2002و حوا شغل299115توف ق. ( منصب )1امل سنة و2016أما ع املشـار عـدد حيـث مـن ـ و املرتبة املح ثمار س ي يأ سب ب املستحدثة الشغل مناصب حيث من و املالية ع) %90 ، %83، %99(القيمة .التوا ة ثمار س ع املشار عدد بلغ لسنةفقد ا قد7015ب2016املصرح و مشروع إستحداث منذ147752تم سبة اك و شغل .2002منصب رقم دول لسنة) : 01(ا ة ثمار س ع املشار .2016-2002تطور ع املشار عدد ع املشار % القيمة دينار باملليون % مناصب الشغل % املح ثمار %90 1018887 %83 10584134 %99 62982 س جن ثمار %10 119525 %17 2216699 %1 822 س %100 1138412 %100 12800834 %100 63804 املجموع ثمار( :املصدر س ر لتطو الوطنية الة )2016،الو القطاع-2.5 حيث من ة ثمار س ع املشار ).20162002(تطور قطـــــاع ــــ املنجـــــزة ثمارات ســـــ يف تصــــ ةإن ـــــ الف ــــذه خـــــالل بـــــأن،النقـــــل ز ـــــ ي و الزراعــة ثـم البنـاء ثـم الصـناعة قطـاع يليـھ ع املشـار عـدد ـ القطـاع ـذا ل يمنـة نالـك أما ع املشار عدد حيث من القائمة تتذيالن ما ف التجارة و تصاالت قطاع أما السياحة ـ و املرتبـة ـ الصـناعة قطـاع ي فيـأ املسـتحدثة الشـغل ومناصـب املـا املبلـغ حيث من التوا%) 40.97،%57.9(سبب بــ،ع و العموميـة شـغال و البناء قطاع ،%10(يليھ املا%) 21.62 املبلغ حيث من أنھ إال ع املشار عدد يمن أنھ بالرغم النقل قطاع أما ســـب ب املســـتحدثة الشـــغل مناصـــب حيــث مـــن الثالثـــة املرتبـــة ــ و عـــة الرا املرتبـــة ـــ ي يــأ حيث%) 14.32،8.56%( من الثالثة املرتبة ي يأ و ف دمات ا قطاع أما التوا ع سب بـ املستحدثة الشغل مناصب حيث من عة الرا و املا أما) 10.23%،%9.14(املبلغ ة خ املرتبة فيأتيان تصاالت و التجارة .قطاع كرمية صراع 2016-2002احمللي يف اجلزائر خالل الفرتة االستثماردور احلوافز اجلبائية يف دعم فرص 92 رقم دول من): 02( ا ة ثمار س ع املشار القطاعتطور 2016-2002حيث % مناصب الشغل % باملليون القيمة جزائري دينار % عدد ع املشار الفرع الصنا الزراعة 1316 2.06 222790 1.74 53445 4.69 البناء 11389 17.85 1310896 10.24 246138 21.62 الصناعة 11256 17.64 57.90 40.97 ة 935 1.47 171948 1.34 22478 1.97 ال النقل 31097 48.74 1095948 8.56 162976 14.32 السياحة 1018 1.60 974396 7.61 62069 5.45 دمات 6786 10.64 1169895 9.14 116476 10.23 ا التجارة 2 0.00 10914 0.09 4100 0.36 تصاالت 5 0.01 432578 3.38 4348 0.38 املجموع 63804 100 12800834 100 1138412 100 ثمار: (املصدر س ر لتطو الوطنية الة )2016،الو املوقع-3.5 حيث من ة ثمار س ع املشار )2016-2002(تطور املنــاطق بـأن ز ـ ت ـ غرا ا للمخطـط وفقــا منطقـة ـل حسـب املنجـزة ثمارات سـ للـــبالد شـــمال(الشـــمالية شـــرق ،وســـط غـــرب،شـــمال جاذبيـــة) شـــمال ـــ ك املنـــاطق ـــ ثمارات قليميـــة لإلســـ صوصــــياتھ ســـبة،نظـــرا ب ترتكــــز حيــــث% 72% 64حيـــث مـــن التوا ع الشغل ومناصب املنجزة ة ثمار س ع املشار نفس، 2016لسنة .عدد و سنوات مقارنة با تقر سبة ب2012-2002ال تقدر انت %75% 67ال سـنة ففـي ضـاب ال ملنـاطق سبة بال سـبة2016أما ب وسـيطة وضـعية ـ ي تـأ و% 22فـإن ــــ% 20 املنجــــزةل ع املشــــار حيــــث مــــن مــــا م مقارنــــةل طفيــــف بإرتفــــاع الشــــغل مناصــــب و 31097 7411469 46638 جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 96 -78 :ص 93 ب2012-2002سنوات قدرت .%14% 17وال نـوب ا ملنطقـة سـبة بال يالحظ ما ا يكـن فلـمأما ع%7و%13 إال نصـي املشـار عـدد مـن منــــــــذو تبـــــــق ســــــــب ال نفــــــــس الشــــــــغل مناصــــــــب غايــــــــة2002عـــــــدد ــــــــ ســــــــب2012إ 14%ب ق.(%9و )2امل دول لسنة): 03(ا املوقع حيث من ة ثمار س ع املشار 2016تطور الصنا الفرع عدد ع املشار % باملليون القيمة جزائري دينار % مناصب الشغل % وسط %32.87 54037 32.87 464306 %32.71 2350 شمال غرب %22.33 36718 22.33 661456 %16.31 1172 شمال شرق %17.16 28216 17.16 237564 %15.17 1090 شمال غرب العليا ضاب %3.30 5420 3.30 81996 %2.80 201 ال العليا ضاب %4.37 7184 4.37 65225 %5.22 375 وسطال شرق العليا ضاب %12.23 20103 12.23 156214 %14.6 1049 ال غرب %1.26 2076 1.26 56288 %3.02 217 جنوب شرق %5.91 9710 5.91 106303 %9.20 661 جنوب الكب نوب %0.58 950 0.58 9692 %0.97 70 ا %100 164414 100 1839045 %100 7185 املجموع ثمار( :املصدر س ر لتطو الوطنية الة )2016،الو النتائج.6 :تحليل ع إن ة املشار ثمار ة ع املوزعة س ادة ذات تكن لم 2016 إ 2002 الف سواء مطردة ز القيمـة مـن ع عـدد حيـث مـن أو حيـث لة املشـار ـ أن عرضـھ تـم مـا خـالل مـن فوجـدنا ،امل ع عـدد لة املشـار ـ ـ السـنوات مـن سـنة ـل امل ا ال ة مسـ ـ ـ عـرف ال الدراسـة ف من مـن ـ بـل تصـاعدي ـ سـنة متذبذبـة عكـس الـذي مـر ،أخـرى إ ـ ا جماليـة القيمـة ع ـذه ع ل ن حيـث،الدراسـة سـنوات مـن سـنة ـل خـالل املشـار بـ جماليـة القيمـة أن ي ع إ سنة من متذبذبة بل تصاعدي من خرى عرف ال سنة ل خالل املنجزة للمشار كرمية صراع 2016-2002احمللي يف اجلزائر خالل الفرتة االستثماردور احلوافز اجلبائية يف دعم فرص 94 .أخرى ل لـم زائـر ـ الواعـدة القطاعـات ـ ـ ا والقطـاع السـيا القطـاع غـرار ع ـ ة سـبة الفال ـ لة مـن كب ـ امل ع ة خـالل املشـار ـ ـ 2002 الف فعـدد ،2016إ ع لة املشار ن ذين امل اد القطاع من سبة تمثل ت جما العدد امشية ل ة ذه امل .الف ـوافز رغـم ية ا زائـري املشـرع طـرف مـن املمنوحـة الضـر ن ا ثمر غـرض للمسـ ـع إيجـاد ة متـوازن قطـا توز ثمار سـ ع ع ـذه أغلبيـة أن نجـد للمشـار املشـار ب أما ،للبالد الشمالية املناطق تتوطن والداخلية املناطق نص ة راو ف ال تفاوت حدوث إ يؤدي مر ذا ،الشمالية باملناطق قورنت ما إذا متدنية سب قتصـادية فـرص ـ شـفافھ يمكـن مـا وذلـك ،التنميـة ب مـن اس املنـاطق نصـ ة الداخليـة راو ـ ـ العاملـة اليـد مـن وال ـا ال ة توفر ثمار سـ ع املنجـزة املشـار ة خالل .2016 إ 2002 الف نــة ز ا اتخسـر سـنو ن،العموميــة بــ ـ210مــا حــوا220إ أي دينــار 22مليــار يم ســن مليــار حــوا،ألــف عــادل دوالر21مــا ية،مليــار الضــر عفــاءات جــراء لصـــا الدولـــة طــرف مـــن املقــررة البنـــوك قــروض ـــ ع املخفضــة الفوائـــد ســب و واملتوســــــــــــطة ة الصــــــــــــغ املؤسســــــــــــات ــــــــــــ وح ــــــــــــواص وا ن العمــــــــــــومي ن ثمر املســــــــــــ ـــ إ يرتفـــع أن يمكـــن ثمار ســـ ودعـــم ـــ تحف غيـــة الشـــباب طـــرف مـــن املســـتحدثة سنة 300 غضون دينار .2018مليار :الصةخ.7 زائري املشرع قدم ات من العديد ا ية التحف ع الضر ة للمشار ثمار واملحلية س زائر ا ال متيازات ذه ،ا ن حمل ثمار قوان ن تتوزع املختلفة س عض من عفاء ب ة منح أو الضرائب سب عض تطبيق أو مؤقتة سماح ف الضرائب عض ع املخفضة ال عفــاءاتوالرسـوم و ات ـ التحف أن مـن بــالرغم و أنـھ ن إال ثمر للمســ املمنوحـة ية الضـر ثمار ســـ ترقيــــة قـــانون مشــــروع إطـــار الشــــغ ـــ ومناصـــب وة ــــ ال خلـــق ــــ إ أنلـــدف إال ن تحســـ مــن البــد بــل الــوط قتصــاد ل مشـــا ــل حــل يمكنــھ ال وحــده ثمار ســ قــانون السـيما عمــال منـاخ الصــنامحـيط العقـار وتــوف ة سـو و وقراطيـة الب ــ ع بالقضـاء جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 96 -78 :ص 95 ثمار س مناخ ن التحس و زائر ا جديد من ثمار س عث من ن للتمك ل .والتمو املراجع.8 1 boughaba , a. (1999), analyse et évaluation de projets, berti edition imprimé en paris. 2 مروان كنجو،شموط عبود سثمار،2008،كنجو امل،أسس ية العر رةالشركة القا د، التور و ق سو لل .تحدة 3 الشمري نوري محمد النقدية،2006،ناظم النظم و املصارف و ع،عمان،النقود التوز و شر لل ارن .ز 4 اد ثمار مبادئ ،2005،رمضان ز قيقي املا س شر وائل دار ،وا ع لل .3 طبعة،ردن ،والتوز 5 ـب فيصـل ثمار دور ،2005،حـافظ حب يـة اململكـة اقتصـاد تنميـة ـ املباشـر سـ علـوم قسـم ،ماجسـت رسـالة ،السـعودية العر سي زائرجامعة ،أعمال إدارة فرع ،ال ا 6 الواحــد عبــد عطيــة النقديــة،2003،الســيد و املاليــة السياســات ن بــ العالقــة ــ ديثــة ا ــات مصــر،تجا الــة إشــارة دار،مــع ية العر ضة .مصر،ال 7 dodge, e. (2005), 5steps to a 5 ap microeconomic , macroeconomic, mcgraw -hill companies, the united states of america. 8 ازي السيد مر ية والقضايا النظم ،2004 ،ا ة ،املعلومات لتكنولوجيا إليكس ،املعاصرة الضر . سكندر 9 قدي عبد لية قتصادية السياسات إ املدخل ،2005،املجيد امعية املطبوعات ديوان ،ال زائر ،ا .ا 10 املوقع ع ثمار س ر لتطو الوطنية الة للو الرس ارةwww.andi.dzاملوقع الز خ 12/06/2017تار references : boughaba , a. (1999). analyse et évaluation de projets, berti edition imprimé en paris. shamout,m., & kanjo, k. m. (2008), fundamentals of investment, united arab marketing and supply company, cairo. [in arabic] al-shammari, n. m. n. (2006), money, banks and monetary systems, amman, zahran for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] ramadan, z. (2005). principles of financial and real investment, (3rd edition). wael publishing and distribution house, jordan, [in arabic] hafez, f. h. (2005), the role of direct investment in the development of the economy of the kingdom of saudi arabia, master thesis, algiers university. [in arabic] abdel wahid, a. a. (2003), recent trends in the relationship between fiscal and monetary policies, with reference to the case of egypt, arab renaissance house, egypt. [in arabic] dodge, e. (2005). 5 steps to a 5 ap microeconomic, macroeconomic, mcgraw -hill companies, the united states of america. el-hegazy, m. e. (2004), contemporary tax systems and issues, alex information technology, alexandria. [in arabic] keddi, a. (2005). introduction to macroeconomic policies, opu, algeria. [in arabic] the official website of the national agency for investment development on the website: www.andi.dz, date of visit 06/12/2017 كرمية صراع 2016-2002احمللي يف اجلزائر خالل الفرتة االستثماردور احلوافز اجلبائية يف دعم فرص 96 املالحق.9 ق ة 01امل ثمار س ع املشار 20122002تطور ق املوقع02امل حسب ة ثمار س ع املشار 2012-2002تطور جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 96 -78 :ص 97 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 2 (2021), pp. 88-103 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.158 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, zianeachour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 88 www.mer-j.com healthcare financing and health outcomes: analysis of oil-producing countries in africa olaide sekinat opeloyeru 1 , nurudeen abiodun lawal 2 , kehinde kabir agbatogun 3 1 lecturer ii, tai solarin university of education (nigeria)  dasola2004@gmail.com 2 senior lecturer, tai solarin university of education (nigeria)  naf_lawal@yahoo.com 3 lecturer i, tai solarin university of education (nigeria)  agbatogunkk@tasued.edu.ng published: 01 -09 -2021 available online: 13 -04-2021 accepted: 11 -04 -2021 received: 17 -02 -2021 how to cite: opeloyeru, o. s., nurudeen abiodun, l., & kehinde, k. a. (2021). healthcare financing and health outcomes: analysis of oil-producing countries in africa. management & economics research journal, 3(2), 88-103. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.158 abstract: the major concern of the study is on healthcare financing and health outcomes in the major oil-producing countries in africa. we used the data sorted from world development indicators (wdi) to identify the effect of four different health expenditures on the rate of mortalities on maternal, under-five, infant, neonatal and life expectancy at birth through random and fixed-effect models. this paper also takes cognizance of the environmental variable (pollution) that is common to the top 10 oil-producing countries in africa. our findings showed that high health expenditure from government, private and external sources improved health outcomes, while health corresponding author: tai solarin university of education (nigeria). [dasola2004@gmail.com] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6401-0230 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-4233 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5625-9896 mailto:dasola2004@gmail.com mailto:naf_lawal@yahoo.com mailto:agbatogunkk@tasued.edu.ng https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.158 mailto:salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk mailto:dasola2004@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.158 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.158&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-09-01 http://www.mer-j.com/ healthcare financing and health outcomes: analysis of oil-producing countries in africa opeloyeru , o. s., lawal, n. a., & agbatogun , k. k. 89 expenditure from out of pocket is detrimental to health outcomes. also, the environmental variable has a negative impact on life expectancy. the outcome of the paper indicated that there is a need to reduce environmental pollution, increase health expenditure from government, private, external sources and reduce out of pocket payments in the selected areas. keywords: health outcome, pollution, life expectancy and government. jel codes: c1, h51, i12, q5. 1. introduction healthcare financing is one of the most crucial components of the health system because, without expenditure, staff emolument, medical equipment, and many health facilities will not be in place. it yields the inputs and economic algorithm for the functioning of the health system and serves as a causal element of health system performance in terms of outcomes on health, equity, and efficiency. in most countries, health outcomes are usually used to evaluate the health status of a country ranging from the rate of mortalities on maternal, infant, neonatal, adult, under-five to life expectancy. globally, the african continent shoulders the bulk of morbidity and mortality, which is a reflection of the level and style of spending on health. although, the continent is beginning to have changes in mechanisms of healthcare financing to catch up with sustainable development goals (sdgs) and global expectations. in the last decade, economic growth in africa, especially among non-resource intensive economies, has been noted to be faster than expected. for instance, the continent’s real production growth recovered from global and domestic shocks in 2016, with progressive growth rates; from 2.2 per cent in 2016 to 3.6, 4.1 per cent in 2017 and 2018 respectively. despite growth rate increases, health outcomes in this country continue to show disparities relative to developed countries in other areas. although, there has been improvement in health outcomes in a bid to meet up with health-related sdg goals. the healthy life expectancy in the region moved from approximately 61 years to 54 years between 2012 and 2015, with a reduction in the gap in healthy life expectancy from 27.5 to 22 years between the top and lowest performing countries (who, 2018). between 2000 and 2015, the level of morbidity and mortality had significantly reduced as disability-adjusted life years (dalys) as a response from the common ten causes of illness reduced to more than half, which is pushed by a decrease in malaria, hiv/aids, and diarrheal diseases (who, 2018). as a result, the rate of death from the common ten causes of illness also reduced from 87.7 to 51.3 per 100,000 populations in the same period. despite pp. 88-103 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 90 improvements in some of the noted crude health outcomes, the region is still at the lower pyramid in terms of health outcomes compared to the rest of the world due to the high burden of diseases from communicable diseases, violence/injuries and non-communicable diseases. for instance, in the year 2016, african countries account for eighty per cent of the burden universe of hiv among adolescents between ages 10 and 19 years and more than 70 per cent of new hiv infections are among adolescent girls. out of the 57 per cent of maternal deaths occurring in the world resulting from pregnancyrelated complications, africa accounts for 33 per cent, giving the region the highest maternal mortality ratio in the world. of about 6million children dying before their fifth birthday in the world from pneumonia, diarrhoea, measles, hiv, tuberculosis and malaria, the region also accounts for 50 per cent of under-five deaths. paramount among factors hindering access to healthcare quality in africa, as identified by the world health organization (who), are lack of healthcare funding, shortage of services, costly medicines due to imported pharmaceutical products (approximately 70% imported), and lack of qualified staff. funding healthcare is the bedrock of the identified problems and one of the major constraints springing from the shortage of funds in the health sector of most african countries is that the policies and techniques that promote the healthcare financing systems constitute problems. who (2013) ascertains that household out-of-pocket payments constitute at least forty per cent of the aggregate health expenditure in about half of the african countries, which has a potential tendency to lead to catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment for some households in the course of accessing quality healthcare. limited access to quality healthcare has contributed to the health status of many african countries, which in turn has a major impact on many macro and microeconomic variables. with a central focus of reduction in reliance on “out of pocket payment” and consequently increase access to healthcare and increment of financial risk protections as part of objectives of universal health coverage (uhc), the african leaders agreed to allocate 15 per cent of the total budget to health at abuja declaration in 2001. many of the african countries are still struggling to achieve this target in recent time but the average per capita spending on health was raised from $70usd in 2000 to $160usd in 2014. of course, the difficulty in achieving this target may arise as a result of difficulties faced in raising public fund from many of the african countries due to the informal sector of their economies, but what about some oildependent countries where revenue are easily generated through offshore and onshore taxes? calain (2008) averred that less growth is achieved by healthcare financing and health outcomes: analysis of oil-producing countries in africa opeloyeru , o. s., lawal, n. a., & agbatogun , k. k. 91 countries with endowed natural resources compared to no endowed countries and usually have adverse health outcomes due to destruction of public health, stemming from the exploration of natural resources. handful studies on health outcomes and healthcare financing in africa have demonstrated that the size of government spending, private spending, and donor’s fund on healthcare has a significant positive/negative impact on health outcomes, which invariably has a recursive effect on individuals’ labour and non-labour activities (calain, 2008; anyanwu & erhijakpor, 2009; nwakanma, 2013; akinci et al.,2014; asbu et al.,2017; bein et al.,2017; nikoloski & amendah, 2017). however, many of these studies ignored the environmental variable resulting from exploration that causes damages to general health and affects outcomes on health in resource endowed countries in africa. thus, this study focuses on the effect of healthcare financing on health outcomes in selected oil-producing countries in africa, taking cognizance of the mediating role of environmental pollution in the selected areas. 1.1 background this sub-section discusses stylized facts about average gross domestic product (gdp), total health expenditure (the), health expenditures from out of pocket, from government, from private, from external, life expectancy, maternal mortality rate, under-five mortality rate, infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, and co2 emissions in 10 selected oil-producing african countries1 between the periods of 2000 and 20172 (see table 1). equatorial guinea is ranked least with a gdp of $12,100 million, while south africa has the highest gdp of $356,981 million, followed by nigeria, egypt, algeria, gabon, libya, republic of congo, sudan, and angola respectively. among these ten countries, the share of health expenditure from the government as a share of gdp ranges between 3.49 per cent and 0.34 per cent with south africa having the highest share of health expenditure from gdp. as shown in table 1, health expenditure from the government as a percentage of the shows that algeria shoulders the highest percentage of 71.46 per cent and the least of 8.86 per cent is from the republic of congo. despite the fact that nigeria is ranked second with an average gdp of $299,358 million, nigeria accounts 1 south africa , algeria, libya, egypt, sudan, nigeria, angola, equatorial guinea, the republic of congo and gabon (these countries are the top 10 oil producers in africa). 2 the selected periods are based on availability of data. pp. 88-103 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 92 for the highest private health expenditure as a percentage of the and highest health out of pocket payments of 76.93 per cent and 75 per cent respectively among the selected ten african countries. while congo has received more external health funding on average, algeria and libya received the least among these countries. table 1. gdp and health funding sources between 2000 and 2017 nigeria algeria angola libya egypt sudan equatorial guinea congo south africa gabon gdp (current $ ’million us) 299,36 137,25 74,09 47,91 186,44 53,38 12,10 21,89 356,98 12,14 government health exp. (% of gdp) 0.58 3.46 1.78 2.34 1.57 1.54 0.43 0.34 3.49 1.43 government health exp. (% of the3) 16.96 71.46 53.55 64.88 33.18 30.92 23.10 8.86 47.43 43.97 privatehealth exp. (% of the) 76.93 28.50 43.81 35.08 63.67 66.31 72.60 59.41 50.56 49.49 out of pocket (% of the) 75.0 26.7 31.1 35.1 62.2 62.8 67.9 51.4 10.1 40.3 external exp. (% of the) 6.08 0.04 2.64 0.04 0.85 2.77 4.30 31.74 2.00 1.53 source: world development indicators (wdi, 2020) among the ten selected oil-producing countries, closer scrutiny of table 2shows that nigeria performs worst in terms of all the identified health indicators with the highest co2 emissions of 28,193 (1000 metric tons). on average, life expectancy for algeria recorded the highest value of approximately 73.8 years, which is very close to that of the united states as in 2017 of about 78.54 years. libya and egypt are ranked second and third in terms of life expectancy of approximately 71.4 and 70.1 respectively, while nigeria recorded an average life expectancy of about 50 years. the country with the lowest rate of mortalities on maternal, infant, under-five and neonatal among these countries is libya but was ranked sixth as per co2 emissions. as shown below, not all countries under consideration with high co2 emissions perform poorly as regards their health indicators. while some countries recorded high co2 emissions with poor health indicators, other countries have relatively high co2 emissions with average or good 3 total health expenditure (the) healthcare financing and health outcomes: analysis of oil-producing countries in africa opeloyeru , o. s., lawal, n. a., & agbatogun , k. k. 93 health indicators, which could be as a result of their health funding patterns discussed in table 1. table 2. health indicators and co2 emissions between 2000 and 2017 nigeria algeria angola libya egypt sudan equatorial guinea congo south africa gabon life expectancy at birth 50.0 73.8 55.8 71.4 70.1 61.8 55.4 55.6 56.6 62.2 maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) 894.3 145.5 625.1 10.4 44.4 387.7 439.7 763.3 123.5 334.8 infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 86.5 26.1 85.7 16.6 26.5 54.1 85.3 88.4 42.7 44.8 under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 139.8 30.4 138.6 19.4 32.1 81.6 121.1 124.0 63.5 66.5 neonatal mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 39.7 18.0 39.2 10.2 16.7 33.2 37.3 34.0 14.0 25.5 co2 emissions (1000 metric tons) 28,19 24,41 6,90 9,22 15,48 4,45 15,48 3,95 19,92 2,17 source: world development indicators (wdi, 2020) 2. literature review literature abounds the connection between health outcomes and healthcare financing relies on two schools of thought. the first one focuses on the grossman theory of 1972, which emphasizes that spending on medical care affects health outcomes through a household’s healthcare production function. grossman argued that health is durable equity that produces an output of physical, mental, and emotional strength with the assumptions that people inherit an embryonic bundle of health that reduces little by little, with the occurrence of death when the level of health drops below a particular level, gross investment in health capital is produced by household productions; which depends on direct inputs (personal time of consumer), market goods (housing, diet, recreation, exercise, and medical care) and environmental variable (education of the producer). the novelty of his argument is that people demand ‘health’ for two major reasons: (1) consumption commodity and (2) investment commodity, in order to remove disutility from sick days and to improve the entirety of available time for market and non-market activities. however, in demand for health, demand pp. 88-103 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 94 for health may reduce with an increase in shadow price, while the quantity of medical care demanded may increase subsequently. on the basis of his idea, riman and akpan (2012), kulkarni (2016) and rana et al. (2018) have adopted socioeconomic and environmental factors as inputs in the production of health goods to explain the link between health outcomes and healthcare financing with different crude health outcomes such as rate of mortalities on maternal, under-five, infant, adult, neonatal, quality-adjusted life years (qaly) and life expectancy. the second school of thought was from martin et al. (2008) that the health policymakers decide on how to allocate health budget with each health production function associated with every health programme of care that suggests the connection between health outcomes and health spending. they assumed that a health policymaker should set out to maximize the total social welfare function that subsumes health outcomes subject to health spending budget constraint and health production function. the outcome of the optimization should be that an increase in expenditure should yield improvement in health outcomes. a variant of this idea also sprouted from calain’s (2008) analytical framework through corporate social responsibilities in a resource curse environment. he claimed that in a resource curse environment, policymakers should maximize total social welfare (healthcare financing and healthcare projects) by mandating corporate sectors to engage in healthcare financing through corporate social responsibility as their activities in that environment /country have some damaging effects on the public health. in view of this claim, this paper includes an environmental variable to ascertain its role in health outcomes. different results have emerged from various methodologies applied by different researchers on the variant of this study. few studies have used comprehensive descriptive analysis for cross country data to compare the level of healthcare financing across the countries in the same region (nwakanma, 2013; asbu et al., 2017, nikoloski & amendah, 2017), while panel pooled or fixed ordinary least squares (ols) to account for endogeneity was adopted by gani (2008), farag et al. (2013), akinci et al. (2014), kulkarni (2016) and bein et al. (2017). however, some studies claimed that it is good to account for cross-section dependence and heterogeneity with the inclusion of cointegration relationship among variables, which called for the application of two-stage least squares (2sls), error correction model (ecm), linear mixed model, panel autoregressive distributed lag, fully modified ordinary least squares (fmols) and panel cointegration test (martin et al.,2009; anyanwu and erhijakpor,2009; kim and lane 2013; fazaeli et al., 2016; rana et al., healthcare financing and health outcomes: analysis of oil-producing countries in africa opeloyeru , o. s., lawal, n. a., & agbatogun , k. k. 95 2018). other methods applied are logistic regression for state analysis and ols for single country analysis (riman and akpan, 2012; edeme et al., 2017). based on the methodological review, most of the studies used up to three variables as crude health outcomes with a fixed or random-effect model. however, this study uses up to five different crude health outcomes with a combined effect of fixed and random models to aver empirical outcomes. empirically, different methods of estimation have generated mixed findings as a result of different proxies used to capture healthcare financing and health outcomes. health care financing proxies range from health expenditure from government, private, military, out of pocket spending to external sources while health outcomes proxies range from life expectancy, maternal mortality, under-five mortality, infant mortality, adult mortality, neonatal mortality, reproductive health to quality-adjusted life years (qaly). for instance, nwakanma (2013) used adult mortality rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy to proxy health outcomes, and found that underinvestment in public health is a reflection of low health profile in west african countries. studies by martin et al. (2009), anyanwu and erhijakpor (2009), kim and lane (2013), akinci et al. (2014), kulkarni (2016), and edeme et al. (2017) averred that high government spending as well as health spending from private and out of pocket improve life expectancy and reduces infant and maternal mortalities. while bein et al. (2017) affirmed a similar positive impact between healthcare expenditure and health outcomes; they also established that healthcare expenditure had a more powerful effect on female’s life expectancy than male life expectancy in uganda, burundi, sudan, eritrea, kenya, rwanda, ethiopia, and tanzania. on a contrary, riman and akpan (2012) found that a rise in the incidence of out of pocket results in a rise in the level of infant mortality including wide disparity and inequality in income, while rana et al. (2018) found that maternal mortality across 161 countries investigated is significantly affected by expenditure on health. nikoloski and amendah (2017) empirically affirmed that neonate and neonatal mortalities across 14 african countries are not significantly affected by private health spending. other notable empirical results related to this study affirmed that expenditure on health from the public to health sector from oil export earnings in oil countries is frequently more than private health expenditure in identical developed countries and that environmental pollution and female participation in the labour force had a negative impact on health outcomes (fazaeli et al.,2016 & kulkarni, 2016). pp. 88-103 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 96 3. research methodology this study relies on grossman's (1972) theory on the basis that spending on medical care affects health outcomes through a household’s healthcare production function with an adaptation of modification from rana et al.'s (2018) research. a variant of the health production function of the grossman model is of the form: h= f (m, z) (1) where h is assumed to represent outcome on health like life expectancy at birth, rate of mortalities on an under-five, maternal, infant, and neonatal, m is the medical care received and z represents socioeconomic (income) and environmental factors (education and environmental pollution). in line with the grossman model, medical care stands as one of the most important market goods of the health production function, therefore, rana et al. (2018) corroborate this model by suggesting that medical care has its associated prices and costs. hence, holding all other factors constant, higher utilization of medical services is related to financing healthcare through medical care and vice versa. therefore the quantity and quality of medical care used that will yield health outcomes in equation (1) is a function of the sources of healthcare financing/ health expenditure (he): m= f (he) (2) health expenditure (he) from the above function is noted to include government expenditure on health, out of pocket payments, private and external healthcare expenditures. equation (3) is formed from equations (1) and (2): h= f (he, z) (3) the main estimation model for this study is stated in functional form as equation (4): h=f (pgdp, pghe, pphe, poophe, pehe, env) (4) the left-hand side variable is the dependent variable as stated in equation 4, while the right-hand side variables are the independent healthcare financing and health outcomes: analysis of oil-producing countries in africa opeloyeru , o. s., lawal, n. a., & agbatogun , k. k. 97 variables. where pgdp is gross domestic product per capita, pghe represents per capita expenditure from the government on health, pphe is per capita expenditure from private on health, poophe is the per capita expenditure from out of pocket on health, pehe is the external expenditure per capita and env is the environmental variable representing co2 emissions. the data for the study were spooled from indicators available on the world bank data archive site. data for health outcomes include the rate of mortalities on maternal (per 100,000 live births), under-five, infant, neonatal measured in 1,000 live births, and life expectancy. the exogenous variables are gross domestic product per capita, government expenditure on health per capita, private expenditure on health per capita, out of pocket expenditure on health per capita, external expenditure per capita and the environmental variable representing co2 emissions is the emissions from the combustion, transmission, handling and production of biofuels and fossil fuels. the study uses fixed and random models because of the panel nature of the data as well the hausman test to determine the best model for each of the five models estimated. based on the functional form model in equation 4, the underline econometric model for this study is specified as: hit= a0 + b1pgdpit+ b2pgheit + b3ppheit + b4poopheit + b5peheit + b6envit+ ℇit (5) variable names are the same as stated in functional form. constant is denoted by a0, bs are the parameters for each independent variable used and ℇ is the error time. the time is represented with t and i denote countries involved. 3.1. data extracted data for the analysis of this paper were gotten from the indicators made available by the world bank (wdi), which span from the period of 2000 to 2017. the selected periods are subjected to the availability of data. the crude health outcomes used in this paper are the rate of mortalities on maternal, neonatal, infant, under-five, and life expectancy. other useful data are gross domestic product per capita, government expenditure on health per capita, private expenditure on health per capita, out of pocket expenditure on health per capita, external expenditure per capita and the environmental variable representing co2 emissions. the gross domestic product per capita included here is the real gdp to capture the effect of income on health outcomes as suggested in the literature by pp. 88-103 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 98 farag et al. (2013). 4. presentation and discussion of empirical results this section presents empirical outcomes from the models estimated. the results presented here are the descriptive and the fixed/ random-effects regressions adjudged from the hausman test for each model. all data used are transformed to their natural log form before estimation. the minimum value, standard deviation, maximum value, and mean for the data used are presented in table 3. below. the total observation among the 10 countries chosen is 180. on average, life expectancy among these countries shows approximately a unit higher than 60, which has a minimum of 46.27 and a maximum of 76.29. a mean value of 376.88 is recorded for maternal mortality, minimum and maximum value ranges between 6 and 1170. it is obvious that among the crude health outcomes selected, maternal mortality recorded the highest mean, follow by neonatal, while under-five mortality recorded the lowest mean among the selected countries. it is also the case that the average health expenditure from private is more than government health expenditure, which indicates that health spending from the private pocket is higher than government health spending. additional information obvious from this table is that external health expenditure on average is very low compared to out of pocket expenditure from households. table 3. descriptive statistics variables obs. mean standard deviation minimum maximum life expectancy at birth 180 61.29 8.11 46.27 76.29 maternal mortality 180 376.88 305.35 6 1170 infant mortality 180 55.66 29.44 10.6 122.60 under five mortality 180 26.78 11.36 6.50 50.70 neonatal mortality 180 81.70 48.66 12.4 206.30 real gdp (per capita) 180 5382.48 4546.28 276.25 20333.94 per-capita government he 180 75.57 77.14 0.18 325.17 per-capita private he 180 83.36 63.71 3.75 257.47 per-capita out of pocket he 180 62.48 48.72 3.21 240 per-capita external he 180 3.52 3.91 0 18.09 c02 emissions 180 11618.30 14107.92 0 45868.56 he represents health expenditure source: computed by the authors. healthcare financing and health outcomes: analysis of oil-producing countries in africa opeloyeru , o. s., lawal, n. a., & agbatogun , k. k. 99 a synopsis of results generated from regression analyses is presented in table 4. the independent variables behave differently with respect to each dependent variable under each model. closer scrutiny of table 4 depicts that for life expectancy as a dependent variable, three independent variables are statistically significant. per capita expenditure from the government on health responds positively to life expectancy. this is suggestive of the fact that an increase in life expectancy is possible if government health expenditure rises. contrarily, out of pocket expenditure and c02 emissions have negative effects on life expectancy. the implication is that out of pocket payments on health create a burden on households. a clear understanding of c02 emissions having a negative effect on life expectancy is possible since emissions could degenerate into different lifethreatening diseases. the result of the c02 and health outcome under life expectancy could be said to be affirmative as fazaeli et al. (2016) and kulkarni (2016) also confirm similar outcomes. a further examination of this table shows that for maternal mortality only per capita income is found statistically significant. this connotes that as income is increasing the incidence of mortality for mothers reduces by 0.22 per cent. this is a plausible result as grossman's (1972) theory suggests that spending on medical care affects health outcomes through a household’s healthcare production function as spending also depends on income. furthermore, all forms of health expenditure used for this analysis are found to be statistically insignificant. this suggests that health expenditure has no significant relationship with maternal mortality across the 10 counties involved. this is plausible as it was found in the study of rana et al. (2018) across 161 countries investigated. it is obvious from the table that only c02 emissions show no statistically significant relationship with infant mortality. also, out of the four forms of expenditure that interacted with infant mortality, only out of pocket health expenditure shows a positive significant relationship with infant mortality and the other three forms of health expenditure show negative significant impacts. a percentage increase in expenditure from the government on health, expenditure from private on health and external sources will significantly reduce infant mortality by 0.99 per cent, 0.39 per cent and 0.02 per cent respectively. the impact of income is reversed under infant mortality as compared to maternal mortality, which suggests that an increase in income will statistically increase infant mortality. a plausible reason for the reversed sign may be that parents working to generate income in order to cater for an infant may have their own cost on the infant’s health pp. 88-103 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 100 through neglect as a result of time constraints. for the neonatal mortality rate as a dependent variable, all independent variables are statistically significant. the positive significant relationship that exists between infant mortality and income also exists with neonatal mortality. expenditure from the government on health, expenditure from private on health, expenditure from external sources on health and the pollution variable have a negative significant relationship with neonatal mortality. on a contrary, out of pocket health expenditure shows a positive relationship with neonatal mortality. this suggests that a percentage increase in out of pocket will increase neonatal mortality. the burden of expenditure on health from out of pocket on households may be the cause of the increase in neonatal mortality among the 10 countries investigated. the impact of environmental variables here could be negative since most under-aged are not too exposed to pollution or the exploration environment may be far from residential areas. the under-five mortality rate as a dependent variable shows that health expenditure from out of pocket, external sources, government and private are found statistically significant. a percentage increase in either expenditure from the government on health, expenditure from private on health or expenditure from external sources on health will reduce the incidence of under-five mortality. on a contrary for expenditure on health from out of pocket, an increase in out of pocket leads to a 0.3 per cent increase in under-five mortality. this implies that higher out of pocket health expenditure could be one of the major causes of an increase in underfive mortality in the selected area. overall, it can be seen that the effect of health expenditure from out of pocket payments, private sources, external, and the government is similar for crude health outcomes that are based on mortalities, while the reverse is the case for life expectancy. it is also the case for c02 emissions that infant mortality, neonatal, life expectancy, and under-five mortalities demonstrate a similar effect on it, but with different meanings. this is because an increase in life expectancy is interpreted as a positive health outcome; while an increase in crude mortality rates is interpreted as a negative health outcome. for income, only maternal mortality shows a negative outcome, which means that an increase in income will result in a reduction in maternal mortality with a magnitude of 0.22 per cent. healthcare financing and health outcomes: analysis of oil-producing countries in africa opeloyeru , o. s., lawal, n. a., & agbatogun , k. k. 101 table 4. regression results on health outcomes and healthcare financing dependent variables life exp. (fe) maternalmrt (re) infant mrt. (fe) neonatalmrt. (fe) under5mrt. (fe) independent variables real gdp (per capita) 0.0166 (0.1857) -0.2236** (0.0907) 0.1103** (0.0486) 0.1350** (0.0382) 0.0584 (0.0572) per capita govt. he 0.0330** (0.0086) -0.0185 (0.0433) -0.9968** (0.0226) -0.0809** (0.1776) -0.1239** (0.0266) per capita private he 0.0507 (0.0419) -0.2138 (0.2080) -0.3914** (0.1098) -0.2851** (0.0862) -0.3550** (0.1293) per capita oop he -0.0611* (0.0369) 0.0873 (0.1832) 0.3294** (0.0967) 0.2375** (0.0760) 0.3216** (0.1139) per-capita external he 0.0153** (0.0046) 0.0222 (0.0231) -0.0290** (0.0120) -0.0205** (0.0095) -0.0367** (0.0142) c02 emissions -0.0626** (0.0286) 0.0775 (0.1354) -0.0871 (0.0749) -0.1952** (0.0588) -0.0341 (0.0881) note that * and ** denote variables that are statistically significant at less than 10% and 5% respectively. mrt. implies mortality. values in parentheses are the standard errors, fe means fixed effects and re means random effects source: computed by the authors. 5. conclusion and recommendation one of the key ways of enhancing health outcomes in a country is to provide a strategic healthcare funding system in order to achieve equity and efficiency. out of pocket healthcare expenses in africa account for more than forty per cent of overall health spending. the undoubted outcome of having out of pocket payments as the major means of channelling funds to the healthcare providers in any country is an irresistible huge burden on the household. among the ten selected oil-producing countries, out of pocket healthcare payments still form a larger part of the total health expenditure as shown in the second section of this study. in this paper, about four major outcomes are discernible. one of the major results is that income plays an imperative role (negative/positive) on health outcomes and that is the reason why most health or health-related models have an income budget constraint attached to them to form a final decision. secondly, high out of pocket payments shorten the expected life expectancy at birth, which could mean that the high out of pocket health expenditure may affect other livelihood consumption and may be detrimental to human life. another obvious result is that health expenditure from external sources, private and government have a positive effect on health outcome. this is obvious from the result and should be increased to reduce the negative effect of out of pocket on the household. in addition, the role of the environment should be taken as important to health as the result on life expectancy at birth indicates that a rise in c02 emissions lowers life expectancy. conclusively, it should be noted that each crude health outcome behaves differently under the pp. 88-103 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 102 estimated outcomes; as such, each health outcome should be treated with different favourable policies. it is recommended that out of pocket payments on healthcare should be reduced and other forms of healthcare payments should be improved to reduce the burden of healthcare payments on households. it is also advisable to control emissions in the selected areas so as to ameliorate life expectancy at birth through government policies. references akinci, f., hamidi, s., suvankulov, f., & akhmedjonov, a. (2014). examining the impact of health care expenditures on health outcomes in the middle east and north africa (mena) region. journal of health finance. 41(1), 1–23. anyanwu, j.c & erhijakpor, a. e. (2009). health expenditures and health outcomes in africa. african development review. 21(2), 400–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00215.x asbu, e. z., masri, m.d. & kaissi, a. (2017). health status and health systems financing in the mena region: a roadmap to universal health coverage. global health research and policy, 2(25). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-017-0044-9 bein, m. a., dogan, u., gbolahan, o., & wagdi, k. (2017). healthcare spending and health outcomes: evidence from selected east african countries. african health sciences, 17(1), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i1.30 calain, p. (2008). oil for health in sub-saharan africa: health system in a ‘resource curse’ environment. globalization and health,4(10).https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-86034-10 edeme, r. j., emecheta, c. & omeje, m.o. (2017). public health expenditure and health outcomes in nigeria. american journal of biomedical and life sciences, 5(5), 96– 102. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.13 fazaeli, a.a., ghader,i h., salehi m. & fazaeli, a. r. (2016). health care expenditure and gdp in oil exporting countries: evidence from opec data, 1995-2012. global journal of health science, 8(2), 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n2p93 farag, m., nandakumar, a. k., wallack, s., hodgkin, d., gaumer, g., & erbil, c. (2013). health expenditures, health outcomes and the role of good governance. international journal of health care finance and economics, 13 (1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10754-012-9120-3 gani, a. (2009). health care financing and health outcomes in pacific island countries. health policy and planning, 24, 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn044 grossman, m. (1972). on the concept of health capital and the demand for health, journal of political economics, 80, 223–255. kim, t.k. & lane, s. r. (2013). government health expenditure and public health outcomes: a comparative study among 17 countries and implications for us health care reform. american international journal of contemporary research, 3(9), 8–13. kulkarni, l. (2016). health inputs, health outcomes and public health expenditure: evidence from the brics countries. international journal of applied economics, 31(1), 72–84. martin, s., rice, n., & smith, p. c. (2008). does health care spending improve health outcomes? evidence from english programme budgeting data. journal of health https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00215.x https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-017-0044-9 https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i1.30 https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-4-10 https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-4-10 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.13 http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n2p93 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10754-012-9120-3 https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn044 healthcare financing and health outcomes: analysis of oil-producing countries in africa opeloyeru , o. s., lawal, n. a., & agbatogun , k. k. 103 economics, 27(4), 826–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.12.002 nikoloski, z., & amendah, d. (2017). does a country’s greater health care spending lead to better health outcomes for its population? -evidence from african health accounts https://afhea.org/docs/analysis-of-health-for-selected-countries.pfd nwakanma, p.c., & nnamdi. k. c. (2013). healthcare financing and health profile in west african countries. http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/miscellaneous_files/5abca-nnamdi-healthcare_financing_and_health_profile_in_wafr.pdf rana, r. h., alam k. & gow, j. (2018). health expenditure, child and maternal mortality nexus: a comparative global analysis. bmc international health and human rights, 18 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-018-0167-1 riman, h.b., & akpan, e. s. (2012). healthcare financing and health outcomes in nigeria: a state-level study using multivariate analysis. international journal of humanities and social science, 2(15), 296–309. world health organization “who”. (2013). state of health financing in the african region. https://www.afro.who.int/publications/state-health-financing-africanregion world health organization “who”.(2013). state of health in the who african region. an analysis of the status of health, health services and health systems in the context of the sustainable development goals.https://www.afro.who.int/publications/state-health-who-african-region https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.12.002 https://afhea.org/docs/analysis-of-health-for-selected-countries.pfd http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/miscellaneous_files/5-abca-nnamdi-healthcare_financing_and_health_profile_in_wafr.pdf http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/miscellaneous_files/5-abca-nnamdi-healthcare_financing_and_health_profile_in_wafr.pdf https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-018-0167-1 https://www.afro.who.int/publications/state-health-financing-african-region https://www.afro.who.int/publications/state-health-financing-african-region https://www.afro.who.int/publications/state-health-who-african-region management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 4 no. 1 (2022): march, pp. 1-17 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.172 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 1 www.mer-j.com evaluating starting a business indicators innovation in the world antoine niyungeko1 1 phd in international entrepreneurship, independent consultant, temporary teacher, bujumbura light university (burundi)  niyungantoine@yahoo.fr published online: 23 -09-2021 accepted: 21-09-2021 received: 26-06-2021 how to cite: niyungeko, a. (2022). evaluating starting a business indicators innovation in the world. management & economics research journal, 4(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.172 abstract: since 2003, the world bank has produced an annual report ranking economies based on ease of doing business score. however, little is known whether the improvements made by evaluated economies on starting business indicators are statistically significant, as claimed by the world bank. this study aims to evaluate the extent to which starting business indicators were improved in the 145 economies evaluated. indicators assessed are starting a business score (sbs), starting a business procedure for men (sbpm), starting a business time for men (sbtm), starting a business cost for men (sbcm), starting a business procedure for women (sbpw), starting a business time for women (sbtw), starting a business cost for women (sbcw), and starting a business in paid-in minimum capital (sbpmc). this study used secondary quantitative data retrieved from the database of the world bank for the 2004 and 2020 periods. the sample size was made up of 145 economies. wilcoxonsign-rank-test-paired-sample was computed using the r programming environment. the results of the wilcoxon-sign-rank-test-paired-sample corresponding author: bujumbura light university (burundi). [ niyungantoine@yahoo.fr] ©2022 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1185-8582 mailto:niyungantoine@yahoo.fr https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.172 mailto:salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk mailto:niyungantoine@yahoo.fr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.172 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2022.172&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2022-03-05 http://www.mer-j.com/ evaluating starting a business indicators innovation in the world niyungeko, a. 2 indicated that the mean differences are statistically different from zero for all indicators except those evaluated. this means that the economies evaluated improved those indicators for 2020 compared to 2004. the study's findings provide clear insight to policymakers regarding innovations made to ease of doing business improvement. better use of the results of this study would reduce corruption and increase formal business, increase the number of newly registered businesses, increase business opportunities for starting a new business, and increase companies' productivity. this study evaluated whether business regulations implemented regarding starting a business were statically significant. future research should be conducted to empirically test the significance of implemented procedures related to other indicators evaluated in doing business reports. this research is novel by empirically testing innovations made in 145 world economies on starting business requirements. keywords: starting business, business procedures, business cost. jel codes: m48. 1. introduction since 2003, the world bank (w.b.) has issued an annual report evaluating how economies improve their business environment. during the evaluation process, the w.b. considers several indicators which are supposed to directly affect the ease of doing business. the first production of this report was inspired by the work of djankov, la porta, lopez-de-silanes, and shleifer (2002). these authors investigated data related to the number of procedures, official time, and official costs that a startup must bear before it can operate legally. they concluded that official costs of entry were extremely high in most countries. moreover, countries with heavier regulation of entry had higher corruption and larger unofficial economies, nonetheless not better quality of public or private goods. countries with more democratic and limited governments had lighter regulations of entry. many studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of regulation on the business environment. for instance, canare (2018) indicated that starting a business component positively affected business creation in 120 countries examined. davari and farokhmanesh (2017) and farokhmanesh (2017)concluded that legislation positively encouraged startup opportunities. chambers and munemo (2019) established a negative correlation between procedures and new business creation. they indicated that when the number of steps required to create a new business increased by unit, entrepreneurial activity decreased between three and seven per cent. the w.b. (2020) indicated that improvement in firm entry regulation was correlated with pp. 1-17 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 3 higher productivity. olagunju and ikeolumba (2019) concluded that even though the policy had recorded some small degree of success, the business climate in nigeria was still far from friendly due to some implementation inconsistencies that had beclouded the policy objectives. even though regulations impact the business environment, to the best of the author’s knowledge, no study has been conducted evaluating to what extent starting business components have been improved in the world from 2004 to 2020. the w.b. claims that starting a business has improved, but there is no/little empirical evidence to support this statement. the w.b. only reports changes made by countries regarding ten indicators evaluated in doing business reports. however, little is known about whether those changes are statistically significant, as indicated by the w.b. (2020). these ten economies advanced the most efforts in starting a business, dealing with construction permits, and trading across borders. furthermore, significant innovations have been made since 2003/04, as indicated by the w.b. 178 economies have executed 722 reforms related to starting a business indicator set, either reducing or eliminating barriers to entry. in all, 106 economies removed or reduced minimum capital requirements; about 80 introduced or improved one-stop shops, and more than 160 simplified preregistration and registration formalities. this study was organized into five sections. after the introduction, the second section shows a literature review. the third section offers the methods used in the study. section four presents the result and discussion. finally, the fifth section represents the conclusion. 2. literature review 2.1. theoretical overview many theories have been developed to support the ease of doing business. for instance, transaction cost theory (tct) recommends that conducting transactions is costly (e.g., discussing contracts, monitoring performance, and solving disputes) and that diverse modes of organizing businesses involve different costs (rindfleisch,2019). therefore, according to this theory, a comparative analysis of the relative business costs of these alternative modes tells how a particular transaction should be led. based on this theory, a country with high transaction costs will not be able to attract investors. the tct has been used in examining firms' limitations, vertical integration choices, the rationale for leading an acquisition, the networks, and other mixture governance forms (martins, serra, leite, ferreira, and li, 2010). another theory that needs to be mentioned is the internalisation theory. evaluating starting a business indicators innovation in the world niyungeko, a. 4 internalisation theory examines how the corporation's owners, managers, or trusted establishments make decisions. the hypothesis presupposes that these decisions are rational. in this case, rationality means that the decision-maker can recognize a set of possibilities, has a goal by which these options can be ranked, and can identify and select the highest-ranked choice (buckley & casson, 2009). according to these authors, rational agents internalise markets when the anticipated benefits surpass the estimated costs. in addition to the mentioned theory, an eclectic paradigm can be presented. in the eclectic paradigm, it is assumed that multinational corporations have competitive or ownership advantages vis-à-vis their major competitors, which they exploit in establishing attractive production sites due to their location advantages. competitive advantage can result from the ownership of particular unique intangible assets (e.g., firm-specific technology) or is due to the ownership of complementary assets (e.g., the ability to create new technologies or the ability to coordinate cross-border activities effectively) (cantwell & narula, 2001). based on this approach, countries must make their economies attractive to foreign investors. another theory related to the decision of firm competitive advantage is the theory of the resource-based view (rbv). the rbv emphasises internal resources (e.g., knowledge, physical assets, human capital, and other tangible and intangible factors owned or controlled) and capabilities to detect the determinants of a firm's competitive advantage and performance (juan, raquel, and pedro, 2019). these authors indicated that rbv advises that inter-organizational interactions can allow small and medium-sized enterprises to gain access and availability to tangible and intangible resources that fortify their current resource base, which will affect performance. the public choice theory clarifies how all decisions made by policymakers can serve their interest, not the mass. holcombe (2018) indicated that this theory clarifies how some can use the system for their profit at the cost of others, but it does not classify who those are. he added that the 99 per cent are rationally ignorant and that focused interests can use the political system for their benefit at the expense of the masses. djankov, la porta, lopez-de-silanes, and shleifer (2002) indicated that the tollbooth theory explains that regulation is pursued interest of politicians and bureaucrats. these authors indicated that politicians use regulation to generate rents and extract them through campaign contributions, votes, and bribes. the main reason many of these permits and regulations exist is to give administrators the power to deny them and to gather bribes in return for the permits. the last theory is the theory of regulatory capture. this theory claims that regulations are routinely and predictably 'captured' and manipulated to pp. 1-17 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 5 work for the interests of those who are supposed to be subject to them or the bureaucrats and legislators who write or control them (etzioni,2009). politicians acting in the way tollbooth and regulatory capture theories will destroy their economies. they may be characterized by the dark triad, a psychological term explaining individual negative dispositions. as stated by myung and choi (2017), the dark triad is composed of machiavellianism, which refers to a tendency to manipulate others to gain an advantage; psychopathy, which refers to a general lack of empathy; and narcissism, which refers to excessive self-love. the objectives of these theories are twofold. first, some support creating a friendly business environment (transaction cost theory). it was shown that an economy with low transaction costs attracts investors. second, some theories explain the motivation of policymakers (the tollbooth theory, public choice theory, etc.). these theories argue that politicians use regulation for their interests, not for the mass. nevertheless, besides the theories that show the dark side of politicians' regulation, recent studies show a positive impact of regulation on the business environment. among those studies, canare (2018) indicated that the components of starting a business positively affected business creation in 120 countries examined. additionally, davari and farokhmanesh (2017) revealed that legislation positively encouraged the opportunity to start. farokhmanesh (2017) established that legislation had a positive encouragement effect on the opportunity to startup. stel, storey, and thurik (2007) found that the minimum capital requirement required to start a business and labour market regulations drop entrepreneurship rates across countries. musara and gwaindepi (2014) found that bureaucracy, corruption, policy credibility, policy compliances, and labour restrictions were the topmost factors within the business regulatory environment that distress the process of starting new businesses in south africa. these researchers also found a positive and significant relationship between bureaucracy and corruption. the more stringent corporate laws could be a hindrance to any overseas investment. 2.2. objective of the study the main objective of this study is to assess if there are statistically significant improvements in starting a business indicator set since the publication of the world bank report on ease of doing business. specifically, this study examines improvements in the starting a business score, starting a business procedure for men (sbpm), starting a business time for men (sbtm), starting a business cost for men (sbcm), starting a business evaluating starting a business indicators innovation in the world niyungeko, a. 6 procedure for women (sbpw), starting a business time for women (sbtw), starting a business cost for women (sbcw), and starting a business in paidin minimum capital (sbpmc). this study contributes to the existing literature by empirically testing to what extent the world has innovated regarding starting business indicators. this study indicates to what extent the world is improving in the business environment. the study supports the publications of the w.b.’s reports on ease of doing business, which lack statistical tests confirming whether there are statistically significant innovations. 2.3. research questions the business environment is improved when starting a business score is increased. this indicator increases when starting a business score starting a business procedure, time, and costs are reduced. the main research question of this study is as follows: what innovations are made in starting a business indicator set? the sub-questions of this study are:  what innovations are made in starting a business score in the world economies?  what innovations are made in starting a business procedure for men in the world economies?  what innovations are made in starting a business time for men in the world economies?  what innovations are made in starting a business cost for men in the world economies?  what innovations are made in starting a business procedure for women in the world economies?  what innovations are made in starting a business time for women in the world economies?  what innovations are made in starting a business cost for women in the world economies?  what innovations are made in starting a business in paid-in minimum capital in the world economies? 2.4. research hypotheses prasad, rao, and rehani (2001) identified various meanings of the hypothesis. accordingly, a hypothesis refers to a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables. it is a formal statement that indicates the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable. it pp. 1-17 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 7 can be understood as a tentative explanation of the research problem, an expected outcome, or an educated guess about the research outcome. these authors differentiated the hypothesis from the research question. a research question is a hypothesis requested in the form of a question. h0: there are no statistically significant innovations in starting a business indicator set since the publication of the world bank. h1: there are statistically significant innovations in starting a business indicator set since the publication of the world bank. 3. methods 3.1. data collection/sample data were collected on the world bank website (https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data) to evaluate innovations made on starting a business requirement. to select needed data, creating a customer dataset is used (https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/custom-query). this option allowed for selecting indicators and customizing the year. data for the year ended 2004 and 2020 were collected. the choice of these periods is based on data availability. 3.2. measuring variables data collected are the measures of starting a business score. starting a business score refers to the simple average of the scores for each component indicator: the procedures, time, and cost for an entrepreneur to start and legally work a business, as well as the paid-in minimum capital requirement. these components indicators are defined by the world bank as follows:  starting a business procedure for men (sbpm): is the number of procedures for men to record all the procedures required in practice for five married male entrepreneurs to start and operate a local limited liability company.  starting a business time for men (sbtm): captures the median duration in days that business incorporation experts indicate is necessary for five married male entrepreneurs to complete all procedures required to start and operate a business with minimum follow-up and no extra payments. it is calculated in calendar days.  starting a business cost for men (sbcm): refers to the total cost required for five married male entrepreneurs to complete the evaluating starting a business indicators innovation in the world niyungeko, a. 8 procedures to incorporate and operate a business. it is calculated as a percentage of income per capita.  starting a business procedure for women (sbpw): registers all the procedures required in practice for five married female entrepreneurs to start and operate a local limited liability company.  starting a business time for women (sbtw): indicates the median days' duration that business incorporation experts indicate is necessary for five married female entrepreneurs to complete all procedures required to start and operate a business with minimum follow-up and no extra payments.  starting a business cost for women (sbcw): is the total cost required for five married female entrepreneurs to complete the procedures to incorporate and operate a business. it is calculated as a percentage of income per capita.  starting a business in paid-in minimum capital (sbpmc): the amount that the entrepreneur needs to deposit in a bank or with a third party before registration or up to three months after incorporation. it is calculated as the percentage of income per capita. the sample size of this research was calculated by using yamane's (1973) formula with a 95% confidence level. n = 1 + ( ) n = 213 1 + 213(0.05) = 138.98 with n = sample size required, n = number of economies in the population, and e = allowable error (%). 213 is the number of economies reported in doing business. to raise the data reliability, the sample size was raised to 145 economies. 3.3. data analysis technique to test whether there is a statistically significant difference in the analyzed indicated, two types of techniques can be used: 1) paired sample ttest and wilcoxon signed-rank test. paired sample t-test is used when the differences for the matched pairs are normally distributed. while wilcoxonsign-rank-test-paired-sample is used when the differences for the matched pairs are not normally distributed. these tests aim to test the null hypothesis that the true mean difference is zero. if the true mean difference is zero, that pp. 1-17 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 9 means no improvement was made from 2004 compared to 2020 on the indicator analyzed. the wilcoxon signed-rank test evaluates shifts in median values between two groups. this test makes no condition on data distribution and uses the sum of the signed ranks as the test statistic w. the differences of pairs of each indicator were performed using the following formula: difference = indicator 2020indicator 2004. the shapiro-wilk test was used to test the difference of pairs’ normality. kolmogorov-smirnov test, the shapiro-wilk test, and the anderson-darling test are among the most general methods used to test normality (kwak& park, 2019). the significance level considered was 5%. if the probability value (p-value) is less than .05, the null hypothesis of normality is rejected. the result of the shapiro test wilk showed that differences for the matched pairs were not normally distributed. therefore, wilcoxon-sign-rank-test-paired-sample was used instead of paired t-test. to choose between paired sample t-test and paired samples wilcoxon test, the distribution of the difference for each pair of the indicator was tested using the shapiro wilk test. paired sample t-test, which is a parametric test, is used when the distribution of differences is approximately normal. when the distribution of differences is not normally distributed, the paired-samples wilcoxon test is used. as indicated by ghasemi and zahediasl (2012) that normality and other hypotheses should be taken seriously because it is difficult to draw accurate conclusions if they do not hold. nevertheless, these authors added that the breach of the normality principle does not trigger major problems with large enough sample sizes (> 30 or 40); this means that we can use parametric procedures even though the data are not normally distributed. kwak and park (2019) indicated that when the number of samples is greater than 30, the sample mean distribution satisfies the normal distribution, according to the central limit theorem. r programming environment was used to test the normality of pairs of differences. jasp was used to compute wilcoxon signed-rank test and effect size. 4. result and discussion before going ahead with the data analysis, descriptive statistics are presented. tables 1 to table 3 present central tendency (mean and median), which shows the tendency of the analyzed indicators. the same tables also give the measure of dispersion which indicates how data deviate from the mean. the standard deviation is a kind of average of these deviations from the mean. it is the square root of the sum of squared deviations divided by the number of observations. mishra et al. (2019) showed that skewness and evaluating starting a business indicators innovation in the world niyungeko, a. 10 kurtosis could be used to test normality. according to them, skewness assesses symmetry, or lack of symmetry, of the normal distribution, while kurtosis appraises the peakedness of a distribution. table1. descriptive statistics of sbs, sbpm, and sbtm sbs2020 sbs2004 sbpm2020 sbpm2004 sbtm2020 sbtm2004 valid 145 145 145 145 145 145 mean 84.256 60.494 6.552 10.317 20.541 52.686 median 86.900 62.900 6.000 11.000 12.000 42.000 standard deviation 11.869 20.857 3.002 3.429 28.299 40.356 skewness -1.974 -0.534 0.839 -0.013 4.425 1.972 kurtosis 5.701 -0.381 1.733 -0.066 26.033 5.385 minimum 25.000 11.600 1.000 2.000 0.500 3.000 maximum 100.000 96.200 20.000 20.000 230.000 260.000 source: author’s calculation using world bank indicator data table 2. descriptive statistics of sbcm, sbpw, and sbtw sbcm2020 sbcm2004 sbpw2020 sbpw2004 sbtw2020 sbtw2004 valid 145 145 145 145 145 145 mean 19.971 101.431 6.648 10.414 20.638 52.783 median 6.700 28.000 6.000 11.000 12.000 42.000 standard deviation 36.157 223.862 3.015 3.511 28.309 40.376 skewness 3.529 4.833 0.798 0.014 4.415 1.968 kurtosis 13.558 26.522 1.575 -0.041 25.937 5.366 minimum 0.000 0.000 1.000 2.000 0.500 3.000 maximum 211.800 1540.200 20.000 20.000 230.000 260.000 source: author’s calculation using world bank indicator data there is asymmetric distribution if the mean, median, and mode of a distribution coincide. the skewness for normally distributed data is near, 0while kurtosis should be around 3. the minimum and maximum values for each indicator are presented. pp. 1-17 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 11 table 3. descriptive statistics of sbcw and sbpmc sbcw2020 sbcw2004 sbpmc2020 sbpmc2004 valid 145 145 145 145 mean 19.974 101.432 5.560 192.916 median 6.700 28.000 0.000 29.200 standard deviation 36.157 223.863 18.864 526.991 skewness 3.529 4.833 6.575 6.427 kurtosis 13.557 26.522 53.375 53.820 minimum 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 maximum 211.800 1540.200 179.600 5109.400 source: author’s calculation using world bank indicator data table 4 shows the results of the normality test. as indicated, this test allows choosing between paired sample t-test (parametric) and wilcoxon signed-rank test (nonparametric). as can be seen, at a significant level of 5%, only sbpw is normally distributed. however, the p-value of 0.068 is not very far from the significance level. in other words, the differences of paired observations are not normally distributed. therefore, to test the innovations made for each indicator under analysis, wilcoxon signed-rank test can be applied. table 4. test of normality (shapiro-wilk) w p sbs2020 sbs2004 0.978 0.021 sbpm2020 sbpm2004 0.981 0.037 sbtm2020 sbtm2004 0.869 <0.001 sbcm2020 sbcm2004 0.453 <0.001 sbpw2020 sbpw2004 0.983 0.068 sbtw2020 sbtw2004 0.869 <0.001 sbcw2020 sbcw2004 0.453 <0.001 sbpmc2020 sbpmc2004 0.378 <0.001 source: author’s calculation using world bank indicator data to assess if there is a statistically significant change in starting business components after the world bank's ease of doing business publication, a wilcoxon signed rank test was used. table 5 presents the results of the wilcoxon signed rank test. it also presents the effect of the difference. the location parameter, the hodges–lehmann estimate, is the median difference between the two groups. the rank-biserial correlation (rb) evaluating starting a business indicators innovation in the world niyungeko, a. 12 can be considered as an effect size measuring how important a difference is and is interpreted the same as pearson's r as the effect size is greater than 0.7 for all indicators. it means that the effect size is large. in other words, the size of the difference between the 2004 and 2020 scores is large, indicating significant innovations in reducing starting a business burden. table 5. wilcoxon signed-rank test measure 1 measure 2 w df p hodges-lehmann estimate rank-biserial correlation sbs2020 sbs2004 10155.000 <0.001 23.050 0.919 sbpm2020 sbpm2004 655.000 <0.001 -4.000 -0.859 sbtm2020 sbtm2004 743.000 <0.001 -28.500 -0.854 sbcm2020 sbcm2004 1131.500 <0.001 -33.050 -0.783 sbpw2020 sbpw2004 659.000 <0.001 -4.000 -0.854 sbtw2020 sbtw2004 766.000 <0.001 -28.000 -0.851 sbcw2020 sbcw2004 1131.500 <0.001 -33.050 -0.783 sbpmc2020 sbpmc2004 89.500 <0.001 -122.450 -0.965 source: author’s calculation using world bank indicator data to assess if there are statistically significant innovations in starting a business score (sbs), a wilcoxon signed rank test indicated that the median for 2020, mdn = 86.9, was statistically significantly higher than the median for 2004, mdn = 62.9, w = 10155, p < 0.001. the effect size is 0.919 is positive and significant. to assess if there are statistically significant innovations in the starting a business procedure for men (sbpm), a wilcoxon signed rank test indicated that the median for 2020, mdn = 6, was statistically significantly less than the median for 2004, mdn = 11, w = 655, p < 0.001. the effect size is -0.859 is negative and significant. to assess if there are statistically significant innovations in starting a business time for men (sbtm), a wilcoxon signed rank test indicated that the median for 2020, mdn = 12, was statistically significantly less than the median for 2004, mdn = 42, w = 743, p < 0.001. the effect size is -0.854 is negative and significant. to assess if there are statistically significant innovations in the starting a business cost for men (sbcm), a wilcoxon signed rank test indicated that the median for 2020, mdn = 6.7, was statistically significantly less than the median for 2004, mdn = 28, w = 1131.5, p < 0.001. the effect size is -0.783 is negative and significant. to assess if there are statistically significant innovations in starting a business procedure for women (sbpw), a wilcoxon signed rank test indicated that the median for 2020, mdn = 6, was statistically significantly pp. 1-17 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 13 less than the median for 2004, mdn = 11, w =659, p < 0.001. the effect size is -0.854 is negative and significant. to assess if there are statistically significant innovations in starting a business time for women (sbtw), a wilcoxon signed rank test indicated that the median for 2020, mdn = 12, was statistically significantly less than the median for 2004, mdn = 42, w = 766, p < 0.001. the effect size is -0.851is negative and significant. to assess if there are statistically significant innovations in starting a business cost for women (sbcw), a wilcoxon signed rank test indicated that the median for 2020, mdn = 6.7, was statistically significantly less than the median for 2004, mdn = 28, w =1131.5, p < 0.001. the effect size is 0.783is negative and significant. to assess if there are statistically significant innovations in starting a business in paid-in minimum capital (sbpmc), a wilcoxon signed rank test indicated that the median for 2020, mdn = 0.00, was statistically significantly less than the median for 2004, mdn = 29.2, w = 89.5, p < 0.001. the effect size is -0.965 is negative and significant. the results of this analysis indicated that countries made many innovations to improve their business environment. starting a business indicator was improved in the world, which is a good sign in doing business environment innovation. the results reveal that the procedures and time required for men to start a business have been reduced. it was found that the cost for men to start a business was reduced. the results indicate that the time and cost to start a business for women have been reduced. finally, it was found that the paid-in minimum capital has been reduced since 2004. improving the business environment would lead to positive economic spillovers. for instance, canare (2018) indicated that starting a business component had a positive effect on business creation in 120 countries examined. davari and farokhmanesh (2017) stated that legislation had positive encouragement on the opportunity to startup. regarding minimum capital to start, stel, storey, and thurik (2007) found that the minimum capital requirement required to start a business and labour market regulations drop entrepreneurship rates across countries. musara and gwaindepi (2014) concluded that bureaucracy, corruption, policy credibility, policy compliances, and labour restrictions were the topmost factors within the business regulatory environment that distress the process of starting new businesses in south africa. these researchers also found a positive and significant relationship between bureaucracy and corruption. the more stringent corporate laws could be a hindrance to any overseas investment. on the other hand, a company climate that is notably devoid of laws may be less appealing to prospective investors and more vulnerable to evaluating starting a business indicators innovation in the world niyungeko, a. 14 malpractices. mottaleb and kalirajan (2010) state that a more businessfriendly environment attracts foreign direct investment 5. conclusion this study evaluates the innovations made by economies to reduce starting business requirements. it empirically demonstrates the significance of the innovations to support the ease of starting a business. the wilcoxon signed rank test results show that the starting a business score has significantly increased. the component of this indicator, such as starting a business procedure for men, starting a business time for men, starting a business cost for men, starting a business procedure for women, starting a business time for women, starting a business cost for women, and starting a business in paid-in minimum capital has been significantly decreased. the results allow us to reject the null hypothesis indicating that there are no statistically significant innovations in starting a business indicator set since the publication of the world bank. therefore, the alternative hypothesis was confirmed that there are statistically significant innovations in starting a business indicator set since the publication of the world bank in 145 economies examined. this study empirically validates the claims of the world bank (2020) that most of the reforms addressed aspects of starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, and paying taxes. the study revealed that the effect size of changes was significant. 5.1. theoretical implications since 2003, the world bank has evaluated economies based on ten areas that are supposed to impact the business environment. annually, the world bank produced a report of the regulatory reforms made by each economy in the doing business report since that period. nevertheless, no study has been conducted to investigate empirically to what extent the regulatory reforms were statistically significant. this study contributes to the existing literature by evaluating and demonstrating the extent and significance of the regulatory reforms carried out since 2004. in light of transaction cost theory stating that conducting transactions is a costly effort (e.g., discussing contracts, monitoring performance, and solving disputes) and diverse modes of organizing businesses involve different costs (rindfleisch,2019), economies have made efforts to reduce starting a business cost. pp. 1-17 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 15 5.2. practical implications this study has practical implications regarding improving the business environment. reducing starting a business cost can contribute to reducing corruption and increasing formal business. djankov, la porta, lopez-de-silanes, and shleifer (2002) concluded that most countries' official entry costs were extremely high. moreover, countries with heavier regulation of entry had higher corruption and larger unofficial economies, nonetheless not better quality of public or private goods. this can contribute to the increase in the number of newly registered businesses. opportunities for starting a new business are supposed to increase, as farokhmanesh (2017) hypothesized that legislation had a positive encouragement effect on the opportunity to startup. chambers and munemo (2019) established a negative correlation between procedures and new business creation. they indicated that when the number of steps required to create a new business increased by unit, entrepreneurial activity decreased between three and seven per cent. the productivity of companies is predicted to increase. this idea is supported by the world bank (2020) by indicating that improving firm entry regulation was correlated with higher productivity. 5.3. limitation of the study the world bank indicated that more than 3,800 business regulatory reforms had been realized across the 190 economies measured by doing business since 2005. additionally, most reforms addressed starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, and paying taxes. this study evaluated whether business regulations implemented regarding starting a business were statically significant. future research should be conducted to empirically test the significance of implemented procedures related to other indicators evaluated in doing business reports, like dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, and resolving insolvency. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. evaluating starting a business indicators innovation in the world niyungeko, a. 16 references buckley, p. j. & casson, m. c. (2009). the internalisation theory of the multinational enterprise: a review of the progress of a research agenda after 30 years. journal of international business studies, 40, 1563-1580. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.49 canare, t. (2018). the effect of ease of doing business on firm creation. annals of economics and finance 19(2), 555-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/13571510110051504 cantwell, j. & narula, r. (2001). the eclectic paradigm in the global economy. int. j. of the economics of business, 8 (2). 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/13571510110051504 chambers, d. & munemo, j. (2019). regulations, institutional quality and entrepreneurship. international journal of energy economics and policy 11(2),133-140, https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10584 davari, d. & farokhmanesh, j. (2017). regulations, institutional quality and entrepreneurship. journal of regulatory economics, 55(1). djankov, s., la porta, r., lopez-de-silanes, f., & a. shleifer. (2002). the regulation of entry. the quarterly journal of economics,117 (1), 137.https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302753399436 etzioni, a. (2009). the capture theory of regulations-revisited. society,46, 319-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-009-9228-3 goss-sampson, m. a. (2018). statistical analysis in jasp. a guide for students. https://static.jaspstats.org/statistical%20analysis%20in%20jasp%20%20a%20st udents%20guide%20v1.0.pdf holcombe, r. g. (2018). checks and balances: enforcing constitutional constraints. economies, 6(4), 57.https://doi.org/10.3390/economies6040057 juan, m. r. j., raquel, f. l., & pedro, a. p. (2019). resource-based view and smes performance exporting through foreign intermediaries: the mediating effect of management controls. sustainability, 11(12), 3241.https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123241 kwak, s. g. & s. h. park. (2019). normality test in clinical research. journal of rheumatic diseases, 26(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.4078/jrd.2019.26.1.5 martins, r. a., serra, f. r., leite, a. s., ferreira, m. p., & li, d. (2010). transactions cost theory influence in strategy research: a review through a bibliometric study in leading journals. http://www.anpad.org.br/admin/pdf/eso82.pdf mishra, v., khanra, d., himanshu, k., jain, b., tripathi, s., aggarwal, p., soni, s., kumar reddy, n., singla, r., mishra, m., & sinha, s. (2019). descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_157_18 mottaleb, k.a. & kalirajan, k. (2010). determinants of foreign direct investment in developing countries: a comparative analysis. the journal of applied economic research 4 (4), 369–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/097380101000400401 musara, m. & gwaindepi, c. (2014). factors within the business regulatory environment affecting entrepreneurial activity in south africa. mediterranean journal of social sciences, 5(6), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n6p109 myung, k.y. & choi, y.h. (2017). the influences of leaders’ dark triad trait on their perception of csr. asian journal of sustainability and social responsibility,2, 721.https://doi.org/10.1186/s41180-017-0013-8 olagunju, o.o. & j.o. ikeolumba. (2019). the evaluation of the national policy on ease of https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.49 https://doi.org/10.1080/13571510110051504 https://doi.org/10.1080/13571510110051504 https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10584 https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302753399436 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-009-9228-3 https://static.jaspstats.org/statistical analysis in jasp a students guide v1.0.pdf https://static.jaspstats.org/statistical analysis in jasp a students guide v1.0.pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/economies6040057 https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123241 https://doi.org/10.4078/jrd.2019.26.1.5 http://www.anpad.org.br/admin/pdf/eso82.pdf https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_157_18 https://doi.org/10.1177/097380101000400401 https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n6p109 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41180-017-0013-8 pp. 1-17 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 17 doing business in nigeria. european scientific journal,15 (8), 203212.https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n8p203 prasad, s., rao, a. & rehani, e. (2001). developing hypothesis and research questions. https://www.public.asu.edu/~kroel/www500/hypothesis.pdf rindfleisch, a. (2019). transaction cost theory: past, present and future. academy of marketing science review.10(1-2), 85–97.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-019-00151-x stel, a.v., storey, d.j. & thurik, a.r. (2007). the effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship. small business economics, 28(2),171-186 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9014-1 world bank group. (2020). doing business 2020. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-14402 https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n8p203 https://www.public.asu.edu/~kroel/www500/hypothesis.pdf https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-019-00151-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9014-1 https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2 https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2 1. introduction 2. literature review 2.1. theoretical overview 2.2. objective of the study 2.3. research questions 2.4. research hypotheses _hlk122958315 3. methods 3.1. data collection/sample 3.2. measuring variables 3.3. data analysis technique 4. result and discussion 5. conclusion 5.1. theoretical implications 5.2. practical implications 5.3. limitation of the study declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 4 no. 1 (2022): march, pp. 38-53 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.181 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 38 www.mer-j.com the effect of organizational culture on financial performance: based on cameron and quinn model (cvf) ahmed k elnagar1 , ahmed abdelkawi2, ibrahim elshaer3, said salama4 1assistant professor of hospitality management, department of administrative and financial sciences and techniques, applied college, taibah university, medinah (saudi arabia); faculty of tourism and hotel management, suez canal university (egypt)  ahmed_karam@tourism.suez.edu.eg 2,3 associate professor of hotel management, faculty of tourism and hotel management, suez canal university (egypt) 2 doctor_ahmedhasan@yahoo.com, 3 elshaeribrahem@yahoo.com 4professor of hotel management, faculty of tourism and hotel management, suez canal university (egypt)  ssalama@tourism.suez.edu.eg published online: 03 -02-2022 accepted: 01-02-2022 received: 07-12-2021 how to cite: k elnagar, a., abdelkawi, a., elshaer, i., & salama, s. (2022). the effect of organizational culture on financial performance: based on cameron and quinn model (cvf). management & economics research journal, 4(1), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.181 abstract: the research objective is to investigate the impact of organizational culture (oc) based on the cameron and quinn model (the competing value framework) on financial performance (fp) in egyptian hotels. the research used five dimensions (occupancy percentage, average room rate, revpar, average market share, and average revenue) to measure fp in hotels. corresponding author: department of administrative and financial sciences and techniques, applied college, taibah university, medinah (saudi arabia); faculty of tourism and hotel management, suez canal university (egypt). [ ahmed_karam@tourism.suez.edu.eg] ©2022 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1787-8189 mailto:ahmed_karam@tourism.suez.edu.eg mailto:doctor_ahmedhasan@yahoo.com mailto:elshaeribrahem@yahoo.com mailto:ssalama@tourism.suez.edu.eg https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.181 mailto:ahmed_karam@tourism.suez.edu.eg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.181 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2022.181&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2022-03-05 http://www.mer-j.com/ the effect of organizational culture on financial performance: based on cameron and quinn model (cvf) k elnagar, a., abdelkawi, a., elshaer, i., & salama, s. 39 quantitative methods were used to achieve the research objective through the questionnaire. a total of 416 questionnaires were provided to general, executive, hr, and quality managers working in four five-star hotels in sharm el sheikh city 104 hotel in egypt. the research used three main data analysis techniques: descriptive analysis, correlation, and multi-regression by spss v25. empirical findings showed that oc positively affected the fp of hotels. the research recommends that hotels in egypt to attention to the consolidation of oc types because of their positive impact on enhancing the fp of hotels; promoting organizational values such as fairness, equality, teamwork, and cooperation among employees; enhancing the interest of organizational beliefs such as the human element, job satisfaction, increase rewards and incentives. keywords: organizational culture, financial performance, competing value framework (cvf), egyptian hotels. jel codes: g32, g20, o16. 1. introduction today, organizations, particularly hotels, strive for rapid growth, profitability, continuous improvement, long-term planning, and a dominant position in their global activities. furthermore, today's firms operate in a constantly changing environment that is difficult to predict. because of these issues, firms have spent a significant amount of time and money on making changes in order to achieve high performance. indeed, in this age of change, achieving performance excellence through traditional management methods is impossible, and organizations are forced to adopt new managerial approaches to achieve financial performance (fp) (nikpour, 2017; elnagar & sayed, 2021). as a result, identifying the factors that influence fp is critical. in this regard, studies have revealed that the company's organizational culture (oc) is one factor that can impact fp. as a result, managers must understand how to leverage oc and treat it as an asset to provide fp. managers who understand how oc provides fp can deliberate on which aspects of the culture to focus on (clan culture, adhocracy culture, market culture, and hierarchy culture) to improve fp (denision & mishra, 1995; amin et al., 2017). because extensive research clearly shows that oc has evolved from an organically emergent phenomenon to a flexible and manageable competitive asset and a strong predictor of performance (denison & mishra, 1995), further investigation of whether temporal factors mediate or moderate this process, which has not been studied, could have far-reaching business pp. 38-53 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 40 and social implications. organizations that include oc theory and assessment in their strategic planning processes have shown enhanced effectiveness and improved results in areas such as market share, sales growth, profitability, innovation, employee engagement, and customer happiness; organizations, regardless of industry sector or country, must be purposeful about establishing and maintaining a high-performing culture that provides a link between culture and financial performance in this era of global competition for products and services (cameron & quinn, 2006). this introduction provides an insight into the reasons (i.e., why this research deserves to be conducted). as a result, this article aims to look into the impact of oc on fp in the egyptian hotel business. 2. literature review 2.1. organizational culture concept defining the term oc is difficult because it necessitates defining the terms organization and culture. according to some, the definitions of culture can be divided into two categories: objective entity or a variable and metaphor (brown, 1998; alvesson & sveningsson, 2008). culture is described by schein (1990) on three levels to describe culture, including observable artefacts, values, and essential underlying assumptions. the work-hard and play-hard culture, process culture, bet-your company culture, and the toughguy and macho culture are among the four cultural types described by deal & kennedy (1982). culture, it might be reasoned, is a property of a human group of common significance possessed by a firm's members, which differs significantly from other firms (robbins, 2005). others have claimed that culture refers to a set of beliefs, values, attitudes, assumptions, expectations, and ways of behaviour shared among individuals of an organization (kotter & heskett, 1992; zeb et al., 2021). hofstede et al. (1990) proposed the following formulation to incorporate the many dimensions of oc: the organizational/corporate culture construct is (1) generally decided, (2) holistic, (3) linked in anthropological ideas, (4) socially built, (5) soft, and (6) challenging to modify. this definition incorporates several aspects of oc that are relevant to other researchers' viewpoints. firstly, culture can represent an organization's overall picture of its members' self-identity (robbins, 2005). second, oc is shaped by longterm historical tradition, considered an unseen hand in public administration (zeb et al., 2021). as a result, culture is difficult to modify; according to helmke and levitsky (2004), culture is viewed as an informal institution, and the effect of organizational culture on financial performance: based on cameron and quinn model (cvf) k elnagar, a., abdelkawi, a., elshaer, i., & salama, s. 41 reform would be a protracted process. third, culture is linked to social and anthropological regions, which can be read as (organizations have cultures or organizations are cultures) (cameron & quinn, 2003). as per the above, oc is a set of cultures such as clan culture, market culture, hierarchy culture, and adhocracy culture, which contains behaviour patterns, beliefs, values, and work styles that form the identity of the hotel/firm, distinguish it from others, and improve the firm/hotel's performance. regarding oc characteristics, collins and porras (1994) state that oc refers to a collection of shared meanings held by individuals who distinguish one organization from another. they believed these shared meanings were important characteristics and that the organization's values and the essence of oc could be captured in seven primary characteristics. these are (1) risktaking and innovation; (2) people orientation; (3) attention to detail; (4) outcome orientation; (5) aggressiveness; (6) team orientation; and (7) stability. oc, on the other hand, can be defined by the following characteristics: (1) collective; (2) emotional; (3) historical; (4) symbolic; (5) dynamic; and (6) diffuse (hammer, 2013). 2.2. cameron and quinn model (cvf) cameron and quinn proposed and tested cvf to investigate the effect of oc on fp (2011). this was chosen to distinguish between different types of oc. the first reason for selecting cvf is that it contains key components of the four major cultures that underpin fp (cameron & quinn, 2011; zeb et., 2021). the second reason is that it is also one of the most important and widely used models for constructing the profile of oc (cameron & quinn, 2006; vilkinas & cartan, 2006). the cvf has two dimensions, represented by two axes, each with a superordinate continuum, as shown in the diagram (figure 1). the first dimension denotes the flexibility-control axis and describes the two opposing orientations: flexibility (i.e., spontaneity and development) and control (i.e., stability and continuity). the second measurement is the internal-external axis, which also represents two orientations: one centred on support and change within the current organization and the other on adaptation and cooperation within the external environment. as a result, these categories reflect several models for organizational theory, providing a third reason for selecting this model (cameron & quinn, 2006). furthermore, according to prajogo and mcdermott (2011), the cvf for oc reflects contrasting values in the four organizational cultures, as opposed to other models, such as the oc profile developed by (o'reilly, 1991), which is another reason for pp. 38-53 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 42 selecting this model. furthermore, according to prajogo and mcdermott (2011), the cvf for oc reflects contrasting values in the four oc, as opposed to other models, such as the oc profile developed by (o'reilly, 1991), which is another reason for selecting this model. furthermore, the central issue of cvf is that organizational effectiveness depends on the organization's ability to meet multiple performance criteria in light of four value sets that involve a mix of two dimensions: flexibility-control and internal-external. figure 1. the competing value framework (cameron & quinn, 2011) clan culture is in the upper left, adhocracy is in the upper right, hierarchy is in the bottom left, and market culture is in the lower right, as seen in figure 1. the hierarchy culture is based on a bureaucratic and official procedure that emphasizes stability, teamwork, consensus, and tradition. it prioritizes internal rather than external challenges and prioritizes consistency and control over flexibility. a regulated and organized work atmosphere characterizes the hierarchy culture. techniques direct employees' actions and influential leaders are excellent facilitators and organizers (cameron & quinn, 2011; aldhuwaihi, 2013; zeb et al., 2021). this sort of oc is prevalent in large organizations and government offices. the goals of this form of oc are efficiency and simplicity, and the organizational environment is stable and flexibility and discretion stability and control in te rn al f oc us a nd i nt eg ra tio n e xt er na l f oc us a nd d if fe re nt ia tio n clan adhoracy hierarchy market the effect of organizational culture on financial performance: based on cameron and quinn model (cvf) k elnagar, a., abdelkawi, a., elshaer, i., & salama, s. 43 uncomplicated; changes should be kept to a minimum. in the market culture, the phrase market does not refer to the marketing function; instead, it refers to an organization that acts as a market (cameron & quinn, 2011). it places a premium on consistency and control, but it also emphasizes external factors rather than internal concerns. this culture is likely to see the outside world as hostile and will look for threats and opportunities to gain a competitive advantage and profit. its competitive stance and exterior orientation define it. the key values of the market culture are aggression and efficiency (cameron & quinn, 2011; aldhuwaihi, 2013; zeb et al., 2021). instead of seeking stability and control, the adhocracy culture focuses on external issues and encourages flexibility and carefulness. originality, inventiveness, risk-taking, and an entrepreneurial mindset characterize adhocracy culture. organizational charts and formal structures are either undervalued or absent; flexible job positions and established physical space are also evaluated. a self-motivated, enterprising, and creative workplace characterizes the adhocracy culture (cameron & quinn, 2011; aldhuwaihi, 2013; zeb et al., 2021). software development and aerospace companies are two examples of companies dominated by this culture. the main difficulties are creating innovative and unique goods and services while also adjusting quickly to new opportunities. 2.3. financial performance and organizational culture previous research (woods, 1989; koutroumanis, 2005; gaard et al., 2005) have identified the uniqueness of hospitality culture, but they have been limited to either restaurants or hotels. woods (1989) was the first researcher to look at the culture of hospitality businesses in the united states. woods observed and interviewed over 300 restaurant managers and employees and discovered that oc impacts performance. according to several studies, a strong culture is favourably associated with short-term financial performance (gordon & ditomaso, 1992; denison & mishra, 1995). at the same time, kotter and heskett (1992) showed that having an "adaptive values" culture can substantially improve long-haul performance relative to short-haul performance. theoretical reasons support the assumption that oc is linked to fp and long-term effectiveness (cameron & quinn, 2006; zheng et al., 2010). according to zheng et al. (2010), oc is one of the main organizational assets that has been extensively examined in relation to organizational effectiveness from a resource-based perspective. similarly, peters and waterman (1982) claimed that oc is critical in determining an organization's performance. according to oparanma (2010), oc stimulates or engenders several other pp. 38-53 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 44 actions that lead to corporate success. despite the questions surrounding the culture-performance link, ogbonna and haris (2000) argue that there is sufficient evidence for the hypothesized association between oc and performance. scholars have long held that no change or transformation can create long-term growth-oriented performance unless the oc and the employees are willing to embrace and relate to the change. for highperforming companies, culture is the most important differentiator (davidson et al., 2007; zakari et al., 2013). though technological developments are seen as the most important differentiator, oc plays a larger impact in acquiring market share. technology alone is insufficient; supportive oc must accompany it. according to kotter and heskett (1992), culture is one of the most important variables to consider when evaluating an organization's success or failure because cultures can make or break an organization's long-term financial soundness. oc has a considerable direct effect on performance, according to marcoulides and heck (1993). according to oparanma (2010), oc is a significant aspect to consider while evaluating performance. according to duke ii and edet (2012)'s findings, there is a strong positive relationship between oc and performance. some research shows what sorts of oc affect performance outcomes. through a sample of 327 employees, davidson et al. (2007) investigated the inter-relationship between oc and financial performance in a south african investment bank. income statement ratio studies were used to investigate the financial performance connections between cultural characteristics and financial ratios, such as return on investment, return on assets, sales volume, and market share. consistency, adaptability, learning orientation, empowerment, strategy, and entrepreneurship are the cultural elements that have had a significant impact on fp. karim (2010) used the denison model of organizational effectiveness to investigate the impact of oc on the financial performance of jordan's telecom company zain. a survey of 50 employees was conducted to gather information on the various dimensions of oc. the data analysis revealed that oc has a positive impact on the company's financial results as well as other effectiveness indices. zain telecom has surpassed its key competitor, jordan telecom, in all financial dimensions: product development, market share, profitability ratio, liquidity, and investment ratio. according to ogbonna and haris (2000), competitive and inventive cultures are linked to improved performance. based on previous research findings, we will test the following four hypotheses: the effect of organizational culture on financial performance: based on cameron and quinn model (cvf) k elnagar, a., abdelkawi, a., elshaer, i., & salama, s. 45 h01: there is a statistically significant correlation between oc based on cameron and quinn model (cvf) and fp. h02: there is a positive effect of oc based on the cameron and quinn model (cvf) on fp. figure 2. a theoretical framework based on previous studies 3. research methodology the research relied on three approaches: (1) descriptive approach in the reference review;(2) analytical approach in the field research; (3) explanatory approach in interpreting statistical data and clarifying the different relationships between the research variables. the research used a questionnaire to collect field data, and it was divided into three parts according to the five-point likert scale. the first part included the demographic data of the study sample. the second part included oc types (clan culture, adhocracy culture, market culture, hierarchy culture) based on cameron and quinn model (cvf), whose questions were drawn from studies (cameron & quinn, 2006; 2011). the third included fp (occupancy percentage, average of room rate, revpar, market share, revenue) that relied on the scale used by (himmer, 2013). data was obtained from surveying 416 general, executive, hr, and quality managers working in four five-star hotels in sharm el sheikh city 104 hotel in egypt. a total of 296 responses (160 from four-star hotels and 136 from five-star hotels) yield a response rate of 72%, as shown in table 1. average of occupancy financial performance average of room rate average of revpar average of market share organizational culture cameron and quinn model (cvf) market culture adhocracy culture clan culture hierarchy culture correlation regression average of revenue pp. 38-53 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 46 table 1. the response rate in the research sample general managers, executive managers, hr managers, and quality managers four-star hotels five-star hotels questionnaires delivered 244 172 questionnaires returned 160 136 partially responded 50 25 opted out 34 11 response rate (296 / 416) 72% spss v25 was used to examine the data, and statistical procedures such as reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression, and correlation were applied. 3.1. reliability and validity test of research scale cronbach's alpha correlation coefficient test was used to validate the reliability and validity of both oc types and fp, as indicated in table 2. table 2. reliability and validity results variable dimensions items no cronbach's alpha validity organizational culture clan culture 6 0.853 0.954 0.977 adhocracy culture 6 0.916 market culture 6 0.900 hierarchy culture 6 0.903 financial performance average of occupancy 1 0.886 0.953 0.976 average room rate 1 0.879 average revpar 1 0.840 average market share 1 0.869 average of revenue 1 0.868 total scale 0.952 0.975 table 2 shows the cronbach alpha value, reflecting the two variables' excellent internal consistency. each item has a dependability score of 0.952. in contrast, construct oc has a score of 0.954, and construct fp has a score of 0.953, which are higher than the recommended cut-off level of 0.7. furthermore, the validity of the two constructs is 0.977 and 0.976, respectively. this indicates that the research scale can be trusted. 3.2. research sample opinion about oc types and fp this section aims to learn about the research sample's thoughts on oc kinds, fp, and the extent to which hotels adopt these types, and to verify this, a descriptive analysis test was conducted, as shown in table 3. the effect of organizational culture on financial performance: based on cameron and quinn model (cvf) k elnagar, a., abdelkawi, a., elshaer, i., & salama, s. 47 table 3. descriptive analysis for oc types dimensions/items mean std. deviation clan culture 4.19 0.612 our hotel has a very intimate setting, like having a second family. people reveal a lot about themselves. 4.08 0.603 mentoring, facilitation, and nurturing are all qualities that our hotel's leadership exemplifies. 4.14 0.647 our hotel's management approach is distinguished by collaboration, consensus, and participation. 4.19 0.779 loyalty and mutual trust are the glue that ties our hotel together. this organization has many people that are passionate about it. 4.31 0.784 our hotel places a strong emphasis on personal growth. high levels of trust, openness, and participation continue to exist. 4.25 0.867 our hotel measures its success in terms of human resource development, teamwork, staff commitment, and concern for people. 4.16 0.964 adhocracy culture 4.10 0.709 our hotel is a fast-paced, entrepreneurial environment. individuals are willing to take chances and put their necks out there. 4.04 0.682 our hotel's leadership is widely regarded as exemplifying entrepreneurship, creativity, and risk-taking. 4.14 0.733 individual risk-taking, innovation, flexibility, and individuality characterize our hotel's management approach. 4.15 0.908 a commitment to innovation and development is the glue that keeps our hotel together. the importance of being on the cutting edge is emphasized. 4.17 0.910 our hotel strongly emphasises obtaining new resources and posing new difficulties. trying new things and looking for new chances are highly regarded. 4.05 0.924 our hotel considers itself self-successful if it has the most unique or cuttingedge products. it is a product inventor and leader. 4.04 0.994 market culture 4.16 0.701 our hotel is particularly focused on achieving its objectives. getting the task done is a huge problem. people are very competitive and goal-oriented. 4.04 0.793 our hotel's leadership is well regarded as exemplifying a no-nonsense, aggressive, results-oriented approach. 4.18 0.773 our hotel's management style reflects hard-driving competitiveness, high demands, and achievement. 4.16 0.802 the emphasis on achievement and goal achievement is the glue that keeps our hotel together. 4.22 0.908 our hotel places a premium on achievement and competitive acts. it is all about hitting stretch goals and winning in the marketplace. 4.15 0.890 our hotel defines success as outperforming the competition and succeeding in the marketplace. the ability to lead in a competitive market is crucial. 4.18 0.965 hierarchy culture 4.00 0.797 our hotel is a very structured and supervised environment. what people do is often governed by formal procedures. 4.08 0.781 our hotel's leadership is widely regarded as exemplifying coordinating, organizing, or smooth-running efficiency. 4.11 0.899 our hotel's management style is characterized by job security, conformity, predictability, and relationship stability. 3.92 0.907 pp. 38-53 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 48 dimensions/items mean std. deviation formal regulations and policies are the glue that ties our hotel together. it is critical to keep a hotel running smoothly. 3.96 0.958 our hotel places a premium on consistency and longevity. the importance of efficiency, control, and seamless operations cannot be overstated. 3.95 1.030 efficiency is the cornerstone of our hotel's success. the importance of ontime delivery, flexible scheduling, and low-cost production cannot be overstated. 4.00 1.100 table 3 reveals that the majority of the research sample agreed that the surveyed hotels adopted all oc kinds. oc types (clan culture, adhocracy culture, market culture, hierarchy culture) had mean values ranging from 4.00 to 4.19; according to the mean values, most oc types in hotels reflect clan culture, followed by market culture, adhocracy culture, and lastly, hierarchical culture. the standard deviations for all variables range from 0.612 to 0.797. this shows that the data follows a normal distribution and does not cluster too closely around the mean but instead drifts away and deviates significantly. simoneaux and stroud (2014) mentioned that oc is a collection of cultures containing behaviour patterns, beliefs, values, and work styles that form the firm's identity, distinguish it from others, and improve performance. employees in a strong oc share similar perspectives on the organization and act in accordance with organizational values. because culture engages and motivates employees, business managers must demonstrate a strong oc to influence their employees' work attitude and performance. table 4. descriptive analysis for fp dimensions mean std. deviation average of occupancy 3.80 0.645 average room rate 3.79 0.840 average revpar 3.79 0.624 average market share 3.81 0.722 average of revenue 3.78 0.637 total mean 3.80 0.902 table 4 shows that the mean values of fp (average occupancy, average room rate, average revpar, average market share, average revenue) ranged from 3.78 to 3.81. most fp dimensions in hotels, according to the mean values, reflect average market share, average occupancy, average room rate, average revpar, and lastly, average revenue. the standard deviations the effect of organizational culture on financial performance: based on cameron and quinn model (cvf) k elnagar, a., abdelkawi, a., elshaer, i., & salama, s. 49 for all variables range from 0.624 to 0.902. this shows that the data follows a normal distribution and does not cluster too closely around the mean but instead drifts away and deviates significantly. 3.3. research hypothesis test h01: there is a statistically significant correlation between oc types and fp. the pearson correlation coefficient was employed to establish the nature of the link between the study variables, as given in table 5, to test the validity of this hypothesis. table 5. correlation matrix among variables (pearson's r correlation) variables clan culture adhocracy culture market culture hierarchy culture fp clan culture 1 adhocracy culture 0.813 1 market culture 0.820 0.878 1 hierarchy culture 0.814 0.888 0.853 1 fp 0.622 0.667 0.648 0.641 1 all correlations are significant at the 0.01 level. table 5 reveals a statistically significant link between oc types (clan culture, adhocracy culture, market culture, hierarchy culture) and fp, with correlation coefficient values ranging from 0.641 to 0.888. theoretical reasons support the assumption that oc is linked to fp and long-term effectiveness (cameron & quinn, 2006; zheng et al., 2010). as a result, the first hypothesis (there is a statistically significant correlation between oc types and fp) is accepted. h02: there is a positive effect of oc types on fp. multiple linear regression was used to demonstrate the potential impact of oc types (clan culture, adhocracy culture, market culture, hierarchy culture) on fp in surveyed hotels, as shown in table 6. pp. 38-53 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 50 table 6. the effect of oc types on fp fp β t sig. f sig. r2 clan culture 0.195 4.24 0.000 341.49 0.000 0.824 adhocracy culture 0.509 9.11 0.000 market culture 0.224 4.01 0.000 hierarchy culture 0.148 4.39 0.000 table 6 shows a positive regression of oc types (clan culture, adhocracy culture, market culture, hierarchy culture) on fp. according to the regression value, the order of dimensions is as follows:  adhocracy culture positively affects fp, with a regression value of (β = 0.509) and t = 9.11, where the t value is significant if it is ≤ 2 at level sig. p < 0.01, and this kind is considered the most effective type of fp.  market culture positively affects fp, with a regression value of (β = 0.224) and t = 4.01, where the t value is significant if it is ≤ 2 at level sig. p < 0.01, and this kind is considered the second effective type of fp.  clan culture positively affects fp, with a regression value of (β = 0.195) and t = 4.24, where the t value is significant if it is ≤ 2 at level sig. p < 0.01, and this kind is considered the third effective type of fp.  hierarchy culture positively affects fp, with a regression value of (β = 0.148) and t = 4.39, where the t value is significant if it is ≤ 2 at level sig. p < 0.01, and his kind is considered the fourth most effective type on fp. also, table 6 shows that the f value is 314.49, and the significance of the model was confirmed at the level of significance (p < 0.01, and the r2 model is 82.4%). oc kinds are favourable to performance, according to several studies on the culture-performance link. some of these studies looked at the impact of oc on fp (xenikou & simosi, 2006), productivity and quality (mathew, 2007), profitability, and marketing (tseng, 2010). (uzkurt et al., 2013). as a result, the second hypothesis (there is a positive effect of oc types on fp) is accepted. the effect of organizational culture on financial performance: based on cameron and quinn model (cvf) k elnagar, a., abdelkawi, a., elshaer, i., & salama, s. 51 4. conclusions and recommendations this study aimed to investigate the effect of oc on fp in the egyptian hotel business using the cameron and quinn model (cvf). the study's empirical findings revealed that egyptian hotels use oc types extensively; the association between oc types and fp is positive, and the influence of oc types on fp is positive. in light of these findings, the research suggests that hotels in egypt pay close attention to the consolidation of oc types, as they have a positive impact on enhancing fp, promoting organizational values such as fairness, equality, teamwork, and cooperation among employees; increasing interest in organizational beliefs such as the human element, job satisfaction, and increase rewards and incentives; and, finally, attention should be paid to the subject of rituals such as frequent ceremonies, and adequate rest. acknowledgements the authors would like to express their gratitude to the editor in chief and anonymous referees, whose insightful remarks considerably improved the paper's quality. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. references abu-jarad, i. y., yusof, n., & nikbin, d. (2010). a review paper on organizational culture and organizational performance. int. j. bus. soc. sci, 1(3), 26-46. alvesson, m., & sveningsson, s. (2008). changing organizational culture: cultural change work in progress. routledge, new york. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203935965 brown, a. d. (1998). organizational culture. financial times. cameron, k. s. & quinn, r.e. (2006). diagnosing and changing organizational culture: based on the competing values framework. jossey-bass and san francisco. cameron, k. s. & quinn, r.e. (2011). diagnosing and changing organizational culture: based on the competing values framework. john wiley and sons. cunliffe, a. l. (2008). organization theory. london: sage publications. davidson, g., coetzee, m. & visser, d. (2007). organizational culture and financial performance in a south african investment bank. sa j. ind. psychol, 33(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v33i1.261 deal, t. e., & kennedy, a.a. (1982). corporate cultures. reading. ma. addison-wesley. denison, d.r. and mishra, a.k. (1995). toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. organization science, 6(2), 204–223. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203935965 https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v33i1.261 pp. 38-53 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 52 derbali, a., & elnagar, a. k. (2020). measuring student and staff satisfaction with the university facilities. virtual economics, 3(3), 25–52. https://doi.org/10.34021/ve.2020.03.03(2) duke ii, j., & edet, g.h. (2012). organizational culture as a determinant of nongovernmental organization performance: primer evidence from nigeria. int. bus. manag, 4(1), 66–75. elnagar, a. k., & derbali, a. (2020). the importance of tourism contributions in egyptian economy. international journal of hospitality and tourism studies (ijhts), 1(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.31559/ijhts2020.1.1.5 elnagar, a.k., & sayed, m. (2021). investigating the relationship between humble leadership behavior and job alienation of employees in egyptian hotels, jaauth, 20(3), 311– 329. https://doi.org/10.21608/jaauth.2021.65801.1145 fekete, h. & bocskei, e. (2011). cultural waves in company performance. res. j. econ. bus, 3, 38–40. gordon, g.g., & ditomaso, n. (1992). predicting corporate performance from organizational culture. journal of management studies, 29, 783–798. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00689.x himmer, n. s. (2013). how does organizational culture influence the performance of luxury hotels based on the example of the ritz-carlton hotel company l.l.c? (unpublished master dissertation). modulvienna university. the uk. proquest dissertations and theses. hofstede, g., neuijen, b., ohayv, d.d., & sanders, g. (1990). measuring organizational cultures: a qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. adm. sci. q, 35 (2), 286. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393392 karim, m. (2010). relationship between corporate culture and organizational effectiveness: a case study on zain telecommunication limited. kotter, j. p., & heskett, j.l. (1992). corporate culture and performance. london: free press. koutroumanis, d. a. (2005). behavioral intentions in the full-service restaurant industry: the effect service quality and organizational culture have on customers' intentions to return. (unpublished doctoral dissertation). proquest dissertations and theses. marcoulides, g. a. & heck, r. h. (1993). organizational culture and performance: proposing and testing a model. organ. sci, 4, 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.2.209 mathew, j. (2007). the relationship of organizational culture with productivity and quality: a study of indian software organizations. empl. relat, 29 (6), 677–695. nikpour, a. (2017). the impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: the mediating role of employee’s organizational commitment. international journal of organizational leadership, 6 (1), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2017.60432 øgaard, t., larsen, s., & marnburg, e. (2005). organizational culture and performance– evidence from the fast-food restaurant industry. food serv. technol, 5 (1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-5740.2005.00109.x ogbonna, e., & harris, l. (2000). leadership style, organizational culture, and performance: empirical evidence from uk companies. international journal of human resources management, 11(4), 766–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050075114 oparanma, a.o. (2010). the organizational culture and corporate performance in nigeria. international journal of african studies, 3, 34–40. robbins, s.p. (2005). organizational behavior: concepts, controversies, and applications. prentice-hall. https://doi.org/10.34021/ve.2020.03.03(2) https://doi.org/10.31559/ijhts2020.1.1.5 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350342433_investigating_the_relationship_between_humble_leadership_behavior_and_job_alienation_of_employees_in_egyptian_hotels_drast_allaqt_byn_slwk_alqyadt_almtwadt_walaghtrab_alwzyfy_llamlyn_fy_alfnadq_almsry?_sg%5b0%5d=jk2v9xh2jcuv9qiu5vssqy9rkeci_4c4lljt9b84ql8l0gu-dgong-cp_5wvbvcbrbr88kefhca-s0sqaurxdahe2fixvpi4tbyb2ytx.x09lvhrjr_-abpgh5nhndr3mn6nltfbxjko2tmesm_dypk5hrzf12erhpxliql096myrojzudr3xwtqjlolncq https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350342433_investigating_the_relationship_between_humble_leadership_behavior_and_job_alienation_of_employees_in_egyptian_hotels_drast_allaqt_byn_slwk_alqyadt_almtwadt_walaghtrab_alwzyfy_llamlyn_fy_alfnadq_almsry?_sg%5b0%5d=jk2v9xh2jcuv9qiu5vssqy9rkeci_4c4lljt9b84ql8l0gu-dgong-cp_5wvbvcbrbr88kefhca-s0sqaurxdahe2fixvpi4tbyb2ytx.x09lvhrjr_-abpgh5nhndr3mn6nltfbxjko2tmesm_dypk5hrzf12erhpxliql096myrojzudr3xwtqjlolncq https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00689.x https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.2.209 https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2017.60432 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-5740.2005.00109.x https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050075114 the effect of organizational culture on financial performance: based on cameron and quinn model (cvf) k elnagar, a., abdelkawi, a., elshaer, i., & salama, s. 53 schein, e.h. (1990). organizational culture. american psychologist. 45(2), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.45.2.109 simoneaux, s. & stroud, c. (2014). a strong corporate culture is a key to success. journal of pension benefits. 22(1), 51-53. tseng, s. (2010). the correlation between organizational culture and knowledge conversion on corporate performance. j. knowl. manag, 14(2), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271011032409 uzkurt, c., kumar, r. semihkimzan, h., & eminoğlu, g. (2013). role of innovation in the relationship between organizational culture and firm performance: a study of the banking sector in turkey. eur. j. innov. manag, 16(1), 92–117. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601061311292878 woods, r. h., (1989). more alike than different: the culture of the restaurant industry. cornell hotel and restaurant administration quarterly, 30(2), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088048903000219 xenikou, a. & simosi, m. (2006). organizational culture and transformational leadership as predictors of business unit performance. j. manag. psychol, 21(6), 566–579. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610684409 zakari, m., poku, k. & owusu-ansah, w. (2013). organizational culture and organizational performance: empirical evidence from the banking industry in ghana. international journal of business, humanities, and technology, 3(1), 95–107. zeb, a., akbar, f., hussain, k., safi, a., & zeb, f. (2021). the competing value framework model of organizational culture, innovation and performance, business process management journal, 27 (2), 658-683. https://doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-11-20190464 zheng, w., yang, b., & mclean, g.n. (2010). linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: mediating role of knowledge management. j. bus. res, 63(7), 763–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.06.005 https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.45.2.109 https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271011032409 https://doi.org/10.1108/14601061311292878 https://doi.org/10.1177/001088048903000219 https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610684409 https://doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-11-2019-0464 https://doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-11-2019-0464 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.06.005 1. introduction 2. literature review 2.1. organizational culture concept 2.2. cameron and quinn model (cvf) 2.3. financial performance and organizational culture 3. research methodology 3.1. reliability and validity test of research scale 3.2. research sample opinion about oc types and fp 3.3. research hypothesis test 4. conclusions and recommendations acknowledgements declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 1 (2021), pp. 25-43 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.148 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 25 www.mer-j.com long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis nisantha kurukulasooriya 1, erandathie lelwala 2 1 department of economics, university of ruhuna, matara (sri lanka)  nisantha@econ.ruh.ac.lk 2 department of economics, university of ruhuna, matara (sri lanka)  elwala@econ.ruh.ac.lk published: 16 -03 -2021 available online: 15 -03-2021 accepted: 14 -03 -2021 received: 29 -01 -2021 how to cite: nisantha, k., & erandathie, l. (2021). long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis. management & economics research journal, 3(1), 25-43. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.148 abstract: this study investigates the association between economic growth and tourism in sri lanka using cointegration analysis for the period 1980 to 2019. the analysis was performed using the augmented dickey-fuller test, phillips-perron test, engle-granger cointegration, and granger causality tests. the results revealed a long-run equilibrium relationship among variables while there is a disequilibrium in the short run. the estimated error correction term is theoretically acceptable and approximately 5 per cent yearly correction of its disequilibrium in the short run was found. granger causality test presented a long-run unidirectional causality which is running from tourism to economic growth and thus findings confirm the tourism-led growth hypothesis in sri lanka tourism and development spectrum. corresponding author: department of economics, university of ruhuna, matara (sri lanka). [ nisantha@econ.ruh.ac.lk] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. mailto:nisantha@econ.ruh.ac.lk mailto:elwala@econ.ruh.ac.lk https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.148 mailto:trifu.alex@gmail.com mailto:nisantha@econ.ruh.ac.lk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.148 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.148&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-03-16 http://www.mer-j.com/ long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis nisantha, k., & erandathie , l. 26 therefore, tourism has a significant positive impact on economic activities in the long run. findings further emphasize that benefits of the economic development must be transferred to the further development of tourism to maintain a bilateral causality which is an important concept in this regard. it provides the rationale for the further development of productive policy strategies to attract more tourists to the country and upsurge visitor expenditures during their stay in sri lanka since sri lanka has significantly developed its accommodation capacities. findings further reveal that the tourism sector must be developed parallel to the economic development to boost the growth through tourism. therefore, all sectors, the government, private bodies, and voluntary organizations must become active partners in this endeavour, and policy implications need the focus of every aspect of enhancing tourism as a growth engine. keywords: tourism, economic growth, empirical evidence, sri lanka. jel codes: c1, o47, z32. 1. introduction travel and tourism is one of the largest and fastest-growing sectors of the global economy while there is a significant interrelationship between tourism and economic growth in many developing countries. tourism is one of the crucial components of many national economies (tse, 2001). while tourism is a leisure and pleasure market, it also performances as an economic activity that develops according to economic forces. according to wanhill (1994), tourism is a demand-led industry whose influence pervades many different sectors of the economy. tourism may be considered as an export and import industry according to the economic theory of trade. it involves different types of organizations and individuals in their business activities. therefore, one can argue that tourism is contributing to the economic development of a destination country in its business form. according to the extant literature from developed and developing countries, the tourism industry and economic growth are interrelated to some extent (chou, 2013; du et al., 2016; bianchi & man, 2020). therefore, tourism is considered as one of the important sectors of small economies too in terms of economic growth. therefore, sri lanka as a small developing economy, an island, and a famous tourism destination in south asia, must focus its policy agenda towards enhancing tourism-related activities in terms of the economic growth of the country. sri lanka's tourism sector evidenced a smooth and significant growth from 1978 to 1982. afterwards, this smooth growth of the tourism sector has interrupted due to uncontrollable interventions such as the ethnic pp. 25-43 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 27 war that prevailed over three decades, the tsunami in 2004, many terrorist attacks including the easter sunday attack in 2019, and the covid 19 pandemic which has completely collapsed sri lanka's tourism industry. accordingly, it has observed frequent irregular swings in foreign tourist arrivals due to these disturbances. therefore, from 1982 to today the tourism sector in sri lanka has not shown a smooth growth process. the highest arrivals in the history of sri lanka tourism were reported in 2018, which was reported in the post-war period and amounted to 253,169 heads. this is a result of the end of the civil war that prevailed for 30 years. the tourism sector in sri lanka has shown its proven ability to generate income and employment in both formal and informal sectors. according to sltad (sri lanka tourism development authority) (2019), the direct employment generation of tourism has amounted to 173,592 employees while its indirect employment creation approximated to 229,015 heads. it is the third foreign exchange earner to sri lanka and tourism contributes to the sri lanka economy by 4.3 per cent of the gdp. the foreign exchange earnings from tourism amounted to us$ 3606.9 million in 2019. therefore, it is not possible to underestimate the importance and contribution of tourism to the development of the sri lanka economy. it is obvious that the developed economies can attract particularly business travellers which enhances the foreign reserve of such countries. if sri lanka focuses its policy agenda towards attracting business travellers a similar impact can be expected. as one of the famous tourist destinations in the south asian region, sri lanka expanded its tourist industry for several decades though there were some significant disturbances on tourism. therefore, it provides a sufficient time span to examine whether the development of the international tourism industry has significantly contributed to the country´s economic development after introducing the economic reforms and new open economic policies in 1978. since many developing economies are focusing on tourism as one of the growth determinants, sri lanka policymakers also paid attention to enhancing tourism as a growth engine. currently, it is the third segment of the economy in terms of generating foreign earnings. therefore, there is an upsurge interest in the role of tourism as a growth factor recently. accordingly, the economic policies of the country frequently have been focusing on the promotion of foreign tourism. however, the understanding of the mechanism behind the nexus between economic growth and the growth of tourism is still vague. in such a context, it is an important research endeavour to investigate whether tourism can lead to economic growth in practice. its policy implications are also significant since tourism long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis nisantha, k., & erandathie , l. 28 plays an important role in the sri lanka economy with multiplier effects. accordingly, the main objective of this study is to investigate whether and, if so, to what extent the tourism growth responds to the development of the sri lanka economy during the period 1980-2019. a two-year grace period is allowed for implementing the new economic policies that were introduced in 1978. the discourse of this investigation refers to the literature as the tourism-led growth hypothesis. as in the export-led growth hypothesis, it hypothesizes that tourism would be the main determinant of overall long-run economic growth with many arguments. such varied arguments are to be discussed in the next segment of the study. 1. literature review the relationship between tourism development and economic growth has been a popular topic in the recent discourse of tourism literature (kim & chen, 2006; arslanturk, balcilar, & ozdemir, 2011). there are three different perspectives on the causal association between tourism growth and economic growth. the most discussed and emphasized perspective claims that tourism sector developments lead to economic growth. the extant literature refers to this perspective as the tourism-led growth (tlg) hypothesis (lean & tang, 2009; katircioglu, 2009; akinboade & braimoh, 2010). the second perspective argues that economic development provides infrastructural development on the development of the tourism industry. the extant literature refers to this perspective as a growth-led tourism hypothesis (jackman, 2012; mishra & pradhan, 2019). their argument emphasizes two-way causation between tourism development and economic development. according to the extant literature, this perspective argues that there should be a bi-directional causality between tourism and economic growth (corrie, stoeckl, & chaiechi, 2013; tugcu, 2014; kumar, loganathan, patel, & kumar, 2015). the current study focuses on the first argument of the literature. the contribution of tourism to economic growth has been confirmed in the literature with conflicting results (corrie, stoeckl, & chaiechi, 2013; chou, 2013; samimi, sadeghi, & sadeghi, 2011; lean & tang, 2009; demiroz & ongan, 2005). accordingly, many developing countries were able to upsurge the government revenue significantly through the development of international tourism. in some cases, more than 50 per cent of government revenue has been generated by the tourism sector(bird, 1991). most of the available research in this area emphasise economic contribution to tourism growth and these studies completely ignore the pp. 25-43 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 29 inefficiency involved in the tourism sector (wicrmasinghe & ihalanayake, 2006). in the case of the causal relationship between tourism and economic growth, a limited number of studies are available in the sri lankan context (ranasinghe & deyshappriya, 2010; wicrmasinghe & ihalanayake, 2006) while plenty of studies in other developing countries. mishraet al. (2011), samimiet al. (2011) kreishan (2010) and lee and chang (2008) are some of the recent studies that investigate the relationship between tourism and economic growth. wickramasinghe and ihalanayeka (2006) examined the causal nexus between gross domestic product (gdp) and international tourist receipts in sri lanka using cointegration and granger causality tests. they have proven that a long-run equilibrium relationship between gdp and tourism receipt is existing. the causal nexus is moving from tourism receipts to the gdp of sri lanka. the significance of tourism in the sri lankan economy from 1970 to 2008 was considered by ranasinghe and deyshappriya (2011) in their study. the relationship between economic performance and tourism revenue was analysed using time series data and concluded that tourism plays an important role in economic development. however, this conclusion is suspicious because the major drawback of their study is that it has not utilized a comprehensive econometric approach such as granger causality or cointegration despite the non-stationarity of time series data used for the study. mishra et al. (2011) examined the dynamic relationship between tourism sector expansion and economic growth in india for the period from 1978 to 2009. cointegration, error correction and granger causality tests were employed in their study for data analysis. findings confirmed the tourism-led growth hypothesis maintained earlier for other countries that tourism has a positive impact on the economic activity and hence, the gdp growth of india for the long–run. samimi et al. (2011) examined the causality and long-run relationships between economic growth and tourism development in 20 developing countries using vector autoregressive (var) approach for the period expanding from 1995 to 2009. the findings of samimi et al. (2011) further reveal that there is a bilateral causality and positive long-run relationship between economic growth and tourism development in those countries. there is evidence for developing countries to enhance the tourism sector through government involvement (samimi et al., (2011); mishra et al., 2011). according to kreishan (2010), there is a causal relationship between tourism earnings and economic growth (gdp) for jordan and the long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis nisantha, k., & erandathie , l. 30 investigation is based on the annual time series data that covers the time period from 1970 to 2009. this study is also based on the two popular methods in literature namely, granger causality as well as johansen's cointegration. kreishan (2010), provides evidence for the existence of unidirectional causality which is running from tourism to economic growth. therefore, evidence from jordan is consistent with samimi et al. (2011) and mishra et al. (2011) and confirms the tourism led growth hypothesis and therefore the focus on the operation of productive tourism-related policy strategies are confirmed. according to the existing literature, different methodological approaches have been practised in investigating the causal nexus between tourism and economic growth. lee and chang (2008)are such an example. lee and chang (2008) employed a new heterogeneous panel cointegration technique for their endeavour. their emphasis is different when compared to samimi et al. (2011) and mishra et al. (2011) in terms of techniques and geographical area (oecd and non-oecd countries) and the focus. according to lee and chang (2008), economic growth has a greater impact when tourism receipts are considered and the real impact is varying for different countries. their findings are vital. a unidirectional causal relationship between tourism developments to economic growth was investigated in oecd countries whereas two-way causation was explored for non-oecd countries. lee and chang (2008) further reveal that causal relationship is weak to some extent for asia and this conclusion generate controversial findings for asia. according to the discussion hitherto, the causal relationship between tourism and economic growth is ambiguous. it depends on different contexts and thus is unable to reach a definite conclusion. therefore, it is important to study the causal relationships between tourism and economic growth in different frameworks. consequently, it will be able to understand how different plans of action interact with the causality between tourism and economic growth and thereby implement respective policy recommendations for different contexts. consequently, the current study aimed at reinvestigating the causality issue between tourism and economic growth for different time horizons using different econometric methodologies in the sri lankan context. 2. methods and materials this study employs several econometric methods to examine the relationship between gdp and tourism revenue (tr) over the period 1980-2019. annual time series data was employed and the data sources pp. 25-43 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 31 annual reports of the central bank of sri lanka (cbsl) and different issues of annual tourism statistics published by sri lanka tourism development authority (sltda). a logarithmic form of original data was employed since it provides some benefits for time series modelling. the empirical analysis based on the three variables i.e. gdp, tr and one period lagged gdp ( ) assuming that the previous time economic growth is pushing the next time growth. the engle-granger two-step single equation error correction model was employed for the analysis since this study does not assume more than one cointegration relationship according to the nature of the data employed. the single equation model proposed by engle-granger allows searching for the short-term equilibrium relationships too. therefore, the current study utilizes engle-granger single equation approach to investigate the long-run causality as well as short-run dynamics. according to phillips (1986), regression models that include nonstationary time series variables provide misleading results. accordingly, the current study is conducted in three stages. the first stage determines the stationarity of variables using unit root tests. cointegration tests are carried out in the second stage to investigate the long-run equilibrium relationships between variables. when two-time series variables move towards the same direction with comovements, these variables are jointly cointegrated (gujarati, 2003, p.822). in the third step, the granger causality among variables is investigated. if a one-time series variable provides statistically significant information to predict the future values of another time series, these time series are said to be a granger cause (granger, 1969). the same order of integration among variables is a prerequisite for the existence of the long-run equilibrium relationship (gujarati, 2003, p.805). accordingly, tourism revenues (tr) and economic growth (gdp growth) must follow the same order of integration for the existence of the long-run equilibrium relationship between the two variables. this property of time series variables can be investigated with help of different unit root tests. both the augmented dickey-fuller (adf) and phillips-perron unit root tests are used to determine the stationarity of variables (dickey and fuller, 1979). the following equations are estimated to achieve the needful. since the random walk process may have different behaviours, several important decisions on the time series process are required. consequently, it is assumed that the data generating processes for this study follow a random walk process without drift, or it may have a drift, or it may have both deterministic and stochastic trends in the unit root testing process. accordingly, three different forms of the unit root regressions are estimated to test three different null hypotheses. long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis nisantha, k., & erandathie , l. 32 when follows just a random walk process(no drift and no trend) the equation (1) is estimated. ∆ = + ∑ ∆ + (1) when followed by just a random walk process with a drift component the equation (2) is estimated. ∆ = + + ∑ ∆ + (2) when followed by just a random walk process with a drift around the deterministic trend component the equation (3) is estimated. ∆ = + + + ∑ ∆ + (3) the three different null hypotheses are tested traditionally as onesided tests. the null hypotheses involve the testing for = 0 versus the alternative hypothesis < 0. therefore, more negativity of the test statistic aids the rejection of the null hypothesis in practice. if the null hypothesis is rejected under any condition, subsequent differences of variables should be obtained until achieving the stationarity. if the null hypothesis does not reject at the fit stage, variables can be used in their level forms. this study also utilises the phillips-perron (pp) test to analyse the unit root properties of variables (phillips and perron, 1988). the pp test is more robust compared to adf test wherever in the presence of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity among variables. pp test uses neweywest (1987) heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix estimator in testing the unit-roots. under the null hypothesis, pp test follows the same asymptotic distributions as the adf tau-statistic. researchers do not want to specify a lag length for the test regression. pp test estimates the regression equation (4). = + + (4) : = 1 and : < 1 are the respective null and alternative hypotheses and these hypotheses are tested based on nonparametric estimation procedure. after the determination of the order of integration of the variables, the residual-based engle-granger cointegration approach is used to investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship between gdp and tr. the pp. 25-43 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 33 problem of formally testing for cointegration in a bivariate system was analyzed in detail by engle and granger (1987). engle and granger suggested a simple two-step approach to the problem and the cointegration test aimed at determining whether single-equation estimates of the equilibrium error appeared to be stationary. in order to analyze a cointegration relationship between gdp and tr, the cointegration equation (5) was estimated; = + + + (5) stock (1987) has shown that the estimators and in equation (5) are super consistent. the equation (5) can be estimated using different methods as in literature. the current study proposes the three different approaches namely; 1) fully modified ordinary least squares (fmols) estimation proposed by phillips and hansen (1990), 2) canonical cointegration regression (ccr) estimation proposed by park (1992) and 3) dynamic ordinary least squares (dols) estimation proposed by saikkonen (1992) and stock and watson (1993). in any of the suggested approaches, when the residuals of cointegration equations (5) are stationary, the variables in the equation are considered cointegrated. in other words, stationary residuals in equation (5) imply that the two variables gdp and tr follow a long-run equilibrium relationship (brooks, 2008). 3. empirical analysis and discussions this study was entirely based on secondary data i.e., time-series data obtained from the annual reports of sltda and cbsl. since the study utilizes annual time series data, it is worthwhile to plot the time series to detect the time-series properties of variables. the main two variables, gdp and tr, employed for the analysis are frequently hindered by inflation and thus probably depicts different oscillations in the time-series plot. therefore, the two variables were measured in terms of millions of us dollars. figure 1. represents the time series plot of gdp and tr for the sample period and the visual impression of the time series plot confirms that there are co-movements between gdp and tr. over the full-time span, both the variables depict a similar movement. even though it has observed a slight deviation of the motion path of the two variables in recent years, twotime series were able to maintain the particular co-movements. both the tourism industry and economic growth of sri lanka has steepened after long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis nisantha, k., & erandathie , l. 34 2009 as the result of the end of the ethnic war in 2009. figure 1. time series plot of gdp and tourism revenue 1978 – 2018 (rs. million) therefore, figure 1; provides adequate evidence to continue the empirical analysis towards cointegration analysis. as the first stage of the empirical analysis, it is required to determine the order of integration of the time series variables since the non-stationary variables may produce spurious results. therefore, the analysis technically proceeds with conducting the unit root test of adf and pp tests for the variables. the logarithms of variables are employed for the analysis since logarithmic values remove the unwanted oscillations of time series and estimates can be interpreted as elasticity values. 3.1 results of unit root tests table 1. results of adf unit root test variable constant with trend level first -difference conclusion level first -difference conclusion lngdp -0.53784 -4.87629** i(1) -1.91998 -4.83128** i(1) lntr -2.23046 -4.23559** i(1) -2.04827 -4.54294** i(1) ** and * denote the statistical significance of the unit root hypothesis under mackinnon critical values at 1% and 5% respectively tables 1. and 2. present the results of the unit tests of adf and pp 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 $ m ill io ns year gdp pp. 25-43 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 35 tests respectively. unit root testing has been done at level form variables and for their first differences. further, unit-roots run under the conditions of assuming a constant as well as the trend. the results of unit root tests (in level) indicate that the null hypothesis of the unit root cannot be rejected at 1 per cent and 5 per cent levels of significance for both types of tests. however, the null hypothesis of unit root is rejected at 1 per cent and 5 per level of significance when the test is run on the first differences of respective variables. this suggests that the data are stationary (or integrated) at first difference but not in level form. table 2. results of phillip-perron unit root test ** and * denote rejection of a unit root null hypothesis based on mackinnon critical values at 1% and 5% respectively 3.2 results of cointegration test when all the time series variables follow the same order of integration, a single equation cointegration test proposed by engle and granger (1987) can be performed to investigate the long-run equilibrium inherited among variables. accordingly, the estimation procedure proposed by engle and granger (1987) was employed on international tourism receipts (tr) and real gdp and lagged values of the real gdp in sri lanka. the empirical results of the single-equation cointegration models are summarized in table 3. findings revealed that gdp and tr are cointegrated under “with constant” and “with constant and trend” situations. table 3. results of cointegration tests variable with constant with constant and trend tau-statistic z-statistic tau-statistic z-statistic -4.52412 (0.0041) -68.56140 (0.0000) -4.73885 (0.0097) -77.60723 (0.0000) -3.41301 (0.0030) -57.49030 (0.0000) -3.62663 (0.0071) -56.60203 (0.0000) ltr -4.04747 (0.0138) -42.88294 (0.0000) -4.53267 (0.0159) -57.70507 (0.000) table 4. reports the results of econometric estimation of long-run relationships between real gdp gdpt-1 and tr. these estimates were obtained through different estimation procedures; namely; fully modified variable constant with trend level first -difference conclusion level first -difference conclusion -0.20071 -4.89261** i(1) -1.80970 -4.78947** i(1) -0.20011 -4.58712** i (1) -1.79078 -4. 47713** i (1) -2.13374 -4.24239** i(1) -2.01159 -4.55437** i(1) long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis nisantha, k., & erandathie , l. 36 least squares (fmols), canonical cointegrating regression (ccr) and dynamic least squares (dols) where these methods were proposed to correct the biased of estimation of cointegration relationship using ols in single-equation contexts as noted earlier. fmols and ccr estimates provide similar results when slightly different results are given in the dols estimates. findings reveal that tourism revenue contributes by around 9 per cent to economic growth in sri lanka over the period from 1980to 2019. further, it reveals that previous growth also controls the current growth by approximately 20 per cent. table 4. results of long – run relationship of gdp and tr dependent variable: lgdp estimation method coefficient estimate s.e. p-value fully modified least squares (fmols) 0.092065 0.220144 8.306651 0.024463 0.001121 0.006870 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 canonical cointegrating regression (ccr) 0.094965 0.213304 8.811236 0.021765 0.003343 0.011410 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 dynamic least squares (dols) 0.144869 0.201123 8.660293 0.026633 0.022456 0.100023 0.0003 0.0005 0.0011 3.3. results of parsimonious error correction model in the previous section, it was revealed that there is a long-run relationship between tourism revenue and economic growth in sri lanka. in the short run, there may be deviations from this equilibrium and it needs to confirm whether such disequilibrium converges to the long-run equilibrium. error correction mechanism (ecm) can be used to produce precise shortrun dynamics and it provides the rate of convergence (correction of the disequilibrium per time unit) to equilibrium. consequently, the error correction mechanism reconciles the short-run and long-run behaviour. the optimal lag length is required for obtaining the accurate and valid estimation of the error correction model. the optimal lag length was 1 for the system and it was determined according to the schwarz information criterion (sic). the empirical results of the estimation of the error correction model are reported in table 5. the model coefficients and their respective p-values are presented. the empirical results confirm the statistical significance and the negativity of the error-correction term (ec) at the 1 per cent level of significance (p < 0.01). the estimated coefficient (-0.0479) shows the rate pp. 25-43 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 37 of convergence to the equilibrium in the short run. precisely, the speed of adjustment of any disequilibrium towards a long-run equilibrium is about 4.8 per cent and therefore the disequilibrium in real gdp is corrected by 4.5 per cent per year. table 5. error correction estimates (ols): short run dynamics error correction model coefficient p-value constant ∆lntr ∆lngdpt-1 ec 0.0979 0.0600 0.0955 -0.0479 0.0018 0.0613 0.0069 0.0008 adjusted r2 ( 2) 0.4243 durbin –watson statistic (dw) 1.8534 standard error of residuals 0.0361 diagnostic tests type of the test statistic value p-value normality: chi square 2 (3) heteroscedasticity lm test (tr2) stability of parameters reset squares and cubes f(3,37) squares only f(2,38) cubes only f(2,38) serial correlation lm f(2,38) 1.0250 5.4450 0.8368 1.5176 1.5035 1.0157 0.2048 0.8580 0.5176 0.7678 0.7647 0.6282 all values in table 5. are reported after rounding off to four decimal places. the normality of residuals is accepted at the 5 per cent level of significance since it does not reject the null hypothesis of normality ( ( ) = 1.025, p = 0.2048> 0.05) and this significance result warrants that the most important assumption of the model is satisfied. the model is also free from the heteroscedasticity problem, too since the null hypothesis of no heteroscedasticity in the model is accepted under a 5 per cent level of significance (p=0.8580> 0.05). it is necessary to test the model residuals for serial correlation for its validity. lm test provides the standard way of investigating the serial correlation among residuals. according to the empirical results, the null hypothesis of no serial correlation among residuals does not reject at the 5 per cent level (p=0.6282> 0.05). this conclusion is highly consistent with the durbin watson test (dw =1.8534) and implies that there is no first-order positive serial correlation among long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis nisantha, k., & erandathie , l. 38 residuals. this empirical investigation employed ramsey’s reset test to test for model specification errors. the test reveals that there is not any form of misspecification by rejecting the null hypothesis of no misspecification errors in the model at any traditional levels of significance (p>0.0000). accordingly, the validity of the estimated model is confirmed. 3.4 results from granger causality tests granger (1988) stated that if there is a cointegration relationship between two variables, the granger causality is operating at least in one direction. it is also pointed out that negative and statistically significant error correction term implies a long-run causality between the variables considered. table 6. provides a statistical investigation of the causal nexus between lgdp and ltr for sri lanka. two different hypotheses were tested to detect the granger causality and which was solely based on the theoretically accepted f test. f test requires optimal lag lengths and it was based on the smallest values of akaike information criteria (aic). the empirical findings are given in table 6. provides evidence for a one-way causal relationship and moves from tourism to economic growth. accordingly, the development of tourism in terms of its revenue is one of the important determinants of the economic growth in sri lanka. table 6. granger causality test null hypothesis f-statistic p-value conclusion lgdp does not granger cause ltr ltr does not granger cause lgdp 1.23255 3.43668 0.3135 0.0280 does not the null hypothesis. reject the null hypothesis. 4. conclusion it is a very fundamental question for policymakers whether international tourism can lead to economic growth for many developing economies. because policymakers of such economies are struggling to decide how to invest public revenue in terms of the long-run economic livelihood of citizens. tourism is one such alternative. the extant literature in tourism has significantly proven that there is a positive relationship between international tourism and economic growth. many of the studies of tourism and growth have combined into the tourism-led growth hypothesis which was tested by tourism researchers using different econometric modelling approaches. pp. 25-43 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 39 the current tourism research frequently employs the tourism-led growth hypothesis to investigate the growth mechanism underlying the positive association between economic growth and tourism. accordingly, this study investigates the nexus between real economic growth in terms of real gdp and tourism real earnings from tourism in sri lanka applying the single equation cointegration analysis proposed by engle and granger. the results revealed that there is a cointegration relationship between economic growth and tourism. therefore, the growth mechanism discovered a longrun equilibrium relationship though there is a disequilibrium in the shortrun. accordingly, the findings of this study confirm the tourism-led growth hypothesis to the sri lankan economy where it has been maintained earlier for other developing countries. these findings are consistent with wicramasinghe and ihalanayake (2006) though they have employed an entirely different technique as well as the different time horizon for their study. therefore, the empirical findings reveal that the correlation between tourism and economic growth is further continuing in the sri lankan economy. findings further emphasise the necessity of long term strategies that relate to the bidirectional development between tourism and the economy in sri lanka. therefore, government involvement is a must for the development of productive tourism development strategies to increase visitor arrivals as well as visitor expenditures during their stay in sri lanka to benefit its economy to a greater extent. even though the government implies that there are many activities initiated to develop international tourism-related activities, empirical evidence of this study rejects the economic–driven tourism-growth hypothesis. this raises the question of whether tourism has grown in line with sri lanka's economic growth. according to the report of the tourist board and the central bank, a huge amount of money is invested annually for the advancement of the tourism industry. the question then arises as to why this is not shown in an empirical study. there are two possible reasons. first, is the money actually allocated to the tourism industry being spent on it? second, whether the expenditure incurred on the tourism industry is utilized efficiently? this is an important future research issues emanating from the findings of this study. therefore, in a future investigation one can address the efficiency of the sri lankan tourism industry in terms of inputs and outputs and the economies of scale. the findings of the study provide several policy conclusions. although sri lanka has limited resources for its development process, the investment in the tourism industry is huge. therefore, there is no need for further investment and what is needed is the implementation of policies to long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis nisantha, k., & erandathie , l. 40 increase the number of tourists arriving and their stay in the country. although the 30-year long ethnic war in sri lanka is over, the occasional terrorist turns to ensure that sri lanka is not a safe destination. therefore, strategic planning is necessary to safeguard sri lanka as one of the safest destinations in the world for tourists. the tourism sector and the sri lankan government need to implement a cooperated sustainable tourism strategic plan collectively. references akinboade, o., & braimoh, l. a. (2010). international tourism and economic development in south africa: a granger causality test. international journal of tourism research, 12, 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.743 arslanturk, y., balcilar, m., & ozdemir, z. a. (2011). time-varying linkages between tourism receipts and economic growth in a small open economy. economic modelling, 28(1-2), 664-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.06.003 asian development bank. (2011). asian development outlook: update 2011. philippines: asian development bank. https://doi.org/10.22617/fls200256-3 bianchi, r. v., & man, f. d. (2020). tourism, inclusive growth and decent work: a political economy critique. journal of sustainable tourism, 29(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1730862 bird, r. m. (1992). taxing tourism in developing countries. world development, 20, 1145-1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305750x(92)90006-h brooks, c. (2008). introductory econometrics for finance (2nd ed.). new york: cambridge university press. central bank of sri lanka. (1980-2019). .annual reports. colombo: cbsl. chou, m. c. (2013). does tourism development promote economic growth in transition countries? a panel data analysis. economic modelling, 33, 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.04.024 corrie, k., stoeckl, n., & chaiechi, t. (2013). tourism and economic growth in australia: an empirical investigation of causal links. tourism economics, 19(6), 1317-1344. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0241 demiroz, d. m., & ongan, s. (2005). the contribution of tourism to the long-run turkish economic growth. journal of economics, 9(53), 880-894. dickey, d., & fuller, w. (1979). distribution of the estimators for https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.743 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.06.003 https://doi.org/10.22617/fls200256-3 https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1730862 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(92)90006-h https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(92)90006-h https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.04.024 https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0241 pp. 25-43 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 41 autoregressive time series with a unit root. journal of the american statistical association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531 du, d., ng, p., & lew, a. a. (2016). tourism and economic growth. journal of travel research, 55(4), 454-464. engle, r., & granger, c. w. (1987). co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing. econometrica, 55(2), 251276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236 granger, c. w. (1988). some recent development in a concept of causality. journal of econometrics, 39, 199-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/03044076(88)90045-0 gujarati, d. n. (2005). basic econometrics (4th ed.). singapore: the mcgraw−hill. jackman, m. (2012). revisiting the tourism led growth hypothesis for barbados: a disaggregated market approach. regional and sectoral economic studies, 12(2), 15-26. katircioglu, s. (2009). revising the tourism-led-growth hypothesis for turkey using the bounds test and johansen approach for cointegration. tourism management, 30, 17-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.004 kim, h. j., & chen, m. h. (2006). tourism expansion and economic development: the case of taiwan. tourism management, 27(5), 925-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.011 kreishan, f. m. (2010). tourism and economic growth: the case of jordan. european journal of social sciences, 15(2), 229-234. kumar, r. r., loganathan, n., patel, a., & kumar, r. d. (2015). nexus between tourism earnings and economic growth: a study of malaysia. quality & quantity, 49(3), 1101-1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0037-4 lean, h. h., & tang, c. f. (2009). is the tourism-led growth hypothesis stable for malaysia? a note. international journal of tourism research, 12(4), 375-378. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.759 lee, c. c., & chang, c. p. (2008). tourism development and economic growth: a closer look at panels. tourism management, 29, 180-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.02.013 mishra, p. k., rout, h. b., & mohapatra, s. s. (2011). causality between tourism and economic growth: empirical evidence from india. european journal of social sciences, 18(4), 518-527. mishra, p., & pradhan, b. (2019). empirics of tourism-led growth in india, 1995 to 2016. journal of environmental management and tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531 https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(88)90045-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(88)90045-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.011 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0037-4 https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.759 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.02.013 long-run nexus of tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: empirical evidence using cointegration analysis nisantha, k., & erandathie , l. 42 9(6), 1190-1201. https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.6(30).08 newey, w. k., & west, k. d. (1987). a simple positive semidefinite, heteroscedasticity consistent covariance matrix. econometrica, 55, 703-708. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913610 park, y. j. (1992). canonical cointegrating regression. econometrica, 60, 119-143. phillips, c. b. (1986). understanding spurious regressions in econometrics. journal of econometrics, 33, 311-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/03044076(86)90001-1 phillips, c. b. (1988). testing for a unit root in time series regression. biometrica, 75(3), 335-346. phillips, c. b., & hansen, b. e. (1990). statistical interference in instrumental variable regression with i (1) process. review of economic studies, 57, 99-125. ranasinghe, r., & deyshappriya, r. (2010). analysing the significance of tourism on sri lankan economy: an econometric analysis. conference proceedings (pp. 1-19). kelaniya: university of kelaniya. saikkonen, p. (1992). estimation and testing of cointegrated system by an autoregressive approximation. econometric theory, 8, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600010720 samimi, a. j., sadeghi, s., & sadeghi, s. (2011). tourism and economic growth in developing countries: p-var approach. middle-east journal of scientific research, 10(1), 28-32. sri lanka tourism development authority. (2019). annual tourism statistics (different issues). colombo: sltda. stock, j. h. (1987). asymptotic properties of least square estimators of cointergrating vectors. econometrica, 55, 1035-1056. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911260 stock, j. h., & watson, m. (1993). a simple estimation of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated system. econometrica, 61, 873820. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951763 tse, r. y. (2001). estimating the impact of economic factors on tourism: evidence from hong kong. tourism economics, 7(3), 277-293. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000001101297874 tugcu, c. t. (2014). tourism and economic growth nexus revisited: a panel causality analysis for the case of the mediterranean region. tourism management, 42, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.12.007 wanhill, s. r. (1994). evaluating the worth of investment incentives for https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.6(30).08 https://doi.org/10.2307/1913610 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(86)90001-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(86)90001-1 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600010720 https://doi.org/10.2307/1911260 https://doi.org/10.2307/2951763 https://doi.org/10.5367/000000001101297874 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.12.007 pp. 25-43 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 43 tourism development. journal of travel research, 33(2), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759403300206 wickremasinghe, g. b., & ihalanayake, r. (2006, december 10). the causal relationship between tourism and economic growth in sri lanka: some empirical evidence. 1-17. victoria university. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759403300206 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 1 (2021), pp. 76-94 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.150 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 76 www.mer-j.com determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017) tonia akindutire 1 1lecturer, banking and finance department, afe babalola university, ado-ekiti, ekiti state (nigeria) toniaakindutire@gmail.com published: 16 -03 -2021 available online: 27 -01-2021 accepted: 18 -01 -2020 received: 09 -11 -2020 how to cite: akindutire, t. (2021). determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017). management & economics research journal, 3(1), 76-94. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.150 abstract: the study examined those factors that determine the deposit money bank's lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria using annual time series data spanning from 1986 to 2017. secondary data were sourced majorly from cbn statistical bulletin (2017). in measuring the variables, determinants of deposit money bank lending behaviour to private sector were subjected to bank-specific factors, regulation factors, financial deepening and macroeconomic factors. the bank-specific factors were proxied by volume of deposit (vd) and lending rate (ldr), regulation factor was proxied by reserve requirement (rsr), financial deepening was proxied by the ratio of the money supply to gdp (m2g) while macroeconomic variables were proxied by inflation (inf). the estimation techniques used for the study were the augmented dickey-fuller test, pairwise granger causality test and autoregressive distributed lag (ardl). corresponding author: afe babalola university, ado-ekiti (nigeria). [toniaakindutire@gmail.com] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1727-8538 mailto:toniaakindutire@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.150 mailto:trifu.alex@gmail.com mailto:toniaakindutire@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.148 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.150&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-03-16 http://www.mer-j.com/ determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017) akindutire, t. 77 it was found that the variables in the series were integrated of difference order l(0) and l(1) and there was a significant relationship between bank lending behaviours and the identified determinants. in addition, it was revealed that the variables move in the long run, however, among the variables of interest, the volume of deposit and m2g determines bank lending behaviour in the short and long run while rsr, inf and ldr retard lending to private sector. the study also found that causality runs from the volume of deposits to private sector credit. hence, the study concluded that there is a significant relationship between bank lending behaviour private sector and its determinants. it was recommended that bank lending rate should be brought down or flexible to meet up the categories of borrowers since there is common knowledge that high-interest rate discourages borrowers and influences banks to select bad loan offer which may affect the bank returns in the long run. secondly, the reserve requirement dictated by cbn on deposit money banks should be reduced so as to enable banks to be more liquid for the private sector to access funds for their productive purposes and lastly, inflation should be made below 2 digits, as inflation above a digit may be unfriendly to economy activities thereby affecting the private-sector output which is germane to the economic growth. keywords: private sector, bank lending, macroeconomic factor, ardl. jel codes: g21, e21, e24, c25. 1. introduction the private sector of the economy comprises economic sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture, service, construction and trade sector (ayodeji & ajala, 2018). these sectors are so important in their contributions to economic growth, since economic growth is the add up of all the outputs produced by these sectors, as a result, the federal government in her wisdom has categorized them based on their importance, which is preferred and less preferred sector. the reason for this lies in motivating banks to extend credit to the preferred sector because they are a catalyst to rapid economic development in an economy as evidenced in many advanced countries such as the united states of america, japan, germany, united kingdom etc. more importantly, continuous growths of these sectors automatically help in the improvement of other small industries and at the same time, employ the labour force and earn foreign exchange earnings to the government through the exportation of their produce. the above is supported by many empirical studies both in developed and developing economies on emphasizing the importance of the private sector in inducing economic growth (ajibola, 2015; ganiyu, eboreime, pp. 76-94 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 78 adam & belonwu, 2017). hence, for the private sector to continue to spur growth in an economy there is a need for finance (king & levine, 1993). these can be sourced through the banking sector, especially money deposit banks in form of credit and it can either be in short-term, medium-term or long-term forms. however, while short term credit can be used in financing working capital, mediumand long-term credit can majorly be used in financing long term investment for productive purposes. however, looking at the trend of deposit money banks credit to the private sector in the last 32 years, it was discovered that credit to the private sector of the economy has been fluctuating. analytically, in 1986, % the growth rate of deposit money banks credit to the private sector was 52.47%, but there was a drastic decline from 1987 to 1990 from 38% to 10.34%. from 1991 to 1993, there was an increase recorded on credit to private sector from 23.26% to 118.70%, however, there was a decline in 1994 to 12% but 1997 to 1999, there was an upward trend in the private sector credit from 25.51% to 32.53%. again in 1998, there was also a decline to 11.31%, however, from 1991 to 2001 private credit increased by 22.51% to 44.23%. unfortunately, between 2002 and 2003, there was a decline from 21.64% to 17.84%. in 2004and 2005, there was also an increase recorded which stood at 29% for the two years. there was a decline in 2006 but in 2007 and 2008, there was an increase in the credit channelled to the private sector. in 2009, there was a decrease to 47.22% and it continues until it enters into a negative decrease in 2010 by -3.81. in 2011, the banks bounced back from global financial crises and recorded a 44.28% increase in the private sector, however, since 2012 till date, the credit to the private sector has been on the decrease in which as of 2017, it was 1.40% (cbn, 2017). figure 1. the percentage growth rate of banks credit to private sector in nigeria (19862017) source: cbn statistical bulletin of various editions (20.00) 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 % growth rate of credit determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017) akindutire, t. 79 from the above analytical stance of deposit money banks credit to the private sector, there is a need to ask what factors are responsible for the decline and increase in the growth of credit to the private sector of the economy. there have been many studies on the effect of private sector credit on economic growth (malaki,2014; mamman & hashim, 2014; ajibola, 2015; ganiyu et al. 2017). however, there is limited study in the area of determinants or factors responsible for the lending behaviour of banks to the private sector. while some studies supported bank size as the determinant of bank lending behaviour, some others supported that it is deposit volume, interest rate and economic growth. unfortunately, few studies have incorporated financial deepening and regulation factors as determinants so as to see how they have influenced bank lending to the private sector in nigeria. hence, due to few studies in this area, this study is imitated to fill the gap. 2. literature review banks and their lending constitute important and active inducers to the economic growth and development of a country (ajibola, 2015; alkhazaleh, 2017). it has been acknowledged that, if the banking system of a country is effective, efficient, disciplined and sound, it brings about rapid growth in the various sectors of the economy (melanie, 2014). this is to say that, a well monitored and regulated bank is an inducer of economic growth through their lending to individuals and other sectors of the economy. these sectors have been categorized by cbn based on their importance and they are agriculture, industry, service, trade and construction sector. their joint outputs contributed to the aggregate economy. meaning that increase in the outputs of these sectors would lead to an increase in the economic output and vice versa (ayodeji & ajala, 2018). bank lending is always explained under financial intermediation theory which explains the function of banks as an intermediary between the surplus sector and deficit sector of the economy provide liquidity insurance, reduce transaction cost, the transformation of the deposit to bank assets in form of loan and advances etc. although, the intermediation role is performed by financial institutions such as the banking sector and capital market where medium to long term funds are raised (ayodeji & ajala, 2018). however, deposit money bank is very important as they hold the major money supply of the economy and they transform the short-term deposit into long term investment, this is made possible by their special nature. most of the time, banks lend funds to a different sector of the pp. 76-94 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 80 economy for productive purposes and at the same time, their lending behaviour to these sectors is determined by several factors which may be bank-specific and macroeconomic specific in nature (alkhazaleh, 2017). although, there have been serious empirical studies on the subject matter yet with different views on what determines bank lending behaviour. some found that the volume of deposit determines bank lending (olokoyo, 2011), while some said it is lending rate gambacorta and iannati (2005), sacedoti (2005) and okunneye and ogunmuyiwa (2016), some said it is bank size, some other said it was growth (gambacorta and mistull (2003), robert, et al. (2004), obamuyi (2007) and obasan and arikewuyo (2012). however, limited studies are looking at regulation and financial deepening as factors determining bank lending behaviour. although, few studies on these two variables were from other developing countries (imran & nishat, 2012; million, 2014). 2.1. theoretical framework 2.1.1. the financial intermediation theory financial intermediation is the process of mobilizing savings from the surplus units and channelling them to deficit units of the economy for productive investment. it is the art of channelling funds from savers to investors by mobilizing funds and ensuring the efficient transformation of funds into productive activities that can enhance the level of economic growth. it can also be described as the transformation of mobilized deposits liabilities by financial intermediaries such as banks into bank assets or credits such as loans and overdraft. hence, the theory builds on the notion that intermediaries serve to reduce transaction costs (benston and smith, 1976), liquidity insurance (diamond and dybvig, 1983), informational asymmetries (leland and pyle, 1977) and delegated monitoring (diamond, 1984, 1996). in addition, the approach of financial intermediaries is based on the method of regulation of the monetary creation, a process of monetary creation, saving and financing of the economy. the method of regulation influences the liquidity and solvability of intermediaries (gurley & shaw, 1960). diamond and rajan (2002) shows that regulations regarding the capital of intermediaries influence their health, the ability for refinancing and the method for recovering debts. furthermore, because financial institutions can break down assets into small units, they can reduce transaction costs and also employ diversification for the benefit of both their customers and equity holders. determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017) akindutire, t. 81 2.2. empirical review olokoyo (2011) investigated the determinants of commercial banking lending behaviour in nigeria from 1980 to 2005 using regression analysis. the study employed secondary sources of data employed from the cbn statistical bulletin. the dependent variable was proxied using the loan and commercial bank loan and advances to the private sector while the independent variable was proxied by volume of deposit, investment portfolio interest rate, and cash reserve requirement and liquidity ratio. the study revealed that bank deposit among all variables has a greater impact on the lending behaviour of money deposit banks in nigeria. further results show that every 1% increase in cash reserve requirement for commercial banks caused the loans and advances to change by 0.12%. this indicates that the stipulated cash reserve requirement ratio of commercial banks may not necessarily translate into poor lending performance or a lower proportion of commercial banks’ funds available for lending respectively. olusanya, oyebo and obadere (2012) accessed those factors that determined the lending behaviour of commercial banks in nigeria using cointegration techniques from 1975-2010. using secondary data and variables such as commercial bank loan and advances (loa) and other volume of deposits (vd), the annual average exchange rate of the naira to the dollar (fx), investment portfolio (ip), interest rate (lending rate) (ir), gross domestic product at current market price (gdp) and cash reserve requirement ratio (crr). it was found that there is a positive relationship between loan and advances and volume of deposits, the annual average exchange rate of the naira to dollar, gross domestic product at current market price and cash reserve requirement ratio except for investment portfolio and interest rate (lending rate) that have a negative relationship. it was also revealed from the result that there is a long-run relationship between loans and advances and all the explanatory variables in the model. imran and nishat (2012) evaluated the determinants of bank credit in pakistan, a supply-side approach covering the period between 1971 and 2010 using the autoregressive distributed lag model. findings revealed that foreign liabilities, domestic deposits, economic growth, exchange rate, and the monetary conditions proxy by the ratio of m2/gdp have a significant and positive association with private credit in the long run while the inflation and money market rate do not affect the private credit. however, in the short run, all the variables are significant and positively associated with private credit except domestic deposit and inflation which do not influence the private credit in pakistan. pp. 76-94 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 82 makali (2014) accessed the effect of commercial bank loans on economic growth in kenya from 2008 to 2012. pool data were sourced from 43 commercial banks on variables such as rate of change on loans and growth rate and panel regression was used as the estimation technique. it was found that economic growth in kenya is not driven by changes in lending, this is an indication that kenya's economic growth is not strongly determined by the loans issued by banks to private borrowers. mamman and hashim (2014) investigated the impact of bank lending on economic growth in nigeria spanning from 1987 to 2012. annual time series data were sourced from the cbn statistical bulletin of various editions and it covers variables such as real gross domestic product and bank lending and bank total assets while multiple regression was used as the estimation technique. findings revealed that there is a relationship between bank lending and economic growth, however, this relationship is insignificant and negative but bank assets have a significant positive effect on economic growth in nigeria. million (2014) researched the determinants of growth in bank credit to the private sector in ethiopia from 1978 to 2011. annual time series data were sourced on variables such as bank credit to private sector, commercial bank credit, commercial bank foreign liability, lending rate, reserve requirement broad money, consumer price index and gdp. the study employed autoregressive distributed lag as the estimation technique. it was found that, that domestic deposits, foreign liabilities, real lending interest rate, m2 as a percentage of gdp, gdp and inflation have a significant impact on banks' credit to the private sector in the long run. whereas reserve requirement does not affect commercial banks' credit to the private sector both in the long and short-run. moreover, in the short run domestic deposit and economic growth do not influence commercial banks' credit to the private sector. it further revealed that the long and short-run results do not provide strong support of the influence of banking sector reform on the growth of bank credit to the private sector as shown by the coefficient for the dummy variables in ethiopia. ajibola (2015) examined commercial bank loans, inflation, exchange rate, and political instability as key determinants of economic growth in nigeria from 1970 to 2013. secondary data were sourced on variables such as gross domestic product, exchange rate, inflation, commercial bank loans and political instability (i.e., coup and trade dispute) and regression analysis as an estimation technique. it was found that the previous and current year’s loans and advances have a positive impact on economic growth in nigeria. likewise, the equation shows that both the foreign exchange rate and determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017) akindutire, t. 83 inflation rate had positive effects on nigeria’s output growth whereas political instability had a negative effect during the period of study. enisan and oluwafemi (2015) examined the determinants of bank credit to the private sector in nigeria using time series data covering a period from 1980 to 2010. credit to the private sector was used as the dependent variable while the explanatory variables are broad money supply, liquidity ratio, bank total asset, inflation rate, reserve ratio, cyclical risk premium, prime lending rate, exchange rate, minimum rediscount ratio and real gross domestic product. the estimation technique used was the error correction mechanism. it was revealed that broad money, cyclical risk premium and liquidity ratio tend to increase credit to the private sector. however, the prime lending rate and reserve ratio lead to a reduction in credit to the private sector. private credit increases with inflation. ayieyo (2016) examined determinants of lending behaviour in selected commercial banks in kenya from 2002 to 2011. secondary data were sourced on variables such as loan and advances to the private sector, the volume of deposits, average and interest rate while ordinary least square was used as the estimation technique. it was found that lending interest rates are negatively related and significantly affect the total loans advanced. further, the volume of deposits in commercial banks has a significant and positive effect on the total loan advanced to the private sector in kenya. okunleye and ogunmuyiwa (2016) examined the determinants of the development of small and medium scale enterprises in nigeria from 1980 to 2013 using the ordinary least square method. secondary sources of data were sourced from the cbn statistical bulletin of various editions. variables such as small and medium scale enterprises' gross domestic products; commercial bank loans to smes, interest rate, inflation rate and exchange rate were employed. results revealed that credit facilities, interest rates as well as inflation rates are key determinants of the growth and survival of smes in nigeria. timsina (2017) also accessed the determinants of bank lending in nepal within the time scope of 1975 and 2014. using annual time series data, the study used private sector credit as the dependent variable and volume of deposits, gross domestic product, interest rate, cash reserve ratio, liquidity ratio, inflation and exchange rate as the independent variable while the estimation technique used were the co-integration test, pairwise granger causality test and ordinary least square. findings show that the gross domestic product and liquidity ratio of banks have the greatest impacts on their lending behaviour. granger causality test shows the evidence of a unidirectional causal relationship from gdp to private sector credit. the pp. 76-94 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 84 study implies that gdp is the barometer of the economy and commercial banks should pay attention to the overall macroeconomic situation of the country, factors affecting the gdp in general and their liquidity ratio in particular while making lending decisions. ganiyu, et al. (2017) investigated the impact of private sector credit on economic growth in nigeria covering a temporal period from 1993 to 2013. it employed variables such as real gross domestic product as the dependent variable while trade openness monetary policy, fiscal policy, budget surplus/deficit to gdp, domestic investment, infrastructure [electricity power consumption per capita (ep)] and domestic credit to the private sector, local conditions index and policy index as independent variables sourced from central bank of nigeria statistical bulletin 2013; the national bureau of statistics; world bank; and the economist intelligence unit. ordinary least square was used as the estimation technique. it was found that credit is growth-enhancing, even when trade openness, monetary policy, investment climate and infrastructure are low. also, the composite local condition index analysis revealed that private sector credit increased economic growth when domestic or local conditions were favourable. adzis, sheng and abu-bakar (2018) accessed macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of commercial banks’ lending in malaysia covering a period from 2005 to 2014. the study used a pool of data sourced from financial statements of 27 banks on total loans which is the dependent variable and total assets, non-performing loan, liquid assets, bank deposit, the annual growth rate of gdp, lending rate, reserve requirement and the dummy for macroprudential policy while panel regression was used as the estimation technique. it was found that bank size and volume of deposit positively influence commercial bank lending while liquidity negatively influences the lending activities in malaysia. however, the study found no conclusive evidence, on the other hand, no conclusive evidence to support the influence of gross domestic product (gdp), lending rate and cash reserve requirement on commercial bank lending activities in malaysia. moreover, the findings of this study also reveal that the macroprudential policy measure which was implemented in 2010 to curb the high level of household indebtedness does not give any significant impact on lending activities in malaysia during the study period. 3. methodology the study employed annual time series data covering a time scope from 1986 to 2017. secondary data were sourced from cbn statistical determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017) akindutire, t. 85 bulletins of various editions. determinants of bank lending behaviour in this study are centred on bank-specific, regulatory specific, financial deepening factors and macroeconomic specific. for bank-specific, the volume of deposit of the deposit money bank and bank lending rate was used. on regulatory specific, the study used reserve requirement as a proxy. the financial deepening was also used as one of the variables in determining the bank lending and this is proxied by m2/gdp while the macroeconomic variable was proxied by inflation. however, the study made use of augmented dickey-fuller to test the stationarity of the variables, followed by the breusch-godfrey test for serial autocorrelation. the main estimation technique, therefore, was autoregressive distributed lag. 3.1. model specification the study adopted a model from the empirical work of imran and nishat (2012). the model stated that: = o + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 2 + ut where pc is private credit, fl is foreign liabilities, dd is domestic deposit, cpi is consumer price index, gdp is real gross domestic product, er is exchange rate, mmr is money market rate, m2 is m2 as a percentage of gdp and µt is the error term. however, this model was adopted and adapted by incorporating regulation intervention that is, reserve requirement and by removing foreign liabilities, money market rate. the adapted model is stated thus in a functional form as: psc=f (vd, ldr, rsr, m2g, inf) (1) in an explicit form, the model is stated as: s = o + 1vd + 2ldr + 3rsr + 4m2g + 5inf + ut (2) estimating the model using autoregressive distributed lag, the model is stated as: n n n n ∆inpsct= β0 + ∑β1∆inpsct-1+ ∑β2∆invdt-1+ ∑β3∆inldrt-1 + ∑β4∆inrsrt-1 i=1 i=0 i=0 i=0 n n + ∑5∆inm2gt-1 + ∑β6 ∆ininft-1+ β7inpsct-1+β8invdt-1+ β9inldrt-1 i=0 i=0 pp. 76-94 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 86 + β11inm2gt-1 + β12ininft-1+ ut (3) where: n = optimal lag length. ∆ = first difference of the concerned variables. psc = private sector credit. vd = volume of deposit. ldr = lending rate. rsr = reserve requirement. m2g = ration of the money supply to gdp. inf = inflation. βo = constant term. β1-β5 = parameter to be estimated. ut = error term. 4. analysis and interpretations the test of unit root using augmented dickey fuller is presented in table 1 below. the outputs at levels and first differences were presented. it was revealed that, except bank lending rate that was integrated at level l(0), other variables were integrated at the first difference (1). the null hypothesis of the presence of unit the root is therefore rejected while the alternate is accepted that the variables are free from the unit root. hence, the variables are said to be integrated at different levels, that is, at l(0) and l(1). table 1. summary of augmented dickey-fuller test variables critical value/p-value at level at first diff. psc t-test prob -1.4168 0.5613 -4.2531 0.0023 vd t-test prob -1.1728 0.6733 -4.2352 0.0024 ldr t-test prob -4.5874 0.0009 -5.5916 0.0001 m2g t-test prob -0.8666 0.7853 -5.1957 0.0002 rsr t-test prob -1.5834 0.9990 -3.4484 0.0191 inf t-test prob -2.6877 0.0875 -6.7234 0.0000 source: author’s computation using eviews, 9 the residual of the series was diagnosed using breusch pagan and godfrey serial correlation tests. the results revealed that the series was free from serial correlation and heteroskedasticity problems which may affect determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017) akindutire, t. 87 the output of the estimation. the probabilities of the two tests were 0.7237 and 0.8059 which are greater than a 5% level of significance. table 2. summary of diagnostic test diagnostic f-stat prob. obs-r2 prob. bpg 0.5239 0.8038 4.4754 0.7237 bgsc 0.1281 0.8807 0.4315 0.8059 source: author’s computation using eviews, 9 before the model estimation, lag selection criteria were done using var selection criteria and it was found that lag 1 was suitable based on the aic. hence, the result of the bound test is presented in table 3 below. it was revealed that the f-statistics of 5.1383 was greater than the lower bound of 2.62 and upper bound of 3.79 at a 5% level of significance which indicates the presence of a long-run relationship between private sector credit and other explanatory variables in the model. as result, the null hypothesis of no long-run relationship was rejected and the alternate was accepted that the series has a long relationship and they moved together in a long run. table 3. summary of ardl bound test null hypothesis: no long-run relationships exist test statistic value k f-statistic 5.13823 5 critical value bounds significance i0 bound i1 bound 10% 2.26 3.35 5% 2.62 3.79 2.50% 2.96 4.18 1% 3.41 4.68 source: author’s computation using eviews, 9 the model is estimated using autoregressive distributed lag at lag 1. hence, the result is presented in table 4 below. it was found that private sector credit at lag1 has a significant negative effect on its innovation. likewise, vd was found to have an insignificant positive effect of 0.1980 on private sector credit while other variables in the model, that is, ldr of 0.0171, m2g of -0.0233, rsr of -0.0003 and inf of -0.0001 were found to have a negative effect on private sector credit. however, while all other variables were found to be insignificant, rsr was found to have a pp. 76-94 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 88 significant effect on private sector credit. the coefficient of determination was found to be 0.6756, which indicates that, about 67.56% variation in psc were caused by the variables such as lvd, m2g, inf, rsr, ldr while 32.44% was caused by variables not captured in the model. the adjusted r2 was also found to be 53.37% which was based on the number of variables included in the model. f-stat. of 4.76 and p-value of 0.0046 indicated that the model is significant and has a good fit. in addition, the durbin watson of 1.75 is close to 2 which indicated that the series was free from serial autocorrelation. summarily, the study concluded that bankspecific, regulation intervention, financial deepening and macroeconomic variables have a significant effect on the deposit money banks credit to the private sector in nigeria. table 4. summary of parameterized ardl estimate variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. d(drsr) -0.00014 0.00011 -1.26859 0.2227 c 0.56571 0.33118 1.70819 0.1069 dlvd(-1) 0.19804 0.13236 1.49627 0.1540 ldr(-1) -0.01713 0.01680 -1.01965 0.3231 dm2g(-1) -0.02334 0.02361 -0.98850 0.3376 drsr(-1) -0.00037 0.00015 -2.40168 0.0288 dinf(-1) -0.00015 0.00312 -0.04761 0.9626 dlpsc(-1) -1.04454 0.21749 -4.80266 0.0002 r-squared= 0.6756 adj-r2=0.5337 f-stat=4.7611 prob=0.0046 d.w=1.75 source: author’s computation using eviews, 9 the results of the short and long-run dynamics of the determinants of deposit money bank behaviour to the private sector of the economy is are presented in table 5 below and it revealed that coin eq(-1) which is denoted as the speed of adjustment was rightly signed by -0.9528 and it is highly significant at 5% level of significance. this implies that the short-run inconsistencies or discrepancies are adjusted and incorporated into the long run. it also indicates that the speed of adjustment is about 95% annually. in addition, it was also revealed that a 1% increase in ldr, rsr and inf will bring about a reduction in the banking lending behaviours in lending to the private sector of the economy while a 1% increase in vd and m2g will bring about an increase or improvement in the banking lending behaviours to the private sector. interestingly, m2g and inf were highly significant in the short run, however, m2g and rsr were found to be significant in the long run. determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017) akindutire, t. 89 table 5. summary of cointegrating/long and short form cointegrating form variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. d(dlvd) 0.08621 0.08869 0.97202 0.3455 d(ldr) -0.0076 0.01163 -0.65301 0.5230 d(dm2g) 0.04725 0.01377 3.43087 0.0034 d(drsr) -6.7e-05 0.00007 -0.91089 0.3759 d(dinf) -0.00507 0.00232 -2.18653 0.0440 cointeq(-1) -0.95280 0.14746 -6.46142 0.0000 cointeq = dlpsc (0.0905*dlvd -0.0080*ldr + 0.0496*dm2g -0.0002 *drsr -0.0053*dinf + 0.3448 ) long run coefficients variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. dlvd 0.09048 0.09664 0.93621 0.3631 ldr -0.00797 0.01256 -0.63450 0.5347 dm2g 0.04959 0.01505 3.29488 0.0046 drsr -0.00020 0.00009 -2.18802 0.0439 dinf -0.00532 0.00277 -1.91984 0.0729 c 0.34482 0.23190 1.48695 0.1565 source: author’s computation using eviews, 9 in the same vein, the causal relationship among the variables was also tested using the pairwise granger causality test. the results are presented in table 6 below, and it was found that, while other independent variables were not granger causing the dependent variables, that is there is no causal relationship between the independent variables (lending rate, reserve requirement, money supply as a percentage of gdp and inflation rate) and the dependent variables namely; private sector credit, evidence of unidirectional causality existed between the volume of deposit to private sector credit. this indicates that causality runs from volume of deposit to private sector credit without corresponding causality running from private sector credit to volume of deposit. pp. 76-94 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 90 table 6. summary of pairwise granger causality test null hypothesis: obs f-statistic prob. decision causality dlvd does not granger cause dlpsc 29 4.76772 0.0181 reject ho unicausality dlpsc does not granger cause dlvd 0.83572 0.4458 accept ho independent dldr does not granger cause dlpsc 29 0.79356 0.4637 accept ho independent dlpsc does not granger cause dldr 0.06108 0.9409 accept ho independent drsr does not granger cause dlpsc 23 1.73882 0.204 accept ho independent dlpsc does not granger cause drsr 1.35661 0.2826 accept ho independent dlm2g does not granger cause dlpsc 29 0.81395 0.455 accept ho independent dlpsc does not granger cause dlm2g 2.37859 0.1142 accept ho independent dinf does not granger cause dlpsc 29 0.11445 0.8923 accept ho independent source: author’s computation using eviews, 9 4.1. discussion of findings having examined the determinants of deposit money lending behaviour to the private sector of the economy using annual time series data running from 1986 to 2017 and estimating the model using autoregressive distributed lag, it was found that, there is a significant relationship of the identified determinants on the banking lending behaviours to the private sector. it was further revealed that there is a long-run relationship and causality that runs from the volume of deposits to private sector credit. however, in the short and long run, the volume of deposit and financial deepening variable, that is m2g were found to have a positive effect. while m2g was found to be significant both in the short and long-run form, the volume of deposit was found to be insignificant. furthermore, the error correction mechanism revealed that about 95% of discrepancies in the short run are adjusted annually and it is significant. from the theoretical expectation, the volume of deposit and financial deepening was found to support the a priori expectation and it confirms that the volume of deposit money banks determine the lending behaviour of banks together with financial deepening which explains that, the financial development or liquidity of the economy is important for the growth of other economic sectors as they would have access to funds for their business operations. on the other hand, reserve requirement, lending rate and inflation supported the a priori expectation, as an increase in reserve determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017) akindutire, t. 91 requirement would affect the liquidity position of banks and consequently, affect their lending behaviour, as a result, an increase in lending rate would follow and this will further discourage borrowers. although the increase in lending rate may favour banks in the short run, in the long run, information asymmetry may set in putting banks in a very tight corner. in addition, an increase in inflation would automatically affect borrowers from repaying their loans as expected and at the same time affect the inputs and outputs of the private sector, this may affect the profit of these sectors and their loan repayment to banks. however, the findings of this study revealed that, in the long run, the volume of deposits and ratios of the money supply to gdp determine deposit money bank lending behaviour to the private sector. this submission was in line with the theoretical framework of this study which was on financial intermediation, that is, intermediation function of banks, which is centred on sourcing of funds from surplus sector to the deficit sector of the economy of which the private sector is among. apparently, submission of this study was in line with other existing studies like olokoyo (2011), imran and nishat (2012), olusanya (2012), million (2014), ayieyo (2016) as they all found a positive effect of volume of deposit on the private sector growth, indicating that volume of the deposit is a determinant of bank lending behaviour. it was also supported by imran and nishat (2012) and million (2014) as they used financial deepening variables, it was revealed that the ratio of the money supply to gdp is also a good determinant of bank lending behaviour. furthermore, it supported the findings of million (2014), enisan and oluwafemi (2015) and ayieyo (2016) as they found that the lending rate reduces the amount of credit to the private sector of the economy. on the long-run relationship, the findings of this study supported olusanya (2012) as the study found a significant long-run relationship among the variables of interest. 5. conclusion the study concluded that there is a significant relationship between bank lending behaviour and private sector credit, however, the volume of deposit and ratio of the money supply to gdp were the two determinants found influencing the lending behaviour of deposit money banks to the private sector. the study, therefore, recommended that, first, bank lending rate should be brought down or flexible to meet up the categories of borrowers, since there is common knowledge that high-interest rate discourages borrowers and influences banks from selecting bad loan offer which may affect bank returns in the long run. secondly, the reserve pp. 76-94 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 92 requirement dictated by cbn on deposit money banks should be reduced so as to enable banks to be more liquid for the private sector to access funds for their productive purpose and lastly, inflation should be made below 2 digits, as inflation above a digit may be unfriendly to economy activities thereby affecting the private sector output which is germane to the economic growth. references adzis, a. a., sheng, l.e., & abu bakar, j. (2018). bank lending determinants: evidence from malaysia commercial banks. journal of banking and finance management, 1(3), 36-48. ajibola, j.o. (2015). commercial bank loans, inflation, exchange rate and political instability as key determinants of economic growth: empirical evidence from nigeria (1970-2013). international journal of innovation and research in educational sciences, 2(3), 182-187. alkhazaleh, a.y.m. (2017). factors may drive the commercial banks’ lending: evidence from jordan. banks and bank systems, 12(2), 3138. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(2).2017.03 ayieyo, j. o. (2016). determinants of lending behavior in selected commercial banks in kenya. international journal of economics, commerce and management, 2(9), 767-782. ayodeji, e.a., ajala, r.b. (2018). capital market performance and economic growth in nigeria (1984-2016). journal of advances in social science and humanities. 4 (11), 362-378. ayodeji, e.a., & ajala, r. b. (2018). market based monetary policy instruments and industrial growth in nigeria (1993-2016. international journal of innovative research & development,7(8), 387-396. benston, g. & smith, c. w. (1976). transaction cost approach to the theory of financial intermediation. journal of finance, 31(2), 215–31. central bank of nigeria. (2017). statistical bulletins, annual reports. diamond, d.w., & dybvig, p. (1983). bank runs, deposit insurance and liquidity. journal of political economy, 91(3),401–19. https://doi.org/10.1086/261155 diamond, d. w., & rajan, r. (2002). a theory of bank capital, the journal of the america finance, 55(6), 2431-2465. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00296 enisan, a.a., & oluwafemi, o. o. (2015). determinants of bank credit growth in nigeria 1980-2010. european journal of sustainable development,4(1), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(2).2017.03 https://doi.org/10.1086/261155 https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00296 determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour to private sector of the economy in nigeria (1986-2017) akindutire, t. 93 gambacorta, z. & iannoti, t. (2005). velocity and asymmetry in response of bank to monetary policy instruments in italy. journal of development economics, 6(1), 755-770. gambacorta, l., & mistrull, p. e. (2003). bank capital and lending behavior: empirical evidence for italy, temi di discussione (economic working papers) 486, bank of italy, economic research and international relations area. ganiyu, b. a., eboreime, m. i., adam, y., & belonwu, m.c. (2017). the impact of private sector credit on economic growth in nigeria. cbn journal of applied statistics, 8(21), 1-22. gurley, j. g., & shaw, e.s. (1960). money in a theory of finance. the economic journal, 70 (279), 568–569, https://doi.org/10.2307/2228813 imran, k., & nishat, m. (2012). determinants of bank credit in pakistan: a supply-side approach. proceedings of 2nd international conference on business management. king, r.g., & levine, r. (1993). finance and growth: schumpeter might be right. quarter journal of economics,18(6), 586-608. leland, h. e., & pyle, d. h. (1977). informational asymmetries, financial structure and financial intermediation. journal of finance, 32(2), 371–87. https://doi.org/10.2307/2326770 makali, m. j. (2014). the effect of commercial bank loans on the economic growth of kenya. (m.sc. dissertation, university of nairobi, kenya). mamman, y., & hashim, y. a. (2014). impact of bank lending on economic growth in nigeria. research journal of finance and accounting, 5(18), 174-182 melanie, f. (2004). commercial bank lending to smes in poland. small business economics23, 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:sbej.0000026025.04815.bc million, a. (2014). determinants of growth in bank credit to the private sector in ethiopia: a supply-side approach. research journal of finance and accounting, 5(17), 90-102. obamuyi, t. m. (2007). an exploratory study of loan delinquency among small and medium enterprises (smes) in ondo state of nigeria. journal of labor and management in development. 8(2), 75-92. obasan, k. a., & arikewuyo, k. (2012). the effect of pre-post bank consolidation on the accessibility of finance to smes in nigeria. journal of business and management research, 1(3), 75-87. https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v1n3p108 https://doi.org/10.2307/2228813 https://doi.org/10.2307/2326770 https://doi.org/10.1023/b:sbej.0000026025.04815.bc https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v1n3p108 pp. 76-94 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 94 okuneye, b., & ogunmuyiwa, m. (2016). determinants of the development of small and medium scale enterprises in nigeria. european journal of business and management, 8(29), 72-76. olokoyo, f. o. (2011). determinants of deposit money banks’ lending behaviour in nigeria. international journal of financial research,2(2), 13-18.https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0557180 olusanya, s. o., oyebo, a.o., & ohadebere, e.c. (2012). determinants of lending behaviour of commercial banks: evidence from nigeria, a co-integration analysis (1975-2010). journal of humanities and social science, 5(5), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0557180 sacerdoti, e. (2005). access to bank credit in sub-saharan africa: key issues and reform strategies. imf working papers, 5(166), 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451861853.001 timsina, n. (2017). determinants of bank lending in nepal. nrb economic review, 20, 22-42. https://www.nrb.org.np/contents/uploads/2019/12/3-1.pdf https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0557180 https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0557180 https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451861853.001 https://www.nrb.org.np/contents/uploads/2019/12/3-1.pdf management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) 57-69، ص )2020( 5عدد 2مجلد مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد، management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no. 5 (2020), pp. 57-69 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2020.146 تصادیة، التجاریة وعلوم التسییر، جامعة زیان كلیة العلوم االق 57 ).الجزائر(الجلفة 3117: ب.عاشور بالجلفة، ص www.mer-j.com اإلبداع التكنولوجي لتحسین تموقع المؤسسات الصناعیة ضمن ھیكلھا الجزائربللكابالت السویدي شركة دراسة حالة :التنافسي 1ناصر طھار )الجزائر( حسیبة بن بوعلي الشلفجامعة ستاذ مؤقت،أ، المؤسسات أعمال وإدارةدكتوراه تسویق 1  nacertahar5@mail.com 2020-12-10: تاریخ النشر 2020-11-27: متاح على الخط 2020-11-26: تاریخ القبول 202010-20: تاریخ االستالم :طریقة االقتباس دراسة حالة شركة : اإلبداع التكنولوجي لتحسین تموقع المؤسسات الصناعیة ضمن ھیكلھا التنافسي). 2020. (طھار ن .69-57, )5(2, مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد .بالجزائري للكابالت السوید https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2020.146 :ملخص یة ین تنافس تھدف ھذه الدراسة إلى تسلیط الضوء على مساھمة اإلبداع التكنولوجي في تحس ات ال ي، المؤسس ا التنافس من ھیكلھ ناعیة ض د ص یتھا فق ار فرض ة واختب داف الدراس ق أھ م ولتحقی ت ة كدراسة حالة، حیث ) الجزائر(للكابالت السویدي شركةاختیار اعتمدت الدراسة على أسلوب دراس ن االستبانة لجمع البیانات المتعلقة بمتغیراتھا ةالحالة من خالل أدا ة م ة مكون ، والتي وزعت على عین س ادارة 30 ركةمفردة من أعضاء مجل ق الش ن طری ة ع ات المجمع ائي للبیان ل اإلحص د التحلی ، وبع ائج، ن النت ة م ى مجموع ة إل لت الدراس ة، توص وم االجتماعی ائیة للعل استخدام برنامج الحزمة االحص ة توى معنوی د مس ائیة عن ة إحص أثیر ذو دالل ود ت ا وج ة ) 0.05(أبرزھ وجي بمؤسس داع التكنول لإلب یة (لسویدي على أبعاد ھیكلھا التنافسي والمتمثلة في ا وة التفاوض ناعة، الق ل الص یة داخ الكثافة التنافس .)للموردین، القوة التفاوضیة للزبائن، تھدید الدخالء الجدد في الصناعة، وتھدید المنتجات البدیلة د م ن ان ترش ي یمك یات الت ن التوص دد م ة ع دمت الدراس ائج ق ك النت وء تل ي ض ة وف ؤسس وة اط الق ز نق ة وتعزی ن جھ وجي م داعھا التكنول وذج اب ي انم السویدي لتجاوز وتقویة نقاط الضعف ف .من جھة اخرى، مما یساعدھا على تحسن تموقعھا التنافسي ضمن ھیكل منافستھا ة ات المفتاحی تج، : الكلم ي المن داع ف ة، اإلب ي العملی داع ف وجي، اإلب داع التكنول ةاإلب ل المنافس ، ھیك .)الجزائر( للكابالت السویدي ركةش .l25 ،o32:تصنیف جال اإلیمیل :لسِ االمؤلف المر[ nacertahar5@mail.com] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2020.146&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-12-10 اإلبداع التكنولوجي لتحسین تموقع المؤسسات الصناعیة ضمن ھیكلھا .طھار ن مؤسسة السویدي: الةدراسة ح التنافسي 58 مقدمة .1 ادیات وى االقتص إن المتتبع لتطور تنافسیة االقتصادیات العالمیة یتضح لھ بشكل جلي أن أق دد ر ع ى أكب ناعیة عل اتھا الص ازت مؤسس في الھیكل التنافسي العالمي، ھي تلك االقتصادیات التي ح یاق -من براءات االختراع ي ذات الس وجي، وف داع التكنول اس اإلب رات قی م مؤش د أھ ل أح ي تمث والت ون ا تك ادیات، إنم وى االقتص المي ألق ب الع ي التتری دان ف دثھا البل یالحظ أن النقالت النوعیة التي تح بمدى قدرتھا على االھتمام واالستحواذ على میدان االبداع التكنولوجي، وعلى عكس التنافسیة القائمة ي في ا ة ف لنظام االقتصادي الكالسیكي على المیزة النسبیة التي تمتلكھا تلك االقتصادیات، فان المنافس ة ة والعلمی ورة التكنولوجی ث أدت الث وجي، حی داع التكنول ول اإلب ا ح ز أساس ي ترتك االقتصاد المعرف رف ث ع ة، بحی ي المنافس ذري ف ر ج داث تغیی ى إح اة إل ال الحی طة مج ف أنش الم التي مست مختل الع تھلكین ات المس وع احتیاج ة وتن ن جھ واق م ارب األس ة لتق ل، نتیج ن قب ھدھا م م یش یة ل رة تنافس طف .المطالبین بتغیر النمطیة فیما ھو معروض من المنتجات من جھة اخرى ات ھ المؤسس ور تواج ادیة والتط ة االقتص ل العولم ي ظ رة ف دیات كبی ناعیة تح الص ذي ر ال ارع، األم وجي المتس اة التكنول بحت دورة حی ث أص ة، حی كل المنافس ل وش ن ھیك ر م غی دتھا ي ول ارعة الت ة المتس رازات العلمی المنتجات أقصر مما كانت علیھ في السابق، وذلك كنتیجة لإلف ك ي تل تراتیجي ھ ر االس ناعیة ذات التفكی ات الص إن المؤسس ھ ف ات، وعلی ذه المؤسس ین ھ ة ب المنافس . لتكنولوجي استراتیجیتھا العامة في المنافسةالمؤسسات التي تجعل من اإلبداع ا داع اد االب ى اعتم ناعیة إل ات الص ھ المؤسس د، تتج طرب ومعق ي مض ل تنافس وفي ظل ھیك ادرة ا ق التكنولوجي في منتجاتھا وعملیاتھا كأساس لبناء تموقع استراتیجي قوي وممیز، والذي یجعلھ د ذا الص ي ھ دات، وف ب التھدی رص وتجن تغالل الف ى اس ال عل ي ادارة األعم احثین ف م الب ق معظ د یتف وجي، داع التكنول ى اإلب ا عل دى اعتمادھ ون بم ي مرھ على أن نجاح المؤسسات ضمن ھیكلھا التنافس و وجي، فھ داع التكنول الل اإلب فال یمكن اكتساب المیزة التنافسیة وتحسین التموقع التنافسي، إال من خ وق عل ق التف م لتحقی ي والحاس رك األساس تھلكین المح ات المس ة احتیاج ة وتلبی ن جھ ین م ى المنافس .بكفاءة وفعالیة من جھة أجرى ي أجبرت المنافسة الشدید والتطورات التكنولوجیة المؤسسات الصناعیة على إعادة النظر ف وق ق للتف داع المحق ى اإلب ویق إل اج والتس ي اإلنت ة ف ن النمطی روج م منتجاتھا وعملیاتھا اإلنتاجیة للخ ي ات التنافس تخدمھ المؤسس تراتیجي تس ار اس وجي خی داع التكنول ر اإلب یاق یعتب ي ذات الس ، وف ي . الصناعیة إلعطاء مكانة تنافسیة قویة في الھیكل التنافسي ور ف ة تتبل كالیة الدراس إن اش ا ف ن ھن وم :السؤال التالي ین ي تحس وجي ف داع التكنول اھمة اإلب دى مس ا م ع المؤسسم ناعیةتموق ویدي" ة الص "الس لصناعات الكابالت؟ الخلفیة النظریة . 2 technological innovationاالبداع التكنولوجي 1.2 وق ز والتف ق التمی ناعیة لتحقی ات الص یة للمؤسس زة األساس وجي الركی داع التكنول یعتبر اإلب رى دد ی ذا الص ي ھ یة، وف ة التنافس ي البیئ وجي (li & liu, 2014) ف داع التكنول یح ان اإلب یت .king & kugler, 2000, p(لمؤسسات تقدیم مجموعة متنوعة من المنتجات المتمیزة، وحسب ل دیم ) 486 ال تق فإن اإلبداع ھو سلوك المؤسسة في اعتمادھا على األفكار أو األسالیب الجدیدة في مج ا ورات علیھ ال تط دة أو إدخ ة جدی ات إنتاجی تخدام عملی د أو اس تج جدی رف. من یاق یع ي ذات الس وف )william, 2007, p. 228( ي داع التقن اتھ بأناإلب ویر المنتج اف وتط و اكتش لع أو ( ھ الس دة )الخدمات ة الجدی ویر المعرف دخل لتط ر الم دة تعتب ات الجدی ویر المنتج أو العملیات، فاكتشاف وتط مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 69-57 ص 59 .وترجمتھا إلى تطبیقات تجاریة أھمیة اإلبداع التكنولوجي 1.1.2 ا ل ین (kim & huang, 2011) ـوفق ى تحس ات عل وجي المؤسس داع التكنول اعد اإلب یس یة درة التنافس ة الق تج وتقوی ودة المن ز ج ي تعزی اھم ف منتجاتھا الحالیة أو تقدیم منتجات جدیدة، كما یس و )wilden et al, 2013( للمؤسسة، وحسب وجي ھ تراتیجیةفإن اإلبداع التكنول ادة إس مان زی لض وق ي الس اح ف ق األرب ة وتحقی ن القیم ال، ویمك ود إجم ة وج داعأھمی ات اإلب وجي بالمؤسس التكنول :الصناعیة في النقاط التالیة ي اإلبداعیساھم ة ف ل المؤسس ا یجع في القدرة على االستجابة لمتغیرات البیئة المحیطة، مم ات یر العملی وضع مستقر إذ یكون لدیھ االستعداد لمواجھة ھذ التورات بشكل ا یأثر على س التنظیمیة .تحسین خدمات المؤسسة بما یعود بالنفع على المؤسسة والفرد ورات ع التط ب م ة تتواك االستغالل األمثل للموارد المالیة عن طریق استخدام أسالیب علمی .الحدیثة ي ا ف ة لھ ة الفرص ق إتاح ن طری دراتھم ع ن ق تفادة م ریة واالس حسن استغالل الموارد البش رات البحث عن الجدید في مجال العمل و ع التغی ق م التحدیث المستمر ألنظمة العمل بما یتف المحیطة تصنیف اإلبداع التكنولوجي 2.1.2 زون احثین یمی م الب وجي أن معظ داع التكنول ة باإلب ات المتعلق حیة للدراس راء المس تظھر الق :بین نوعین من اإلبداع التكنولوجي ھما تج ي المن وجي ف داع التكنول ي :product innovationاإلب وجي ف داع التكنول ر اإلب یعب تخدم أو ات المس ة احتیاج تج لتلبی ي المن ت ف ي أدخل ات الت ة التكنولوجی ن مجموع تج ع المن وق داعات )utterback, 1975, p. 642) abernathy &الس إن اإلب الي ف وبالت ث ن حی ھ، م د ذات ي ح تج ف ائص المن ویر خص ین وتط ى تحس دف إل تج تھ ة للمن التكنولوجی ك اتل، االش میم، المكون خ...لتص د ، إل درة frazier & harrell, 1999) (ویؤك أن ق ب درة اج، فق ا االنت ى تكنولوجی ا عل د أساس دة یعتم ات جدی دیم منتج ویر وتق ى تط المؤسسة عل المؤسسة علـى تطویر منتجاتھا بسرعة بدء من والدة الفكرة ومرورا بسلسلة من الخطوات ى وصوال إلـى تقدیم المنتج النھا درتھا عل ى ق اس عل ة األس د بالدرج وق تعتم تالكئي للس ام . تكنولوجیا المنـتج ات ي العملی وجي ف داع التكنول ي : process innovation اإلب احثین ف ز الب ا یرك ا م غالب ي داع ف ام باإلب ات دون االھتم ي المنتج داع ف ى االب وجي عل داع التكنول تھم لإلب دراس داع ث العملیات، وھذا غیر صحیح، فإب تج، حی ي المن داع ف ن اإلب ة ع ل أھمی ات ال یق العملی ي ویر ف ث والتط ى البح اق عل ى اإلنف ا إل ا دفعھ أدركت المؤسسات األمیركیة ھذا الواقع مم .davenport, 1992, p( مجال العملیات ضعف ما تنفقھ على البحث والتطویر للمنتجات د)6 ا یؤك احثین ، كم ض الب ة تن بع ات الیابانی أن المؤسس والي ب ق ح الیف %) 60(ف ن تك م ات ي . البحث والتطویر على اإلبداع في العملی وجي ف داع التكنول ر اإلب رى یعب ة أخ ن جھ م اھم ي تس طة الت ة األنش ن مجموع ات ع دالعملی ة جدی دمات بطریق لع وخ اج س ي إنت ف )mikkola, 2001, p. 424( . competitive structureالھیكل التنافسي 2.2 ا، تتعدد نماذج ت ناعة م ي ص ات ف ي للمؤسس ل التنافس من الھیك یة ض عیة التنافس ل الوض حلی دم د ق ام فق كل ع تراتیجي، وبش ل االس داخل وأدوات التحلی اختالف م ف ب ) porter, 1979(وتختل اإلبداع التكنولوجي لتحسین تموقع المؤسسات الصناعیة ضمن ھیكلھا .طھار ن مؤسسة السویدي: الةدراسة ح التنافسي 60 ة دول المتقدم ناعة بال ل الص ھ لھیك ار تحلیل ي إط ة ف یة للمؤسس ة التنافس أثیر البیئ تھ ت من دراس ض ة وق اط مختلف ات نش رف لقطاع ا یع ا أنموذج ا وربحیتھ ددة لجاذبیتھ ا والمح ة فیھ ة الفاعل وى المنافس ة ل وى المنافس أنموذج ق كل. porterـ ب ح الش ي 1ویوض ل التنافس ل الھیك ورتر لتحلی وذج ب أنم .للمؤسسات :انطالقا من الشكل أعاله یتحدد الھیكل التنافسي للمؤسسات الصناعیة باألبعاد التالیة الیین ین الح ین المنافس ة ب ة القائم : rivalry among existing competitorsالمنافس أن (porter, 2008 :09)یشیر ھذا البعد الى درجة كثافة المنافسة في القطاع، حیث یري ین، ن المنافس ر م دد كبی ود ع ى وج رده إل الین م ین الح ین المتنافس ة ب ة المنافس ارتفاع درج نا يء للص و البط روجالنم واجز الخ اع ح ین . عة، وارتف افس ب وة التن من ق ث تتض بحی ال بیل المث ى س ال "المنافسین الحالیین العدید من أشكال المنافسة، عل عار، وإدخ م األس خص .(porter, 2008 :32)"منتجات جدیدة، وحمالت إعالنیة، وتحسینات في الخدمة وى یة الق ترین التفاوض یة bargaining power of buyer :للمش وة التفاوض الق ي ات ف ى المؤسس غط عل وة والض للمشترین ھي المستوى الذي یمكن للمشترین ممارسة الق .الصناعة من حیث السعر والجودة الداخلون الجدد امكانیات جدیدة یجلب: threat of new entrantsالجدد الداخلین تھدید وارد كبیرة مما یشكل ذلك وغالبا ما یحملون م حصة سوقیة، على الحصول في الرغبة مثل ي ناعة والت ى الص دخول ال واجز ال ن ح تھدیدا على المؤسسة، وعلیھ یبغي علیھا أن ترفع م ھا ي (porter, 1979)یلخص ق ھ تة عوائ ي س ات، : ف ز المنتج م، تمیی ادیات الحج اقتص ة ة الحكوم ع، وسیاس وات التوزی ى قن ول إل دیل، الوص ة التب ال، تكلف ات رأس الم متطلب )dälken, 2014, p. 32 (. التي المنتجات تلك ھي البدیلة المنتجات: threat of substitutesالبدیلة المنتجات تھدید دوا ة تب ا مختلف ا ظاھری تطیع لكنھ بع تس س تش ة نف ات البدیل ك المنتج ث تمتل ة، حی الحاج عا قف ألس د س الل تحدی ن خ ناعة م ة للص اح المحتمل ن األرب د م ة الح ا امكانی أو ر منتجاتھ source: porter (1998, p. 5) ھیكل المنافسة لمایكل بورتر: 1شكل تھدید الداخلون تھدید المنتجات البدیلة التفاوضیة للموردین القوة التفاوضیة للمشترین القوة الجدد الداخلین potential entrants الموردین suppliers البدائل substitutes المشترین buyers الكثافة التنافسیة industry competitors مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 69-57 ص 61 .خدماتھا وردین ى الم یة عل وة التفاوض درة : bargaining power of supplierالق یر ق تش ى غطا عل وا ض وردین أن یمارس ن للم ذي یمك توى ال ى المس اوض إل ى التف وردین عل الم ناعة ي الص دم . المؤسسات الموجودة ف ة ع ي حال وردین ف یة للم وة التفاوض ع الق ث ترتف حی .(johnson, 2014, p. 29)م ؤسسة أن تتحول إلیھوجود موردین آخرین یمكن للم ي والتموقع ضمن الھیكل التنافسيالتكنولوج اإلبداع 3.2 ب وجي) tecce, 1984(حس داع التكنول ي لإلب ق الرئیس ي المنطل ة ھ إن المنافس ث . ف حی رورة ینشأ ین اإلبداع التكنولوجي من شعور المؤسسات المتنافسة بض عیاتھم تحس یة، وض ن التنافس م دة، ات جدی داع عملی دة أو إب ات جدی دیم منتج الل تق ث خ د حی أثیر ) (utterback, 1971أك ى ت عل ي اإلبداع التكنولوجي على الھیكل التنافسي من جھة، وتطور المؤسسات ونموھا من جھة أخرى، وف ین ام ) cbi/natwest(ذات السیاق أظھرت دراسة أجراھا البنك ى 1997ع دة، عل ة المتح بالمملك ٪ من المؤسسات التي بادرت إلى تحقیق اإلبداع التكنولوجي في الثالث سنوات األخیرة تحّسن 80ن أ اح ث األرب ن حی ا م دل أداء أعمالھ ع مع تموقع التنافسي ضمن الھیكل التنافس الخاص بھا، حیث ارتف الل درا) kanagal, 2015(الحظ وقد . والحصة السوق ومعدل اختراق األسواق الجدیدة تھ من خ س ي أن یة الت غوط التنافس ة الض ل مواجھ ن أج اإلبداع التكنولوجي في المنتجات ضروري للمؤسسات م اط وجي، أنم دم التكنول یرة، التق تج القص اة المن یالت، دورات حی ر األذواق والتفض ي تغیی ح ف تتض ع. الطلب المتغیرة، واالحتیاجات الخاصة للمستھلكین تج م ات بحیث یسمح اإلبداع بتكییف المن متطلب زة ع بمی ھ یتمت ا یجعل وق مم ي الس ع ف ب مرتف السوق، وبمجرد تحقیق ذلك، یمكن أن یكون للمنتج طل ة ع المؤسس ن تموق ذا یتحس رى وبھ ب . على المنتجات األخ داع ) cherroun, 2014(وحس إن اإلب ف واق التكنولوجي یساھم في تحسین جودة المنتجات ویجعل المنتجات أكثر قدرة على المنافسة في األس .المحلیة والخارجیة المؤسسة على تطویر میزة تنافسیة إما التكنولوجي یساعد اإلبداع ) porter, 1985(حسب ة وجي مرتبط داع التكنول طة اإلب ون أنش ث تك ة، حی ة المنخفض ز أو التكلف ز، التركی الل التمیی ن خ م ن بعالقات معقدة ومتعددة مع المیزة التنافسیة، بحیث من الممكن أن ت یة ع زة تنافس ة می ق المؤسس حق . طریق اإلبداعات التكنولوجیة صعبة التقلید ة توضح أن )cherroun, 2014(دراس وجي ب داع التكنول ق اإلب ي تحقی ة ف اح المؤسس نج ًرا وجي أم داع التكنول د اإلب ث یع تقبلي، حی اح المس ق النج یة وتحقی سیساعدھا على تحقیق میزة تنافس دینامیكيحیویًا لتكیف المؤسسات م ة . ع المتطلبات المتغیرة باستمرار في السوق ال ت الدراس ا أثبت كم اح ق األرب ذي یحق ویقي ال زیج التس ي الم ة ف ر أھمی ل األكث تج العام ي المن وجي ف داع التكنول أن اإلب . للمؤسسة ن ) shane & ulrich , 2004(أبعد من ذلك یرى ع م وق، یرف أن إدخال منتج مبتكر للس ة، . كة للزبائنالقیمة المدر ات المؤسس ن منتج د م رائھم للمزی ى ش ؤدي ال ا ی اه، مم ع رض وعلیھ یرتف رى ة أخ ن جھ ة وم ب دراس ق )cherroun, 2014(وحس ي تحقی وجي ف داع التكنول اھم اإلب یس تخدامھا تم اس م ی دة ل ائص جدی ات ذات خص احتیاجات الزبائن بخصائص جدیدة من خالل تقدیم منتج .تحقیق استمراریة إخالص ووالء الزبائنمسبقا مما یساھم في الطریقة واألدوات3. منھجیة الدراسة1.3 ة اعتمد الباحث بالنظر إلى طبیعة الدراسة واألھداف المراد تحقیقھا، في تصمیم ھذه الدراس ق على المنھج الوصفي التحلیلي، حیث تم اجراء مسح مكتبي وافتراضي ألجل بلوة األسس التي ینطل اإلبداع التكنولوجي لتحسین تموقع المؤسسات الصناعیة ضمن ھیكلھا .طھار ن مؤسسة السویدي: الةدراسة ح التنافسي 62 ائیة منھا ا ة استقص داد قائم ا بإع م تجمیعھ د ت الطار النظري والتطبیقي، أما بالنسبة للبیانات األولیة فق وجي داع التكنول ع االب خیص واق ى تش ور األول إل دف المح ث ھ یین، حی ورین رئیس منت مح تض ور ا ن المح اني بمؤسسة السویدي ببعدیھ اإلبداع في المنتج واالبداع في العملیة، بینما كان الھدف م لث .ھو تشخیص الھیكل التنافسي لمؤسسة السویدي بأبعاده الخمسة أنموذج الدراسة 2.3 كل ح الش اليیوض ین الم ببیة ب ة الس ار العالق وم باختب ذي یق ة، وال رح للدراس وذج المقت أنم ورة " السویدي"االبداع التكنولوجي لمؤسسة ي ص ات ف ي العملی داع ف ببعدیھ اإلبداع في المنتج واإلب ي المت ة ف وردین، (غیر المستقل وأبعاد الھیكل التنافسي والمتمثل یة للم وة التفاوض یة، الق ة التنافس الكثاف .في صورة المتغیر التابع) القوة التفاوضیة للزبائن، تھدید المنتجات البدیلة، وتھدید الدخالء الجدد باالعتماد على الدراسات السابقة من اعداد الباحثان :المصدر أنموذج الدراسة: 2شكل (porter, 1998)الباحث بناء على إعدادمن : المصدر مجتمع وعینة الدراسة 3.3 ول عكسی ن الق ع أنمجتمع الدراسة جمیع مفردات التي یدرسھا الباحث ومن ھنا یمك مجتم ذي ة وال اھرة المدروس لی الدراسة ھم األفراد الذین تتوفر فیھم خصائص الظ ة تمث تنا الحالی ي دراس ف ن تشیر العینة إل أخرى، ومن جھة للكابالت السویدي لشركةفي عمال ة م داتى مجموعة جزئی الوح ة ة ي تتوفر فیھا خصائص مجتمع الدراسوالت األصليالتي تشكل مجتمع الدراسة وتتمثل عینة الدراس ة مجلس أعضاءفي دراستنا ھذه في م اخإدارة مؤسس ث ت ویدي، حی ار الس ة اموظف 30تی ن طریق ع وقد وقع االختیار علي ھذه الفئة دون غیرھا من الفئات باعتبار . )عینة غیر عشوائیة(العینة القصدیة ال ة، فض ة والمالی ا اإلنتاجی ا وعملیاتھ ركة ومنتجاتھ تراتیجي للش ھ االس امتالكھا لمعلومات عن التوج . بصالحیات عالیةعن تأدیتھا لمسؤولیات اداریة استراتیجیة وتمتعھا اإلحصائیةأسالیب المعالجة 4.3 در تاعتمد ل المص ث تمث ات، حی ع البیان ات جم ي عملی ین ف درین أساس ى مص الدراسة عل في المنتج اإلبداع في العملیات اإلبداع أبعاد ھیكل المنافسة التكنولوجي اإلبداع الجدد الداخلین الموردین البدائل الكثافة التنافسیة المشترین مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 69-57 ص 63 ا ن خاللھ دفنا م ي ھ ة، والت ىاألول في البیانات الثانوی د إل ارتحدی ن اإلط ك م ة، وذل ري للدراس النظ ث ام الباح الل قی ات الثان خ ادر البیان ة مص ب، بمراجع ن كت وفرة م ة المت اریحوی ا أط االت، أم ومق ثالمصادر األولیة فقد تم االعتماد علیھا لجمع بیانات ا ام الباح ث ق ة لجانب التطبیقي، حی داد قائم بإع دف ث ھ ین، بحی ورین رئیس منت مح ائیة تض ور األول استقص ىالمح داع إل ة اإلب یف حال توص ىالثاني التكنولوجي بمؤسسة السویدي، بینما ھدف المحور ة إل یة للمؤسس عیة التنافس یف الوض توص و كما اعتمد الباحث .قید الدراسة ضمن ھیكلھا التنافسي ة نح ردات العین تجابة مف ة اس د درج في تحدی ق)1(غیر موافق بشدة( ذو الخمس درجات "لیكرت"متغیرات الدراسة على مقیاس ر مواف ، )2(، غی ائیة قام الباحثكما ) 5( وموافق بشدة) 4( ، موافق)3(محاید باستخدام مجموعة من األسالیب اإلحص : منھا المستخدم؛ المقیاس ثبات لقیاس )cronbach's alpha(كرونباخ ألفا معامل استخدام ولمجروف ار ك تخدام اختب مرنوف اس یة )kolmogorov-smirnov( س د فرض لتحدی التوزیع الطبیعي للبیانات؛ دد دار المتع لوب االنح تخدام أس اد (multiple regression)اس ر أبع ار أث ك الختب وذل .المتغیر المستقل كل على حدا على كل بعد من أبعاد المتغیر التابع الصدق الظاھري ألداة القیاس 5.3 عدد من على االستبانة للتأكد من مدى صدق أداة الدراسة في قیاس متغیراتھا فقد تم عرض دریس المتخص المحكمین ة الت اء ھیئ ن أعض ال م ي مج ین ف تراتیجیة اإلدارةص لف، اإلس ة الش بجامع ارات وإجراءوقد تم األخذ بالمالحظات المقدمة منھم ذف العب ي ح ة ف روریة والمتمثل دیالت الض التع .التي فیھا غموض، وإعادة صیاغة العبارات المتداخلة والمركبة ومناقشتھا النتائج. 4 ثبات أداة الدراسة تحلیل 1.4 د البا ثاعتم ا ح اط ألف ل االرتب ى معام اس عل ات أداة القی اس ثب ة لقی ة الحالی ي الدراس ف ل ، وفي ذات السیاق یشیر قیمة)alpha cronbach(كرونباخ ا معام اخ ألف ى كرونب دى إل ات م ثب ي المتغیرات قیاس في المستخدمة األداة تمل الت ة، تش ھ الدراس ب علی .sekaran, 2010, p(وبحس ة كانت إذا إحصائیا مقبولة قیاسالم نتیجة تكون) 311 ا قیم ن ألف ر م اخ اكب د 0.6كرونب راء، وبع إج ة معامالت أن -1كما ھو مالحظ في الجدول رقم -التحلیل أظھرت النتائج ار الثبات كلھا مقبول باعتب ا ر أنھ ن أكب ة م ھ 0.6 القیم إن وعلی ع ف اییس جمی ة المق ز بدرج ة تتمی ب عالی ة بحس ات والثق ن الثب م ق الدراس ادة تطبی ا بإع ول علیھ ن الحص ي یمك ائج الت ات النت ى ثب یر ال ذي یش ر ال ابقة األم ات الس .االستبانة على نفس العینة كرونباخ ألفا معامالت تحلیل نتائج: 1جدول معامل الفا كرونباخ عدد الفقرات المتغیر 0.75 7 االبداع التكنولوجي 0.91 16 ھیكل المنافسة spssعلى برنامج باالعتماد الباحث إعدادمن :المصدر )سمرنوف -كولمجروف اختبار( الطبیعي التوزیع اختبار2.4 تراط ار اش ارات باعتب م االختب د ت دار، فق ل االنح راء تحلی ي إلج ع الطبیع ة للتوزی المعلمی ل لمعرفة سمرنوف – كولمجروف اللجوء الى اختبار ات ھ ع البیان ع تتب ي التوزی ت .ال أم الطبیع فكان ولمجروف2رقم الجدول ھذا االختبار كما ھي موضحة في نتائج ة ك -، حیث اتضح أن اختبار معنوی اإلبداع التكنولوجي لتحسین تموقع المؤسسات الصناعیة ضمن ھیكلھا .طھار ن مؤسسة السویدي: الةدراسة ح التنافسي 64 ة والبالغ محاور الدراسة أكبر محور من سمرنوف لكل ة الحالی ة الدراس (0.05)ة من مستوى معنوی ي التوزیع تتبع البیانات أن على یدل وھذا ما الي الطبیع ب وبالت ارات یج تخدام االختب ي المع اس ة ف لمی .اختبار فرضیات الدراسة سمرنوف لمحاور الدراسة الحالیة -كولمجروف ملخص نتائج اختبار: 2جدول القیمة االحتمالیة zقیمة عدد الفقرات عنوان المحور المحور 0.061 0.074 7 مقیاس االبداع التكنولوجي األول 0.21 0.14 16 مقیاس ھیكل المنافسة الثاني spssباالعتماد على برنامج الباحث ادإعدمن : المصدر اختبار الفرضیات ومناقشة النتائج 3.4 للدراسة الرئیسةالفرضیة اختبار 1.3.4 ة توى معنوی د مس ائیة عن ة احص ركة ) ≥0.05α(یوجد أثر ذو دالل وجي لش داع التكنول لإلب ابالت ویدي للك ات(الس ي العملی داع ف تج واالب ي المن داع ف ھ االب اده ) ببعدی تھا بأبع ل منافس ى ھیك عل د (الخمسة ائن، تھدی یة للزب وة التفاوض وردین، الق یة للم وة التفاوض اع، الق ل القط ة داخ ة المنافس الكثاف ) .دیلةالدخالء الجدد في الصناعة، وتھدید المنتجات الب ا د منھ ل واح ار ك الختبار ھذه الفرضیة تم تفریعھا إلى فرضیتین فرعیتین، حیث سیتم اختب ة نموذج على حدا وذلك من خالل تقدیر اد الخمس ى األبع وجي عل داع التكنول انحدار المتعدد ألثر اإلب : المشكلة لھیكل المنافسة فكانت النتائج كما یلي اد اإل 3یوضح الجدول رقم ر أبع ي أث ع التنافس ي التموق وجي ف داع التكنول ركةب ویدي لش الس ل اد الھیك ى أبع تج عل ي المن داع ف أثیر لإلب ود ت ل وج ائج التحلی ضمن ھیكلھا التنافسي، حیث تظھر نت د (التنافسي والمتمثلة في ائن، تھدی یة للزب وة التفاوض وردین، الق یة للم الكثافة التنافسیة، القوة التفاوض ي دد ف دخالء الج ة ال ات البدیل د المنتج ناعة، وتھدی ث) الص ت حی امالت بلغ ذه (beta)مع لھ رات یم ) 0.55، 0.13، 0.59، 0.413، 0.612(المتغی ة ق والي وبدالل ى الت ة tعل ، 1.58(البالغ ة ) 5.33، 3.94، 489، 2.46 توى معنوی د مس ائیا عن ة احص یم دال ي ق والي، وھ ا 0.05على الت مم أثر یعني أن الزیاد في اإلبداع ي في المنتج یؤدي الى ت یة (ف ة التنافس یة 0.612الكثاف وة التفاوض ، الق ائن0.143للموردین یة للزب وة التفاوض ناعة0.59، الق ي الص دد ف دخالء الج د ال د ، وتھد0.13، تھدی ی وحدة 0.55المنتجات البدیلة ب ي اھر ف م أما بالنسبة الى الفرضیة الفرعیة الثانیة فانطالقا من النتائج الظ دول رق ھ 3الج فان ي وجی ة ف ي والمتمثل ل التنافس اد الھیك ى أبع ات عل ي العملی وجي ف داع التكنول أثیر لإلب ة (د ت الكثاف ناعة، ي الص دد ف دخالء الج د ال ائن، تھدی یة للزب وة التفاوض وردین، الق یة للم وة التفاوض یة، الق التنافس ة ث) وتھدید المنتجات البدیل ت حی امالت بلغ ذ (beta)مع رات هلھ ، 0.741، 0.154، 0.22(المتغی یم ) 0.61، 0.8 ة ق والي وبدالل ة tعلى الت والي ) 3.14، 1.45، 7.88، 5.42، 3.77(البالغ ى الت عل مما یعني أن الزیاد في اإلبداع في المنتج یؤدي الى 0.05وھي قیم دالة احصائیا عند مستوى معنویة أثر ي ت یة (ف ة التنافس وة التف 0.22الكثاف وردین ، الق یة للم یة 0.154اوض وة التفاوض ، الق ائن ناعة 0.741للزب ي الص دد ف دخالء الج د ال ة ب 0.8، تھدی ات البدیل د المنتج دة) 0.61، وتھدی .وح كما 0.01وذلك عند مستوى معنویة 0.33لألنموذج العام rوفي ذات السیاق فقد بلغ معامل االرتباط ة ت قیم داع التك r² 0.11بلغ ي ان االب ا یعن بتھ م ا نس ر م وجي یفس ر % 11نول ي التغی این ف ن التب م ة . الكلي لتموقع شركة السویدي ضمن ھیكل منافستھا ائج قیم ة fویؤكد ھذه النت ي 22.89والبالغ وھ .أقل من المحسوبة مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 69-57 ص 65 نتائج تحلیل االنحدار المتعدد لفرضیة الدراسة: 3جدول متغیرات الدراسة ابعاد ھیكل المنافسة r r² f اللةالدمستوى الكثافة التنافسیة القوة التفاوضیة للموردین القوة التفاوضیة للزبائن تھدید المنتجات البدیلة تھدید الداخلون الجدد β0 / t β0/ t β3/ t β0/ t β0/ t االبداع التكنولوجي االبداع في المنتج 0.612 1.58 0.413 2.461 0.59 4.86 0.13 3.94 0.55 5.33 0.33 0.11 22.89 0.001 االبداع في العملیات 0.22 3.77 0.154 5.42 0.741 7.88 0.08 1.45 0.61 3.14 spssباالعتماد على برنامج الباحث إعدادمن :المصدر :في ذات السیاق یمكن القول أثیر اء الت أثیر (ج وجيت داع التكنول ویدي اإلب ركة الس یة لش ة التنافس ى الكثاف ة ) عل كنتیج ة تراتیجیة الخاص ادین االس ود المی ركة لوج ویدي بش ي الس ناعة ف د ص ث تتواج یة حی تنافس الكوابل صناع السویدي، أبرزھا مؤسسة شركةالعدید من الشركات التي تمتلك نفس حرفة ذھبي بن سیدي فرع الكوابل صناع ، مؤسسة)enikab(ببسكرة الكتریك جینیرال فرع تورد ك المس ى ذل ف ال تغانم، ض ال( ین بمس starlight, plastelec constantine: أمث star cabel alger, ( تیرادھم ار اس ة باعتب ین للمؤسس ین حقیقی ون منافس ذین یمثل ال ع ا دف ویدي، مم ات الس ة لمنتج ات منافس ىلمنتج اد إل داعاعتم اس اإلب وجي كأس التكنول ین، ات المنافس ن منتج ة ع ات المؤسس ز منتج ة وتمیی ر بللمنافس ا أث ى مم ر عل كل مباش ش .توزیع الحصص السوقیة بین مؤسسة السویدي والمؤسسات المتنافسة األخرى وجيتأثیر بینما یمكن تفسیر ویدي اإلبداع التكنول ركة الس یة لزبائن لش وة التفاوض ي الق اف : ھ ان وجي ب داع التكنول د االب دون ق ارھم یج ائن باعتب یة للزب وة التفاوض یض الق ي تخف اھم ف س ي منتجات م تحكم ف ویدي ت ن الس ل م ا یجع اتھم، مم اتھم ورغب ة لطلب ویدي موافق ؤسسة الس ى ویدي عل ادین األسعار ولیس الزبائن، وتجدر االشارة الى تعامل المؤسسة الس توي می مس غیرة ات الص مل المؤسس ث یش ع، حی ور الواس ع الجمھ ا م ة بھ تراتیجیة الخاص اط االس نش رة العمومی ات الكبی طة والمؤسس واق والمتوس ي األس ل ف ن التعام ال ع ة، فض ة والخاص تج قیھ المن وجي بش داع التكنول األجنبیة مع زبائن دولیین، مما یتطلب منھا التركیز على اإلب .والعملیات لتوفیر منتجات متمیزة تكنلوجیا وتوفیرھا زبائن في الوقت المحدد ھ : التفاوضیة للموردین في القوة السویديشركة اإلبداع التكنولوجيبأثیر فیما یتعلق أما فان د ال ركة قی ان الش ك ب یر ذل ن تفس ةدیمك ر راس وردین نظ ن الم دود م دد مح ع ع ل م تتعام لالنتقال من مورد إلى آخر، خیارات كثیرة المؤسسة تمتلك ال لخصوصیة صناعتھا، بحیث ا یة لموردیھ وة التفاوض د الق ا یزی ة، مم ول مرتفع الیف التح ن تك ل م ذي یجع ر ال األم افة egyplast و united metals cuivreلمتمثلة في المؤسستین المصریتینوا( باإلض ، كل ھذه العوامل التي تواجھھا مؤسسة السویدي تجعلھا )cumertالمؤسسة االسبانیة إلى ا مح لھ ث سیس وردین، حی یة للم في أمس الحاجة لإلبداع التكنولوجي لتخفیف القوة التفاوض ات اإلبداع التكنولوجي مثال ي عملی تخدم ف د تس اجبإیجاد مواد جدی واد اإلنت ن الم ف ع تختل ة إلىالحالیة، باإلضافة ق إمكانی ادةتحقی ات إع دویر لمخلف اجالت ذي اإلنت ر ال ة، األم الجانبی نعكس ای ة إیجاب ارات المتاح یع الخی الیین، وتوس وردین الح ى الم اد عل م االعتم ى حج عل .أمامھا اإلبداع التكنولوجي لتحسین تموقع المؤسسات الصناعیة ضمن ھیكلھا .طھار ن مؤسسة السویدي: الةدراسة ح التنافسي 66 ا ن الأم ة بتع ائج الخاص وجيأثیر نت داع التكنول ي اإلب ةف ات البدیل دات المنتج را :تھدی نظ ن ي ال یمك ة والت ل الكھربائی ي الكواب ة ف ویدي المتمثل ة الس ات مؤسس یة منتج لخصوص ل ا یجع ویدي االستغناء عنھا ألي قطاع سوقي مستھدف، مم ة الس ي لمؤسس ل التنافس الھیك ي تھدید المنتجات البدیلة، وعھیكل ذو مستوى منخفض ل لیھ فان تأثیر االبداع التكنولوجي ف كلة اد المش اقي االبع ي ب أثیره ف ل لت یل حاص و تحص ویدي ھ ة الس ة لمؤسس ات البدیل المنتج .للھیكل التنافسي ي في تھدید الدخالء الجدد اإلبداع التكنولوجيالنتائج الخاصة بتأثیر كما یمكن تفسیر : بما یل فإن تھدید الداخلون الجدد مرتفع جدا، وذلك كنتیجة على العكس من تھدید المنتجات البدیلة، ھ ة، التوج ابالت الكھربائی ات الك ى منتج ي عل ب المحل اع الطل ا، ارتف باب منھ دة أس لع زم ي تعت ات الت ة للمؤسس ھیالت االداری الي والتس دعم الم دیم ال ى تق ائم عل ومي الق الحك ناعي اع الص ي القط تثمار ف ى أ... االس ارة إل د اإلش خ، وتج ناعة ال ات الص رز المؤسس ن أب ي ل ف ر تتمث ي الجزائ ریة ف اف البص ة واأللی ابالت الكھربائی ناعة الك ا لص ر دخولھ المنتظ ة ركة الیابانی ا"الش ك فوروك ل "الكتری ي تحت ز الت ع المرك ركة الراب ا وش یفال" عالمی " س دخو ق ال م عوائ د اھ وجي كأح داع التكنول اد االب ن اعتم ل م ذي یجع ر ال ة، األم ل التركی ي ع تنافس ق تموق ن تحقی یمكنھا م ضرورة حتمیة ال غنى لمؤسسة السویدي عنھا وھو ما س . أفضل الخالصة .5 یة للمنافسة العالیة التي تشھدھا نظرا ل التنافس ة الھیاك ة، المحلی ى والعالمی اد عل ات االعتم ب ة ل رورة ملح وجي ض داع التكنول ناعیة اإلب ات الص یة المؤسس ع وتنافس ین تموق ا تحس من ھیكلھ ض س ث یعك ي، حی دا التنافس دخال جدی ة، م ناعة القیم د لص تمر والتجدی ات، المس ات والعملی للمنتج ي وبالتتالي فھو ات ف وركیزة أساسیة لنجاح المؤسس تمرار النم ى واالس ي عل وق التنافس ق التف وتحقی .المنافسین ائیة ل ة إحص أثیر ذاو دالل ود ت ى وج ة ال ة الحالی لت الدراس د توص ي وق وجي ف داع التكنل إلب و االنحدار اإلحصائي باستخدام تحلیل التحلیل أشار ، حیثلشركة السویدي للكابالتالھیكل التنافسیة :التباین إلى ما یلي تحلیل ة لت الدراس ىتوص ود إل أثیر وج وجي ت داع التكنول ركةلإلب ویدي لش ابالت الس ى للك عل ؛الكثافة التنافسیة داخل القطاع ائج ت نت ة بین ة الحالی ودالدراس أثیر وج وجي ت داع التكنول ركةلإلب وة لش ي الق ویدي ف الس ؛التفاوضیة للزبائن ا رتكم ود أظھ ة وج ائج الدراس وجيأثیر ت نت داع التكنول ركة اإلب ویدي لش وة الس ي الق ف ؛التفاوضیة للموردین حت ود أوض ة وج ائج الدراس أثیر نت وجيلت داع التكنول ركة إلب ویدي لش ي الس دات تھدف ی .المنتجات البدیلة ركة بداع التكنولوجيلإلتأثیر نتائج الدراسة وجود أظھرت ویدي لش دخالء الس د ال ي تھدی ف الجدد :من النتائج السابقة تم الخروج بالتوصیات التالیة انطالقا وجي و داع التكنول ام باإلب د االھتم اعفةتوصي الدراسة مؤسسة السویدي بمزی اق مض اإلنف ؛التطویرو البحث على ث ي الباح ة یوص ث العلمی ابر البح ع مخ ة م ات تعاقدی ي عالق دخول ف ویدي بال ة الس مؤسس مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 69-57 ص 67 والتقنیة وكذا الجامعات والمعاھد من اجل البقاء على اتصال دائم بالمستجدات العلمیة؛ ع ا رف ي علیھ ا ینبغ دد مم داخلون الج ل ال ن قب رة م دات كبی ویدي تھدی ة الس ھ مؤسس تواج المستثمر في الصناعة؛ متطلبات رأسمال ینبغي على مؤسسة السویدي التركیز على تقدیم منتجات ذات كثافة تكنولوجیة عالیة مقارنة بالمنافسین؛ ل ن أج ائن م ع الزب ل م ل االج ود طوی ي عق دخول ف ویدي بال ة الس ة مؤسس ي الدراس توص .المنافسین إلىضمان عدم انتقالھم )references( المراجع cherroun, r. (2014). product innovation and the competitive advantage. european scientific journal, 1(1), 140-157. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/328024363.pdf dälken, f. (2014). are porter’s five competitive forces still applicable? a critical examination concerning the relevance for today’s business, (bachelor's thesis, university of twente), retrieved from http://essay.utwente.nl/65339/1/d%c3%a4lken_ba_mb.pdf davenport, t. h. (1992), process innovation reengineering work through information technology, usa: harvard business school press. giniuniene, j., & jurksiene, l. (2015). dynamic capabilities, innovation and organizational learning: interrelations and impact on firm performance. procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 2(13), 985– 991. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.515 harrell, g. d., and frazier, g. l. (1999). marketing, connecting with customers, new york: nj prentice hall. johnson, m. l. l. s. f. (2014). the five competitive forces framework in a technology-mediated environment: do these forces still hold in the industry of the 21st century?, (bachelor's thesis, university of twente), retrieved from http://essay.utwente.nl/66196/1/johnson_ba_mb.pdf kanagal, n. b. (2015). innovation and product innovation in marketing strategy. journal of management and marketing research, 18, 1-25 https://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/152209.pdf khattab, s. a. (2017). the impact of dynamic capability on innovation (an applied study on jordanian pharmaceutical organizations), european journal of business and managemen, 9(20), 73-85. https://www.iiste.org/journals/index.php/ejbm/article/view/37813/3 8896 king, w. & kugler, j. (2000). the impact of rhetorical strategies on innovation decisions: an experimental study. omega, 28, 485-499. اإلبداع التكنولوجي لتحسین تموقع المؤسسات الصناعیة ضمن ھیكلھا .طھار ن مؤسسة السویدي: الةدراسة ح التنافسي 68 https://www.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0483(99)00076-6 li, d., & liu, j. (2014). dynamic capabilities, environmental dynamism, and competitive advantage: evidence from china. journal of business research, 67(1), 2793–2799. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.007 mikkola, j. h. (2001). portfolio management of r&d projects: implications for innovation management. technovation, 21(7), 423–435. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4972(00)00062-6 porter, m. e. (1979). the structure within industries and companies' performance. review of economics and statistics, 61(2), 214–227. https://doi.org/10.2307/1924589 porter, m. e. (2008). the five competitive forces that shape strategy. special issue on hbs centennial. harvard business review, 86(1), 78–93. sekaran, u. (2010). research methods for business: a skill building approach, new york: john wiley & sons. shane, a., & ulrich, t. (2004). technological innovation, product development. entrepreneurship in management science, 50(2), 13314. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1040.0204 teece, d. j. (1986). profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. research policy, 15(6), 285-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/00487333(86)90027-2 utterback, j. m., & abernathy, w. j. (1975). a dynamic model of process and product innovation. omega, 3(6), 639–656 https://www.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0483(75)90068-7 wilden, r., gudergan, s. p., nielsen, b. b., & lings, i. (2013). dynamic capabilities and performance: strategy, structure and environment. long range planning, 46(1-2), 72–96. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2012.12.001 william j. s. (2007). production/operations management (8th ed). usa: von hoffmann press. مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 69-57 ص 69 technological innovation to improve the industrial companies positioning within its competitive structure: case study of el sewedy cables company (algeria) nacer tahar 1 published: 10-12-2020 available online: 27-11-2020 accepted: 26-11-2020 received: 20-10-2020 abstract : this study aims to clarify the contribution of technology innovation in improving the industrial companies’ competitiveness within their competitive structure. to achieve this objective and test the hypotheses, el sewedy cables company (algeria) was selected as a case study. the study used the case study approach through the questionnaire to collect data, which was distributed to a sample of 30 members of the company’s board, and after the statistical analysis of data collected through the use of the spss, the most important result is, there is a statistically significant impact at the level of (0.05) for the technology innovation of the el sewedy company on its competitive structure represented by (competition in the industry, the power of suppliers, the power of customers, potential of new entrants into the industry, and threat of substitute products). in light of these results, the study presented some recommendations that can guide el sewedy company to overcome and strengthen the weaknesses in its technological innovation model and strengthen the strengths on the other hand, which helps it to improve its competitive position within the competition structure. keywords: technological innovation, product innovation, process innovation, competitive structure, el sewedy cables company (algeria). jel classification: l25, o32. © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. how to cite: tahar, n. (2020). technological innovation to improve the industrial companies positioning within its competitive structure: case study of el sewedy cables company (algeria). management & economics research journal. 2(5), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2020.146 [in arabic] 1corresponding author: phd in marketing and management, assistant teacher, hassiba benbouali of chlef university (algeria). [ nacertahar5@gmail.com] management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 2 (2021), pp. 1-21 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.159 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 1 www.mer-j.com sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe maja bacovic 1 1 prof. dr., university of montenegro, faculty of economics (montenegro)  majab@ucg.ac.me published: 01 -09 -2021 available online: 23 -04-2021 accepted: 23 -04 -2021 received: 10 -03 -2021 how to cite: bacovic, m. (2021). sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe. management & economics research journal, 3(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.159 abstract: the structural changes in europe have occurred over the last several decades, reducing output share in the goods sector, while increasing its share in overall services. applying the growth accounting approach, we decomposed output growth in the economy while following the sectoral approach, in ten individual sectors in twenty-six european countries, from 2000 to 2019. our analysis shows that total factor productivity has accounted for almost half of the european countries' growth in output in the last two decades, with the other half primarily accounted for by increases in fixed asset growth and employment growth, while its variations among sectors are significant. the output growth in the services sector is significantly more driven by employment growth than in the goods sector, leading to overall employment growth in the economy. applying the panel pooled ols model, we found that the relevance of expenditures for research corresponding author: university of montenegro, faculty of economics (montenegro). [ majab@ucg.ac.me] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8865-3924 mailto:majab@ucg.ac.me https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.159 mailto:salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk mailto:majab@ucg.ac.me https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.159 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.159&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-09-01 http://www.mer-j.com/ sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe bacovic, m. 2 and development is high and positive in all sectors, but higher in industry and knowledge-intensive services (information and communication, scientific activities) compared to all sectors average. to the best knowledge of the author, this is the first study presenting output growth decomposition estimates at the sectoral level for a selected group of countries, but also the first study presenting estimates of tfp in the total economy for a selected time period. in addition, this is the first study that presents the relevance of investment in research and development at the sectoral level in this specific time period and group of countries. results of the study may be used in defining national policies priorities, as there are varieties among sectors in terms of their impact on employment and economic growth. keywords: output growth decomposition, sectoral approach, total factor productivity, research and development. jel codes: o47, o52. 1. introduction the structural changes in europe have occurred over the last several decades, reducing output share in the goods sector, while increasing its share in overall services. the sectoral approach in the analysis of economic growth is relevant as it might be determined by its productive structure. analysis at the sample of twenty-six european countries in the last twodecade period shows that the average output share in agriculture declined from 2.7% in 2000 to 2.18% in 2019; in the industry from 21.63% to 20.27% respectively; in construction from 6.36% to 5.4%, while it increased in the overall services sector from 71.1% to 72.5%. the fastest-growing services sectors are knowledge-intensive, such as information and communication, with output share growth from 3.3% in 2000 to 6.6% in 2019, and professional, scientific and technical activities, from 7.9% to 10.4% respectively1. the sectoral perspective in economic analysis is directly linked to structural changes. kratena (2005), points out “the shift of resources, output and employment between different sectors accompanying the process of economic growth has been recognised as a possible challenge for adjustment in industrialised economies”. moro (2015), suggested that both the growth rate and volatility of an economy might be related to its productive structure. 1 source: author’s calculation based on eurostat data. pp. 1-21 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 3 in economic analysis, it is generally accepted that productivity growth is a major source of economic growth and welfare development. as in margaritis et.al (2005), “labour productivity has accounted for roughly half of the growth in per capita gdp in oecd countries over the last two decades of the xx century, with the other half primarily accounted for by increases in labour utilisation (changes are the demographics, unemployment and labour force participation rates)”. nelson (2000) points out that “in the early 1950s, empirical work made it clear that growth of total factor productivity accounted for the lion’s share of the measured increases in output per worker. technological advancement has been proposed as a major force behind tfp growth’. further, quoting work by schmookler (1952), schultz (1953), fabricant (1954), kendrick (1956) and abramovitz (1956), concluded that “the growth output experienced in the united states after world war ii was significantly greater than reasonably can be ascribed to input growth”. it was explained by technological advancement, changing composition of the labour, investments in human capital and reallocation of resources from lower to higher productivity activities and economies of scale. observing structural changes toward rapid growth in the services sectors in european countries, this research aims to decompose output growth applying growth accounting approach, in all countries from the sample (twenty-six european countries) for the period from 2000 to 2019, at the economic level but also the individual sector level, into the following components: capital growth, labour growth, capacity utilisation growth and tfp growth. therefore, we will be able to investigate whether the expansion of a specific sector is capital, labour or tfp growth driven. in addition, as the expansion of scientific and technical knowledge that raises the productivity of labour and other inputs of production have been seen as a source of persistent growth in income per person, applying a panel pooled ols (fixed effects) model, we estimate the significance of the investment in research and development at the sectoral level. in this study, we use a sample of twenty-six european countries2 and the period from 2000 to 2019. the sample was reduced to twenty-six countries because of data availability. the growth accounting approach was applied to estimate production 2 belgium, czech republic, denmark, germany, estonia, ireland, greece, france, italy, cyprus, latvia, lithuania, luxemburg, hungary, malta, netherlands, austria, poland, portugal, romania, slovenia, slovakia, finland, sweden, norway united kingdom. sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe bacovic, m. 4 input growth and total factor productivity (tfp) in the total economy and at the sectoral level, for ten sectors: agriculture, forestry and fishing; industry (except construction); construction; wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food service activities; financial and insurance activities; information and communication; real estate activities; professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities; public administration, defence, education, human health and social work activities; arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities; activities of the household and extra-territorial organisations and bodies. estimation of the contribution from inputs and total factor productivity growth is important because of its contribution to long-term income per capita growth. from the computation methodological point of view, since the work of abramovitz (1956) and solow (1957), the growth accounting approach has been applied in a significant number of studies. to the best knowledge of the author, this is the first study presenting output growth decomposition estimates at the sectoral level for a selected group of countries, but also the first study presenting estimates of tfp in the total economy for a selected time period. in addition, this is the first study that presents the relevance of investment in research and development at the sectoral level in this specific time period and group of countries. this study is comprised of six sections. after the introduction, the second part provides an overview of the research available in the literature. the third section relates to the empirical analysis of structural changes and growth in europe. the following section relates to the data, research methodology and empirical results. the fifth section provides comparisons with the results from other studies. the concluding remarks and recommendations for future research are presented in the final section. 2. literature review due to its relevance, the availability of the literature on sources of growth and structural changes is vast. we list only selection from the most recent, tackling the issues studied in this paper. on the importance of total factor productivity (tfp) progress, there is much evidence in the literature. barro (1998) points out that technological progress is, in fact, crucial to the long-term per capita growth that the u.s. economy has been able to sustain for two centuries. based on an extensive literature review, kim and loayza (2017), categorised tfp determinants into five components: innovations, education, market efficiency, physical infrastructure and institutional infrastructure. in their research, they pp. 1-21 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 5 concluded that “variation of tfp across countries for the last three decades is explained the most by the physical infrastructure index, followed by the education index and the market efficiency index at a similar level, the innovation index and the institutional infrastructure index”. romer (2001) stressed that the growth of knowledge is the most important determinant of output growth for the last century. becker (1993) concluded that “it is clear that all countries which have managed persistent growth in income have also had large increases in the education and training of their labour force. the systematic application of scientific knowledge to the production of goods has greatly increased the value of education, technical schooling, and on-the-job training as the growth of knowledge has been embodied in people – in scientists, scholars, technicians, managers, and other contributors to output”. in their study, eichler et al. (2006) found that “higher taxes reduce productivity growth, increase innovation resources, and better intercontinental accessibility leads to higher productivity growth”. productivity growth is also influenced by global trends, industrial structures and spatial spillover effects. holmes and schmitz (2010), found that industries experiencing dramatic changes in their competitive environment were forced to increase productivity, or only plants that have large productivity gains survive competition increases. wu, guo, and marinova (2017) presented new evidence on tfp and economic growth in china and found that “productivity growth is the main driver of economic growth in all three sectors: agriculture, manufacturing and services”. they also found that technological progress influenced tfp growth significantly. the availability of literature on structural transformation and its impact on growth is also vast. morro (2015), studied the impact of the sectoral composition of gross domestic product on cross-country differences in gdp growth and volatility, and concluded that “an increase in the share of services in gdp reduces both aggregate total factor productivity (tfp) growth and volatility, thus reducing gdp growth and volatility”. fostermcgregor and verspagen (2017) presented a study on decomposing tfp growth in manufacturing and services, with a sample of 40 countries and a period from 1995 to 2009. their research has shown that “tfp growth in manufacturing tends to outpace that in services in most economies”. they found that some exceptions exist, particularly in asian countries, suggesting that “productivity growth in services need not always be lower than that in manufacturing”. mcmillan, rodrik and verduzco-gallo (2014), analysing sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe bacovic, m. 6 structural changes in africa and latin america, found that labour flows from low productivity to high productivity activities are a key driver of development. in addition, since 1990, structural change has been growth reducing, with labour moving from low to high-productive sectors. levenko et.al (2019) presented a study on tfp growth accounting in eleven countries from central and eastern europe, for the period 19962016. their study showed that on average, tfp growth accounted for onethird of gdp growth, while capital deepening accounted for approximately half. the growth accounting methodology was also applied in research by baier, dwyer and tamura (2006), using a sample of 145 countries and data for more than a hundred years for 23 countries in the sample, showing that total factor productivity explains 14% of average output growth per worker. by total factor productivity, they mean “changes in technology, institutional change, failure of the twin assumption of constant returns to scale and competitive factor markets, and other factors”. bacovic (2021) presented a study on the total factor productivity in middle-income balkan countries, applying a sectoral approach. buera and kaboski (2012) found a positive relationship between high-skilled labour and the services sector. they developed a theory in which “demand shifts toward more skill-intensive output as productivity rises, increasing the importance of market services relative to home production. their theory predicts a rising level of skills, skills premium and the relative price of services that are linked to this skill premium”. 3. the output, employment and labour productivity in europe – an empirical analysis 3.1. sector’s definition, data and sample following nace classification, sectors are defined as follows: agriculture, forestry and fishing (later agriculture), industry, construction and service sectors disaggregated into seven subsectors: wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food service activities; financial and insurance activities; information and communication; real estate activities; professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities; public administration, defence, education, human health and social work activities; arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities; activities of the household and extra-territorial organizations and bodies. all data were extracted from the eurostat database. a detailed presentation of the indicators used in this research is presented in section 4.1. analysis was based on the sample of 26 european countries, from 2000 pp. 1-21 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 7 to 2019.3 3.2. dynamics of the structural changes in europe's output, labour productivity and employment based on annual data on gross value added (output) in all nace activities and specific sectors, from a sample of twenty-six european countries, from 2000 to 2019, we estimated the average share of the gross value added (gva) in specific sectors concerning the economy’s gross value added. we observed that industry, trade (including transportation and tourism) and public administration have the largest share in total output, followed by construction and other services (finance, ict, real estate). sectors of public administration and trade, followed by industry are the largest employers, with the higher share of employed in relation to total employment. labour productivity (measured as output per person employed) is the highest in the finance, information and communications and industry sector (above total average), while the lowest is in agriculture (table 1). 3 all data are available on request. sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe bacovic, m. 8 table 1. structure of europe's output and employment; labour productivity, sample average, 2000-2019 share in total output share in total employment labour productivity (thousand 2010 constant euro) average annual 2000-2019 average annual 2000-2019 average annual 2000-2019 all = 100 all nace activities 100.00% 100.00% 45,83 1.00 agriculture, forestry and fishing 2.42% 6.62% 23,39 0.51 industry (except construction) 20.38% 17.85% 57,70 1.26 construction 6.05% 7.31% 36,16 0.79 wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food service activities 20.89% 24.70% 37,11 0.81 financial and insurance activities 5.89% 2.91% 91,57 2.00 information and communication 4.90% 2.67% 81,57 1.78 real estate activities 9.54% 0.99% professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities 9.16% 9.87% 41,91 0.91 public administration, defence, education, human health and social work activities 18.01% 22.32% 36,66 0.80 arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities; activities of the household and extra3.12% 4.77% 28,70 0.63 observations 498 459 459 459 source: author’s calculations, based on eurostat data (common sample) structural changes in europe have an impact on gdp growth. as in panel 1, industry growth has the strongest impact on gdp growth, while several services sectors also positively determine it, as information and communication, trade, finance and professional, scientific and technical services. the growth of the share of public administration in total output has a strong negative impact on gdp growth. pp. 1-21 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 9 .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 -.2 -.1 .0 .1 .2 .3 output growth a griculture, % output indus try, % output cons truction, % output trade at. el, % output finance, % output ict, % output real es tate, % output profess ional, s cience at. el, % output public adminis tration et. al, % output a rts, % of output panel 1. structural changes and output growth, 1920-2019 source: author’s calculations (based on eurostat data) descriptive statistics analysis shows that investigation of the sources of output growth on a sectoral level is important, to understand future development trends. 4. data, methods and empirical results 4.1. data data used in the research were extracted from the eurostat database (data on country’s level), with annual frequency. following indicators were used: gross value added (all nace activities, chain-linked volumes (2010), million euro), also for individual activities: agriculture, forestry and fishing; industry (except construction); construction; wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food service activities; financial and insurance activities; information and communication; real estate activities; professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities; public administration, defence, education, human health and social work activities; arts, entertainment and recreation; other service sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe bacovic, m. 10 activities; activities of the household and extra-territorial organizations and bodies4. following nace classification, data on total fixed assets (current replacement costs, million euro)5 were adjusted to chain-linked volumes (2010), million euro, applying price index (implicit deflator), 2010=100, euro, for all activities individually. employment data (total employment domestic concept) were used also classified in accordance with nace6. data on expenditures for research and development (originally extracted as share in gdp)7, were adjusted to its nominal values (constant prices, 2010 euro). 4.2. methodology growth accounting approach applying the growth accounting approach, we will decompose output growth rates in all sectors and ten individual sectors (as listed in section 3.1), into four components: capital stock growth, employment growth, capital utilization growth and total factor productivity growth. the growth accounting approach was selected due to its many advantages. “the growth accounting approach provides a filing system that is complete, in the sense that all phenomena that affect economic growth must do so through input factor quantities, relative factor intensities or total factor productivity growth, either singly or in combination. second, the results of the growth accounting exercise may point to areas where parametric studies are likely to be fruitful” (norsworthy, 2005). as in levenko et.al (2019), the starting point is a general specification of aggregate production function: = (ℎ , ) (1) where stands for output in the period t, is the capital stock in the period t, h ∈ (0,1) is the rate of capital utilization in the period t; l is employment and a is total factor productivity (tfp). 4 national accounts aggregates by industry (up to nace a*64) [nama_10_a64], extracted on 03/03/2021. 5 cross-classification of fixed assets by industry and by asset (stocks) [nama_10_nfa_st], extracted on 04/03/2021. 6 national accounts employment data by industry (up to nace a*64) [nama_10_a64_e], extracted on 04/03/2021. 7 intramural r & d expenditure (gerd) by sectors of performance [rd_e_gerdtot], extracted on 04/03/2021. pp. 1-21 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 11 if production function is time differenced and perfect competition and constant returns to scale are assumed, the growth rate of output is equal to (levenko et.al, 2019): ∆ ≈ (1 − ) ∆ + ∆ + ∆ + ∆ (2) the operator ∆ denotes the first difference, and is the elasticity of output to capital utilized in the period t. the equation (2) “decomposes output growth into components steaming from growth in employment, growth in available capital, growth in capital utilization and tfp growth” (levenko et.al, 2019). as in bacovic (2021), at the sectoral level, the specification of aggregate production function is: , = , , (ℎ , , , , ) (3) the variable , is value added (output) in the period t in sector i, i=1, 10(1 agriculture, forestry and fishing; 2industry (except construction); 3 construction; 4 wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food service activities; 5 financial and insurance activities; 6 information and communication; 7 real estate activities; 8 professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities; 9 public administration, defence, education, human health and social work activities; 10 arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities; activities of the household and extra-territorial organizations and bodies). , is the sector’s capital stock (fixed asset) available at the beginning of the period t in sector i, while ℎ , ∈ (0,1) is the rate of capital utilization in the period t so ℎ , is the capital actually utilized for the production of , ; , is employment in sector i and , is total factor productivity (tfp) in sector i. the growth rate of output is equal to: ∆ , , ≈ 1 − , ∆ , , + , ∆ , , + , ∆ , , + ∆ , , (4) data for output, capital stock (total fixed asset) and employment were available, while capital utilization must be computed. in case of missing data on capital utilization, there are few options. levenko et.al (2019), used the capacity utilization in manufacturing as a proxy for the utilization of capital in the entire economy, but we will follow solow’s sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe bacovic, m. 12 approach and use change in the unemployment rate (solow, 1957) as a unique indicator in the estimation of tfp on total economy and sectoral level. in this research, we applied constant estimates for output to capital elasticity, equal to 0.33, as suggested as typical value by romer (2001), on total economy and sectoral level, assuming that: , = (5) 4.3. model, panel pooled ols (simple and fixed effects) we may express aggregate production of an economy as a function of capital stock, labour and tfp: = ,0 < + < 1 (6) where yt represents the aggregate production of the economy at the time t, at is the total factor productivity, and kt and lt represent the capital stock and labour, respectively. the constants α and β represent the share of capital and labour in income. further, we will express tfp as a function of investment in research and development and other exogenous factors ct: = ( , ) = (7) after combining equations 6 and 7, we express the production function as: = (8) where α, β and  represent the elasticities of production with respect to the inputs of production: kt, lt and . after taking natural logs, the following equation is obtained: = + + + + , (9) where c is the intercept, α, β and  are constant elasticities and εt is the error term. pp. 1-21 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 13 4.4. empirical results 4.4.1. growth accounting method applying the growth accounting method, presented in section 4.2, on a sample of twenty-six european countries and the period from the year 2000 to 2019, we decomposed output growth rates in all nace activities and ten individual nace activities8 (table 2). we estimated contribution to gross value added growth from capital stock growth, employment growth and total factor productivity growth, for the total economy and respective services sectors. in this section, we will present the average value for all variables. average annual output growth (gross value added) in the overall sample from 2000 to 2019 was 2.27%, fixed asset growth 1.99%, employment growth 0.72% and total factor productivity growth 1.12%9. comparative analysis of gross value added growth in all nace activities (total economy) and respective sectors show that output growth was higher in relation to all sectors mean in information and communication sector (it), professional, scientific and technical activities (pst) and trade, transport and accommodation (tta), while in other sectors was below the average. fixed asset growth (capital stock growth) was also the highest in those sectors (but also above average in agriculture and industry), while it and pst activities generated the highest employment growth. total factor productivity growth was the largest in the it sector, followed by industry and financial and insurance activities. 8 nomenclature statistique des activités économiques dans la communauté européenne 9 capacity utilization growth was (-0.01%) in all sectors sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe bacovic, m. 14 table 2. output growth decomposition in europe, 2000-2019 gross value added growth fixed asset growth employment growth tfp growth mean mean 0.33% mean 0.67% mean all nace activities 2.27% 1.99% 0.66% 0.72% 0.48% 1.12% agriculture, forestry and fishing 0.75% 2.44% 0.81% -2.10% -1.41% 1.34% industry (except construction) 1.93% 2.21% 0.73% -0.81% -0.54% 1.73% construction 1.03% 1.29% 0.42% 0.63% 0.42% 0.18% wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food service activities 2.30% 2.34% 0.77% 1.00% 0.67% 0.87% financial and insurance activities 2.21% 0.66% 0.22% 0.53% 0.36% 1.63% information and communication 4.99% 3.57% 1.18% 2.56% 1.71% 2.09% real estate activities 2.06% 1.20% 0.40% 2.43% 1.63% 0.03% professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities 3.82% 3.77% 1.24% 3.50% 2.35% 0.22% public administration, defence, education, human health and social work activities 1.20% 1.03% 0.34% 1.22% 0.82% 0.04% arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities 1.63% 1.71% 0.56% 1.61% 1.08% -0.02% observations 399 399 399 399 399 399 source: author’s computation decomposition of output growth for total economy and respective sectors has shown different significance from the production inputs (capital stock, employment and total factor productivity) if apply sectoral approach (table 3). pp. 1-21 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 15 table 3. share of the source of growth fixed asset growth employment growth tfp growth all nace activities 28.9% 21.2% 50.0% agriculture, forestry and fishing 107.7% -188.2% 180.5% industry (except construction) 37.9% -28.0% 90.2% construction 41.0% 40.7% 18.2% wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food service activities 33.6% 29.2% 37.2% financial and insurance activities 9.8% 16.1% 74.0% information and communication 23.6% 34.4% 42.0% real estate activities 19.2% 78.9% 1.9% professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities 32.6% 61.5% 5.9% public administration, defence, education, human health and social work activities 28.3% 67.9% 3.8% arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities; activities of the household and extraterritorial organizations and bodies 34.7% 66.1% -0.8% source: author’s computation our analysis has shown that total factor productivity determined almost half of the output growth in european countries over the last two decades, with the other half primarily determined by increases in fixed asset growth and employment growth. similar findings were presented by margaritis et.al (2005), showing that “labour productivity has accounted for roughly half of the growth in per capita gdp in oecd countries over the same period, with the other half primarily accounted for by increases in labour utilisation (changes in the demographics, unemployment and labour force participation rates)”. on a sectoral level, contribution to growth varies. in agriculture and industry employment growth was negative, while it is a significant source of growth in services. opposite, tfp growth was the most significant source of growth in agriculture and industry, but also in financial and insurance activities. capital growth was the most relevant source of growth in agriculture but contributed lesser to the growth in the services sector. 4.4.2. panel pooled ols (simple and fixed effects) model the properties of the variables (defined in section 4.1) were examined by determining the existence of unit-roots. the hausman test is used in order to choose between the fixed effects model and the randomsectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe bacovic, m. 16 effects model in panel data. estimation results of equation 9 (table 4) show that growth in the capital stock (total fixed asset) by one unit leads to the output growth by 0.21, while the same rate of employment growth leads to the output growth by 0.84. an increase in expenditures for research and development by one percentage point determines output growth by 0.05 points. growth in exogenous components of tfp is to 0.9%. result obtained corresponds to the one estimated applying growth accounting approach, presented in the previous section. table 4. estimation results (equation 9), panel fixed effects ols dependent variable: sample (adjusted): 2001 2019 cross-sections included: 26 total panel (balanced) observations: 468 variable coefficient std. error 0.212717*** 0.036243 0.842992*** 0.062394 0.058221*** 0.012915 c 0.009205*** 0.001382 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1 source: author’s estimations estimation of equation 9 at the industry level shows that the impact from expenditures for research and development is higher in the industry sector compared to the total economy (0.08), the exogenous component of tfp growth also (1.29%)10, as presented in table 5. table 5. estimation results (equation 9), applied in the industry sector (panel pooled ols) dependent variable: , sample (adjusted): 2001 2019 cross-sections included: 24 total panel (balanced) observations: 424 variable coefficient std. error , 0.266830*** 0.054682 , 0.568351*** 0.081894 0.088898** 0.028636 c 0.012962*** 0.003208 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1 source: author’s estimations exogenous components of tfp growth is the highest in the 10 result obtained corresponds to the one estimated applying growth accounting approach, presented in the previous section. pp. 1-21 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 17 information and communication services sector (3.23%), which is higher than the value estimated applying the growth accounting approach, but with a comparable trend (information and communication sectors is the one with the highest tfp growth). contribution from expenditures for research and development is higher in the information and communication sector in relation to the total economy, which is expected as this is the knowledgeintensive sector. results are presented in table 6. table 6. estimation results (equation 9), applied in the ict sector (panel fixed effects ols) dependent variable: , sample (adjusted): 2001 2019 cross-sections included: 25 total panel (balanced) observations: 446 variable coefficient std. error , 0.339460*** 0.041459 , 0.104957** 0.051201 0.073761*** 0.025753 c 0.032395*** 0.003081 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1 source: author’s estimations contribution from expenditures for research and development is the highest in the sector of professional, scientific and technical services, as expected (table 7). exogenous components of tfp growth determines output growth in this sector at a slower rate than in the total economy. table 7. estimation results (equation 9), applied in the sector of professional, scientific and technical services (panel fixed effects ols) dependent variable: , sample (adjusted): 2001 2019 cross-sections included: 23 total panel (balanced) observations: 407 variable coefficient std. error , 0.252440*** 0.030831 , e 0.423837*** 0.061037 0.149740*** 0.026578 c 0.007116** 0.003480 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1 source: author’s estimations sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe bacovic, m. 18 4.4.3. comparisons with results with other studies measuring total factor productivity applying the growth accounting approach has its difficulties. fairly innocuous deference in assumptions can lead to very different estimates of tfp growth. (prem notes, 2000) that is why is important to emphasize the sensitivity of the results by changing assumptions. although earlier research on output growth decomposition applying the growth accounting method does not cover the same sample and time frame, some overlaps make comparison possible. work done by fostermcgregor and verspagen (2017) and levenko et.al (2019) are the most comparable one, in terms of a time frame but also methodology and sample (eighteen countries from our sample match the sample in foster-mcgregor and verspagen study, while seven countries from our sample match the sample in the study by levenko et.al). despite different methodological approaches and time covered, results from all studies are similar for most countries (table 8) and show a high degree of consistency. results from both studies on the sectoral level show higher tfp growth in the industry than in the services sector. pp. 1-21 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 19 table 8. comparisons of the results with the study by foster-mcgregor and verspagen (2017) and levenko et.al (2019) bacovic (2021) foster-mcgregor, verspagen (2017) levenko et.al (2019) 2001-2019 average annual growth 2001-2019 cumulative growth 1995-2009 cumulative growth 1996-2016 average annual growth belgium 0.40% 7.53% 3.96% 0.63% czechia 1.88% 35.78% 23.99% germany 0.39% 7.44% 9.19% estonia 2.04% 38.75% 34.14% 1.77% ireland 1.36% 25.78% 7.00% greece -0.15% -2.93% 3.67% france 0.11% 2.17% 17.94% italy -0.48% -9.16% -5.04% lithuania 3.28% 62.28% 29.36% 1.24% luxembou rg -0.18% -3.40% 6.01% hungary 1.57% 29.81% 30.20% 0.89% poland 2.43% 46.16% 52.30% 1.80% slovenia 1.47% 27.92% 29.24% 1.22% slovakia 2.61% 49.61% 27.10% 0.96% finland 0.07% 1.27% 19.60% sweden 0.44% 8.35% 16.98% united kingdom 0.28% 5.29% 13.13% source: author’s calculations, foster-mcgregor and verspagen (2017), levenko et.al (2019) 5. conclusion the structural changes in europe have occurred over the last several decades, reducing output share in the goods sector, while increasing its share in overall services. the sectoral perspective in economic analysis is important as both the growth rate and volatility of an economy might be related to its productive structure. estimation of the contribution from inputs and total factor productivity growth at the sectoral level provides valuable insights into the impact of structural changes on the overall growth. applying the growth accounting approach, we decomposed output growth rates in twenty-six european countries from the year 2000 to 2019, in all sectors aggregated, and ten individual services sectors (agriculture, industry, construction and seven services sectors). output growth was sectoral approach in output growth decomposition and its determinants in europe bacovic, m. 20 decomposed into 4 components: capital stock growth, employment growth, capital utilization growth and total factor productivity growth. computation of the share of the source of growth in total growth in the economy and specific sectors has shown that the total factor productivity is the major source of growth, accounting for 50% in all sectors, but more significant in agriculture and industry. employment growth is the most significant source of growth in services. the capital stock growth has the largest relevance in agriculture, industry and construction. applying the panel pooled ols model, we found that the relevance of expenditures for research and development is high and positive in all sectors, but higher in industry and knowledge-intensive services (information and communication, scientific activities) compared to all sectors average. therefore, a sectoral approach in growth analysis is important, as there is no typical behaviour in all economic sectors. also, as concluded earlier, services sector growth is the key driving force behind employment growth, as average annual employment growth was even negative in agriculture and industry. results of the study may be used in defining national policies priorities, as there are varieties among sectors in terms of their impact on employment and economic growth. further research should focus to explain what determines structural changes. variations in wages and income from different sectors may be a possible answer but need further investigation. references abramovitz, m. (1956). resource and output trends in the united states since 1870. in m. abramovitz, resource and output trends in the united states since 1870, 123. nber. https://doi.org/10.2307/3498218 arratibel, o., heinz, f., martin, r., przybyla, m., rawdanowicz, l., serafini, r., & zumer, t. (2007). determinants of growth in the central and eastern european eu member states – a production function approach. frankfurt: european central bank (ecb occasional paper, no. 61). bacovic, m. (2021). total factor productivity growth in upper middle-income balkan countries from 2000-2017, total economy and sectoral approach: growth accounting method. argumenta oeconomica, 1(46) forthcoming. baier, s., dwyer, g., & tamura, r. (2006). how important are capital and total factor productivity for economic growth? economic inquiry 44(1), 23-49. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbj003 becker, s. g. (1993). human capital: a theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education (3rd ed.) 15-28. chicago: the university of chicago press.https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001 buera, f., & kaboski, j. (2012). the rise of the service economy. american economic review, 102(6), 2540-2569.https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.6.2540 pp. 1-21 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 21 chala, v. (2015). the peculiarities of trade specialization in creative industries in the central and eastern european countries. eastern journal of european studies, 6(1), 91-109. dombi, a. (2013). economic growth and development in central and eastern europe after the transformation. public finance quarterly, 58(4), 452-468. eichler, m., grass, m., blochliger, h., & ott, h. (2006). determinants of productivity growth. basel: bak. foster-mcgregor, n., & verspagen, b. (2017). decomposing total factor productivity growth in manufacturing and services. asian development review, 34(1), 88115.https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00082 holmes, t. j., & schmitz. , j. a. (2010). competition and productivity: a review of evidence. annual review of economics, 2, 619-642. holtgrewe, u. (2015). services research along the service process: an overview study to support uni europa’s. vienna: forba. kim, y. e., & loayza, n. v. (2017, october 25). productivity and its determinants: innovation, education, efficiency, infrastructure, and institutions.http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/378031511165998244/productivityand-its-determinants-25-october-2017.pdf konan, d. e., & maskus, k. (2016). quantifying the impact of services liberalization in a developing country. world bank policy research working paper, no 3193. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3193 kratena, k. (2005). sectoral economy: do sectors really matter? estudios de economia aplicada, 23(2), 289-298. krenz, a. (2014). services sectors concentration and countries specialization patterns in the european union: a comparative analysis with a special focus on france, germany, greece and the uk. regional and sectoral economic studies, 14(1), 2332. levenko, n., kaspar, o., & karsten, s. (2019). total factor productivity growth in central and eastern europe before, during and after the global financial crisis. postcommunist economies, 31(2), 137-160 https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2018.1460713 margaritis, d., scrimgeour, f., cameron, m., & tressler, j. (2005). productivity and economic growth in australia, new zealand and ireland. agenda: a journal of policy analysis and reform, 12(4), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.22459/ag.12.04.2005.01 morro, a. (2015). structural change, growth and volatility. american economic journal: macroeconomics, 7(3), 259-294. nelson, r. r. (2000). the sources of economic growth. cambridge, massachusetts/london, england: harvard university press. norsworthy, j. (2005). growth accounting and productivity measurement. review of income and wealth 30(3), 309-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14754991.1984.tb00554.x prem notes. (2000). measuring growth in total factor productivity. washington, d.c.: the world bank. romer, d. (2001). advanced macroeconomics. new york: mcgraw-hill higher education. solow, m. r. (1957). technical change and the aggregate production function. the review of economics and statistics, 39(3), 312-320. wu, y., guo, x., & marinova, d. (2017). productivity, innovation and china's economic growth. in l. song, r. garnaut, c. fang, & l. johnston, china's new sources of economic growth. anu press. https://doi.org/10.22459/cnseg.07.2017.09 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 2 (2021), pp. 22-40 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.163 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 22 www.mer-j.com psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study monir hamatto el-ghorra1, siti aisyah binti panatik 2 1 phd degree, senior lecturer at al-isra university, gaza (palestine)  mony.gh@gmail.com 2 phd degree, associate professor, university of technology malaysia “utm” (malaysia)  sitiaisyah@management.utm.my published: 01 -09 -2021 available online: 17 -05-2021 accepted: 15 -05 -2021 received: 01 -03 -2021 how to cite: el-ghorra, m. h., & panatik, s. a. b. (2021). psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study. management & economics research journal, 3(2), 22-40. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.163 abstract: we investigated how organisational identification (oid) mediates the influences of psychological contract breach (pcb) on two work outcomes [organisational citizenship behaviour (ocb) and counterproductive work behaviour (cwb)], and how islamic work ethics (iwe) moderated the pcb–oid relationship. we collected data from 256 palestinian managers in gaza strip ministries using a self-report questionnaire; we employed structural equation modelling in analysing the data using smart pls. our findings reveal that oid mediates between pcb and the two work outcomes. further, we show that iwe has no moderating influence on the pcb–oid relationship. finally, the influence of pcb on the two work outcomes is insignificant. corresponding author: al-isra university, gaza (palestine) [ mony.gh@gmail.com] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. mailto:mony.gh@gmail.com mailto:sitiaisyah@management.utm.my https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.163 mailto:mony.gh@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.163 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.163&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-09-01 http://www.mer-j.com/ psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study el-ghorra, m. h., & panatik , s. a. b. 23 keywords: psychological contract breach, organisational citizenship behaviour, counterproductive behaviour, organisational identification, islamic work ethics. jel codes: m5, l21. 1. introduction we explored what happens to employees’ sense of organisational citizenship behaviour (ocb) and its antithesis (counterproductive work behaviour, cwb) when they experience a breach of psychological contract (pcb) in their workplaces. employees’ behaviours that contribute to organisational effectiveness are known as job performance. job performance is considered a multidimensional construct composed of various forms of behaviours, including ocb and cwbs (judge & kammeyer-mueller, 2012). positive organisational behaviour is dependent on positive psychology and vice versa (dannhauser, 2007). the psychological contract is an essential framework to understand the diverse forms of employment relationships (zhao et al., 2007). in connection with the current study, the researchers intend to include two domains of behavioural work outcomes, ocb as positive outcomes and cwb as a negative one. although the importance of behavioural work outcomes such as ocb and cwb, they have been rarely investigated in the palestinian public sector. however, the palestinian context is considered a unique context due to the volatility in the operating environment. recently, the public sector in palestine has been experiencing greater challenges and pressures in delivering services. particularly, in the gaza strip which is the southern part of palestine, this is due to a political situation that has put gaza under blockade for more than a decade. consequently, this situation has affected the ability of the gaza government to meet the obligations toward public sector employees. employees working in the gaza government have not received salaries for years, which means the compensation system for the gaza government is not stable. rousseau (1990), stressed the importance of the compensation system in shaping psychological contract and its effects on employees’ perceptions of mutual obligations. similarly, turnley and feldman (1999) concentrated on those most frequently used elements: the amount of pay and merit pay as the main factors that may affect pcb. however, although public sector managers in the palestinian ministries have not received salaries for a long time, they have been still delivering services to the public, which provides an avenue to examine the relationship between pp. 22-40 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 24 pcb and behavioural work outcomes among managers working in the palestinian ministries. however, it is worth to be mentioned that the gaza government is an islamic one and has controlled gaza since 2007. it is considered as the first islamic government that adopts the islamic ideology and tries to implement islamic rules in all aspects of human life. as pointed out by sayigh (2010) the gaza government upholds islamist social ideology as its core principles. religious beliefs could make a significant difference in employee behaviour and performance. the study of osman et al. (2013) revealed that religiosity has a positive significant relationship with employee performance. the religion of islam provides a comprehensive system of life rooted in ethics. islamic work ethics (iwe) guides muslims' attitude and behaviour in the workplace and contributes to the welfare of societies (rokhman & hassan, 2012). an employee with high work ethics tends to view hard work as normal work ethics (mudrack & mason, 2010). therefore, based on the above argument it is important to observe the potential moderating role of iwe on employee attitudes when pcb takes place. besides that, organisational identification (oid) is considered one of the most important factors to reflect the psychological state of the employee with the organisation and maybe a crucial variable for explaining behavioural outcomes (edwards, 2005). oakes (1987) pointed out that the more psychologically significant the group membership will be, the more notable the identity, and the more psychologically affect the behaviour. oid considers as a psychological state that reflects the strength of the connection between employees and the organisation. previous studies have reported that, behaviours such as: increase in-role and extra-role behaviour and decrease turnover are positively related to high oid and influence the organisational performance (peters et al., 2010; riketta, 2005; van dick et al., 2006). chen et al. (2013) found a positive relationship between oid and ocb. moreover, demir (2015) pointed out that, until recently, oid has received little attention as a research topic within organisations. alatwi and bakir (2014) revealed that the mediation role of oid is still unclear and needs more investigation. the authors also implied that the relationship between oid and negative behaviour such as cwb is still unexplored. a study conducted by epitropaki (2013) reported that the association between breaching psychological contract and job performance through oid has rarely been examined. the above discussion demonstrated the existing theoretical gap that calls for intensive study to examine the mediating role psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study el-ghorra, m. h., & panatik , s. a. b. 25 of oid between pcb and behavioural work outcomes. however, the traditional perspective on the influence of pcb on employees' attitudinal and behavioural outcomes are based on social exchange theory (aselage and eisenberger, 2003). social exchange theory postulate that employment is an exchange of material and socio-emotional benefits and both employees and employer enter into contractual relationships to maximize benefits (blau, 1964). social exchange theory has been widely employed to explain employees’ potential reactions as a response to breaching or fulfilling the psychological contract (lester et al., 2002; turnley et al., 2003). therefore, in this study, social exchange theory was advanced to explain the effects of pcb on work attitudinal and behavioural outcomes. furthermore, the researchers draw a perspective from social exchange theory to examine ocb directed toward organisation. this theory posits that employees reciprocate their efforts with the source they receive benefits. thus, it is expected that managers may mutually exchange their attitudes and behaviour with the organisation as a reciprocate with their salaries. hence, based on the above argument the study conceptual framework was developed. figure.1: research model pp. 22-40 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 26 2. literature review and hypothesis formulation 2.1. pcb and the two behavioural work outcomes the crucial employee behaviour that derives from the effect of psychological contract is ocb (coyle-shapiro & kessler, 2002; robinson & morrison, 1995; robinson & rousseau, 1994; rousseau, 1989). a recent study conducted by yang et al. (2020) revealed that psychological contract under fulfilment is negatively related to ocb. wright and cropanzano (2004) found that psychological well-being significantly predicted employee performance. ocb has been considered as an important factor enhancing organisational performance (podsakoff et al., 2009), and employee performance (chiang &hsieh, 2012). previous research has reported that pcb negatively affects work outcomes task performance and ocb (lee et al., 2014; shih & chuang, 2012; suazo, 2009). however, understanding individual psychological processes has long been argued as the best way to explain unethical behaviour in organisations (barsky, 2011). cwb or workplace deviance refers to a deviant behaviour that is directly harmful to the organisation (bennett & robinson, 2000). tomprou and nikolaou (2011) reported that, when an employee apprehends their employer’s failure to perform his expected obligations, the pcb is likely to occur, and this will lead to workplace deviance. previous studies have widely reported consistent results that, pcb is negatively associated with positive behaviour such as ocb, while the relationship between pcb and negative work behaviour such as cwb is still unclear. although the few empirical studies that investigate the relationship between pcb and cwb, the majority have a positive association between pcb and cwb. the study of manzoor et al. (2015) reported that pcb positively related to cwb. additionally, the majority of previous studies conducted in developed countries and none has empirically investigated this relationship in the palestinian public sector. therefore, this study advanced a conceptual framework to investigate the relationship between pcb and behavioural work outcomes (i.e. ocb and cwb) in the palestinian context. consistent with the previous findings, it is predicted that pcb is negatively related to ocb while will positively associate with cwb among palestinian managers in gaza strip ministries. hence, the following hypotheses can be posited as follow: psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study el-ghorra, m. h., & panatik , s. a. b. 27 h1a: pcb will negatively affect ocb among palestinian managers in gaza strip ministries. h1b: pcb will positively affect cwb among palestinian managers in gaza strip ministries. 2.2. pcb and oid pcb is more strongly related to attitudes than behaviour (conway & briner, 2009). oid implies a psychological connection and a sense of oneness with the organisation (mann, 2010). compared with many organisational behaviour concepts, little attention has been paid to the oid construct (demir, 2015). reviewed literature, show that very few studies examined the association between pcb and oid and none of these studies were conducted in the public sector (epitropaki, 2013; li et al., 2016; restubog et al., 2008). more importantly, none of the previous studies has been conducted in one of the developing countries, such as palestine. therefore, the current study will empirically investigate the influence of pcb on oid among managers in the public sector in palestine. it can be argued that when pcb take place it is expected to negatively affect oid. therefore, the following hypothesis can be formulated: h2: pcb will negatively affect oid among palestinian managers in gaza strip ministries. 2.3. oid and the two behavioural work outcomes according to oakes (1987), the more psychologically significant the group membership will be, the more notable the identity, and the more psychologically affect the behaviour. zhang et al. (2011) stated that employees who are strongly identified with their organisations are more willing to present extra-role performance. the study conducted by li et al. (2016) revealed that oid can be significant predictors of job performance. from the literature review, the researchers found very few studies have been examined the effects of oid on ocb (demir, 2015; jiang, 2010; wu & wu, 2010), moreover, all of these studies reported the positive significant effects of oid on ocb and conducted in developed countries contexts. concerning cwb the study of alatwi and bakir (2014) found that oid negatively affects cwb, the researchers also reported inconclusive pp. 22-40 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 28 outcome on the relationship between oid and negative behaviour such as cwb. furthermore, the majority of previous studies were conducted in developed countries and little attention has been paid to developing islamic countries. therefore, the current study will empirically investigate the effect of oid on behavioural work outcomes (ocb and cwb) among public sector managers in palestine. based on the above arguments it is expected that oid will positively correlate with ocb while will negatively associate with cwb. hence, the following hypotheses were advanced: h3a: oid will positively affect ocb among palestinian managers in gaza strip ministries. h3b: oid will negatively affect work cwb among palestinian managers in gaza strip ministries. literature review shows that oid may potentially mediate the relationship between pcb and behavioural work outcomes. additionally, previous studies show that the mediating role of oid between the association of pcb with behavioural work outcomes is still unclear and need more investigation (alatwi & bakir, 2014; epitropaki, 2013). therefore, the researchers intend to examine the mediating effect of oid on the relationship between pcb and behavioural work outcomes (i.e. ocb and cwb). consequently, the following hypotheses can be posited h4a: oid will be a significant mediator between pcb and ocb among palestinian managers in gaza strip ministries. h4b: oid will be a significant mediator between pcb and cwb among palestinian managers in gaza strip ministries. 2.4. iwe as a moderator between pcb and oid the concept of work ethic refers to the values, beliefs, intentions and objectives that people apply to their work (clarke, 1983). the islamic work ethic guides muslim's attitude and behaviour in the workplace and contributes to the welfare of societies (rokhman & hassan, 2012). individuals with high work ethics tend to view hard work and sacrifice as normal work ethics (mudrack & mason, 2010). however, by reviewing the literature, it is found that there are several variables have potential moderating the effects on the pcb and work outcomes relationship. for instance, agarwal and bhargava (2013) found that educational level psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study el-ghorra, m. h., & panatik , s. a. b. 29 moderates the association of pcb and affective commitment. shih and chuang (2013) found that self-esteem moderates the relationship between pcb and ocb. furthermore, bavik and bavik (2014) revealed that moral identity has moderating effects on the link between pcb and incivility behaviour. bordia et al. (2008) reported that self-control moderates the relationship between pcb and cwb. while ahmed et al. (2019) found a positive relationship between iwe and ocb. however, from the previous discussion, it can be seen that many variables could moderate the effects of pcb on work attitudinal and behavioural outcomes. whereas, none of these variables reflects the islamic perspective. which indicate that the potential moderating role of iwe is still unexplored. thus, it is empirically significant to observe the potential moderating effects of iwe on the relationship between pcb and oid. additionally, most of the previous research has been conducted in western economies, these countries follow different cultures and hold different religions. the culture of these countries is individualistic and nonislamic. this study is one of few studies conducted in developing, arab and muslim countries specifically palestine. unlike western and european countries, palestine considers a unique context that holds a collectivist culture and follows islam as the main religion. therefore, the uniqueness of the palestinian context provides a potential research opportunity to fill the observed theoretical and contextual gap. hence, the following hypothesis was formulated: h5: iwe moderate the relationship between pcb and oid. whereas high iwe will weaken the effects of pcb on oid. 3. methodology this study employed the quantitative approach to examine the relationships between variables. the study target population is 900 managers distributed among 15 ministries located in different areas in gaza strip. a sample of 270 was randomly selected from the target population (krejcie & morgan, 1970; saunders et al., 2012). a total of 300 selfadministered questionnaires were distributed, 280 questionnaires were returned representing a 93% rate of return. by checking the missing data, a sum of 7 questionnaires was removed because of uncompleted answers. after checking the missing data, a total of 273 completed questionnaires were entered into spss version 24 to screen data statistically. a total of 17 pp. 22-40 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 30 cases were identified as multivariate outliers and were deleted because they could result in non-normality of the data which could in turn influence statistical results (hair et al., 2010). however, after removing the outliers, the remaining 256 usable cases were retained to proceed to the next stage of data analysis. 3.1 measurement to measure pcb, this study adopted the most commonly used scale developed by robinson and morrison (2000). this scale has five items with reliability cronbach's alpha is 0.92. the reliability in this study is high as it is found cronbach’s alpha 0.788, composite reliability 0.855 and ave 0.543. to measure iwe, the researchers adopted the 17 items scale developed by (ali, 2005). the reliability of this scale cronbach alpha was 0.89. in the current study, it is found that this scale has high reliability and validity with 0.861, 0.886 and 0.531 for cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and ave respectively. to measure oid, the widely used scale of mael and ashforth (1992) was adopted. the scale includes 6 items and the reported coefficient alpha was 0.87. in this study, it is found that the scale has the acceptable and required level of validity and reliability with values 0.86, 0.896 and 0.59 for cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and ave respectively. to measure ocb, the seven items scale developed by williams and anderson (1991) was employed. the coefficient alpha is 0.72. with regard to the current study, the scale has an acceptable level of validity and reliability with values of 0.623, 0.798 and 0.569 for cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and ave respectively. to measure cwb a scale developed by bennett and robinson (2000) was adopted. the scale consists of 12 items to assess organisational deviance toward the organisation. in this study the scale has high-reliability cronbach's alpha is 0.8, composite reliability is 0.858. in addition, the construct validity found ave is 0.503. 4. data analysis the statistical package for social science (spss) 24 for the window was utilized to log in and clean the data. then, sem-pls software (smartpls) was employed to test the relationships among variables. psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study el-ghorra, m. h., & panatik , s. a. b. 31 5. findings h1 proposed that pcb will significantly affect work outcomes (ocb and cwb). it is found that (β= -0.112, t= 1.764, p= 0.078) for the effects of pcb on ocb and (β= 0.042, t= 0.471, p=0.638) for the effects on cwb. these results reveal the insignificant effects of pcb on both behavioural outcomes included in this study. thus, it can be said h1a and h1b are not supported. h2 stated that pcb will negatively affect oid. it is found (β= 0.318, t= 4.98, p= 0.000 which is less than 0.05), which provide support to this hypothesis. h3 stated that oid will significantly affect work outcomes (ocb and cwb). the findings reveal that (β= 0.246, t= 2.62, p= 0.009 which is less than p<0.05) for the effects on ocb and (β= -0.284, t= 2.869, p= 0.004 which is less than p<0.05) for the relationship with cwb which provide support to h3. table 1 summarizes the results of this study. table 1. the result of hypothesis testing h. no. path (β) t statistics p values result h1a pcb -> ocb -0.112 1.764 0.078 not supported h1b pcb -> cwb 0.042 0.471 0.638 not supported h2 pcb -> oid -0.318 4.98 0.000 supported h3a oid -> ocb 0.246 2.62 0.009 supported h3b oid -> cwb -0.284 2.869 0.004 supported on the other hand, the mediating role of oid between the pcb and work outcomes (ocb and cwb) was stated in h4. table 2 shows the findings of the mediation hypothesis. the results show the significant relationship for this hypothesis as (β= -0.078, t= 2.076, p= 0.038 which is less than p<0.05) for ocb and (β= 0.09, t= 2.185, p= 0.029 which is less than p<0.05) for cwb, which provide support for this hypothesis, suggesting that oid function as a mediator between the association of pcb and work outcomes (ocb and cwb). pp. 22-40 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 32 table 2. the findings of the mediation hypothesis h. no. path (β) t statistics p values result h4a pcb -> oid -> ocb -0.078 2.075 0.038 supported h4b pcb -> oid -> cwb 0.09 2.185 0.029 supported as can be seen from the above table, it can be said that oid significantly mediates the relationship between pcb and both ocb and cwb. finally, hypothesis h5 tests the moderating influence of iwe on the pcb–oid relationship. the findings reveal that (β= 0.159 t= 1.349; p= 0.178 which are greater than p> 0.05). however, the p-value is still above the significance level which indicates that h5 is not supported. it can be said iwe do not moderate the effects of pcb on oid. table 3 shows the result of the moderation hypothesis. table 3. the result of moderation hypothesis path (β) t statistics p values result h5: iwes*pcb-> oid 0.159 1.349 0.178 not supported 6. discussion the first hypothesis stated that there is a significant relationship between pcb and behavioural work outcomes (ocb and cwb). previous research has reported that pcb negatively affects work outcomes such as ocb (lee et al., 2014; shih & chuang, 2012; suazo, 2009), and is positively related to cwb (manzoor et al., 2015). surprisingly, the findings of the current study did not support the findings of previous studies. it is found there is no significant relationship between pcb and both constructs of work behaviour (ocb, and cwb). however, the findings from the present study are consistent with (schaupp, 2012) who found no significant relationships between pcb and work outcomes (ocb and cwb). similar findings are provided by guo (2016) who found no significant relationship between the five dimensions of pcb and extra-role performance. in relation to these findings, conway and briner (2009) pointed out that, pcb is more strongly correlated with work psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study el-ghorra, m. h., & panatik , s. a. b. 33 attitudes than actual behaviour. furthermore, morrison and robinson (1997) established that breach refers to the cognitive evaluation while violation represents a mental state of readiness for action, which can lead to negative behavioural responses. the results may be attributed to the recognition of palestinian managers in gaza strip ministries that the reason behind breaching the psychological contract is out of government control. therefore, managers serving in the gaza government may have believed the government does not play a big role in breaching the psychological contract, they believed the psychological contract has been breached due to external forces. however, managers may be resistant to the external political forces and support the government. moreover, another alternative explanation to these is that the entire study population is muslim and holds islamic values. as mentioned earlier in this study, ethical islamic values can be a source of action guides and a source of personality building as well. the prophet (saw) describes the core characteristics of the muslim character. he (saw) said: “a muslim is the one who avoids harming muslims with his tongue and hands.” (sahih al-bukhari hadith no. 10). therefore, the islamic values promote to produce positive behaviour and they further prevent muslims to provide negative behaviour such as cwb. the second hypothesis proposed that pcb will negatively affect oid. like the western context, the findings of this study confirmed that pcb is negatively associated with oid. this result is in line with the previous studies specifically, (epitropaki, 2013; kreiner & ashforth, 2004; li et al., 2016; restubog et al., 2008). the similarity of findings in both palestine and western contexts provide the possibility to generalize the negative relationship between pcb and oid. however, all the previous studies were conducted in uas, philippines, greek, and china, none of them was conducted in eastern societies, this provides additional empirical evidence from a non-western, different and phenomenal context which is palestine. this finding is also consistent with social exchange theory which has been widely employed to explain employees’ potential reactions as a response to breaching the psychological contract. this result indicates that when managers perceive the pcb takes place, they will react by decreasing oid toward their ministries. the third hypothesis stated that oid will significantly be associated with behavioural work outcomes (ocb and cwb). it is found that oid is significantly and positively related to ocb. contrarily, it is negatively pp. 22-40 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 34 correlated to cwb. these results are in line with the findings of alatwi and bakir (2014); (demir, 2015; jiang, 2010; wu & wu, 2010) who show that oid has a significant positive relationship with ocb while negatively correlated with cwb. these results are consistent with social exchange theory. in accordance with the view of (dasgupta et al., 2012; harrison et al., 2006) who argued that positive work attitudes lead to well-adjusted behaviours vice versa. the results might be attributed to the fact that study respondents are completely aware of the difficulties and obstacles that have faced the palestinian ministries for a decade. thus, they protect and support their ministries in this difficult situation by reducing the negative behaviour and saving properties of their ministries, regardless of their respective ministries. the fourth hypothesis proposed that oid significantly mediates the association between pcb and behavioural work outcomes (ocb and cwb). the results show that oid significantly mediates the relationship between pcb and behavioural work outcomes. these findings confirm that when a psychological contract takes place, employees who are strongly identified themselves with their organisations, are more willing to present positive behaviour such as ocb and less willing to do unwholesome actions such as cwb. the last hypothesis examined the moderating role of iwe on the relationship between pcb and oid. the findings showed iwe insignificantly moderate the effects of pcb on oid. in other words, the interaction between iwe and pcb has no effects on oid. a possible explanation for this insignificant moderating effect is that there is a strong negative impact of breaching the psychological contract on managers' oid. according to baron and kenny (1986), the moderating variable is introduced when there is a weak or inconsistent relation between the predictor and the criterion variable. therefore, it can be said the identification for managers at the palestinian ministries will be negatively affected when pcb occurs regardless the level of iwe is high or low. 7. conclusion the results of this study could in part contribute to the literature by providing new insights into the effects of pcb on behavioural work outcomes. additionally, this study extended the knowledge in pcb and organisational behaviour literature by introducing job oid as a mediator. more importantly, the study contributes to the literature by including iwe psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study el-ghorra, m. h., & panatik , s. a. b. 35 as a moderator variable. therefore, this study provides the needed empirical evidence on moderating role of iwe. by achieving research objectives and answering research questions, the results provide more understanding of the interrelationships that have been investigated in the current research model. the findings revealed that the influence of pcb on behavioural work outcomes (ocb and cwb) was insignificant, while negatively affecting oid. the results confirm the mediating role of oid between pcb and behavioural work outcomes (ocb and cwb). moreover, the findings show that iwe does not moderate the relationship between pcb and oid. future research can include in-role performance as one of the behavioural work outcomes. additionally, the current research model focuses on ocb from a general view, it may be valuable if future studies focus on a more specific perspective such as including ocb from an islamic perspective. moreover, this research model concentrates more on the outcomes of perceived pcb, this provides an opportunity to investigate the antecedents and the factors that lead to pcb. future research could also employ the qualitative research methodology to gain an in-depth understanding of employee organisation relationship. finally, examining the research model in other contexts outside palestine would be a promising area for further research. references ahmad, z., rahim, n. a., chulan, m., ab wahab, s. a., & mat noor, a. n. (2019). islamic work ethics and organizational citizenship behavior among muslim employees in educational institutions, singapore. agarwal, u., & bhargava, s. (2013). effects of psychological contract breach on organizational outcomes: moderating role of tenure and educational levels. vikalpa: the journal for decision makers, 38(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090920130102 alatwi, a., & bakir, a. (2014). relationships between status judgments, identification, and counterproductive behavior. journal of managerial psychology, 29(5), 472489. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-02-2012-0040 ali, a. j. (2005). islamic perspectives on management and organization. cheltenham, uk; northampton, ma, usa: edward elgar publication. aselage, j., & eisenberger, r. (2003). perceived organizational support and psychological contracts: a theoretical integration. journal of organizational behavior, 24(5), 491-509. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.211 baron, r. m., & kenny, d. a. (1986). the moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090920130102 https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-02-2012-0040 https://doi.org/10.1002/job.211 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 pp. 22-40 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 36 barsky, a. (2011). investigating the effects of moral disengagement and participation on unethical work behavior. journal of business ethics, 104(1), 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0889-7 bavik, a., & bavik, y. l. (2014). effect of employee incivility on customer retaliation through psychological contract breach: the moderating role of moral identity. international journal of hospitality management, 50, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.07.011 bennett, r. j., & robinson, s. l. (2000). development of a measure of workplace deviance. journal of applied psychology, 85(3), 349. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.349 blau, p. m. (1964). exchange and power in social life. new york: j. wiley. bordia, p., restubog, s. l. d., & tang, r. l. (2008). when employees strike back: investigating mediating mechanisms between psychological contract breach and workplace deviance. journal of applied psychology, 93(5), 1104-1117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1104 chen, s. h., yu, h. y., hsu, h. y., lin, f. c., & lou, j. h. (2013). organisational support, organisational identification and organisational citizenship behaviour among male nurses. journal of nursing management, 21(8), 1072-1082. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01449.x chiang, c.-f., & hsieh, t.-s. (2012). the impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: the mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. international journal of hospitality management, 31(1), 180-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.011 clarke, o. (1983). the work ethic: an international perspective. in j. barbash (ed.), the work ethic a criticai analysis (pp. 121-150). us: jefferson, bloomington, il 61701. conway, n. and briner, r.b. (2009). fifty years of psychological contract research: what do we know and what are the main challenges? in international review of industrial and organizational psychology (eds g.p. hodgkinson and j.k. ford). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470745267.ch3 coyle-shapiro, j. a., & kessler, i. (2002). exploring reciprocity through the lens of the psychological contract: employee and employer perspectives. european journal of work and organizational psychology, 11(1), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000852 dannhauser, z. (2007). can the positive impact of servant leaders be associated with behaviors paralleling followers’ success? school of global leadership & entrepreneurship. dasgupta, s. a., suar, d., & singh, s. (2012). impact of managerial communication styles on employees' attitudes and behaviours. employee relations, 35(2), 173-199. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425451311287862 demir, k. (2015). teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors and organizational identification in public and private preschools. procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 174, 1176-1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.734 edwards, m. r. (2005). organizational identification: a conceptual and operational review. international journal of management reviews, 7(4), 207-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2005.00114.x epitropaki, o. (2013). a multi‐level investigation of psychological contract breach and https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0889-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.07.011 https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.349 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1104 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01449.x https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470745267.ch3 https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000852 https://doi.org/10.1108/01425451311287862 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.734 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2005.00114.x psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study el-ghorra, m. h., & panatik , s. a. b. 37 organizational identification through the lens of perceived organizational membership: testing a moderated–mediated model. journal of organizational behavior, 34(1), 65-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1793 guest, d. (2002). human resource management, corporate performance and employee wellbeing: building the worker into hrm. journal of industrial relations, 44(3), 335-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/1472-9296.00053 guo, c. (2016). employee attributions and psychological contract breach in china (unpublished doctoral dissertation). retrieved from https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/jrul/item/?pid=uk-ac-man-scw:299872 hair, j. f., blach, w. c., basin, b. j., & anderson, j. r. (2010). multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). new jersey: pearson prentice hall. harrison, d. a., newman, d. a., & roth, p. l. (2006). how important are job attitudes? meta-analytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences. academy of management journal, 49(2), 305-325. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2006.20786077 jiang, h. (2010). the relationship between organizational identification and organizational outcomes. paper presented at the management and service science (mass), 2010 international conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2010.5577501 judge, t. a., & kammeyer-mueller, j. d. (2012). job attitudes. annual review of psychology, 63, 341-367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100511 kreiner, g. e., & ashforth, b. e. (2004). evidence toward an expanded model of organizational identification. journal of organizational behavior, 25(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.234 krejcie, r. v., & morgan, d. w. (1970). determining sample size for research activities. educational and psychological measurement, 30, 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 lee, j., chaudhry, a., & g. tekleab, a. (2014). an interactionist perspective on employee performance as a response to psychological contract breach. personnel review, 43(6), 861-880. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-10-2012-0173 lester, s. w., turnley, w. h., bloodgood, j. m., & bolino, m. c. (2002). not seeing eye to eye: differences in supervisor and subordinate perceptions of and attributions for psychological contract breach. journal of organizational behavior, 23(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.126 li, j. j., wong, i. a., & kim, w. g. (2016). effects of psychological contract breach on attitudes and performance: the moderating role of competitive climate. international journal of hospitality management, 55, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.010 mael, f., & ashforth, b. e. (1992). alumni and their alma mater: a partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. journal of organizational behavior, 13(2), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202 mann, m. j. (2010). a quantitative and qualitative analysis identifying antecedents of work ethic beliefs and the relationship between work ethic beliefs and in-role and extrarole work behavior: new work ethic dimensions and scale introduced(unpublished doctoral dissertation). the state university of new york at albany, usa. manzoor, s. r., khattak, i. a., & hassan, s. (2015). psychological capital and https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1793 https://doi.org/10.1111/1472-9296.00053 https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/jrul/item/?pid=uk-ac-man-scw:299872 https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2006.20786077 https://doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2010.5577501 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100511 https://doi.org/10.1002/job.234 https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-10-2012-0173 https://doi.org/10.1002/job.126 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.010 https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202 pp. 22-40 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 38 counterproductive work behaviour with intrusion of employee performance: study from kp, pakistan universities. city university research journal, 5(2), 372-383. http://www.cityuniversity.edu.pk/curj/journals/journal/july%202015/15.pdf morrison, e., & robinson, s. l. (1997). when employees feel betrayed: a model of how psychological contract violation develops. academy of management review, 22(1), 226-256.https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9707180265 mudrack, p. e., & mason, e. s. (2010). the asceticism dimension of the protestant work ethic: shedding its status of invisibility. journal of applied social psychology, 40(8), 2043-2070. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00650.x oakes, p. j. (1987). the salience of social categories. in j. c. turner, m. a. hogg, p. j. oakes, s. d. rieche, & m. s. wetherell (eds.), rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization theory (pp. 117–141). oxford: blackwell. osman, g., aahad m, hashim, j., & ismail, y. (2013). establishing linkages between religiosity and spirituality on employee performance. employee relations, 35(4), 360-376. https://doi.org/10.1108/er-04-2012-0030 peters, k., tevichapong, p., haslam, s. a., & postmes, t. (2010). making your organization fly: organizational identification and cooperation in the airline industry. journal of personnel psychology, 9(3), 145-148. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000013 podsakoff, n., whiting, s. w., podsakoff, p. m., & blume, b. d. (2009). individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: a metaanalysis. journal of applied psychology, 94(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.1037/e518442013-522 restubog, s. l. d., hornsey, m. j., bordia, p., & esposo, s. r. (2008). effects of psychological contract breach on organizational citizenship behaviour: insights from the group value model. journal of management studies, 45(8), 1377-1400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00792.x riketta, m. (2005). organizational identification: a meta-analysis. journal of vocational behavior, 66(2), 358-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.005 robinson, s. l., & morrison, e. w. (1995). psychological contracts and ocb: the effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. journal of organizational behavior, 16(3), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160309 robinson, s. l., & morrison, e. w. (2000). the development of psychological contract breach and violation: a longitudinal study. journal of organizational behavior, 21(7), 855-855. robinson, s.l. and wolfe morrison, e. (2000), the development of psychological contract breach and violation: a longitudinal study. journal of organizational behavior, 21(7), 525-546. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1379(200008)21:5<525::aidjob40>3.0.co;2-t robinson, s. l., & rousseau, d. (1994). violating the psychological contract: not the exception but the norm. journal of organizational behavior, 15(3), 245-259. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030150306 rokhman, w., & hassan, a. (2012). the effect of islamic work ethic on organisational justice. african journal of business ethics, 6(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.15249/6-1-6 rousseau, d. (1989). psychological and implied contracts in organizations. employee responsibilities and rights journal, 2(2), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01384942 http://www.cityuniversity.edu.pk/curj/journals/journal/july 2015/15.pdf https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9707180265 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00650.x https://doi.org/10.1108/er-04-2012-0030 https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000013 https://doi.org/10.1037/e518442013-522 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00792.x https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.005 https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160309 https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1379(200008)21:5%3c525::aid-job40%3e3.0.co;2-t https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1379(200008)21:5%3c525::aid-job40%3e3.0.co;2-t https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030150306 https://doi.org/10.15249/6-1-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01384942 psychological contract breach, behavioural work outcomes, organisational identification, and islamic work ethics: a moderated mediation study el-ghorra, m. h., & panatik , s. a. b. 39 rousseau, d. (1990). new hire perceptions of their own and their employer's obligations: a study of psychological contracts. journal of organizational behavior, 11(5), 389400. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030110506 saunders, m., lewis, p., & thornhill, a. (2012). research methods for business students (6th ed.): pearson education uk. sayigh, y. (2010). hamas rule in gaza: three years on. middle east brief, 41. schaupp, g. l. (2012). an experimental study of psychological contract breach: the effects of exchange congruence in the employer-employee relationship. virginia tech, shih, c.-t., & chuang, c.-h. (2013). individual differences, psychological contract breach, and organizational citizenship behavior: a moderated mediation study. asia pacific journal of management, 30(1), 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490012-9294-8 shih, c. t., & chuang, c. (2012). individual differences, psychological contract breach, and organizational citizenship behavior: a moderated mediation study. asia pacific journal of management, 30(1), 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490012-9294-8 suazo, m. m. (2009). the mediating role of psychological contract violation on the relations between psychological contract breach and work-related attitudes and behaviors. journal of managerial psychology, 24(1-2), 136-160. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910928856 tomprou, m., & nikolaou, i. (2011). a model of psychological contract creation upon organizational entry. career development international, 16(4), 342-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111158779 turnley, w. h., bolino, m. c., lester, s. w., & bloodgood, j. m. (2003). the impact of psychological contract fulfillment on the performance of in-role and organizational citizenship behaviors. journal of management, 29(2), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630302900204 turnley, w. h., & feldman, d. c. (1999). a discrepancy model of psychological contract violations. human resource management review, 9(3), 367-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-4822(99)00025-x van dick, r., grojean, m. w., christ, o., & wieseke, j. (2006). identity and the extra mile: relationships between organizational identification and organizational citizenship behaviour. british journal of management, 17(4), 283301.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00520.x williams, l. j., & anderson, s. e. (1991). job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. journal of management, 17(3), 601-617. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305 wright, t. a., & cropanzano, r. (2004). the role of psychological well-being in job performance: a fresh look at an age-old quest. organizational dynamics, 33(4), 338-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.002 wu, x., & wu, z. (2010). the mediating role of organizational identification in the relationship between organizational centrality and ocb. paper presented at the management and service science (mass), 2010 international conference on management and service science. https://doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2010.5578056 yang liu, hefu liu, zhao cai, (2020) the impact of psychological contract underand over-fulfilment on client citizenship behaviors in enterprise systems projects: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030110506 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-012-9294-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-012-9294-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-012-9294-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-012-9294-8 https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910928856 https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111158779 https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630302900204 https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-4822(99)00025-x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00520.x https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.002 https://doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2010.5578056 pp. 22-40 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 40 from the client’s perspective, information & management, 57(7), journal of information and management.doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2020.103366 zhang, y., liu, x. m., wang, h. z., & shen, l. (2011). service climate and employee service performance: exploring the moderating role of job stress and organizational identification. the service industries journal, 31(14), 2355-2372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2010.503873 zhao, h., wayne, s. j., glibkowski, b. c., & bravo, j. (2007). the impact of psychological contract breach on work-related outcomes: a meta-analysis. personnel psychology, 60(3), 647-680.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00087.x https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2020.103366 https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2010.503873 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00087.x management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march مارس): 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 97 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.15 ونية لك كومة ا تطبيق والدولية ية العر الدول عض تجارب مفتاح يمحمدساملة املصرا 1 1 مساعد بنغازي محاضر جامعة يا( ، )لي salma.almasrite@uob.edu.ly :يميل the experiences of some arab and international countries in the application of egovernment salma meftah mohamed almasrite1 1 benghazi university (libya) خ القبول 201903-11: رسالتار خ شر 20190329: تار ال خ 201903-31: تار ص :م ائلـــــــة العلميــــــــة و التقنيــــــــة التطــــــــورات ظــــــــل ـــــــ و املعلومــــــــات تكنولوجيــــــــا مجــــــــال ــــــــ ال ـــ تصــاالت ـــ أدت ال شـــار ا نـــت شـــبكة ان ــ ن ـــ ســـاعدت ال ـــ العـــالم دخـــول ع عصـــر ا وماملعلوماتية، مف ر ونية" ظ لك ومة تحـوالت" ا يجـة ن وذلـك والتطـوراتحـديثاً ـــ ـــومي،ال ا القطـــاع مـــن املقدمـــة ـــدمات ا ن لتحســـ العـــالم ا د تناولـــتشـــ ـــذهلـــذا نظـــــــري اطـــــــار تقـــــــديم ـــــــ ـــــــالدراســـــــة ع ــــــــاللتعـــــــرف مي وا ونيـــــــة لك ومـــــــة ا ـــــــوم مف ــا ومزايا ا ــاومراحــلوخصائصــ تواج ــ ال والتحــديات ــا لــ ،تطبيق اســتعراض بعضمــع والدولية ية العر ـامجالالتجارب حتـذاء يمكـن ـ وال ونيـة لك ومـة ا تطبيق يا لي اعتمــدت،ــ إلعــدادالدراســةوقــد ي ســتقرا املــن ــ عــض،اع ــ إ التوصــل وتم تطبيـــــق ميــــة ا ـــــ ع التعـــــرف ــــ م ســـــا قــــد ـــــ ال تاجات ـــــســــت ونيـــــة لك ومــــة ا طر املنظمات، نفس التوصيات عض .ووضع املفتاحية لمات ونية، : ال لك ومة ية التجاربا يا ، والدولية العر .لي يف jel :l86،d83تص abstract: in light of tremendous technological and scientific developments in the field  املر ي: سلااملؤلف املصرا محمد مفتاح salma.almasrite@uob.edu.l: يميل ،ساملة https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.15&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 98 of information and communication technology that led to the spread of the internet, which helped to enter the world into the information age, the concept of "e-government" emerged recently as a result of the changes and developments witnessed by the world to improve services provided by the government sector, so this study dealt with providing a theoretical framework to identify the concept of e-government, its importance, characteristics, advantages, stages of application and challenges faced, with a review of some arab and international experiences in the field of application of e-government, which can be followed in libya. the study relied on the inductive method, and some conclusions were reached which may contribute to the recognition of the importance of applying e-government in organizations and put some recommendations in the same frameworks. key words: e-government, arab and international experiences, libya. jel classification: l86, d83 : مقدمة1 شار وان ره تطو م سا عميقة، وتحوالت عة سر تطورات حاليا العالم د ش ـــوم كمف جديــدة وممارســات يم مفــا بــروز عنـــھ نــتج ممــا نــت، ن و املعلومــات تكنولوجيــا ــــ ال واملتطــــورة ديثــــة ا الطــــرق احــــد ونيــــة لك ومــــة ا عــــد و ونيــــة، لك ومــــة ا السـتخدا الـدول ومـات ح ـا ليــاتتتعامـل بأفضـل ـا مواطن ـد و ل ديثـة ا التقنيــة م أفضـــــل ـــــا عط كمـــــا وميـــــة، ا ـــــدمات وا للمعلومـــــات للوصـــــول الطـــــرق، ســـــر وأ واســـــرع م احـا واق م بـآرا املتنوعـةللمشـاركة وميــة ا املؤسسـات ،)2012:109الـرزي،( لـدى ب القر واملستقبل اضر ا الوقت ونية لك ومة ا عت دارةو وظائف م أ من ومية ا باإلدارة س أو الذي" العامة دمات ا ي و لك التطبيق عن عبارة ف واملؤسســــــــات ومـــــــة ا ن ـــــــ و ن، واملـــــــواطن ومـــــــة ا ن بــــــــ والتواصـــــــل التفاعـــــــل ـــــــ إ يـــــــؤدي ببعض ا عض ومية ا املؤسسات ن و الداخلية ومية ا بالعمليات والقيام عمال، ونياً ،"( الك ).2009الرفا دارة من للتحول التقنيات ذه من لالستفادة العالم دول من العديد بادرت كما جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 118 -97 :ص 99 مـــــن تحـــــد ـــــ ال واملعوقـــــات املشـــــكالت ـــــ ع والتغلـــــب ونيـــــة لك ومـــــة ا ـــــ إ التقليديـــــة ــــ ع نظـــري اطــــار تقـــديم الباحثــــة ســـتحاول تقـــدم مــــا خـــالل ومــــن ـــومي، ا داء فعاليـــة والتحــديات ــا تطبيق ومراحــل ــا ومزايا ا وخصائصــ ــا مي وا ونيــة لك ومــة ا ــوم مف لـبعض ديثـة ا والدوليـة ية العر التجارب عض الدراسة ناول سي وكذلك ا تواج ال .البلدان الدراسة 1.1 لة :مش الرقمية، املعلومات تكنولوجيا استخدام نحو العال التوجھ ظلظل و ســرع امل أبــرز التحــول مــن عــد ــ ال ونيــة لك ومــة ا تطبيــق ــ إ التقليديــة ومــات ا وتقـــديم ا وتحســي العمــال أداء ــ نوعيــة نقلــة ــ إ ــا ور ظ أدى إذ التقنيــة، الثــورة نتــائج ـــ إ وميــة ا باملؤسســات مــأدي ــذا و قصــ وقـــت ــ و لفــة ت بأقــل ن للمــواطن ــدمات ا التحـــــول الســــــلوبســـــرعة ـــــ إ التقليــــــدي ســـــلوب مــــــن ا خـــــدما وتقــــــديم ـــــا أعمال أداء ــــــ ــــي و ســــاؤل. لك ال ــــ ع الدراســــة خــــالل مــــن الباحثــــة ســــتحاول املوضــــوع ميــــة أل ونظــــرا :التا يمكــــــن ـــــ وال والدوليـــــة يـــــة العر املنظمـــــات ـــــ ونيـــــة لك ومـــــة ا تمـــــارس كيـــــف يا؟ لي ا حتذاء الدرا. 2.1 مية : سةأ ي ما الدراسة مية أ ز :ت املعلومـــــات إثـــــراء ـــــ جديـــــد موضـــــوع ونـــــھ ونيـــــة لك ومـــــة ا موضـــــوع ميـــــة أ العصر متطلبات ليواكب شاملة صورة و يم مفا .وإعطاءه ومات ا مستوى ع ايد امل تمام من أيضا املوضوع ذا مية أ ي تأ كما ذا الدوليـــة املنظمـــات ـــو ال يالت ســـ وال ونيـــة لك ومـــة ا بموضـــوع الصـــلة ت تــــــدفق يل ســــــ ســــــرعة خــــــالل مــــــن وذلــــــك املشــــــروعات ــــــذه مثــــــل تطبيــــــق عــــــن تــــــنم ا جي ملحتا .املعلومات الدراسة. 3.1 داف :أ إ الدراسة : دف ـا تطبيق ومجـاالت ا وخصائصـ ونيـة لك ومـة ا وم ومف ية ما ع التعرف اوم .حددا املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 100 ونيـة لك ومــة ا ومزايــا يجابيـة وانــب ا ــ ع ســتفادة, التعـرف وكيفيــة املنظمات جودة ن تحس اجل من ا .م ومـــة ا مجــال ـــ والدوليــة يــة العر للـــدول ــة النا التجــارب مـــن عــض عــرض يا لي ا حتذاء يمكن وال ونية .لك والتوصيات احات ق الدراسةتقديم املجال ذا .املالئمة النظري .2 :طار ا. 1.2 مي وأ ونية لك كومة ا وم :مف ســـــــتخدم املؤسســـــــات جعـــــــل تصـــــــاالت و للمعلومـــــــات التكنولـــــــو التطــــــور إن مـــن اساســـية تحتيـــھ يـــة بب مرتبطـــة ـــا ولك ارجيـــة وا الداخليـــة ـــا معامال ـــ التكنولوجيـــا ا لـــــتمكن بكفـــــاءةالتكنولوجيــــا ممكـــــن وقــــت بأســـــرع املعلومــــات ـــــ ع صــــول ا مـــــن ملــــواطن ــا بأ ا وصــف مــن م فمــ ونيــة لك ومــة ا فــات عر و يم مفــا عــددت وقــد وشــفافية، ومية ا العامة دارة ا قصد من م وم ت ن ن ع ومية ا دمات قدم. ا حيث الـــــدو ونيـــــة2005البنـــــك لك ومـــــة ل ــــــوم املؤسســــــات" مف اســـــتخدام عمليـــــة ــــــا بأ ا لد وال ا وغ ضة العر املعلومات وشبكة نت ن شبكة مثل املعلومات لتكنولوجيا يــــوفر ممــــا للمعلومــــات، الوصــــول مــــن ن املــــواطن مــــع العالقــــات ــــل وتحو ــــ غي ــــ ع القــــدرة للمؤسســــــــــــــــــــات كفـــــــــــــــــــاءة ـــــــــــــــــــ اك وادارة الشــــــــــــــــــــفافية مـــــــــــــــــــن ـــــــــــــــــــدا ـــــــــــــــــــي،(مز أمــــــــــــــــــــا) . 2009:19ز )maranny,2011 (بيانـات وقاعـدة امنـة شـبكة إقامـة تتضـمن ونيـة لك ومة ا ي ف وتتضــمن ، وميــة ا ــة دار قســام ن بــ كفــاءة ــ أك عــاون و تفاعــل أجــل مــن ــة، مركز شـــــــفافية ـــــــ أك ملحاســـــــبة رقميـــــــة وديمقراطيـــــــة ـــــــب، الو ـــــــ ع باالعتمـــــــاد ـــــــدمات ا ايصـــــــال ومــــة ،( ل والقصــــي ــــاب). 14: 2013حســــن عرف غزالــــة ابــــو تــــنظم" نمــــا ــــ ال كــــم ا ــــ افـــة ب عمـــال و ومـــة ا ن بـــ أو واملـــواطن ومـــة ا ن بـــ العالقـــات ونيـــة لك قـــة طر و ومــــــــة وا ومــــــــة ا ن بــــــــ أو ا ال ومــــــــة)2001ابوغزالــــــــة،"( اشــــــــ ا يــــــــري ــــــــوش ال نمــــــــا ب ، ونيـــــــــة ـــــــــدما"لك ا تــــــــــوف ـــــــــ ع املختلفــــــــــة وميـــــــــة ا القطاعــــــــــات التقليديــــــــــةقـــــــــدرة ت شـبكة ـ ع واحـد موقع خالل ومن أقل اليف وت سرعة و ونية لك بوسائل ن للمواطن نت وش،"(ن بومروان).2006ال عرفھ كما ونية لك ومة ا وانتـاج"فإن تقـديم ـ ون وت ونية لك عمل وسائل باستخدام ن للمواطن تقدم ال العامة دمات ا وتفعيل ا شط مجاالتا وعالقة: ثالثة ا بنفس ومة ا وعالقة ن باملواطن ومة ا عالقة جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 118 -97 :ص 101 ونيـــــــــــة لك دارة عـــــــــــاد ا ضـــــــــــمن مـــــــــــن ـــــــــــ عت ـــــــــــوم املف ـــــــــــذا و باألعمـــــــــــال ومــــــــــة بـــــــــــو" (ا ونيــــةوتتحقــــق ).17: 2014مــــروان، لك كومــــة ا ميــــة أنأ حقيقــــة ادراك خــــالل مــــن ع يحكم أصبح بمستجداتھ اليوم شروطالعالم ثالثة بوجود وذلك متقدم أنھ املجتمع امل و ونية لك ومة ا ائز ر تمثل الصاأساسية كم وا والشفافية حسن(سائلة ).2014وعبيد، ونية.2.2 لك كومة ا داف : أ التالية داف تحقيق إ ونية لك ومة ا تطبيق وش،( س : 2006ال 33:( ــــمواكبــــة املتقدمــــة التكنولوجيــــا مــــع امليــــة الت يحقــــق بمــــا التكنولــــو التطــــور املتبعـة جـراءات ل سـ و املـواطن ة مص يخدم ما و املعلومات تكنولوجيا مجال ومية ا غ و ومية ا ات .ا ــــ رق ل شـــ املعلومـــات ــــ ع صـــول ا انيـــة ام لتـــوافر نظــــرا البيانـــات دقـــة ـــادة ز و ســــــ ــــــ ا ــــــاناضــــــافة م ــــــ ا ــــــان م مــــــن ونيــــــا إلك ا اســــــتخدام واعــــــادة ــــــا ك تحر لة ا انتاجي مرتفعة وأعمال وظائف للعمل ة شر ال الطاقات توجيھ ا .سيؤدي وإعـــادة واملعلومـــات تصـــاالت التكنولوجيــا باســـتخدام ن العـــامل اداء كفـــاءة رفــع السائدة املؤسسية الثقافة بتغي .النظر قتصـــــا النمـــــو دفـــــعدعـــــم ـــــ ع مســـــاعدة اقتصـــــادية يـــــة ب إعـــــداد ـــــق طر عـــــن دي ونية لك ومة ا تطبيقات .وتدعيم يـــــة العر الـــــدول جامعـــــة حـــــددت ســـــية2003وقـــــد رئ ـــــداف أ ســـــتة رة القـــــا إعـــــالن ونية لك ومة ا اتيجيات اس بھ ):2013:445خالص،(تتصف ثمار س من اك وعائد كفاءة .تحقيق امل النفاذ اضمان ومعلوما ومة ا دمات ح .ر العميل الحتياجات ستجيب ال دمات ا .توصيل املستخدم ثقة .بناء الصلة ذات دمات ا مع امل .الت دمات ا ن املواطن اك اش ادة .ز املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 102 ونية.3.2 لك كومة ا تطبيق : مراحل ومة ا ا التقليدية ومة ا من التحول متدرجةيتم مراحل ع ونية لك ن املـــواطن اســـتفادة ومـــدى ونيـــة لك خـــدمات تقـــديم وتطـــور شـــار ان ـــا مجمل ـــ عكـــس ي كما اساسية مراحل ثالث ذكر مكن و ا، ادي،(م ):2016ال و ب: املرحلة الو ع ا ال والوصول ومية ا املعلومات شر .التوسع الثانية ونيةتوسيع: املرحلة لك ومة ا ر تطو املدنية .املشاركة الثالثة نت: املرحلة ن ع ومية ا دمات ا توف خالل من .التعامل ونية.4.2 لك كومة ا تطبيق ومتطلبات :مزايا املتطلبـــــات مـــــن مجموعـــــة يئـــــة مـــــن البـــــد ونيـــــة لك ومـــــة ا تطبيـــــق ولغـــــرض ا م ا من لعل ) :2007لطفي،( والعناصر وتحقــق النظــام تصــميم تضــمن متطــورة تطبيقــات ــرامج و حاســبات ــزة أج تــوافر معلومــات وأنظمــة لالتصـاالت املــة مت تحتيـة يــة ب ظـل ــ دمـة ا أداء ــ الكفـاءة املة .مت شـــــبكة ـــــ ع ـــــا ادخال الواجـــــب وميـــــة ا والنمـــــاذج واملعلومـــــات البيانـــــات تحديـــــد دقيقة بصورة نت .ن نالت ب والتعارض زدواج لتجنب ومية ا عمال و يئات ال ن ب ط والر سيق املختلفة ومية ا جراءات و يئات .ال نت ن خالل من دمات ا أداء مقابل النقدي للسداد نظم .وضع يكفـل بمـا ن املواطن مع ونية لك ومية ا التعامالت ينظم ي قانو اطار وضع حقوق نحماية الطرف .ومصا تتمثـل املزايـا مـن العديـد يـوفر سـوف ونيـة لك ومـة ا نظـام تطبيق أن يالحظ ،( ي ): 309: 2009الرفا ــــدمات ا انجــــاز اليــــدوي: ســــرعة النظــــام محــــل ــــ اســــب ا بــــإحالل أنــــھ حيــــث الزمنيـــــة ة ـــــ الف قلـــــت حيـــــث ـــــور م ل دمـــــة ا تقـــــديم ـــــ تطـــــور حـــــدث التقليـــــدي، اســبالال ا مــن والبيانـات املعلومــات تــدفق سـرعة ــ إ ذلــك عـود خدمــة ألداء زمـة قصـــ محـــدد وقـــت ـــ ـــا القيـــام يـــتم ثـــم ومـــن ـــة، املطلو دمـــة ا بخصـــوص ـــ جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 118 -97 :ص 103 تلك. جدا من وأدق ل أس لرقابة يخضع دمة ل ي و لك نجاز عن فضال ذا د نظام أعمالھ أداء املوظف ع تفرض التقليديةال .ارة ـاليف الت لك: تخفـيض سـ التقليديـة قـة بالطر ـة دار عمـال أداء أن يالحـظ الكتابيــة دوات و ندات واملســ وراق مــن جــدا ة ــ كب أنــھ. كميـات ــ ع فضــال ــذا ذلـك يفيـد ما والتوقيع عليھ لالطالع وذلك موظف من أك ع العرض إ يحتاج أخــر موظــف ــ إ وذلــك. وإحالتــھ دمــة، ا أداء ــاليف ت ارتفــاع لــھ ذلــك شــأن ومــن دمة ا ألداء الالزمة املواد وأسعار أثمان الرتفاع .نظرا ـــة دار جـــراءات ســـم: اختصـــار ي ن الســـائد التقليـــدي داري العمـــل شـــك ال موافقـــة ـــ إ حيــان معظـــم ـــ يحتــاج ألنـــھ وذلـــك ــة دار التعقيـــدات مـــن بالعديــد مــــن ــــ ـــــقأك ت ــــ ال الســــمات عــــن فضــــال ــــذا املطلــــوب، العمــــل ــــ ع ــــة إدار ــــة ج ـان م ـ يتواجـد ال أو إجـازة ـ ع يحصـل قـد والـذي دمـة ا بـأداء القـائم بـاملوظف أخر إ يوم من دمة ا أداء يتعطل ثم ومن قة. عملھ بطر معامالت ـــــــة دار دوت: الشـــــــفافية ونيـــــــة الك قـــــــة بطر املعـــــــامالت تنجـــــــز تصـــــــالعنـــــــدما والتالعب الرشوة حاالت يقلل مما املختص واملوظف املواطن ن ب وللقضاء. املباشر ـذه سـيط ت يمكـن ونيـة لك ومـة ا ـق طر إتبـاع فإنـھ وقراطية الب ذه ع خاصة وذلك والنفقات د وا للوقت ا توف ولة وس سرعة ا وإنجاز جراءات، وأ دارات بأماكن يتعلق نفيما العامل .عداد ونيةتحديات. 5.2 لك كومة : ا يفـرض ـا تطبيق فاليزال ونية لك ومة ا ا توفر ال املزايا من الرغم ع ـــــــــــــذه ابـــــــــــــرز ومـــــــــــــن املجـــــــــــــاالت مختلـــــــــــــف ـــــــــــــ ة ـــــــــــــ كب تحـــــــــــــديات ومـــــــــــــات وا الـــــــــــــدول ـــــــــــــ ع ):2014غزال،(التحديات منيـــة مـــ: التحـــديات ي املعلومـــا مـــن تطبيـــقعـــد تجابـــھ ـــ ال التحـــديات ـــم أ ن تـــب ي ومـــا املعلوماتيـــة، املنظومـــة اق ـــ اخ انيـــة إم حيـــث مـــن ونيـــة لك ومـــة ا أوعـــــدم بقائـــــھ وضـــــمان ا وســـــالم املعلومـــــات ة وســـــر خصوصـــــية فقـــــدان مـــــن عليـــــھ ا أوتدم ا .حذف التقنيــــــة وجــــــھ: التحـــــديات ــــــ تقــــــف ـــــ ال التقنيــــــة التحــــــديات مــــــن العديـــــد نــــــاك ــا ع تصــاالت و للمعلومــات التحتيــة يــة الب ــ الــنقص ــا م ونيــة لك ومــة املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 104 ونيـــــة لك ومــــــة ا تطبيــــــق عرقـــــل ممــــــا الدولــــــة أســــــعار. مســـــتوى ارتفــــــاع كــــــذلك لفـــــــة ت وارتفـــــــاع ات الشـــــــب تطبيـــــــق ـــــــ املســـــــتخدمة ديثـــــــة ا مجيـــــــات وال ـــــــزة ج والت ــر و ال وســات، الف أخطــار ــ ن وال ــبتصــاالت، والتخر باملعلومــات العــب لتقنيــــــــــة املســـــــــتمر بـــــــــالتطور ـــــــــاق ال ة صـــــــــعو ـــــــــ إ باإلضـــــــــافة ات، للشـــــــــب املقصـــــــــود .املعلومات ــــة دار غمــــوض: التحــــديات ــــ ونيــــة لك ومــــة ل ــــة دار التحــــديات ــــ تتج موضـــوع لــون يج ن املــواطن ــ وح ن والعــامل ـــة دار القيــادات مــن فــالكث ــوم املف ومـــة ومــــةا ا قيـــام يجـــة ن ــــ للتغي مقاومـــة بـــروز انيــــة إم كـــذلك ونيـــة، لك مــن ــوف وا عمــال ــم و املســؤوليات ــادة وز والصــالحيات ــام امل ــع توز بإعــادة ديــــــدة ا التكنولوجيــــــا مجــــــاراة ــــــ ع القــــــدرة ميــــــة. عــــــدم لــــــھ ــــــذا ــــــ إ باإلضــــــافة معلو و وجود عدم ب س ن املواطن لدى ونية يلك وحاسو ي .ما ونية .3 لك كومة ا تطبيق والدولية ية العر الدول عض :تجارب ومـــــــة ا شـــــــاء إ ع مشـــــــار بـــــــدأت حيـــــــث ونيـــــــة لك ومـــــــة ا تنفيـــــــذ يتفـــــــاوت املتقدمة، الدول من العديد ن العشر القرن سعينات من ي الثا القرن ونية لك ية العر للدول سبة بال ـاديأما ا القـرن بدايـة ـ ـ و التجـارب بـوادر ـر تظ بـدأت فقـد ـــ تب ــ ا ــا دفع ممــا الــدول مــن ــا وغ ردن مصــر، ــي، د امــارة مــن ــل ــذا و ن والعشــر الفكــرة ،( ـذه ومصــطفي التجــارب).2016سـيمة عــض لدراسـة ميــة أ نـاك جعــل وممـا ــــ التم نقــــاط مــــن لالســــتفادة ــــة امل النا اتيجيات ســــ رقــــم. تبعــــةو ــــدول يوضــــع) 1(وا وفقا ونية لك ومة ا تطبيق و املراكز السبعة تحتل ال ية العر الدول ب ترت املتحدة مم .ملؤشر دول ونية) 1(ا لك كومة ا تطبيق ية العر الدول ب ترت يو ب ت املؤشر الدولة ال 2.17 مارات 1 ت 2 و 2.12 ال ن 3 2.04 البحر 2.00 لبنان 4 1.83 قطر 5 1.73 مصر 6 1.53 املغرب 7 ن: املصدر ز ادي ي،)2003(عبدال العر العالم ونية لك كومة ةا دار للتنمية ية العر املنظمة ،. جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 118 -97 :ص 105 أغســطس ــ الصــادر ــر التقر أشــار الســياق نفــس ــ املتحــدة "2016و مــم ــر تقر ومـــة ونيـــةل والســـيما"لك التقـــدم، عــــض ـــ لــــيج"ا ا لـــدول التعـــاون مجلــــس دول يـــــــة ـــــــ"العر ــــــــ و العشـــــــر الـــــــدول ــــــــ ـــــــا، م خمــــــــٌس حلـــــــت إذ ومــــــــة"؛ ا ر تطـــــــو مؤشــــــــر ونيــــة وقطــــر" لك والســــعودية، ــــت، و وال مــــارات، و ن، البحــــر ــــب ت ال ــــ ع ــــ كمــــا. و محدودً ا تقدمً أخرى، ية عر بلدان دت اتش ما و و ونية، لك ومة ا مجال ا كب حٍد إ متأخرة مراتب ا عض ونيـة"تحقيق لك ومـة ا ر تطـو مـثال" مؤشـر مصــــر والعــــراق)108املركــــز(حققــــت يــــا)141(، ولي زائــــر)118(، وا والصــــومال)150(، ، ـــــــ)193( مـــــــر وتكــــــرر ونيـــــــة"، لك املشـــــــاركة والســـــــودان)107(العـــــــراقمثـــــــل" مؤشـــــــر ، زائر)138( ا ،)167( www.albawabhnews.com. ومــــــــــة ا مجـــــــــال ـــــــــ الرائــــــــــدة والدوليـــــــــة يـــــــــة العر تجــــــــــارب اســـــــــتعراض ـــــــــ ي وفيمـــــــــا ونية :لك املتحدة. 1.3 ية العر مارات دولة ة وجابر،( تجر ور ):2015مش عـامتم ـة التجر بـدأت ـي، العر العـالم مسـتوى ـ ع رائدة ة تجر عـد2002ثل و ، للتجارة مركزا ي د إمارة سيما ال عامة بصورة ية العر مارات منطقة والصناعة دولة ـ وسـط الشـرق ونيـات لتجـارة عامليـة سـوق كـذلك و اسـوب لك وضـعت وا حيـث داف من ن نوع :مارة دافاملدىأ بة :قر ونية لك دمات ا شغيل ل الالزمة الفنية التحتية ية الب .يئة شبكة غ واملؤسسات ألفراد اصة ا ونية لك الدائرة خدمات من عدد توف نت .ن املستفيدين ارات ز عدد وتقليل ودقيق ع سر ل ش املعامالت .انجاز بإ اصة ا الداخلية جراءات ن املعامالتتحس .نجاز املدىعيدة داف نت ن ع دمات ا من اك عدد .توف النقالة زة ج و واتف ال جديدة قنوات ع ونية لك دمات ا .توف ــــــدمات ل املســــــاندة الداخليـــــة والــــــنظم جــــــراءات ن تحســـــ ــــــ ع املســــــتمر ـــــ ك ال املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 106 ونية .لك يئة و توعية ع دماتالعمل ا من ستفادة نحو م ودفع ن واملوظف العمالء ونية .لك ومة ا ا تقدم ال دمات ا :ومن ي و لك واز للعميل(ا سري ).رقم البنك حساب من صم ا أو ، ي و لك .الدفع ا م ستفادة و املتوفرة العمل فرص ع والتعرف ي و لك .التوظيف الـــــدو شـــــأخـــــدمات امل ادات والشـــــ اخيص ـــــ ال وتجديـــــد إصـــــدار مثـــــل وميـــــة ا ائر التوقيع ة .وخدمة ة التجار والعالمات ة التجار الغرف ة العضو ادات ش .إصدار املرور ومخالفات ومية ا الدوائر ملختلف القوائم سديد .خدمة السيارات وملكية ية ال والبطاقات ات والتأش قامة .خدمة والسفرخدمة ارات الز خالل املساكن .امن والتمليك ئجار لالس ي و لك ز .ا السياحية يالت س ال وخدمات ستفسارات .خدمات سوق ال مراكز عن .ستعالم البنكية .التعامالت ونية. 2.3 لك كومة ا ردنية ة :) 2014بومروان،( التجر ومـــة ا برنـــامج لتطبيـــقـــدف الـــالزم م الـــد تقـــديم ـــ ا ردن ـــ ونيـــة لك ن والتحســـــ النوعيـــــة ـــــودة وا ـــــ التم تحقيـــــق ـــــ ع ـــــ ك وال ونيـــــة لك ومـــــة ا برنـــــامج التالية الفرعية داف تتحقق بحيث :املستمر ـــ ـــا تطبيق توحيـــد ليـــتم ونيـــة لك ومـــة ا برنـــامج اتيجية اســـ ودعـــم ر تطـــو ا ات املختلفةا .ومية ع ملشــــــار وطنيـــــة محفظــــــة بإيجـــــاد يتعلـــــق فيمــــــا ســـــيق والت التخطــــــيط ـــــ ام ســـــ ونية لك ومية .ا ونية لك ومة ا ع بمشار املتلق البي شغيل وال التكنولو امل الت ايجاد جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 118 -97 :ص 107 وميــــــة ا ــــــات ا ن بـــــ ذلــــــك وتوحيـــــد ــــــا ونا وم التطبيقـــــات اســــــتخدام يع ـــــ و أل التكنولوجيةاملختلفة لول ا استخدام .غراض ــــ املؤس التحــــول يع ــــ( ــــ التغي ادارة ودور ــــودات مج مــــن ــــم م ــــ)كجــــزء ع الـــــوزارة امج/ الــــدائرة/مســــتوى ـــــ ل التطبيـــــق نجــــاح ـــــ ســــاعد و ـــــيح ي بمــــا املؤسســـــة ونية لك ومة .ا لك ومة ل منة والشبكة ماية وا من سياسات وتطبيق ونيةالتخطيط ونية لك ومة ا تطبيق .خالل ات املسـتو افـة ـ ومـة ا لـوظفي ات ـ وا املعرفـة ونقل ب التدر برامج عقد ــــات ا احتياجــــات غطــــي ــــ وال الالزمــــة ــــارات امل وتــــوف م كفــــائ مــــن رفــــع غــــرض ومية .ا ـــــادر ال وكفــــاءات ات ــــ خ مســــتوى مــــع ناســــب ت بدرجــــة والنوعيــــة ــــودة ا تحقيــــق ا لــــــد املتبعــــــة يــــــات واملن ونيــــــة لك ومــــــة ا برنــــــامج إلدارة ولقــــــد. املتخصــــــص اتيجية اســ ــت ن حيــث حــد عــد ا ــ إ ــا وم بح ــ للر ــدة جا ردن دولــة عملــت ا ادار أداء ن وتحس ر لتطو ي املعلوما .التخطيط قطر . 3.3 ونية لك كومة ا ة : http://www.baytelmarefa.com تجر عــام قطــر دولــة ـــ ونيــة لك ومــة ا الختيـــار2000بــدأت مــة شــاء إ وتـــم م ونيــا الك ـــا تطبيق ليــتم وميـــة ح ــات،خدمــة ج ـــع أر عـــاون إطــار ـــ ذلــك وزارة ) وتـــم ارجيــــــة الــــــوط, ا قطــــــر نــــــك ا,و القطــــــري , ملركــــــزي واملصــــــرف العــــــام يــــــد مبــــــدأ )وال قــــــوم و مرور لمة بواسطة للموقع املستخدم دخول ع دمة ثالث, ا خالل املشروع ن وقد ع بناء ستقدم ال دمات ا اختيار وتم ر للتطو وتحديا لالستمرار حافزا ان و سنوات ا م أ :عوامل املجتمع ع دمة ا ذه تأث مدي ونياعدد الك دمة ل ا تداول يتم ال .املعامالت ونيا الك دمة ل املقدمة ة ا ة ز جا .مدي ا تقديم يمكن ال دمات ا انت :و املرور القيادة(خدمات ة, رخص املرور املركبات, املخالفات ) .يل املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 108 ة التأش ارة(خدمات الز ة العمل, تأش ة السياحية, تأش ة ).التأش مصر . 4.3 ونية لك كومة ا ة :)2007لطفي،(تجر يوليــــو ــــ ونيـــــة لك ومــــة ا برنــــامج ـــــداف2001بــــدأ مــــن مجموعــــة ووضـــــع ي فيما ا م أ تمثل و ونية لك ومة ا برنامج وثائق ا :شمل األسلوب و م تواجد أماكن ومة ا مع ن املتعامل ور م دمات ا توصيل الذى ـد وا الوقـت توف من م يمك بما مالئمة وكفاءة سرعة و م املشـاركة,يناس و القرار .صنع تقـــــديم ســـــ وت جـــــراءات ســـــيط ت خـــــالل مـــــن ن ثمر باملســـــ اتصـــــال ئـــــة ب شـــــاء إ الالزمــة وميــة ا ــدمات ا بتقـديم تقــوم متطــورة خدمـة مراكــز وتــوف ـدمات، ا و واحد ان م عمال ولرجال ن ثمر املس دمة وحديثة دقيقة معلومات توف جن و املح ثمار س يع ل القرار صنع عملية .دعم ــ مة واملســا القــرار اتخــاذ عمليــة لــدعم وحديثــة دقيقــة معلومــات قاعــدة تــوف جل لة طو املبادرات عة ومتا .تخطيط ــــــومي ا القطــــــاع ـــــ ديثــــــة ا دارة فلســــــفات العمــــــلتطبيـــــق نظــــــم وتحـــــديث منخفضة لفة ت و وفاعلية بكفاءة دمة ا أداء يضمن بما يئات وال .بالوزارات وميـــة ا يات املشـــ لتنفيـــذ نمـــاذج تقـــديم خـــالل مـــن ـــومي ا نفـــاق ضـــغط املؤسسة موارد وتخطيط ات الشب ع ونياً .الك لالنــــدماج ــــومي ا ــــاز ا يئــــة و املحليــــة التنافســــية ــــادة العــــالز النظــــام ــــ والدو قلي ن املستو ع ديد .ا مثل امة ال السياسات عض مراعاة ا :باإلضافة اص وا العام ن القطاع ن ب . الشراكة حاليا املطبقة النظم من . ستفادة دمة ا تقديم منافذ ادة ز ق طر عن دمات ا توصيل ة .المركز ســـلوب اســــتخدام انيـــة ظــــلإم ــــ املتعامـــل صــــية مـــن للتحقــــق ــــي و لك عد عن املتعامل صية من للتحقق التنظيمية ن والقوان اللوائح من .إطار جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 118 -97 :ص 109 ة شر ال املوارد ر لتطو مكثفة . برامج ة املطلو ثمار س مجاالت تو ة ثمار اس طة خر . رسم للع املعلومات تكنولوجيا متخص ذب وافز ل نظم ومةتصميم با . مل ات الشب تحكم صارمة معاي تتضمن تحتية ية ب . توافر املعلومات وأمن ة . سر ونية . 5.3 لك كومة ل زائر ا ة ،( تجر :)2016لي توســـيع خـــالل مـــن العموميـــة دارات تحـــديث ـــ ا ـــ كب تمامـــا ا زائـــر ا تمـــت ا أداء ن لتحس ديثة ا التكنولوجيات ن،استخدام للمواطن جراءات سيط وت دمات ا ونيـــة لك ومـــة ل املتحـــدة مـــم دراســـة ـــ أنـــھ املرتبـــة2014إال زائـــر ا يف تصـــ تـــم وال136 ا15عامليا، سور ع ومتخلفة اليمن، ع متقدمة يا، بناء. عر مشروع قوم و و املعلومــات تكنولوجيــا ــ ثمار ســ ــ ع ونيــة لك ومــة واملؤسســاتا املــواطن ــط ر ولة بالس طراف ذه ن ب املعامالت مختلف إجراء ل س و يح ي بما ونيا إلك دارات و اليف والت والوقت د ا يوفر مما الالزمة، .والسرعة ســية الرئ ــداف تحقيـق ــ إ زائـري ا ونيــة لك ومــة ا مشـروع ســ حيـث :التالية خالل من دارة تصاالتتحديث و املعلومات تكنولوجيا .إدخال نت ن ع دمات ا ر تطو خالل من املواطن من دارة ب .تقر السعودية . 6.3 ية العر اململكة ة ،(تجر د ):2015حوا التعــاون مجلــس دول مســتوى ــ ع رأســيا محــورا الســعودية يــة العر اململكــة تمثــل ســــالم و ــــي العر والعــــالم ــــ لي ــــا رو رصــــيد مــــن تمتلكــــھ بمــــا ومنفــــردة عــــام، ل شــــ ي اململكـــة ـــ ونيــة لك ومـــة ا مبـــادرة يكســب ومـــا و ـــ وجغرا اقتصــادي ونقـــل ، وثقــا ـ ـي عر أو ـ خلي مـواطن ـل تمامـات ا ضـمن من ون ست ا أ شكك فال خاصة، مية أ .العالم بالغــــــــ تمامــــــــا ا الســــــــعودية يــــــــة العر اململكــــــــة ومــــــــة ح ولــــــــت الــــــــولقــــــــد تنميــــــــة ــــــــ ا عـام منــذ نـت ن إدخـال بــدا بحيـث املجتمــع ـ ي اسـو املجتمــع1417ا وأصـبح ــري، ـــ خصوصــا العصـــر تطــورات مـــع متفــاعال يا حاســـو مجتمعــا يصـــبح ألن يتطلــع الســعودي املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 110 ان الس من ى الك حة الشر تمثل ال ونية. الفئات لك ومة ا ع مشار ن ب ومن الع السعوديةاململكة ية :ر التعلـــيم. 1 القطـــاع ـــ كومـــة ا التعلـــيم: مشـــروع ووزارة والتعلـــيم، بيـــة ال وزارة قامـــت وامل ب والتدر الف لتعليم وخطط برامج وضع من العامة املؤسسات وكذلك العا امج ـ ال ـذه مشـتمل الـتعلم خدمـة ـ تصـاالت و املعلومـات تقنيـة مـن ستفادة مجال ي :ما التعليم قطاع التقنية التحتية ية الب شاء اسـب: إ ا قاعـات توف ق طر عن تخـــدم ـــ ال التعليميـــة مجيـــات ال إنتـــاج مشــروع وتنفيـــذ ذكيـــة، بتقنيـــة املـــزودة ــ أ املختلفة للمراحل ي الدراس .املن امل ر والتطو ب الت: التدر مع ن املتعامل ل ل امل ر التطو املؤسسةعد قنية ومـن تصـال و املعلومـات تقنيـة مجال اململكة خطط عناصر أبرز أحد ة بو ال الفاعلة دارة تحقيق أن يمكن .خاللھ ن املعلم ب من: تدر عد، عن ب التدر رامج و ما ا ب التدر برامج ق طر عن العلـو س تـدر ـ تصـاالت و املعلومـات تقنيـة توظيـف مشـروع اضـياتذلـك والر م صـــول ل ـــم ل ـــوافز ا ووضـــع ن املعلمـــ يع ـــ ـــ إ باإلضـــافة ـــة، الثانو املرحلـــة ـــ املعتمدة ات الشر خالل من ال اسب ا قيادة رخصة .ع املعلوماتية. 2 مجال ة الثانو املرحلة طالب يل تأ شمل:مشروع و التعليم التقنية تتضم: دمج ال ع املشار أبرز يومن ما طة ا ذه :ن اسب ل الطلبة وأبنائھ ز العز عبد بن هللا عبد امللك "وط" مشروع املعلومـــــــات لتقنيــــــة الدولـــــــة توليــــــھ الـــــــذي ــــــ الكب تمـــــــام ـــــن عـ املشـــــــروع ــــــذا ــــــ ع الســـعودية يـــة العر اململكـــة بـــادرت حيـــث ، ـــ املعر املجتمـــع بنـــاء ـــ ـــا مي وأ تصـــاالت، و ت خيار ب ةب للمواج القادمة جيال وإعداد ة التنمو داف لتحقيق املعلومات قنية املعاصرة التحديات الذكيــة. 3 املدرسـة بصــفة: مشـروع التعليـة ر لتطــو كأسـاس الذكيــة املدرسـة ــوم مف ـر ظ مــــور، وأوليــــاء الطلبــــة، مــــن س ومتجــــا امــــل مت مجتمــــع خلــــق ــــ إ ــــدف والــــذي العامــــة، واملد ن، تكنولوجيــاواملعلمـ ــ ع ركــزت حيــث الــبعض، ا ببعضـ املــدارس ن بــ وكــذلك رســة، بيـــة، وال الشـــرح، ووســـائل التعليميـــة، العمليـــة تحـــديث أجـــل مـــن تصـــاالت و املعلومـــات جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 118 -97 :ص 111 ومعرفة ارة م أك أجيال ناء .و الذكيــــةاملدرســــة ــــف ــــا: "عر ونيــــة إلك بوســــائل مــــزودة مدرســــة عــــن عبــــارة ــــ وال ـزة ج ن،مختلف املعلمـ مـع ونيـا إلك التواصـل مـن الطـالب تمكـن ونيـة لك امج ـ مــع التواصــل وكــذلك النظــام، بــنفس عمــل ــ ال خــرى املــدارس مــع التواصــل يمكــن كمــا التالميذ ".أولياء الذكيـــةاملدرســـة مشـــروع ــداف املزايـــا: أ مـــن العديـــد الذكيـــة املدرســـة ملشـــروع إن ا م داف :وال وستقدماتقديم أك سية تدر وطرق أفضل عليمية .ائل أحــدثباســتخدام املعلومــات عــن البحــث خــالل مــن الطالــب وفكــر ــارات م ر تطـو واملعلومات تصاالت .تكنولوجيا مثلجديدة شطة وأ دارسات تقديم انية نت: إم ن ع مواقع .تصميم نباملدراس التالميذ أولياء اتصال انية والدرجاتإم ر التقار ع صول .وا فاعليةأك الدرس عل الشرح وأساليب املعلم، ارات وم ار أف ر .تطو املعلوماتلتبادل املدارس ن ب دائم اتصال .إقامة نتن باستخدام وثقافية علمية مسابقات .إقامة باملدارسنت ن شبكة خالل من بالعالم الدائم .تصال ونية . 7.3 لك كومة ا نامج ل ت الكو ة ،(تجر د ):2015حوا ــــــــدف املعلومــــــــات عصــــــــر أفــــــــاق ضــــــــمن متطــــــــورة مرحلــــــــة بأســــــــره العــــــــالم دخــــــــل بـدأت كمـا تصـاالت، و املعلومـات وتقنيـة نظـم مجـال ـ املتاحـة التقنيات من ستفادة ــا معامال ــ التحــول ميــة أ ــ العــالم ـــزةدول أج ــ إ التقليديــة الوســائل مــن الرســمية أصــــدر املنطــــق ـــذا ومــــن ونيـــة لك ومــــة با عــــرف مـــا شــــاء وإ ـــ ال اســــب ا وأنظمـــة رقـــــم قـــــرار ـــــت و ال دولـــــة ـــــ الـــــوزراء العليـــــا759مجلـــــس الوطنيـــــة نـــــة ال شـــــكيل شـــــأن برئ وميـــة ا العمـــال ـــ املتطـــورة التكنولوجيـــا اســـتخدام ـــق طر عـــن لفـــة، سامل رئـــ اســـة بوابــــــة موقــــــع طــــــرق عــــــن وذلــــــك تھ وحساســــــ املشــــــروع ميــــــة أ ــــــ ع تأكيــــــد الــــــوزراء مجلــــــس ومة .ا ــــو ــــت و ال ــــ ونيــــة لك ومــــة ا بوابــــة قبــــل مــــن املقدمــــة ــــدمات ا عــــض خدمات: املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 112 أخـرى متنوعـة خـدمات ي، الالسـل ـاتف ال زة أج صالحية ادة ش إصدار اتف، ( ال اتفية ال الفتوى واملـاء،،)كخدمة ـواء ال ملوثـات بيانـات تـوف املاء، الك اس ن تام إعادة عـــداد نقـــل ابـــل، نقـــل خـــدمات رســـوم ـــاليف ت دفـــع ـــاء ر الك عـــداد كســـر غرامـــة تحصـــيل عالنات تراخيص تجديد املجاالت، ترخيص تجديد عداد، تبديل ابل، تبديل اء، ر الك املعامال استالم نظام ية، ال ادات الش .ت،إصدار للصــناعةالعامــة يئــة ال ة،: خــدمات صــغ صــناعة تــرخيص إصــدار طلــب شــمل و مؤقتة بصفة موقع ع شاة م ترخيص إصدار صناعيةشاة للم ترخيص تجديد شأة، امل موقع نقل أو .غ صناعيةحرفة موقع أو شاط غ صناعية، شاة م خيص ل تلف أو فاقد .بدل شع صول ا قسيمةطلب تخصيص .ادة صناعيةحرفة ترخيص تجديد صناعية، حرفة بإقامة ترخيص إصدار العقدفاقد تبديل املؤقت، العقد .تجديد كية . 8.3 مر املتحدة الواليات ة ):2013خالص،( تجر ســــنة خــــالل كيــــة مر دارة ــــى1992وضـــعت اذ ومــــة ا عــــل اتيجية اســــ وفاعلية لفة القرنواقل تحادية السياسة ام ال العنصر طوة ا ذه واصبحت ومـــة ح إلقامـــة الالزمـــة التحتيـــة يـــة الب ووضـــعت القانونيـــة ســـس واعتمـــدت ، ن العشــر ــ فع ل شــ ونيــة لك ومــة با اصــة ا ن القــوان تطبيــق تــم وقــد ــة، نا ونيــة الك عام أ2002منذ الوزارات و االت الو وضـعجميع مـع امن بـال وذلـك ، العامة يئات ال و عـــد و ، املعلومــات نظـــم ادارة مــدير ســلطة تحـــت املعلومــات تكنولوجيـــا اســتخدام سياســة املواطن وخلق ونية لك ومة ا ت تب ال الدول اوائل من كية مر املتحدة الواليات خـالل ومـن ، املجـال ـذا ـ ا كب تقدماً واحرزت ي و ومـةلك ا ات مسـتو مختلـف و كية مر املتحدة وم: الواليات وح ، الفدرالية ومة وماتا وا ، الواليات ات .املحلية ت س ، ا لد ومة ا ات مستو مختلف ونية لك ومة ا تطبيق ولضمان مـ ونيـة لك ومـة ا اسـتخدام يفرضـان ن ملـزم ن قـانون كيـة مر ومـة قــانون: اا وقــــــانون الورقيــــــة عمــــــال مــــــن ن–لينجــــــر( الــــــتخلص ــــــدمات) ــــــو ا بوضــــــع املتعلــــــق اســتخالص ــ ع ــ كب ل شــ ــ ك ال مــع ــت ن ن شــبكة ــ ع ــاص ا والقطــاع ن للمــواطن جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 118 -97 :ص 113 املعلومات تقنية مجال ا ثمارا اس ع تبة امل .النتائج ونيـــ لك ومـــة ا اتيجية اســــ تتضـــمن عــــدةكمـــا كيـــة مر املتحـــدة بالواليــــات ة ا بي من : امور ن املواطن ا دمات ا ع توز سيط .ت وقراطية الب .ازالة الفيدرالية االت الو عمل سيط .ت ومة ا شطة ا فائقة سرعة وتحقيق داري العمل اليف ت .تخفيض سنغافورة. 9.3 ونية لك كومة ا ة ):2013خالص،(تجر النــــور رأت ـــ ال ، ســـنغافورة ــــ ونيـــة لك ومـــة ل ونيــــة لك البوابـــة تقـــدم ــ2000عــام ة ــ كب نجاحــات حققــت حيــث ــا، ملواطن واملعلومــات ــدمات ا مــن العديــد ، انــــت حيــــث املعلومــــات امنيــــة عــــدام ا ــــ ا اضــــافة ــــذا ، املعلومــــات تكنولوجيــــا تطبيقــــات ا الفئــــات دف ـــــســــ الدولــــة خطــــط ـــــت ن وقــــد ، ي املجــــا ميـــــة محــــو نــــامج ب ة ـــــ لفق ــ ة الســنغافور ومــة ا ــت ن املثــال يل سـ ــ فع ، الطموحــة ــداف عــض تحقيـق ـــــ ع س التـــــدر طـــــاقم ب تـــــدر مـــــع امن بـــــال وذلـــــك واحـــــدة شـــــبكة ـــــ املـــــدارس جميـــــع ـــــط ر يــــ بمــــا التعلــــيم منــــا ت ــــ وغ املعلومــــات تكنولوجيــــا الرقميــــةتطبيقــــات الطفــــرة مــــع تالءم واصــــبح التعليميـــة املقـــررات ــــ املعلومـــات تكنولوجيـــا دراســـة تضــــمن تـــم بحيـــث ديـــدة ا ـــــا ل املخصـــــص ـــــة% 30الـــــزمن تجر عـــــد نـــــا ومـــــن ، الدراســـــية املنـــــا زمـــــن اجمـــــا مـــــن ســـنغافورة ونيـــة لك ومــة ا عمـــل و ، رائـــدة ــة تجر ســـنغافورا ونيـــة لك ومــة ا إ ـواع ب تـدر برنـامج وضـعت حيـث ـي و لك املـواطن ببوابـة ـوض لل شـبكة قامـة ــــــــة400 التجر ـــــــ ــــــــا م ســـــــتفادة يمكــــــــن ـــــــ ال الــــــــدروس ـــــــم ا ومــــــــن ، اً ســـــــنو فــــــــرد الـــــــف ة :سنغافور ونية-1 لك ومة ا تطبيقات لنجاح ة الضرور ساسية ئة الب .توف املعلومات 2 تكنولوجيا الدولةادراج التعليم منا .جميع املعلومات 3 تكنولوجيا مجال ثمارات س .توجيھ التعلـــــيم4 تـــــوف و املــــنخفض الـــــدخل ذات ســـــر ملســــاعدة يـــــة تدر مراكـــــز اقامــــة املعلومات تكنولوجيا مجاالت ا ل .سا املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 114 فنلندا. 10.3 ة اللطيف( تجر وعبد ):2018،خديجة إلعــادة م ــ مشــروع مــن جــزءا فنلنــدا ــ ونيــة لك ومــة ا مشــروع ــ عت عام املشروع أطلق وقد فلندا العامة دارات مستوى1990شكيل ن تحس دف ن للمــــــواطن املقدمــــــة وميــــــة ا ـــــدمات بــــــإطالق. ا ا مشــــــروع الفنلنديــــــة ومــــــة ا بـــــدأت الواحــــدة وميــــة ا خــــدماتone stop governmentلنافــــذة مراكــــز شــــاء بإ وذلــــك موحدة ومية املواطن. ح ليتكمن واحد مب ومية ا الدوائر افة تجميع يتم بحيث واحد ان م من معامالتھ افة انجاز .من عـــام ـــ مركــــز1993و نـــاك مــــن18ــــان مجموعـــة تقــــديم ـــ ع عمــــل خـــدمات عـــ ـــادة ز تـــم العمليــــة ـــذه نجـــاح فبعـــد ، ـــدمات ـــا ا لتصـــل املراكــــز عــــام145دد مركـــزا فنلندا. م2000 يوجد الفنلندية البلديات املعلومات لتقنية سبة بال بلدية444أما مجموعھ ما البلديات720تنفق تقدم تصال و املعلومات تقنية ع ا سنو يورو مليون وا ة ـــــ وال التعلـــــيم ـــــ تتعلـــــق ـــــ وال ساســـــية ـــــدمات ا امليـــــاهالفنلنديـــــة وتـــــوف ي ملبـــــا .والطاقة ونيةا لك كومة ا مجال املح الصعيد ع :ما يا .1.1.3 لي ونية لك كومة وراوي،( ا و ):13: 2013،12الباعور يتالءم ما و امل ال ا وم بمف ونية إلك ومة ح لبناء ديثة ا يا لي دولة س ية والب التقنيات دارةمع ن لتوط ة دار و السياسية القيادة وتطمح املتوفرة، التحتية عـد انتقاليـة ومـة ح أول فمنـذ ن واملـواطن الدولـة مؤسسـات ن ب ا شر و ونية 17لك بوضــــع ــــدأت و الــــوزراء رئاســــة بــــديوان ونيــــة لك ومــــة با خاصــــة إدارة ت شــــ أ ايــــر ف لب والفنيــــــة العلميـــــة والتصــــــورات طـــــط ضــــــعا و ونيــــــة لك ومـــــة ا ــــــ ب ي جســـــم نــــــاء ــا ل املعلوماتيــة. سـس ــا أنظم بنـاء ــ يئــات وال املؤسسـات عــض بـدأت ــذا خضــم ـ و يخـــص فيمـــا وخاصــة ـــا م العديــد وانجـــز ونيـــة لك ومــة ل الفقـــري العمــود ـــ عت ــ ال ا وغ وازات وا املدنية .حوال لتن نة الرا عمال و يةكما اللي ونية لك ومة ا :فيذ الــوطالــرقم مشــروع ــد: تنفيــذ فر ــ مرج رقــم ــو الــوط متكــرر (الــرقم ــ يصــرف) غ افـة ـ وإ الوطنيـة البيانـات بقاعـدة ساسـية بياناتـھ ـ إ للوصول ستخدم و مواطن ل ل باملواطن العالقة ذات .البيانات جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 118 -97 :ص 115 املشروع ات مم م أ :ومن قتصـــــــاديةاملجـــــــاالت ـــــــ املـــــــواطن ــــــا م ســـــــتفيد رقميـــــــة بيانـــــــات قاعـــــــدة ن ــــــو ت جتماعية .و املجتمعة و فظ ا ا س عن معلوماتية منظومة لبناء الدولة ن .تمك زةأج افة ن ب ي واملعلوما الوظيفي ابط وال امل الت .تحقيق بياناتخالل من العامة السياسات رسم و التخطيط الدولة مؤسسات ن تمك .دقيقة ونيــةلك ات التأشــ نظــام دخــول: تنفيــذ عــة ومتا ات التأشــ إلصــدار موحــد نظــام ــو ــون تت ــ وال ، ونيــة لك ومــة ا ونــات م تفعيــل مــن كجــزء يــا لي ــ إ جانــب وخــروج ت فرعية أنظمة مجموعة سـيةمن وا ـوازات ا ة ملصـ العمـل سياب ا ا مجمل ّون عام ل ش ا م دف وال جانب، :وشؤون ابأنواع روج وا الدخول ات تأش .إصدار قامةات تأش .إصدار جانبوخروج دخول .يل جانــــــبشــــــؤون إدارة نظـــــام شــــــاء إ ــــــ وانــــــ: البـــــدء ا عــــــة متا ـــــ إ ــــــدف نظــــــام ـــــو بو والعمل قامة ناحية من يا لي جن بإقامة املتعلقة واملعلوماتيــةتصــاالت وزارة لوضـــع: مبــادرة يــا بلي واملعلوماتيــة تصــاالت وزارة بـــادرة دمات ا ز عز و اص ا والقطاع ومية ا العمليات مركز التقنية طط وا املبادرات وامل ن املــواطن جميــع ــ إ يــااملقدمــة لي ــ ــة التجار واملؤسســات ن املبــادرة. قيمــ ــذه ووفــق و للمبادرة سية الرئ العناصر لتنفيذ ق الطر خارطة :حددت  ،ات الشـب ونيـة، لك ـدمات ا ذلـك ـ بمـا ونيـة لك يا للي التحتية ية الب خرى التحتية ية الب وعناصر من، كة، املش البيانات .النظم،  تصــ ــدماتإعــادة ا أفضــل لتقــديم ا ســيط وت وميــة ا ــدمات ا عمليــات ميم يا لي ات والشر ان .للس  ـــــدمات ا وصـــــيانة شـــــغيل و ـــــي و لك ر التطـــــو لـــــدعم ة شـــــر ال املـــــوارد تنميـــــة ونية .لك  مراقبــــة وتـــداب اتيجية، ســــ ـــات والتوج والسياســــات نظمـــة و ن القــــوان وضـــع املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 116 أخرى وعناصر ونيةداء، لك النظم ودعم الشفافية لضمان وكمة ا .مثل :خالصة .4 تاجات .1.4 : ست ا م أ تاجات ست من مجموعة إ الدراسة :توصلت ــــ عت ونيــــة لك ومــــة اداريمــــنا مــــدخل ــــو و ــــومي ا لــــألداء اصــــالح ــــم أ التقليـــــدي لھ شـــــ ـــــ داري العمـــــل مســـــاوى مـــــن للـــــتخلص ســـــ ،حيـــــث امـــــل مت تصاالت و التكنولوجيا .باستعمال مــــع يــــتالءم بمــــا لــــإلدارات لــــة ي اعــــادة يتطلــــب ونيــــة لك ومــــة ا تطبيــــق ان ونية لك ومة ا تطبيق .متطلبات يـــــــة الب اتصـــــــاالت،تـــــــوف شـــــــبكة كتـــــــوف باملتطلبـــــــات للقيـــــــام ساســـــــية التحتيـــــــة نت ن شار وان اسوب .ا تطبيــــــــق ميـــــــة وا ـــــــوم بمف ن واملــــــــوظف ن املـــــــواطن عـــــــض لــــــــدى ـــــــ و وجـــــــود عـــــــدم ونية لك ومة .ا ونية لك ومة ا تطبيق ع ن العامل ب وتدر يل تأ .ضرورة ل مالئمة القانونية عات شر ال ونيةوضع لك ومة ا .تطبيق :التوصيات. 2.4 ي ا الدراسة :تو ونية لك ومة ا تطبيق لنجاح ساسية التحتية ية الب يئة .ضرورة ومــــــــــة ا بتطبيــــــــــق املعرفــــــــــة ــــــــــادة وز ن العــــــــــامل يــــــــــل وتأ ب للتــــــــــدر بــــــــــرامج وضــــــــــع ونية .لك بما ا وتوحيد ات والتوج عات شر ال وميتحديث ا العمل ئة ب مع .يتالءم اليات حول املختلفة ات ا املنجزة والدراسات املعلومات شر قاعدة توسيع الوقت وكسب زدواجية لتفادي ومي ا . العمل ومـــــــة ا ــــــوم بمف ن واملــــــوظف ن املــــــواطن وتثقيــــــف نوعيــــــة ارشــــــادية بــــــرامج وضــــــع ال ـــ ع العمــل ضـــرورة مــع ـــا مي وا ونيــة محـــولك ـــ ا والســ ن بـــاملواطن ــوض التقنية .مية جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 118 -97 :ص 117 ومات ا تجارب ع التعرف ضرورة ونية لك ومة ا تطبيق البدء قبل نجاح عدم ب س قد ال املعوقات لتال والنامية املتقدمة الدول ونية لك .املشروع :املراجع .5 يوسف بوراوي و عبدالباسط ياا" ،)2013(الباعور، لي ونية لك ومة ا اتيجية الـدو" س ـي العر املؤتمر اط، الر املعلومات، ر31-29لتكنولوجيا .اكتو جميل دياال ومـة"،)2012(الرزي، ا املؤسسـات ـ ع تطبيقيـة دراسـة ـا تطبيق ومعوقـات ونيـة لك ومة ا غزة قتصا"قطاع للدراسات سالمية امعة ا مجلة ة،، دار و .227-189،)1( 22دية ر ، اتي" ،)2009(الرفا اسـ مـدخل ا، تطبيق وسبل ونية لك ومة للدراسـات)ا ة نصـر املس مركـز ، غداد، والدولية، ية .العر كر ابو وش وافاق" ،)2006(ال واقع ونية لك ومة ية"ا العر النيل مجموعة رة، القا ،. غزالة ونية" ،)2001(طاللابو لك ومة ا" ا سور ي، ورو ي العر دمشق .منتدى ســــمية مــــروان وميــــة" ،)2014(بـــو ا دارات اداء ن تحســــ ــــ ـــا ودور ونيــــة لك ومــــة مقارنــــة-ا " دراســــة ط اض، .1الر م مر ونية" ،)2013(خالص لك ومة ال" ا قتصادية للعلوم غداد لية املجلـةمجلة بمـؤتمر اص ا عدد 439460. عثمـان وعبداللطيف ثمار مـن"،)2018(خديجة، زائـر ا ومسـتقبل ونيـة لك ومـة ا مجـال ـ دوليـة تجـارب جتماعية،"ذلك و سانية العلوم جيل مجلة ،47،21-34 . ، والقصــي ايمــان دراســة" ،)2013(محمــد حســن، العراقيــة املنظمــات ــ ونيــة لك ومــة ا تطبيــق متطلبــات املوصل بلدية ة مدير ة دار القيادات آلراء الرافدين،"استطالعية تنمية ،35 )113(. طالــب وعبيــد فــراس ذات" ،)2014(حســن، والــدوائر املدنيــة حــوال لــدائرة ونيــة لك ومــة ا ــوم مف تطبيــق البصرة محافظة journal of college of education for pure sciences.4)2(،172-190 "العالقة ــــ ع ــــ" ،)2007(لطفـــي، العل والتطبيــــق ــــة النظر ن بــــ ونيــــة لك ومــــة الســــادس-ا ومــــة ا دارة/ مــــؤتمر ونية لك ومة وا ديدة ا امل12-9"العامة ية العر مارات ، سم .تحدةد عبداملحســـــن ايمـــــان ـــــي، للتنميـــــة" ،)2009(ز يـــــة العر شـــــورات م ، امـــــل مت اداري مـــــدخل ونيـــــة لك ومـــــة ا مصر ة، .دار عــــادل التطبيــــق" ،)2014(غــــزال ــــ إ اتيجية ســــ مــــن ونيــــة لك ومــــة ا ع ومــــة: مشــــار ا زائــــر ا مشــــروع ونية http://www.journal.cybrarians.org "أنموذج2013لك والعاملية ية العر ونية لك ومة ا http://www.baytelmarefa.comتجارب مطا ، عاملية" ،)2016(لي وتجارب نماذج ة نا ونية لك ومة ح ارساء يةمتطلبات .وعر muenchen.de-https://mpra.ub.uni املصراتي ساملة مفتاح حممد نيةجتارب بعض الدول العربية والدولية يف تطبيق احلكومة االلكرتو 118 references: al-baour, a., & bouarawi, y. (2013), the e-government strategy in libya, international arab conference on information technology, rabat, 29-31 october. [in arabic] al-razi, d, j, (2012), e-government and obstacles to its application: an applied study on government institutions in the gaza strip, journal of the islamic university for economic and administrative studies, 22 (1), 189-227. [in arabic] al-rifai, s. (2009), e-government and ways to implement it, a strategic approach, al-mustansiriya center for arab and international studies, baghdad. [in arabic] al-hosh, a. (2006), e-government, reality and prospects, cairo, arab nile group. abu ghazaleh, t.(2001), e-government, damascus arab european forum, syria. [in arabic] bou marwan, s. (2014), e-government and its role in improving the performance of government departments a comparative study, riyadh, 1st edition. khalis, m. (2013), e-government, baghdad college of economic sciences magazine, special issue, 439-460. [in arabic] khadija, t. & abdellatif, o. (2018), international experiences in the field of egovernment and the future of algeria from that, journal of the generation of human and social sciences, 47, 21-34. [in arabic] hassan, i. & al-qasimi, m. (2013), requirements for the application of egovernment in iraqi organizations, an exploratory study of the opinions of administrative leaders in the mosul municipality directorate, tanmiyat al-rafidain, 35 (113). [in arabic] hassan, f. & obaid, t. (2014), application of the e-government concept to the civil status department and related departments in basra governorate. journal of college of education for pure sciences, 4(2), 172-190. [in arabic] lotfi, a. (2007), e-government between theory and scientific practice sixth conference on government / new public administration and egovernment, december 9-12, united arab emirates. [in arabic] zaki, e. a. (2009), e-government is an integrated administrative approach, arab publications for administrative development, egypt. [in arabic] ghazal, a. (2014), e-government projects from strategy to implementation: algeria project, e-government 2013 model. http://www.journal.cybrarians.org arab and global e-government experiences http://www.baytelmarefa.com layla, m. (2016), the requirements for establishing successful e-government, international and arab models and experiences. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 2 (2021), pp. 41-62 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.157 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 41 www.mer-j.com workers’ remittances in yemen: macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth essa a. alhannom 1, ghaleb s. mushabeb 2 1 associate professor of economics, faculty of administrative sciences, ibb university (yemen)  eysa20@gmail.com 2 associate professor of economics, faculty of administrative sciences, ibb university (yemen)  galrazhi@gmail.com published: 01 -09 -2021 available online: 12 -04-2021 accepted: 11 -04 -2021 received: 01 -03 -2021 how to cite: alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. (2021). workers’ remittances in yemen: macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth. management & economics research journal, 3(2), 41-62. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.157 abstract: this study aims to examine the determinants of workers’ remittances and their impact on economic growth in yemen. autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) bounds test to co-integration and error correction model (ecm) were applied on data covering the period from 1990 to 2014. according to the model of remittances determinants, workers’ remittances in yemen respond to the macroeconomic conditions of both the home and host countries. it is found that, in the long-run, migrant stock and income level at the host countries are positively and strongly influence remittances level, with a feeble impact of domestic inflation rates. the effect of the home country’s income seems to be positive but insignificant in explaining the behaviour of remittances level. the model of economic growth suggests corresponding author: ibbuniversity, ibb (yemen). [eysa20@gmail.com] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. mailto:eysa20@gmail.com mailto:galrazhi@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.157 mailto:eysa20@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.157 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.157&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-09-01 http://www.mer-j.com/ workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 42 that, in the long run, the impact of workers’ remittances appears to be positive and moderate with positive and stronger influences observed for financial development and official development assistance. accordingly, it is recommended that a lesser weight should be given to remittances in the strategic planning process, taking into consideration the increasing potentials of the conditions in the neighbouring host countries to be changed. in addition, using remittances as a means of economic growth can be enhanced by encouraging migrants to direct their savings towards productive investment activities, and via formal channels. keywords: remittances, economic growth, time series analysis. jel codes: f24, o47, c22 1. introduction migrants’ remittances are considered an important source of international financial flows to the recipient countries for alleviating poverty, through financing consumption and improving the living standards of households, and promoting economic growth, via filling domestic savinginvestment gapes. consequently, remittances turn out to be a key subject in the growth and development studies of the labour exporting countries. according to the world bank estimates (2020b), workers’ remittances reached us$ 463.6 billion in 2010 and increased to us$ 579.9 billion and us$ 613.5 billion in 2014 and 2017 respectively. this importance comes to be clearer if we refer to other forms of international financial flows such as official development assistance (oda) which is estimated to be us$ 128.6 billion, us$ 161.5 billion, and us$ 165 billion for 2010, 2014, and 2017 respectively (world bank, 2020a). yemen is one of the low-income countries, where opportunities for achieving acceptable livelihood and other economic ambitions are very hard. accordingly, the outflow of hundreds of thousands of yemeni labourers is motivated by economic considerations (better work opportunities and wages). the majority of yemeni migrants head to the neighbouring oil-exporting countries, particularly saudi arabia as a key host country. according to the world bank (2020b) migration and remittances data, saudi and emirates were the destinations of 84.12% and 73.2% of total yemeni expatriate labourers in 2010 and 2017 respectively, and the usa was the third destination receiving about 5% in the same years respectively. recently, yemen depends on migrants’ remittances as a major source of international financial flows and foreign exchanges. according to the size of remittances received in 2019, yemen ranks first among the 29 pp. 41-62 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 43 low-income countries and twenty-fifth among the 135 low and middleincome countries (world bank, 2020c). with official estimates of more than 1.2 million yemeni workers abroad, remittances increased from us$ 1.53 billion in 2010 to us$ 3.343 billion and us$ 3.77 billion in 2014 and 2017 respectively (world bank, 2020a). as a percentage of gdp, remittances constitute 13%, on average, between 1990 and 2014, whereas foreign direct investment (fda) and oda inflows averaged 6.24% and 3.4% respectively for the same period of time. figure 1 shows the trends of remittances, fd, and oda inflows during this period, where remittances appear to be bigger than fdi and oda inflows in most years. additionally, taking into account the fact that the majority of fdi inflows during this period was provisional1, and the volatile nature of oda inflows, remittances become the most important source of foreign finance. the jump of remittances in 2012 and beyond, resulted from the improvement measures in the estimation and coverage of remittances’ data, which was implemented by the central bank of yemen (united nations economic and social commission for west asia [escwa], 2014, p.11). therefore, workers’ remittances in yemen have been underestimated before 2012, and even after 2012 since remittances transferred through informal channels and remittances in the form of goods are still not included. workers’ remittances play another essential role in alleviating the current account’s deficit of the balance of payments, as the trade, services, and investment income balances are in permanent deficits. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 rem oda fdi m ill io ns o f $u s year 1 most fdi inflows were those of international oil companies for oil exploration purpose. workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 44 figure 1. the trend of remittances, oda, and fdi inflows in yemen 1990-2014 source: world bank, wdi online data bank (2020a). the growing size and socio-economic effects of workers’ remittances in yemen, and the controversial views in the literature about remittances’ determinants and developmental effects, raise two key questions which constitute the problem of this study. what are the important macroeconomic factors affecting remittances inflows to yemen, and what is the nature of the remittances’ impact on economic growth? to the best of our knowledge, no previous separate econometric study has been undertaken to examine the macroeconomic aspects of yemeni migrants’ remittances. the study of mim and ali (2012) inspects the effect of remittances on economic growth in 15 mena countries, including yemen, for the period 1980-2009, using panel data analysis techniques. workers’ remittances effect appeared to be positive and insignificant according to ols and fixed effect techniques whilst, system generalized method of moment (sgmm) analysis provides evidence for a positive and significant, but relatively weak, impact. this weak impact of workers' remittances is interpreted, according to their analysis of the relationships between remittances and both investment and consumption, as a result of directing most remittances towards consumption. the current study aims at investigating the determinant factors behind workers’ remittances and the impact of remittances on economic growth in yemen, using annual time series data for the period 1990-2014. in achieving this aim, ardl bounds testing approach to co-integration of pesaran and shin (1996) and pesaran, shin, and smith (2001), and ecm will be applied. the ardl bounds test is an advanced technique and the most appropriate for the data of yemen, as it is believed to be valid and appropriate for small size samples and can be applied irrespective of the degree of integration of the independent variables (narayan, 2004). the rest of this study proceeds as follows: section two gives a review of theoretical and empirical literature dealing with workers’ remittances determinants and their impact on economic growth. econometric methodology and data used are the subjects of section three, whereas section four presents the empirical analysis. conclusions and policy implications are in section five. pp. 41-62 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 45 2. literature review 2.1 determinants of remittances the literature of workers’ remittances determinants takes either microeconomic or macroeconomic approaches. microeconomic works on factors affecting the decision of a migrant to remit and thus the size of his remittances, depending on socio-demographic characteristics of migrants and their families, have been the focus of most literature. under this line of literature three motives for remitting to home country are identified: altruistic, self-interest, and contractual reasons (see lucas & stark, 1985; glytsos, 1988; agarwal & horowitz, 2002). however, the works of macroeconomic determinants of remittances, which are still developing, address the aggregate level of remittances and therefore the economic conditions of both the home and host countries. from the home country’s perspective, the economic activity level, proxied by gdp or real per capita gdp, migrant stock, exchange rate variations, interest rates, domestic inflation rates, financial development, considered as important driving macroeconomic forces of remittances. nevertheless, macroeconomic factors at the host countries include, but are not limited to, economic activity level, unemployment rates, wages level, interest rates, exchange rates. a higher level of economic activity in the host country means a higher demand for the migrant labour force and higher earnings and thus increasing remittances and vice-versa. this tendency is confirmed by many studies such as those of elbadawi and rocha (1992), aydas, neyapti, and metin-ozcan (2005), silva and huang (2006), adenutsi (2014), and mccracken, carlyn, and stack (2017). in the labour exporting country, it is believed that an improvement in economic activity level will be reflected in a higher income and living standards of households and thus the needed money to be remitted is likely to decrease and vice-versa (swamy, 1981). this refers to the countercyclical characteristic of remittances with respect to gdp of the home country, which is evidenced by el-sakka and mcnabb (1999), yang and choi (2007), singh, haacker, lee, and goff (2011), moussir and tabit (2016), and hor and pheang (2017). on the other hand, better economic activity at the country of origin increases the returns on real and financial investment and will likely result in more remittances, which points to the pro-cyclical nature of remittances concerning the gdp of the home country. higgins, hysenbegasi, and pozo (2004), aydaş et al. (2005), gupta (2005), freund and spatafora (2008), adenutsi (2014), mccracken et al. (2017), and yoshino, farhad, taghizadeh-hesary, and miyu (2019) observe a workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 46 positive and significant effect of home country’s gdp on the level of remittances inflows. the stock of migrants abroad is another factor recognized in the literature as a determinant of remittances level. it is expected that the more the migrant stock of a country abroad, the higher the level of inward remittances would be. the works of lianos (1997), lueth and ruiz-arranz (2006), freund and spatafora (2008), singh et al.(2011), bettin, presbitero, and spatafora (2014), and moussir and tabit (2016), found evidence on this positive association between migrant stock and remittances level. domestic inflation in the labour-exporting country can affect the volume of remittances in both directions. the increase in domestic inflation rates lowers the real income and thus maintaining purchasing power and consumption levels of households in the home country entails remittances to rise. lianos (1997), elsakka and mcnabb (1999), lueth and ruiz-arranz (2007), begum and sutradhar (2012), adenutsi (2014), and prasad and trivedi (2015), show that remittances vary positively with inflation rates at the country of origin. by contrast, an increase in domestic inflation can be seen as an indicator of economic and political instability and hence suggests a decrease in remittances (see, for example, katseli and glytsos, 1986; elbadawi & rocha, 1992; aydas et al., 2005; ezeoha, 2013). this literature review of remittances determinants reveals that the evidence is still far from being conclusive, which highlights the need for more examination. 2.2 impact of remittances on economic growth despite the presence of a large amount of literature regarding the impact of remittances inflows on the economic growth of the recipient countries, it is still surrounded by ambiguity and has no definite answer (barajas, chami, fullenkamp, gapen, & montiel, 2009). theoretically, remittances alleviate poverty via increasing households’ income and living standards (see ratha, 2013; daway-ducanes, 2015), while, they can positively, negatively, or neutrally influence economic growth depending on their use and the channels through which they are allocated. remittances may enhance growth if they are invested in human capital development, via financing the education and training activities (see edwards and ureta,2003), and the accumulation of physical capital (see glytos, 2002; lucas, 2005), and enabling households and entrepreneurs to overcome credit constraints (mesnard, 2001). other literature adds evidence on several indirect positive effects of remittances on economic growth, such as their resultant financial development (see giuliano & ruiz-arranz, 2009), and pp. 41-62 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 47 the reduction of output volatility (see kroft & lloyd-ellis, 2002; fajnzylber & lo´pez, 2008; chami, hakura, and montiel, 2009). the neutral or weak influence of remittances on economic growth assumption denotes the situation where the altruistic motive dominates the nature of remittances to most developing and least-developed receiving countries. in other words, the majority of these remittances are used to finance the consumption of food, housing, land, and luxuries (see, for example, rempel and lobdell, 1978; adelman & taylor, 1990; glytsos, 1993). the pessimistic view of the growth effect of workers’ remittances departs from the moral hazard problem and the so-called dutch disease hypothesis. the moral hazard effect indicates the circumstance where remittances receivers in the home country may reduce their labour participation and efforts and accordingly, affect undesirably economic growth (chami, fullenkamp, & jahjah, 2003). dutch disease hypothesis points to the possibility of appreciation of the real exchange rate of the recipient country’s currency, as remittances increase, and therefore harmfully affecting tradable exports and economic growth(see amuedo-dorantes and pozo, 2004; lartey, mandelman, & acosta, 2012; rabbi, chowdhury, & hasan, 2013). 3. econometric methodology and data two models will be estimated, equation (1) for determinants of remittances and equation (2) for the impact of remittances on economic growth. the specification of remittances determinates model is given as follows: ln = + ln + ln + ln + + , (1) where rem denotes remittances level, yd represents home country’s income, yf is the host country’s income, mst stands for migrant stock abroad, inf is the home country’s inflation rates, ε is disturbance term, and ln is the natural logarithm. the nexus between remittances and economic growth is modelled as follows: yg = α + α cap + α rem1 + α oda + α fd + α op + u , (2) where yg represents real gdp growth, cap stands for capital formation as a percentage to gdp, rem1 denotes personal remittances inflows to gdp, oda is official development assistance expressed as a percentage of gdp, fd denotes financial development, op refers to openness degree, and u is the error term. as already mentioned in the workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 48 literature review, the expected sign of rem1 could be either positive or negative whereas, the prior expectations of economic theory to the effects of cap, oda, fd, and op on economic growth are positive. the application of the ardl bounds testing approach to cointegration and ecm in estimating the long-run relationships and short-run dynamics of equation (1) is conducted in stages and the same stages will be repeated to estimate the impact of remittances on economic growth according to equation (2). therefore, stages of implementing ardl bounds testing and ecm will be introduced only for equation (1). at the first stage, the existence of long-run co-integration between workers’ remittances and their determinants is tested by estimating a conditional ardl representation of equation (1) as follows: ∆ln = ∞ + ∑ ∞ ∆ln + ∑ ∞ ∆ln + ∑ ∞ ∆ln + ∑ ∞ ∆ln + ∑ ∞ ∆ + ∞ ln + ∞ ln + ∞ ln + ∞ ln + ∞ + , (3) where ∆ represents the first difference operator and n refers to the maximum lag length. ∞ ,∞ , ∞ , ∞ , and ∞ , symbolize the short-run coefficients whereas,∞ , ∞ , ∞ ,∞ , and ∞ are the coefficients of the long-run. a significance test of no co-integration between rem, yd, yf, mst, and inf is applied with the null hypothesis ( : ∞ = ∞ = ∞ = ∞ = ∞ = ) as against the alternative hypothesis ( : ∞ ≠ ∞ ≠ ∞ ≠ ∞ ≠ ∞ ≠ ). the wald test (f statistics) constitutes the core of the bounds test procedure. with two bounds of critical values, if the computed f statistic, at a certain level of significance, is bigger than the upper critical bound value, the null hypothesis of no co-integration is rejected. however, the null hypothesis of no co-integration is accepted, if the computed f statistics is smaller than the lower critical bound value. the result is regarded as inconclusive if the computed f statistics falls between the upper and lower bound values. once a long-run relationship is proved, the parameters of the long-run can be estimated employing the following model: ln = + ln + ln + ln + ln + (4) the estimation of the short-run dynamics, via the error correction representation of the long-run model, is the second step. the error correction model is formulated as follows: pp. 41-62 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 49 ∆ln = δ + ∑ δ ∆ln + ∑ δ ∆ln + ∑ δ ∆ln + ∑ δ ∆ln + ∑ δ ∆ln + µ + , (5) where µ represents the coefficient of the adjustment speed and ecm is the error correction term obtained from equation (4)(estimation residuals). the third stage is to verify the goodness of the selected ardl model, by conducting diagnostic tests to ensure that the model is free of the key problems of regression analysis. as well, the structural stability of parameters of the remittances determinants model will be tested using the cusum (cumulated sum of recursive residuals) and cusumsq (cumulated sum of squares of recursive residuals) suggested by brown, durbin, and evans (1975). the data used are time series for the period 1990-2014. the variables used in this study are defined as follows: rem is real personal remittances in $us million (2010=100). yd is the real gdp of yemen in $us million (2010=100) as a proxy to the home country’s income. yf is the real gdp of saudi arabia in $us million (2010=100), as a proxy to the host countries’ income2. mst is the migrant stock of yemeni workers abroad proxied by the unemployment rates in yemen, due to the unavailability of migrant stock data3. inf is domestic inflation rates based on gdp deflator (2010=100). yg is the real gdp growth rate (2010=100). cap is capital formation to gdp and rem1 is personal remittances inflows to gdp. oda is official development assistance to gross national income (gni). fd is financial development calculated as the ratio of banks credit provided to the private sector to gdp. op is the openness degree calculated as the ratio of the total value of exports and imports of goods and services to gdp. while data of cap, rem1, and op are taken from united nations conference for trade and development (unctad) statistics online, the data of other variables were collected from world development indicators data bank. eviews 9 software used in various stages of econometric analysis. 2 saudi arabia is considered as a representative host country as it constitutes the biggest employer of yemeni expatriate laborers. saudi arabia, employed 79% and 62% of total yemeni workers abroad in 2010 and 2013 respectively (world bank, 2020b). 3 the stock of yemeni workers abroad is supposed to be the direct result of the situation of employment levels, and thus unemployment rates, at the home country. workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 50 4. empirical analysis 4.1 workers’ remittances determinants to start the bounds test, the univariate properties of the variables’ time series must be tested to find their degree of integration and make sure they are not i(2). to do so, both augmented dickey-fuller (adf) (dicky & fuller, 1981) and phillips-perron (pp) (phillips & perron, 1988) tests of the unit root are conducted. table 1. unit root tests for stationarity for remittances determinants model variable adf test pp test intercept intercept & trend non intercept intercept & trend non lnrem -0.26 -1.74 3.95 -0.28 -1.92 3.79 dlnrem -5* -4.87* -1.49 -4.99* -4.86* -3.09* lnyd -2.6 -0.89 4.39 -5.11* -0.29 -4.39* dlnyd -1.38 -6.19* -1.38 -4.82* -12.25* -3.70* lnyf 0.09 -1.41 3.73 0.11 -1.41 3.81 dlnyf -5.09* -5.47* -3.89* -5.09* -8.17* -3.89 lnmst 1.02 -0.14 1.65 0.47 -0.73 2.46 dlnmst -2.90*** -3.11 -2.30** -2.95*** -3.1 -2.30** inf -3.77* -4.72* -1.32 -4.08* -8.24* -2.10** dinf -4.56* -4.59* -4.68* -12.5* -12.19* -13.70* *, **, *** indicate 1%, 5%, and 10% significance level, respectively. source: prepared by the authors based on eviews 9 output. table 1 displays that, except for the inf variable which is i(0), all other variables of the remittances determinants model are not i(0) and are i(1). these results enable us to implement the bounds test and ecm to the remittances determinants model. table 2. bounds tests for remittances determinants model computed f statistic 16.3 criticalbound values at 5% lower = 2.85 upper = 4.049 criticalbound values at 1% lower = 3.817 upper = 5.122 k (number of regressors) 4 critical values are from pesaran et al.(2001), p.300. source: prepared by the authors based on eviews 9 output. pp. 41-62 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 51 concerning the bounds test of co-integration, the computed f statistic shown in table 2 is 16.3, which is higher than the upper bound critical values at both the 5% and 1% significance levels. as a result, a longrun relationship between rem and its determinants yd, yf, mst, and inf is evidenced, and the long-run elasticities of equation (4) can be estimated. the long-run model of the remittances determinants ardl (1,2,0,2,2) in table 3 was selected automatically according to aic with 2 as a maximum lag due to the small size of the available sample. elasticities and coefficients of the long-run reveal that except for the elasticity of yd which is positive and insignificant, all other elasticities and the coefficient of inf are positive and significant. a one per cent increase in host countries' income yf, migrant stock mst, and domestic inflation rates inf causes inward remittances to yemen to rise by 1.62%, 3.9%, and 0.02% respectively in the long run. the positive but insignificant effect of yd is in line with the results of lianos (1997), and agarwal and horowitz (2002). the strong influence of yf refers to the critical role played by host countries' income in explaining variations in workers’ remittances in yemen, which is consistent with the conclusions ofelbadawi and rocha (1992), silva and huang (2006), aydas et al. (2005), adenutsi (2014), mccracken et al. (2017). the strongest influence on workers’ remittances comes from mst at a 1% significance level, which goes in line with the findings of lianos (1997), lueth and ruiz-arranz (2006), freund and spatafora (2008) singh et al.(2011), bettin et al.(2014), and moussir and tabit (2016). table 3 shows that a positive, albeit weak, effect comes from domestic inflation on remittances level and thus adds evidence to those of lianos (1997), elsakka and mcnabb(1999), lueth and ruiz-arranz (2007), begum and sutradhar (2012), adenutsi (2014), and prasad and trivedi (2015). workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 52 table 3. long and short-run coefficients of remittances determinants model long-run coefficients of ardl(1,2,0,2,2) model (dependent variable lnrem) independent variables coefficient t-statistic prob lnyd 0.91 1.67 0.1250 lnyf 1.62 2.44 0.0347 lnmst 3.92 5.65 0.0002 inf 0.02 3.00 0.0132 inpt -53.32 -12.65 0.0000 ecm representation of ardl(1,2,0,2,2) (dependent variable dlnrem) dlnyd -0.11 -0.19 0.8502 dlnyd(-1) -3.24 -6.35 0.0001 dlnyf 0.66 2.70 0.0222 dlnmst 2.80 1.77 0.1064 dlmst(-1) -4.04 -2.26 0.0471 dinf 0.01 4.23 0.0017 dinf(-1) -0.00 -2.14 0.0576 1-tecm -0.41 -4.53 0.0011 r. squared (0.998) s.e of regression (0.067) f. statistic 474(0.000)) diagnostic tests autocorrelation (breusch-godfrey serial correlation lm test) f=0.67[0.53] chi-square = 3.16[0.21] functional form misspecification (ramsey reset) f=1.58[0.24] non -normality (jarque-bera test) 2.35[0.31] heteroscedacticity (breusch-pagan-godfrey test) f=1.40[0.30] chi-square = 13.3[0.27] source: prepared by the authors based on eviews 9 output. the ecm results of the short-run elasticities, to a large extent, confirm those of the long-run, except that of mst which its impact appears to be insignificant. ecmt-1 is significant at 1% level and has the appropriate (negative) sign approving the already concluded long-run relationship between real workers’ remittances level and its determinants in yemen. the value of ecmt-1coefficient (-0.41) denotes a moderate speed of adjustment (41% a year) of remittances level to changes in the independent variables before approaching its equilibrium value. the last stage of the analysis of the remittances determinants model is to assure the goodness and stability of the basic model that gives us the pp. 41-62 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 53 long and short runs relationships. the statistical information at the end of table 3 points out that our model is strong and free of major regression problems. the tests of the stability of the model’s parameters are presented in figures 2 and 3. the graphical presentations of both cusum and cusumsq tests disclose that our model is stable and correctly specified. -10.0 -7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 cusum 5% significance figure 2. plot of cusum source: authors’ own work based on eviews 9 output. -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 cusum of squares 5% significance figure 3. plot of cusumsq source: authors’ own work based on eviews 9 output. workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 54 4.2 impact of remittances on economic growth to start with the economic growth model, both adf and pp tests of stationarity were conducted. table 4 shows that, except fd variable which is not i(0) and i(1), all other variables of the economic growth model are stationary in level. as a result, the bounds test can be conducted. table 4. unit root tests for stationarity for economic growth model variable adf test pp test intercept intercept & trend non intercept intercept & trend non yg -4.82* -6.30* -1.43 -4.82* -13.92* -2.96* dyg -4.99* -4.66* -4.60* -19.90* -18.80* -16.30* cap -3.48** -3.22 -0.09 -4.49* -3.90** 0.34 dcap -3.13** -3.39*** -3.3* -6.47* -7.60* -6.65* rem1 -4.79* -3.55*** -4.03* -4.66* -3.44*** -3.99* drem1 -7.75* -8.76* -7.75* -7.84* -10.23* -7.40* oda -2.70*** -2.79 -2** -2.70*** -2.95 -2** doda -5.88* -5.76* -5.98* -5.88* -5.76* -6.17* fd -1.49 -1.71 -0.22 -1.49 -1.83 -0.22 dfd -4.45* -3.22 -4.45* -4.33* -4.21** -4.45* op -3.46** -3.70** -1.40 -3.40** -3.54*** -1.34 dop -5.52* -5.64* -5.34* -10* -12.26* -8.38* *, **, *** indicate 1%, 5%, and 10% significance level, respectively. source: prepared by the authors based on eviews 9 output. table 5 shows that f statistics is 5.26 and higher than the upper bound values at both 5% and 1% levels of significance. as a result, the long-run relationships between economic growth and its determinants, including workers’ remittances, is proved. table 5: bounds tests for economic growth model computed f statistic 5.26 criticalbound values at 5% lower = 2.649 upper = 3.805 criticalbound values at 1% lower = 3.516 upper = 4.781 k (number of regressors) 5 critical values are from pesaran et al.(2001), p.300. source: prepared by the authors based on eviews 9 output. pp. 41-62 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 55 this bounds test result, which is extracted from a conditional ardl model of equation (2), enables us to estimate the associated long-run and ecm representations of the model as it has done with the remittances determinants model. table 6 shows that ardl (2,1,2,2,2,2) model was selected based on aic with 2 as a maximum lag was chosen. the long-run coefficients of economic growth determinants, shown in table 6, appear to be positive and significant at a 1% significance level. the coefficient of rem1 is 0.43 which points to a moderate impact compared to those of oda and fd. this may indicate that inward remittances in yemen are largely directed to the consumption of necessities and real estate and a little part is allocated to investment purposes. a stronger association was observed between oda and economic growth which might be traced back to the domination of investment spending in allocating the financial resources of oda. table 6 also displays that fd has the strongest influence on economic growth which may be attributed to the fact that the time period of 1990-2014 witnessed an increase in the number of banks and diversification of their activities, and the financial system has undergone a reform program. in contrast, table 6 shows that the openness degree effect is weak which can be interpreted by the weak structure of foreign trade in yemen. on the one hand, the demand for imports increases rapidly owing to the weak productive base and the high growth rate of population, and imports are dominated by necessities on the other. moreover, crude oil constitutes about 90% of exports, which may weaken the effect of exports on economic growth. workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 56 table 6. long and short-run coefficients of economic growth model long-run coefficients of ardl(2,1,2,2,2,2) model (dependent variable yg) independent variables coefficient t-statistic prob cap 0.52 5.21 0.0070 rem1 0.426 8.37 0.0010 oda 1.31 9.97 0.0006 fd 2.48 11.44 0.0003 op 0.397 6.38 0.0030 inpt -41.36 -8.70 0.0010 ecm representation of ardl(2,1,2,2,2,2) (dependent variable dyg) dyg(-1) 1.51 10.91 0.0004 dcap 0.55 2.66 0.0566 drem1 2.10 4.98 0.0076 drem1(-1) -1.22 -3.98 0.0164 doda -1.49 -1.91 0.1293 doda(-1) -1.96 -4.29 0.0127 dfd 2.20 5.79 0.0044 dfd(-1) -3.99 -4.91 0.0080 dop 0.12 0.92 0.4087 dop(-1) -0.98 -6.38 0.0031 1-tecm -3.45 -15.74 0.0001 r. squared (0.989) s.e of regression (0.91) f. statistic 23.88(0.0036)) diagnostic tests autocorrelation (breusch-godfrey serial correlation lm test) f=1.32[0.42] functional form (ramsey reset) f=3.12[0.23] normality (jarque-bera test) 0.314[0.85] heteroscedacticity (breusch-pagan-godfrey test) f=0..59[0.79] chi-square = 14.8[0.54] source: prepared by the authors based on eviews 9 output. the results of the ecm representation of the selected model ardl(2,1,2,2,2,2) refers to a greater positive impact of rem1 on economic growth in the short run, and a negative and significant effect for lagged rem1. the influence of capital formation cap in the short run is very close to that of the long run. whilst oda impact in the short run turned out to be negative and insignificant, fd plays a positive and strong effect close to that of the long run. openness degree seems to have a trivial insignificant pp. 41-62 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 57 association with economic growth in the short run. ecmt-1 appears to be statically significant at a 1% level and has a negative sign, which confirms the already reached conclusion that a long-run relationship between economic growth and its determinants, including workers’ remittances, exists. besides, the value of ecmt-1 coefficient (-3.45) is high, indicating a high speed of adjustment (345% a year) of economic growth to variations in the independent variables before approaching its equilibrium value. it is evident from table 5 that our model is good and free of key regression problems. moreover, figures 4 and 5 of both the cusum and cusumsq tests demonstrate the stability of the parameters of the economic growth model. -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 2010 2011 2012 2013 cusum 5% significance figure 4. plot of cusum source: authors’ own work based on eviews 9 output. workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 58 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2010 2011 2012 2013 cusum of squares 5% significance figure 5. plot of cusumsq source: authors’ own work based on eviews 9 output. 5. conclusions and policy implications this study was motivated by the need to explore the macroeconomic aspects of workers’ remittances flows to yemen, especially their determinants and impact on economic growth. ardl bounds test to cointegration and ecm were applied on data covering the period from 1990 to 2014. workers’ remittances in yemen appear to be influenced by the macroeconomic conditions of both the home and host countries. it is found that there is a long-run relationship between workers’ remittances and their determinants (yd, yf, mst, and inf). migrant stock abroad and income level at the host countries were found to be positively, strongly and significantly correlated with remittances level, with a feeble impact of domestic inflation rates. the significant impact of the host countries' income reaffirms the volatile nature of workers’ remittances as a source of development finance. we did not find the home country’s income to be significant in explaining the behaviour of remittances level. the short-run dynamics’ results support these influences of the long-run, except that of mst which is observed to be insignificant. the policy implication of these results is that raising the remittances level of yemeni expatriates depends essentially on increasing the stock of migrants abroad which, on the one pp. 41-62 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 59 hand, is faced with constraints and have negative economic and social effects on the other. furthermore, a lesser weight should be given to remittances in the strategic planning process, taking into consideration the increasing potentials of the conditions in the neighbouring host countries to be changed. with reference to the impact of remittances on economic growth, a long-run relationship between economic growth on the one hand and remittances and other determinants (cap, oda, fd, op) on the other was demonstrated. workers’ remittances rem1and the control variables demonstrated to be positively connected with economic growth at a 1% level of significance. however, the impact of remittances appears to be moderate (0.43) with stronger influences observed for fd and oda (2.43, and 1.31 respectively). in the short run, workers’ remittances impact was found to be strong while that of fd turned out to be negative and insignificant. the policy implication of these findings is that using remittances as a means of economic growth can be enhanced via encouraging migrants to direct a larger portion of their savings to productive investment activities. in addition, as the financial development proved to be a strong factor impacting economic growth, encouraging migrants to transfer and channel their remittances through banks would be of great benefit to yemen's economy. references adelman, irma, & taylor, j. e. (1990). is structural adjustment with a human face possible? the case of mexico. journal of development studies, 26, 387– 407.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389008422161 adenutsi, deodat e. (2014). macroeconomic determinants of workers' remittances and compensation of employees in sub-saharan africa. the journal of developing areas, 48(1), 337–360.https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0015 agarwal, r., & horowitz, a. w. (2002). are international remittances altruism or insurance? evidence from guyana using multiple-migrant households. world development, 30, 2033–2044.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(02)00118-3 amuedo-dorantes, c., & pozo, s. (2004). worker’s remittances and the real exchange rate: a paradox of gifts. world development, 32, 1407– 1417.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.02.004 ayda, o.t., neyapti, b., metin-ozcan, k. (2005). determinants of workers remittances: the case of turkey. emerging markets finance and trade, 41(3), 53– 69.https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496x.2005.11052609 bettin, g., presbitero, a. f., & spatafora, n.(2014). remittances and vulnerability in developing countries (imf working paper no. wp/14/13).https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484385081.001 barajas, a., chami, r., fullenkamp, c., gapen, m., and montiel, p. (2009). do workers’ remittances promote economic growth? (imf working paper no. wp/153/09). https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389008422161 https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0015 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(02)00118-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.02.004 https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496x.2005.11052609 https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484385081.001 workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 60 begum, m. n., & sutradhar, r. r. (2012). behaviour of remittance inflows and its determinants in bangladesh (bangladesh bank working paper no. 1202). brown, r.l., durbin, j., & evans j. m. (1975). techniques for testing the constancy of regression relations over time. journal of royal statistical society, series b,37(2), 149–163.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1975.tb01532.x chami, r., fullenkamp, c., & jahjah, s. (2003). are immigrant remittances flows a source of capital for development? (imf working paper no.wp 189/03).https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451859638.001 chami, r., hakura, d., & montiel, p. (2009). remittances: an automatic output stabilizer? (imf working paper no. wp 91/09).https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451872385.001 daway-duacanes, sarah lynne. (2015). a note on the effects of remittances and overseas migration on some philippine statistics. philippine review of economics, 51(1), 95–116. dickey, d., & fuller, w. (1981). likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. econometrica, 49(s), 105772.https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517 edwards c.a., & ureta, m. (2003). international migration, remittances and schooling: evidence from el salvador. journal of development economics, 72(2), 429– 461.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3878(03)00115-9 elbadawi, i. a., & rocha, r. (1992). determinants of expatriate workers’ remittances in north africa and europe (world bank working paper series no. 1038). el-sakka, m., & manabb, r. (1999). the macroeconomic determinants of migrant remittances. world development, 27, 1493–1502.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305750x(99)00067-4 escwa, (2014). directing remittances of yemeni workers abroad and migrants towards development. https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/page_attachments/y11.pdf, 10/10/2020. ezeoha, a.e. (2013). financial determinants of international remittance flows to the subsaharan african region. international migration, 51(s1), e84– e97.https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12061 fajnzylber, p., & lopez, j. h. (2007), close to home: the development impact of remittances in latin america, mimeo (washington: world bank). freund, c., & spatafora, n. (2008). remittances, transaction costs, determinants and informality. journal of development economics, 86(2), 356– 366.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.09.002 giuliano, p., & ruiz-arranz, m. (2009). remittances, financial development, and growth. journal of development economics, 90, 144– 152.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.10.005 glytsos, n. (1988). remittances in temporary migration: a theoretical model and its testing with the greek-german experience. review of world economics, 124, 524–549.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02708664 glytsos, n. (1993). measuring the income effects of migrant remittances: a methodological approach applied to greece. economic development and cultural change, 42, 131–168.https://doi.org/10.1086/452068 glytsos, n.p. (2002). a model of remittances determination applied to middle east and north africa countries. centre of planning and economic research 73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1975.tb01532.x https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451859638.001 https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451872385.001 https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3878(03)00115-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(99)00067-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(99)00067-4 https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/page_attachments/y1-1.pdf https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/page_attachments/y1-1.pdf https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12061 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.09.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.10.005 https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02708664 https://doi.org/10.1086/452068 pp. 41-62 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 61 https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/lab/papers/0505/0505016.doc.gz gupta, p. (2005). macroeconomic determinants of remittances: evidence from india (imf working paper no. wp 224/05).https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451862430.001 higgins, m., hysenbegasi, a., & pozo, s. (2004). exchange-rate uncertainty and workers’ remittances. applied financial economics, 14(6), 403– 411.https://doi.org/10.1080/09603100410001673630 hor, c., pheang, p. (2017). analysis determinant factors effect on migrant workers’ remittances flow to the clmv countries. international journal of economics and financial issues,7(2), 202–207. katseli, l., & glytsos, n. (1986). theoretical and empirical determinants of international labourmobility: a greek-german perspective (centre for economic policy research working paper no. 148). kroft, kory, & huw, lloyd-ellis., (2002). further cross—country evidence on the link between growth, volatility and business cycles. manuscript for preparation. http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/lloyd-ellis/papers/kory.pdf. lartey, e. k., mandelman, f. s., & acosta p. a. (2012). remittances, exchange rateregimes and the dutch disease: a panel data analysis. review of international economics, 20(2), 377–395.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14679396.2012.01028.x lianos, t.p. (1997). factors determining migrant remittances: the case of greece. international migration review,31(1), 7287.https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100104 lucas, r., & stark, o. (1985). motivations to remit: evidence from botswana. the journal of political economy, 93, 901-918.https://doi.org/10.1086/261341 lucas, r. e. b. (2005). international migration and economic development. http://www.eelgar.com/shop/isbn/9781845423834. lueth, e., & ruiz-arranz, m. (2006). a gravity model of workers’ remittances (imf working paper no. wp/290/06).https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451865509.001 mccracken, s., carlyn, ramlogan-dobson, & stack, marie m. (2017). a gravity model of remittance determinants: evidence from latin america and the caribbean. regional studies, 51(5), 737–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1133904 mesnard, a. (2001). temporary migration and intergenerational mobility. louvain economic review, 67(1), 59–88. mim, s., & ali, mohamed s. (2012). through which channels can remittances spur economic growth in mena countries?. international journal of economic perspectives, 6(3), 279–294.https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2006818 narayan, p.k. (2004). reformulating critical values for the bounds f-statistics approach to co-integration: an application to the tourism demand model for fiji (department of economics discussion papers no. 02/04 monash university). panda, p. d., &trivedi, p. (2015). macroeconomic determinants of remittances: a crosscountry analysis. journal of international economics,6(2), 83–100. pesaran, m.h., & shin, y. (1996). co-integration and speed of convergence to equilibrium. journal of econometrics, 71(1-2), 117– 143.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01697-6 pesaran, m.h., shin, y., & smith, r.j. (2001). bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289– 326.https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616 https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/lab/papers/0505/0505016.doc.gz https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451862430.001 https://doi.org/10.1080/09603100410001673630 http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/lloyd-ellis/papers/kory.pdf https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2012.01028.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2012.01028.x https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100104 https://doi.org/10.1086/261341 http://www.e-elgar.com/shop/isbn/9781845423834 http://www.e-elgar.com/shop/isbn/9781845423834 https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451865509.001 https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1133904 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2006818 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01697-6 https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616 workers’ remittances in yemen : macroeconomic determinants and impact on economic growth alhannom, e. a., & mushabeb , g. s. 62 phillips, p. c., & perron, p. (1988). testing for a unit root i̇n time series regression. biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335 rabbi, f., chowdhury, m. b., & hasan, m. (2013). macroeconomic impact of remittances and the dutch disease in a developing country. american journal of economics, 3(5c), 156–60. ratha, d. (2013). the impact of remittances on economic growth and poverty reduction. migration policy institute, washington, d.c. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/remittances-povertyreduction.pdf rempel, h., & lobdell, r. (1978). the role of urban to rural remittances in rural development. journal of development studies, 14, 324341.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220387808421678 singh, r., haacker, m., lee, k-w., & goff, m.l. (2011). determinants and macroeconomic impact of remittances in sub-saharan. africa journal of african economies, 20(2), 312–340. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejq039 swamy, g. (1981). international migrant workers’ remittances: issues and prospects (world bank staff working paper no. 481). tabit, s., moussir, c.e. (2016). macroeconomic determinants of migrants’ remittances: evidence from a panel of developing countries. international journal of business and social research,6(7),1–11.https://doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v6i7.969 uncatad, (2020). economic trends, trade indicators, and external financial resources, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/reportfolders/reportfolders.aspx vargas silva, c., & huang, p.(2006). macroeconomic determinants of worker’s remittances: host versus home country’s economic conditions. journal of international trade & economic development,15(1), 81– 99.https://doi.org/10.1080/09638190500525779 world bank, (2020a). world development indicators data bank, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#. world bank, (2020b). migration and remittances data, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/mig ration-remittances-data world bank, (2020c). remittances to low-and middle-income countries, https://blogs.worldbank.org/peoplemove/data-release-remittances-low-and-middleincome-countries-track-reach-551-billion-2019. yang, dean, & choi, hwajung (2007). are remittances insurance? evidence from rainfall shocks in the philippines. world bank economic review, 21(2), 219– 248.https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhm003 yoshino, n., farhad, taghizadeh-hesary, & miyu, o. (2019). determinants of international remittance inflows in middle income countries in mena, asia and pacific (asian development bank institute working paper series no. 964).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3541026 https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335 https://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/remittances-povertyreduction.pdf https://doi.org/10.1080/00220387808421678 https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejq039 https://doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v6i7.969 https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/reportfolders/reportfolders.aspx https://doi.org/10.1080/09638190500525779 https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data https://blogs.worldbank.org/peoplemove/data-release-remittances-low-and-middle-income-countries-track-reach-551-billion-2019 https://blogs.worldbank.org/peoplemove/data-release-remittances-low-and-middle-income-countries-track-reach-551-billion-2019 https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhm003 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3541026 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no.4 (2020), pp. 101-122 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v2i4.128 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 101 www.mer-j.com factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh1, murat akkaya2 1phd, education ministry of jordan (jordan)  hassan_hanatleh@yahoo.com 2associate professor, department of management information systems, girne american university, kyrenia (cyprus)  muratakkaya@gau.edu.tr published: 22-09-2020 accepted: 21-09-2020 received: 20-08-2020 abstract: enterprise resource planning (erp) systems have been used by organizations for years, whereas, cloud erp systems gained audience a few years ago both from practitioners and academicians. as such, there is a migration from the traditional erp to the cloud erp system, and employees in most organizations are accustomed to the traditional erp system. in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the cloud erp system used in the operation stage. organizations need to research the factors that have an impact on users’ satisfaction and managerial decision making. there is a great deal of prior studies that measured users' adoption of erp systems using a technological acceptance model (tam). thus, this study also utilized the tam model in examining the factors that influence users’ adoption of cloud erp systems. to get the maximum value of the validity and reliability of the findings, the study was conducted in two folds which are pre-implementation and post-implementation. in addition, structural equation modelling was employed to reach the findings. finally, the study identified the technology factor, employee factor, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use as important variables for affecting cloud erp adoption; and as important antecedents influencing managerial decision making. this study comes to be the first study to employ the tam corresponding author: education ministry of jordan. [hassan_hanatleh@yahoo.com] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v2i4.128&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-09-22 pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 102 model in the cloud erp area in two waves: pre-post implementation phases. interestingly, the relationships between the variables in pre and post-implementation do not differ significantly. keywords: cloud erp, cloud e-lerrec, tam model, managerial decision support, technology factor, employee factor, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use. jel code: m15. 1. introduction cloud computing is a new horizon whereby technological resources meant for computing (i.e., processing, memory, and storage) are stored at a different location rather than the user’s physical location. more practically, the host or service provider provides these services to the user remotely with the aid of an internet connection (saini, saini, yousif, & khandage, 2011). from technicalperspective there are three models (i.e., public, private and hybrid clouds) to present the cloud services (oracle, 2015). moreover, to deliver cloud services there are three (3) main approaches namely: software as a service (saas), infrastructure as a service (iaas), and platform as a service (paas) as noted by (oliveira, thomas, & espadanal, 2014; weng, & hung, 2014). along with the emerging demand for mobility and on-demand services, the development of web-based erp systems has become urgent research and practical agenda; that requires scholarly and practical attention (wang et al., 2008). besides the incremental contribution of is on an organization's performance is a long term, and indirect indicator of success and how effective managerial decisions were (ruivo, oliveira, & neto, 2012). moreover, the value of is to business can be observed through system usage (zhu & kraemer, 2005), workflow enhancement and profit generation. in their influential study, peng and gala (2014) emphasized that there is a gap between cloud computing technology and erp systems. a careful examination of the literature has shown prior studies related to cloud computing were delineated as a single unit; likewise erp systems. according to a report prepared by aberdeen group in 2013. moreover, erp systems might be implemented successfully from a technical perspective, but success depends on erp users’ attitudes toward the system (kwahk & lee, 2008). the present study explores an alternative way to understand and measure is value by studying cloud erp in its pre-implementation phase and post-implementation phase. the current study developed a cloud erp system called “cloud e-learec system” for queen rania center ministry of factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh & murat akkaya 103 education, jordan. following rajan, and baral (2015) and ruivo, oliveira, and neto, (2012) approach, we developed a model based on the technology acceptance model (tam), to test the impact of the “cloud e-learec system” on employee performance and managerial decision making support. 2. theoretical framework and hypothesis according to gelogo and kim (2014), erp systems hosted in a platform that can be accessed through the internet is known as cloud erp. the cloud is a host site where the erp applications and data are stored and the computing takes place and the cloud keyword subsumes a broad set of applications and software deployment models (see figure 1). consequently, xu (2012) revealed that cloud computing services can be distributed to firms through models namely: (1) software as a service (saas); (2) infrastructure as a service (iaas); and (3) platform as a service (paas). figure 1below depicts the form of erp we have ranging from traditional, iaas, paas and saas erp. in the traditional model, all fundamental computing resources are maintained and supported by the firm. figure 1: cloud computing distribution models source: (harms & yamartino, 2010) 2.1 technology acceptance model (tam) in particular, tam was built to explain and predict user acceptance of specific types of technology. some scholars have adopted tam in various aspects of modern technology ranging from the use of websites (e.g., chang & chung, 2001), web retailing (e.g., wang, lin,& luarn, 2006), web browsers (e.g., morris & dillon, 1997), online purchase pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 104 intentions (e.g., van-der-heijden, verhagen, & creemers, 2003). e-mail (e.g.,karahanna & straub, 1999), blog usage (e.g., hsu & lin, 2008), instant messaging (e.g., turel, serenko, & bontis, 2007),mobile technology (e.g., hong & tam, 2006) to erp (e.g., sternad & bobek, 2013).however, there is a scarcity of studies explaining the acceptance of cloud erp using the tam. in this view, this study employed the tam model in examining the determinant of cloud erp. 2.2 contextual variables affecting the usage of cloud erp technology factor: in their influential study gangwar, date and ramaswamy (2015) noted that the technology factor has twocomponent in the tam framework; namely compatibility and complexity. employee factor: modern tertiary institution has embraced hightech (i.e., erp systems) due to intense competition, heavy workloads and complex tasks. lin (2010) added that such systems are the elementary mechanisms by which employee’s use in providing technical and complicated computerized solutions. perceived usefulness: davis’ tam proposes that “perceived usefulness” and “perceived ease of use” affect “attitude toward usage”; “attitude toward usage” and “perceived usefulness” affect “intention to use”; and finally, “intention to use” affect “usage behaviour”. the above-stated relationship has been validated in many research and conference papers (hsu & lin, 2008). perceived ease of use: according to tam, potential users’ and/or users’ perceived ease of use of an erp system has a positive influence on their intention to use the system and attitude toward the use of the system. the relationship has been tested across different areas related to technology adoption. the above theoretical arguments have been empirically validated by various scholars (escobar-rodriguez, escobar-pérez, & monge, 2012). attitude toward usage: prior empirical work focused more on exploring the factors that influence the success and failure of the erp systems (santamaría-sánchez, núnez-nickel, & gagorodríguez, 2010). decision making support: according to slevin and pinto (1987), management support refers to the willingness of top management to provide the required resources and autonomy to employees in any given task. research has shown that erp systems are complex and demand rigorous training; thus the need for training is inevitable (bingi, sharma, & godla, 1999). moreover, the fact that training and factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh & murat akkaya 105 guidance are expected to mitigate anxiety and stress employees may face concerning the use of the erp system (lee et al., 2010). 2.3. hypothesis and research model relying on the extant literature, this study formulated the following hypotheses based on the aforementioned theoretical and empirical arguments. the hypotheses are also presented in the diagram below (see figure 2). h1: technology factor will have a significant impact on employee’s perceived usefulness of cloud e-learec system both in pre and postimplementation phase. h2: technology factor will have a significant impact on employee’s perceived ease of use of cloud e-learec system both in pre and postimplementation phase. h3: employee factor will have a significant impact on employee’s perceived usefulness of cloud e-learec system both in pre and postimplementation phase. h4: employee factor will have a significant impact on employee’s perceived ease of use of cloud e-learec system both in pre and postimplementation phase. h5: employee’s perceived usefulness of cloud e-learec system will have a significant impact on their attitude towards use both in the pre and postimplementation phase. h6: employee’s perceived usefulness of cloud e-learec system will have a significant impact on decision making support both in pre and postimplementation phase. h7: employee’s perceived ease of use of cloud e-learec system will have a significant impact on their attitude towards use both in the pre and postimplementation phase. h8: employee’s perceived ease of use of cloud e-learec system will have a significant impact on decision making support both in pre and postimplementation phase. figure 2. conceptual model pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 106 3. research methodology 3.1 range of study this study will collect primary data. primary data is a kind of data collected from first-hand experience. this study is quantitative because the quantitative method has the ability to produce objective and reliable results, and because the shortcomings of qualitative methods include low sound judgment, predictability and certainty (abubakar, ilkan, & sahin, 2016). accordingly, this study follows the single group pre-post test design. to achieve the study objectives, a two-wave test approach (prepostimplementation) will be deployed. 3.2 measures and research instruments the response options were anchored on a 5-point scale, ranging from (1) strongly disagree to (5) strongly agree, where a higher score indicates a higher level of effecting use the current system. technology factorwas measured with 13 items adopted from the following studies (davis, 1989; thompson et al. 1991; compeau & higgins, 1995; brown, 2002 rajan, & baral, 2015). moreover, employee factor employee factor was measured with 8 items adopted from the following studies (davis, 1989; venkatesh & davis, 1996). perceived usefulness -was measured with 10 items adopted from the following studies (davis, 1989; davis, bagozzi, & warshaw, 1989; wixom & todd 2005). in addition, perceived ease of use measured with 12 items adopted from the following studies (davis, bagozzi, & warshaw, 1989; venkatesh, & davis, 1996; brown, 2002). next, attitude towards use -measured with 5 items adopted from the following studies (ajzen & fishbein, 1980; sumner, & hostetler, 1999; ngai, poon, & chan,2007). as well as, decision making support measured with 5 items adopted from the following studies (al-mamary, shamsuddin, & aziati, 2013). finally, demographic variables used include gender, work experience, education and job category. 3.3 sample plan and size in this study, a convenience sampling technique was employed in this study. this type of sampling is used by researchers due to ease of access to the subjects. probably due to proximity, easy to handle or inexpensive and the participants are in house employees. the initial sample consists of 500 employees who voluntarily agree to participate in the study. (krejcie & morgan, 1970) found the table for determining the sample size of the known population. the table presents a required sample size for a specific population. accordingly, the sample size of this study is acceptable. factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh & murat akkaya 107 3.4 data collection and time frame in the pre-test fold, data was obtained from employees working in queen rania center attached to the ministry of education in jordan. the survey items were developed in english and then back-translated to arabic by two linguistic experts. a total of 500 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents through their respective front offices. completed questionnaires were sealed in envelopes to make responses anonymous and confidential; this was done to decrease the potential threat of common method bias (podsakoff et al., 2003). in the end, only 407 questionnaires were returned, resulting in an 81% response rate, and 385 responses were used for analysis due to missing data. the pre-implementation study took about six weeks in total. in the post-test fold, the same procedures applied in the pre-test fold were applied for the study. a total of 463 questionnaires were distributed. in the end, only 379 questionnaires were returned, resulting in an 82% response rate, and 369 responses were used for analysis due to missing data. the post-implementation study took about eight weeks in total. 4. results 4.1 demographic variables table 1 presents the demographic breakdown for the postimplementation and pre-implementation sample. table 1. demographic breakdown pre-implementation n=385 post implementation n= 369 category frequency percentage frequency percentage gender male 187 48.6 248 67.2 female 198 51.4 121 32.8 total 385 100 369 100 experience 5 years and less than 66 17.1 29 7.9 between 5 and less than 10 169 43.9 75 20.2 between 10 and less than 15 97 25.2 104 28.2 15 and greater than 53 13.8 161 43.6 total 385 100 369 100 qualification diploma 169 43.9 167 44.4 b.sc. 90 23.4 82 22.2 high diploma 35 9.1 67 18.2 master 53 13.8 41 11.1 phd 38 9.9 15 4.1 pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 108 total 385 100 369 100 job teacher 77 20.0 72 19.5 computer technician 82 21.3 68 18.4 science technician 77 20.0 67 18.2 librarian 74 19.2 64 17.3 administrative 75 19.5 98 26.6 total 385 100 369 100 4.2 confirmatory factor analysis all measures were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis (cfa) to provide support for the issues of dimensionality, convergent and discriminant validity. amos program was used for structural equation modelling, all the fits for the 6 item model were acceptable as evident in table 2 and 3 and one item model was used to gauge the potential threats of cmv. the one item model provided poorer fits when compare with the 6 item model. as such, the focal outcome shows that the tendency of cmv does not seem to exist. table 2. goodness fit of the 6 item model goodness-of-fit indices (pre-implementation n=385) goodness-of-fit indices (post-implementation n=369) cut-off points chi-square (x2) = 4280.4 df = 1068, , chi-square (x2) = 3574.3df = 1103 p<.001 gfi = .71 gfi = .73 1 = maximum fit (tanaka & huba, 1985) nfi = .75 nfi = .78 1 = maximum fit (bentler & bonett, 1980) cfi = .80 cfi = .83 1 = maximum fit (mcdonald & marsh, 1990) tli = .79 tli = .82 1 = maximum fit (bentler & bonett, 1980) rmr = .023 rmsea = .078 values < .06 indicating good fit (browne & cudeck, 1993). cmin/df = 3.99 cmin/df = 3.24 values >1 and < 5 were accepted (marsh & hocevar, 1985) note: df, degree of freedom; gfi, goodness-of-fit indices; nf, normed fit index; cfi, comparative fit index; tli, tucker-lewis index; rmsea, root mean square error of approximation; cmin/df, relative chi-square factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh & murat akkaya 109 table3. goodness fit of one item model (pre-implementation n=385) goodness-of-fit indices (pre-implementation n=385) goodness-of-fit indices (post-implementation n=369) cut-off points chi-square (x2) = 9644.7, df = 1080 chi-square (x2) = 8859.7,df = 1127 p<.001 gfi = .47 gfi = .45 1 = maximum fit (tanaka & huba, 1985) nfi = .43 nfi = .45 1 = maximum fit (bentler & bonett, 1980) cfi = .46 cfi = .48 1 = maximum fit (mcdonald & marsh, 1990) tli = .44 tli = .46 1 = maximum fit (bentler & bonett, 1980) rmr = .025 rmsea = .137 values < .06 indicating good fit (browne & cudeck, 1993). cmin/df = 8.92 cmin/df = 7.86 values >1 and < 5 were accepted (marsh & hocevar, 1985) note: df, degree of freedom; gfi, goodness-of-fit indices; nf, normed fit index; cfi, comparative fit index; tli, tucker-lewis index; rmsea, root mean square error of approximation; cmin/df, relative chi-square next, the mean and standard deviation of the measures used were generated to evaluate the normality, and skewness of the responses. the data seems to have a normal distribution based on the mean and standard deviation values as depicted in the table below. as a next step, the psychometric properties of the scale items was evaluated. some items from pre and post-construction were deleted due to poor loadings and crossloading in our cfa. the retained item loadings exceeded .50 as suggested by (hair et al., 2006). cronbach’s alphas were all above the benchmark of .60; similarly, cr and ave were also above the benchmark of .70 and .50 as recommended by (hair et al., 2006); with the exception of perceived ease of use which was below .50. fornell and larcker (1981) suggested that if ave is less than 0.5, but the cr is higher than 0.6, then the convergent validity of the construct is still adequate. based on this concluded that this does not seem to affect the constructs convergent validity. for further detail see tables 4 and 5. as a final remark, the current outcome shows convergent and discriminant validity of the study constructs. pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 110 table 4. mean and standard deviation of the measures (prepost-implementation) pre-implementation postimplementation scale items mean s.d scale items mean s.d technology factor item 1 4.55 .51 item 2 4.51 .60 item 3 4.59 .50 item 4 4.42 .66 item 5 4.60 .50 item 6 4.53 .53 item 7 4.55 .55 item 8 4.52 .64 item 9 4.62 .52 item 10 4.67 .50 item 11 4.64 .52 item 12 4.62 .49 employee factor item 1 4.63 .57 item 2 4.69 .47 item 3 4.67 .54 item 4 4.70 .53 item 5 4.61 .58 item 6 4.67 .56 item 7 4.73 .46 perceived usefulness item 1 4.59 .50 item 2 4.57 .50 item 3 4.62 .55 item 4 4.62 .54 item 5 4.67 .51 item 6 4.61 .59 item 7 4.67 .47 item 8 4.67 .51 item 9 4.68 .48 perceived ease of use item 1 4.74 .45 item 2 4.75 .43 item 3 4.68 .52 item 4 4.67 .54 item 5 4.67 .56 item 6 4.75 .47 item 7 4.72 .49 item 8 4.71 .45 item 9 4.75 .45 item 10 4.75 .47 item 11 4.77 .44 item 12 4.76 .45 technology factor item 1 4.54 .52 item 2 4.51 .61 item 3 4.60 .50 item 5 4.60 .50 item 6 4.52 .53 item 7 4.53 .57 item 8 4.52 .60 item 9 4.60 .52 item 10 4.64 .51 item 11 4.64 .50 item 12 4.60 .50 item 13 4.59 .51 employee factor item 1 4.63 .46 item 2 4.68 .47 item 3 4.69 .47 item 4 4.62 .46 item 5 4.67 .47 item 6 4.73 .47 perceived usefulness item 1 4.60 .49 item 2 4.57 .51 item 3 4.63 .52 item 4 4.61 .49 item 5 4.64 .51 item 6 4.65 .50 item 7 4.63 .55 item 8 4.66 .49 item 9 4.68 .50 item 10 4.66 .48 perceived ease of use item 1 4.74 .45 item 2 4.76 .42 item 3 4.69 .52 item 4 4.68 .53 item 5 4.71 .53 item 6 4.75 .47 item 7 4.71 .48 item 8 4.72 .44 item 9 4.75 .44 item 10 4.74 .47 item 11 4.75 .46 item 12 4.76 .44 factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh & murat akkaya 111 attitude towards use item 1 4.67 .51 item 2 4.70 .47 item 3 4.66 .55 item 4 4.62 .53 decision making support item 1 4.70 .47 item 2 4.67 .48 item 3 4.74 .46 item 4 4.64 .50 attitude towards use item 1 4.70 .48 item 2 4.71 .49 item 3 4.65 .56 item 4 4.64 .50 item 5 4.67 .50 decision making support item 1 4.72 .46 item 2 4.71 .48 item 3 4.76 .45 item 4 4.82 .38 table 5. psychometrics properties of the measures (pre-post implementation) pre-implementation postimplementation items α cr aveα cr ave technology factor .91 .92 .50.92 .92 .50 employee factor . 92 .90 .57.92 .91 .64 perceived usefulness .93 .92 .57.92 .93 .56 perceived ease of use .92 .92 .49.93 .93 .50 attitude towards use .89 .87 .65.91 .91 .68 decision making support.85 .86 .62.83 .83 .55 notes: cr, construct reliability; ave, average variance extracted; α, cronbach’s alpha; measure of sampling adequacy( preimplementation) = .90; bartletts‘test of sphericity (preimplementation)= 16257.3, df(preimplementation) = 1128,kmo measure of sampling adequacy(post-implementation) = .91,bartletts‘test of sphericity (post implementation)= 16122.6, df(postimplementation = , 1326 p = .000. in pre-implementation and post-implementation phases, the kmo measure of sampling adequacy is equal to .90 and .70respectively; above the cutoff point of .70 and .91 respectively, similarly bartletts‘test of sphericity is equal to 16257.3 with a degree of freedom equals 1128 and 16122.6 with a degree of freedom equals 1326 respectively, and the sample p-value was significant. this gave us the ground and confidence to carry on with our analyses. 4.3 structural equation model the figures below represent the structural equation model retrieved from the amos program; it also shows the explained variance and the strength of the relationship. pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 112 figure 3. sem of the research (pre-implementation) figure 4. sem of the research (post-implementation) table 6 shows the results of the hypotheses for pre and postimplementation. in addition, table 7 represents the regression coefficients for pre and post-implementation. the coefficients and t-statistics were used in deriving whether a difference exists between the outcome in the preimplementation phase and the post-implementation phase. the table shows that the strength of the relationship between the proposed variables both in factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh & murat akkaya 113 the pre-implementation phase and post-implementation phase does not differ significantly. this does provide additional robustness for the current findings in two folds. in addition to this, recent research by abdinnour, & saeed (2015) shows that studies utilizing pre-implementation and postimplementation approaches can use varying sample sizes. table 6. test hypothesis pre-implementation post-implementation hypothesis β p r2 result hypothesis β p r2 result h1 .585 .000 .47 gained empirical support h1 .591 .000 .44 gained empirical support h2 .290 .000 .31 gained empirical support h2 .313 .000 .28 gained empirical support h3 .193 .000 .29 gained empirical support h3 .127 .002 .195 gained empirical support h4 .322 .000 .35 gained empirical support h4 .288 .000 .30 gained empirical support h5 .372 .000 .31 gained empirical support h5 .287 .000 .25 gained empirical support h6 .298 .000 .28 gained empirical support h6 .290 .000 .34 gained empirical support h7 .282 .000 .27 gained empirical support h7 .300 .000 .25 gained empirical support h8 .372 .000 .31 gained empirical support h8 .423 .000 .43 gained empirical support pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 114 table 7. comparison of pre and post implementation samples independent variables dependent variables β (t) pre sample β (t) post sample technology factor technology factor employee factor employee factor perceived usefulness perceived usefulness perceived ease of use perceived usefulness perceived ease of use attitude towards use .585(15.474) .290(8.254) .193(5.729) .322(10.297) .372(5.929) .591(15.513) .313(8.627) .127(3.884) .288(9.250) .287(4.376) perceived usefulness decision making support .298(5.364) .290(6.303) perceived ease of use attitude towards use .282(4.163) .300(4.344) perceived ease of use decision making support .372(6.213) .423(8.3745) notes: *significant at the p < 0.05 level (two-tailed); **significant at the p < 0.01 level (twotailed) we bootstrapped the model to produce a bias-corrected confidence interval for the standardized parameter estimate as recommended by (preacher & hayes, 2004; shrout & bolger, 2002), utilizing a validation sample of (n = 2,000). based on the outcome we concluded that there is a partial mediation between the two constructs through perceived ease of use. finally, bootstrapping analysis suggests that our sample size is not affecting the current results. 5. discussion and conclusion the purpose of this research work was to validate a model that attempts to understand the determinants of users’ attitudes towards use and managerial decision support of cloud erp in a tertiary organizational context. more specifically, queen rania center is attached to the ministry of education in jordan. according to lee, lee, olson and chung (2010), the key importance of erp systems is its ability to reduce the time required to complete business operation, facilitate information sharing and provide the organization with an efficient and proper work atmosphere that most employees wish to have (sternad & bobek, 2013). this research aimed to improve the understanding of how the influence of technological and employee factors can increase the degree of the attitude of cloud erp users toward the erp system; and how managerial decision support can be factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh & murat akkaya 115 enhanced. this work extended previous tam research into the cloud erp realm. first, as theorized by tam technology factor was found to have a positive and significant association with perceived usefulness of cloud e lerrec in both studies (pre and post-implementation phase), this is associated with (davis, 1989; stockdale, & standing 2006). furthermore, the technology factor was found to have a positive and significant association with perceived ease of use of cloud e-lerres in both studies (pre and post-implementation phase) as noted by prior studies (macgregor, & vrazalic, 2005; poon, & swatman, 1999). our findings show that the employee factor has a positive and significant association with the perceived usefulness of cloud e-lerres in both studies (pre and post-implementation phases). prior studies have documented a similar relationship (davis, 1989; saadé, & bahli, 2005; martins, oliveira, & popovič, 2014). additionally, the employee factor was found to have a positive and significant association with perceived ease of use of cloud e-lerres in both studies (pre and postimplementation phase). prior studies have documented similar relationships (davis, 1989; hartwick, & barki, 1994; iivari, & ervasti, 1994). further, perceived usefulness significantly influence users’ attitude towards the use of cloud e-lerres in both study (pre and post-implementation phases), this notion has also been supported empirically by (braun, 2013). additionally perceived usefulness significantly influence managerial decision support associated with the cloud e-lerres system in both study (pre and postimplementation phases), this is agreed with (hwang, chang, chen & wu, 2008), (park, zo, ciganek, & lim, 2011), (al-mamary, shamsuddin, & aziati, 2013). this study also uncovers that perceived ease of use has a positive and noticeable impact on users’ attitude towards the use of cloud e-lerres in both studies (pre and post-implementation phases), this is documented in (davis, 1989, nah, tan, & teh, 2004; dembla et al., 2007, stockdale, & standing, 2006). finally, perceived ease of use significantly influences managerial decision support associated with the cloud e-lerres system in both studies (pre and post-implementation phases). the study sample size both in the pre and post-implementation phase is somewhat small and does not reveal detailed information on how cloud erp is affecting the decision maker’s behaviours. this is expected to have more effect and use over time, as such future research on how cloud erp technology will influence the decision making of managers would be welcome and insightful. the cross-sectional design of the study might lead to casual interference among the study variables, as such the current outcome should be viewed cautiously. future studies should adopt a pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 116 longitudinal approach and a large sample size to validate the present findings. the findings in this study are associated with a single country and a single sector. references abubakar, a. m., ilkan, m., & sahin, p. (2016). ewom, ereferral and gender in the virtual community. marketing intelligence & planning, 34(5), 692–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-05-2015-0090 abdinnour, s., & saeed, k (2015). user perceptions towards an erp system: comparing the post-implementation phase to the preimplementation phase. journal of enterprise information management, 28(2), 243 – 259. al-mamary, y. h., shamsuddin, a., & aziati, n. (2013). the impact of management information systems adoption in managerial decision making: a review. management information systems, 8(4), 10-17. ajzen, i., & fishbein, m. (1980). understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. englewood cliffs, n.j.: prentice-hall. bharadwaj, a. s. (2000). a resource-based perspective on information technology capability and firm performance: an empirical investigation. mis quarterly, 24, 169-196. brown, i. t. j. (2002). individual & technological factors affecting perceived ease of use of web-based learning technologies in a developing country. the electronic journal on information systems in developing countries, 9(5), 1-15. braun, m.t. (2013). obstacles to social networking website use among older adults. computers in human behavior, 29(3), 673-680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.004 bingi, p., sharma, m. k., & godla, j. k. (1999). critical issues affecting an erp implementation. information systems management, 16, 7-14. chuang, t., nakatani, k., & chen, t. t. (2015). an exploratory study of the expected business value of cloud computing. issues in information systems, 16(4), 37-47. chen, c., liang, w., & hsu, h. (2015). a cloud computing platform for erp applications. applied soft computing, 27, 127–136. chang, m. k., & chung, w. (2001). determinants of the intention to use internet/www at work: a confirmatory study. information & management, 39(1), 1–14 compeau, d. r., & higgins, c. a. (1995). computer self-efficacy: development of a measure and initial test. mis quarterly, 19(2), 189-211 factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh & murat akkaya 117 dembla, p., palvia, p., & krishnan, b. (2007). understanding the adoption of web enabled transaction processing by small businesses. journal of electronic commerce research, 8(1), 1-16. davis, f. d. (1989). perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. mis quarterly, 13(3), 319340. davis, f., bagozzi, r., & warshaw, p. (1989). user acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models. management science, 35(8), 982-1003. escobar-rodriguez, t., escobar-pérez, b., & monge-lozano, p. (2012). technical and organisational aspects in enterprise resource planning systems implementation: lessons from a spanish public hospital. enterprise information systems, 8(5), 533-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2012.713122 fornell, c., larcker, d., (1981). evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measurement error. journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. gelogo, y. e., & kim, h. (2014). smart mobile erp system on the cloud framework. advanced science and technology letters, 49, 112-115 gangwar, h., date, h., & ramaswamy, r. (2015). understanding determinants of cloud computing adoption using an integrated tamtoe model. journal of enterprise information management, 28(1), 107 – 130. hsu, c. l., & lin, c. c. (2008). acceptance of blog usage: the roles of technology acceptance, social influence and knowledge sharing motivation. information & management, 45, 65-74. hong, s. j., & tam, k. y. (2006). understanding the adoption of multipurpose information appliances: the case of mobile data services. information systems research, 17(2), 162–179. hair jr., j. f., black, w. c., babin, b. j., & anderson, r. e. (2010). multivariate data analysis: a global perspective, 7th ed. pearson prentice hall, upper saddle river, n. hwang, h., chang, i., chen, f., & wu, s. (2008). investigation of the application of kms for diseases classifications: a study in a taiwanese hospital. expert systems with applications, 34(1), 725733. hartwick, j., & barki, h. (1994). explaining the role of user participation in information system use. management science, 40(4), 440-465. pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 118 iivari, j., & ervasti, i. (1994). user information satisfaction: is implementability and effectiveness, information and management, 27(4), 205-220. kwahk, k. y., & lee, j. n., (2008). the role of readiness for change in erp implementation: theoretical bases and empirical validation, information & management, 45(7), 474-481. karahanna, e., & straub, d. w. (1999). the psychological origins of perceived usefulness and ease-of-use. information & management, 35, 237–250. krejcie, r.v. & morgan, d.w. (1970). determining sample size for research activities. educational and psychological measurement,30, 607-610. lin, h. (2010). an investigation into the effects of is quality and top management support on erp system usage, total quality management & business excellence, 21(3), 335-349, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14783360903561761 lee, d. h., lee, s. m., olson, d. l., & chung, s. h., (2010). the effect of organizational support on erp implementation, industrial management & data systems, 110 (1-2), 269-283. macgregor, r., & vrazalic, l. (2005). a basic model of electronic commerce adoption barriers: a study of regional small businesses in sweden and australia. journal of small business and enterprise development, 12(4), 510-527. morris, m. g., & dillon, a. (1997). how user perceptions influence software use. ieee software, 14(4), 58–65. martins, c., oliveira, t., & popovič, a. (2014). understanding the internet banking adoption: a unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application. international journal of information management, 34(1), 1-13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.06.002 ngai, e. w. t., poon, j. k. l., & chan, y. h. c. (2007). empirical examination of the adoption of webct using tam. computers & education, 48(2), 250-267, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2004.11.007 oliveira, t, thomas, m., & espadanal, m. (2014). assessing the determinants of cloud computing adoption: an analysis of the manufacturing and services sectors, information & management,51, 497–510. factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh & murat akkaya 119 olhager, j., & selldin, e. (2003). enterprise resource planning survey of swedish manufacturing firms. european journal of operational research, 146, 365-73. peng g. c., & gala, g. j. (2014). cloud erp: a new dilemma to modern organizations? journal of computer information systems, 54(4), 2230. podsakoff, p. m, mackenzie, s. b., lee, j. y., & podsakoff, n. p. (2003). common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and/recommended remedies.journal of applied psychology, 88, 879-903. preacher, k. j., & hayes, a. f., (2004). spss and sas procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. behavior research methods instruments computer, 36(4), 717–731 ruivo, p., oliveira, t., & neto, m. (2012). erp use and value: portuguese and spanish smes. industrial management & data systems, 112(7), 1008-1025. rajan, c. a., & baral, r. (2015). adoption of erp system: an empirical study of factors influencing the usage of erp and its impact on end user, iimb management review,27(2),105-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2015.04.008 saini, s.l., saini, d.k., yousif, j.h. and khandage, s.v. (2011). cloud computing and enterprise resource planning systems. proceedings of the world congress on engineering, london, u.k, 1,681-684. santamaría-sánchez, l., núnez-nickel, m., & gago-rodríguez, s. (2010). the role played by interdependences in erp implementations: an empirical analysis of critical factors that minimize elapsed time. information and management, 47(2), 87-95. slevin, d. p., & pinto, j. k. (1987). balancing strategy and tactics in project implementation. sloan management review,29, 33-44. sumner, m., & hostetler, d. (1999). factors influence the adoption of technology in teaching. journal of computer information systems, 40(1), 81-87. stockdale, r., & standing, c. (2006). a classification model to support sme e-commerce adoption initiatives. journal of small business and enterprise development, 13(3), 381-394. saadé, r., & bahli, b. (2005). the impact of cognitive absorption on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in on-line learning: an extension of the technology acceptance model. information & management,42(2), 317-327. pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 120 turel, o., serenko, a., & bontis, n. (2007). user acceptance of wireless short messaging services: deconstructing perceived value. information & management, 44, 63-73. thompson, r. l., higgins, c. a., & howell, j. m. (1991). personal computing: toward a conceptual model of utilization. mis quarterly, 15(1), 125-143. van der heijden, h., verhagen, t., & creemers, m. (2003). understanding online purchase intentions: contributions from technology and trust perspectives. european journal of information systems, 12, 41–48. venkatesh, v. (2000). determinants of perceived ease of use: integrating control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the technology acceptance model. information systems research, 11(4), 342-365. wixom, b.h., & todd, p.a. (2005). a theoretical integration of user satisfaction and technology acceptance. information systems research, 16, 85–102. weng, f., & hung, m. c. (2014). competition and challenge on adopting cloud erp.international journal of innovation, management and technology, 5(4), 309-313. wang, t. l., su, c. h., tsai, p. y., liang, t. y., & wu, w. h. (2008). development of a grid erp architecture: integration of grid computing and enterprise resources planning application, in 4th international conference on wireless communications, networking and mobile computing, 1–4. wang, i. s., lin, h. h., & luarn, p. (2006). predicting consumer intention to use mobile service. information systems journal, 16, 157–179 xu, x. (2012). from cloud computing to cloud manufacturing. robotics and computer-integrated manufacturing, 28(1), 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2011.07.002 z zhu, k., & kraemer, k.l. (2005). post‐adoption variations in usage and value of e‐business by organizations: cross‐country evidence from the retail industry. information systems research, 16, 61‐84. factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry hasan alhanatleh & murat akkaya 121 appendix technology factor steps to complete a task in the cloud e-learec system follow a logical sequence. performing an operation in the cloud e-learec system led to a predicted result. screens of the cloud e-learec system were clearly organized. the cloud e-learec system was characterized by rapid response even at peak times. the cloud e-learning resources system provided relevant information for work. the cloud e-learec system presented the information in an appropriate format. the information from the cloud e-learec system was up-to-date enough for my purposes. the reliability of output information from the cloud electronic learning resources system was high. the cloud e-learec system provided the information when i need in time. the cloud e-learec system had a modern-looking interface. the cloud e-learec system provided the right solution to my request. the cloud e-learec system gave me prompt service. the cloud e-learec system had a good interface to meet my needs and labour. employee factor i have the experience to use handled devices (laptops, tablets, smartphones...). i have the experience to use the internet. the cloud e-learec system is exactly what i need. i am sure it was the right thing to adopt the cloud e-learec system. owning the cloud e-learec system has been a good experience. i am satisfied with the performance of the cloud e-learec system service. i am satisfied with the decision to work over the cloud e-learec system. i am pretty satisfied with the cloud e-learning resources system which has been chosen. perceived usefulness using the cloud e-learec system improved the quality of the work i do. using the cloud e-learec system gave me greater control over the activities in my work. the cloud e-learec system enabled me to accomplish tasks more quickly. the cloud e-learec system supported critical aspects. the cloud e-learec system increased my productivity. the cloud e-learec system improved my job performance. the cloud e-learec system allowed me to accomplish more work than would otherwise be possible. the cloud e-learec system enhanced my effectiveness on the job. the cloud e-learec system made it easier to do my job. overall, the cloud e-learec system was useful in my job. perceived ease of use overall, i found the cloud e-learec system interface easy to use. my interaction with the cloud e-learec system was clear and understandable. the cloud e-learec system required the fewest steps possible to accomplish what i want to do with it. using the cloud e-learec system is effortless. i could use the cloud e-learec system without written instructions i did not notice any inconsistencies when i use the cloud e-learec system. i could recover from mistakes quickly and easily over the cloud e-learec system. i could use the cloud e-learec system successfully every time. pp. 101-122 vol. 2 no. 4 (2020) management & economics research journal 122 learning to use the cloud e-learec system interface was easy for me. it was easy for me to become skilful at using the cloud e-learec system interface. i found the cloud e-learec system interface to be flexible to interact with. i easily remembered how to use the cloud e-learec system. attitude towards use i had a generally favourable attitude toward using the cloud e-learec system. i believed it was a good idea to use the cloud e-learec system for my work. i liked the idea of using the cloud e-learec system. using the cloud e-learec system provided me with a lot of enjoyment. overall, i enjoyed using the cloud e-learec system. decision making support the cloud e-learec system helped me to make various decisions in the time when i need such as daily decisions making, weekly decisions making, monthly decisions making and annual decisions making. the nature of information in the cloud e-learning resources system supported the decision making. the cloud e-learning resources system provided the reports which assist the decision making. the cloud e-learning resources system allowed me to make the right decisions that relate to my work. overall, the cloud e-learning resources system improved the decision-making process. © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attributionnon commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. recommended citation: alhanatleh, h., & akkaya, m. (2020). factors affecting the cloud erp: a case study of learning resources department at jordanian education ministry. management & economics research journal, 2(4), 101-122. https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj/article/view/128 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 4 no. 1 (2022): march, pp. 18-37 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.167 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 18 www.mer-j.com reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in subsaharan africa charles mwatsika1 1 lecturer in entrepreneurship, department of management studies, malawi university of business and applied sciences (malawi)  cmwatsika@poly.ac.mw published online: 22 -09-2021 accepted: 21-09-2021 received: 15-06-2021 how to cite: mwatsika, c. (2022). reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa. management & economics research journal, 4(1), 18-37. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.167 abstract: entrepreneurship is a strategy for economic growth and is perceived to be higher in developing countries. however, other scholars found that it does not bring economic growth in developing countries. the purpose of the study was to reflect on this paradox in sub-saharan africa from neoclassical economic theory, where entrepreneurship is perceived as carrying out innovations. in malawi, a cross-sectional survey of enterprises was conducted to assess the values of new products, new production methods, new markets, and new enterprises. a comparison of mean values and two independent samples tests were used to analyse innovations carried out, types of entrepreneurial enterprises, and their prevalence. the study found that carrying out innovations among enterprises in malawi is low. very few entrepreneurial enterprises were opportunity-motivated, growth-oriented, and limited liability. therefore, the paradox depends on the theory which guides the understanding of entrepreneurship. the classical economic perspective corresponding author: malawi university of business and applied sciences (malawi). [ cmwatsika@poly.ac.mw] ©2022 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7390-2847 mailto:cmwatsika@poly.ac.mw https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.167 mailto:cmwatsika@poly.ac.mw https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.167 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2022.167&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2022-03-05 http://www.mer-j.com/ reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa mwatsika, c. 19 reflects the paradox, while the neoclassical economic perspective does not. this study contributes to knowledge of the types of entrepreneurial enterprises and shows that the paradox depends on the understanding of entrepreneurship. the findings imply that entrepreneurship is ineffective for economic growth in developing countries because of a lack of carrying out innovation. therefore, the understanding of entrepreneurship in developing countries needs to be adjusted to neoclassical economic theories so that policy focuses on supporting entrepreneurial enterprises for entrepreneurship to be effective for economic growth, ceteris paribus. keywords: business start-up, economic growth, entrepreneurship paradox, innovation. jel codes: l26. 1. introduction entrepreneurship attracts scholarly inquiry in developing countries because of its widely accepted importance in economic development and the perceived entrepreneurship paradox, hereafter called the paradox. studies show that entrepreneurship brings about economic growth and creates jobs (lee & xin, 2015; decker et al., 2014). it is one of the commonly stated economic development strategies in developing and developed organisation for economic cooperation and development (oecd) countries (oecd, 2010; wekwete, 2014). for instance, the southern africa commonwealth local government forum (clgf) recommended the adoption of local economic development (led) and entrepreneurship as crucial strategies for attaining economic growth in southern africa development community (sadc) (wekwete, 2014). there are, however, contradictory levels of entrepreneurship and perceptions of its effect on economic growth between developing and developed countries. the global entrepreneurship monitor (gem, 2018) and the international labour organisation (ilo, 2015), using total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (tea) rate and self-employment rate, respectively, show higher levels of entrepreneurship in developing countries than in developed countries. however, zaki and rashid (2016), stam and van stel (2009), and van stel et al. (2005) found a negative relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth in developing countries, even though entrepreneurial behaviour was high. lafuente et al. (2018) and bell (2013) refer to this contradiction as a paradox. poor environments for business are considered the main reason for the existence of the paradox (lafuente et al., 2018). doing business report of the world bank group (2020) highlights binding constraints which inhibit micro, pp. 18-37 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 20 small, and medium enterprises (msme) sector growth in developing countries. however, the problem is that poverty, unemployment, and poor economic growth persist despite decades of effort to improve the environments for business, entrepreneurship, and msme sector growth in some sub-saharan african countries (meressa, 2020; cassim et al., 2014). in malawi, for example, efforts have been undertaken to establish institutions and improve the environment for businesses to grow the msme sector since the early 1980s (masten & kandoole, 1997). the tea rate is high (dalious et al., 2012), but gross domestic product (gdp) growth is low (macroeconomic trends, 2021), and poverty and unemployment levels remain high (gom, 2017). this reflects the paradox's existence and supports empirical studies that found that entrepreneurship does not bring economic growth in developing countries. it further highlights that other factors influence the effect of entrepreneurship because some improvements are noted by the doing business report (world bank group, 2020) in some subsaharan african countries, but the paradox persists. entrepreneurship has multiple perceptions grounded in both classical and neoclassical economic theories. from the classical economic perspective, entrepreneurship is starting a business or being self-employed (gem, 2018; ilo, 2015), whereas from the neoclassical economic perspective, it is identifying entrepreneurship opportunities and carrying out innovations that ignite economic change (shane & venkataraman, 2000; schumpeter, 1934). the former reflects the paradox. however, the neoclassical economic perspective places entrepreneurship at the centre of economic development theory (schumpeter, 1934). although there is knowledge about high tea rates in developing countries (gem, 2018), which provides the classical economic perspective, there are knowledge gaps on entrepreneurship undertaken from the neoclassical economic perspective, carrying out innovations. sheriff et al. (2016) assert that there is a lack of knowledge about the types and rates of entrepreneurship undertaken in developing countries. as a result, there are no reflections on the paradox from the neoclassical economic perspective. therefore, the study's purpose was to reflect on the paradox from the neoclassical economic perspective while keeping the influence of the environment for business on entrepreneurship constant. it is important to note that entrepreneurship is promoted and supported in sub-saharan african countries. however, only some studies are conducted to assess entrepreneurial activities and innovations to reflect on entrepreneurship's productivity and its contribution to economic development. specifically, the study assessed entrepreneurial activities undertaken by different types of reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa mwatsika, c. 21 enterprises and analysed innovations created and their values to determine the prevalence of productive business. the study is important because entrepreneurship is a strategy for attaining economic growth in most sub-saharan african countries. therefore, reflecting on the paradox is necessary to find ways of making it effective apart from focusing on improving the environment for business. furthermore, inquiry into the paradox is needed because, firstly, accepting its existence is acknowledging that what is undertaken in developing countries is entrepreneurship expected to ignite economic development. its failure to do so is thereby a contradiction between theory and empirical evidence. henrekson and sanandaji (2014) and shane (2009) have commented that what is perceived and undertaken as entrepreneurship in developing countries is not all in the modern meaning of the concept. secondly, accepting the paradox acknowledges that indicators showing higher levels of entrepreneurship in developing countries are appropriate measures of the concept when ahmad and hoffman (2007) recognize that none of the indicators capture entrepreneurship either conceptually or empirically. thirdly, accepting the paradox disregards the theory that entrepreneurship brings economic development. therefore it should not be pursued as a strategy in developing countries when in practice, countries in sub-saharan africa continue to consider entrepreneurship a method for attaining economic growth (wekwete, 2014). the study intended to respond to questions and contribute to knowledge about entrepreneurial activities undertaken in malawi, types of productive enterprises that require support to contribute more towards economic growth, and the position of the paradox from a neoclassical economic perspective. the paper is presented as follows. first, a review of the meanings and indicators of entrepreneurship is presented, followed by the methodology used to conduct the study. after that, the results are presented and discussed before a conclusion is drawn on the implications of the findings, limitations of the study, and areas for future research. 2. literature review 2.1. understanding of entrepreneurship and study hypotheses entrepreneurship is a popular concept, but it is inconsistently defined by scholars even though it is grounded in the same classical and neoclassical economic theories. cantillon (1755) originated the term entrepreneurship referring to activities of individuals who are alert to market discrepancies and procure raw materials at specific prices to rework them up and resell them at pp. 18-37 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 22 uncertain prices for a profit. these individuals are primarily self-employed and are perceived to undertake risks on capital employed, mainly because of the uncertainty of future resell prices. say (1816) improved the explanation of entrepreneurship to mean the coordination of factors of production (capital, land, and labour) to produce goods and services, which scholars interpret in two distinct ways. firstly, coordination of factors of production is interpreted as superintendent of the factors in the production process. thereby, entrepreneurship is a management function (leibenstein, 1968). secondly, the coordination of factors of production is interpreted as uniting factors to create the organisation which produces goods and services. from these two prominent classical economic theorists, cantillon (1755) and say (1816), entrepreneurship is commonly defined as founding or creating a new organisation or business (scarborough, 2013) and management of an enterprise or self-employment, which involves risk (ilo, 2015; leibenstein, 1968). however, self-employment does not capture the essence of the concept. neoclassical economic theorists schumpeter (1934) and kirzner (1973) brought a new dimension to the meaning of entrepreneurship. first, schumpeter (1934) places entrepreneurship at the centre of his economic development theory as the function through which innovations are created. he theorises that innovations create new market disequilibrium and ignite economic development when the economy reorganises towards the new equilibrium. although schumpeter (1934) acknowledges that economic development would come from undertaking improvements over time, he asserts that his theory refers to discontinuous innovations as a source of economic development. second, kirzner (1973) is accredited for putting forward the meaning of entrepreneurship as the perception and exploitation of opportunities brought by innovative change. while schumpeter’s (1934) entrepreneurship creates new disequilibrium in the markets, kirzner’s (1973) entrepreneurship moves the markets towards a new equilibrium, and both forms of entrepreneurship are responsible for economic development (schmitz, 1989). therefore, based on neoclassical economic theory, entrepreneurship is commonly defined as innovations that ignite economic change or perception and exploitation of opportunities brought by the change (shane & venkataraman, 2000). this is the modern meaning of entrepreneurship (henrekson & sanandaji, 2014) and the preferred perception because it captures entrepreneurship as a source of economic growth. it is expected that understanding entrepreneurship through either classical or neoclassical economic perspectives would lead to undertaking entrepreneurial activities with varying effects on economic growth due to reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa mwatsika, c. 23 differences in the focus on innovation. however, it is noted in the literature that starting a new enterprise or business is a common explicit and implicit definition of entrepreneurship. because enterprises start small and grow over time, the classification of enterprises by size makes the prevalence of msmes a common indicator of entrepreneurship in an economy. msmes are, therefore, frequently viewed synonymously with entrepreneurship (acs & virgill, 2009), and the msme sector is considered essential for economic growth. nevertheless, it is recognised that not all msmes can bring economic growth (shane, 2009). that means not all msmes represent entrepreneurship from the neoclassical economic perspective. therefore, scholars present further classifications of enterprises to identify msmes that can bring economic growth. one of these classifications is based on motivation for the establishment of an enterprise. while various external factors affect overall entrepreneurial behaviour in an economy (rusu & roman, 2017), individuals are driven to start a new enterprise by either perception of entrepreneurship opportunities (pull factors) or necessity (push factors) like unemployment or lack of alternative means to earn a living (mwatsika, 2015). scholars assert that opportunity-motivated enterprises (omes) are more productive than necessity-motivated enterprises (nmes) (bell, 2013). although levels of nmes can be high in both developed and developing countries, gem (2018) shows that omes are most prevalent in developed countries. therefore, the fewer omes in developing countries could be one possible cause of the paradox. however, only some studies have measured differences in entrepreneurship between nmes and omes in sub-saharan africa to reflect on potential differences in their contribution to economic productivity. the study, therefore, assessed differences in entrepreneurship undertaken between nmes and omes by testing the following first hypothesis. h01: there are no differences in the values of innovations created between necessity-motivated and opportunity-motivated enterprises. in the second classification, scholars differentiate between lifestyle and growth enterprises in the entrepreneurship literature. burns (2016) defines a lifestyle enterprise as (one which allows the founder to pursue a particular lifestyle while earning a good living). this enterprise has a limited growth orientation, whereas a growth enterprise is started with an ambition for high growth. oecd (2010) defines a high-growth enterprise (hge) as one with average annualised growth of over 20 per cent over three years and ten or more employees at the beginning of the observation period. hges are pp. 18-37 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 24 associated with innovation. brown and mawson (2015) assert that they grow discontinuously, reflecting entrepreneurship from a neoclassical economic perspective. although hges represent a small proportion of all msmes (anyadike-danes et al., 2013), scholars associate them with economic growth and job creation (decker et al., 2014; stam & van stel, 2009; shane, 2009), and as such, they are of particular policy interest in developed oecd countries (bosma & stam, 2012). however, there are differences in the prevalence of hges between developed and developing countries. the assertion by olafsen and cook (2016) that there are fewer hges and a higher prevalence of lifestyle enterprises in developing countries is thereby propagated as one of the reasons for the paradox. goedhuys and sleuwaegen (2010) investigated the employment creation of hges in sub-saharan africa, but there are few studies on the differences in entrepreneurship undertaken between lifestyle and hges to reflect on potential differences in their contribution towards economic productivity. the study, therefore, assessed the differences in entrepreneurship undertaken between lifestyle and growth enterprises by testing the following second hypothesis. h02: there are no differences in the values of innovations created between lifestyle and growth-oriented enterprises. the third classification of enterprises of interest was based on the structure of ownership; sole proprietorship and limited liability enterprises. in developing countries, most start-ups are sole proprietorship enterprises that operate in the informal sector. in malawi, 89 per cent of msmes are informal (finscope, 2019). this contrasts with developed countries, where most startups are formal firms (munemo, 2012). the key issues studied between the categories relate to how they contribute to economic growth, job creation, taxes, and factors influencing their creation. incorporated enterprises are perceived to be more productive for economic growth because of formal structures, market-entry order, access to resources for innovation, formal planning, and managers’ encouragement to take risks, among other factors (pearce et al., 1997; burgelman, 1985). therefore, the higher prevalence of sole proprietorship and fewer incorporated enterprises is presumed to be one of the contributing factors to the paradox in developing countries. however, few studies have compared entrepreneurship undertaken by enterprises in these categories to assess their influence on economic growth. the study, therefore, assessed the differences in entrepreneurship undertaken between a sole proprietorship and incorporated enterprises by testing the following third hypothesis. reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa mwatsika, c. 25 h03: there are no differences in the values of innovations created between sole proprietorship and limited liability enterprises. this review has provided an understanding of entrepreneurship from both classical and neoclassical economic perspectives. it has further highlighted categories of msmes to guide in measuring innovations and their values and testing study hypotheses. it will help to reflect on the paradox from the neoclassical economic perspective. 2.2. measurement of entrepreneurship and the paradox the indicators used to measure entrepreneurship depend on the definition of entrepreneurship and data availability (low, 2009). entrepreneurial behaviour, output, and outcome indicators are used to measure entrepreneurship grounded in classical economic theory. however, measuring entrepreneurship as a perception of opportunities and carrying out innovations from the neoclassical economic perspective has been challenging. therefore, proxy indicators such as research and development (r&d) expenditure, venture capital availability, and registered patents are often used (kukoc & regan, n.d.). there are attempts to develop appropriate indicators of schumpeterian entrepreneurship, such as henrekson and sanandaji’s (2014) proposed use of the number of a country’s billionaires on the forbes list. tea rate is a popular indicator of entrepreneurial behaviour used by gem. a proportion of the population aged between 18 and 64 are actively involved in starting a business, are nascent entrepreneurs, have started less than 42 months old, and are new business owners/managers (bosma et al., 2012). gem is a popular database for undertaking empirical analyses because it covers many countries (bosma et al., 2012) and was used in studies by stam and van stel (2009) and van stel et al. (2005) as tea is one of the indicators which reflect the paradox in developing countries. entrepreneurship output indicators concentrate on new organisations, although schumpeter (1934) provides five categories of innovations (new goods or services, new methods of production, new sources of supply of raw materials, new markets, and new ways of organisation industry) as outputs of entrepreneurial behaviour. some entrepreneurship output and outcome indicators include; business start-up rates, business death rates, business churn, business ownership rates, self-employment rates, and the prevalence of msmes (ahmad & hoffman, 2007; henrekson & sanandaji, 2014). zaki and rashid (2016) used new establishments as a proxy for entrepreneurship pp. 18-37 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 26 when they found a negative relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth in developing countries. it is the availability of data from business registration offices and labour office surveys that allows measurement and comparison of entrepreneurship across countries using the output and outcome indicators. it is common for behavioural, output, and outcome indicators to show that entrepreneurship is higher in developing countries than in developed countries. for instance, gem (2018) and ilo (2015) show that entrepreneurial behaviour and self-employment are higher in developing countries than in developed countries. however, indicators that attempt to capture entrepreneurship as a perception of opportunity and carrying out innovations show that entrepreneurship is higher in developed countries than in developing countries (olafsen & cook, 2016). munemo (2012) asserts that firm start-up rates are higher in developed than in developing countries. therefore, there are contradictions in entrepreneurship levels between developing and developed countries. nonetheless, it is necessity-motivated entrepreneurial behaviour, business start-ups, and self-employment, which are highly prevalent in developing countries (gem, 2018; ilo, 2015) that reflect the paradox because they do not help to achieve economic development (shane, 2009). this review provides two key observations. the first one is that the paradox is reflected through entrepreneurship from the classical economic perspective, which is not at the centre of economic development theory. scholars; henrekson and sanandaji (2014) and shane (2009) have argued that most self-employment and msmes in developing countries do not carry out innovations that can ignite economic development. the second observation is that those measurement indicators applied do not capture entrepreneurship conceptually or empirically (ahmad & hoffman, 2007). there are limitations with tea, business start-up rates, the prevalence of msmes, and selfemployment as measures of entrepreneurship (desai, 2017; bergman & stephan, 2013; shane, 2009; ahmad & hoffman, 2007; kukoc & regan, n.d.). nonetheless, the paradox is premised on the assumption that entrepreneurship in developing countries can ignite economic development. therefore, arguments for the paradox's existence focus on poor business environments in developing countries (lafuente et al., 2018). however, despite decades of efforts to improve the environment for business, the expected economic development is not realised, as observed by meressa (2020) and cassim et al. (2014) for ethiopia and south africa, respectively. this reflects the contexts of other developing countries such as malawi. the study thereby attempted to reflect on the paradox from the reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa mwatsika, c. 27 neoclassical economic perspective. schumpeter (1934) asserts that entrepreneurship is recognised when innovations are carried out. therefore, innovations are an appropriate measure of the concept, and they include; new products, new methods of production, new markets, and new organisation of any industry. kotler and armstrong (2012) define a product as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. a new product is an improved, imitated, or new brand developed through r & d efforts (kotler & armstrong, 2012). its value is the exchange value realised when the product is traded (bowman & ambrosini, 2003). schumpeter (1934) defines a new method of production as (one that is not yet tested by experience in the branch of manufacture concerned, which by no means be founded upon a discovery scientifically new and can also exist in a new way of handling a commodity commercially). a new method of production would mean an improved, replicated, or newly developed through r&d, and its investment value is considered its value in the study. a new market is one into which a particular branch of manufacture of a country in question has not previously entered, whether such a market exists or not (schumpeter, 1934). the value of a market is the aggregate exchange value realised from products sold. a new organisation is less than three and a half r&d years old (bosma et al., 2012). the organisation's value is the measurable and transferable present worth (fisher & lentz, 1990) which is the organisation's assets less its current liabilities (miciula et al., 2020). the aggregate value of innovations carried out represents entrepreneurship value, the contribution towards economic productivity from entrepreneurship undertaken in the economy. entrepreneurship was therefore measured from the neoclassical economic perspective to reflect on the paradox. 3. methodology a cross-sectional survey of enterprises was undertaken in three cities and three rural growth centres. there are approximately 1.6 million msmes in malawi (finscope, 2019), and 384 enterprises were adopted as an appropriate study sample (saunders et al., 2009, p.219). non-probability sampling approaches were used because there is no database of all msmes in malawi. cities have the largest concentration of enterprises in the country; therefore, they constituted 75 per cent of the sample based on the rule of thumb principle. in each location, the first enterprise was randomly selected among the first three enterprises, and thereafter, every third enterprise was sampled without replacement to ensure an unbiased selection of participants. enterprise owners and managers were the key respondents in the study. pp. 18-37 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 28 a questionnaire was used to collect data. in the first section, respondents' details (sex, age, education, and position) and enterprise details (type of ownership, motivation for establishment, the year the enterprise started, objective of establishment, current number of employees, and number of employees a year earlier) were collected. the details were used to classify enterprises by type of ownership (sole proprietorship or limited liability enterprise), motivation of entrepreneurial behaviour (necessity or opportunity), age of enterprise (new or old), the objective of the enterprise (profit-making or non-profit making), size of the enterprise (micro, small, medium, or large) and growth orientation (lifestyle or growth enterprise). in the next section, innovations were carried out, and their values were recorded. respondents were requested to provide; (1) asset book values of their enterprises and their current liabilities position, (2) new products the enterprises created and introduced into the market over the past year together with market exchange values realised. (3) new methods of production created over the past year and their investment values, and (4) new markets entered by the enterprises over the past year together with product exchange values realised. these details were collected to calculate the present worth of new enterprises, the values of new products and production methods created, and the value of new markets. data collected covered the financial year starting april 2019 to march 2020. the content validity of the questionnaire was ensured, and it was piloted in the city of mzuzu before the commencement of the survey. descriptive statistics (frequencies), comparison of mean values, and non-parametric tests (2 independent sample tests, mann-whitney u tests) were used to learn about the types of enterprises in the study, those that carried out innovations, the values of innovations undertaken, and differences in values of innovations between types of enterprises to reflect on the paradox. non-parametric tests were used because residuals of the outcome value did not meet the assumption of normality during exploratory data analysis. 4. results and discussion a total of 337 enterprises participated in the study representing 88 per cent of the targeted sample size. table 1 presents descriptive statistics of the study sample. reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa mwatsika, c. 29 table 1. categories of enterprises studied no basis of classification category frequency percentage 1. type of ownership sole proprietorship limited liability enterprise 318 19 94.4 5.6 2. age of enterprise old (above 42 months) new (up to 42 months) 243 94 72.1 27.9 3. motivation for establishment necessity-motivated opportunity-motivated 273 64 81.0 19.0 4. objective of enterprise profit-making non-profit making 325 12 96.4 3.6 5. size of enterprise microenterprise self-employed/independent small enterprise medium enterprise large enterprise 157 98 71 9 2 46.6 29.1 21.1 2.7 0.6 6. growth orientation lifestyle enterprise growth enterprise 330 7 97.9 2.1 7. formality of enterprise formal (registered) informal (unregistered) 181 156 53.7 46.3 sample = 337 enterprises. size of enterprise: self-employed/independent = no employees. microenterprise = 1 – 4 employees. small enterprise = 5 – 20 employees. medium enterprise = 21 – 100 employees and large enterprise = 100+ employees (gom, 2012). it is necessary to note that enterprises classified as sole proprietorships, necessity-motivated, self-employed, micro, small, and lifestyle are the most prevalent. table 2 presents innovations carried out in enterprises studied and their mean values. table 2. innovations carried out and their mean values innovations and their mean values (us$) sample = 337 (100%) new products new methods of production new markets new enterprises frequency (per cent) mean value us$ frequency (percent) mean value us$ frequency (percent) mean value us$ frequency (per cent) mean value us$ 84 (25%) 12003 7 (2%) 1719 4 (1.2) 1420 94 (28%) 8874 *exchange rate: us$ 1 = malawian kwacha (mk) 745 the results showed that very few enterprises carried out innovations and their values were very low. particularly, there was a lack of entrepreneurial activity in creating new production methods and seeking new markets among the enterprises studied. although 25 per cent of enterprises carried out new products, they referred to product improvements and pp. 18-37 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 30 imitations, most of which were new at the enterprise level but few at the country level. the internet was a commonly cited source of new product ideas (imitations), and none of the enterprises studied had r&d programmes for new product development. the results demonstrate that entrepreneurship is low in malawi when perceived from the neoclassical economic perspective as carrying out innovations. in the following analyses, the values of innovations created were compared between classes of enterprises. two independent samples tests (mann-whitney u tests) were undertaken to test the study's hypotheses. the first hypothesis was that there are no differences in the values of innovations created between necessity-motivated and opportunity-motivated enterprises. mann-whitney u test results, table 3, showed statistically significant differences between opportunity-motivated and necessity-motivated enterprises in the values of new enterprises (entv) (p = 0.002), new production methods (nmpv) (p = 0.001) and new markets (nmkv) (p = 0.001). however, there were no statistically significant differences in the values of new products (npsv) (p = 0.592). the results rejected the first hypothesis. opportunity-motivated enterprises created more value for innovations than necessity-motivated enterprises. table 3. differences in values of innovations between necessity-motivated and opportunitymotivated enterprises necessity motivated opportunity motivated p value number 273 64 median (iq range) entv 1700000 (6520000) 4302500 (119137500) * 0.002 npsv 0 (0) 0 (1098750) 0.592 npmv 0 (0) 0 (0) * 0.001 nmkv 0 (0) 0 (0) * 0.001 the second hypothesis was that there are no differences in the values of innovations created between lifestyle and growth-oriented enterprises. mann-whitney u test results, table 4, showed statistically significant differences between growth-oriented and lifestyle enterprises in the values of new enterprises (entv) (p = 0.047), new products (npsv) (p = 0.001), and new markets (nmkv) (p = 0.021). nevertheless, there were no statistically significant differences in values of new production methods (nmpv) (p = 0.163). the second hypothesis was thereby rejected. growth-oriented enterprises created more value for innovations than lifestyle enterprises. table 4. differences in values of innovations between lifestyle and growth-oriented reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa mwatsika, c. 31 enterprises lifestyle growth-oriented p value number 330 7 median (iq range) entv 2000000 (8500000) 20000000 (246800000) * 0.047 npsv 0 (0) 3410000 (8220000) * 0.001 npmv 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.163 nmkv 0 (0) 0 (0) * 0.021 the third hypothesis was that there are no differences in the values of innovations created between sole proprietorships and limited liability enterprises. mann-whitney u test results, table 5, showed statistically significant differences between limited liability enterprises and sole proprietorships in the values of new enterprises (entv) (p = 0.006), new production methods (npmv) (p = 0.001), and new markets (nmkv) (p = 0.007). there were no statistically significant differences in the values of new products (npsv) (p = 0.694). the third hypothesis was rejected. limited liability enterprises created more value for innovations than sole proprietorship enterprises. table 5. differences in values of innovations between sole proprietorship and limited liability enterprises sole limited liability p value number 318 19 median (iq range) entv 2000000 (6500000) 209500000 (882000000) * 0.006 npsv 0 (21500) 0 (1300000) 0.694 npmv 0 (0) 0 (3400000) * 0.001 nmkv 0 (0) 0 (0) * 0.007 overall, the results rejected the study's hypotheses. opportunitymotivated, growth-oriented, and limited liability enterprises created more value for innovations than necessity-motivated, lifestyle, and sole proprietorship enterprises, thereby underscoring the former as types of entrepreneurial msmes. the following is the learning generated from the findings of the study. there are contrasting levels of entrepreneurship from the classical and neoclassical economic perspectives. malawi has a higher tea rate (dalious et al., 2012), which means a higher proportion of the adult population is engaged in entrepreneurial activities. according to the study's findings, pp. 18-37 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 32 necessity-motivated, lifestyle, and sole proprietorships are the most prevalent types of enterprises. however, when entrepreneurship is perceived through neoclassical economic theory as carrying out innovations, it is extremely low in malawi. the majority of enterprises do not undertake innovations. therefore, the level of entrepreneurship in the country depends on understanding the concept. it is high from a classical economic perspective and low from a neoclassical economic perspective. this demonstrates the need for an appropriate understanding of the concept in entrepreneurship development. the findings prove that opportunity-motivated, growth-oriented, and incorporated enterprises are more entrepreneurial than necessity-motivated, lifestyle, and sole proprietors. the study supports scholars (bell, 2013; stam & van stel, 2009; pearce et al., 1997) on productivity and the importance of opportunity-motivated, growth-oriented, and incorporated enterprises in economic growth. the findings further agree with olafsen and cook (2016) and gem (2018) on the higher prevalence of lifestyle and necessitymotivated enterprises and the low presence of opportunity-motivated and growth-oriented enterprises in developing countries. overall, the results support shane's (2009) assertion that entrepreneurship undertaken in developing countries is less productive toward economic development because few msmes undertake innovations. it is further explained from the findings that perceptions of the paradox depend on the understanding of entrepreneurship. entrepreneurship in the classical economic perspective, reflected through tea (dalious et al., 2012), is high in malawi, but most msmes do not carry out innovations. therefore, they do not contribute significantly toward economic growth and reflect the paradox. however, entrepreneurship from a neoclassical economic perspective reflected through carrying out innovations is low, as per study findings. only some msmes carry out innovations to contribute significantly toward economic growth. from this perspective, there is no paradox. therefore, policy in malawi would need to align with neoclassical economic perspectives of entrepreneurship. schumpeter (1934) placed entrepreneurship, as carrying out innovations, at the centre of economic development theory, and various scholars agree that entrepreneurship brings economic growth (lee & xin, 2015; decker et al., 2014). therefore, as msme policy in malawi focuses on institutional reforms and improving the environment for businesses to enhance msme sector growth, the focus on carrying out innovations is fundamental for entrepreneurship to influence economic growth positively. that means finding ways to increase opportunity-motivated, growth-oriented, and incorporated enterprises reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa mwatsika, c. 33 undertaking innovations. meressa (2020) and cassim et al. (2014) observed that efforts are undertaken to improve the environments for business in ethiopia and south africa, respectively. however, expected results in economic development are not achieved. suppose the contexts of these countries and others in subsaharan africa are similar to malawi, as reflected in the study findings. it is argued that entrepreneurship is ineffective because most enterprises do not produce innovations that increase productivity, competitiveness, and economic growth. since entrepreneurship is recommended for adoption as a strategy for economic development in sadc countries (wekwete, 2014), it would be necessary to adjust perceptions of the concept in the region to neoclassical economic theories. that will guide msme policies and entrepreneurship development initiatives to focus on creating the requisite environments for business that would promote innovation, competition, and growth of productive enterprises that would eventually induce economic growth. without the necessary adjustments in knowledge about entrepreneurship, the status quo reflecting the paradox shall prevail. the study's contribution is that perceptions of the paradox (lafuente et al., 2018; bell, 2013) in developing countries depend on what is perceived and undertaken as entrepreneurship ceteris paribus. nonetheless, neoclassical economic theory (schumpeter, 1934; kirzner, 1973), which informs the modern understanding of entrepreneurship (henrekson & sanandaji, 2014), is appropriate when contemplating entrepreneurship within economic development theory. a paradigm shift is, therefore, necessary to perceive entrepreneurship as perception and carrying out innovations if entrepreneurship is to become an effective strategy for economic development in developing countries. 5. conclusion the purpose of the study was to reflect on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa from a neoclassical economic perspective. measurement of entrepreneurship as carrying out innovations among enterprises in malawi revealed that entrepreneurship is extremely low in the country. opportunity-motivated, growth-oriented, and limited liability enterprises are the entrepreneurial types of enterprises, but there are very few. most enterprises are necessity-motivated, lifestyle and sole proprietorships that do not undertake innovations. the study found that the perception of the paradox in developing countries (lafuente et al., 2018; bell, 2013) is contentious. it depends on the theories which guide the understanding of entrepreneurship. entrepreneurship from a classical economic perspective (as pp. 18-37 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 34 starting a new business or enterprise) reflects the paradox. in contrast, entrepreneurship from a neoclassical economic perspective, as a perception of opportunities and carrying out innovations, does not reflect the paradox. the study contributes to the knowledge that opportunity-motivated, growth-oriented, and limited liability enterprises are the entrepreneurial types of msmes. that perception of the paradox depends on scholars’ understanding of entrepreneurship. however, since the neoclassical economic perspective places entrepreneurship at the centre of economic development theory, it is recommended that the understanding of entrepreneurship in malawi be adjusted to neoclassical economic theories. secondly, refocus efforts on reforming institutions and improving environments for businesses to support the growth of the entrepreneurial types of enterprises. that will increase the number of entrepreneurial enterprises and improve firm and industry competitiveness and overall economic productivity. if the context of malawi revealed by the study findings positively reflects other countries in sub-saharan africa, then it is concluded that entrepreneurship does not bring economic growth in developing countries (zaki & rashid, 2016; stam & van stel, 2009) because the majority of enterprises do not carry out innovations. the findings agreed with shane (2009) that not all msmes are entrepreneurial to contribute significantly toward economic growth. therefore, similarly, an adjustment of the understanding of entrepreneurship to neoclassical economic theories is recommended in the region to guide policy if entrepreneurship is to become an effective strategy for economic growth. however, the fact that the study was undertaken in only one country limits the position reached. therefore, further studies are encouraged to replicate this research in sub-saharan african countries to measure innovations created in enterprises and determine the types of entrepreneurial msmes. this will inform policy on support required by entrepreneurial msmes and invigorate efforts in institutional reforms and improvement of environments for business to enhance the effectiveness of entrepreneurship on economic growth in the region. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa mwatsika, c. 35 references acs, z., & virgill, n. (2009). entrepreneurship in developing countries. jena economic research papers, no. 2009, 023, friedrich schiller university, jena and max planck institute of economics. jena. ahmad, n., & hoffman, a. (2007). a framework for addressing and measuring entrepreneurship. oecd, paris. anyadike-danes, m., bonner, k., & hart, m. (2013). exploring the incidence and spatial distribution of high growth firms in the uk and their contribution to job creation, nesta working paper 13/05 london. bell, l. (2013). entrepreneurship and local economic growth in emerging markets. utrecht centre for entrepreneurship, the netherlands. bergmann, h., & stephan, u. (2013). moving on from nascent entrepreneurship: measuring cross-national differences in the transition to new business ownership. small business economics, 41(4), 945-959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-012-9458-4 bosma, n., coduras, a., litovsky, y., & seaman, j. (2012). gem manual: a report on the design, data and quality control of the global entrepreneurship monitor. gem consortium. bosma, n., & stam, e. (2012). local policies for high-growth enterprises. report prepared for the oecd/dba international workshop on high-growth firms: local policies and local determinants. copenhagen, march 12, 2012. bowman, c., & ambrosini, v. (2003). what does value mean and how is it created, maintained and destroyed? academy of management annual meeting, seattle, washington, 1-6 august. brown, r., & mawson, s. (2015). the geography of job creation in high growth firms: the implication of growing abroad. environment and planning c: government and policy, 34(2), 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774x15614152 burgelman, r.a. (1985). managing the new venture division: research findings and implications for strategic management. strategic management journal, 6(1), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250060104 burns, p. (2016). entrepreneurship and small business start-up, growth and maturity (4th ed). palgrave. cantillon, r. (1755). essay on the nature of trade in general. london: henry higgs (edition and translation 1959). cassim, s., soni, p., & karodia, a. (2014). entrepreneurship policy in south africa. arabian journal of business and management review, 3(9), 29-43. dalious, m., mandere, g., jamali-phiri, m., & kaneka, b. (2012). global entrepreneurship monitor malawi report 2012. global entrepreneurship research association, uk. decker, r., haltiwanger, j., jarmin, r., & miranda, j. (2014). the role of entrepreneurship in us job creation and economic dynamism. the journal of economic perspectives, 28(3), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.3.3 desai, s. (2017). measuring entrepreneurship: type, motivation and growth. indiana university, usa. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.327 finscope (2019). micro, small and medium enterprises survey, malawi. finmark trust. fisher, j. d., & lentz, g. h. (1990). business enterprise value in shopping malls: an empirical test. the journal of real estate research, 5(1), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.1990.12090611 global entrepreneurship monitor (2018). global entrepreneurship monitor global report https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-012-9458-4 https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774x15614152 https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250060104 https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.3.3 https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.327 https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.1990.12090611 pp. 18-37 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 36 2017-2018, wellesley, ma, babson college. goedhuys, m., & sleuwaegen, l. (2010). high growth entrepreneurial firms in africa: a quantile regression approach. small business economics, 34, 31-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9193-7 government of malawi (gom). (2017). economic development document for malawi. ministry of finance economic planning and development, lilongwe, malawi. government of malawi (gom). (2012). micro small and medium enterprises (msme) policy strategy for the republic of malawi. prepared by chris darroll, sbp, johannesburg, south africa. henrekson, m., & sanandaji, t. (2014). small business activity does not measure entrepreneurship. national academy of sciences, 111(5), 1760-1765. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307204111 international labour organisation (ilo) (2015). small and medium-sized enterprises and decent and productive employment creation. international labour conference, 104th session, international labour office, geneva. kirzner, i. (1973). competition and entrepreneurship, chicago: university press, chicago. kotler, p., & armstrong, g. (2012). principles of marketing, 14th ed. pearson prentice hall. kukoc, k., & regan, d. (n.d.). measuring entrepreneurship. macroeconomic policy division, australian treasury. lafuente, e., acs, z., & szerb, l. (2018). the entrepreneurship paradox: more entrepreneurs are not always good for the economythe role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem on economic performance in africa. ssrn working paper series. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02930008 lee, k., & xin, s. (2015). firm size and economic growth in china. journal of international and area studies, 22(1), 93-112. leibenstein, h. (1968). entrepreneurship and development. american economic review, 58(2), low, s. a. (2009). defining and measuring entrepreneurship for regional research: a new approach. dissertation, urbana, illinois. macroeconomic trends (2021). malawi gross domestic product 1960-2021. https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/mwi/malawi/gdp-gross-domesticproduct>malawigdp1960-2021 masten, j., & kandoole, b. (1997). the capacity of small and medium enterprises support in malawi to support small business expansion. lilongwe, malawi: malawi institute of management. meressa, h. a. (2020). growth of micro and small scale enterprises and its driving factors: empirical evidence from entrepreneurs in emerging region of ethiopia. journal of innovation and entrepreneurship, 9(11), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-02000121-9 miciula, i., kadlubek, m., & stepien, p. (2020). modern methods of business valuation – case study and new concepts. sustainability, 12, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072699 munemo, j. (2012). entrepreneurship in developing countries: is africa different? journal of developmental entrepreneurship, 17(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946712500045 mwatsika, c. (2015). entrepreneurship development and entrepreneurial orientation in rural areas in malawi. african journal of business management, 9(9), 425-436. organisation for economic cooperation and development (oecd). (2010). high growth https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9193-7 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307204111 https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02930008 https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/mwi/malawi/gdp-gross-domestic-product%3emalawigdp1960-2021 https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/mwi/malawi/gdp-gross-domestic-product%3emalawigdp1960-2021 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-00121-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-00121-9 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072699 https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946712500045 reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa mwatsika, c. 37 enterprises: what governments can do to make a difference? oecd studies on smes and entrepreneurship, organisation for economic cooperation and development, paris. olafsen, e., & cook, p.a. (2016). growth entrepreneurship in developing countries: a preliminary literature review. washington, dc: the world bank group. pearce, j. a., kramer, t. r., & robbins. d. k. (1997). effects of managers’ entrepreneurial behaviour on subordinates. journal of business venturing, 12, 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(96)00066-3 rusu, v.d., & roman, a. (2017). entrepreneurial activity in the eu: an empirical evaluation of its determinants. sustainability, 9, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101679 saunders, m., lewis, p., & thornhill, a. (2009). research methods for business students, 5th edition. prentice-hall. say, j.a. (1816). a treatise on political economy. london: sherwood, neeley and jones. scarborough, n. (2013). essentials of entrepreneurship and small business management, sixth ed. pearson. schmitz, j. a. (1989). imitation, entrepreneurship and long-run growth. journal of political economy, 97(3), 721-739. https://doi.org/10.1086/261624 schumpeter, j.a. (1934). the theory of economic development. cambridge, ma: harvard economic studies. shane, s. (2009). why encouraging more people to become entrepreneurs is bad public policy. small business economics, 33(2), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187009-9215-5 shane, s., & venkataraman, s. (2000). the promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. academy of management review, 25(1), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791611 sheriff, m., muffatto, m., & cooper, s. (2016). measuring entrepreneurship environments in africa: challenges in using international reports. international journal of entrepreneurship and innovation management, 20(1/2), 20-44. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijeim.2016.075297 stam, e., & van stel, a. (2009). types of entrepreneurship and economic growth. research paper 2009/47, wider research paper, helsinki. van stel, a., carree, m., & thurik, r. (2005). the effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth. small business economics, 24(3), 311-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1996-6 wekwete, k. (2014). local government and local economic development in southern africa. commonwealth local government forum. world bank group (2020). doing business 2020: comparing business regulation in 190 economies. washington, dc: world bank group. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-14648-1440-2 zaki, i.m., & rashid, n.h. (2016). entrepreneurship impact on economic growth in emerging countries. the business and management review, 7(2), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(96)00066-3 https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101679 https://doi.org/10.1086/261624 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9215-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9215-5 https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791611 https://doi.org/10.1504/ijeim.2016.075297 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1996-6 https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2 https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2 1. introduction 2. literature review 2.1. understanding of entrepreneurship and study hypotheses 2.2. measurement of entrepreneurship and the paradox 3. methodology 4. results and discussion 5. conclusion declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) 46-62، ص )2020( 3عدد 2مجلد مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد، management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no. 3 (2020), pp. 46-62 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v2i3.109 كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة، التجاریة وعلوم التسییر، جامعة زیان 46 ).الجزائر(الجلفة 3117: ب.عاشور بالجلفة، ص www.mer-j.com دراسة حالة الھیئة :المنظمي األداءأثر أبعاد التمكین اإلداري علي في السودان القومیة للكھرباء 1سعد عثمان أحمد المھالوي )السودان(جامعة أم درمان األھلیة ، كلیة االقتصاد والعلوم اإلداریةدكتوراه، أستاذ مساعد، 1  almhlawi99@yahoo.com 2020-06-21: تاریخ النشر 2020-05-30: تاریخ القبول 2020-0409: االستالمتاریخ :ملخص یم اء وتقی ة للكھرب ة القومی ین اإلداري بالھیئ ق التمك ع تطبی ة واق ى معرف ة إل دفت الدراس ھ م حیث. كھرباء بالسودانتمت الدراسة على الھیئة القومیة لل.واقعھا المعتمد وكیفیة تفعیلھا تخدامت اس الع إدارة یتكون مجتمع الدراسة من مھندسین ومحاسبین وتقنیین ب. المنھج الوصفي التحلیلي ة الب الھیئ ددھم ا 42ع ترجع منھ تبانة وإس تمارات إس یھم إس ت عل ة 30وزع ل كعین الحة للتحلی تمارة ص إس .الخطي البسیط االنحدارالباحث استخدم حیث للدراسة ة ألداء ود حری ى وج ة إل لت الدراس التوص الحیة األعم ع اإلدارة وص ار م ة األفك ومناقش تالك أوصت الدراسة بالعمل على . عند وقوعھا دون الرجوع للرئیس المباشر االنحرافاتتصحیح ام ى املین عل جیع الع ا، تش رورة تبادلھ الجوانب الفنیة واإلداریة الالزمة للحصول على المعلومات وض .یتعلق بأعمالھم ما ور بالقوة والنجاح من خالل منحھم المزید من الحریة في التصرف بكلالشع .في السودان الھیئة القومیة للكھرباءالمنظمي، األداءالتمكین اإلداري، : الكلمات المفتاحیة .c88 ،m12: تصنیف جال مقدمة .1 ى ائم عل ات الق ل المنظم ي عم ریع ف ور الس ة والتط ً للمنافس بة بح نس ادة أص ة والری المعرف ام د االھتم ة وق ة عالی ل درج ري یحت المورد البش قب وم انبث ا مفھ دة منھ اھیم جدی ول مف ذا التح ن ھ ع ى ة عل تراتیجیة قائم و إس ات وھ ن المنظم ر م اح كثی ر نج تالك التمكین الذي یعتبر أحد عناصر س ام التي تسھل من العمل وتشجع العاملین والقوةاالستقاللیة والعاملین للمعرفة والمعلومات ومنح الحریة ى ك عل نعكس ذل ا ی الھم مم رق أداء أعم ویر ط ؤلیة لتط ل المس ى تحم ي األداءعل تخدامباإلالمنظم س . األمثل لمواردھا لتحقیق أھدافھا إشكالیة البحث 1.1 ل ستخداماإلأصبح ھنالك ضعف في النتائج التي تسعى المنطمة إلى تحقیقھا سببھ عدم األمث وا ك للم ان ھنال ا ك ة فكلم ا المنظم ي تمتلكھ امإرد الت وافر ھتم ادل وت ة تب ر ثقاف ري ونش المورد البش ب لسِ االمؤلف المر: [ almhlawi99@yahoo.com ] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v2i3.109&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-06-21 مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02 المجلد 62-46 ص 47 تقاللیة إلاالمعلومات و ة س اءة وفعالی ل بكف ائج أفض ق نت ك لتحقی ا أدى ذل وة كلم رف والق ة التص وحری . عالیة أسئلة البحث 2.1 :ھوتتمثل مشكلة البحث في سؤال رئیسي المنظمي؟ األداءبین التمكین اإلداري وإحصائیة اللة ھل ھنالك عالقة ذات د :التالیة األسئلة الفرعیةویتفرع عنھا التنظیمي؟ األداءبین تبادل المعلومات وتوافرھا وإحصائیة ھل ھنالك عالقة ذات داللة التنظیمي؟ األداءوحریة التصرف واالستقاللیة بین إحصائیة ھل ھنالك عالقة ذات داللة التنظیمي؟ األداءالمعرفة وامتالك بین إحصائیة عالقة ذات داللة ھل ھنالك التنظیمي؟ األداءبین القوة وإحصائیة عالقة ذات داللة ھل ھنالك فرضیات البحث 3.1 ً إستناد :األتي بحث إلىال ضوفر إلي مشكلة الدراسة تمت صیاغة ا ؛التنظیمي األداءا وبین تبادل المعلومات وتوافرھإحصائیة ھنالك عالقة ذات داللة ؛التنظیمي األداءوحریة التصرف واالستقاللیة بین إحصائیة ھنالك عالقة ذات داللة ؛التنظیمي األداءالمعرفة وامتالك بینإحصائیة ھنالك عالقة ذات داللة .التنظیمي األداءبین القوة وإحصائیة ھنالك عالقة ذات داللة أھداف البحث 4.1 :یلي تحقیق مجموعة من األھداف أھمھا ما یسعى ھذا البحث إلى ؛معرفة واقع تطبیق التمكین اإلداري بالھیئة القومیة للكھرباء ء؛المنظمي بالھیئة القومیة للكھربا األداءقیاس أثر تطبیق التمكین اإلداري على ؛تقییم واقع إعتماد الھیئة ألبعاد التمكین اإلداري والوقوف على كیفیة تفعیلھا ً من خالل القیام باألعمال واألنشطة التي تمارسھا الھیئة معرفة .النتائج المحققة فعلیا منھج البحث 5.1 ة ة القومی ة بالھیئ ة المیدانی راء الدراس م إج ث ت ي حی في التحلیل نھج الوص ث الم ع الباح إتب ك اء وذل ادللكھرب ى باالعتم تمارةعل اور ت االس من مح ي تتض ات وھ ع البیان یة لجم أداة أساس دم ك خ ة ات المجمع ل البیان م تحلی ث وت داف البح ادأھ ا باالعتم ى برن زم اإلمعل ائیة ج الح دف . spssحص بھ .النتائج واستخالصإختبار الفرضیات الدراسات السابقة 6.1 )2019 وآخرون،یوسف (دراسة 1.6.1 لوبھدفت الدراسة إلى قیاس العالقة بین تطبیق ة أس ة مكون دي عین ین اإلداري ل ن التمك م ل ،الباحث المنھج الوصفي التحلیلي أستخدمكما ،التنظیمي اإلبداعوأثره في تحقیق 44 ث توص الباح دة ة جی ین اإلداري بدرج لوب التمك ي إلى إمكانیة تطبیق أس ین اإلداري ف ة التمك ز فعالی ةوترتك درج ى األداء نعكس عل ا ی جعة بم ة والمش اعي توفیر المؤسسة لبیئة العمل المناسبة والداعم ردي والجم الف طرة داف المس ق األھ ھ تحقی ت ،ومن ة اقترح رورة الدراس امض ین اھتم فة التمك ات بفلس المؤسس ا اإلداري كأسلوب إداري حیث یسھم داف أھمھ ن األھ ة م داف برفي تحقیق جمل رد بأھ داف الف ط أھ .المؤسسة )2013عودة، (دراسة 2.6.1 ى ة إل دفت الدراس ي ھ ین اإلداري ف ان التمك املینبی داع الع ز أداء وإب ا تعزی تخدم، كم اس ین اإلداري الباحث إلى استنتج الباحث المنھج الوصفي التحلیلي، وم التمك ق مفھ أن إدارة الشركة تطب دیھم ركة ل املین بالش ط والع توى متوس تعدادبمس ل اس الي لتحم ؤولیع ت، ةالمس ة وص ادة الدراس زی أثر أبعاد التمكین اإلداري علي األداء المنظمي دراسة حالة الھیئة القومیة سعد عثمان أحمد المھالوي كھرباء في السودانلل 48 ین اإلداري توالتركیز على تطبیق مفھوم التمك الي ىبمس ارهع ة باعتب ة الحدیث الیب اإلداری د األس أح .ي یحسن من أداء المنظمة في ظل الظروف المتغیرةذوال )2013جمعة، (دراسة 3.6.1 ى ة إل دفت الدراس وھ اء نم املین وبن ین الع توى تمك ى مس رف عل أن ذالتع ي بش ج فرض ركة تحقیقالباحث إلى ، توصلظیميالموائمة بین إستراتیجیة تمكین العاملین وتحقیق اإلبداع التن الش ً إلى حد ما ً مقبوال املین باعتمادنجاحا ین الع ط إستراتیجیة تمك ن المتوس رب م ً یقت ا ك إھتمام وأن ھنال د ركة ق ین الش تراتیجیة وتب ك اإلس اد تل تفادتبأبع ع اس املین م ین الع تراتیجیة تمك ن إس ا م د م ى ح إل رق إعادة توصیف الالدراسة أوصت، اإلبداع ل بف ین والعم وظائف وتحلیلھا وضوء إستراتیجیة التمك ً ذالعمل المدارة .اتیا )2019 ،بومجان و قریشي(دراسة 4.6.1 دي ین اإلداري ل توى التمك ول مس وثین ح ورات المبح ھدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على تص دیھم، داع اإلداري ل تخدمالعاملین بجامعة بسكرة وأثره في اإلب نھ اس ث الم ي،الباح في التحلیل ج الوص اطوجود : عدة نتائج منھاالباحث إلى توصل ھ وم ارتب ت قیمت ً بلغ بیا وي نس ب ق ا (r=0.721)ج كم داره ي (%50.3)نجد أن التمكین اإلداري في ھذا النموذج یفسر ما مق این ف ن التب توىم داع مس اإلب الصت الدراسة إلى جملخ، اإلداري لدى العاملین بالجامعة محل الدراسة ل : ة من التوصیات أھم العم نحھم الل م ن خ املین م دى الع لطة على تحسین مستوى التمكین اإلداري ل الحیات الس ة والص الالزم .التي تمكنھم من القیام بمھامھم على أكمل وجھ وھذا من أجل تعزیز اإلبداع اإلداري المناسبة )2016 ،الكعبي(دراسة 5.6.1 ى ة إل دفت الدراس توى الھ ان مس ة تبی ة المبحوث ین اإلداري بالكلی توى مك ن مس ف ع والكش ار وثین االبتك ات المبح ب إجاب ي حس تخدم، التنظیم ي، اس في التحلیل نھج الوص ث الم ت الباح د أثبت ق ا ائج أھمھ م النت ة معظ زز : الدراس اریتع ة االبتك ل بیئ ي ظ ین اإلداري ف الل التمك ن خ ي م التنظیم ن أن بتكاراالاألعمال سریعة التغییر والذي أصبح ة ال یمك اء المنظم اء وألن بق ً من أجل البق جوھریا ق راءات یتحق ن اإلج ة م الل مجموع ن خ ات، أھمإال م ة المعلوم اده األربع ین اإلداري بأبع ا التمك ھ املی االھتمامأما أھم التوصیات كانت ضرورة ، القوة، المكافآت، المعرفة ي نبتنمیة الوعي لدى الع ف ً مختف المستویات اإلد اریة ألبعاد التمكین عن طریق منحھم قوة التأثیر في األفراد والمواقف إنسجاما ات ادل المعلوم ي تب وح ف ف بالوض ب یتص ي مناس اخ تنظیم ة من ن تھیئ ً ع ال مع الظروف البیئیة فض .التنظیمي االبتكاروالمعرفة من أجل تعزیز اإلطار النظري .2 مفھوم التمكین اإلداري 1.2 ین رف التمك ود یع ن القی ان م ر اإلنس ھ تحری وزورین(بأن رد ) 337، 2019، ب جیع الف تش داع ادرة واإلب ة روح المب ى ممارس ھ عل دالوھاب.(وتحفیزه ومكافأت زام عب رى ) 206 ، 2017، ع وی ي ) 36ص ، 2012، أثیر حسوني( ة وف ن المنظم ان م ل مك ي ك وة ف اركة الق ر ومش ھ نش التمكین بأن ف ریس(تعری د ب ر الق) 6، أحم طذك ي لمص زر األساس ي الج ى وة ھ مھا إل ي قس ین والت لح التمك . القوة الضمنیة، المشاركة بالقوة ، القوة لغرض ما ، حسب القوة:أربع ا التمكین اإلداري یعرف ن خاللھ ن م ي یمك الیب الت ن األس ة م من مجموع ة تتض بأنھ عملی توی ف المس ي مختل طى تفویض وتقاسم السلطة والمسؤلیة من قبل العاملین ف ا والوس ة العلی ات اإلداری ة م المنظم دنیا ض الم، ( وال د س خ(ھ توعرف .)124، 2016حمی م دای رة ) 181، 2014 ،نغ ھ فك بأن ات رص والمعلوم ى الف ول إل داخل الوص ادة م الل زی ن خ ابعین م د والت ین القائ لطة ب اركة الس مش ي والدعم إذ إنھ یركز على ضرورة السیاسات والعملیات والممار والموارد سات والھیاكل اإلداریة الت ة یرىھناك من و. السلطة الممنوحة لھم استخدامتشجع العاملین في د حاج د ول ین اإلداري ق أن التمك مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02 المجلد 62-46 ص 49 اعدین ة كمس ر فعالی دیرین أكث ون الم ا أن یك ین ومفادھ ة التمك دعى نظری ي اإلدارة ت لنظریة جدیدة ف ً من كونھم قادة مع الحرص على حتمیة نقل القوة م إیثارو عالء، ( ع المسؤلیة لألفراد والمجموعةبدال 2016 ،85(. أبعاد التمكین اإلداري 2.2 أبعاد التمكین اإلداري یمكن أن )govindarajan & nataragan, 2007, p160( یرى الجماعي من خالل ببعدین أساسیین ھما البعد المھاري وھو إكتساب العاملین مھارات العمل جمعھا دریب وال یمالت ھ اس د ب د اإلداري ویقص ة والبع اء الثق ادة وبن ات والقی ل النزاع ق وح ارات التواف مھ الحیة املین وص ة للع اذإعطاء حری ارھم اتخ ص أعم ا یخ ة فیم اء المؤسس ل أعض رار لك ارو ( الق إیث الء ا ) 77، 2016، ع ین اإلداري ألنھ یة للتمك ل رئیس اد أو عوام ة أبع ى أربع ث عل ذا البح ز ھ ویرك :كاآلتياألكثر مالئمة وحاجة ألغلب المؤسسات وھي األبعاد ات رارات :المشاركة بالمعلوم نع الق اس لص ات األس د المعلوم غیلیةتع تراتیجیة التش واإلس زز أنھ أن یع ن ش ات م ة المعلوم ك أن إتاح ن ذل ً ع زامفضال ن االلت املین ع دى الع ذاتي ل ال ة إذ نحھم الثق ق م ون ب طری خاص یثق ل األش ي یجع ي اإلأن الش اركتھم ف ل مش دارة مث ا ا ال یعرفھ اتھم مم ة بمؤسس ات الخاص رونالمعلوم ا اآلخ خارجھ )wilkinson,1998,44(؛ وة القوة : الق عور ب ل الش ان العام ف إذ أن بإمك راد والمواق ي األف أثیر ف ى الت درة عل ي الق ھ ع ھ م اء تعامل تطاع أثن ین إذا أس رین والتمك دد المشاآلخ ھ أن یح ن حول روف م كلة والظ ا البدائل وتنفیذھا والتأثیر على نتائجھا واختیار ة یو ھن دیھا الرغب ون ل ة أن تك ي للمنظم نبغ ى روالقدرة عل القوة ةھیكلی تغیی عور ب ى الش دیھا عل املین ل جیع الع ة وتش ي المنظم وة ف الق الھم ق بأعم ا یتعل ل م رف بك ي التص ة ف ن الحری د م نحھم المزی الل م ن خ اح م والنج ؛)224، 2014، عاطف لطفي(المختصین بھا اح امتالك یعد :المعرفة ي نج األفراد العاملین للمعرفة بجمیع جوانبھا عامل مھم وأساسي ف ھ عملیة التمكین وتتجسد بمدي قدرة الشخص على تحلیل وتشخیص المواقف المعقدة وإلمام نیة .(ائفبمكونات الوظائف اإلداریة وكذلك األھمیة التي تعطیھا كل وظیفة من ھذه الوظ س ؛)191، 2017، كاظم ة :االستقاللیة ة الكافی ھي تعتبر بعد إستراتیجي في تمكین العاملین وتتمثل في منحھم الحری ).249، 2019، نور حسن( طرق تنفیذ العمل الختیار المنظمي األداءمفھوم 3.2 اطات المن األداءیشار إلى ل نش ل تفاع ن مجم ة م النواتج المتحقق ا المنظمي ب ة ومواردھ ظم ا حتفاظواإلویتمثل بإمكانیة المنظمة من الحصول على أشخاص جیدین ً م ا دة وغالب بنتائج منظمیة جی س ھ األداءیؤس اس نتائج ي وتق تنادباإلالمنظم ائج س ى النت ادیةاإلإل رى قتص رى وی ة األخ والمنظمی ھم ت البعض أن العوامل المنظمیة تعود إلى الموارد األساسیة للمنظمة وما زة تس شكل من قدرات متمی ي ذا یعن یة وھ زة التنافس اء المی ي بن ادإف اس األداء عتم ى أس ة عل درات المبنی ى الق ي عل المنظم ).222، 2017خالد سلمان، (الموارد د )266، 2017، مثني زاحم( یرى ى قی اء عل دوره البق ھو المحدد الرئیس لقدرات النمو وب ؤدي الحیاة على المدى الطویل المنظمات ا ي ت ك الت ین أن تل ي ح ً ستكون ناجحة ف لتي تحقق أداًء جیدا ة رورات الحالی ة الض ي مواجھ ال ف ً ستضطر للخروج من األعم ھ . أداًء سیئا ن(ویعرف ذراء محس ، ع تخدامأنھ النشاط أو العمل الذي تقوم بھ المنظمة )137، 2018 اءة الس ریة بكف ة والبش ا المالی مواردھ . افھا النھائیةللوصول إلى غایاتھا وأھد أثر أبعاد التمكین اإلداري علي األداء المنظمي دراسة حالة الھیئة القومیة سعد عثمان أحمد المھالوي كھرباء في السودانلل 50 المنظمي األداءأھمیة وأھداف 4.2 ھ بالنسإ ق أھمیت ر وتنطل ا الحاض ي وقتن ات ف بة للمنظم رة بالنس ة كبی ألداء أھمی ة بن ل ة ف ة المحیط ع البیئ لھا م ى تواص اعدھا عل ھ یس ي كون ات ف ذي األداءللمنظم و ال ً ھ ا ً ونوع ا د كم الجی عى ذي تس اح ال ق النج ى طری ة عل اعد المنظم ھیس ر(ل د ناص ار). 182، 2018، محم د أش ر (ولق أثی دهللا ا ) 112، عب ي یحققھ داف الت ن األھ د م ى العدی ي األداءإل ا ف ین اإلدارة العلی ي تمك ي وھ المنظم وارد واالستخدامالمنظمة من الحصول على معلومات كاملة بواسطة مراجعة قومیة شاملة ل لم األمث . لیفالمنظمة لتحقیق أفضل النتائج وبأقل تكا النتائج والمناقشة. 3 اإلطار المنھجي للدراسة 1.3 مجتمع الدراسة 1.1.3 ین یتكون ن المھندس لي م ة األص ع الدراس ین، مجتم بین والتقنی ة المحاس م عالق رین لھ واخ .بموضوع الدراسة خصائص عینة الدراسة 2.1.3 روج ائج وللخ ة الدراس بنت ع عین ث بتنوی ام الباح ة ق ة وموثوق ى دقیق مولھا عل ث ش ن حی ة م :اآلتي التوزیع التكراري ألفراد لخصائص عینة الدراسة: )1(جدول رقم النسبة المئویة التكرار الفئة النوع %86.7 26 ذكر %13.3 4 انثى %100.0 30 المجموع عمرال %36.7 11 سنة 30اقل من %50.0 15 سنة 40 -31 %6.7 2 سنة 50 -41 %6.7 2 سنة فاكثر 51 %100.0 30 المجموع الحالة االجتماعیة %60.0 18 أعزب %26.7 8 متزوج %13.3 4 أخرى %100.0 30 المجموع المؤھل العلمي %63.3 19 جامعي %10.0 3 دبلوم عالي %26.7 8 ماجستیر %100.0 30 المجموع المسمى الوظیفي %33.3 10 مدیر فرع %33.3 10 رئیس قسم %30.0 9 موظف %3.3 1 تقني %100.0 30 المجموع التخصص العلمي %26.7 8 ھندسة %16.7 5 محاسبة %50.0 15 تقنیة مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02 المجلد 62-46 ص 51 %6.7 2 تسویق %100.0 30 المجموع سنوات الخبرة %26.7 8 سنوات 5اقل من %40.0 12 سنة 10واقل من 5 %6.7 2 سنة 15وقل من 10 %26.7 8 سنة فاكثر 15 %100.0 30 المجموع إعداد الباحث من بیانات الدراسة المیدانیة: المصدر أداة الدراسة المیدانیة 3.1.3 .استخدم الباحث استمارة االستبانة كوسیلة رئیسیة لجمع البیانات من عینة الدراسة وصف االستبانة 1.3.1.3 ن فھمتعریأرفق الباحث مع االستبانة خطاب للمبحوثین تم فیھ رض م ة والغ وان الدراس بعن :وتكونت االستبانة من قسمین رئیسیین استمارة االستبانة ة: األولالقسم ة الدراس راد عین یة ألف ي ، تتضمن البیانات الشخص ت ف وع تمثل ر ، الن ، العم ي ص العلم ي ، التخص ل العلم ة ، المؤھ ة االجتماعی ركة ، الحال ل بالش نوات العم دد س ، ع .وغیرھا م اني القس دد : الث ى ع م عل ذا القس وى ھ ة أن ) 30(احت ة الدراس راد عین ن أف ب م ارة طل عب اس ق لقی ارة وف رت" یحددوا استجابتھم عن ما تصفھ كل عب ذي " لیك درج ال ي المت الخماس وقد ). بشدة أوافقال ، أوافقال ، محاید ، أوافق ، بشدة أوافق(یتكون من خمسة مستویات ارات ذه العب ع ھ م توزی ىت ي عل ا یل ة كم ة الثالث یات الدراس ور : فرض من األولالمح تتض .عبارات) 10(والمحور الثاني تتضمن ، عبارات) 20( الثبات والصدق الظاھري ألداة 2.3.1.3 تبانة(جل تحسین صدق األداة أمن ا ) استمارة االس ي لھ ار القبل راء االختب م إج د ت ا فق وثباتھ ادیمیی ض األك ى بع ھا عل ق عرض ن طری الحیتھا ع ن ص ق م رض التح رى بغ ات األخ ن الجامع ن م .حیث تم تحدیثھا بتعدیالتھم قبل توزیعھا على المبحوثین.وسالمة ووضوح عباراتھا الثبات والصدق اإلحصائي 3.3.1.3 ات اب ثب م حس لحساب الصدق والثبات اإلحصائي الستمارة االستبانة تم اخذ استطالعیة وت م وصدق االستبانة من العینة ا دول رق ح الج فیة یوض ة النص ة التجزئ ب معادل تطالعیة بموج ) 1(الس :أفراد العینة االستطالعیة إلجاباتنتائج الثبات والصدق اإلحصائي نتائج الثبات والصدق اإلحصائي إلجابات أفراد العینة االستطالعیة: )2(جدول رقم معامل الصدق الذاتى معامل الثبات عدد العبارات الفرضیات 6230. 0.790 623. األوللمحور ا 6510. 0.807 651. المحور الثاني 6650. 0.816 665. االستبانة كاملة إعداد الباحث من بیانات الدراسة المیدانیة: المصدر م دول رق ن الج ث م ح للباح ا ) 2(یتض ذاتي وفق دق ال ل الص ات ومعام ل الثب بة معام أن نس وة لمعادلة كرنباخ الفا للعبارات لكامل د لق ر جی ى مؤش ا یعط َ مم دا استمارة االستبانة جمیعھا عالیة ج وثین ل المبح ن قب ا م م عباراتھ تبانة وفھ یات ، وصدق االس ار فرض ي اختب ا ف اد علیھ م االعتم ن ث وم .الدراسة أثر أبعاد التمكین اإلداري علي األداء المنظمي دراسة حالة الھیئة القومیة سعد عثمان أحمد المھالوي كھرباء في السودانلل 52 الیب اإل ائیة األس تخدمةحص م : المس یاتھا ت ن فرض ق م ة والتحق داف الدراس ق أھ ولتحقی ائي امج اإلحص تخدام البرن ة اإل) spss(اس ى الحزم ً إل ارا یر اختص ذي یش ائیة وال وم حص للعل :التالیةحصائیة وذلك الستخدام نتائج األسالیب اإل، االجتماعیة ؛أفراد العینة على العبارات إلجاباتالتكرارات والنسب المئویة ؛كرنباخ الفا لحساب معامل الثبات والصدق اإلحصائي ؛أفراد العینة إلجاباتالمعیاري واالنحراف ) mean(والوسط الحسابي .االنحدار الخطي البسیط تحلیل البیانات واختبار الفرضیات 2.3 )التمكین اإلداري( األولتحلیل ومناقشة المتغیر 1.2.3 )تبادل المعلومات وتوافرھا( األولتحلیل ومناقشة البعد 1.1.2.3 )تبادل المعلومات وتوافرھا( األولالبعد اتلدراسة لعبارأفراد عینة ا إلجاباتالتوزیع التكراري :)3(جدول رقم العبارات أوافقال أوافق محاید أوافقال بشدة أوافق الوسط بشدة الحسابي االنحراف المعیاري درجة التكرار التكرار التكرار التكرار التكرار الموافقة النسبة النسبة النسبة النسبة النسبة ى من السھولة بمك ول عل ان الحص المعلومات التي أحتاجھا 6 4 7 4 9 محاید 1.518 3.20 20.0% 13.3% 23.3% 13.3% 30.0% ة ة واالداری ب الفنی ك الجوان أمتل ات الالزمة للحصول على المعلوم وتبادلھا 1 5 4 16 4 أوافق 1.040 3.57 3.3% 16.7% 13.3% 53.3% 13.3% ركة تبدو بعض المعلومات في ال ش الع ذات خصوصیة وال یجري اط الجمیع علیھا 2 2 6 17 3 أوافق 1.006 3.57 6.7% 6.7% 20.0% 56.7% 10.0% ع أ ى أن یطل رص عل رین ح اآلخ ى الم م عل ة بالقس ات الخاص علوم وال أحجبھا عنھم 2 9 11 8 أوافق 1.073 3.77 6.7% 0.0% 30.0% 36.7% 26.7% ائل ركة وس تخدم الش ة تس متنوع ومرنة للحصول على المعلومات 0 7 4 13 6 أوافق 1.070 3.60 0.0% 23.3% 13.3% 43.3% 20.0% تبادل المعلومات وتوافرھا 11 18 30 61 30 أوافق 455. 3.54 7.3% 12.0% 20.0% 40.7% 20.0% الباحث من بیانات الدراسة المیدانیة من إعداد: المصدر ا( األولالخاص بنتائج البعد ) 3(رقم یتبین من الجدول ھ ) تبادل المعلومات وتوافرھ د أن نج غالبیة المبحوثین أي أن . حسب مقیاس لیكارت الخماسي أوافقأي ) 3.54(حصل على وسط حسابي .)التمكین اإلداري( األولیوافقون على ما جاء بعبارات البعد الثاني من المتغیر مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02 المجلد 62-46 ص 53 )وحریة التصرفاالستقاللیة ( الثانيلبعد تحلیل ومناقشة ا 2.2.3 )االستقاللیة وحریة التصرف(البعد الثاني اتأفراد عینة الدراسة لعبار إلجاباتالتوزیع التكراري : )4(جدول رقم العبارات أوافقال أوافق محاید أوافقال بشدة أوافق الوسط بشدة الحسابي االنحراف المعیاري درجة التكرار التكرار التكرار التكرار رالتكرا الموافقة النسبة النسبة النسبة النسبة النسبة األعمال المناطة بي أداءأمتلك حریة ومناقشة أفكاري مع اإلدارة العلیا 0 0 3 15 12 أوافق 651. 4.30 0.0% 0.0% 10.0% 50.0% 40.0% حیح الحیة تص ك ص اتأمتل االنحراف ا دون الر د وقوعھ ى عن وع إل ج الرئیس المباشر 0 4 6 12 8 أوافق 997. 3.80 0.0% 13.3% 20.0% 40.0% 26.7% دم اتيأق اراتي اقتراح ة واستفس بحری دون تردد األعلىإلى 0 6 6 5 13 أوافق 1.206 3.83 0.0% 20.0% 20.0% 16.7% 43.3% م رفي بحك دد تص ً یتح ا أحیان ل ا لح ي أمتلكھ ات الت المعلوم كالت الم اذش رارات دون واتخ الق الرجوع إلى الرئیس المباشر 0 6 3 15 6 أوافق 1.022 3.70 0.0% 20.0% 10.0% 50.0% 20.0% ة َى رقاب ارس عل أن تم ب ب ال أرغ شدیدة ومباشرة من األعلى بحیث تحد من قدراتي اإلبداعیة 4 2 9 11 4 أوافق 1.208 3.30 13.3% 6.7% 30.0% 36.7% 13.3% وحریة التصرفاالستقاللیة 4 18 27 58 43 أوافق 464. 3.79 2.7% 12.0% 18.0% 38.7% 28.7% الباحث من بیانات الدراسة المیدانیة من إعداد: المصدر اني ) 4(یتبین من الجدول رقم د الث ائج البع اص بنت تقاللیة (الخ رفاالس ة التص د ) وحری نج ابي ط حس ى وس ل عل ھ حص قأي ) 3.79(أن ي أواف ارت الخماس اس لیك ب مقی ة أي أن . حس غالبی .)التمكین اإلداري( األولالمبحوثین یوافقون على ما جاء بعبارات البعد الثاني من المتغیر )المعرفةامتالك ( الثالثتحلیل ومناقشة البعد 3.2.3 )امتالك المعرفة(عد الثالث الب اتأفراد عینة الدراسة لعبار إلجاباتالتوزیع التكراري : )5(جدول رقم العبارات ال أوافق بشدة ال أوافق محاید أوافق أوافق الوسط بشدة الحسابي االنحراف المعیاري درجة التكرار التكرار التكرار التكرار التكرار الموافقة النسبة النسبة النسبة النسبة النسبة ي ة ف ة الكافی دي المعرف ارل لوب اختی أس العمل 0 6 2 10 12 أوافق 1.143 3.93 0.0% 20.0% 6.7% 33.3% 40.0% ي ع رئیس ر م وار المباش د الح اعتم رین و احاآلخ ول إلیض اري ح أفك المشكالت المعقدة 2 1 6 10 11 أوافق 1.155 3.90 6.7% 3.3% 20.0% 33.3% 36.7% ر وعات غی اء والموض أتعامل مع األخط قیقة للتعلمالمألوفة على أنھا فرص ح 0 2 5 15 8 أوافق 850. 3.97 0.0% 6.7% 16.7% 50.0% 26.7% ع ل م ن التعام ي م لدي خبرة كافیة تمكنن المواقف وحل المشكالت 2 0 3 19 6 أوافق 960. 3.90 6.7% 0.0% 10.0% 63.3% 20.0% أثر أبعاد التمكین اإلداري علي األداء المنظمي دراسة حالة الھیئة القومیة سعد عثمان أحمد المھالوي كھرباء في السودانلل 54 ادأتحسب للمستقبل ي باالعتم ي خبرت عل ا ي أمتلكھ ارفي الت ة ومع ي المتراكم ف العمل 0 0 5 14 11 %36.7 %46.7 %16.7 %0.0 %0.0 بشدة أوافق 714. 4.20 المعرفةامتالك 4 9 21 68 48 أوافق 569. 3.98 2.7% 6.0% 14.0% 45.3% 32.0% الباحث من بیانات الدراسة المیدانیة من إعداد: المصدر م دول رق ن الج ین م د الثال) 5(یتب ائج البع اص بنت تالك (ث الخ ةام ل ) المعرف ھ حص د أن نج ابي ط حس ى وس قأي ) 3.98(عل ي أواف ارت الخماس اس لیك ب مقی وثین أي أن . حس ة المبح غالبی . )التمكین اإلداري( األولیوافقون على ما جاء بعبارات البعد الثالث من المتغیر )القوة( الرابعتحلیل ومناقشة البعد 4.2.3 )القوة(البعد الرابع أفراد عینة الدراسة لعبارة إلجاباتي التوزیع التكرار) 6(جدول رقم العبارات أوافقال أوافق محاید أوافقال بشدة أوافق الوسط بشدة الحسابي االنحراف المعیاري درجة التكرار التكرار التكرار التكرار التكرار الموافقة النسبة النسبة النسبة النسبة النسبة دى ثوت د ل ي ج درة عل ة ومق أداءق أعمالي بكفاءة 0 0 8 10 12 4.13 .819 %40.0 %33.3 %26.7 %0.0 %0.0 أوافق ة ى وقیم ا معن ي لھ ام عمل د مھ تع بالنسبة لزمالء العمل 0 0 4 22 4 أوافق 525. 4.00 0.0% 0.0% 13.3% 73.3% 13.3% ام دراتي للقی ویر ق تم اإلدارة بتط تھ میةباألعمال الیو 0 7 6 9 8 أوافق 1.133 3.60 0.0% 23.3% 20.0% 30.0% 26.7% دي ارة التح ة إث دي فرص وفر ل تت والحماس 0 5 6 17 2 أوافق 860. 3.53 0.0% 16.7% 20.0% 56.7% 6.7% ض ي بع ارتي ف دیر بإستش وم الم یق القضایا المتعلقة باإلدارة 2 0 3 17 8 أوافق 999. 3.97 6.7% 0.0% 10.0% 56.7% 26.7% القوة 2 12 27 75 34 أوافق 519. 3.85 1.3% 8.0% 18.0% 50.0% 22.7% الباحث من بیانات الدراسة المیدانیة من إعداد: المصدر م دول رق ن الج ین م ع ) 6(یتب د الراب ائج البع اص بنت وة(الخ ط ) الق ى وس ل عل ھ حص د أن نج ا أي أن . یكارت الخماسي حسب مقیاس ل أوافقأي ) 3.85(حسابي ى م ون عل غالبیة المبحوثین یوافق .التمكین اإلداري األولجاء بعبارات البعد الرابع من المتغیر )المنظمي األداء( الثاني المتغیرتحلیل ومناقشة عبارات 2.2.3 أفراد عینة الدراسة لعبارات المحور الثاني إلجاباتالتوزیع التكراري : )7(جدول رقم عباراتال أوافقال أوافق محاید أوافقال بشدة أوافق الوسط بشدة الحسابي االنحراف المعیاري درجة التكرار التكرار التكرار التكرار التكرار الموافقة النسبة النسبة النسبة النسبة النسبة ي ة ف و عالی دالت نم ركة مع ق الش تحق كمیة المبیعات 0 0 13 10 7 فقأوا 805. 3.80 0.0% 0.0% 43.3% 33.3% 23.3% داف ن األھ ة م ادة الربحی ر زی أوافق 679. 4.23 11 15 4 0 0تعتب مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02 المجلد 62-46 ص 55 الباحث من بیانات الدراسة المیدانیة من إعداد: المصدر ور ) 7(یتبین من الجدول رقم ائج المح اص بنت ي األداء( األولالخ ل ) المنظم ھ حص د أن نج ابي ط حس ى وس قأي ) 3.63(عل ي أواف ارت الخماس اس لیك ب مقی وثین أي أن . حس ة المبح غالبی .المنظمي األداءثاني یوافقون ما جاء بعبارات المتغیر ال فرضیاتتحلیل ومناقشة نتائج ال 3.2.3 )التمكین اإلداري( األولالمحور نتائجتحلیل ومناقشة 1.3.2.3 )التمكین اإلداري( إلجابات أفراد عینة الدراسة) onesample test( اختبار العینة الواحدة : )8(جدول رقم )تبادل المعلومات وتوافرھا(أفراد عینة الدراسة إلجابات) onesample test( اختبار العینة الواحدة القرار النسبیة األھمیة المعنویة درجات الحریة ت ـ المحسوبة العبارة م ى 1 ول عل ان الحص ھولة بمك ن الس ً %64.0 476. 29 722. المعلومات التي أحتاجھام دالة احصائیا ة الالزم واإلداریةأمتلك الجوانب الفنیة 2 ً %71.3 006. 29 2.984 للحصول على المعلومات وتبادلھا دالة احصائیا 3 ركة ذات تبدو بعض المعلومات في الش ع الع الجمی ري اط یة وال یج خصوص علیھا 3.084 29 .004 71.3% ً دالة احصائیا 4 ع ى أن یطل رص عل رین أح ى اآلخ عل ات ا المعلوم م وال أحجبھ ة بالقس الخاص عنھم 3.915 29 .001 75.3% ً دالة احصائیا %36.7 %50.0 %13.3 %0.0 %0.0 الرئیسیة للشركة وقیة تھا الس ادة حص ركة بزی وم الش تق الیف ل تك اجمن خالل تقلی دیم اإلنت وتق منتجات بأسعار تنافسیة 0 4 14 4 8 أوافق 1.042 3.53 0.0% 13.3% 46.7% 13.3% 26.7% ق ركة وف ي الش ل ف ادئیجري العم مب االحترام المتبادل بین الموظفین كافة 0 0 8 12 10 أوافق 785. 4.07 0.0% 0.0% 26.7% 40.0% 33.3% ة وتیرة عالی ركة ب ة الش تتصاعد إنتاجی ونسبة ضیاع الموارد بسیطة جدا 2 0 10 11 7 أوافق 1.055 3.70 6.7% 0.0% 33.3% 36.7% 23.3% ول ي الحص لیس لدى الشركة مشكلة ف ي ال وال كعل ریة واألم وادر البش والمعدات 0 5 13 12 0 أوافق 728. 3.23 0.0% 16.7% 43.3% 40.0% 0.0% ة ن درج ورات ع ركة تص ك الش تمتل ألنشطتھا نرضا الزبو 0 4 13 10 3 أوافق 855. 3.40 0.0% 13.3% 43.3% 33.3% 10.0% كل ذین یش املین ال بة الع ع نس ترتف وجودھم في المنظمة قیمة حقیقیة لھا 2 4 7 11 6 أوافق 1.167 3.50 6.7% 13.3% 23.3% 36.7% 20.0% توي تقدم الشركة خدمات للمجتمع بمس ي ة تلب فات مقبول ودة ومواص ج الناس احتیاجات 4 4 7 12 3 أوافق 1.215 3.20 13.3% 13.3% 23.3% 40.0% 10.0% ف ي التكی ادرین عل املین ق راد الع األف مع المتغیرات التكنولوجیة التي تحصل داخل الشركة 2 4 6 10 8 أوافق 1.221 3.60 6.7% 13.3% 20.0% 33.3% 26.7% المنظمي األداء 10 25 95 107 63 أوافق 479. 3.63 3.3% 8.3% 31.7% 35.7% 21.0% أثر أبعاد التمكین اإلداري علي األداء المنظمي دراسة حالة الھیئة القومیة سعد عثمان أحمد المھالوي كھرباء في السودانلل 56 ة 5 ة ومرن ائل متنوع ركة وس ً %72.0 005. 29 3.071 للحصول على المعلوماتتستخدم الش دالة احصائیا )وحریة التصرفاالستقاللیة ( أفراد عینة الدراسة إلجابات )onesample test( اختبار العینة الواحدة القرار النسبیةالھمیة ا المعنویة درجات الحریة ت ـ المحسوبة العبارة م ة 6 ك حری ي أداءأمتل ة ب ال المناط ً %86.0 000. 29 10.933 ومناقشة أفكاري مع اإلدارة العلیااألعم دالة احصائیا 7 أمتلك صالحیة تصحیح اإلنحرافات عند رئیس ى ال وع إل ا دون الرج وقوعھ المباشر 4.397 29 .000 76.0% ً دالة احصائیا ً %76.7 001. 29 3.785 األعلي دون ترددستفساراتي بحریة إلى أقدم إقتراحاتي وإ 8 دالة احصائیا 9 ات م المعلوم رفي بحك دد تص ً یتح أحیانا اذ كالت وإتخ ل المش ا لح ي أمتلكھ الت رئیس ى ال وع إل رارات دون الرج الق المباشر 3.751 29 .001 74.0% ً دالة احصائیا 10 دیدة ال أرغب بأن تمارس علَى رقابة ش ن ومب د م ث تح ى بحی ن األعل رة م اش قدراتي اإلبداعیة 1.361 29 .184 66.0% ً دالة احصائیا )المعرفةامتالك ( أفراد عینة الدراسة إلجابات )onesample test( اختبار العینة الواحدة القرار النسبیةاالھمیة المعنویة درجات الحریة ت ـ المحسوبة العبارة م لوب لدي المعرفة الكافی 11 ار أس ي إختی ة ف ً %78.7 000. 29 4.474 العمل دالة احصائیا 12 ي ع رئیس ر م وار المباش د الح اعتم رین و ول اآلخ اري ح اح أفك الیض المشكالت المعقدة 4.267 29 .000 78.0% ً دالة احصائیا ً %79.3 000. 29 6.227 المألوفة على أنھا فرص حقیقة للتعلمأتعامل مع األخطاء والموضوعات غیر 13 دالة احصائیا ع 14 ً %78.0 000. 29 5.137 المواقف وحل المشكالتلدي خبرة كافیة تمكنني من التعامل م دالة احصائیا 15 أتحسب للمستقبل باإلعتماد علي خبرتي ي ا ف ي أمتلكھ ارفي الت ة ومع المتراكم العمل 9.200 29 .000 84.0% ً دالة احصائیا )القوة(أفراد عینة الدراسة إلجابات) onesample test( اختبار العینة الواحدة القرار النسبیةاالھمیة المعنویة درجات الحریة ت ـ المحسوبة العبارة م ً %82.7 000. 29 7.577 بكفاءةتؤجد لدى ثقة ومقدرة علي آداء أعمالي 16 دالة احصائیا بة 17 ً %80.0 000. 29 10.428 لزمالء العملتعد مھام عملي لھا معنى وقیمة بالنس دالة احصائیا ام 18 دراتي للقی ویر ق تم اإلدارة بتط ً %72.0 007. 29 2.902 باألعمال الیومیةتھ دالة احصائیا مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02 المجلد 62-46 ص 57 دي 19 ارة التح ة إث دي فرص وفر ل ً %70.7 002. 29 3.395 والحماستت دالة احصائیا ض 20 ي بع ارتي ف دیر بإستش وم الم ً %79.3 000. 29 5.298 القضایا المتعلقة باإلدارةیق دالة احصائیا الباحث من بیانات الدراسة المیدانیة من إعداد: المصدر ائیة(أن جمیع القیم اإلحتمالیة ) 8(یتضح للباحث من الجدول ة اإلحص ة ) الدالل ة المقابل لقیم روق ة الف وبة لدالل ة ت المحس توى المعنوی ن مس ل م راد الع) 0.05(أق م أف ي أن معظ ذا یعن ة وھ ین .التمكین اإلداري األولموافقین على عبارات المحور )المنظمي األداء( المحور الثاني نتائجتحلیل ومناقشة 2.3.2.3 راد األداءیھدف ھذا البعد لمعرفة اه اراء اف ان اتج ن بی د م د الب ذا البع ار ھ المنظمي والختب دة ، عینة الدراسة لكل عبارة ة الواح ات) onesample test( واستخدم اختبار العین راد إلجاب أف .المنظمي األداءعینة الدراسة )المنظمي األداء(أفراد عینة الدراسة إلجابات )onesample test( اختبار العینة الواحدة :)9(جدول رقم المحسوبةت ـ العبارة م درجات المعنویة الحریة االھمیة القرار النسبیة و 21 دالت نم ركة مع ق الش ة تحق ي كمی ة ف عالی %76.0 000. 29 5.442 المبیعات دالة ً احصائیا یة 22 داف الرئیس ن األھ ة م ادة الربحی ر زی %84.7 000. 29 9.950 للشركةتعتب دالة ً احصائیا 23 الل ن خ وقیة م تقوم الشركة بزیادة حصتھا الس عار ات بأس دیم منتج اج وتق الیف االنت ل تك تقلی تنافسیة ً دالة 70.7% 009. 29 2.804 احصائیا رام 24 ادي االحت ق مب %81.3 000. 29 7.443 المتبادل بین الموظفین كافةیجري العمل في الشركة وف دالة ً احصائیا بة 25 ة ونس وتیرة عالی ركة ب ة الش اعد إنتاجی %74.0 001. 29 3.633 ضیاع الموارد بسیطة جداتتص دالة ً احصائیا و 26 ي الحص كلة ف ركة مش دى الش یس ل ي ل ل عل %64.7 090. 29 1.756 الموادر البشریة واألموال والمعدات دالة ً احصائیا ا 27 ة رض ن درج ورات ع ركة تص ك الش %68.0 016. 29 2.562 ألنشطتھا نالزبوتمتل دالة ً احصائیا ي 28 ودھم ف كل وج ذین یش املین ال بة الع %70.0 026. 29 2.347 المنظمة قیمة حقیقیة لھاترتفع نس دالة ً اح صائیا ودة 29 توي ج ع بمس دمات للمجتم ركة خ دم الش %64.0 375. 29 902. ومواصفات مقبولة تلبي إحتیاجات الناستق دالة ً احصائیا 30 ع ف م ي التكی ادرین عل املین ق راد الع األف ل ل داخ ي تحص ة الت رات التكنولوجی المتغی الشركة ً دالة 72.0% 012. 29 2.693 احصائیا الباحث من بیانات الدراسة المیدانیة من إعداد: لمصدرا ائیة(أن جمیع القیم اإلحتمالیة ) 9(یتضح للباحث من الجدول ة اإلحص ة ) الدالل ة المقابل لقیم روق ة الف وبة لدالل ة ت المحس توى المعنوی ن مس ل م ة ) 0.05(أق راد العین م أف ي أن معظ ذا یعن وھ .موافقین على عبارات المحور الثاني أثر أبعاد التمكین اإلداري علي األداء المنظمي دراسة حالة الھیئة القومیة سعد عثمان أحمد المھالوي كھرباء في السودانلل 58 ل 3.3.2.3 دار الخط تحلی رات االنح ین المتغی یط ب تقاللیة (ي البس ا االس ات وتوافرھ ادل المعلوم تب )األداء المنظمي( و )وحریة التصرف، امتالك المعرفة، القوة رین حصائیة یعتبر االنحدار الخطي من األسالیب اإل ین متغی التي تستخدم في قیاس العالقة ب ة ة دالی ة عالق ى ھیئ رات ، عل د المتغی مى أح تقل یس ر مس أو) independent variable(متغی ابع ر الت ر المتغی ي تغی بب ف و المتس یط وھ وذج البس ة النم ي حال تقلة ف dependent(متغیرات مس variable ( النتائج التالیة إلىویتم تمثیل ھذه العالقة بمعادلة خط المستقیم وعند تطبیقھ تم التوصل. النحدار الخطي البسیط لقیاس العالقة بین متغیر تطبیق تبادل المعلومات یوضح نتائج تحلیل ا :)10(جدول رقم المنظمي األداء ، وتوافرھا التفسیر )(sigالقیمة االحتمالیة )t(أختبار معامالت االنحدار 0b̂ 2.586 3.795 .001 معنویة 1b̂ .294 1.540 .135 یةغیرمعنو r( .279a(معامل االرتباط (معامل التحدید 2r( .078 النموذج غیر معنوي f( 2.372( اختبار ŷ =(2.586) +.294x1 التفسیر )(sigالقیمة االحتمالیة )t(أختبار معامالت االنحدار 0b̂ 5.041 7.259 .000 معنویة 1b̂ -.374 -2.052 .050 معنویة r( .362a(معامل االرتباط (معامل التحدید 2r( .131 النموذج معنوي f( 4.210(أختیار ŷ =(5.041)0.374x التفسیر )(sigالقیمة االحتمالیة )t(أختبار معامالت االنحدار 0b̂ 2.730 4.429 .000 معنویة 1b̂ .225 1.470 .153 غیر معنویة r( .268a(معامل االرتباط (معامل التحدید 2r( .072 النموذج غیر معنوي f( 2.160( اختبار ŷ =(2.730)+ 0.225x التفسیر )(sigالقیمة االحتمالیة )t(أختبار معامالت االنحدار 0b̂ 2.828 4.288 .000 معنویة 1b̂ .208 1.222 .232 غیر معنویة r( .225a(معامل االرتباط مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02 المجلد 62-46 ص 59 (معامل التحدید 2r( .051 النموذج غیر معنوي f( 1.492( اختبار ŷ =(2.828)+ .208x لمیدانیةالباحث من بیانات الدراسة ا من إعداد: لمصدرا رات ین المتغی ة ب اط طردی ود ارتب دیر وج ائج التق رت نت ا(أظھ ات وتوافرھ ادل المعلوم ،تب تقلة و ) القوة ، المعرفةامتالك ،وحریة التصرفاالستقاللیة رات مس ي األداء كمتغی ر المنظم كمتغی ابع ت ، ت ي بلغ یط الت اط البس ل االرتب ة معام الل قیم ن خ ك م ) .2680) (0.362 )(0.279(وذل .على التوالي) 0.225( (بلغت قیمة معامالت التحدید 2r) (0.078) ( 0.131) (0720.) (0.051( ، ھذه القیمة ى ان دل عل ات ات وتوافرھ ادل المعلوم تقاللیة ، تب رفاالس ة التص تالك ،وحری ةام وة ، المعرف ) الق ر ( المنظمي األداء على التوالي في%) 5( %)7%) (13%) (8(كمتغیرات مستقلة تساھم بـ المتغی ).التابع اوي ا تس ات وتوافرھ ادل المعلوم ة تب ة معلم د قیم اوي ) 0.294(نج احبة تس ا المص وقیمتھ ة .) 135( ة العرفی ن القیم ر م ي اكب ود) 0.05(وھ دم وج ي ع ذا یعن ین وھ ً ب ائیا ة احص ة دال عالق .المنظمي األداءووحریة التصرف االستقاللیة ة ى أناألولمما تقدم یستنتج الباحث أن فرضیة الدراس ت عل ي نص ة : "ى والت اك عالق ھن .لم تتحققالمنظمي األداءو تطبیق تبادل المعلومات وتوافرھا أبعادبین ة ة معلم تقاللیة نجد قیم اوي االس رف تس ة التص اوي .) 374(وحری احبة تس ا المص وقیمتھ ین وھذا یعني وجود) 0.05(رفیة وھي اقل من القیمة الع) 0.050( ً ب تقاللیة عالقة دالة احصائیا االس .المنظمي األداءو وحریة التصرف ة : " مما تقدم نستنتج أن فرضیة الدراسة الثانیة والتي نصت على أن توجد عالقة ذات دالل .المنظمي قد تحققت األداءوحریة التصرف واالستقاللیة بین إحصائیة ة ة معلم د قیم اوي تالك امنج ة تس اوي ) 0.225(المعرف احبة تس ا المص ) 0.153(وقیمتھ ً بین وھذا یعني عدم وجود) 0.05(وھي اكبر من القیمة العرفیة ةامتالك عالقة دالة احصائیا المعرف . المنظمي األداءو ة : " مما تقدم نستنتج أن فرضیة الدراسة الثالثة والتي نصت على أنھ توجد عالقة ذات دالل .المنظمي لم تتحقق األداءالمعرفة وامتالك بین ئیة إحصا وھي اكبر من ) 0.010(وقیمتھا المصاحبة تساوي ) 0.537(تساوي نجد قیمة معلمة القوة ً بین القوة و وھذا یعني عدم وجود) 0.05(القیمة العرفیة . المنظمي األداءعالقة دالة احصائیا ة الرا یة الدراس تنتج أن فرض دم نس ا تق ى أنمم ت عل ي نص ة والت ة ذات : " بع د عالق توج . المنظمي لم تتحقق األداءبین القوة وإحصائیة داللة الخالصة. 4 ة ة القومی ي بالھیئ ى األدء المنظم ین اإلداري عل اد التمك ر أبع د أث جاءت ھذه الدراسة لتحدی :الدراسة من خالل إختبار الفرضیات إلى ما یلي توصلتللكھرباء وقد ؛المنظمي األداءو جد عالقة بین ابعاد تطبیق تبادل المعلومات وتوافرھا وال ت ؛المنظمي األداءوحریة التصرف واالستقاللیة بین إحصائیة توجد عالقة ذات داللة ؛األعمال ومناقشة األفكار مع اإلدارة العلیا بكل سھولة ألداءھنالك حریة أثر أبعاد التمكین اإلداري علي األداء المنظمي دراسة حالة الھیئة القومیة سعد عثمان أحمد المھالوي كھرباء في السودانلل 60 حیح الحیة تص راد ص ك األف اتیمتل د االنحراف رئیس عن ى ال وع إل ا دون الرج وقوعھ ؛المباشر ؛دون تردد األعلىبحریة إلى االقتراحات األفرادیقدم كالت ل المش ا لح ي یمتلكونھ ات الت م المعلوم راد بحك اذیتحدد تصرف األف رارات واتخ ؛الق ؛دون الرجوع إلى الرئیس المباشر ؛المنظمي ألداءاالمعرفة وامتالك بین إحصائیة جد عالقة ذات داللة وال ت .المنظمي األداءبین القوة وإحصائیة جد عالقة ذات داللة وال ت :من منطلق النتائج أعاله نقترح التوصیات التالیة ول امتالك ضرورة تبادل المعلومات والعمل على ة للحص ة الالزم ة واإلداری ب الفنی الجوان ؛على ھذه المعلومات ؛األعمال بكفاءة أداءرة علي بناء الثقة لدى األفراد وتعزیز المقد ؛اإلدارة بتطویر قدرات األفراد للقیام باألعمال الیومیة اھتمام ى ل عل ى اإلدارة العم ب عل تالك یج رھا حتام ائل نش ویر وس ة وتط ن ىالمعرف ل ىتتس لك ؛األفراد ي ة ف ن الحری د م نحھم المزی الل م ن خ اح م القوة والنج عور ب ى الش املین عل جیع الع تش .یتعلق بأعمالھم ل ماالتصرف بك المراجع govindarajan m., natarajan s. (2007). principles of management. prentice-hall of india pvt.ltd, new delhi, india. wilkinson, a. (1998). empowerment employees performance personsl review, 27(1). .)3(2التمكین في منظمات التعلیم، مجلة المثني للعلوم اإلدایة، أثیر ثقافةت .)2012( .أثیر حسوني )67( 18تأثیر القرارات اإلستراتیجیة إلدارة العملیات في األداء النظمي، مجلة العلوم اإلقتصادیة وإلداریة، .)2012( .أثیر عبدهللا .252-234، )28(7لة العراقیة للعلوم اإلداریة، أثر إستراتیجیة التمكین في إدارة معرفة الزبون، المج ).2011. (مد بریسحأ رع الء ب دالھادي وع ار عب ة، مجل. )2016(. إیث ة الخدمی ي أداء المنظم ا ف ین اإلداري وتأثیرھ ل التمك ادیة عوام وم اإلقتص ة العل .)58( 22واإلداریة، وزورین روز ب وم . )2019( .فی ة العل وظیفي، مجل ا ال ى الرض ره عل ین اإلداري وأث ادیةالتمك ة، االقتص وم التجاری ییر والعل والتس 12)3(. )1( 6 مجلة المثني للعلوم اإلداریة واإلقتصادیة،دور التمكین اإلداري في تعزیز اإلبتكار التنظیمي، . )2016( .حمید سالم الكعبي لمان د س ین األ. )2017( .خال ي تحس اتھا ف ریة وإنعكاس وارد البش تراتیجیة إلدارة الم ات اإلس وم الممارس ة العل ي، مجل داء المنظم .)75( 20اإلقتصادیة واإلداریة، .)96( 23 واإلداریة، االقتصادیةالتمكین اإلداري وأثره في اإلبداع التقني، مجلة العلوم . )2017( .سنیة كاظم )3(9والتنمیة، لدى العاملین، مجلة اإلستراتیجیة أثر التمكین في اإلبداع اإلداري ).2019( .عادل بومجان ومحمد قریشي .)100(23واإلداریة، االقتصادیةأثر عدم تطبیق عدالة التمكین اإلداري، مجلة العلوم . )2017( .عاطف لطفي .)103(24إنعكاسات عملیة التغییر على تعزیز األداء التنظیمي، مجلة العلوم اإلقتصادیة واإلداریة، . )2018( .عذراء محسن .)101(23ر التمكین والمرونة الوظیفیة في تقییم أداء العاملین، مجلة العلوم اإلقتصادیة واإلداریة، أث .)2017( .عزام عبدالوھاب .)95(23إلداریة، االقیادة اإلستراتیجیة ودورھا في تفعیل األداء المنظمي، مجلة العلوم اإلقتصادیة و. )2017(. مثني زاحم )109(24األداء المنظمي، مجلة العلوم اإلقتصادیة واإلداریة، عالقة التوجھ اإلستراتیجي ب .)2018( .محمد ناصر ة، .)2013( .محمود حسن جمعة ادیة واإلداری وم اإلقتص ة العل ي، مجل داع التنظیم إستراتیجیة تمكین العاملین وأثرھا في تحقیق اإلب 19)71(. .)142(1 المجلة العراقیة للعلوم اإلداریة،دور التمكین اإلداري في تحقیق سلوك المواطنة التنظیمیة، .)2014( .نغم دایخ .)111(25، واالقتصادإدارة الموھبة ودورھا في تمكین العاملین، مجلة اإلدارة .)2019( .نور حسین فخري .)36(9التمكین اإلداري وأثره في تعزیز أداء وإبداع العاملین، المجلة العراقیة للعلوم اإلداریة، ).2013. (ھیفاء عودة ادیة . )2019( .ھشام سفیان وھمزة كوادیك ،بودلةیوسف وم اإلقتص ة العل ي، مجل داع التنظیم ق اإلب التمكین اإلداري وأثره في تحقی )2(12 والتسییر والعلوم التجاریة، references govindarajan m., natarajan, s. (2007). principles of management. prentice-hall of india pvt.ltd, new delhi, india. مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 03العدد 02 المجلد 62-46 ص 61 wilkinson, a. (1998). empowerment employees performance personal review, 27(1). athir, h. (2012). the impact of empowerment culture on education organizations, al-muthanna journal of al-edaa science, 2 (3) [in arabic] athir, a. (2012). the impact of strategic decisions for operations management on organizational performance, journal of economic and administrative sciences, 18 (67). [in arabic] brais, a. (2011). the impact of empowerment strategy on customer knowledge management, iraqi journal of management sciences, 7(28), 234-252. [in arabic] abdul hadi, e., & alaa, b. (2016). empowerment factors and their impact on the performance of the service organization journal of economic and administrative sciences, 22 (58). [in arabic] fayrouz, b. (2019). administrative empowerment and its impact on job satisfaction, journal of economic sciences, management and business sciences, 12 (3). [in arabic] al kaabi, h. (2016). the role of administrative empowerment in promoting organizational innovation, al-muthanna journal for administrative and economic sciences, 6 (1). [in arabic] salman, k. (2017). strategic human resource management practices and their implications for improving organizational performance, journal of economic and management sciences, 20 (75). [in arabic] kazem, s. (2017). administrative empowerment and its effect on technical creativity, journal of economic and administrative sciences, 23 (96). [in arabic] bumajan, a., & qureshi, m. (2019). the effect of empowerment on administrative creativity of employees, journal of strategy and development, 9 (3) [in arabic] lutfi, a. (2017). the impact of failure to apply fairness in administrative empowerment, journal of economic and administrative sciences, 23 (100). mohssin, a. (2018). the implications of the change process for enhancing organizational performance, journal of economic and administrative sciences, 24 (103). [in arabic] abdel wahab, a. (2017). the impact of empowerment and job flexibility in evaluating employee performance, journal of economic and administrative sciences, 23 (101). [in arabic] mothana, h. (2017). strategic leadership and its role in activating organizational performance, journal of economic and management sciences, 23 (95). [in arabic] nasser, m. (2018). the relationship of strategic orientation to organizational performance, journal of economic and management sciences, 24 (109) [in arabic] gomaa, g. (2013). staff empowerment strategy and its impact on achieving organizational creativity, journal of economic and administrative sciences, 19 (71). [in arabic] dayikh, n. (2014). the role of administrative empowerment in achieving organizational citizenship behaviour, iraqi journal of administrative sciences, 1 (142). [in arabic] fakhry, n. (2019). talent management and its role in empowering employees, journal of management and economics, 25 (111). [in arabic] odeh, h. (2013). administrative empowerment and its impact on enhancing the performance and creativity of employees, iraqi journal of administrative sciences, 9 (36). [in arabic] boudla, y., sofyan, h., & kwadik, k. (2019). administrative empowerment and its impact on achieving organizational creativity, journal of economic sciences, management and business sciences, 12 (2) [in arabic] أثر أبعاد التمكین اإلداري علي األداء المنظمي دراسة حالة الھیئة القومیة سعد عثمان أحمد المھالوي كھرباء في السودانلل 62 the impact of administrative empowerment dimensions on organizational performance: a case study of the national authority for electricity (sudan) saad osman ahmed almhlawi  published: 21-06-2020 accepted: 30-05-2020 received: 09-04-2020 abstract : the study aims at identifying the reality of applying the administrative empowerment on the national authority for electricity, assessing its approved reality and how to activate it. the study population consists of 42 “engineers” accountants and technicians working in the authority administration a questionnaire was distributed to them and 30 forms were returned, valid for analysis as a study sample the researcher used the simple linear regression model. the study was conducted in the national authority for electricity in sudan. the researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical method. the study concluded to the fact that there is the freedom to perform work and discuss ideas with the administration and there is the power to correct deviations when they occur, without referring to the immediate superior. the study recommended working on possessing the technical and administrative aspects necessary to obtain information and the need to exchange it, encouraging employees to promote the sense of strength and success by granting them more freedom to act in everything related to their jobs. keywords: administrative empowerment, organizational performance, national authority for electricity (sudan). jel classification: c88, m12. © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. how to cite : almhlawi, s. o. a. (2020). the impact of administrative empowerment dimensions on organizational performance: a case study of the national authority for electricity (sudan). management & economics research journal, 2(3), 46-62. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v2i3.109 [in arabic] 1corresponding author: faculty of economics and administrative sciences, omdurman ahlia university (sudan). [ almhlawi99@yahoo.com] management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) 39-56، ص )2020( 5عدد 2مجلد مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد، management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no. 5 (2020), pp. 39-56 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.vi.140 كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة، التجاریة وعلوم التسییر، جامعة زیان 39 ).الجزائر(الجلفة 3117: ب.عاشور بالجلفة، ص www.mer-j.com الوظیفي بالمؤسسة اإلبداعالرشیقة وأثرھا في تحقیق اإلدارة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز الشركةدراسة حالة : االقتصادیة )الجزائر( بسكیكدة 1صبري مقیمح األعمال إدارةسكیكدة، مخبر االقتصاد المالیة و 1955أوت 20جامعة ، أستاذ محاضر، أعمال إدارةدكتوراه 1 )الجزائر(  sab88mek@gmail.com 2020-12-10: تاریخ النشر 20201114: متاح على الخط 2020-11-01: تاریخ القبول 202010-04: تاریخ االستالم :طریقة االقتباس دراسة حالة الشركة : اإلدارة الرشیقة وأثرھا في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بالمؤسسة االقتصادیة). 2020. (مقیمح ص . 56-39, )5(2, مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد). الجزائر(الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.vi.140 :ملخص ركة ي الش وظیفي ف داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی یقة ف ر اإلدارة الرش تھدف ھذه الدراسة إلى تحدید أث .)الجزائر( الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة نھج ى الم اد عل م االعتم ع ت یة لجم أداة رئیس تبیان ك تخدام االس ع اس ي م في والتحلیل الوص ا ة، 230البیانات، والذي تم توزیعھ على عینة عشوائیة قوامھ تویات اإلداری ف المس ن مختل ً م امال ع تخدام یات باس ة الفرض ار دراس ل واختب تنتاجي لتحلی في واالس اء الوص رق اإلحص تخدمت ط واس . spss برنامج لت ة توص ركة ىإل الدراس ي الش وظیفي ف داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی یقة ف أثیر اإلدارة الرش أن ت وھذا ما یتطلب من الشركة ،٪17.9الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة ضعیف، وقدر بنحو داع ر اإلب ین عناص ي تحس ال ف ا الفع رة ودورھ ة كبی ن أھمی زیادة االھتمام باإلدارة الرشیقة لما لھا م .الوظیفي وظیفي، :الكلمات المفتاحیة داع ال ركةاإلدارة الرشیقة، اإلب از الش اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی الجزائری .بسكیكدة .m12، m54 ،o34: جال تصنیف میل اإلی :لسِ االمؤلف المر[ sab88mek@gmail.com] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.vi.140&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-12-10 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7701-7500 : تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بالمؤسسة االقتصادیة اإلدارة الرشیقة وأثرھا في .مقیمح ص )الجزائر(دراسة حالة المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة 40 مقدمة .1 رة ركات الكبی م الش ذه معظ ة، وتنف اإلدارة الرشیقة ھو علم مطبق في كل دول العالم المتقدم س اإلدارة ي عك الم وھ ي الع ى ف لبیة إل ة الس ذورھا البیروقراطی لت ج ي وص ة، والت ة والثقیل المترھل دیھا د ل م تع دھا، ول ا وتقالی ا وقیمھ ن ھویتھ جمیع مفاصل جھاز العمل، حتى أصبحت جزءا أساسیا م رق و القدرة على محاربتھا أو التخلص منھا، وھي اإلدارة المنغلقة على نفسھا الیب وط كة بأس المتمس یعد لھا وجود في عالم التقنیة أو المعلومات، ومن أبرز خصائصھا الھدر واإلسراف إداریة تقلیدیة لم .أو فرصة قد تتاح لتحسین العمل يوعدم التغییر، وبطء التجاوب مع أي تحد ي ا ف د أنھ ة نج ة والخاص بالنظر لألسالیب اإلداریة التي تدار بھا بعض المؤسسات الحكومی لوب اإل ل بأس وم لتعم ة الی ة ماس الیف حاج ل التك عیھا لتقلی ل س ي ظ ا ف یقة، وخصوص دارة الرش تجابة ة، واالس ین الخدم در وتحس یض الھ ذلك وتخف الء ك ات العم یة لمتطلب درة التنافس یم الق وتعظ ي، ل النفس اخ العم ل ومن ة العم ین بیئ والربحیة، وھذا كلھ یتطلب من تلك الجھات أن تعمل على تحس ف ت اعي، توظی ل الجم م العم ق نظ داع وتطبی جیع اإلب ة وتش ي المعرف تثمار ف ة واالس ات الرقاب قنی ي ودة ف واالبتكار، تعزیز قیم الشفافیة والوضوح ومحاربة الروتین ومواكبة المتغیرات الجدیدة الموج .عالمنا المعاصر ار ة لالبتك ة مالئم ة بیئ وظفین وتھیئ الل إدراك الم ن خ ات م ي المؤسس یبرز دور اإلبداع ف دمات، وتطویر األعمال وا دم خ ركة تق فتھا ش كیكدة بص از س اء والغ ع الكھرب لشركة الجزائریة لتوزی ویر ل تط ن أج یقة م تخدام أدوات اإلدارة الرش ذا اس داع وك ل اإلب وافر عوام ة لت ة ماس ي في حاج فھ .وتحسین الخدمات التي تقدمھا لزبائنھا إشكالیة الدراسـة .1.1 أثیر الج ت وف نع ة، س ذه الدراس الل ھ ن خ یقة اإلدارة ام يلرش ق ف وظیفي تحقی داع ال اإلب :التالیة اإلشكالیةالجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة، بحیث تم طرح مؤسسة لل ي وظیفي ف داع ال ةالما مدى إسھام اإلدارة الرشیقة في تحقیق اإلب ع مؤسس ة لتوزی الجزائری ؟بسكیكدة الكھرباء والغاز : ولتوضیح موضوع الدراسة أكثر نطرح التساؤالت التالیة م أثیر دع ا اإلدارةما مدى ت يالعلی ق ف داعتحقی ة اإلب ةالبالوظیفی ع مؤسس ة لتوزی الجزائری الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة ؟ املین ین اإلدارة والع اون ب أثیر التع دى ت ا م يم وظیفي بال ف داع ال ق اإلب ةتحقی مؤسس الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة؟ وظیفي فيما مدى تأثیر االھتمام بالتكوین والتدریب داع ال ةتحقیق اإلب ة بالمؤسس الجزائری لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة؟ ة ة المؤسس ي ثقاف يما مدى تأثیر التغییر ف وظیفي بال ف داع ال ق اإلب ة تحقی ة مؤسس الجزائری والغاز بسكیكدة؟ لتوزیع الكھرباء ھام اإلدارة ى إس ة عل یة والوظیفی رات الشخص ائیة للمتغی ة إحص روق ذات دالل د ف ل توج ھ ي ال وظیفي ف داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی یقة ف ةالرش از مؤسس اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی الجزائری بسكیكدة؟ فرضیات الدراسة. 2.1 ن ة ع ة مبدئی كالیةوكإجاب ابقا ت اإلش ة س اؤالت المطروح یة والتس یة الرئیس ي الفرض م تبن :التالیة یقة α≥0.05 مستوى معنویة عند إحصائیةتوجد عالقة ارتباط ذات داللة ین اإلدارة الرش ب مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 56-39 ص 41 .الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة للمؤسسةواإلبداع الوظیفي :لكي ینبثق عنھا الفرضیات الفرعیة المتمثلة في ائیة ة إحص د یوجد أثر ذو دالل ةعن توى معنوی ا α≥0.05 مس دعم اإلدارة العلی يل ق ف تحقی .الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدةلمؤسسة اإلبداع الوظیفي با فيللتعاون بین اإلدارة والعاملین α≥0.05عند مستوى معنویة یوجد أثر ذو داللة إحصائیة .الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة مؤسسةتحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال دریب α≥0.05عند مستوى معنویة یوجد أثر ذو داللة إحصائیة يلالھتمام بالتكوین والت ف .الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة مؤسسةتحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال ائیة ة إحص ر ذو دالل ة یوجد أث توى معنوی ي α≥0.05عند مس ر ف ة للتغیی ة المؤسس يثقاف ف .الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة بالمؤسسةتحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي ائیة ة إحص روق ذات دالل د ف ة توج توى معنوی د مس یة α ≥0.05عن رات الشخص للمتغی ي ال وظیفي ف داع ال ق اإلب ةوالوظیفیة على إسھام اإلدارة الرشیقة في تحقی ة مؤسس الجزائری .لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة أھداف الدراسة. 3.1 ة ذه الدراس ي ھ ىترم ص إل ي تخ اھیم الت ف المف یح مختل ة بتوض داف المتعلق ق األھ تحقی دى ال ان ل ا إذا ك ى م رف عل وظیفي، والتع داع ال یقة واإلب ةاإلدارة الرش ع مؤسس ة لتوزی الجزائری ي یقة ف ام اإلدارة الرش ق نظ ى تطبی الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة توجھات وإجراءات تسعى من خاللھا إل اء اإلدارةمتطلبات إبرازتحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي، مع ع الكھرب الرشیقة في المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزی . في في المؤسسة محل الدراسةالوظی اإلبداع تحقیقالرشیقة على اإلدارةوالغاز لتبین أثر أھمیة الدراسة. 4.1 الیبھا تكمن أھمیة الدراسة في أنھا تتناول موضوعا حدیثا متمثل في اإلدارة الرشیقة وأس ن ال ع ا فض ا ملموس ون واقع وأدواتھا والتي یمكن من خاللھا االنتقال بمدخل اإلدارة الرشیقة لكي یك ن خال ن م ي یمك ھ، والت داخل بنائ م م وظیفي وأھ داع ال اھیم اإلب ن مف ا ع ارا نظری ق تقدیم إط ا تحقی لھ ى المنافسین وق عل افة،البقاء والنمو والتف ى باإلض ع إل ى واق رف عل ك التع اتذل ادیة المؤسس االقتص ق و تطبی ة نح ارب العالمی ن التج الجزائریة ومدى مواكبتھا للتطورات الحاصلة من خالل االستفادة م .األنظمة الحدیثة في مجال اإلدارة الرشیقة ومنھا اإلبداع الوظیفي ھج الدراسةمن. 5.1 في ة وتم االعتماد على المنھج الوص رات الدراس ف بمتغی الل التعری ن خ ك م ي، وذل التحلیل ر ن متغی ل م ي ك ة ف ة المتمثل ة النظری ن الناحی یقة اإلدارةم داعالرش ب واإلب ا الجان وظیفي، أم ال تعمال ،التطبیقي الل اس ن خ ي م الیبفتم االعتماد على المنھج الكم ائیة األس لوب اإلحص ة وأس دراس از مؤسسةعلى عینة من عمال ال استبیانتم تصمیم وتوزیع الحالة،و اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی الجزائری .spss 20بسكیكدة، ومن أجل معالجة واختبار فرضیات الدراسة تم االعتماد على برنامج األدبیات النظریة للدراسة.2 وظیفي واإلبداعدارة الرشیقة یتناول الجانب النظري مدخل عام لإل نتطرق ال یھم، وس ن إل م :یلي خالل ما الرشیقة اإلدارة 1.2 ودة ا وج ادة إنتاجیتھ ث زی ن حی ات م ات المؤسس ة الحتیاج یقة تلبی اء اإلدارة الرش م إنش ت الیف الي ،منتجاتھا مع تقلیل التك ت الح ي الوق ى وف درتھا عل ى ق اح عل ي النج ة ف درة المؤسس د ق تعتم : تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بالمؤسسة االقتصادیة اإلدارة الرشیقة وأثرھا في .مقیمح ص )الجزائر(دراسة حالة المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة 42 .لصحیحة في المكان والوقت المناسبالحصول على المعرفة ا الرشیقة اإلدارةمفاھیم أساسیة حول 1.1.2 ل یم العم ل تنظ ن أج اقة م اإلدارة الرشیقة ھي طریقة إداریة تتضمن المبادئ الرئیسیة للرش حیح ، وتحسین الكفاءة وأداء األعمال كل ص فھي تتضمن مجموعة من األفعال التي یجب القیام بھا بش ینوفق تتابع إلدارة ان ، وصحیح وفي الوقت الصحیح لخلق قیمة من أجل عمل مع ي ل دف الرئیس الھ ا اإلزالة المستمرة للھدر الرشیقة ھو دف أیض ي تھ تمر، فھ ین المس ق التحس ن طری ة ع وإضافة القیم رعة وتحسین خدمة العمالء إلى ة وس ة المرون ادة درج وردین وزی ع الم ة م دة وقوی ات جی اء عالق بن ك للمتغیرات، االستجابة ى باالضافة الى ذل یقة ال دف االدارة الرش ا تھ ودة نتحسأیض تویات الج ، مس .(walte, 2017, p. 13) زیادة اإلنتاجیةوخفض مستویات المخزون متطلبات اإلدارة الرشیقة . 2.1.2 ن إن تمكن م ات ت ة متطلب ي بمثاب ر ھ ن العناص ة م وفر مجموع ب ت رة تتطل ذه األخی ھ :خاللھا المؤسسات من تطبیق اإلدارة الرشیقة وسیتم توضیحا في ما یلي ا م اإلدارة العلی ي : دع ا ف ا ورغبتھ عور اإلدارة العلی دى ش ى م ف عل لوب یتوق اح األس نج ذه ق ھ ة لتطبی روط الالزم ات والش وفیر اإلمكانی ي ت زام الكل الل االلت ن خ ك م فة، وذل الفلس ق ة تطبی اح عملی ل إنج ن أج ت م ة والوق ریة والمالی ة والبش ات المادی ل اإلمكانی وفیر ك بت لوب م واألس ود معظ ذي یس ي ال ام البیروقراط ن النظ ة م ي المؤسس ام اإلدارة ف ر نظ تغیی ة ي الحری زي یعط ي ال مرك ام دیمقراط ى نظ ة إل دول النامی ي ال ات ف ادرة المؤسس للمب .(benouareth & djaba, 2016, p. 149) واإلبداع تمر : التعاون بین اإلدارة والعاملین ین المس ى التحس ة إل ركات الحدیث ن الش تسعى العدید م ة ابي ،لعملیاتھا وذلك باتخاذ طرق مختلف و إیج ق ج ا خل ن بینھ .mokline, 2019, pp)م ل ،(12-13 ب، ب ة فحس امھم الیومی از مھ ي فھذا الجو ال یساعد الموظفین على إنج ع ف یرف ة و اة الوظیفی ودة الحی توى ج روابط مس ا ال وي أیض ةیق ع اإلدارة االجتماعی ون ، م فیك یھمللموظفین الحافز الكافي إلظھار التفاني المھني ف ن ي إنجاز المھام الموكلة إل ع م ، و الرف .(sayad & mekimah, 2020, pp. 42-43)إنتاجیتھم دي : االھتمام بالتكوین والتدریب نوعا وكما نھج التقلی ن الم ر م ة التغیی ى المؤسس یجب عل ن ة م م بالمرون ذي یتس دیث، ال نھج الح ى الم دریب إل ي الت ى ف وظفین عل دریب الم الل ت خ ھ ة تمكن مھارات متعددة بحیث تعطى للموظف مرونة أكبر ومعرفة أوسع ومھارات متنوع لذا ، من التكیف بشكل أكبر واالستجابة بمرونة أفضل مع متطلبات العمل المتغیرة والمتقلبة تویات ف المس ى مختل دا عل وظفین جی دریب الم ى ت یقة عل ل اإلدارة الرش ار تعم أن باعتب ة تثمار للمؤسس ن ،التدریب یقلل من فرص الضیاع والھدر بوصفھ شكل من أشكال االس فم س ة األس ى معرف دف إل ة تھ ة مختلف ق دورات تكوینی یق وخل وفیر التنس روري ت الض ات ثقافة الرشیقةالوالممارسات الخاصة ب األدواتو دة والتقنی اییر الجدی ى المع والتدریب عل ى ا، إل ول بھ دة المعم ل الجدی ة مث یة المختلف ارات الشخص ویر المھ ب تط جان .(gaudreault, 2017, p. 48)القیادة بحت :التغییر في ثقافة المؤسسة عاراتیة أص یة وش یم مؤسس ھناك أنماط سلوكیة معینة وق ات ة العالق ة وطبیع ب الدینی ع الجوان ة م ي متداخل ات، وھ ز المؤسس ا تمی تمثل طابعا نمطی ط ) كما ھو الحال في المؤسسات الیابانیة(األسریة ود نم ث یس رة حی دادا لألس د امت ي تع الت ا ت، كم ي ذات الوق ارمة ف ة والص ادة األبوی ر القی ز عنص اول تعزی ات تح ذه المؤسس أن ھ ا والء والرض ر ال ة عناص ل لتقوی ي العم تقرار ف ر االس ق عناص وظیفي بتحقی والء ال ال مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 56-39 ص 43 وظیفي ة .ال ر معلن ة غی اط اجتماعی ات وأنم لوكیات وعقلی ى س ز عل ة ترتك ة المؤسس ، فثقاف ادة الم كون أن ون الق ات الثقافة والقیادة ترتبط ارتباطا وثیقا حیث یضع المؤسس ؤثرون ثقاف دمجون ، جدیدة تستمر لعقود ي ین ددة والت ات المتع ة بالثقاف ة تام ى درای م عل وأفضلھم من ھ ة د الحاج ر عن ن التغیی نھم م ا وتمك ي ، وفیھ ر ف ي تزدھ ات الت اء المؤسس ى بن اعدھم عل تس عوبة ر ص ات األكث .groysberg, jermila, jesse, & jud cheng, 2018, p)األوق 4). الوظیفي اإلبداع 2.2 ور ھو اإلبداع الوظیفي إن ات العب طریق المستقبل ألي منظمة، وبدونھ ال تستطیع المؤسس ین إلى ھذا المستقبل مھما كانت كفاءتھا الحالیة، وھو المجال األكثر أھمیة في تعزیز عال ل ب قة التفاع .المنظمة وبیئتھا الوظیفي اإلبداع تعریف 1.2.2 داع د اإلب ة وتولی روط الفعالی ة وش لحة المختلف حاب المص ة ألص دیم قیم و تق وظیفي ھ ال الي وق الح ى الس ا عل د قیمتھ ي تعتم ار الت ات واألفك ,morlà-folch, mar, & eleni)المنتج 2019, p. 2724)، رة كذلك قدرة ورغبة وھو ة أو ،الفرد في اختراع أفكار جدیدة ومبتك ر تقلیدی غی .(vahle-hinz, mauno, de bloom, & kinnunen, 2017, p. 317) فیما یتعلق بعملھ أبعاد اإلبداع الوظیفي 2.2.2 & , lamb, annetta):یلي الوظیفي على مجموعة من األبعاد المتمثلة فیما اإلبداعیقوم vallett, 2015, pp. 225-227) الة ھ،: originalityاألص ین ب ار المحیط رر أفك دع ال یك خص المب ون أي أن الش فتك خاص ياألفكار الت د األش رز عن ي تب ار الت وء األفك ي ض یولدھا جدیدة إذا ما حكمنا علیھا ف زة ت متمی الة إذا كان ائعة اآلخرین، ویمكن الحكم على الفكرة باألص ار الش رر األفك ،وال تك ار رار أفك ن تك ر م ذي ینف خص ال و الش ى ھ ذا المعن یل بھ ر األص والشخص صاحب التفكی . كالتوحلولھم التقلیدیة للمش اآلخرین روف : fluencyالطالقة ان والظ تحرر العقل وانطالق التفكیر خارج حدود الزمان والمك ى درة عل ل الق نح العق ذلك یم ة، وب ددة ومتنوع والتحدیات واألفكار السابقة في اتجاھات متع ب األفكارتولید عدد كبیر من ن تركی ي یمك ة والت ددة والمتنوع ورات المتع دائل والتص والب . ل في النھایة لألفكار اإلبداعیةبعضھا لتص ة رد:tyflexibiliالمرون ون للف ا أن تك ي جوھرھ ة ف ار متنوع ول أفك لب ح وأن ال یتص ي ،یقف عند طریقة واحدة إلیجاد الحلول نوعیة واحدة من الحلول أو تمرار ف ر باس فھو یغی ى أو یر أو المعن ة أو التفس م المھم تعمال، أوفھ تراتیجیة االس ل، أو إس اه العم ي اتج ر ف یغی یس الكیف ول ق ب ة تتعل دف، أي إن المرون دا للھ یرا جدی ي تفس د یعن ذي ق ر ال التفكی . (kenett, levy, kenett, stanley, faust, & havlin, 2018, pp. 2-3)بالكم وعي : sensibility to problemsللمشكالت الحساسیة ا ال كالت یقصد بھ ود مش بوج ي عناصر ضعف في البیئة أو أو الموقف، ویعني ذلك أن بعض األفراد أسرع من غیرھم ف ي ،مالحظة المشكلة والتحقق من وجودھا ى ف وة أول وال شك أن اكتشاف المشكلة یمثل خط ي ور ف ھ القص یتھم إلدراك أوج زداد حساس ذین ت خاص ال ا واألش عملیة البحث عن الحل لھ یزداد المواقف المختل ال س إن االحتم الي ف ھ وبالت ث فی ار البح وض غم فة تزداد فرصتھم لخ .أمامھم نحو اإلبداع الخالق : تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بالمؤسسة االقتصادیة اإلدارة الرشیقة وأثرھا في .مقیمح ص )الجزائر(دراسة حالة المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة 44 اإلدارة الرشیقة بتحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفيعالقة 3.2.2 ي ث ینبغ وظیفي، حی داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی ة ف یمكننا القول أن دعم اإلدارة العلیا لھ أھمیة بالغ ى على المؤسسات أال تكتفي جع عل ل تش ة عم اء بیئ ا، وبن اظ بھ عى لالحتف ل أن تس بجذب الكفاءات ب ن وظفین م تمكن الم ى ی ارب، حت ن التج ر م وض الكثی رص لخ ن الف د م اإلبداع الوظیفي ومنح المزی ن د م تح العدی الل ف ن خ تحقیق اإلبداع في جمیع األعمال الموكلة لھم، ویمكن للشركات تحقیق ذلك م دةقنوات االتصال بین كل ار الجدی ل األفك ب لتقب ر ، والمستویات وبناء الثقة وتھیئة المناخ المناس یعتب ما ددا حاس ا مح رفون أیض ونالمش م یلعب ا أنھ رافھم كم راد بإش ى األف أثیر عل ي الت ا ف دورا مركزی ار أو تخفاف بأفك ة واالس ف والغطرس ن التعس األخالقي في المنظمات، وذلك بتواضعھم وابتعادھم ع ر ات نظ ى وجھ ول عل ى الحص وظفین عل اعد الم ا یس ذا م ر ھ ار الغی ى أفك احھم عل رین، وانفت اآلخ ود ة وج ادة فرص داعي وزی لوك اإلب رض الس ي ع ر ف اعد أكث ا یس مشاعر إیجابیة حول وظائفھم، كم ة ر إیجابی دات أكث ات ومعتق ا أن ، .(miao, abdulkhamid, & alisher, 2020, p. 4)توقع كم ات ل المؤسس ل داخ داع العام ادة إب ى زی ؤدي إل ذلك ت ة ك ة والتدریبی دورات التكوینی ذه ،ال من ھ فض ب أداء ى جان الدورات ھناك تأثیرات رئیسیة على تطویر تفكیر متباین والقدرة على حل المشكالت إل لوكیاتھ ھ وس ذلك مواقف ف، ك توى الموظ ن مس ارات یتحس ة والمھ ف المعرف ب الموظ دما یكتس فعن ھ ا أن ، ((yevugarh & caesar, 2018, p. 17)إبداع اییر كم ھ مع ة ل ة المؤسس ي ثقاف ر ف التغیی ف ار الموظ و إجب ر ھ ن التغیی دف م ون الھ ث یك داع حی محددة أھمھا یجب أن تؤدي إلى تحسین اإلب ھ على ون أساس ذا یك ل ھ دة وك اھج جدی میم من وم بتص دعا ویق ا ومب بح خالق ترك الموجود، وأن یص داع إذا ،الثقة بحیث یجب أن یثق الموظف في المدیر عندما یتدخل ن اإلب ویمكن تحقیق درجة عالیة م ن یشكل دعم التغییروأن كانت الثقافة التنظیمیة التي أنشأتھا اإلدارة تعزز ارتفاع درجة الثقة زءا م ج ر ع التغیی ف م ي التكی ھ ف ف ورغبت داع الموظ جع إلب لوك المش ام (الس دة للقی رق جدی ط .(martins & martins, 2002, p. 62))باألشیاء االطار التطبیقي للدراسة.3 ولبھدف اختبار فرضیا ائج ح ى نت یقة ت الدراسة والوصول ال ر االدارة الرش يأث ق ف تحقی .االبداع الوظیفي، تم دراسة المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة كدراسة حالة الدراسة منھجیة. 1.3 ة ات الدراس ات ومعلوم ل بیان رض تحلی یاتھا بغ ار فرض ا واختب ائج، قمن تنتاج النت واس .وأسلوب دراسة الحالة واإلحصائیةالكمیة األسالیبباالعتماد على اإلحصائیةأسالیب المعالجة . 2.3 ة امج الحزم الل برن ن خ ائیةم ة اإلحص وم االجتماعی ق العل ة )(spssلتطبی ت المعالج تم :التالیة اإلحصائیةبتحلیل البیانات باستخدام األسالیب اإلحصائیة المتوسط الحسابي واالنحراف المعیاري وذلك من أجل دراسة اتجاھات أفراد عینة الدراسة .تغیرات الدراسة وتحلیلھاحول م .معامل ألفا كرونباخ لقیاس مدى ثبات أداة الدراسة .اختبار التوزیع الطبیعي تقلة رات المس ین المتغی اط ب ة االرتب ى درج رف عل ل التع ن أج اط م ل االرتب مصفوفة معام .والمتغیر التابع .الختبار صالحیة نموذج الدراسة anovaاختبار ا ذال r2معامل التحدید ین لن ابع، ویب ر الت ي المتغی تقل ف ر المس ي یقیس مدى مساھمة المتغی مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 56-39 ص 45 .النسبة التي تؤثر في المتغیر المستقل على المتغیر التابع مجتمع وعینة الدراسة 3.3 ي ال املین ف وع الع ة بمجم ع الدراس ةقدر مجتم از مؤسس اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی –الجزائری در حجم 566البالغ عددھم -سكیكدة یطة ق وائیة بس ة عش ة عامل، وتم اختیار عین الل معادل ن خ ا م ھ .ستیفن ثامبسون = × (1 − ) [[ − 1 × ( ÷ )] + (1 − )] :حیث n حجم العینة. .حجم المجتمع n z 1.96(وتساوي )0.95(الدرجة المعیاریة المقابلة لمستوى الداللة(. d 0.05(نسبة الخطأ وتساوي(. p 0.50(نسبة توفر الخاصیة والمحایدة وتساوي(. : وعلیھ n=[566x0.50(1-0.50)] / [566-1x(0.0025/3.841)+0.50(1-0.50)] n =141.5 / [(565x0.00065)+0.25] n =141.5 / 0.617 n=230 ة ة الدراس ى عین ول عل م الحص ة ت ع الدراس ى مجتم اله عل وذج أع ق النم د تطبی درة بع المق %85.22حلیل أي بنسبة استجابة قدرھا تاستمارة قابلة لل 196تم استرجاع عامل، 230بحوالي أداة الدراسةوثبات صدق . 4.3 داخلي إلىسنتطرق من خالل ذلك اق ال افةصدق االتس ى باإلض ا إل ات ألف ل الثب ك معام ذل :یلي ما كرونباخ والمتمثلة في صدق االتساق الداخلي. 1.4.3 من خالل حساب معامل االرتباط بیرسون محورلقد تم حساب صدق االتساق الداخلي لكل : ویمكن توضیح ذلك من خالل ما یلي لمحور اإلدارة الرشیقة الداخلي االتساق صدق قیاس: 1جدول معامل االرتباط العبارات بیرسون مستوى الداللة 0,000 **0,866 محور اإلدارة الرشیقة 0,000 **0,806 محور اإلبداع الوظیفي spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحثمن إعداد ال: المصدر م دول رق الل الج ن خ ح أن ) 01(م ة یتض ة القیم ت لاإلجمالی یقة بلغ ور اإلدارة الرش مح ة 0,866 توى دالل د مس ائیا عن ة إحص ة ودال ي موجب ة ، 0,01وھ ین القیم ي ح ةف ور اإلجمالی لمح ة 0,806الوظیفي بلغت اإلبداع توى دالل د مس ائیا عن ة إحص ة ودال ي موجب إن 0,01وھ الي ف ، وبالت .العبارات صادقة لما وضعت لقیاسھ )ا كرونباخألف( أداة الدراسة ثبات 2.4.3 ن ر م ا أكث ادة توزیعھ م إع و ت ة ل س النتیج رة نف ذه األخی یقصد بثبات االستمارة أن تعطي ھ : تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بالمؤسسة االقتصادیة اإلدارة الرشیقة وأثرھا في .مقیمح ص )الجزائر(دراسة حالة المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة 46 ا دم تغییرھ ا وع ي نتائجھ تقرار ف مرة تحت نفس الظروف والشروط، أي بمعنى ثبات االستمارة االس ن ق م م التحق د ت رات، وق دة م ة ع تبانة بشكل كبیر فیما لو تم إعادة توزیعھا على أفراد العین ات اس ثب : البحث من خالل حساب معامل ألفا كرونباخ كما ھي مبینة في الجدول التالي )ألفا كرونباخ(معامالت الثبات :2جدول معامل ألفا كرونباخ عدد العبارات األقسام 0,661 05 دعم اإلدارة العلیا 0,724 05 التعاون بین اإلدارة والعاملین والتدریب كما ونوعااالھتمام بالتكوین 05 0,750 0,840 05 التغییر في ثقافة المؤسسة 0,858 محور اإلدارة الرشیقة 0,729 05 األصالة 0,799 05 الطالقة 0,822 05 المرونة 0,778 05 الحساسیة للمشكالت 0,872 محور اإلبداع الوظیفي 0,894 40 اإلجمالي spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحثمن إعداد ال: المصدر م دول رق ذا الج یر ھ اد ) 02(یش ىباالعتم ا إل ل ألف ة معام ا أن قیم ل علیھ ائج المحص النت اوزت ام تج ین %60كرونباخ لمختلف األقس راوح ب ي تت ة، 0,840و 0,661وھ ة مرتفع ي قیم وھ وھي قیمة مرتفعة كذلك، وھذا یدل على 0,894في حین أن القیمة اإلجمالیة لمعامل الفاكرونباخ ھي .ثبات أداة القیاس من ناحیة العبارات التي تضمنتھا االستبانة ى ا عل ا یجعلن تمارة ھذا یعني أن أداة الدراسة تتمیز بالثبات والدقة مم حة االس ة بص ة تام ثق .وصالحیتھا لتحلیل النتائج واإلجابة على كافة تساؤالت الدراسة، واختبار الفرضیات الطبیعي اختبار التوزیع.5.3 التوزیع الطبیعي لمحاور الدراسة: 3جدول kolmogorov-smirnov *z sigقیمة المحاور 0,336 0,943 جمیع محاور الدراسة α<0.05كان مستوى الداللة إذا طبیعيیكون التوزیع * spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحثمن إعداد ال: المصدر م دول رق ى الج ة ) 03(بالنظر إل توى دالل د مس ع ) 0,05(وعن اور تتب ع المح ین أن جمی یتب ن ر م اور أكب ل المح و) 0,05(التوزیع الطبیعي، حیث كانت نسب التوزیع الطبیعي لك لوب وھ األس ا ة علیھ ارات المعلمی راء االختب ن إج الي یمك ة، وبالت ذه الدراس ائیة لھ ة اإلحص ي المعالج د ف المعتم .لإلجابة على الفرضیات الموضوعة التعلیق على نتائج الدراسة. 6.3 ور ل مح الل تحلی ن خ تبانة م اور االس ول مح ة ح ة الدراس راد عین ات أف ل اتجاھ یتم تحلی س :یلي الوظیفي كما ھي مبینة في ما واإلبداعالرشیقة اإلدارة الرشیقة ةمحور اإلدار.1.6.3 :یمكن تلخیص عبارات محور اإلدارة الرشیقة فیما یلي مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 56-39 ص 47 نتائج إجابات عینة الدراسة على محور اإلدارة الرشیقة :4جدول الترتیب درجة الموافقة االنحراف المعیاري المتوسط الحسابي 4 متوسطة 0,66420 3,3082 دعم اإلدارة العلیا 3 متوسطة 0,77754 3,3602 التعاون بین اإلدارة والعاملین 1 مرتفعة 0,74960 3,5398 االھتمام بالتكوین والتدریب نوعا وكما 2 متوسطة 0,86835 3,3959 التغییر في ثقافة المؤسسة مرتفعة 0,57363 3,4010 الرشیقة اإلدارة spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحثمن إعداد ال: المصدر در ابي یق ط حس یقة متوس ور اإلدارة الرش ق مح الي حق كل إجم راف 3,4010بش وانح ور 0,57363معیاري ن مح ة ع ة الدراس راد عین رف أف ن ط ة م ة مرتفع ة موافق ین درج ا یب ذا م ، ھ ذا ى، وھ ة األول ي المرتب اإلدارة الرشیقة، حیث جاء عنصر االھتمام بالتكوین والتدریب نوعا وكما ف ر راجع لحیازة الش ا عنص م تلیھ ا، ث ة بھ وین خاص ز تك ع مراك دریب وأرب دارس ت الث م ركة على ث ر أتي عنص ر ی ي األخی املین وف ین اإلدارة والع اون ب ر التع ا عنص م تلیھ ة ث ة المؤسس التغییر في ثقاف . دعم اإلدارة العلیا یقة ي بصفة عامة یمكن القول أن جمیع آراء أفراد عینة الدراسة حول متغیر اإلدارة الرش ھ .وتطبیق متطلباتھا بتبني اإلدارة الرشیقة وھذا یدل على التزام الشركة إیجابیة :محور اإلبداع الوظیفي.2.6.3 :یمكن تلخیص عبارات محور اإلبداع الوظیفي فیما یلي نتائج إجابات عینة الدراسة على محور اإلبداع الوظیفي: 5جدول االنحراف المتوسط الحسابي المعیاري الترتیب درجة الموافقة 4 مرتفعة 0,68770 3,5173 األصالة 2 مرتفعة 0,66688 3,7245 الطالقة 1 مرتفعة 0,65169 3,7306 المرونة 3 مرتفعة 0,61683 3,7061 الحساسیة للمشكالت مرتفعة 0,48480 3,6696 اإلبداع الوظیفي spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحثمن إعداد ال: المصدر در ابي یق ط حس وظیفي متوس داع ال ور اإلب ق مح الي حق كل إجم راف 3,6696بش وانح ور 0,48480معیاري ن مح ة ع ة الدراس راد عین رف أف ن ط ة م ة مرتفع ة موافق ین درج ا یب ذا م ، ھ ر ر ا اإلبداع الوظیفي، حیث جاء عنص ا عنص م تلیھ ى ث ة األول ي المرتب ة ف ةالمرون ر لطالق م عنص ث .الحساسیة للمشكالت وفي األخیر یأتي عنصر األصالة بصفة عامة یمكن القول أن جمیع آراء أفراد عینة الدراسة حول متغیر اإلبداع الوظیفي ھي الم ى ع دخول إل إیجابیة، وھذا یدل على إدراكھم ألھمیة اإلبداع الوظیفي ودوره في تطویر الشركة لل .المنافسة رضیاتالف اختبار. 7.3 یقة ر االدارة الرش د أث ك لتحدی یة وذل یة الرئیس ة والفرض یات الفرعی ار الفرض سیتم اختب ق ي تحقی داعف م اإلب ث ت كیكدة، بحی از بس اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی ة الجزائری ي المؤسس وظیفي ف ال .استخدام تحلیل االنحدار البسیط الختبار كل فرضیة فرعیة ولىالفرضیة الفرعیة األاختبار 1.7.3 ة : (تنص على أنھ توى معنوی د مس ائیة عن ة إحص ر ذو دالل د أث دعم اإلدارة α ≥0.05یوج ل : تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بالمؤسسة االقتصادیة اإلدارة الرشیقة وأثرھا في .مقیمح ص )الجزائر(دراسة حالة المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة 48 .)سكیكدة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز مؤسسةالعلیا في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال مؤسسةنتیجة تحلیل االنحدار البسیط الختبار أثر دعم اإلدارة العلیا في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال :6جدول معنویة نموذج االنحدار معامل fقیمة معامل التحدید االرتباط قیمة tقیمة المعامالت مستوى الداللة sig 0,252 0,063 13,120 0.000 معنویة معامالت نموذج االنحدار 0.000 6.705 1.869 الثابت x 1( 0.184 3.622 0.000( دعم اإلدارة العلیا spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحثمن إعداد ال: المصدر م دول رق ح الج وظیفي بال )6(یوض داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی ا ف م اإلدارة العلی ر دع ةأث مؤسس دعم الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة، حیث أظھرت النتائج وجود أثر ذو داللة إحصائیة ل وظیفي بال داع ال ق اإلب ةاإلدارة العلیا في تحقی اط مؤسس ل االرتب غ معام توى ) 0,252(، إذ بل د مس عن توى من التغیرا) %6,3( قیمتھ أي ما) 0,063(ومعامل تحدید 0,05أقل من 0,000داللة ي مس ت ف ة ة درج ت قیم ا بلغ ا، كم م اإلدارة العلی ة دع توى أھمی ي مس ر ف ن التغی اتج ع وظیفي ن داع ال اإلب وھذا یعبر عن أن الزیادة في مستوى دعم اإلدارة العلیا یؤدي إلى الزیادة في مستوى ) 0,184(التأثیر توى ) 3,622( tةوقیم) f )13,120تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي وما یبین معنویة ھذا األثر قیمة عند مس ھα≥0.05معنویة ى أن ائیة : ، وھذا ما یؤكد صحة الفرضیة والتي تنص عل ة إحص ر ذو دالل د أث یوج ة توى معنوی وظیفي بال α≥0.05عند مس داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی ا ف دعم اإلدارة العلی ةل ة مؤسس الجزائری :، ویعرف بالعالقة التالیةلتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة y = 1.869 + 0.184x1 اختبار الفرضیة الفرعیة الثانیة 2.7.3 ھ ى أن نص عل ة (ت توى معنوی د مس ائیة عن ة إحص ر ذو دالل د أث ین α≥0.05یوج اون ب للتع .)الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة مؤسسةاإلدارة والعاملین في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال مؤسسةنتیجة تحلیل االنحدار البسیط الختبار أثر التعاون بین اإلدارة والعاملین في تحقیقاإلبداع الوظیفي بال :7جدول معنویة نموذج االنحدار معامل fقیمة معامل التحدید االرتباط قیمة tقیمة المعامالت مستوى الداللة sig 0,249 0,062 12,854 0.000 معنویة معامالت االنحدارنموذج 0.000 6.876 1.669 الثابت x2( 0,155 3,585 0.000(التعاون بین اإلدارة والعاملین spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحثمن إعداد ال: المصدر م دول رق ح الج وظیفي ) 7(یوض داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی املین ف ین اإلدارة والع اون ب ر التع أث ة بال ع مؤسس ة لتوزی ة الجزائری ر ذو دالل ود أث ائج وج رت النت ث أظھ كیكدة، حی از بس اء والغ الكھرب اط مؤسسةإحصائیة للتعاون بین اإلدارة والعاملین في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال ، إذ بلغ معامل االرتب مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 56-39 ص 49 ھ أي ما) 0,062(ومعامل تحدید 0,05أقل من 0,000عند مستوى داللة ) 0,249( ) %06,2(قیمت ي م رات ف ن التغی ین اإلدارة م اون ب ة التع توى أھمی ي مس ر ف ن التغی اتج ع وظیفي ن داع ال توى اإلب س ین ) 0,155(والعاملین، كما بلغت قیمة درجة التأثیر وھذا یعبر عن أن الزیادة في مستوى التعاون ب ر ذا األث ة ھ ین معنوی ا یب وظیفي وم داع ال ق اإلب توى تحقی ي مس اإلدارة والعاملین یؤدي إلى الزیادة ف ة ق ة) f )12,854یم ن ) t )3,585وقیم ل م ة أق توى معنوی د مس حة 0,05عن د ص ا یؤك ذا م ، وھ ة : الفرضیة والتي تنص على أنھ توى معنوی د مس ائیة عن ة إحص ر ذو دالل د أث اون α≥0.05یوج للتع وظیفي بال داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی املین ف ین اإلدارة والع ةب از مؤسس اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی الجزائری :، ویعرف بالعالقة التالیةبسكیكدة y = 1.669+ 0,155x2 اختبار الفرضیة الفرعیة الثالثة 3.7.3 ھ ى أن نص عل ة (ت توى معنوی د مس ائیة عن ة إحص ر ذو دالل د أث ام α≥0.05یوج لالھتم وظیفي بال داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی دریب ف التكوین والت ةب از مؤسس اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی الجزائری .)بسكیكدة مؤسسةنتیجة تحلیل االنحدار البسیط الختبار أثر االھتمام بالتكوین والتدریب في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال: 8جدول معنویة نموذج االنحدار sigالداللة مستوى tقیمة قیمةالمعامالت fقیمة معامل التحدید معامل االرتباط 0,301 0,091 19,351 0.000 معنویة معامالت نموذج االنحدار 0.000 7.086 1.756 الثابت x3( 0,195 4,399 0.000(االھتمام بالتكوین والتدریب spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحثمن إعداد ال :المصدر م دول رق ح الج ق ) 8(یوض ي تحقی دریب ف التكوین والت ام ب ر االھتم وظیفي أث داع ال اإلب ةبال ة مؤسس ر ذو دالل ود أث ائج وج رت النت ث أظھ كیكدة، حی از بس اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی الجزائری وظیفي بال داع ال ةإحصائیة لالھتمام بالتكوین والتدریب في تحقیق اإلب اط مؤسس ل االرتب غ معام ، إذ بل ھ أي ما) 0,091(ومعامل تحدید 0,05أقل من 0,000عند مستوى داللة ) 0,301( ) %09,1( قیمت ن التكوین م ام ب ة االھتم توى أھمی ي مس ر ف ن التغی اتج ع وظیفي ن داع ال توى اإلب ي مس رات ف التغی أثیر ة الت ة درج ت قیم ا بلغ ام ) 0,195(والتدریب، كم توى االھتم ي مس ادة ف ن أن الزی ر ع ذا یعب وھ االزیادة في مستوى تحقیق اإلبداع بالتكوین والتدریب یؤدي إلى وظیفي وم ر ال ذا األث ة ھ ین معنوی یب یة α≥0.05عند مستوى معنویة ) 4,399( tوقیمة) f )19,351قیمة حة الفرض ، وھذا ما یؤكد ص ة : والتي تنص على أنھ توى معنوی د مس ائیة عن التكوین α≥0.05یوجد أثر ذو داللة إحص ام ب لالھتم رف توزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدةالجزائریة ل مؤسسةوالتدریب في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال ، ویع :بالعالقة التالیة y = 1.756+ 0,195x3 اختبار الفرضیة الفرعیة الرابعة 4.7.3 للتغییر في ثقافة α≥0.05یوجد أثر ذو داللة إحصائیة عند مستوى معنویة (تنص على أنھ .)الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة مؤسسةالمؤسسة في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال : تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بالمؤسسة االقتصادیة اإلدارة الرشیقة وأثرھا في .مقیمح ص )الجزائر(دراسة حالة المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة 50 مؤسسةنتیجة تحلیل االنحدار البسیط الختبار أثر التغییر في ثقافة المؤسسة في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال: 9جدول معنویة نموذج االنحدار tقیمة المعامالت قیمة fقیمة معامل التحدید معامل االرتباط مستوى sigالداللة 0,387 0,150 34,266 0.000 معنویة معامالت نموذج االنحدار 0.000 7.887 1.907 الثابت x4( 0,216 5,854 0.000(التغییر في ثقافة المؤسسة spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحثمن إعداد ال: المصدر م دول رق ح الج داع ) 9(یوض ق اإلب ي تحقی ة ف ة المؤسس ي ثقاف ر ف ر التغیی وظیفي أث ال ةبال ة مؤسس ر ذو دالل ود أث ائج وج رت النت ث أظھ كیكدة، حی از بس اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی الجزائری وظیفي بال داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی ة ف ة المؤسس ي ثقاف ةإحصائیة للتغییر ف اط مؤسس ل االرتب غ معام ، إذ بل ة ) 0,387( ن 0,000عند مستوى دالل ل م د 0,05أق ل تحدی ا) 0,150(ومعام ھق أي م ) %15( یمت ة ي ثقاف ر ف ة التغیی توى أھمی ي مس ر ف ن التغی اتج ع وظیفي ن داع ال توى اإلب ي مس رات ف ن التغی م ر ) 0,216(المؤسسة، كما بلغت قیمة درجة التأثیر م التغیی وھذا یعبر عن أن الزیادة في مستوى دع ا یب وظیفي وم داع ال ر في ثقافة المؤسسة یؤدي إلى الزیادة في مستوى تحقیق اإلب ذا األث ة ھ ین معنوی ، وھذا ما یؤكد صحة الفرضیة α≥0.05عند مستوى معنویة ) 5,854( tوقیمة) f )34,266قیمة ھ ة : والتي تنص على أن توى معنوی د مس ائیة عن ة إحص ر ذو دالل د أث ة α≥0.05یوج ي ثقاف ر ف للتغیی كیكدةالجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء مؤسسةالمؤسسة في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بال رف والغاز بس ، ویع :بالعالقة التالیة y = 1.907+ 0,216x4 الفرعیة الخامسة اختبار الفرضیة 5.7.3 ة توى معنوی د مس ائیة عن ة إحص روق ذات دالل د ف یة α ≥0.05توج رات الشخص للمتغی ي وظیفي ف داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی یقة ف ھام اإلدارة الرش ى إس ة عل ةوالوظیفی ع المؤسس ة لتوزی الجزائری .الكھرباء والغاز سكیكدة في تحقیق اإلبداع للفروق في متوسطات إجابات المبحوثین حول إسھام اإلدارة الرشیقة tنتائج اختبار ): 10(جدول تعزى لمتغیر الجنس الجزائریة مؤسسةالوظیفي في ال الحسابي المتوسط العدد الجنس االنحراف مستوى المعنویة المحسوبة tقیمة المعیاري 0.44804 3.5311 184 ذكر 0,596 0.38376 3.6000 12 أنثى 0.561 spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج الباحثمن إعداد : المصدر وحیث أن قیمة مستوى الداللة ،0.561الداللة ومستوى 0,596المحسوبة ) t(بلغت قیمة ین 0.05>0.561 ا ب ة معنوی روق دال د ف طات فال توج ي متوس یقة ف اھمة اإلدارة الرش مس ي ال وظیفي ف داع ال ةتحقیق اإلب ة مؤسس اث الجزائری ذكور واإلن ي ال ین . لفئت ودة ب روق الموج وأن الف .متوسطات فئتي الذكور واإلناث مجرد فروق حسابیة لیس لھا داللة معنویة مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 56-39 ص 51 المبحوثین حول مساھمة اإلدارة الرشیقة للفروق في إجابات one way anova تحلیل التباین األحادي ): 11(جدول .تعزى للمتغیرات الوظیفیةمؤسسة في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي في ال spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحثمن إعداد ال: المصدر اھمة ول مس ة ح راد العین ي آراء أف ائیة ف ة إحص روق ذات دالل د ف ھ ال توج ائج أن ین النت تب ي الاإلدارة وظیفي ف داع ال ةالرشیقة في تحقیق اإلب ة مؤسس زى الجزائری از تع اء والغ ع الكھرب لتوزی ة رات الوظیفی ة . للمتغی ت قیم ث بلغ ور حی ذا المح ي ھ وبة fف ، 0,825، 0,340، 0,468المحس ي وھذا ما 0,05، على الترتیب عند مستوى داللة أكبر من 0,485 روق ف ات یؤكد عدم وجود ف إجاب ي الاإلدارة المبحوثین حول مساھمة ةالرشیقة في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي ف ع مؤسس ة لتوزی الجزائری ة رات الوظیفی زى للمتغی كیكدة تع از بس اء والغ یة ، والكھرب ض الفرض م رف ة ت ذه النتیج ى ھ اء عل بن ة ال : وقبول الفرضیة البدیلة التي تنص على أنھ توى معنوی د مس ائیة عن ة إحص توجد فروق ذات دالل 0.05≤α ي وظیفي ف داع ال ق اإلب ي تحقی یقة ف اھمة اإلدارة الرش بإجابات أفراد عینة الدراسة حول مس .یكدة تعزى لمتغیرات الشخصیة و الوظیفیةالجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسك مؤسسةال اختبار الفرضیة الرئیسیة 6.7.3 ھ ى أن نص عل ة (ت ة معنوی اط ذات دالل ة ارتب د عالق یقة α≥0.05توج ین اإلدارة الرش ب .)الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز سكیكدة مؤسسةواإلبداع الوظیفي بال المصدر المحورعنوان المتغیر مجموع المربعات درجة الحریة متوسط fقیمة المربعات مستوى المعنویة اإلدارة العمر الرشیقة 0,705 0.468 0,093 3 0.279 بین المجموعات 0,199 192 38,130 داخل المجموعات 195 38,408 المجموع المستوى الدراسي اإلدارة الرشیقة 0,796 0.340 0,068 3 0.203 بین المجموعات 0,199 192 38,206 داخل المجموعات 195 38,408 المجموع المنصب الوظیفي اإلدارة الرشیقة 0,440 0.825 0,163 3 0,326 بین المجموعات 0,197 192 38,083 داخل المجموعات 195 38,408 المجموع سنوات الخبرة اإلدارة الرشیقة 0,693 0.485 0,096 3 0.289 بین المجموعات 0,199 192 38,119 داخل المجموعات 195 38,408 المجموع : تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بالمؤسسة االقتصادیة اإلدارة الرشیقة وأثرھا في .مقیمح ص )الجزائر(دراسة حالة المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة 52 مؤسسةالمتعدد الختبار العالقة بین اإلدارة الرشیقة واإلبداع الوظیفي في النتیجة تحلیل االنحدار ): 12( جدول معنویة نموذج االنحدار معامل االرتباط معامل fقیمة التحدید قیمة المعامالت مستوى الداللة sig 0,423 0,179 10,421 0.000 معنویة معامالت نموذج االنحدار 0.000 0.996 الثابت x1 0.199 0.000 x2 0,132 0.000 x3 0,201 0.000 x4 0,308 0.000 spssباالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج باحث من إعداد ال :المصدر م دول رق ح الج وظیفي بال) 13(یوض داع ال یقة واإلب ین اإلدارة الرش ة ب ةالعالق مؤسس ة ة ذات دالل ود عالق ائج وج رت النت ث أظھ كیكدة، حی از بس اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی الجزائری وظیفي بال داع ال یقة واإلب ةإحصائیةبین اإلدارة الرش اط ، إذمؤسس ل االرتب غ معام ا ) 0,423(بل أي م بتھ ة %) 42,3(نس توى دالل د مس طة عن اط متوس ة ارتب ي درج ن 0,000وھ ل م ل 0,05أق ومعام ر ) %17,9(قیمتھ أي ما) 0,179( تحدید ن التغی اتج ع وظیفي ن داع ال توى اإلب ي مس من التغیرات ف ة ة قیم ذه العالق ة ھ ین معنوی ا یب یقة، وم ة اإلدارة الرش توى أھمی ي مس توى ) f )10,421ف د مس عن توجد عالقة ارتباط ذات داللة : ، وھذا ما یؤكد صحة الفرضیة والتي تنص على أنھα≥0.05معنویة از مؤسسةبین اإلدارة الرشیقة واإلبداع الوظیفي بالα≥0.05نویة مع اء والغ ع الكھرب الجزائریة لتوزی .بسكیكدة ة یقة وتنمی من خالل القیم المحصلة یمكن كتابة معادلة االنحدار بداللة عناصر االدارة الرش : كما یلي لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدةالوظیفي لمؤسسة اإلبداع y= 0.996 +0.199x1 +0,132x2 + 0,201x3 + 0,308x4 الخالصة .4 ة أدوات اإلدارةتعد رد علب ت مج ي لیس ات، فھ ین أداء المنظم ا لتحس الرشیقة طریقا مھم ة ةوتقنیات یتم تطبیقھا للوصول للنجاح فھي ثقافة تنظیمی دف وإداری ا تھ ة كونھ ىقوی ین أداء إل تحس ن ث ع تخدامھا بالبح تم اس المؤسسة من خالل تطویر جمیع الموظفین، بحیث تسمح ھذه الثقافة التي ی افة ظروف التشغیل المثالیة من خالل تعزیز العمل الجماعي للموظفین والمعدات، وذلك من أجل إض .الخدمات التي تقدمھا المؤسسة إلىقیمة م وع ت ذا الموض تنا لھ الل دراس ن خ ائج م ن النت ة م ى مجموع ل إل ا التوص رد بھ ي تنف والت : دراستنا عن الدراسات السابقة التي تحصلنا علیھا وتناولت الموضوع، ویمكن تلخیصھا یما یلي از اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی ركة الجزائری تعداد الش ة واس ى رغب أكدت نتائج التحلیل عل ا، ع متطلباتھ االلتزام بجمی ك ب یقة وذل بسكیكدة في تطبیق وتعزیز منھجیة اإلدارة الرش إال أن درجة التطبیق متوسطة؛ ة ركة الجزائری ع یتم ممارسة اإلبداع الوظیفي بجمیع أبعاده بمستوى مرتفع بالش لتوزی الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة؛ ات ن متطلب ل م اإلدارةأظھرت نتائج الدراسة وجود أثر ضعیف ذو داللة إحصائیة لك املین، ین اإلدارة والع اون ب ا، التع م اإلدارة العلی ي، دع ة ف ردة والمتمثل یقة منف الرش دا ق اإلب ي تحقی ة، ف وظیفي االھتمام بالتكوین والتدریب، والتغییر في ثقافة المؤسس ع ال بالشركة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة؛ مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 56-39 ص 53 ة ة معنوی ة ذات دالل طة وموجب اط متوس ة ارتب د عالق أوضحت نتائج الدراسة أنھ توج ة ركة الجزائری وظیفي بالش داع ال ة واإلب یقة مجتمع ات اإلدارة الرش ف متطلب بین مختل .لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة لوب ي األس ة أن تبن ادة المرون اكل وزی ف المش ول لمختل اد حل ي إیج اعد ف یق یس الرش ف، ى التكی درة عل ا والق م كم تمر، ودع ین المس ى التحس ل عل یقة تعم أن اإلدارة الرش ة وارد التنظیمی ة والم ات اإلداری ین األداء والممارس در، وتحس ن الھ الي م اء الخ البن .والبشریة جیعھ كما ركة وتش ار نجد أن اھتمام مدیر الش د األفك ي تولی د ف دعین یزی وظفین المب للم الناجحة والخالقة لدیھم، وأنھ من الضروري االھتمام بالتدریب والتكوین لما یلعباه من . دور ھام في إبداع الموظف من ناحیة وظیفي، ال داع ال ق اإلب یقة لتحقی ات اإلدارة الرش تخدام متطلب د اس ھ عن ى أن افة إل إض وظفین ین الم روق ب د ف اھمة توج ول مس ة ح یة والوظیفی رات الشخص زى للمتغی تع .اإلدارة الرشیقة في تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي ات یات للمؤسس ن التوص ة م دم مجموع ة، نق ذه الدراس الل ھ ن خ ابقة وم ائج الس ن النت م ام رورة االھتم از بض اء والغ ع الكھرب اإلدارةالجزائریة لتوزی ي ب رة ف ة كبی ن أھمی ھ م ا ل یقة لم الرش ا الوظیفي، والعمل على اإلبداع تحقیق زیادة االھتمام والتوسع في تطبیق متطلبات اإلدارة الرشیقة لم ائع ، مع ضرورة لھا من أثر واضح في تحقیق عناصر اإلبداع الوظیفي در والض ل الھ ة تقلی ر ثقاف نش دمات ة الخ یم قیم ركة، لتعظ اطات الش تمر لنش ین المس طة التحس ة بین العاملین، من خالل أنش المقدم .للعمالء ة ل الدراس ة مح ى المؤسس ا عل ى كم ؤدي إل ذي ی وظیفي ال داع ال ى اإلب املین عل جیع الع تش ة ح كیفی دیرین توض ة للم رامج تدریبی الل ب ن خ ك م تم ذل تحقیق التطور والتقدم للشركة، ویمكن أن ی ااستخدام استغالل الطاقات اإلبداعیة التي تساھم في زیادة إرادات الشركة، وتحقی و لھ اء والنم ، ق البق رورة ع ض كیكدة م از بس اء والغ ع الكھرب ة لتوزی ركة الجزائری ي الش داع ف نة لإلب اء إدارة حاض إنش داعي ر اإلب ارات التفكی ة مھ ى تنمی ل عل زین والعم دعین والمتمی تكون مسئولة عن دعم وتشجیع المب ا ى تطبیقھ ل . لدیھم، وتبني األفكار اإلبداعیة والعمل عل ذا یعم داع فھ ى اإلب ف عل جیع الموظ ى تش عل .وطرح األفكار اإلبداعیة )references( المراجع benouareth, a., & djaba, a. (2016). dwr alm'essat alentajyh fy ttbyq aslwb "aledarh alrshyqh" drash mydanyh 'ela alm'essat alsydlanyh aljza'eryh . journal of science and technology , 17 (2), 142-157. gaudreault, c. (2017). les impacts liés à l'implantation du lean dans les organisations au service des humains.[the impacts associated with the implementation of lean in organizations serving humans]. quebec: research paper. university of quebec at chicoutimi. groysberg, b., jermila, l., jesse, p., & jud cheng, j. (2018). the leader's guide to corporate culture. harvard business review. retrieved from https://www.spencerstuart.com//media/2020/may/hbr_leaders_guide_corporate_culture_updated.pdf : تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بالمؤسسة االقتصادیة اإلدارة الرشیقة وأثرھا في .مقیمح ص )الجزائر(دراسة حالة المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة 54 kenett, y. n., levy, o., kenett, d. y., stanley, h. e., faust, m., & havlin, s. (2018). flexibility of thought in high creative individuals represented by percolation analysis. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 115(5), 867–872. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717362115 lamb, r., annetta , l., & vallett, d. (2015). la interrelación de la creatividad, fluidez, pensamiento lateral y tecnología a la hora de diseñar juegos educativos serios en un aula de ciencias naturales [the interface of creativity, fluency, lateral thinking, and technology while designing serious educational games in a science classroom]. electronic journal of research in educational psychology.13(2). 219-242, https://doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.36.14110 martins, ellen & martins, n.. (2002). an organisational culture model to promote creativity and innovation. south african journal of industrial psychology. 28(2), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v28i4.71 miao, s., abdulkhamid, k. u., & alisher, t. d. (2020). management characteristics as determinants of employee creativity: the mediating role of employee job satisfaction. sustainability, 12, 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051948 mokline, b. (2019). impact du lean management sur la performance opérationnelle dans les entreprises tunisiennes. [impact of lean management on operational performance in tunisian companies]. international journal of business and economic strategy, 11, 12-30. morlà-folch, t., mar, j., & eleni, p. (2019). promoting creativity in the cooperative work environment: a case study of the local cooperative. the qualitative report,24 (11), 2722-2746. sayad, n., & mekimah, s. (2020). quality of life indicators as a tool for assessing the course of development of countries in relevance to the framework of sustainable development. international journal of youth economy, 1(4), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.18576/ijye/040106 vahle-hinz, t., mauno, s., de bloom, j., & kinnunen, u. (2017). rumination for innovation? analysing the longitudinal effects of work-related rumination on creativity at work and off-job recovery. work & stress, 31(4), 315–337. http://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1303761 walte, v. (2017). demarche d'amelioration de la qualité des activités pharmaceutiques dans les éssais cliniques nouvelle approche par le lean management .[approach to improving the quality of pharmaceutical activities in clinical trials new approach by lean مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 56-39 ص 55 management].(thesis for the state diploma in pharmacy), aix marsseille university. retrieved from https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01615383/document : تحقیق اإلبداع الوظیفي بالمؤسسة االقتصادیة اإلدارة الرشیقة وأثرھا في .مقیمح ص )الجزائر(دراسة حالة المؤسسة الجزائریة لتوزیع الكھرباء والغاز بسكیكدة 56 lean management and its impact on achieving career creativity in the business organization: a case study at the national society for electricity and gas in skikda (algeria) sabri mekimah1 published: 10-12-2020 available online: 14-11-2020 accepted: 01-11-2020 received: 04-10-2020 abstract: this study aims to determine the effect of lean management in achieving career creativity in the national society for electricity and gas in skikda (algeria). the descriptive and analytical approach was relied upon with the use of the questionnaire as the main tool for data collection, which was distributed to a random sample of 230 workers from various administrative levels. descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze and test the study hypotheses using spss. the study found that the impact of lean management in achieving career creativity in the national society for electricity and gas in skikda is weak, and it was estimated at 17.9%, this is what requires society to increase attention to lean management because of its great importance and effective role in improving the elements of career creativity. keywords: lean management, career creativity, national society for electricity and gas in skikda. jel classification: m12, m54, o34. © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. how to cite: mekimah, s. (2020 lean management and its impact on achieving career creativity in the business organization: a case study at the national society for electricity and gas in skikda (algeria). management & economics research journal. 2(5), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.vi.140 [in arabic] 1corresponding author: phd in business management, associate professor, university of august 20th 1955 skikda, research laboratory ecofima (algeria). [ sab88mek@gmail.com] management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 1 (2021), pp. 1-24 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.152 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 1 www.mer-j.com internationalization of bulgarian tourism business tanya gorcheva 1 1 professor doctor of science, d. a. tsenov academy of economics, svishtov (bulgaria)  t.gorcheva@uni-svishtov.bg published: 16 -03 -2021 available online: 02 -03-2021 accepted: 01 -03 -2021 received: 22 -01 -2021 how to cite: gorcheva, t. (2021). internationalization of bulgarian tourism business. management & economics research journal, 3(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.152 abstract: the purpose of this research is to be traced the internalization process of the tourism business over the last decades in our country. it has been reasoned by a number of foreign economic factors by virtue of the open character of our national economy, the course of the transition economy reforms, as well as the peculiarities of the bulgarian economy eu integration. the relation "internationalization of business internationalization of the national economy" is studied in different directions and methodology, but in the present study, an adapted version of the method developed by alan rugman is applied. the main approach is based on the comparison between the degree of internationalization in the national economy and the degree of internationalization of a specific type of business. the measurement of the degree of internationalization is done with the help of variables and a system of indicators, which are directed respectively to the business environment of the bulgarian economy and the specifics of the bulgarian tourism business. as analysis findings of the processes of internationalization in the context of tourism, it is concluded that these processes play an important role in determining the position of corresponding author: d. a. tsenov academy of economics, svishtov (bulgaria). [ t.gorcheva@uni-svishtov.bg] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. mailto:t.gorcheva@uni-svishtov.bg https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.152 mailto:trifu.alex@gmail.com mailto:t.gorcheva@uni-svishtov.bg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.152 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.152&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-03-16 http://www.mer-j.com/ internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 2 bulgarian tourism in its inevitable competitive opposition to other tourist destinations and their business. the limitation has been identified in two periods of research on the degree of internationalization of business the first covers seven years before bulgaria's accession to the eu, and the second period almost ten years after the signing of the membership agreement. the practical implication of the study consists in the fact that the effect of the increasing degree of internationalization of the tourism business in our country complements the overall result of the internationalization of the bulgarian economy. this is especially clear in the second observed period of the study, which is expected to achieve a general synergy effect for the economy as a whole. the originality of the research consists in the adaptation as well as the approbation of a known methodology for studying the processes of internationalization to the specifics of tourism business and a given economy, such as the bulgarian one, for two separate periods. keywords: tourism business, internationalization of the tourism, degrees of internationalization. jel codes: z30, z32, f62. 1. introduction the issues related to tourism internationalization are topical and at the same time complex and debatable, as they relate to the processes of national economy transformation as a result of internationalization. the complexity of studying the internationalization processes stems from the divergent interests of the business stakeholders. the efforts of business stakeholders are aimed at increasing revenues and improving profitability. the state authorities and administration pursue a government policy, which strives to maintain a coalition of interests in favour of all sectors and industries in the national economy observing the rules of market competition. public interests are represented by different local, public, and non-governmental organizations and because they are heterogeneous, they are often not united. modern internationalization processes are characterized by a high degree of dynamism. internationalization describes changes that occur as a result of the rapid development of scientific and technological progress and of the socio-economic development of individual economies, which lead to a change in their status and importance within the modern international economic system. it occurs as a comprehensive trend (mirković, 2000) in our time due to the nature and peculiarities of the reproductive cycle, marked by the desire to improve the welfare, and along with it the pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 3 expectations for the development and progress of the social systems, under the conditions of the growing importance of the services sector. this trend contributes to the opening of economies in search of forms and means to solve the problems associated with modern resource security and contemporary living standards. in the first two decades of the 21st century, some factors have become a priority for social development. an intensively functioning business model is imposed, in which the effect is derived not from the scale, but the quality of the business. this changes the type of interconnectedness of economies. from being based on territory it becomes based on ideas. the change in the resource conditionality of the interconnectedness causes new essential characteristics in the processes of modern internationalization and its specific manifestations (broga, 2012). in our time, the forms of business internationalization directly correspond to the production and trade in services. claiming that services are displacing industrial production seems inaccurate (tan, 2016), but there is no denying the growing importance of this sector within the frameworks of the individual national economies, as well as its growing share in international trade. thus, for example, in developed economies over 60% of gdp is created in the services sector. in oecd member countries, the share of employment in the services sector ranges between 65-77% (unctad, 2010). as a result of the process of internationalization, there is an intertwining of industrial production in its classical form with that of services, in which the competitiveness of individual companies or products acquires new meaning through the prism of the “tangible-intangible product” ratio. business internationalization is a complex concept, therefore in the tourism business, as part of the services sector, it is interpreted both from a theoretical point of view and from the point of view of practical implementation. the tourism business worldwide is one of the fastest-growing in the field of services. according to the world travel and tourism council (wttc), the average annual growth rate of the world economy in 2018 is 3.2%, while that of tourism is 3.9% (wttc, regional and world report). the gross domestic product produced by this business globally amounts to 2.8 trillion usd for 2018. its share accounts for 10.4% of the total gdp created in the world in the same year. one in five jobs created in the world is in the field of tourism and travel. this highlights the need to analyze the processes occurring in the tourism business and explains the interest in studying its degree of internationalization. in tourism, internationalization is often associated with product competitiveness and tourism destination competitiveness (dupeyras & maccallum, 2013). experts argue that business success is due to specific internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 4 products that have been successful on the international market. that is why the products identified with a certain brand are most often identified with the destination that offers them. thus, the aspects of competitiveness in the field of tourism are linked to the attractiveness of the destination and the successful performance of the tourism business in the international market. after setting out the issues related to determining the degree of internationalization, we should set the parameters of this study. the aim is to determine the degree of internationalization of the tourism business in bulgaria in terms of inbound travel against the background of the internationalization of the economy as a whole. we define the tourism business in our country as the object of this analysis. the processes of internationalization, affecting the economy of the country as a whole and in particular, the tourism business is defined as the subject of the study. on this basis, we formulate the thesis about the relative independence of the internationalization processes taking place in the economy of bulgaria, and in its tourism business, although they are mutually bound and conditioned. 2. significance of the issue and elaboration of the topic of tourism business internationalization successful market positions on the international market are becoming a strategic advantage under the conditions of internationalization. they are based on the competitiveness of the tourism product and the attractiveness of the destination, as well as on the advantages offered by the business environment. in cases when tourism is developing as an exportoriented sector of the national economy, the success of this business indicates not only its competitiveness but also the degree of its internationalization. the process of internationalization of the modern tourism business is characterized by the following specifics: the first one is related to the fact that tourism is a profitable economic activity – for example, in recent years the usa have made about 84 billion usd annually, france – 31 billion usd, italy – 27 billion usd, and spain – about 33 billion usd from rendering tourist services to foreign guests. the average annual per capita income from tourism for countries neighbouring bulgaria for the period 2015-2019 is 985 usd for croatia, 1048 usd for greece, and 273 usd for turkey (unwto, 2019). the second characteristic outlines the development of this process as rapid, but uneven. this is determined by the different levels of the socio-economic development of the different countries and regions that give priority to tourist business. the mass model of the tourism pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 5 business in the developed industrial countries has best shown its economic and social advantages. over time and with the expansion of business scale, along with the advantages, this process showed several disadvantages that cause anomalies in the social, environmental, and economic development, both of the recipient and the emitting countries (wttc, 2021). the third characteristic defines the interaction between the development of the tourism business and its internationalization. tourism business as a specific industry is a part of the service sector which includes activities of diverse nature. for countries that develop international tourism, effects are generated related to both the well-being of the population and the structural profile of the entire economic complex. in this sense, the economic effect of international tourism is determined by many external factors. the development of the tourism business in bulgaria in recent decades has been determined by several external economic factors under the open nature of our national economy, as well as by the peculiarities of integrating the bulgarian economy into the eu. for this reason, we have grounds to believe that the search for objective arguments for determining the degree of internationalization within the bulgarian tourism business is a serious motivation, as well as a challenge where the problems and difficulties in its development must be viewed in parallel with the achievements and traditions in this sphere. the importance of the topic of the degree of tourism internationalization is supported by the fact that in a multinational economic community such as the eu, the growing interdependence emphasizes both the comprehensive competitiveness of the bulgarian tourism business and the attractiveness of bulgaria as a “business destination”. at the same time, the degree of economy internationalization should be distinguished from the specific business internationalization, although they are mutually conditioned. moreover, there is a difference in the degree of the ongoing process of internationalization, where the economy can be characterized by a high degree of internationalization, while the degree of specific business internationalization is limited. the essential characteristics of business internationalization are linked to the possibility of reaping the benefits of the participation of the national economy in the various forms of international business. in this sense, internationalization offers opportunities for progress. but the processes of business internationalization do not flow smoothly (corfu & nistoreanu, 2006). the openness of the economy to the rest of the world also implies the transmission of economic disturbances that would generate destabilization in the national economy. the binding of the national internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 6 economy with the development of the tourism business as its priority sector is determined by many peculiarities. for this reason, the higher degree of tourism business internationalization compared to the average level of the other types of businesses cannot push the whole economy so that it will make progress. in economies that can be cited as a good example, the positive effects of tourism internationalization complement those achieved in the other types of businesses and there is a general synergistic effect due to the developed infrastructure and economic potential of the economy as a whole. the “internationalization of business – internationalization of the national economy” interdependence is studied in different trends (balaguer & cantavella-jorda, 2002; camisón, & forés, 2015). for example, the first trend draws a parallel between the destination’s endowment of resources facilitating one form or another in product offering and its international appeal (porter, 1990; dwyer, mellor, livaic, edwards, & kim, c., 2004). this interrelation highlights the interaction between the comparative advantages and the international competitiveness within the specific business and the specific economy, respectively the advantages of its business environment. each of these forms of internationalization requires a specific way of measuring and reflecting the degree of its dynamics. in our time, the forms of internationalization of business directly correspond to the production and trade in services. this process reveals its potential over time and leads economies to “change individual and collective identities” by contributing to “overcoming established stereotypes of thinking and behaving from the past” (fenestra, 2008) and offers hitherto unknown opportunities for prosperity due to cooperation, generating a number of effects. the experts of the world economic forum (wef) work in another trend – measuring the degree of internationalization of the tourism business, based on the advantages of the tourism destination and the business environment with which it develops. this methodology includes three main indices: “regulatory framework of the tourism business”, “business environment and tourism infrastructure” and “natural, human and cultural resources for the tourism business”. the methodology of the world economic forum aims to prepare a ranking according to which each country can identify by itself the strengths and weaknesses of its tourism business, as well as the business environment in which the tourism destination operates (world economic forum, 2007). in this sense, the priority is not to measure the degree of internationalization of the tourism business, but to reveal the interdependence between the framework that the national economy creates for internationalization and similar processes in the pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 7 tourism business. a third trend for assessing the degree of internationalization of the tourism business in different countries of the world is proposed by the world travel and tourism council (wttc). the council’s expert centres monitor the processes of internationalization based on the competitiveness of the tourism business in the individual tourism destinations according to a methodology, including indicators for comparison in the following main areas (wttc, 2017): price competition; the humane side of the tourism business; infrastructure; environment; level of technology and innovation; qualification of human resources; degree of openness of the destination; social characteristics of the destination. the application of this methodology allows for the parallel consideration of the degree of internationalization, both for the business environment of the respective economy and the degree of internationalization of the tourism business itself. a fourth trend for interpreting the process of internationalization is based on a comparison of the degree of internationalization between the national economy (considered as a business destination) and the specific business type in terms of their export orientation. for this purpose, the indicators used are related to the realized advantages as a result of the internationalization depending on the degree of connection between the economic entities from the national and international business environment. the method derives on a matrix basis the business-specific advantages (bsas) and the country-specific advantages (csas). it has been developed and applied in a lot of studies (rugman, 1979; 1981; 2005) as a way to derive the degree of internationalization for individual economies, viewed as business destinations, as well as for the economic operators in the specific business environment. these research trends give us reason to conclude that the “internationalization-specific advantages” relationship requires detail when studying the individual aspects of the business environment and the individual types of business in the respective environment in order to assess their implementation in practice. the advantages obtained as a result of the attractive business environment within the specific national economy define it as an attractive place for foreign investors, and this opens opportunities for a higher degree of internationalization. on the other hand, the advantages of the tourism destination, incl. the quality and competitiveness of its tourism products and services, define it as attractive to foreign tourists – in terms of the international tourism market. it is no coincidence that international tourism is categorized as an invisible export for the economy, a recipient of inbound tourism flows. identifying the two sides related to the processes of internationalization in the context of tourism has an important internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 8 role in determining the positions of bulgarian tourism in its inevitable competitive opposition to other tourism destinations and their business, which have similar tourism resources and develop products close to those of our country. in summary, we conclude that as a result of the process of internationalization there is an intertwining of industrial production in its classical form with that of services, where the competitiveness of individual companies or products takes on new meaning through the prism of "tangible intangible product". the growing importance of services lies in the deepening division of labour and the expanding specialization in specific production areas based on technical and technological innovation. 3. method of studying and selecting the variables to determine the degree of internationalization as a concept, tourism business is associated with the fact that per se it is a relatively independent economic system within the national economy, which reveals its economic nature. the combination of the need for rest and the desire to rationalize leisure time in a pleasant and useful way creates social needs that are met through exercising diverse but interrelated activities concerning the production of goods and services that are provided on a market basis to this part of consumers who are defined as “tourists”. in the whole set of production and technological relationships, factors and resources, tourism is in its essence considered as an economic activity, differentiated as an independent business form (athiyaman, 1997; dritsakis, athanasiadis, 2000), which is part of the services sector. the approach for defining tourism as an independent business highlights the cyclical process of production of tourism products and services, aimed at achieving specific economic outcomes – generating income, making a profit, creating jobs, increasing assets, maintaining positive financial results, transferring investments, etc. like any business, it can be export-oriented. to determine the degree of internationalization of the bulgarian tourism business and the bulgarian economy, we apply a method different from those of the world economic forum and the world travel and tourism council. the approach, based on the comparison between the degree of internationalization in the national economy (country specific advantages csas) and the degree of internationalization of a specific type of business (business-specific advantages bsas) – in this case, the tourism business developed in the respective national business environment, is viewed as an adapted version of the method developed by alan rugman (rugman, 2005). this method enables us to determine the extent to which pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 9 the tourism business operating in the bulgarian national business environment is characterized with a degree of internationalization different from that of the national economy as a whole, taking into account the specific forms of internationalization itself, namely: total production, in particular, its export orientation and the net amount of foreign direct investment. the degree of internationalization is measured using variables and a system of indicators, which are directed respectively to the business environment of the bulgarian economy and the specifics of the bulgarian tourism business (table 1.). as can be seen from the table, the specific advantages of the tourism business in bulgaria and those of the national economy will be derived on the basis of variables related to the production volume, exports and foreign direct investment (fdi). tracking the total production in the tourism-related industries, it should be noted that both the nsi methodology and the methodology established by the world tourism organization, known as the “tourism satellite account”, are taken into account. this is necessitated by the need to distinguish “total production in the hotel and restaurant business for external residents” from the “total production in the hotel and restaurant business and related industries”, which emphasizes the export orientation of the tourism business. table 1. variables to determine the degree of internationalization variables to study the national economy of bulgaria variables to study the bulgarian tourism business gross domestic product, in million bgn total production in the hotel and restaurant business, in million bgn value of bulgarian export, in million bgn revenue from international tourism, in million bgn net fdi total for the country, in million bgn net fdi – hotels, and restaurants, in million bgn the variables describing international trade transfer reveal the relation between the specific economy and the rest of the economies in the world, which stems from the need to exchange factors of production, services, and goods as a result of international specialization. the current study focuses on exports to reveal the extent to which the economy is export-oriented. the variables related to the transfer of investments, respectively fdi, are more closely linked to the attractiveness of the environment, where they find a profitable field for investment. for this reason, they contribute in a specific way to determining the degree of internationalization. the analysis is based on quantitative values and involves studying one-dimensional variables, which determine the share and, through it, the internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 10 importance of the tourism business in the country’s economy as one of the export industries, through which the degree of internationalization can be measured, first tracking respectively the share of: the total production in the hotel and restaurant business for external residents to the gross domestic product of the country; the total production in the hotel and restaurant business and related industries to the gross domestic product of the country; export revenues to the country’s gdp; revenues from international tourism to the revenues from our economy’s exports; net foreign assets to the gdp of our economy; net foreign assets in tourism to the total volume of fdi in the country. then is derived the dynamics in the process of internationalization, occurring respectively in the economy as a whole and in particular in the tourism business of bulgaria. the data cover the period 2000-2018, and the selection of the duration is not random. the time range can be divided into two observation periods, as the idea is to highlight the differences in the trend for the degree of internationalization depending on bulgaria’s membership in the eu. the first observation period from 2000 to 2009 is associated with the preaccession process, which our country went through as a preparatory stage of eu membership. it should be noted here that bulgaria became a member of an integration system in 2007, but 2008 and 2009 are associated with the global financial crisis, due to which the effects of its full membership began to manifest themselves after the crisis was overcome. the second observation period lasting from 2010 to 2018 makes it possible to assess the impact of membership on the degree of internationalization for the whole economy, and the tourism business in particular. as a result of the above regarding the selection of an adequate method of studying the degree of internationalization of the bulgarian tourism business, it becomes clear that the applied method makes it possible to track bilaterally: the degree of connection of the bulgarian economy with the other economies through exports; the importance of the bulgarian tourism business, as an export industry, for the economy of bulgaria; the contribution of the tourism business as an export industry to the economy of bulgaria, incl. in terms of its multiplier effect on other industries; pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 11 to what extent our economy is attractive as an economic destination to foreign investment in general, and to what extent tourism as a business is attractive to foreign investors. 4. determining the degree of internationalization of the bulgarian tourism business 4.1. importance of the tourism business for the economy of bulgaria since its inception as an independent economic system with the parameters of industrial activity, tourism in our country has been characterized with international and export orientation, which is facilitated on the one hand by the favourable natural resources, and on the other hand by the material base built over the years and consistent with the scale of mass organized tourism. the model, which our country has inherited from the years of socialism and as a result of the development of mass tourism, is oriented towards the organized inbound flows of tourists mainly to our black sea resorts in summer and to our mountain resorts in winter. market reforms related to the restructuring of the tourism business in our country have generated a number of changes. the restructuring and transformation in the years of transition have not changed the above-mentioned characteristics of tourism in our country, although the reforms in this area have caused many problems and contradictions. however, the great importance of the tourism business for the bulgarian economy should not be denied. this significance is revealed on the basis of specific facts, namely: according to the data of the world travel and tourism council the share of the total production in tourism to the gdp of the country for 2018 amounts to 11.7%. nearly 350 thousand people are employed in the tourism business in our country, and their number is expected to rise to 400 thousand by 2029. the share of revenues from international tourism to the total amount of exports from bulgaria for 2018 amounts to 12.3%, which puts the tourism business in one of the leading positions in export-oriented industries. the export orientation of the bulgarian tourism business is confirmed by the fact that the expenditure incurred by foreign tourists who visited the destination “bulgaria” in 2017 exceeded five times the expenditure of bulgarians for domestic tourism. it should be emphasized that the tourism business in our country is developing as a form of international business and is explicitly active, as inbound tourism flows generate twice as much revenue as the expenditure that bulgarian tourists make for outbound travel abroad (wttc regional reports, 2018). eu countries are the main generating source of tourism flows to bulgaria, with internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 12 romania and germany being particularly important emitters. an important emittent of tourists are also the countries of southeast europe, such as turkey, macedonia, and serbia (ministry of tourism, 2019). russia is one of the traditional markets where the bulgarian tourism product is known and attractive, although in the last decade it has been outside the first five countries sending tourists to our country. here we should note that the bulgarian tourism business has undergone many positive changes in the course of the market and structural reforms undertaken in the bulgarian economy. the existing hotel facilities have been reconstructed and the category of many hotels has been raised. for example, for the last 20 years, two-star hotels have disappeared from the black sea coast and the major mountain resorts. the share of the three-star hotels is over 45%, the share of the four-star hotels exceeds 35%, and the newly-built hotels are in the over-four-star category (capital, 2015). there are positive changes in some of the major urban centres of our country. thus, for example, in sofia the number of 4 and 5-star hotels is increasing, and so is the number of beds, the number of nights spent, and the revenue from foreigners checking in. a total of 1,605,179 overnight stays were recorded for 2017, of which over 1 million were foreigners. the fourand five-star hotels in sofia share bgn 93.4 million of the total and bgn 77.4 million of the money coming from foreign citizens (dnevnik, 2016). these changes are due not only to the undertaken market reforms and the growing competition on the bulgarian market but also to some external factors. in recent years, two of the low-cost european airlines have opened bases in our country, thus starting the service of new airlines. for example, the irish airline ryanair opens 11 new destinations with initial flights from various airports in bulgaria. wizz air begins to maintain regular flights to its established destinations not only during the peak season but throughout the year (ec.europa.eu, 2017). this contributes to the growing interest in the main urban tourism destinations in our country, such as sofia, plovdiv, and burgas. the reforms carried out in bulgaria in the years of transition to a market economy have a positive impact on the tourism business, but they do not solve all problems. one problem is the efficiency of the business and the associated profitability. according to eurostat data for 2019 tracking the expenditure that each foreign tourist makes by visiting these destinations, it is found that for bulgaria, hungary, and romania they are almost three times lower than those for croatia, spain, and italy (tourism satellite accounts in europe, 2019). the comparison is indicative of which tourism destinations are highly profitable and which is not in favour of our country. this fact is due to many complex reasons. thus, we conclude that the pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 13 above-described formula, according to which the bulgarian tourism business operates, does not offer an opportunity to combine high profitability with the new quality of the investments made. if we track the last five years, during which new external influences appeared, such as the war in the eastern mediterranean, the hostility between russia and ukraine, and the wave of refugees, we can say that bulgarian tourism is just doing well. these events redirected some of the tourism flows to our country, which did not lead to improving the level of service and quality of bulgarian resorts, but the business benefited from the increase in the number of accepted tourists. the comprehensive analysis made on the state and importance of the bulgarian tourism business proves that it is developing as a living organism and reflects both the restructuring of the national economy and the changes in the market situation on the international tourism market, where: it continues to be an important part of the national economy of our country and in recent decades has been characterized as one of the few successfully developing types of businesses in our country; the impact of structural reforms in the national economy transforms the essence of the tourism business and places it in the competitive environment of the open international tourism market; despite the attempts to become highly profitable, bulgarian tourism business retains its main focus to offer standardized package products at relatively low-price ranges, available for mass tourism flows to our country mainly from different european countries; thus, the bulgarian tourism business retains its essence to be exportoriented. the above-stated leads us to the need to outline the main trends in the degree and dynamics of the processes of internationalization, both of the bulgarian economy as a whole and of the tourism business in particular, which enables us to reveal the interaction between the two processes and to highlight the ways of impact and stimulation. 4.2. outcomes of the empirical study on the degree of internationalization of the bulgarian tourism business the approach based on comparisons to determine the differences in the degree of internationalization of the national economy (csas) and the specific type of business (business-specific advantages bsas) enables us to derive the specific advantages of the business regarding the general trend of development of the internationalization process of the economy as a whole. internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 14 as it has already been found, the tourism business, developed within the framework of the bulgarian economy, has always been export-oriented. what is of interest in the last part of this study is to find out the difference between the degree of internationalization, taking into account the different stages in the operation of the national economy before and after its eu membership. based on the database by the selected and the above indicators for the period 2000-2018 the comparative analysis shows the following: 4.2.1. results of the analysis of the structural indicators in determining the degree of internationalization for the first observation period as can be seen from tables 2a and 2b the share of the total production in the hotel and restaurant business to the gdp of bulgaria is constantly increasing, which confirms the statement from the previous paragraph about the successful operation and development of the bulgarian tourism business within the national economy, both in the period before its full eu membership and in the first decade of membership. undoubtedly, this type of business has a multiplier positive effect on the other industries of the economy. regarding the indicator “share of the total production in the hotel and restaurant business for external residents to gdp” there is a difference in the two observation periods. the data for the pre-accession period show that this share ranges between 2.54 and 3.46%, while for the next period it ranges widely (4.1-8.4%). what is common between the two observation periods is the tendency of an increase of this share to the gdp of the economy. this means an increasing export orientation of the tourism business. when we analyze the data by the indicator showing the share of export revenues to the gdp of bulgaria, we find that in the first observation period this share remains relatively stable, but as a value, it is quite limited. during the second period, however, there is a sharp increase in the share, which suggests that bulgaria’s full membership in the eu increases the degree of openness of the economy, both in foreign trade turnover and in international cooperation with eu countries. when we compare the total share of exports to gdp with the share of exports realized through tourism, we will find that: during the first observation period, the total share of exports to gdp is more limited than the share of exports resulting from the tourism business, and in only two of these years, the share is almost equalized. this means that during this period tourism is one of the pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 15 few types of businesses in our country that is export-oriented. table 2. structural indicators in determining the degree of internationalization 2а. first observation period indicators 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 share of export earnings to gdp, %* 8.35 7.26 7.32 8.95 8.87 8.79 8.62 8.36 9.12 17.65 share of international tourism revenue to export earnings, %*** 10.67 9.70 10.46 11.49 12.23 10.57 8.78 9.82 9.67 11.72 share of net foreign assets to gdp, %** 3.7 6.6 9.1 14.2 15.3 19.6 23.5 29.8 27.5 26.4 share of the total production in the hotel and restaurant business for external residents to gdp, %* 2.64 2.60 2.54 2.75 2.95 3.05 3.15 3.39 3.46 3.36 share of the total production in the hotel and restaurant business and related industries to gdp, %*** 13.5 13.3 13.9 14.8 13.4 14.7 15.0 14.5 14.9 15.2 share of the net foreign assets in tourism to the total volume of fdi in the country **** 3.29 4.58 3.45 3.42 2.95 2.68 2.49 1.83 1.87 1.98 2b. second observation period indicators 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 share of export earnings to gdp, %* 21.4 38.2 49.1 53.4 51.9 49.6 49.7 52.1 49.8 share of international tourism revenue to export earnings, %*** 9.5 7.9 7.1 7.4 7.2 8.9 9.5 10.8 12.1 share of net foreign assets to gdp, %** 37.3 45.6 45.4 45.1 45.3 44.5 51.2 50.7 51.5 share of the total production in the hotel and restaurant business for external residents to gdp, %* 4.1 5.8 7.0 7.4 7.2 6.7 8.4 7.7 7.1 share of the total production in the hotel and restaurant business and related industries to gdp, %*** 17.4 18.2 17.3 18.5 18.3 19.1 19.2 18.9 20.3 share of the net foreign assets in tourism to the total volume of fdi in the country **** 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 * calculated according to data of the nsi, at: https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2206/bvp proizvodstven-metod-natsionalno-nivo and https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2000/satelitni-smetki-zaturizma ** calculated according to data of the nsi and bnb, at: http://www.bnb.bg/statistics/ststatisticalbd/index.htm & http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=10 *** calculated according to data of the nsi and the ministry of tourism, at: http://www.tourism.government.bg/bg/kategorii/statisticheski-danniand https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2206/bvp-proizvodstven-metod-natsionalno-nivo **** calculated according to data of the nsi and bnb, at: http://www.bnb.bg/statistics/ststatisticalbd/index.htm https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2206/bvp https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2206/???-?????????????-?????-??????????-???? https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2206/???-?????????????-?????-??????????-???? https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2000/?????????-??????-??-??????? https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2000/?????????-??????-??-??????? http://www.bnb.bg/statistics/ststatisticalbd/index.htm http://www.bnb.bg/statistics/ststatisticalbd/index.htmand http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=10 http://www.tourism.government.bg/bg/kategorii/statisticheski-danni https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2206/bvp-proizvodstven-metod-natsionalno https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2206/???-?????????????-?????-??????????-???? http://www.bnb.bg/statistics/ststatisticalbd/index.htm internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 16 table 3. dynamics indicators in determining the degree of internationalization 3a. first observation period dynamics indicators, in % 20 00 /2 00 1 20 01 /2 00 2 20 02 /2 00 3 20 03 /2 00 4 20 04 /2 00 5 20 05 /2 00 6 20 06 /2 00 7 20 07 /2 00 8 20 08 /2 00 9 dynamics in the value of the gross domestic product * 3.8 4.4 5.6 6.6 6.3 6.2 6.3 6 -5 dynamics in the value of the total production in the hotel and restaurant business for non-residents *** 9.1 9.0 8.5 8.3 8.1 8.5 8.1 8.3 -4 dynamics of revenues from international tourism * 4.3 9.2 12.0 13.3 18.2 19.4 17.0 8 -12 change in the volume of fdi total for the country, net value **** 11.0 9.0 15.1 11.6 16.3 15.7 18.4 19 -7 change in the volume of fdi in tourism, net value *** 21.1 18.0 19.5 17.3 18.4 11.1 8.6 6 -5 3b. second observation period dynamics indicators, in % 20 09 /2 01 0 20 10 /2 01 1 20 11 /2 01 2 20 12 /2 01 3 20 13 /2 01 4 20 14 /2 01 5 20 15 /2 01 6 20 16 /2 01 7 20 17 /2 01 8 dynamics in the value of the gross domestic product * 2.1 3.5 2.3 3.4 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.8 4.4 dynamics in the value of the total production in the hotel and restaurant business for nonresidents *** 7.6 5.6 7.1 2.6 4.2 6.8 7.5 13.6 9.2 dynamics of revenues from international tourism * 17 3.5 3.4 -9 14.2 9.3 6.8 3.6 -0.3 change in the volume of fdi total for the country, net value **** -0.5 2.8 2.7 -1.1 5.2 22 4.1 9.8 change in the volume of fdi in tourism, net value *** 0.8 26.2 10.4 1.7 -2.0 -0.9 -0.5 -7.3 -12 during the second period, the importance of tourism as an export industry is preserved, but along with it (probably due to its more intensive development and improved competitiveness), a number of other sectors and industries of our economy begin to operate as exporting. as a result of the analysis by these indicators, it becomes clear that the increasing share of exports to the gdp for the second observation period shows that after the economic reforms and restructuring of the economy were completed, bulgaria has identified the areas where there are competitive advantages, based on which it has increased its presence in foreign markets. in addition, the share of revenues from international tourism occupies a significant share of exports and this shows that tourism is one of the types of businesses in our country, which operates successfully pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 17 enough to create competitive services in the foreign markets. the tracking of the last pair of indicators – “share of net foreign assets to gdp” and “share of net foreign assets in tourism to the total volume of fdi in the country” shows that in the first period the net amount of fdi to gdp is constantly increasing, which speaks of the increasing attractiveness of the bulgarian economy for foreign investors, and thus of increasing the degree of internationalization of “business destination bulgaria”. at the same time, the inflow of net foreign assets to tourism in bulgaria is much more limited compared to the total inflow to our economy. 4.2.2. results of the analysis of the dynamics indicators in determining the degree of internationalization during the 2000-2007 observation period, the dynamics in the value of gdp show an upward trend (tables 3a and 3b). the same dynamics are observed with regard to the total production in the hotel and restaurant business. moreover, its growth rates are rhythmic and higher than those with which the value of gdp increases. if the average annual growth rate in the value of gdp is 5.5%, then the analogous rate of the value of total production in hotels and restaurants is 8%. at the same time, the rates with which revenues from international tourism are increasing show not just an increase, but an average annual increase of 13%, which implies a real expansion of the development of international tourism in our country. the same applies to the growth of fdi in our country in general, and in particular the fdi that flows into bulgarian tourism. their average annual growth rate is 14%. it is obvious that during this period, which is the eve of bulgaria’s eu membership, the interest of foreign investors in our country is increasing. during this period two significant moments that affect positively the inflow of fdi to bulgaria and in particular tourism. the first of them is related to the increase in the number of hotels in the postprivatization process as new construction. in addition, we should emphasize the reconstruction of the existing, but already privatized hotels, in which some foreign tour operators take part, attracting tourists to the bulgarian black sea coast. the second moment is related to the avalanche-like swelling of the real estate market during this period in our country when non-residents (mostly british and russians) acquire property in the rapidly developing sea and ski resorts of bulgaria. during this period, a significant part of foreign investment in tourism is in the form of an acquisition of the real estate by foreign nationals as a second residence (dupeyras & maccallum, 2013). undoubtedly, this is a result of the completed structural reforms of the economy, the successful course of negotiations for eu internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 18 membership, as well as the rapidly developing construction on the black sea coast and mountain resorts in our country. excluding the period of the financial crisis 2008-2010, during which a decline was registered, the growth by all indicators was resumed in the period 2010-2018. during the period 2010-2018, the upward trend in the value of gdp is maintained, but the rates are lower than in the previous period, namely, the average annual growth rate is 4%. the same applies to the growth of total production in the hotel and restaurant business, whose rate amounts to 7% on average per year. the rates at which revenues from international tourism increase during this period amount to 3.5%, but unlike the previous period there is no smoothness and consistency, but sharp declines and jumps. for example, after the crisis period in 2010, a jump of 17% compared to the previous year is reported. the situation is similar in 2014 compared to 2013, where there is a significant jump in revenues from international tourism compared to the previous year. the reason for this lies in the state of financial collapse in which greece finds itself and the restrictive measures taken by its government. as a result, some of the tourism flows are reoriented to greece’s neighbouring countries, including bulgaria. the next observed jump in revenues from international tourism is reported in 2015 compared to 2014. this fact is explained by the outflow of tourists from bulgaria’s other neighbouring destination – turkey. this period is unfavourable due to the beginning of the refugee crisis, which makes turkey an insecure tourism destination. tracking the dynamics of fdi in our country, in general, and in particular, the fdi which flow into bulgarian tourism for the period 20102018, we find an ambiguous trend, in both the first and the second indicator, although the overall trend for the period is the average annual growth rate of fdi net inflows total for the country of 5.6%. for example, the net amount of fdi total for the country decreased in two of the years during the observation period. after 2014, there is uneven growth, with the highest jump compared to the previous year being recorded in 2015. on average for the second observation period, a growth of 1.8% is reported in the volume of foreign investment in bulgaria, directed to tourism. this indicator also shows an uneven upward and downward trend, although there is an upward trend for the first part of the observation period (2010-2013) and a marked decline during the other part (2014-2018). we can look for an explanation for this outflow of foreign investment from tourism in our country during the indicated period in two directions. firstly, the rates of new construction, both of tourist sites and housing, in our country are slowing down. secondly, a large part of the foreigners who have acquired property in the bulgarian resort areas are getting rid of it. pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 19 summarizing the results of analyzing the data on the bulgarian economy in general and the tourism business in particular in our country, we find the general trend towards increasing the degree of internationalization. despite this general trend, some specifics are found in the individual observation periods, namely: in the 2000-2007 period the tourism business in our country is characterized with a higher degree of internationalization compared to the economy as a whole. moreover, it stimulates a number of sectors and industries in the country that supply goods and services for tourism and as a strong export industry contributes to multiplying the effect of its development and economic growth. let us point out that this period is a key moment in the economic and political development of the bulgarian economy, related to the completion of market reforms and the preparation for eu membership. in the 2010-2018 period there is a much more turbulent process of internationalization of the bulgarian economy compared to the degree of internationalization of the tourism business in our country. it maintains its export orientation, but falls much more often under the influence of factors external to the bulgarian economy, as evidenced by the registered sharp declines and growth jumps. this is explained by the rapid opening of the bulgarian economy to the eu due to the deepening of integration processes and its increasingly comprehensive integration with the other european economies. it is clear that these processes affect not only tourism but also several other sectors and industries, which means that integration processes contribute to the transfer of negative impacts on the bulgarian economy and in particular its tourism business, as well as many positive processes, as a stimulus to increase competitiveness. tracking the indicators reflecting the production, export, and capital parameters of internationalization, it is necessary to summarize that in the first observation period the tourism business is the undisputed export industry of bulgaria, but still not attractive enough for fdi as some other industries of the bulgarian economy. this means that the degree of internationalization of the bulgarian tourism business is realized on the basis of the so-called “invisible exports”, while both fdi inflows and international trade contribute to the internationalization of the bulgarian economy. during the second observation period, we find that the importance of fdi for highlighting the degree of internationalization in the economy of the country as a whole and in particular the tourism business is severely internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 20 limited. the priority for increasing the degree of internationalization falls primarily on strengthening the export orientation, both for the national economy and for the tourism business of bulgaria. 5. conclusion as a result, we can summarize the analysis and draw the following conclusions: the tourist business in bulgaria is created on the model of mass organized tourism, with export orientation. over the years, it has not remained in a constant state but has been developing in accordance with the processes of european integration on the one hand and with market reforms on the other hand. the processes of internationalization are influenced by a number of external factors depending on the degree of openness of the economy. the more open it is, the stronger the external influences are. there is a difference in the degree of the ongoing process of internationalization, where the economy can be characterized by a high degree of internationalization, while the degree of internationalization of the particular business is limited. external influences can change the degree of internationalization at these levels. in recent decades, the strongest influence on the processes of internationalization in bulgaria has its membership in the eu. the internationalization of the tourism business in our country is associated with the growth of "invisible exports", while the internationalization of the national economy is based on both the growth of exports and foreign direct investment. in recent decades, the strongest influence on the processes of internationalization in bulgaria has its membership in the eu. the internationalization of the tourism business in our country is associated with the growth of "invisible exports", while the internationalization of the national economy is based on both the growth of exports and foreign direct investment, and international cooperation is important. as the study shows, the processes of internationalization are proceeding with different dynamics in the field of tourism and within the national economy as a whole. the above stated and the performed analysis leads to the conclusion that the effect of the increasing degree of internationalization of the tourism business in our country complements the overall result of pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 21 the bulgarian economy internationalization. this is especially clear in the second observation period of the study, and it is expected to achieve a general synergy effect for the economy as a whole. the analysis, related to the specifics of internationalization in the sphere of tourist business, gives us grounds to draw some recommendations for expanding the research on the topic, namely: the processes of internationalization enable the countries with relative advantages in the field of tourism to develop it to amounts exceeding the limited consumer potential on the national market. it is advisable to pay more attention to small and medium tourism business, as it needs more support than large corporations benefiting from internationalization. this necessitates the applying of a policy that allows the national businesses to make use of the internationalization advantages but also to stop the negative influences of their going on the international market. the analysis of the economic nature of international tourism confirms that “internationalization as a clearly defined variant for changing the business characteristics” must be studied both in the qualitative and quantitative aspect which makes it necessary to work out an adequate system of indicators related not only to international trade with services, including tourist services and international capital transfer mainly in the form of foreign direct investments but also to modern forms of international cooperation, among which innovation cooperation has priority. the business environment factors determine various indications for realizing the tourist business in its international dimension – the external ones contribute to the stimulation of the competition, including the situations of world crisis, whereas the internal ones are connected with restructuring and improvement complied with the good international practices. for this reason, future research on the topic is desirable to include aspects of the international competitiveness of the traded services, of the tourist product, and also of the tourist destination. references abreu-novais, m., ruhanen, l., & arcodia, c. (2016). destination competitiveness: what we know, what we know but shouldn’t, and what we don’t know but should. current issues in tourism, 19 (6), 492–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1091443 athiyaman, a. (1997). knowledge development in tourism: tourism https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1091443 internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 22 demand research, tourism management, 18(4), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(97)00009-5 balaguer, j., & cantavella-jorda, m. (2002). tourism as an economic growth factor: the spanish case. applied economics, 34 (7), 877– 84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110058923 broga, d. (2012). justice and inequality in the world trading system: a critical assessment. inquiries journal, 4 (11). http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=712 bulgarian national bank. http://www.bnb.bg/statistics/ststatisticalbd/index.htm camisón, c., forés, b. (2015). is tourism firm competitiveness driven by different internal or external specific factors? new empirical evidence from spain. tourism management, 48, 477–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.001 corfu, a., & nistoreanu, p. (2006). insights in internationalization of tourism firms. amfiteatru economic 8(19). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4981984_insights_in_inter nationalization_of_tourism_firms croes, robertico & semrad, kelly. (2018). destination competitiveness. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327822042_destination_c ompetitiveness dritsakis, n., & athanasiadis, s. (2000). an econometric model of tourist demand: the case of greece, journal of hospitality & leisure marketing, 7(2), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1300/j150v07n02_03 dupeyras, a. & maccallum n. (2013). indicators for measuring competitiveness in tourism: a guidance document, oecd tourism papers, no. 2013/02, oecd publishing, paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5k47t9q2t923-en dwyer, l., mellor, r., livaic, z., edwards, d. and kim, c. (2004) attributes of destination competitiveness: a factor analysis.; tourism analysis, 9 (1-2), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.3727/1083542041437558 european regional development fund thematic guidelines for investment in tourism. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/bg/policy/themes/tourism/ fenestra, r. & taylor, a. (2008). international trade, new york: worth publishers. gorcheva, t. (2012). internationalization in the field of tourism business. education and science, 10, 16-18. kirev, l. (2007). from internationalization to the globalization of the economy. business management, 3, 60-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(97)00009-5 https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110058923 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=712 http://www.bnb.bg/statistics/ststatisticalbd/index.htm https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.001 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4981984_insights_in_internationalization_of_tourism_firms https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4981984_insights_in_internationalization_of_tourism_firms https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327822042_destination_competitiveness https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327822042_destination_competitiveness https://doi.org/10.1300/j150v07n02_03 https://doi.org/10.1787/5k47t9q2t923-en https://doi.org/10.3727/1083542041437558 http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/bg/policy/themes/tourism/ pp. 1-24 vol. 3 no. 1 (2021) management & economics research journal 23 metropolitan hotels in more. (september 4, 2016). https://www.capital.bg/biznes/kompanii/2016/09/04/2821618_stolic hni_hoteli_v_poveche/ ministry of tourism. (2019) http://www.tourism.government.bg/bg/kategorii/statisticheskidanni/statisticheski-danni-2019 ministry of tourism. (2019). https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2206/бвппроизводствен-метод-национално-ниво mirkovich, k. (2000). international economics, trakia-m publishing house: sofia. mirkovich, k. (2006). problems of economic synergetics, economic thought journal, 1, 3-32. national statistics institut. https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2000/сателитнисметки-за-туризма porter, m. e. (1990). the competitive advantage of nations. new york: the free press. rugman, a., & verbeke, a. (2003). extending the theory of the multinational enterprise: internationalization and strategic management perspectives. journal of international business studies, 34, 135-137. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400012 rugman, a.m. (1979). international diversification and the multinational enterprise, lexington: d.c. heath. rugman, a.m. (1981). inside the multinationals: the economics of internal markets, new york: columbia university press. rugman, a.m. (2005). the regional multinationals, cambridge, u.k.: cambridge university press. ryanair will fly to five more new destinations. https://www.dnevnik.bg/biznes/companii/2016/02/10/2702223_raiun eur_shte_leti_po_oshte_pet_novi_destinacii_ot/ tan, a. s. (2016). the asean experience, northeast asia and beyond: free trade and economic integration. cornell international affairs review, 10(1), 120-146. https://doi.org/10.37513/ciar.v10i1.487 the world travel & tourism council. (2018). regional report, https://www.wttc.org/economic-impact/benchmark-reports/regionalresults/ unctad. (2010). world investment report: transnational corporations and the internationalization of r & d. unwto. (2019). country fact sheet. https://www.unwto.org/statistics/country-fact-sheets uzunova, y. (2004). strategic marketing activity-resilience of companies to change. varna: steno publishing house. https://www.capital.bg/biznes/kompanii/2016/09/04/2821618_stolichni_hoteli_v_poveche/ https://www.capital.bg/biznes/kompanii/2016/09/04/2821618_stolichni_hoteli_v_poveche/ http://www.tourism.government.bg/bg/kategorii/statisticheski-danni/statisticheski-danni-2019 http://www.tourism.government.bg/bg/kategorii/statisticheski-danni/statisticheski-danni-2019 https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2206/???-?????????????-?????-??????????-???? https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2206/???-?????????????-?????-??????????-???? https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2000/?????????-??????-??-??????? https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2000/?????????-??????-??-??????? https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400012 https://www.dnevnik.bg/biznes/companii/2016/02/10/2702223_raiuneur_shte_leti_po_oshte_pet_novi_destinacii_ot/ https://www.dnevnik.bg/biznes/companii/2016/02/10/2702223_raiuneur_shte_leti_po_oshte_pet_novi_destinacii_ot/ https://doi.org/10.37513/ciar.v10i1.487 https://www.wttc.org/economic-impact/benchmark-reports/regional-results/ https://www.wttc.org/economic-impact/benchmark-reports/regional-results/ https://www.unwto.org/statistics/country-fact-sheets internationalization of bulgarian tourism business gorcheva, t. 24 world economic forum. (2007). the travel & tourism competitiveness report geneva, switzerland. http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/traveland wttc regional reports. (2018). https://www.wttc.org/economicimpact/benchmark-reports/regional-results/ wttc. (2017). maximizing opportunities for business travel growth. white paper, https://www.wttc.org/publications/2017/p4g-whitepaper-maximising-opportunities-for-business-travel-growth/ wttc. (2021). annual economic impact research. https://wttc.org/research/economic-impact http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/traveland https://www.wttc.org/economic-impact/benchmark-reports/regional-results/ https://www.wttc.org/economic-impact/benchmark-reports/regional-results/ https://www.wttc.org/publications/2017/p4g-white-paper-maximising-opportunities-for-business-travel-growth/ https://www.wttc.org/publications/2017/p4g-white-paper-maximising-opportunities-for-business-travel-growth/ https://wttc.org/research/economic-impact management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march مارس): 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 51 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.13 امعات ا خر املتوفرة: بطالة لول وا النتائج سكرة سباب، والية حالة دراسة جر ا زكر 1 بوجمعة سارة 2 1 دكتوراه، خيضر، جامعةطالب زائر( سكرةمحمد zakodjorfi@gmail.com :يميل،)ا 2 دكتوراه خيضر،جامعة ،طالبة زائر( سكرةمحمد يميل)ا ، : sara_boujemaa1100@yahoo.fr unemployment of university graduates: reasons, results and solutions available case study of biskra state 1 zakaria djorfi 1mohamed khider university, biskra (algeria) 2 sara boujemaa 2mohamed khider university, biskra (algeria) خ القبول 201903-16: رسالتار خ شر 20190329: تار ال خ 201903-31: تار ص :م ـدف خــاللال مـن امعـات ا ـ خر بطالـة رة ظـا ـ ع التعـرف ـو املقـال ـذا مـن تــم كمــا رة، الظــا ــذه ــة ملواج املتــوفرة ــزة ج و ــا ونتائج ا وخصائصــ ا ألســبا التعــرض عــدة ــ إ البحــث ــذا خلــص وقــد ســكرة، بواليــة العمــل ســوق رة الظــا ــذه واقــع عــرض ســـوق امعـــات ا ـــ خر بطالـــة أن ـــا م النمـــونتـــائج الرتفـــاع يرجـــع ســـكرة بواليـــة العمـــل ن ج ــر ا مــن ائـل ال العــدد عنــھ ـتج ي الــذي العـا التعلــيم ــ ع ايـد امل والطلــب ي ا السـ العمــــل ســــوق احتياجــــات مــــع العــــا التعلــــيم مخرجــــات مالئمــــة عــــدم ــــ إ باإلضــــافة ا ســــنو ال القطــاع ــ عمــل فــرص تــوف ــ الدولــة تــدخل وتراجــع ســكرة، القطــاعبواليــة أمــا عــام، نية امل ة ا مثل امعات ا خر تتوفر ال الت ومؤ شروط فيفرض اص وال،ا نـــتج ممــا ســنوات، خمـــس ــون ت املتوســط بالكفـــاءاتعنــھــ العمــل ســوق ـــد تزو ــ ــز العمل سوق متطلبات مع يتالءم بما قتصادي النمو لدعم .الالزمة سكرةالبطالة،: فتاحيةامللماتال والية امعات، ا خر التعليم، العمل، .سوق يف .jel :j64 ،j40،i20،i23تص  املر جر: سلااملؤلف ا zakodjorfi@gmail.com: يميل،زكر https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.13&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 52 abstract: this article aims to identify the phenomenon of unemployment of university graduates through exposure to its causes, characteristics, results and the mechanisms available to confront this phenomenon. the reality of this phenomenon in the labour market in the biskra state was also presented. this research concluded with several results, including that the unemployment of university graduates in the labour market in biskra is due to the high population growth and the increasing demand for higher education, which results in the huge number of graduates annually, in addition to the incompatibility of higher education outputs with the needs of the labour market in biskra, and the decline of the state’s intervention in providing job opportunities in the public sector, while the private sector imposes conditions and qualifications that are not available for university graduates (professional experience, which is on average five years, for example), which failed to provide with the necessary competencies to support economic growth in line with the requirements of the labour market. keywords: unemployment, labour market, education, university graduates, biskra state. jel classification: j64 ،j40 ،i20 ،i23. :مقدمة. 1 سـب ب ولكـن املجتمعـات ـل متواجدة سلبية رة ظا البطالة رة ظا متفاوتـةإن التوظيــــف مســــتوى ــــ إ الوصــــول الصــــعب مــــن أنــــھ مــــنحيــــث املجتمــــع أفــــراد ــــل ل امــــل ال وضـــع مجــرد ــ املــة ال العمالــة ــون ل وذلـــك الكالســيك، عتقــد ــان كمــا العاملــة القــوى ـــــذه خطـــــورة ـــــد وتز املـــــة، ال ـــــ غ العمالـــــة ـــــو ف العـــــادي الوضـــــع أمـــــا املنـــــال، عيـــــد أمثـــــل بطالـة عـد ـ وال ا ال أشـ افـة ب السـلبية ـا وآثار ا ومعـدل ـا م بارتفاع رة ـالظا خر ــ ـ وال ـة ج مـن الشـباب فئـة تمـس ــا و ل وذلـك البطالـة، ال أشـ أخطـر مـن امعـات ا جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 53 وتحقيـق البنـاء عمليـة عـن املسـؤولة ـ عت ـ وال خـرى ـة العمر الفئـات مـن شـاطا ك تمثل ال املتعلمة الفئة تمس أخرى ة ج ومن جتماعية، و قتصادية التنمية داف أ ال املـــال ـــذلكرأس و عـــام، ل شـــ نتاجيـــة العمليـــة عناصـــر ـــم وأ ـــ أغ ـــو والـــذي شـــري ــدار وا واملجتمــع للفــرد ة ــ كب خســارة تمثــل ا معــدل وارتفــاع امعــات ا ــ خر بطالــة فــإن ـؤالء ن ـو ت ـا تطل ـ ال الطائلـة لألمـوال بـالنظر خاصـة العـام وللمـال شري ال املال لرأس ا ضــــرورة ــــ إ يــــؤدي ممــــا ن، ج ــــر املتاحــــةا ة شــــر ال املــــوارد ن بــــ ســــيق ن) العــــرض(لت ــــ و املوارد تلك من والكيف) الطلب(حتياجات الكم حيث .من البحث 1.1 الية :إش التالية الية ش ع جابة نحاول البحث ذا :ضمن امعـــات ا ــ خر بطالــة أســـباب ــ العمـــل،مــا ســوق ـــ املتــوفرة لــول ا ـــ ومــا سكرة؟ بوالية البحث 2.1 :أسئلة التالية الفرعية سئلة ع جابة نحاول الية ش :وضمن ا؟ خصا وما امعات ا خر بطالة رة ظا أسباب ما امعات؟ ا خر بطالة رة ظا نتائج ما امعات؟ ا خر بطالة رة ظا ة ملواج املتوفرة زة ج ما خر بطالة رة ظا واقع و سكرة؟ما بوالية العمل سوق امعات ا البحث3.1 :فرضيات التالية الفرعية سئلة ع جابة نحاول الية ش :وضمن قــــــادر ــــــ غ العمــــــل ــــــ ع العمــــــلالطلـــــب فــــــرص خلــــــق أو ن ج ــــــر ا يعاب اســــــ ـــــ ع العلمية م وتخصصا ناسب ت ال ؛املالئمة الغ الفئة بطالة من البطالة ة ج املتعلمةغ الفئة بطالة إ ؛متعلمة السياســات تبقــى قيقــة ا وميــةــ ظرفيــةا مؤقتــة عمــل فــرص تخلــق مؤقتــة البطالة إ ا ا بأ عد فيما ؛تؤدي دائـرة ـ امعـات ا ـ خر من كب عدد بوجود سكرة بوالية العمل سوق يمتاز .البطالة بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 54 امعات .2 ا خر بطالة رة ظا امعاتالبطالة 1.2 ا خر عمل :وسوق ــــــ واملح العــــــال املســــــتوى ــــــ ع بالغــــــة ميــــــة أ تحتــــــل البطالــــــة أن ــــــ شــــــك ال ممــــــا انــت وإن املجتمعـات مـن مجتمـع ـا م يخلــو ال عامليـة رة وظـا أساسـية، لة مشـ ـا باعتبار قتصــــاد ــــز ــــ ال العاملــــة القــــوى ــــ فــــائض ســــاس ــــ تمثــــل ــــ وال متفاوتــــة ســــب ب عـ العاملــةالـوط القـوى ثمار اسـ ـ ــدرا البطالـة تمثـل بـذلك امــل ل شـ ا امتصاصـ ن ن والباحث السياسات وواض القرارات، متخذي تمام با البطالة حظيت لذلك الوطنية العمـل وسوق البطالة رة ظا بدراسة سنقوم مية، ذه ل ونظرا م، وغ ن قتصادي التالية النقاط تناول خالل : من البطالة 1.1.2 ف يجة: عر ن وذلك البطالة مصط تناولت ال ف التعار عددت لقد ا بأ البطالة ف عر تم إذ واحد، ف عر ع تفاق ن"عدم القادر اص عدد جدي ل ش عمل عن يبحثون م أ من بالرغم عملون وال العمل وآخرون،("ع مندور .)323ص،2003 ـــــــا ف عر تــــــم ــــــاكمــــــا فيـــــــھ"بأ العمــــــل قــــــوة ـــــــا ف املجتمــــــع ســــــتخدم ال ـــــــ ال الــــــة ا النـــاتج مـــن أقـــل املجتمـــع ـــذا ـــ ـــ الفع النـــاتج ـــون ي ثـــم ومـــن أمـــثال، أو ـــامال اســـتخداما إليھ الوصول يمكن ان عما املجتمع أفراد ية رفا مستوى ي تد إ يؤدي مما ".املحتمل، ا بأ ا ف عر تم الع"كما م ن ب املستخدمالفرق العمل م و املعروض مل ــــم فـــإن ثـــم ومـــن الســـائدة، جـــور ات مســـتو عنـــد معينـــة، زمنيـــة ة ـــ ف خـــالل املجتمـــع ة املطلو والكمية العمل من املعروضة الكمية من ل ن ب الفجوة م يتمثل البطالة جور من ن مع مستوى عند العمل سوق ونجا،("منھ .)2007،274السر زائـــر، ا ـــ بـــھ معمـــول ـــو مـــا مـــع يتطـــابق الـــذي الـــدو العمـــل مكتـــب ـــف عر أمـــا ــا بأ ـا تتــوفر"فيعرف انــت إذا بطالـة ــ العمـر مــن عشـر امســة ا يبلــغ ص ـ ــل ـون ي شـــروط ثالثـــة أو: فيــھ مأجــــور اســـتخدام ــ عمـــل ألن زا جـــا ــون ي أن عمـــل، بـــال ــون ي أن مأجـور، عمل غيـر عن يبحث كـون ص2007بقاط،("و ،3(. ـــــــ ــــــا اختالف رغـــــــم ر ــــــو ا ـــــــ اتفقــــــت قـــــــد ف التعــــــار ـــــــذه أن ســــــبق ممـــــــا ــــــ يت ســتخدام عـدم حالـة بــھ يقصـد مصـط البطالــة ـون ـ اتفقــت ـا أ فنجـد التفاصـيل، جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 55 ن والبـــاحث فيـــھ ن والـــراغب العمـــل ـــ ع ن القـــادر اص ـــ ـــ إ شـــ ـــ وال للعمالـــة ـــ الك يجدو ال م ولك وجھعنھ و البطالة أنواع حول راء لتباين فرجع أساسا خالف أما نھ، أن ــــ و ــــة ر جو اعتبــــارات عــــدة مــــن ي يــــأ ن معــــ ــــف عر ــــ ع لتقــــاء ة صــــعو فــــإن عــــام وجاسم،( البطالة ص2011خض ،105(: جديد و ما ا إل يضاف أن يمكن أنھ بمع الدوام، ع ومتجددة ة متغ ؛باستمرار ا ا ومتغ ا عناصر ن ب باك ش فض صعب و ؛متداخلة والعامل والبطالة العمالة ف عر الدول ن ب ختالف جراء ا قياس يصعب ن و ت تدخل ال العناصر من ذلك وغ العمل وسن التعطل ومدة واملتعطل البطالة أو . العمالة معينة زمنية ة ف البطالة معدل حساب تم يو 100. :كما × ن عدد العاطل جملة قوة العمل = معدل البطالة جور ظل بالعمل يقبلون الذين ن والعاطل ن العامل عدد مجموع العمل بقوة قصد و ص2015رشوان،( السائدة ،21(. العمل 2.1.2 سية :سوق الرئ العناصر ألحد سا املصدر العمل سوق يمثل املنظماتالعملية داف أ تحقيق يمكن خاللھ من وال العمل عنصر و و نتاجية وتحديد السوق ذا طبيعة دراسة خالل من وذلك املختلفة قتصادية والقطاعات والطلب العرض جان كال تؤثر أي عليھ تؤثر ال والعوامل .خصائصھ العمل -أ سوق وم عق: مف إرادي ود مج بأنھ العمل ععرف التأث يتضمن ي بد أو الناحية من أيضا عرف و مفيد، اقتصادي دف لتحقيق املادية والغ مادية شياء العامل سان ا يبذل ال نية الذ أو سمانية ا ود ا جميع أنھ ع قتصادية املنفعة ادة ز عنھ شأ ي ي سا إ ود مج ل آخر مع و نتاجية، قتصاديةالعملية الدي،( ص2016ا ،333(. فطالبيـــھ للعمـــل، والعـــارض الطالـــب فيـــھ يلتقـــي الـــذي ـــان امل ـــو ف العمـــل ســـوق أمـــا الــــذين اص ــــ ــــل وأيضــــا عمــــال، ــــون يمل ال الــــذين ن شــــط ال فــــراد ــــل ــــ يتمثلــــون بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 56 يئـات وال املؤسسـات ـم فنقصد عارضيھ أما أفضل، عمل فرصة إ تطلعون و عملون عملا منصب يوفر من ل أي اصة، وا والعايب،( لعمومية ص2010عدون ،57( . ــــــ واملمثـــــل العــــــرض فيـــــھ يلتقــــــي الـــــذي ــــــان امل بأنـــــھ العمــــــل ســـــوق ــــــف عر تـــــم كمـــــا القطاعـــــات أو املنظمـــــات أو العمـــــل اب ـــــ أ ا عرضـــــ ـــــ ال الشـــــاغرة عمـــــال أو الوظــــائف الــذين أولئــك ــ املتمثــل والطلــب ــا،املختلفـة، يلتحقــون أعمــال أو وظــائف ــ إ يتطلعــون ــــة وحر قامـــة ـــة وحر العمـــل ـــة حر شـــروط تحــــت ن العـــامل ـــذين ن بـــ التفاعـــل ســـتمر و أو الـــثمن التــوازن ــذا خــالل مـــن يتحــدد ثــم مــا، بي ي ـــا ال التــوازن يتحقــق ــ ح نتقــال العمــ لســوق املمثــل ــان امل ــذا ــون ي وقــد معينــة، بوظيفــة ــاص ا أوجــر ــا ل الدولــة ل ا م جزء أو ا مد ص2008،املسماري ( "أحد ،152(. العمل -ب سوق ا: خصائص م صائص ا من بمجموعة العمل سوق ،( :يتم ع عبد )198ص،2011 دمة ا ذه أن ع وذلك ا فصل يمكن ال أي بالعامل العمل خدمة إرتباط تباع وال ؛تؤجر مشتق و العمل ع الطلب خرى أن دمات وا السلع ع الطلب ؛من السلعة ذه ن تخز ع القدرة ؛عدم التفاوضية والطلب العرض جان اب أ قدرة ؛إختالف السوق ن ور املذ ن انب ا وجود ب س ؛إختالف و العناصر من عدد خالل من العمل سوق شاط ال يجة ن : يتحدد ا النمو جور، البطالة، شغيل، يال ا .لس زائر -ج ا العمل سوق زائر: خصائص ا العمل سوق ع أثرت ال ر املظا من الفجوة ساع ا زاد مما ، العا التعليم مؤسسات من ن املتخرج عدد الكب التطور ن البطال الشباب حصة زادت حيث العمل سوق ومتطلبات العا التعليم مخرجات ن ب اصل ا م ف باإلضافةبما العمل، عرض من معت جزء يمثلون والذين ادات ش ع ن العمومية املؤسسات من العديد تمارسھ انت ال جتما الدور عن التخ إ مقنعة بطالة عملون العمال من ة كب سبة ب حتفاظ أساسا .واملتمثل التالية صائص با زائر ا العمل سوق :وتتم جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 57 العملعدم سوق واحتياجات التعليم مخرجات ن ب ؛التوافق القطاعات ن ب سيق الت ؛ضعف امعة، ا ا توفر ال الت املؤ عض ناك ف والتعليم، نتاج ن ب فجوة وجود للعمل فرص تجد ال تخصصات ناك أن ؛كما والسلوكيات ارات امل ع يركز وال واملعلومات، املعارف ع التعليم ؛يركز يجة ن عمال مع التأقلم ستطيع ال ديدة ا العمالة حيان من كث نتاج و التعليم ور دة،( لتد ص2010بوز ،79(. من العرض ب لتقر سبة بال اختالالت ووجود العمل سوق الوساطة ضعف العمل مجال ؛الطلب العمل حول املعلومات مع وطنية شبكة توفر ؛عدم املرو عدام ثمارا س أمام عائقا ل ش والذي واملا داري املحيط ؛نة ع املشار اب أ للشباب سبة بال البنكية القروض ع صول ا ة ؛صعو التجاري شاط ال ة(ترجيح كث عمل مناصب ي ال حساب) الذي ع العمل ملناصب املولد املنتج ثمار ؛س جتماعية ة املعا سنواتترجيح عدة ملدة ؛للبطالة عض تلبية عدم ا ع نتج وال العاملة لليد نية وامل غرافية ا ركة ا ضعف املحرومة املناطق السيما العمل، العليا(عروض ضاب وال نوب )ا ص2017شلوف،( ،444(. ع صول با تمامھ ا بقدر العل بالتحصيل عام ل ش الطالب تمام ا عدم ادة مستقبالش وظيفة ع صول ل لھ ؛تؤ حولھ من يحصل ما ل ب دراية ع ون ي الذي املثقف ام ا الطالب غياب واجتماعية اقتصادية ات متغ ص2013كحلة،( من ،7( . ن 3.1.2 ج ر ا عمل آليتان: سوق ا ف تتفاعل ة معنو ساحة القوى: و عرض ن الراغب امعة ا خر من العاملةالعاملة القوى ع والطلب عمل، ع صول ا مستقبليا أم قائما ان سواء امعة، ا خر ي،( من ومال ص2014متو ،149(، بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 58 دمات، وا السلع أسواق عن امعات ا خر عمل سوق خصوصيات اختالف وع مقدم و م، تحكم ال ن والقوان م تنظم ال ليات من العديد ون قانونش ا والطلب .العرض امعات 2.2 ا خر بطالة ة: أسباب زائر ا امعات ا خر ا عرف ال البطالة إن طبيعة و نفسھ ج ر با رة الظا ذه ترتبط حيث معينة ة فقط ا سب يمكن ال يحكمھ، الذي قتصاد وح إليھ ت ي الذي العمل والسوق تلقاه الذي التعليم رة الظا ذه تفاقم ت سب ال سباب من العديد يوجد العوامل ذه ل ل يجة ون ي فيما ا :نوجز املالئمة العمل فرص خلق أو ن ج ر ا يعاب اس ع اص ا القطاع قدرة عدم العلمية م وتخصصا ناسب ت ؛ال امليدانية أو نية امل مية من: شيوع كب عدد ا م ي عا والال ن، ج ر ا ة مواج من والقلق وف وا علموه، ما تطبيق ات صعو ؤالء يواجھ ا سب ا م عدة، ألسباب نة أو: امل باختصاصھ قناعتھ عدم الطالب، كسل أو مال إ ا و ل أو ا لصعو إما التعليمية املنا ضم ضعف علمھ، ما بجدوى ا بدراس رغبتھ عدم أو ية ؛روتي والدخولعدم جور ل وتآ م الت معدالت ارتفاع جراء ن، التعي الرغبة وعائلتھ للموظف ساسية اجات ا تل ال ا يجعل مما قيقية، ليل،خ( ا ص2006 ،65(. الطلبة من املدخالت اختيار دقيقة غ أساليب ع ام ا التعليم اعتماد رشاد و التوجيھ برامج واملوضعف ؛ادي املحروقات ع الك شبھ عتماد و قتصادي النمو معدالت بوودن( بطء ص2017ومنومس، ،454(. العمل سوق واحتياجات التعليم مخرجات ن ب التوافق ؛عدم ذلك رجع و لة، املؤ ة زائر ا العاملة اليد ع ار ا الطلب ضعف التعليم ات مستو ؛النخفاض التعليم مخرجات ن ب التناسب بإيجاد تقوم وفعالة ة وا اتيجية اس غياب جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 59 زائر ا العمل سوق ومتطلبات ؛العا من أك املستقبل مضمونة ا و ل الدولة لدى الوظيفة عن البحث ثقافة سيادة اص ا القطاع دي،( وظيفة ص2017الز ،162(. ات ج ن و امعات ا ن ب تصال ةمستوى املطلو بالفعالية س ل ؛التوظيف م الت ب س ن ج ر ا اختصاص نفس عمل فرص توفر عدم التخرج عد م ل اجة ا تفوق معينة اختصاصات م وتركز م ؛أعداد الناس معظم ات اتجا غ ب س دمات ا بقطاع ن املشتغل أعداد ارتفاع ر ا العمل أو املادي التوجھ ملبدأ م العملودعم ق طر عن املال وجمع ؛التجارة طفال و الشباب فئ وخاصة ي ا الس النمو معدالت ؛إرتفاع قيمة من وتقلل املجتمعات عض سود ال جتماعية والتقاليد العادات جون ر ا ا يقبل فال ن وامل عمال ي،( عض ص2014بلعر ،77(. بكثاف ديثة ا ثمارات س العمالةتتصف ع الطلب وضعف املال رأس .ة للدولة املتاحة قتصادية انيات م مع تتما ال للوظائف جتماعية الرغبة العمل سوق ص2015الصديق،( ولطبيعة ص ،66،65(. امعات 3.2 ا خر بطالة زائر: خصائص ا ن امعي ا بطالة رة ظا تك فيما تتمثل صائص ا من ي،( يمجموعة ص2014بلعر ،72(: املجتمع املتعلمة النخبة البطالة من النوع ذا ؛يمس ن امعي ا بطالة سب املستمر ايد ؛ال والعمل العا التعليم قطا ن ب املواءمة ؛ضعف املختلفة التخصصات ن ب امعات ا خر بطالة وقع ؛إختالف الغ بالقطاع للعمل ن امعي ا ؛رستوجھ ور الذ عن ناث امعات ا خر لدي البطالة سبة ؛ارتفاع خر من ادات الش حام ع ن املتعلم غ يل وتأ ب تدر إعادة تفضيل امعات .ا بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 60 للتعليم جتماعية القيمة .تناقص امعات 4.2 ا خر بطالة البطالة :نتائج عن تبة امل السلبية النتائج إ باإلضافة عد حيث إضافية، سلبية ونتائج آثار امعات ا خر بطالة عن تج ت فإنھ عامة بصفة ن والباحث ن قتصادي الكتاب اف اع حسب البطالة أنواع أخطر من ل الش ذا ص ال تمس ال رة الظا ذه ون ل ذا و والقرار السلطة اب أ وح ن جتماعي و املجتمع إ تمتد بل فقط عرقلالعاطل أو التنمية ة مس دد مما ل ك قتصاد ي ما النتائج ذه ومن ا، ود :ج إ ش ادات الش حام عند البطالة لة مش أن حيث ادة الش قيمة تخفيض إ متعلمة الغ الفئة بطالة من البطالة ة ج غ التا و التعليم در ال ع إطارات نجد حيث املتعلمة الفئة سيطةبطالة مناصب شغل ؛ليا ادات الش حملة معظم أن مالحظة عند مبكرة سن املدر سرب ال ل ا شار ان ب س ي مما ن بطال امعية ؛ا ات التغ ملواكب ارج ا من عاليا يال تأ لة املؤ العاملة اليد اد است إ وء ال ن امعي ا ن و ت ضعف ب س ومنومس،( التكنولوجية ص2017بوودن ، 455.( و و آخر، مجال ا ونقص ما مجال املتخصصة أو العاملة يدي عدد ادة ز السياسة ه تأث ثم ومن ة شر ال العمل قوة ان م اختالل إ يؤدي ما ة ؛التنمو ة كب أعداد لوجود يجة ن جتماعية مراض و نحرافات من الكث حدوث ن العاطل ن امعي ا ممن وشعور املجتمع ة ملس م مساير وعدم العمل عن انوا ما تحقيق أو ياة ا متطلبات تلبية عن م ز و والفشل، باإلحباط إليھ يطمحون أو ي،( يخططون ص2014بلعر ،81(. ذا ان سواء رأسماليا، ثمارا اس ن ج ر ا ؤالء عليم ع نفاق عد أو العائلة قبل من وراءنفاق من النفع عود أن املفروض ومن الدولة، ثمار اس عدم فإن التا و ن، الطرف كال إ ادة الش ع م وحصول م تخرج املجتمع وموارد ألموال سافرا درا ع العلمية م ال ؛مؤ جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 61 دول املالئمة العمل فرص عن للبحث العلمية الكفاءات من الكث رة عبء أن ع ذا و الدولة،أخرى، تحملتھ قد التعليم مدخالت يل وتأ عليم ات خ استلمت ا أ أي أخرى، دولة ب نص من ون ت مخرجاتھ فوائد نما ب ا اقتصادا ناء و ة التنمو ا خطط تنفيذ ا ثمر واس زة جا الت ومؤ ؛الوطنية جادة غ م ومؤسسا م دول أن شعرون س ن ج ر ا من ن العاطل أن كما ذلكت عند فتضعف م، كرام ع واملحافظة م ال مؤ من ستفادة و م وظيف الوط نتماء عدم م شعور زداد و م لد املواطنة ص2006خليل،( روح ، 66.( امعات. 3 ا خر بطالة ة بمواج اصة ا زة بطالة: ج معدالت خفض يل س البحث زائر ا تتوان لم امعات ا للتكفلخر ناجعة وآليات سياسات عن العمل فرص من ممكن قدر أك توف ع العمل خالل من ذا و ن امعي ا ن ج ر با الضغط تخفيف ع ساعد مما التخصصات مختلف و اص وا العام ن القطاع طال مع ناسب ي بما شغيل ال آليات ع تنو ع عملت كما العمل، سوق ل امل ظرفيةالعمل، مؤقتة عمل فرص تخلق مؤقتة السياسات ذه تبقى قيقة ا أنھ إال عمل فرص خلق ع املقدرة عدم عن ع وال البطالة، إ ا ا بأ عد فيما تؤدي وتتمثل زائري، ا قتصادي النظام أداء لضعف ساس ذلك رجع و دائمة بخر اصة وا املتوفرة شغيل ال التاليةسياسات السياسات زائر ا امعات :ا امل 1.3 دماج ع املساعدة از جتما( ج والضمان العمل وزارة دف :)موقع رقم التنفيذي املرسوم بموجب املحدث از، ا ل19املؤرخ 126 -08ذا ،2008أفر با شغيل لل الوطنية الة الو طرف من واملس واملتمم اتاملعدل املدير مع سيق لت إ امل دماج ع املساعدة از بج املتعلق شغيل، لل :الوالئية ن؛ املبتدئ الشغل لطال امل دماج يع ع السيما الشباب، ترقية إ الرامية والتداب شاطات ال ال أش افة يع ن و ت وتوظيف-برامج .شغيل ثالث إ از ا ن) 3(يوجھ املبتدئ العمل طال من :فئات بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 62 املؤسسات خر ن السام ن والتقني العا التعليم ادات ش حام الشباب امل ن و للت ؛الوطنية الذين أو امل ن و الت ومراكز الوطنية بية لل الثانوي التعليم خر الشباب نيا م صا تر عو ؛تا يل تأ وال ن و ت بدون .الشباب شغيلعقود 2.3 ال قبل ص( ما شر، سنة دون دكفال، الة:)28بن الو تقوم ن والتقني ن امعي ا إ املوجھ از ا ذا سي ب الشباب شغيل لدعم الوطنية ن ب ما م أعمار اوح ت الذين ن الوطنية35و19السامي د املعا خر وكذلك سنة ا من الفئة ذه ن تمك إ دف و ، التق ن و افيةللت ال نية امل ة ا ساب ك طرف من تقبلھ مدى ع نامج ال ذا فعالية وتتوقف العمل، سوق م إلدماج مدة اء ان عد دماج فرص وتضاؤل املالية، ضات التعو قيمة ضعف ب س الشباب .العقد الشباب 3.3 شغيل لدعم الوطنية الة شغيل):a.n.s.e.j(الو ل وآلية مؤسسة و سنة العمل عن العاطل الشباب شغيل ل استحدثت زائر لتقليل1997ا ومنھ ، ما و شطة من ن نوع از ا ذا غطي حيث زائر، ا البطالة املساعدة: معدالت شاطات ال شاء إ لتدعيم ن و والت مصغرة مؤسسات شاء إ .ع سي 4.3 ل الوطنية الة املصغرالو الة):a.n.g.e.m(القرض الو ذه ت ش أ ومية ا نة ال قرار سم1بموجب ن2003د ب من املصغر القرض عت حيث ، أولئك أو البطالة، لفئة موجھ بذلك و ف البطالة ل مش ل الدولة ا اتخذ ال ليات خلق يرغب من ل ول مضمون، غ مؤقت عمال يمارسون يالذين ذا عمل منصب دمات وا للسلع منتج شاط ر وتطو ببحث سمح مما ص2014بوزار،( بنفسھ، ، 560(. البطالة 5.3 ع ن للتأم الوط از):c.n.a.c(الصندوق ا ذا شاطات م أ تتمثل سبة بال خاصة العمل، إ العودة ع املساعدة أو العمل مناصب ع فاظ ا ذه وتتمحور العمال ح سر عمليات إطار اقتصادية ألسباب ن املسرح للعمال التالية جراءات حول شاطات :ال جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 63 مل السوق إ ن املنظم ومراقبة البطالة من ن تأم ادعم قدر را23دة ؛ش العمل إ الرجوع أجل من واملساعدة ؛الدعم امل ن و الت ادات لش ن امل ا ن بالبطال خاصة مؤسسات شاء إ مة املسا ن مع ميدان ة خ ون يمل الذين ح أو العا التعليم .أو جتماعية 6.3 التنمية الة سنة):d.a.s(و الة الو ذه ت ش تنفيذي 1996أ بمرسوم خ96/223رقم بتار ش1996جوان29الصادر م وال البطالة الفقر، ة محار ا م م ، العقود عة ومتا سي مة م ا ل لت أو كما ، شغيل جتما ال قبل العمل)cpe(ما ، ملا)esil(املؤقت وفقا العمل طال إدماج ع عمل كما العامة، املنفعة ذات عمال و ، العمل وزارة وحسب عمل، مناصب من ادة،( يتوفر . )329ص،2017ز سكرة. 4 بوالية العمل سوق امعات ا خر بطالة رة ظا واقع تتو العا التعليم مؤسسات من مؤسسة سكرة خيضر محمد جامعة عت إن شر مة واملسا طارات و الطلبة ن و ت ام م الوطن جامعات من ا تاجكغ امعة ا تضطلع كما املتواصل، ن و الت املشاركة وكذا واملعارف، العلم تحصيل والتق العل البحث نتائج ن تثم خالل من التكنولو ر والتطو العل البحث ام بم املحلية والثقافية العلمية سرة ضمن املشاركة ق طر عن ا وإثرا املعارف وتبادل لت ش وقد تماموالدولية، ا ات أولو إحدى ة خ السنوات ة زائر ا امعة ا ل يا وال امعية ا واملراكز امعات ا من العديد انجاز خالل من يالحظ ما ذا و الدولة، أن غ ن، امعي ا ساتذة لتوظيف العمل مناصب من الف وفتح البيداغوجية ال إذ در، ال أحيانا ا شو الفعلية شودنجازات امل دف ال نحو لية ا مخرجا تصب امعة ا من ن املتخرج يوظف ال العمل سوق يزال ال حيث الوطنية، بالتنمية املتعلق الشرعية غ رة وال البطالة شار ان ا م ل املشا من العديد أفرز الوضع ذا و ة زائر ا امل عدم الشعور حالة ادة ز وكذا دمغة، رة أو ن، امعي مثلمال البعض لدى واطنة العالم دول معظم الشأن .و العمل 1.4 سوق: عرض العمل عرض تتحكم ال العوامل من العديد ناك ي ما ا م سكرة، بوالية :العمل ان 1.1.4 الس املصدر: م و بل العمل عرض املؤثر العامل ان الس م يمثل بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 64 ا عمل لقوة العارضة العاملة اليد وكمية م يحدد ان الس م أن حيث لھ سا العمل عرض ادة ز ع عمل ان الس م ادة وز . السوق، رقم دول سكرة): 01(ا والية ان الس عدد تطور 2017 2016 2015 2014 البيان ان الس 909 656 889 205 869 215 849 672 عدد انعدد 29-20الس سبة ب 332 173 20% 371 177 20% 450 181 20% 551 156 17% ان الس 64-20عدد سبة ب 571 432 50% 015 443 52% 202 453 50% 971 392 43% سكرة:املصدر والية .مونوغرافية وذلك سكرة والية ان س م سنوي تزايد نجد السابق دول ا بمالحظة بـب يقدر سنوي نمو عن% 2.30سبة أما فئة، سبة ارتفاع فنالحظ ان الس تركيب حوا تمثل والذي ال% 20الشباب امعات ا خر شمل وال ان الس مجموع من اجتماعية انة م ا ل زائر ا امعية ا ادات الش ون ل وذلك ا م معت سبة تمثل تطلع ناك أصبح حيث صولواقتصادية، وا التعليم نحو بناء و باء طرف من ات ان الس سبة انخفاض نالحظ كما ة، وحضار خية تار العتبارات عليا ادات ش ع يمثل وال ن شيط مختلف% 50ال العمل الفئة ذه فع ا، عل العبء يثقل مما ع الناتج ز ال غطية و التنمية داف أ وتحقيق قتصادية غالقطاعات الفئة ن شيطة للعمل% 50(ال ي القانو السن من قل ان الس املتمثلة املتبقية السن وكبار ).واملتقاعدين امعة 2.1.4 ا خر املؤثرة: عداد مة امل العوامل من امعة ا خر عداد عت السنة الطلبة أعداد تطور يو التا دول وا العمل، عرض منم و مرة ألول العمل سوق يدخلون والذين منھ ة خ والسنة العا التعليم . مرحلة رقم دول سكرة): 02(ا والية ادات الش وحام دد ا الطلبة عدد تطور امعية ا 2017 2016 2015 2014 السنة دد ا 7 112 6 593 8 104 7 584 الطلبة ادات الش 7 660 7 540 7 738 6 705 حام سكرة:املصدر والية .مونوغرافية ترك يجة ن ا سنو دد ا الطلبة أعداد تزايد نالحظ السابق دول ا من جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 65 شر و التعليمية امج ال التوسع ق طر عن ن املتعلم معدالت ادة ز ع السياسات تمثل وال لة املؤ العاملة القوى إلعداد مة امل الوسائل كإحدى مخرجاتالتعليم والذي العا التعليم ع ايد امل الطلب تلبية النجاح إ باإلضافة الكمية، التعليم ومجانية قتصادية، و جتماعية امعية ا ادة الش انة م مثل أسباب لعد يرجع تفوق سبة ب العا التعليم نفقات الدولة تتحمل حيث أساسا%98التعليم واملتمثلة ، وروا ومنحأجور امعية ا حياء إيواء من امعية ا دمات وا النقل ساتذة، تب من،الطلبة أك أن نالحظ غض) 7 000(كما ذا ا، سنو العمل سوق يدخلون ج خر مناصب ا تقابل ال وال سكرة، بوالية العمل سوق املختلفة د املعا خر عن النظر تفاقم إ يؤدي مما جديدة الفئةعمل ذه لدى البطالة لة .مش سكرة 3.1.4 بوالية العمل سوق التعليم مخرجات مخرجات: تركيب تركيب إن ا، يطل ال العمل بفرص عالقة من لھ ملا م م دور لھ تخصصات من العا التعليم أنھ نجد سكرة بوالية العمل لسوق سبة ال رقموفقو التنفيذي املؤرخ09-90املرسوم لـ1430صفر21 املوافق التنفيذي2009فيفري17ـ املرسوم تمم و عدل الذي ، من1998/07/07املؤرخ98219رقم ون تت امعة ا دستأصبحت ومع ليات :و الدقيقـــة العلـــوم الطبيعـــة ليـــة يـــاة وعلـــوم العلـــوم ليـــة ،أقســـام 06: وا ؛أقسام06: والتكنولوجيا ســـــــــانية و جتماعيـــــــــة العلـــــــــوم واللغـــــــــات،أقســـــــــام02: ليـــــــــة داب 03: ليـــــــــة ؛أقسام ســـي ال وعلـــوم ـــة والتجار قتصـــادية العلـــوم قـــوق،أقســـام 03:ليـــة ا ليـــة السياسية .قسم02: والعلوم اضية والر البدنية شاطات ال وتقنيات علوم د .أقسام03: مع الفئةبذلك من سكرة بوالية العمل لسوق عمالة تج ت خيضر محمد جامعة ون ت التا والتخصصات ليات ال مختلف ع ن موزع ادات الش حام تمثل ال لة :املؤ رقم دول سكرة):03(ا بوالية العمل سوق ادات الش حام عداد .تطور بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 66 ليات ال 2014 2015 2016 2017 سبة العدد سبة العدد ال سبة العدد ال سبة العدد ال ال الطبيعة وعلوم الدقيقة العلوم ياة وا 293 1 19 663 1 21.5 577 1 21 655 1 22 والتكنولوجيا 17.5 1 338 19 1 429 17.5 1 365 20 1 360 العلوم سانية و جتماعية 15.5 1 186 13.5 1 016 14 1 073 13 864 العلوم 23 1 789 23 1 724 23 1 796 24.5 1 639 واللغاتداب ة والتجار قتصادية العلوم سي ال وعلوم 663 10 835 11 878 11.5 778 10 السياسية والعلوم قوق 7 528 7 523 7 515 7.5 499 ا البدنية شاطات ال وتقنيات علوم اضية والر 387 6 491 6 393 5 386 5 100 7 660 100 7 540 100 7 738 100 6 705 املجموع سكرة،:املصدر والية سكرة مونوغرافية .جامعة سنوات ع أر مر ع ادات الش حام الطلبة تركيب نالحظ السابق دول ا من من العمل لسوق ة واملوج ادات الش حام من ك سبة ال أن حيث الدراسة تفوق سب ب واللغات داب لية لسنة1 789تقابل% 23خر عدد2017طالب و ب العمل سوق العمل طلب ستطيع ال عدكب ا ليل تھ، وتلب إمتصاصھ سكرة والية العلوم لية و ياة وا الطبيعية وعلوم الدقيقة العلوم لية من ادات ش حام ذلك تفوق سبة ب من% 18و% 20والتكنولوجيا ادات ش حام ذلك عد ا ليل ب، ت ال ع والتج قتصادية العلوم لية و سانية و جتماعية العلوم سيلية ال وعلوم ة ار تفوق سبة السابقة% 10و% 14ب ليات ال خر عدد ارتفاع نجد ن ح ب، ت ال ع سانية و جتماعية والعلوم واللغات داب لية خر ع الطلب ينخفض فإنھ لية خر ع الطلب يرتفع نما العلومب لية ياة وا الطبيعة وعلوم الدقيقة العلوم علومالتكنولوجياو د ومع السياسية والعلوم قوق ا لية من ادات ش ن حامل أما ، تفوق و سب ال أقل بذلك يمثلون اضية والر البدنية شاطات ال ،%5و% 7وتقنيات يدل مما الدراسة سنوات ع كيب ال ثابتة العا التعليم مخرجات أن بذلك نالحظ امل العمل سوق ات بتغ ا تأثر . ستمرةعدم القبــول 4.1.4 بــاب:سياسـة فـتح خــالل مـن الطلبــة عـدد ــادة ز سياسـات زائــر ا ـت انت ن بـ البطالـة لة مش ل و ليات، ال قبول سبة ادة وز الطلبة ميع كب ل ش القبول جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 67 عديل بضرورة املتخصصة القومية املجالس اء خ ا أعد ال الدراسة أوصت ن ج ر ا ـــــ القبــــول وتخصصـــــاتسياســــات أعــــداد تـــــتالءم بحيــــث ـــــد املعا ــــ و ، ـــــام ا التعلــــيم العمل سوق احتياجات مع ن ج ر .ا التعلــــيم 5.1.4 ــــدف:نوعيــــة ال أن حيــــث ومخرجاتــــھ، التعلــــيم بنظــــام العمــــل عــــرض يتــــأثر متطلبــات ـة ملواج م ل يـؤ إعــدادا م وإعـداد الطلبـة ــل تأ ـو التعلـيم وجــود مـن ـ الرئ اليـة ا العمـل العمـل،سوق فـرص ـ ع ن املتخـرج أغلـب حصـول ولضـمان واملسـتقبلية، ا و و خصائص عدة تتمتع العا التعليم مرحلة أن نجد :حيث لة املؤ العاملة بالقوى ك واملزود العمل سوق إ ؛قرب الســـابقة باملراحــل مقارنــة ــا عل نفـــاق ــم مــن ا حصــ ـــ ــ ك ــزء ا تمثــل ا ؛ل الدولة التعليمية السياسات تمامات وا ات اتجا عكس ؛مؤشر العاملة للقوى امل ل ي ال ع املباشر ؛املؤثر تكنولوجيا املجتمعات لتقدم مة امل .الوسيلة املرحلة ذه مخرجات أن ن العا(ح زائـر) التعليم ا ـ العمـل سـوق ا سـتقبل وال صائص با تتم ا أ دة،( لتاليةا فنجد :)84ص،2010 بوز توظيـــف كيفيـــة م ينقصــ لكـــن ـــ معر بكــم ن مثقلـــ الطلبـــة مــن ائـــل عـــدد تخــرج العمل عالم اقتحام عند العلمية املعارف ؛ذه العمل سوق ام ا الطالب يصادفھ عما العلمية سبات املك ؛عد ــــ ع صــــول با تمامــــھ ا بقــــدر ــــ العل بالتحصــــيل الطالــــب تمــــام ا ادةعــــدم شــــ مستقبال وظيفة ع صول ل لھ ؛تؤ ما ذا و تخصصھ، ا ل لھ تؤ أن يمكن ال نية امل باملجاالت الطالب إدراك عدم أخرى تخصصات دون معينة تخصصات ع ك ال إ ؛يؤدي ة ج من والقيادة تصال ارات م لغياب نظرا العمل، عالم ندماج ة صعو نية امل ارات امل أخرى وغياب ة ج .من احتياجات لتلبية املصادر م أ أحد املرحلة ذه التعلي النظام ل ش التا و وثيـق ارتباط عالقة نالك أن ع ذا و الت واملؤ والكفاءات ارات امل من العمل، سوق بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 68 التنميــــــــة ومتطلبــــــــات العمــــــــل ســــــــوق واحتياجــــــــات ــــــــة ج مــــــــن املرحلــــــــة ــــــــذه مخرجــــــــات ن بــــــــ جتم و أخــرى قتصــادية ــة ج مــن عــام ل شــ ــ فــنالحظ)94ص،2010مللــوم،( اعيــة ، كميــــة وانخفضـــت التعلــــيم مـــدة طالــــت امعـــات، ا ــــ يل ـــ ال ســــبة ارتفعـــت لمــــا أنـــھ لمــــا و التعلــــيم، مــــدة ــــاء ان عــــد تــــزداد املعروضــــة العمــــل كميــــة أن إال املعروضــــة، العمــــل ا أن نجــد أننــا إال التعلــيم، مــن ســلل ال ســبة ـــلارتفعــت ي ال مالئمــة لعــدم يجــة ن زائــر العمـــــل عـــــروض ـــــ ة ـــــ كب ـــــادة ز وجـــــود مـــــن غم ـــــ ف العمـــــل، ســـــوق ملتطلبـــــات ـــــا ـــــ التعلي ب ســــ ـــا تحقيق يصـــعب فإنـــھ ن، ـــو الت ومراكــــز ـــد املعا امعـــات، ا ـــ خر مـــن املقدمـــة مثــــل شــــغيل ال انيـــة إم تقيــــد ــــ ال ا: الشـــروط تفرضــــ ــــ ال ة ــــ ا الوطنيـــة، دمــــة ا أداء ا، تطل ال العالية الت واملؤ سنوات، بخمسة ا متوسط تحدد وال ـ...املؤسسات إ والعايب،( ص2010عدون ،62(. ـــــا ن ت خــــالل فمـــــن ــــة زائر ا امعـــــة ا ــــا تمنح ـــــ ال امعيــــة ا ادات الشـــــ عــــن أمــــا الت مراحل من ية و ت مرحلة ل اية تتوج جامعية ادة ش يقدم فإنھ د م ل نلنظام و ي كما النظام ذا ص2010بومعزة،( حسب ،458(: ـــــ -أ و ــــا(املرحلــــة الور س) ســـــنوات3+ با ســـــا ل ادة شــــ ن:وتتـــــوج طـــــور مـــــن ــــون تت ــ املع للتخصــص وليـة املبــادئ ـ ع صــول ا دفــھ التخصصـات متعــدد قاعـدي ول إ يتفرع متخصص ن و ت ي والثا ا، شاف واك امعية ا ياة ا ية من ع :والتعرف ــادي أ جامعيــة: فــرع دراســات بمواصــلة ا لصــاح ســمح س ســا ل ادة شــ يتــوج وأك طوال أك املحصـلمباشرة والنتائج سبة املك الت املؤ حدود اختصاصا لتحاق وشروط ا ؛عل م يوجد: فرع .ال الثانيــة -ب ــا(املرحلــة الور ماســ) ســنوات5+ با ادة شــ ن،تــدوممرحلــة:وتتــوج ت ســ ـــــ يق أن عــــد نيـــــة امل س ســــا الل ـــــ وح س ســــا ل ـــــ ع ــــائزون ا ـــــا يلتحــــق أن مكــــن و ة ف نخرون مختلف ن الختصاص بدوره ن و الت ذا حضر و العمل، :عالم بح ـ: اختصاص ـ العل البحـث شـاط ـ إ صـاحبھ ـل ؤ و بحـث بماسـ يتـوج قتصادي أو ام ا ؛القطاع صاحبھ ل ؤ و ن مع مجال أوسع ب تدر ع صول با يمتاز م اختصاص جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 69 داء من أع ات مستو .والتنافسيةإ الثالثة -ج ا(املرحلة الور دكتـوراه) سـنوات8+ با ادة شـ ن:وتتـوج ـو الت ـذا يضـمن والعمــل ــ العل البحـث ملمارســة سـتعداد وتنميــة ختصـاص ــ الطالـب معــارف عميـق ماعة ا .إطار العمـل 2.4 ـ ع ونوعيـة :الطلـب ـم ــ تـتحكم ـ ال العوامــل مـن العديـد الطلــبنــاك ي ما ا م سكرة، بوالية العمل سوق العمل :ع قتصـــــــادية 1.2.4 طلـــــــب:القطاعــــــات بمجمـــــــوع بلـــــــد أي ــــــ العمـــــــل ـــــــ ع الطلــــــب يتمثـــــــل الســلعة، ــذه ــ ع قتصــادية العمــل القطاعــات ســوق ن املشــتغل عــدد يقــدر أنــھ فنجــد بحوا سكرة غاية324 721بوالية إ القطاعات 31/12/2016عامل حسب توزعون و :التالية رقم دول سكرة): 04(ا بوالية العمل سوق القطاعات ع العمالة ع توز ة القطاع املئو سبة ال العمومية 19,73 دارة ثمار س وترقية واملناجم 5,17 الصناعة العمومية شغال و 6,14 البناء والتجارة والنقل 10,91 السياحة 52,28 الفالحة خرى 5.77 القطاعات املناصب 100,00 مجموع سكرة:املصدر والية .مونوغرافية ــ ــ أسا ل شــ يرتكــز العمــل ــ ع الطلــب أن نالحــظ الســابق ــدول ا خــالل مــن ســـــبة ب ـــــ الفال بواليـــــة% 52القطـــــاع العمـــــل ســـــوق العمالـــــة ـــــم نصـــــف يفـــــوق مـــــا أي أن ذلـك يـدل ممـا يرجـعسـكرة، ـذا و العمـل ـ ع الطلـب ـل ي ـ ا ـ وا اخـتالال نـاك ي يجـــــا الـــــدور وكـــــذلك الفالحيـــــة، الواليــــة طبيعـــــة مثـــــل ســـــباب مـــــن للصـــــندوقللعديــــد ذلــك عــد ــا ليل ســباب، مــن ــا وغ الفالحيــة، للتنميــة العموميــةالــوط دارة قطــاع و البنــاء وقطــاع والتجــارة والنقــل الســياحة ســبةوقطــاع ب العموميــة % 10و% 19شــغال الصـــناعة% 6و قطـــاع طلـــب يمثـــل نمـــا ب ـــب، ت ال ـــ وجـــود% 5ع عـــدم ـــ ع فيـــدل فقـــط التـــــا و الزائــــدة، العمالــــة بامتصــــاص وتقــــوم باملرونـــــة ســــم ت ــــا واســــعة صــــناعية قاعــــدة بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 70 ـ ع نتاجيـة العمليـة ـ ـ ك ال وكـذلك العمـل، عـن ن للعـاطل جديدة عمل فرص إتاحة تقليص إ يؤدي مما العمل، كثافة معامل ع ك ال من أك املال رأس الكثافة معامل ال ئــــة والب الغابــــات مثــــل القطاعــــات بــــا أمــــا العمــــل، ســــوق ــــ ن للمنخــــرط العمــــل فــــرص العمل ع الطلب م سكرة% 5.77تتعدى بوالية العمل سوق العمالة إجما .من من 2.2.4 اســـــــتحداث انيــــــة جديـــــــدةإم عمـــــــل:اصـــــــب البطالـــــــة معـــــــدالت تخفـــــــيض ـــــــدف ضـــمن الصـــيغ شـــ ـــ و القطاعـــات مختلـــف ـــ جديـــدة عمـــل مناصـــب تـــوف ـــ ع زائـــر ا التـــــا ـــــدول وا البطالـــــة المتصـــــاص شـــــغيل ال مجـــــال ـــــ ا وضـــــع ـــــ ال املعتمـــــدة ـــــزة ج ة الف خالل ديدة ا املناصب تطور بوالية) 2017 -2014(يو العمل .سكرةسوق رقم دول سكرة): 05(ا بوالية العمل سوق ديدة ا العمل مناصب تطور 2017 2016 2015 2014 البيان شأة امل 16 857 30 925 33 350 41 299 املناصب دائمة 9 488 7 057 7 891 9 465 مناصب مؤقتة 7 369 23 868 25 459 31 834 مناصب سكرة:املصدر والية .مونوغرافية بجميـع ديـدة ا العمـل مناصـب مـن العـرض انخفـاض السابق دول ا من نالحظ سـنة حيث سكرة، بوالية العمل سوق شـأة2014القطاعات امل املناصـب عـدد بلـغ سنة41 299 نما ب سـنة33 350بلغت2015منصب، ـ أنـھ ن حـ ـ ، م منصب شأة2016 امل املناصب عدد لي30 925بلغ سنةمنصب ـ2017صل منصـب16 875إ املؤسســات اعتمــدت إذ الدائمــة العمــل مناصــب مــن الطلــب انخفــاض نالحــظ كمــا فقــط، ــــــ ـــــ التغي ــــــ إ نخفـــــاض ــــــذا رجـــــع و املحــــــددة املـــــدة ذات العقــــــود نظـــــام ــــــ ع الوطنيـــــة ســـنة ـــ الدائمــة املناصـــب عـــدد أن حيــث املعتمـــدة شـــغيل ال 9 465بلـــغ2014سياســات ـــو و املناصــــب% 23يقابـــلمنصـــب عـــدد بلـــغ نمـــا ب شـــأة، امل املناصـــب مجمـــوع مـــن فقـــط مقابـــل31 834املؤقتـــة كمـــا% 77منصـــب الســـنة، لـــنفس شـــأة امل املناصـــب إجمـــا مـــن املناصـــب عـــدد ـــ تقلـــيص الدولـــة انتجـــت وجـــادة ادفـــة سياســـة ـــ تب يل ســـ ـــ أنـــھ نجـــد ســــنة لتصــــل ــــ2017املؤقتــــة تقابــــل7369إ شــــأة% 43منصــــب امل املناصــــب مــــن فقــــط تراجـــع عـــن ـــ ع ديـــدة ا املناصـــب ـــم ـــ ـــ الوا نخفـــاض ـــذا إن الســـنة، لـــنفس لليـــد ــ ك املســتوعب تمثـــل ــ ال العــام القطــاع ـــ عمــل مناصــب تـــوف ــ الدولــة تــدخل جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 71 تجم دت ش وال البالد ا تواج ال املالية بالظروف ترتبط وال زائر، ا يدالعاملة عــــض ــــ إال العموميــــة نــــة ز ا عــــا غايــــة ــــ إ العمــــومي الوظيــــف ــــ التوظيــــف لعمليــــة بالتكفـــل ومـــة ا مــت ال ـــ ال الداخليــة، ووزارة ة ـــ وال بيــة ال ساســـة ا القطاعــات املناصـــب عـــدد ـــ ل ـــ امل نخفـــاض نجـــد حيـــث ـــا، ف ل ـــ امل شـــري ال ـــز ال بتغطيـــة حســــــب النفقــــــات عــــــديل و ترشــــــيداملاليـــــة ــــــدف ــــــذا و للمصــــــا قيقيــــــة ا حتياجــــــات ــــ ع ــــال ت شــــأة امل املناصــــب ــــم ــــ نخفــــاض ــــذا يــــدل كمــــا العموميــــة، النفقــــات ذا ل للدولة، سبة بال لفة م غ جديدة عمل مناصب فتح انھ بإم الذي اص ا القطاع ومســاعدتھ ـھ توج ــق طر عـن ــاص ا القطـاع مســاعدة ـ إ الدولــة امــھعملـت م أداء ـ عديدة وامتيازات يالت س خالل .من ســـــكرة 3.4 بواليـــــة العمـــــل ســـــوق العـــــام البطالـــــة ة: معـــــدل ـــــ كب ميـــــة أ البطالـــــة ملعـــــدل أيضا سمح كما البطالة، وضعية عن شاملة صورة عطي و العمالة م س يق باعتباره ظــل ــ املاضــية الســنوات ــ ع اعتمــادا املســتقبل ــ ــا م ب بؤ لشــروطبــالت ســ ثبــات الالزمـــة التـــداب أخـــذ ـــ ع بـــالتوظيف املختصـــة ـــات ا ســـاعد س الـــذي ء ـــ ال حســـابھ، كما قتصادية، طط ا إعداد فيما عند أو الزمن ع املقارنة البطالة معدل ساعد بـاختالف ألخـرى، دولـة من تختلف ن العاطل أو ن البطال قياس قة طر أن رغم الدول ن ب ـاملعـاي ي فيمــا خـتالف أوجـھ ــم أ وتتمثـل ذلـك، ــ والعايــب،( املعتمـدة ،2010عـدون :)52ص ن شط ال ان الس لقياس املحددة السن لتباين وذلك املستخدمة ة العمر الفئة ؛اقتصاديا العمل عن للبحث الزمنية ة ر-أسابيع(الف ؛)أش الذين فراد و دد، ا ن ج ر ا مع التعامل منتظمةكيفية بصفة عملون ؛ال ا جمع وطرق البطالة، قياس املستخدمة البيانات مصادر .التباين رقم دول ة): 06(ا للف التغطية معدل العمل وعرض طلب )2014-2017(تطور بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 72 2017 2016 2015 2014 السنة لة امل 38 781 35 179 24 710 33 826 الطلبات التوظيفات املحققة 342 7 223 8 190 7 698 6 املحققة سبة 17.27 28.44 33.28 21.71 ال سكرة:املصدر والية .مونوغرافية ـ املتمثلـة الدراسة ة ف خالل لة امل الطلبات عداد السابق دول ا نالحظ عن) 2017 -2014( ن الباحث ل العدد يمثل ال قيقة ا وال سكرة والية ان س من حيـث خــاصعمـل، ل شـ و العمـل، اتــب م ـ لون ـ م ـم عمــل عـن ن البـاحث ــل س لـ إيجــاد ـ م انيـا إم ـ ع عتمـدون ـؤالء مـن العديـد أن إذ لـون، واملؤ امعـات ا جـو خر أو م حـاال يل ـ ـ ع ن املتعطلـ اص ـ إقبـال أن عمومـا يالحـظ كما العمل، فرص أ الرســمية البطالــة بمعونــة مــرتبط ا يل ــ يئــاتعــدم ال عــض أو ومــة ا تــوفره بمــا و حــدا تضــمن بطالــة معونــات نــاك ــون ت حينمــا فمــثال ، ــ امل ب للتــدر مجانيــة فــرص مــن أن كمــــا يح، ــــ والعكــــس م حــــاال يل ــــ ــــ ع فــــراد معظــــم يقبــــل شــــة للمع مناســــبا تتضـــمن بـــل فقـــط، العمــل عـــن ن العـــاطل أو ن البطـــال فقــط تتضـــمن ال لة ـــ امل الطلبــات حالياعام ا شغلو ال من أفضل عمل فرص عن يبحثون .لون رقم دول سكرة): 07(ا بوالية العمل سوق البطالة معدل تطور 2017 2016 2015 2014 السنة البطالة 5.71 5.18 4.98 5.33 %سبة سكرة:املصدر لوالية شغيل ال ة .مدير معــدل انخفــاض نالحــظ الســابق ــدول ا خــالل مســتوىمــن ــ ع ل ــ امل البطالــة بلـــغ حيـــث ســـكرة بواليـــة العمـــل ببلـــوغ2014ســـنة% 5.33ســـوق ســـنة% 4.98ليـــنخفض ســـنة2016ســنة% 5.18وليبلــغ2015 ــ أمــا البطالــة2017، معــدل رجـــع% 5.71بلــغ و ـ الغ العمـل سـوق وجود ا أول سباب من العديد إ سبة ال ذه انخفاض وراء ب الس الـــذي الفالحـــة،رســـ قطـــاع ـــ ن العـــامل مثـــل شـــيطة ال الفئـــة مـــن ـــ كب عـــدد ـــ ع يحـــوز مســــتوى ــــ ع لة ــــ امل الطلبــــات أســــاس ــــ ع ا حســــا يــــتم ســــبة ال ــــذه أن ــــ إ باإلضــــافة من لة م وحاالت لة م غ بطالة حاالت توجد أنھ كيد و شغيل لل الوالئية الة الو أفضل عمل فرص عن بحثون و ن البطال .غ جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 73 تــرد بـل منفصـل، ل شـ ن ج ـر ا بطالـة حــول تقـديرات توجـد ال أنـھ املؤسـف مـن حالـة عن ع وال عام ل ش سكرة بوالية العمل سوق البطالة م عن تقديرات الســــوق، واحتياجــــات املعرفــــة نــــاء و النوعيــــة ــــارات امل مــــن ســــبات املك ن بــــ التوافــــق عــــدم ال ـ ع ـ التعلي النظام ترك يجة مـان ـو و التعلـيم، بنوعيـة تمامـھ ا مـن ـ أك بدرجـة كـم النمـو ذلـك أسـباب من وكذلك العاملة، القوى كفاءة من وخفض نتاجية ع سلبا أثر لـم ل شـ عـام ـل ن ج ر ا تدفق وسرعة فراد ائلة ال ادة والز ع، السر شري ال املختلفة القطاعات عمل مناصب .يقابلھ :خالصة. 5 القـوى ـ فـائض وجود ساس ع البطالة أن القول يمكن سبق ملا كخالصة ــــــ خر بطالــــــة أمــــــا امــــــل ل شــــــ ا امتصاصــــــ عــــــن الــــــوط قتصــــــاد ــــــز ــــــ ال العاملــــــة تظـرون ي الـذين ادات الشـ وحـام ن املتعلمـ مـن ة ـ كب أعـداد وجـود ـ ع ف امعات ا القطاع خاص ل ش و التوظيف م اصدور ا القطاع ام إ ب س وذلك العام، ـــــــام إل أو م، ال مـــــــؤ ي لتـــــــد أو قتصـــــــادية م لفـــــــ ت الرتفـــــــاع ن ج ـــــــر ا توظيـــــــف عـــــــن ب الســ إرجــاع يمكــن ال أنــھ إال الــوظيفي، بــاألمن م شــعور لعــدم فيــھ العمــل عــن الــبعض العوامـل مــن مجموعـة نتـاج ــ بـل ذاتــھ حـد ـ ن معــ عامـل ــ إ رة الظـا ـذه فنجــدوراء لتقــديم وكــذلك ــا يحمل ــ ال ادة الشــ عــن ــ للتعب الــالزم ــود للمج الطالــب بــذل عــدم ــا م ـــــ وترك العمـــــل ئـــــة ب ـــــا عرف ـــــ ال التطـــــورات مـــــع تـــــتالءم ال وتخصصـــــات بـــــرامج امعـــــات ا تــوفر عــدم وكــذلك التعلــيم، بنوعيــة تمامــھ ا مــن ــ أك بدرجــة الكــم ــ ع ــ التعلي النظــام افية بيانات شغيلقاعدة ال وأن العمل سوق العمل وطال عار عن ع ودقيقة مثـــــل املجتمــــع خصــــائص وكــــذلك املؤقــــت، ع الطــــا عليــــھ يضــــفى حيــــان غالــــب ــــ أصــــبح وأيضــا ا، يفضـل ــ ال والوظـائف عرفــھ الـذي ي ا الســ والنمـو التعلــيم ـ ع ايــد امل الطلـب وار ــا عل يرتكــز ــ ال والقطاعــات قتصــاد جــور،طبيعــة ومســتوى م ــ الت معــدل تفــاع عــــــدم ــــــ فقــــــط تكمــــــن ال ــــــا خطور ــــــ وال رة الظــــــا ــــــذه نتــــــائج تفــــــاقم ــــــ إ أدى ــــــذا ــــــل ـدار، إ مـن ذلـك يتضـمنھ ومـا والعطـاء نتـاج ـ ع القـادرة العمل لقوة مثل ستغالل تحقيقــــــــھ يمكــــــــن ــــــــان انتــــــــاج وتبديــــــــد العاملــــــــة القــــــــوى كفــــــــاءة وخفــــــــض نتاجيــــــــة ي وتــــــــد باإلحبـــــاطو الشـــــعور ازديـــــاد ـــــ إ باإلضـــــافة للمجتمـــــع، أفضـــــل إشـــــباع تـــــوف ـــــ اســـــتخدامھ بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 74 ـ عت انـت ـ ال امعيـة ا ادة الشـ قيمـة ي تـد ـ أيضا ا خطور تكمن ولكن والالمباالة، فرصـة ـ ع صـول ا ـ مشـروع حـق وتمـنح وميـة، ح وظيفـة ـ ع صـول ل أكيـد ضمان . عمل ســـكرة واليـــة ـــ العمـــل بـــنفسوســـوق تمتـــع و زائر بـــا العمـــل ســـوق مـــن جـــزء ـــو ا ســـنو العمـــل ســـوق ـــ إ امعـــات ا ـــ خر مـــن ائـــل عـــدد توافـــد د شـــ حيـــث خصائصــھ ل ش ذا ل عمل، فرصة أيضا تظر ت ال املجتمع شرائح لبقية إضا عبء يمثل ذا و ظا ذه من د ل زائر ا قتصادية السياسات واض أمام ا كب البطالةتحديا رة عمل طالب ل ل عمل فرصة توف ع . وال :وكتوصيات وضــــــع مــــــع وتوســــــيعھ شــــــاطھ وتنظــــــيم ــــــاص ا للقطــــــاع الــــــدعم تقــــــديم مواصــــــلة يع ــ لغــرض وطمأنتــھ اســتقراره ألجــل عملــھ تحكــم ــ ال عات شــر وال ن القــوان ة ـــ كب أعـــداد اســـتقطاب ولغـــرض م، ع مشـــار إقامـــة ـــ ن املحليـــ ن ثمر مـــناملســـ العلمية ات واملستو ختصاصات و ن امل مختلف و ن ؛املشتغل واحتياجــــــات العـــــا التعلـــــيم مخرجـــــات مالئمــــــة ـــــادة لز املبذولـــــة ـــــود ا مواصـــــلة ـــــ التعلـــــيم سياســـــات ـــــ النظـــــر إعـــــادة خـــــالل مـــــن ـــــاص وا العـــــام العمـــــل ســـــوق امعــــــات ا ــــــ خر ن بــــــ البطالــــــة حــــــدة يخفــــــض الــــــذي ل بالشــــــ ــــة اليــ ا املرحلــــــة ـ غ التعليميـة التخصصـات مـن ـ كث ـ النفقـات ترشـيد ـ إ يـؤدي كمـا د، واملعا تخصص؛ ل ل اجة ا وفق القبول برمجة التا و ة املطلو ـــــ ال ــــن وامل التخصصــــات اختيــــار ــــ ع للطلبـــــة رشــــاد و التوجيــــھ خــــدمات تــــوف العمل سوق احتياجات مع وتتالءم م وقدرا م وميول ناسب ؛ت ثقا املجتمعترسيخ ا شر و امعات ا خر لدى ر ا العمل .فة املراجع. 6 :كتاب1.6 .، قسم االقتصاد، جامعة االسكندریة، مصرمقدمة في النظریة االقتصادیة الكلیة ،)2003( أحمد محمد مندور وآخرون .االسكندریة، مصر، دار التعلیم الجامعي، أزمات الشباب والبطالة، )2015( حسین عبد الحمید أحمد رشوان .، الدار الجامعیة، االسكندریة، مصرالنظریة االقتصادیة الكلیة ،)2007( السید محمد السریتي، علي عبد الوھاب نجا ماري ر المس ور عم ل، )2008( عاش وق العم یم وس ة والتعل وى العامل یط الق ار تخط ر المخت ة عم ورات جامع ، منش .اء، لیبیاالبیض اد ،)2010( الرحمان العایبناصر دادي عدون، عبد ي لالقتص دیل الھیكل رامج التع من ب البطالة وإشكالیة التشغیل ض جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 75 .، دیوان المطبوعات الجامعیة، الجزائرمن خالل حالة الجزائر مجلة 2.6 :مقال دي ا ، )2017( أنس عصام الزی راق نموذج باب الع اط الش ي أوس ة ف ات،2015-1990البطال ة للبن ة التربی ة كلی ، مجل .، جامعة بغداد، العراق4، العدد 28المجلد ، دراسة اقتصادیة حول سوق العمل ومشكلة البطالة المقنعة في اقلیم كوردستان العراق ،)2011( خالد حیدر عبد علي .86مجلة اإلدارة واالقتصاد، العدد ی ،)2006( ستار جبار خلیل ادیة للتعل ة االقتص ین األھمی ة ب ات العراقی ةخریجو الجامع كلة البطال اقم مش ز م وتف ، مرك .دراسات وبحوث الوطن العربي ات، )2017( عبد العزیز بوودن، مریم منومس ا: بطالة خریجي الجامع الیب لمعالجتھ ا وأس بابھا، آثارھ م أس م عل ، قس .13 ، الباحث االجتماعي، العدد2االجتماع، جامعة قسنطینة لوف دة ش ر ،)2017( فری ي الجزائ غل ف وق الش ة وس ع البطال دیات: واق باب والتح ة األس اع، جامع م اإلجتم م عل ، قس .13 ، الباحث االجتماعي، العدد2قسنطینة مجلة العلوم اإلنسانیة، العدد ، 2014 -2010واقع سیاسة التشغیل في الجزائر في الفترة ما بین ، )2017( كوثر زیادة 48. دة ، )2011( جاسم منعم أحمد خضیر، یاسین موسى دین للم الح ال ة ص قیاس العالقة بین البطالة والجریمة في محافظ .، مجلة مركز المستنصریة، كلیة االدارة واالقتصاد، جامعة تكریت2009 -2004 الكي ل ( ناریمان إسماعیل متولي، زھیر سلیمان م ار ، )2014أفری اھرة انتش ع ظ ل م ي التعام ات ف وافر المعلوم ر ت أث ة البطالة ة طیب ة بجامع رامج األكادیمی ة الب وء ھیكل ي ض ة ف بین خریجي الجامعات السعودیة دراسة تحلیلی .1، العدد20، مجلة مكتبة الملك فھد الوطنیة، المجلد بالمدینة المنورة اإلنسانیة، ، مجلة القادسیة للعلوم العمالة المؤقتة وسوق العمل ،)2016( نبیل عمران موسى الخالدي، أحمد حسن غالي .، العراق3، العدد19المجلد ملتقى 3.6 شور م :مقال ي . مدخالت ومخرجات التعلیم العالي في الجزائر، )2010(حمید بوزیدة ل ف ملتقى مخرجات التعلیم العالي وسوق العم .2010، أكتوبر الدول العربیة، البحرین ا ،)2010(ریاض شعبان لملوم ي لیبی ة ف ات التنمی الي ، واقع وآفاق التعلیم العالي ومتطلب یم الع ات التعل ى مخرج ملتق .2010، أكتوبر وسوق العمل في الدول العربیة، البحرین وزار فیة ب رة ،)2014(ص الل الفت ر خ ي الجزائ ر ف ة والفق ى البطال غیل عل ات التش ات سیاس ة وانعكاس -1990فعالی -8دولي حول تقییم سیاسات اإلقالل من الفقر في الدول العربیة في ظل العولمة، ، مداخالت الملتقى ال2014 .2014دیسمبر 9 ة ي كحل د الغن ي ،)2013(عب غیل ف وق التش ب س ة وطل ھادات الجامعی املي الش رض ح ین ع ة ب روع موائم و مش نح ر ة-الجزائ ة المدی ي جامع ة خریج ة حال ول -دراس دولي ح ى ال ة "، الملتق راف، الجامع غیل، االستش والتش .، جامعة یحي فارس المدیة، الجزائر"2013دیسمبر 5و 4الرھانات والمحك یومي ة) ل م د(نظام الـ ،)2010( محمد بومعزة ل التنمی ن أج ة م ى من منظور الشراكة المجتمعی ل ملتق وث وأوراق عم ، بح .2010لكة البحرین، أكتوبر مخرجات التعلیم العالي وسوق العمل في الدول العربیة، المنامة، مم حالرسائل 4.6 طار :و ذ ،)2007( حنان بقاط ادیة من الحات االقتص ل االص ي ظ ر ف ي الجزائ ة ف اھرة البطال یة لظ ة قیاس ذكرة 1994نمذج ، م ي، اد تطبیق ص اقتص تیر، تخص ادیة، ماجس وم االقتص م العل وم قس اري وعل ادیة والتج وم االقتص ة العل كلی .الجزائر محمد خیضر بسكرة،جامعة التسییر، تخصص علم اجتماع ماجستیر، مذكرة ،واقع سیاسة اإلدماج لدى خریجي الجامعة الجزائریة ،)2014( أسماء بلعربي جامعة محمد خیضر كلیة العلوم االنسانیة واالجتماعیة، قسم العلوم االجتماعیة شعبة علم االجتماع، التنظیم، .الجزائر بسكرة، ادیوسف حمد ودان ،)2015( الصدیق حم ي الس ة ف ادیة واالجتماعی ا االقتص ریجین وآثارھ ة الخ كلة بطال -2005مش ذكرة ،2012 تیر، م ي، ماجس اد تطبیق ص اقتص ا، تخص ات العلی ة الدراس وم كلی ودان للعل ة الس جامع .والتكنولوجیا ونية5.6 لك :املواقع بومجعة سارة زكريا جريف -بسكرة دراسة حالة والية-النتائج واحللول املتوفرة األسباب، : بطالة خرجيي اجلامعات 76 www.mtess.gov.dz/mtss_fr_n/index.htm references : mandour, a. m., et all. (2003), introduction to macroeconomic theory, department of economics, alexandria university, egypt. [in arabic] rashwan, h. a. a. (2015), crises of youth and unemployment, university education house, alexandria, egypt. [in arabic] al sreeti, a. m., & naga, a. a. w. (2007), macroeconomic theory, university house, alexandria, egypt. [in arabic] al-mismari, a. o. (2008), manpower planning, education and the labor market, omar al-mukhtar al-baida university publications, libya. [in arabic] dadi adoun, n. & al-ayeb, a. (2010), unemployment and the problem of employment within the programs of structural adjustment of the economy through the case of algeria, opu, algeria. [in arabic] al-zaidi, a. e. (2017), unemployment among iraqi youth as a model 1990-2015, journal of the college of education for girls, 28 (4), university of baghdad, iraq. [in arabic] haider, k. a (2011), an economic study on the labour market and the problem of disguised unemployment in the kurdistan region of iraq, journal of administration and economics, 86. [in arabic] khalil, s. j. (2006), iraqi university graduates, between the economic importance of education and the exacerbation of the unemployment problem, center for studies and research in the arab world. [in arabic] bouden, a. & mnoumis, m. (2017), unemployment of university graduates: its causes, effects and methods to treat it, social researcher, 13. [in arabic] shalouf, f. (2017), the reality of unemployment and the labor market in algeria: reasons and challenges, department, social researcher, 13. [in arabic] ziada, k. (2017), the reality of employment policy in algeria between 20102014, journal of human sciences, 48. [in arabic] khudair, m. a., & jasim, y. m. (2011), measuring the relationship between unemployment and crime in salah al-din governorate for the period 20042009, al-mustansiriya center magazine, college of administration and economics, tikrit university. [in arabic] metwally, n. y. & maliki, e. s. (2014), the impact of the availability of information in dealing with the phenomenon of the spread of unemployment among graduates of saudi universities, an analytical study in light of the structuring of academic programs at taibah university in madinah, king fahd national library journal, 20 (1). [in arabic] al-khalidi, n. o. m, & ghaly, a. h. (2016), temporary employment and the labor market, al-qadisiyah journal for human sciences, 19(3). [in arabic] bouzida, h. (2010), inputs and outputs of higher education in algeria. forum of higher education outcomes and labor market in the arab countries, جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 77 -51 :ص 77 bahrain, october 2010. [in arabic] lamloum, r. h. (2010), the reality and prospects of higher education and development requirements in libya, forum for higher education outcomes and the labor market in the arab countries, bahrain, october 2010. [in arabic] bouzar, b. (2014), effectiveness and implications of employment policies on unemployment and poverty in algeria during the period 1990-2014, interventions of the international forum on evaluating poverty reduction policies in arab countries in the light of globalization, 8-9 december 2014. [in arabic] kahleh, k. (2013), towards a harmonization project between the offer of university degree holders and the demand of the employment market in algeria a case study of medea university graduates international forum on “university and employment, foresight, stakes and stakes on 4 and 5 december 2013”, medea university, algeria. [in arabic] boumaza, m. (2010), lmd system from the perspective of community partnership for development, working papers the forum for higher education outcomes and the labor market in the arab countries, manama, bahrain, october 2010. [in arabic] baqat, b. (2007), econometric modeling of the unemployment phenomenon in algeria in the light of economic reforms since 1994, (master thesis, biskra universit, algeria). [in arabic] belarbi, a. (2014), the status of inclusion policy among algerian university graduates, (master thesis, biskra university, algeria). [in arabic] hammad, y. h. a. (2015), the graduate unemployment problem and its economic and social implications in sudan 2005-2012, (master thesis, university of science and technology, sudan). [in arabic] management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 4 no. 1 (2022): march, pp. 101-128 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.189 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 101 www.mer-j.com information and communications technology and the level of income in africa musa ilias biala1 , yusuf toyin yusuf 2 1, 2department of economics and development studies, kwara state university, malete (nigeria) 1 bialamusa@yahoo.com, 2 ytoyinyusuf@gmail.com published online: 01 -03-2022 accepted: 27-02-2022 received: 29-12-2021 how to cite: biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. (2022). information and communications technology and the level of income in africa. management & economics research journal, 4(1), 101-128. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.189 abstract: information and communications technology has been identified as a factor that drives income, economic growth, and development. because of this, several studies have been conducted to ascertain ict's effects on economic growth. however, such studies failed to examine whether real per capita income influences the effect of ict on income level and whether the effect of ict on income level differs among regions of african countries. this study, therefore, investigated the effect of ict on income level. specifically, it examined whether real per capita income influences the effect of ict on income level and whether the effect of ict on income level differs among the sub-regions of african countries. thus, empirical models were estimated using the panel regression analysis with fixed-effect and randomeffect estimators. the results show that ict positively affects income level in africa, and real income per capita influences the effect of ict on income corresponding author: department of economics and development studies, kwara state university, malete (nigeria). [ bialamusa@yahoo.com] ©2022 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0659-288x mailto:bialamusa@yahoo.com mailto:ytoyinyusuf@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.189 mailto:bialamusa@yahoo.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.189 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2022.189&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2022-03-05 http://www.mer-j.com/ information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 102 level. in contrast, the effect of ict on income level differs among african regions. the effect is larger in eastern, southern and northern african countries than in other regions. therefore, authorities concerned should consider investment in ict as a tool or mechanism for enhancing income. keywords: fixed telephone subscription, mobile cellular subscription, internet users, fixed broadband subscriptions, ict. jel codes: o10, o11, o30. 1. introduction electronic equipment for storing, analysing, distributing, or communicating information, known as information and communications technology (ict), has become a vital component of economic activities today. the importance of ict in economic and social development has arisen naturally since its inception in the mid-nineties (hodrab, maitah & lubos, 2016). most firms and consumers now use computers and the internet for their economic activities to provide themselves with more diversified and customised products as well as improved product quality (farhadi, ismail & fooladi, 2012). ict reduces the economic impact of physical distances, access to information, and the cost of establishing new small businesses, making businesses more efficient and competitive (can & terziev, 2016). consequently, many developing countries now consider ict one of the key tools driving productivity growth, and it has become an integral part of development strategies. ict is orchestrating globalisation and offers a unique opportunity for developing countries to free themselves from historical and geographic constraints, allowing trade and economic activities to be conducted as efficiently as in the developed world. an evolving and increasingly powerful ict infrastructure has fundamentally changed the nature of global relationships, sources of competitive advantage, and opportunities for economic and social development. technologies such as the internet, personal computers, broadband, and wireless telephony have created an interconnected global network of individuals, firms, and governments (veeramacheneni et al., 2011). meanwhile, human welfare via income enhancement is one of the major policy agendas of policymakers across developed and developing economies. however, it has been uninspiring and unsatisfactory in most developing african countries. the unsatisfactory level of income can be explained partly by inappropriate policies, which can be addressed if policymakers are better informed of the determinants of income level. in order to assist policymakers in this regard, theoretical and empirical studies have sought to shed light on factors determining the level of income, one of pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 103 which has been considered to be ict. the impact of ict on income level has become a theoretical and empirical issue that has lingered on. the role of ict activities in enhancing income is at the heart of the debate on the impact of investment in ict on an economy (veeramacheneni, ekanayake & vogel, 2011). the bone of contention is that, by investing in ict, is it possible for developing countries to raise their income at the level of developed countries? a cursory look at studies in the literature, such as asongu and odhiambo (2019), bahrini and qaffas (2019), sezer and abasiz (2018), and aghaei and mahdieh (2017) revealed that the majority of the studies mainly focused on the effect of ict on income level. however, it would have been more informative if such studies had examined whether the effect of ict on income level differs among african regions—eastern africa, western africa, north africa, southern africa, and middle africa—and if they had examined whether level of real per capita income influences the effect of ict on income level. to the best of the researchers' knowledge, none of these studies examined the pressure real per capita income would exert on the effect of ict on the per capita income level. this forms the motivation for this study. thus, the main objective of this study was to examine the effect of ict on income level in african countries. specifically, the study investigated whether real per capita income influences the effect of ict on income level and whether the effect of ict on income level differs in the sub-regions of african countries. it examined, among others, the effects of the number of fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (fts), mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (mcs), the number of internet users as a percentage of the population (iu), and the number of fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (fbs) on income level in africa. this research was carried out with annual data spanning 2008 to 2017 across african countries. this period was considered in this study because data for ict variables were unavailable before 2008 and beyond 2017 at the time of data analysis. the year 2008 coincides with the emergence of ict development in africa. fifty-four african countries were considered and grouped into five sub-regions—the eastern, western, northern, southern, and middle african. the six eastern african countries are tanzania, kenya, uganda, rwanda, burundi, south sudan, eritrea, mauritius, djibouti, comoros, and seychelles. the sixteen african countries in the western sub-region are nigeria, ghana, cote d'ivoire, niger, mali, senegal, guinea, benin, liberia, mauritania, gambia, guinea-bissau, cabe verde, togo, sierra leone, and burkina faso. the six northern sub-region consists of egypt, algeria, sudan, morocco, tunisia, and libya. the ten african countries belonging to the southern subinformation and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 104 region include mozambique, malawi, zambia, zimbabwe, south africa, namibia, botswana, lesotho, eswatini/swaziland, and angola. the eleven middle african countries are rwanda, burundi, democratic republic of congo, angola, cameroon, chad, congo, central african republic, gabon, equatorial guinea, sao tome & principle. the rest of this research is organized into three sections. following this introduction, section two covers data and methodology, section three contains results and discussion, and then section four is the conclusion. 2. data and methodology the theoretical foundation of the growth of gdp per capita (i.e., economic growth) model can be found in the neoclassical growth model, which models economic growth in terms of the cobb-douglas production function: = (1) where a = technological progress or total factor productivity, k = capital stock, n = labour, and y = output. dividing equation (1) by n gives the per capita variables: = ( ) (2) taking the logarithm of equation (2) gives ln ( ) = + ( ) + (1 − ) ( ) (3) ln = + + (1 − ) ln 1 (4) ln ( ) = + ( ) (5) where ≡ ≡ equation (5) indicates that output per capita equals capital per capita plus the total factor productivity. this theoretical structure of the effect of a factor on output or income would help evaluate the results of the analysis of this study. pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 105 2.1. model specification this section contains three models adapted for this study. it includes (1) model 1 for the effects of ict indicators and the control variables on the income level, (2) model 2, which investigates whether per capita income influences the effect of ict on income level; and (3) model 3, investigating whether the effect of ict on income level differs among sub-regions of africa. inserting the relevant explanatory variables in equation 5 gives rise to the following models: model 1: ln(y) = β + β lninv + β inicti + β ingexp + β inexpt + β inf + μ model 2: ln( ) = + in + inicti + inicti ∗ + ingexp + inexpt + inf + μ model 3: ln( ) = + ininv + β inicti + β inicti ∗ e + β inicti ∗ w + β inicti ∗ s + β inicti ∗ n + β ingexp + β inexpt + β inf + μ where y = real per capital income proxied by gdp per capita, icti = ict indicators, alternatively proxied by fts, iu, fbs, and mcs. while e, w, s, and n are dummy variables representing eastern, western, southern and northern sub-regions, respectively, β , β , β , β , β , β , β , and β represent parameters of the models, and subscripts i and t indicate country and year, respectively, μ is the stochastic error term, and inv = gross fixed capital formation as a percentage of gdp. in all the models, ∆ , which represents the growth of capital stock per capita, was replaced by the share of gross fixed capital formation in the gdp, denoted by inv. this is because the data for ∆ unavailable, and the only nearest suitable proxy for the growth of capital stock per capita that comes to mind is the share of gross fixed capital formation in the gdp (inv). this study realizes this to be far from being a good approximation, but this is the best that the study can do because there is no growth of capital stock statistics, and it is hoped that the use of inv as a proxy is better than not including any proxy at all. for estimation purposes, the natural log of the icti, gexp, and expt variables, except inf, are employed in the models, thereby permitting the estimated slope parameters to be interpreted as elasticities. information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 106 to achieve our first objective, model 1 was specified. four ict indicators were included one after another during estimation to give four equations that were estimated from model 1. the four alternative ict indicators were included one after another to avoid a high degree of multicollinearity. this is in line with previous studies such as bahrini and qaffass (2019) and toader et al. (2018). to achieve the second objective of this study—to examine whether per capita income influences the effect of ict on income level—we specified model 2, which shows real per capita income as a linear function of ict indicators and their interactions with real income per capita. the ict indicators were introduced into the model one after another during estimation, yielding four equation estimates. to examine whether the effect of ict on income level differs across the sub-regions of african countries—the third objective—each of the four alternative ict indicators with regional dummy variables has interacted in model 3. the dummy variables used were e, w, s and n, each taking a value of 1 for its corresponding african sub-region and 0 otherwise. the reference category for these four dummies is the middle african countries. models 3 and 6 show economic growth as linear functions of ict indicators (icti) and their interactions with the sub-regional dummies. to avoid serious multicollinearity problems during estimation, the ict indicators and their interactions with sub-regional dummies are also included one after another. 2.2. definition and measurement of variables the definitions of the variables employed and their measurement are described below. the data for the variables were obtained from world bank’s world development indicators (2019). 2.2.1. ict indicators ict indicators (icti)—measured by the number of internet users, fixed telephone subscriptions, mobile-cellular subscriptions, and fixed broadband subscriptions—are assumed to impact economic growth positively. an increase in the level of each ict indicator is posited to lead to an increase in technological progress, which in turn leads to economic growth. this is because technological progress would improve the efficiency of the production and distribution of goods and services. this postulation is in line with farhadi, ismail, and fooladi (2012), sezer and abasiz (2018), bahrini and qaffas (2019), and eboagu and adeleye (2019). the ict indicators are operationalized as follows: pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 107  the number of fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (fts) refers to the sum of the active number of analogue fixed telephone lines, voice-over-ip (voip) subscriptions, fixed wireless local loop (wll) subscriptions, isdn voice-channel equivalents, and fixed public payphones (world bank, 2019).  mobile cellular subscription per 100 inhabitants (mcs) according to world bank (2019), mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service that provides access to the pstn using cellular technology. it includes the number of postpaid subscriptions and the number of active prepaid accounts that have been used during the last three months. the indicator applies to all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. it excludes subscriptions via data cards or usb modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging and telemetry services.  the number of internet users as a percentage of the population (iu) represents individuals who have used the internet (from any location) in the last three months (world bank, 2019). the internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital tv, etc. it is measured as a percentage of the population.  the number of fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (fbs) refers to fixed subscriptions to high-speed access to the public internet (a tcp/ip connection) at downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s (world bank, 2019). this includes cable modem, dsl, fibre-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband, and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. this total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. it excludes subscriptions with access to data communications (including the internet) via mobile-cellular networks. it includes fixed wimax and any other fixed wireless technologies. it also includes both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations. 2.2.2. gross fixed capital formation (inv) gross fixed capital formation, as described by world bank (2019), includes:  land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 108  plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and  the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. according to the system of national accounts (sna) (1993), net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. the variable was measured as a ratio of gdp in nominal terms and local currency. 2.2.3. real per-capita income (y) this refers to gross domestic product divided by midyear population. the data were the same as the ones used in computing per capita output growth in (3) above, except that the data used for the latter were measured at levels. 2.2.4. general government final consumption expenditure (gexp) this variable represents all current government expenditures for purchases of goods and services, including compensation of employees (world bank, 2019). it also includes most national defence and security expenditures but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation. the variable was measured as a ratio of gdp in nominal terms and local currency. general government final consumption expenditure was postulated to have a negative effect on productivity growth. as anecdotal evidence suggests, spending on public goods and services may be wasteful due to bribery and corruption, or the varieties of taxes imposed by the government on citizens may be higher, thereby affecting productivity adversely. the inclusion of this variable is in line with the findings in some such studies as asongu and odhiambo (2019) and bahrini and qaffas (2019). 2.2.5. export of goods and services (expt) this represents the value of all goods and other services provided to the rest of the world. according to the data source, they include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. they exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. data are measured as a ratio of gdp, with nominal terms and local currency, before expressing one as a ratio of the other. an increase in the export of goods and services (expt) was hypothesized to lead to an pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 109 increase in net export through local production, low consumption of foreign goods by citizens and low excise duties. by this, an increase in net export would lead to an increase in aggregate expenditure, productivity growth, and economic growth. in their respective studies, pham and martin (2007) and hesse (2008) have confirmed that export has a non-linear positive effect on economic growth in their estimation. 2.2.6. inflation rate (inf) price stability, which is usually measured by the inflation rate (inf), is essential for economic agents to make accurate resource allocation decisions. some previous studies, such as bahrini and qaffas (2019), asongu and odhiambo (2019) and, eboagu and adeleye (2019), have empirically confirmed that the inflation rate has a negative effect on economic growth. the inflation rate is, therefore, expected to have a negative effect on productivity growth. 2.2.7. regional dummies (e, w, s, n, and e) the varying impacts of ict on economic growth and income level among the african sub-regions are measured by the regional dummy variables e, w, s and n, which take a value of 1 for its corresponding african sub-region, and 0 otherwise. the reference category or sub-region for the four dummies is middle african countries. the five-way classification is adopted from the international monetary fund (imf) classification of african countries. 2.2.8. estimation techniques three-panel methods of estimations were considered in this study: pooled-ols, fixed effect (fe), and random-effect (re) methods. the pooled ols method of estimation, also called the common constant method, assumes no differences between the estimated cross-sections (african countries). in other words, the model estimates a common constant for all the cross-sections (african countries), and the unobservable individual effect is assumed to be zero in pooled ols estimator (asteriou & hall, 2007). the fe estimator, known as the least-square dummy variables (lsdv) estimator, allows for estimating different constants for each group and includes a dummy variable for each group. it captures all effects specific to a particular individual that do not vary over time. it is possible to the fixedeffect model by including a set of time dummies. this is known as the twoinformation and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 110 way fixed effect model and has the advantage of capturing any effects that vary over time but are common across the whole panel (asteriou & hall, 2007). the fixed effect is appropriate when focusing on a specific set of n units, say countries. however, it suffers from a large loss of degrees of freedom when many dummies are included. including too many dummies aggravates the problem of multicollinearity among the regressors. furthermore, it cannot be used to estimate the effect of any time-invariant variable like sex, race, religion, and other categorical variables (baltagi, 2005). f-test is used to test the overall significance of the dummies. the re method is an alternative method of estimating a model. the major difference between the fixed effects and the random effects method is that the former treats the constant for each group as fixed while the latter treats the constant as random parameters (asteriou & hall, 2007). in order to choose among these three estimators, we carried out four decision rules tests: poolability test, hausman test, and breusch-pagan lagrange multiplier (lm) test. the poolability test is used to determine whether a function's constant is treated as homogeneous or heterogeneous. the test assists in knowing the appropriate estimators to use, whether pooled regression that follows the ols approach or fe estimator. before assessing the validity of the fixed effects method, we need to apply tests to check whether fixed effects (i.e., different constants for the various units) should indeed be included in the model. the standard f-test can be used to check fixed effects against the simple common constant ols method. the null hypothesis is that all the constants are the same (homogeneity), and the alternative hypothesis is that all the constants differ (heterogeneity). suppose the p-value of the f-test is less than 0.05 level of significance (or any other chosen level of significance, say 0.01). in that case, we reject the null hypothesis (asteriou & hall, 2007). hausman test is used to select the better model between fe and re because both have their demerits and merits. the difference between the twopanel data models is that the fe model assumes that each country differs in its intercept term, whereas the re model assumes that each country differs in its error term. usually, when the panel is balanced, one might expect that the fe model will work best. in other cases, the random-effects model might be more appropriate when the sample contains limited observations of the existing cross-sectional units (asteriou & hall, 2007). breusch-pagan lagrange multiplier (lm) is a test for the randomeffects model based on the ols residual. it helps to select between a re regression and a simple pooled ols regression. the null hypothesis is that variance across entities is zero; that is, there is no significant difference across pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 111 units. a study rejects the null hypothesis if the p-value of the lm test is less than 0.05 significance level or any other chosen level of significance (kalita & india, 2013). lm test should be conducted based on the following conditions: (a) if the poolability test indicates that simple pooled ols regression is better than fe regression and (b) if the hausman test shows that re is better than fe regression. the lagrange multiplier test is required if the above two conditions are met (kalita & india, 2013). we equally carried out four post-estimation tests—multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test, heteroscedasticity test, and non-normality of the residuals test—to test the regression model's validity to determine if they actually violate the assumptions underlying the ols method. 3. results and discussion this section provides the descriptive and correlation statistics, the estimates of the panel regression equations and the associated post-estimation test results, and the comparison of the estimates of the effect of different explanatory variables on economic growth and per capita output level. information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 112 3.1. descriptive statistics table 1 summarises the descriptive statistics for each of the variables employed in the study. it includes the mean, median, maximum, minimum, standard deviation (overall, within and between), skewness and kurtosis for all the variables. table 1 depicts the overall standard deviation for gross fixed capital formation to be about 9.26, indicating variations both over time and across t ab le 1 . s el ec te d de sc ri pt iv e st at is tic s † c oe f. v = co ef fi ci en t o f v ar ia tio n. so ur ce : a ut ho rs ’ c om pu ta tio n pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 113 units, and the standard deviation is 8.24, indicating variations across african countries irrespective of the time period while the within the standard deviation, with the value of 4.68, shows the variations over time. the within standard deviation is lower compared to between. that is, the data set for the variable do not change over time when compared to how it varies across african countries. the mean of gross fixed capital formation is about 23.28, with a coefficient of variation of about 0.40. 3.2. correlation analysis table 2 shows the sample correlations between each pair of variables. the p-values of the correlation coefficients in table 2 indicate the statistical significance of the correlation between each pair of variables. a correlation is interpreted to exist in this study if the p-value is not more than 5 per cent (i.e., 5% is the chosen cut-off significance level in the study). information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 114 t ab le 2 . c or re la tio n m at ri x n l in v = lo g of gr os s fi xe d ca pi ta l fo rm at io n as a ra tio of g d p, ∆ =e co no m ic g ro w th , l ft s= l og o f fi xe d te le ph on e su bs cr ip tio ns p er 1 00 in ha bi ta nt s, l m c s = l og o f m ob ile c el lu la r s ub sc ri pt io n pe r 1 00 in ha bi ta nt s, l iu = l og o f in te rn et u se rs a s a pe rc en ta ge o f th e po pu la tio n, l fb s =l og o f fi xe d br oa db an d su bs cr ip tio ns p er 1 00 in ha bi ta nt s, ln y= lo g of re al in co m e p er c ap ita , i n f= in fl at io n ra te , l g e x p= lo g of g en er al g ov er nm en t f in al co ns um pt io n ex pe nd itu re , l e x pt =l og o f e xp or t of g oo ds a nd s er vi ce s. p ro ba bi lit y va lu es a re r ep or te d in p ar en th es es n ex t t o th e co ef fi ci en ts . so ur ce : a ut ho rs ’ c om pu ta tio n pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 115 3.3. estimates of the effect of ict indicators on per capita output the estimates for the equation of the basic per capita output level (model 1) are given in table 3. equations i, ii, iii, and iv examine the impacts of fts, mcs, iu, and fbs on the per capita output level, respectively. given the hausman test results in table 3, we failed to reject the null hypothesis of re being preferred to fe in equations ii, iii, and iv (p > 0.05). the lm test confirmed that re was preferred to pooled ols regression. however, the null hypothesis was rejected for equation i (p < 0.05). the test of poolability confirmed that the fe estimator is preferred to pooled ols regression in equation i (p < 0.05). for these reasons, the re method was employed for estimating equations ii, iii, and iv, while the fe method was considered for equation i. information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 116 t ab le 3 . e st im at es o f t he e ff ec t o f i c t in di ca to rs o n pe r c ap ita o ut pu t ( y) l m t es t ( pva lu e) in di ca te s pr ob ab ili ty v al ue s t o se le ct th e pr ef er re d es tim at or b et w ee n po ol ed o l s re gr es si on a nd r an do m e ff ec t e st im at or . f/ w al d c hi -t es t (p -v al ue ) sh ow s th e pva lu es o f fst at is tic s in f ix ed e ff ec t es tim at or a nd p -v al ue s of w al d ch ite st s ta tis tic s in r an do m e ff ec t e st im at or . so ur ce : a ut ho rs ’ c om pu ta tio n pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 117 the overall r2 is approximately 50 per cent in all the equations except equation 1. the p-value of the associated f-test statistics in equation i is 0.061, and that of the wald chi-test statistics in equations ii, iii, and iv are 0.000 each, indicating the overall statistical significance for all the equations. this means that all the equations, except equation i, have high goodness of fit or explanatory powers. we carried out the wooldridge test of autocorrelation for the four equations. we concluded that autocorrelation was present in all the equations (p = 0.0000). as a result of this test, we estimated a robust version of the re regression for equations ii to iv and the fe regression for equation i to correct the autocorrelation problem. furthermore, in respect of the test of heteroscedasticity of the residuals, we conducted a panel-modified wald heteroscedasticity test for fe regression for only equation i. with p = 0.000. consequently, we rejected the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity in equation i and concluded that the errors were heteroscedastic. we thus estimated a robust fe regression to correct for the heteroscedasticity. since equations ii, iii, and iv were estimated by the re estimator, and there was no specific heteroscedasticity test for the re estimator, we estimated robust re regression for equations ii, iii, and iv to correct for the heteroscedasticity. next, we conducted a galvao et al. (2013) test of normality, which showed that the error terms were normally distributed (p > 0.05) except in equation iii, where p = 0.042. given this, the study failed to reject the null hypothesis of normality of the residuals in all the equations except equation iii and concluded that the residuals in all the equations (equation iii) were normally distributed. this situation was corrected by running a robust version of the fe regression or the re regression to correct for the non-normality of the residuals. lastly, the tolerance test of multicollinearity of the explanatory variables was carried out on the diagnostic tests. given this, we failed to reject the hypothesis of the absence of multicollinearity in the equations as the tolerance exceeds 0.1 in all cases and concluded that all the equations were devoid of severe multicollinearity. next, we proceeded to examine the significance of the specific explanatory variables in the models estimated in table 3. the p-values of the coefficients of the linv are 0.031, 0.006, 0.041, and 0.008, respectively, indicating that the coefficients of linv in all equations are positive and statistically significant (table 3). these results, which support our a priori expectation, suggest that gross fixed capital formation positively affected the per capita output level. similar evidence was information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 118 found in bahrini and qaffas (2019) and toader et al. (2018). in equation i, the coefficient of lfts is -0.030 (p = 0.165), implying that the coefficient is negative and statistically insignificant (table 3). this indicates that fixed telephone subscriptions had no effect on the per capita output level. however, in equation ii, the coefficient of lmcs is 0.159. the coefficient is positive and statistically significant (p = 0.000). this implies that mobile cellular subscription positively affected per capita output level, with income elasticity of mobile cellular subscription of 0.159. the coefficient of liu in equation iii is positive and equals 0.717, which means that the coefficient is statistically different from zero (p = 0.000). this implies that internet usage positively affected per capita output level, with income elasticity of internet usage of 0.717. similarly, the coefficient of lfbs in equation iv is positive and equals 0.043, indicating the coefficient is statistically significant (p = 0.000). this suggests that fixed broadband subscription positively affected per capita output level, with income elasticity of fixed broadband subscription of 0.04. in sum, all the ict indicators, except fixed telephone subscription, positively affected the per capita output level. this preponderant evidence suggests that ict indicators had positive effects on the per capita output level. this is consistent with the a priori expectation formed based on the findings by bahrini and qaffas (2019) and toader et al. (2018). the coefficients of the log of general government final consumption expenditure (lgexp) are -0.120, -0.173, -0.136, and -0.163 in equations i to iv, respectively, with respective p-values of 0.179, 0.002, 0.051, and 0.004. equations ii and iv are negative and statistically significant, while equations i and iii are also negative but statistically insignificant. this provides somewhat weak evidence that the general government's final consumption expenditure had a negative effect on the per capita income level. these results do not conform to our a priori expectations. they are, however, in consonance with the findings confirmed by asongu and odhiambo (2019) and bahrini and qaffas (2019). also found against our a priori expectation are the coefficients of log of export of goods and services (lexpt) which are -0.010 (p = 0.837), 0.021 (p = 0.431), 0.032 (p = 0.257), and 0.046 (p = 0.166) in equations i to iv, respectively. although the coefficient of lexpt in equation i is negative and those in equations ii through iv are positive, they are all statistically insignificant. this indicates that the exportation of goods and services did not affect the per capita income level. this result is consistent with pham and martin's (2007) and hesse's (2008) studies. this finding probably emanates because the effect of export on the per capita income level was crowded out pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 119 by excessive borrowing from private and public foreign sources, which led to a distortion of the balance of trade and devaluation of the domestic currency. the coefficients of the inflation rate (inf) are 0.000 (p = 0.901), 0.002 (p = 0.147), -0.003 (p = 0.023), and 0.002 (p = 0.145) in equations i to iv, respectively. while its coefficient in equation iii is negative, it is positive in equations i, ii, and iv. except for equation iii, all the coefficients are statistically insignificant. contrary to our a priori expectation and the findings by toader et al. (2018), this tells us that the inflation rate did not significantly affect the per capita output level. inflation failed to affect the income level, probably because the production capacity was low while unemployment was high, leading to stagflation. 3.4. joint effect of ict and real per capita income (y) on per capita output (y) the estimates of the four alternative equations of model 2 are reported in table 4. equation 1 examines whether real per capita income influences the effect of the fts on the per capita output level. at the same time, equations ii, iii, and iv replace the fts with the mcs, iu and fbs, respectively. given the hausman test results in table 4, we failed to reject the null hypothesis that re is preferred to fe in equation i (p = 0.903). in contrast, we rejected the null hypothesis in equations ii, iii, and iv (p = 0.007, 0.018, and 0.042, respectively). furthermore, the lm test confirmed that the re estimator is preferred to pooled ols regression in equation i. the poolability test confirmed that fe is preferred to pooled ols regression in equations ii, iii, and iv. consequently, we employed the re method for equation i and the fe method for equations ii, iii, and iv. information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 120 t ab le 4 . e st im at es o f t he jo in t e ff ec t o f i c t a nd re al p er c ap ita in co m e (y ) o n pe r c ap ita o ut pu t ( y) ’ y= l ft sy , l m c sy , l iu y, a nd l fb sy in di ca te th e in te ra ct io n of p er c ap ita in co m e w ith e ac h ic t in di ca to r. so ur ce : a ut ho rs ’ c om pu ta tio n pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 121 the overall r2 is larger than 50 per cent in the equations except equation 1. the p-value of the associated wald chi-test statistics in equation i is 0.000, and that of the f-test statistics in equations ii, iii, and iv are 0.000, 0.000, and 0.000, respectively. this means that all four equations have high explanatory power except equation i. we conducted the wooldridge autocorrelation test for the four equations and concluded that the residuals were autocorrelated (p = 0.000) and were present in all the equations (p = 0.000). we, therefore, estimated a robust version of the fe regressions to correct autocorrelation. as regards the heteroscedasticity of the residuals, we carried out a panel-modified wald heteroscedasticity test. we rejected the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity in equations ii, iii, and iv (p = 0.000 for each equation). we concluded that the residuals of the equations were heteroscedastic. given this result, we estimated a robust fe regression to correct for the heteroscedasticity in equations i, ii, and iii. since there is no specific heteroscedasticity test for the re estimator, a robust re regression was estimated for equation i to correct the heteroscedasticity. next, galvao et al. (2013) test of normality test was conducted. the test result indicated that the error terms in equations i, iii, and iv were normally distributed (p > 0.05), while that of equation ii was not normally distributed (p = 0.000). this situation was corrected by running a robust version of fe regression or re regression to correct for the non-normality of residuals. the final validity test we carried out was a test of the multicollinearity of the explanatory variables. using the tolerance test, we failed to reject the hypothesis of the absence of multicollinearity in the equations (tolerance > 0.1 in all cases). this implies that all equations are devoid of severe multicollinearity. having just evaluated the overall diagnostic statistics of each of the equations, we advanced to examine the performance of the specific explanatory variables in the equations as follows. from table 4, the coefficients of the log of gross fixed capital formation (linv) are 0.093 (p = 0.017), 0.068 (p = 0.009), 0.080 (p = 0.037), and 0.097 (p = 0.015) in equations i through iv, respectively. this indicates that the coefficients of linv in all the equations are positive and statistically significant. in line with our a priori expectation, this indicates that gross fixed capital formation positively affected the per capita output level. similar findings were reported by bahrini and qaffas (2019), hodrab, maitah and lubos (2016), and shanmugam and kuppusamy (2007). in equation i (table 4), the coefficients of the log of fixed telephone subscriptions (lfts) and its interaction with per capita income (lftsy) are information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 122 respectively –0.051 (p = 0.110) and –0.000 (p = 0.007), which shows that both coefficients are negative and only lftsy is statistically significant. this implies that the fixed telephone subscription, in its own right, did not affect the per capita output level, but per capita income made it affect the per capita output level. in equation ii of table 4, the coefficients of the log of mobile cellular subscriptions (lmcs) and its interaction with per capita income (lmcsy) are 0.109 (p = 0.000) and 0.000 (p = 0.000), respectively. this indicates that both coefficients are positive and statistically significant. this suggests that mobile cellular subscription positively affected per capita output level and that mobile cellular subscription was more effective in promoting per capita output level in higher-income group countries than in their lowerincome counterparts. the coefficients of the log of internet users as a percentage of total population (liu) and its interaction with per capita income (liuy) are 0.069 (p = 0.000) and 0.000 (p = 0.950), respectively (table 4, equation iii). this points out that both the coefficients of liu and liuy are positive. however, only the former is statistically significant, suggesting that internet usage had a positive effect on per capita output level and did not affect per capita output level in higher income group countries. the coefficients of the log of fixed broadband subscriptions (lfbs) and its interaction with per capita income (lfbsy) in equation iv of table 4, respectively, are 0.045 (p = 0.000) and -0.000 (p = 0.070). this depicts that the coefficients of lfbs and lfbsy are positive and negative, respectively, but only lfbs is statistically significant. this points out that internet usage had a positive effect on the per capita output level, and per capita income does not influence the effect of internet usage on the per capita output level. in all, out of all ict indicators, only mobile cellular subscriptions and fixed telephone subscriptions affect the per capita output level in higherincome group countries. thus, the overall picture emerging from the findings is that there is somewhat weak evidence to conclude that ict indicators affect per capita output levels in higher-income group countries. the coefficients of the log of general government final consumption expenditure (lgexp) were estimated to be –0.102 (p = 0.143), –1.129 (p = 0.007), –0.138 (p = 0.045), and –0.135 (p = 0.010) in equations i, ii, iii, and iv, respectively (table 4). this indicates that the coefficients of lgexp in all the equations are negative and statistically significant except in equation i. in consonance with our a priori expectation and the findings reported by asongu and odhiambo (2019) and bahrini and qaffas (2019), this portrays that general government final consumption expenditure had a pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 123 robust negative effect on per capita output level. in table 4, the coefficients of the log of export of goods and services (lexpt) were estimated to be -0.010 (p = 0.826), 0.016 (p = 0.513), 0.021 (p = 0.429), and 0.017 (p = 0.631) in equations i through iv, respectively. this indicates that the coefficients of lexpt in all equations are positive (except in equation i) and statistically insignificant, indicating that the exportation of goods and services had no effect on the per capita output level. this result follows our a priori expectation and the literature, especially the findings reported by pham and martin (2007) and hesse (2008). this could be because the effect of export on per capita income level had been crowded out by excessive borrowing from private and public foreign sources, which led to a distortion of the balance of trade and devaluation of the domestic currency. the coefficients of inflation rate (inf) are 0.000 (p = 0.773), 0.001 (p = 0.124), -0.003 (p = 0.028), and 0.002 (p = 0.170) in equations i to iv, respectively, indicate that only the coefficient of equation iii is statistically significant. in contrast, other coefficients are not statistically significant. against our a priori expectation and findings by asongu and odhiambo (2019) and eboagu and adeleye (2019), this suggests that the inflation rate did not have a robust negative effect on the per capita output level. as the inflation rate rose over time, it failed to affect the income level because the production capacity was low, and unemployment became high. 3.5. estimates of the joint effect of ict and region on per capita output (y) the estimates of the four versions of model 6 are reported in table 5. equations i, ii, iii, and iv are respectively concerned with the effects of the fts, mcs, iu, and fbs on per capita output levels across the sub-regions of african countries. the hausman test results shown in the table indicate that we failed to reject the null hypothesis that re has preferred to fe estimator in equation iv (p = 0.324). however, we reject the hypothesis in equations i (p = 0.000), ii (p = 0.000), and iii (p = 0.000). the poolability test confirmed that the fe estimator was preferred to pooled ols regression in equations i, ii, and iii (p < 0.05). given these results, we employed the fe method for equations i, ii, and iii and the re method for equation iv. information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 124 table 5. estimates of the joint effect of ict and region on per capita output (y) e, w, s, n, and m indicate the dummy variables for the sub-regional african countries. lfts, lftse, lftsw, lftss, lftsn, lmcs, lmcse, lmcsw, lmcss, lmcsn, liu, liue, liuw, lius, liun, lfbs, lfbse, lfbsw, lfbss, and lfbsn indicate both the reference categories and the ict indicators interacted with the sub-regional dummy variables source: authors’ computation pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 125 in table 5, the overall r2 is approximately 50 per cent in each equation. the p-value of the associated wald chi-test statistics in equation iv is 0.000 and, that of the f-test statistics in equations i, ii, iii are 0.014, 0.000, and 0.000, respectively, indicating that all the four equations have high goodness of fit or explanatory power. a test of autocorrelation of the residuals (wooldridge test) was carried out for equations 1 through iv. the wooldridge test (p = 0.000) suggested that autocorrelation was present in all the equations. we, therefore, estimated a robust version of the fe regression to correct for the autocorrelation. a test of heteroscedasticity of the residuals was also carried out using panel modified wald heteroscedasticity test for fe regression, which shows a p-value of 0.000 for only equations i, ii, and iii. given these results, we rejected the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity for equations i, ii, and iii. we concluded that the residuals were heteroscedastic in these three equations. consequently, we estimated a robust fe regression to correct the heteroscedasticity in equations i through iii, while a robust re regression was also estimated for equation iv. galvao et al. (2013) test of normality conducted shows that the error terms were normally distributed {p (chi-square) > 0.05}. however, a robust version of fixed effect (fe) regression was employed for the estimation. using the tolerance test, we also conducted a test for the multicollinearity of the explanatory variables. since the tolerance exceeds 0.1 for all equations, we did not reject the null hypothesis of the absence of multicollinearity. we concluded that all equations were devoid of severe multicollinearity. having evaluated the overall diagnostic statistics of each equation, we proceeded to examine the performance of the specific explanatory variables. in table 5, the coefficients of the log of gross fixed capital formation (linv) are 0.098 (p = 0.042), 0.104 (p = 0.007), 0.093 (p = 0.012), and 0.122 (p = 0.002) in equations i, ii, iii, and iv respectively, indicating that the coefficients of linv in all the equations are positive and statistically significant. in consonance with our a priori expectation and findings reported by bahrini and qaffas (2019), hodrab, maitah and lubos (2016), and shanmugam and kuppusamy (2007), these results suggest that gross fixed capital formation had a positive effect on per capita output level. the coefficients of the log of general government final consumption expenditure (lgexp) are -0.103 (p = 0.197), -0.165 (p = 0.002), -0.122 (p = 0.024), and -0.162 (p = 0.001) in equations i, ii, iii, and iv, respectively, depicting that the coefficients are negative in all equations. however, while its coefficients in all equations ii, iii, and iv are statistically significant, its information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 126 coefficient in equation i is statistically insignificant. this indicates that the general government's final consumption expenditure had a robust negative effect on the per capita output level. these results agree with our a priori expectation and the findings reported by asongu and odhiambo (2019) and bahrini and qaffas (2019). these results are obtained probably because the government's recurrent expenditures are small relative to capital expenditure. the recurrent effect expenditure was supposed to have on gdp might have been crowded out by imposing high commodity and income taxes. the coefficients of the log of export of goods and services (lexpt) are -0.0021 (p = 0.965), 0.018 (p = 0.532), 0.024 (p = 0.355), and 0.060 (p = 0.073) in equations i, ii, iii, and iv respectively, depicting that all the coefficients are positive (except for equation i) though statistically insignificant. this indicates that the exportation of goods and services had no effect on the per capita output level. this finding does not conform to our a priori expectation and finding from previous studies such as pham and martin (2007) and hesse (2008). it could be that the effect of export on per capita income level had been crowded out by excessive borrowing from private and public foreign sources, which led to a distortion of the balance of trade and devaluation of the domestic currency. the coefficients of inflation rate (inf) are 0.000 (p = 0.922), 0.002 (p = 0.172), -0.002 (p = 0.027), and 0.002 (p = 0.076) in equations i, ii, iii, and iv, respectively, depicting that the coefficients of inf in equation iii are negative but positive in equation i, ii, and iv. the coefficients for equations i, ii, and iv are not statistically significant, but they are significant in equation iii. these results do not provide strong evidence that the inflation rate had a negative effect on the per capita output level, which was our a priori expectation. however, similar findings were reported by asongu and odhiambo (2019) and eboagu and adeleye (2019). as regards the effect of ict indicators on per capita output level, equation i indicates that the effect (negative) of the fixed telephone subscription on per capita output level did not differ among the sub-region of african countries. this is because the probability values of the reference category and the fts interacted with sub-regional dummy variables are all greater than 0.05 significant levels. while equation ii shows that the effect of mobile cellular subscriptions on per capita output level is higher for only southern african countries when compared with reference group countries and other sub-regional countries. equation iii indicates that the effect of internet usage on per capita output levels is higher in eastern, southern, and northern african countries compared to reference group countries (middle african countries) and other sub-regional countries. equation iv similarly pp. 101-128 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 127 indicates that the effect of the fixed broadband subscription on per capita output level is higher for eastern, southern, and northern african countries compared to reference group countries (middle african countries) and other sub-regional countries. 4. conclusion based on the objectives and findings above, three main conclusions are drawn from this study: (1) ict positively affects income level in africa; (2) real income per capita influences the effect of ict on income level (3) the effect of ict on income level differs among african regions, and that the effect is larger in eastern, southern and northern african countries than other regions. given this empirical evidence, policies should be targeted toward improving the ict indicators development in each african country to uplift countries within the low-income group category to that of the higher-income group. authorities in western and middle african countries should beef up investment in ict to optimally exploit the benefits of ict. as for the control variables, general government final consumption expenditure has a negative effect on income level, while gross fixed capital formation positively affects income level. inflation and the export of goods and services do not influence the per capita output level. hence, authorities need to implement policies increasing gross fixed capital formation. we recommend that policymakers not rely on general government final consumption expenditure as a factor that raises per capita output. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. references aghaei, m., & mahdieh, r. (2017). the impact of information and communication technology (ict) on economic growth in the oic countries. environmental and socio-economic studies 17(2), 255–76. https://doi.org/10.25167/ees.2017.42.7 asongu, s., & odhiambo, n. (2019). foreign direct investment, information technology and economic growth dynamics in sub-saharan africa. excas working paper wp/19/038. ssrn. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3417047 asteriou d., & hall, s.g. (2006). applied econometrics, a modern approach (rev. ed.). palgrave macmillan. bahrini, r., & qaffas a. a. (2019). impact of information and communication technology on economic growth: evidence from developing countries. economies, 7(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.25167/ees.2017.42.7 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3417047 information and communications technology and the level of income in africa biala, m. i., & yusuf, y. t. 128 https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7010021 baltagi, b. h. (2005). econometric analysis of panel data (3rd ed.). john wiley & sons ltd. can, h., & terziev, v. (2016). the relationship economic growth and information technologies. ssrn. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3383899 eboagu, c., & adeleye, n. (2019). evaluation of ict development and economic growth in africa. netnomics, 20, 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-019-09131-6 farhadi, m., ismail, r., & fooladi, m. (2012). information and communication technology use and economic growth. plos one 7(11), e48903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048903 galvao, a. f., montes-rojas, g., sosa-escudero, & wang, l. (2013). test for skewness and kurtosis in the one-way error component model. journal of multivariate analysis, 122, 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2013.07.002 hesse, h. (2008). export diversification and economic growth. commission on growth and development working paper; no. 21. world bank, washington. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28040 hodrab, r., maitah m., & lubos s. (2016). the effect of information and communication technology on economic growth: arab world case. journal of economics and financial issues, 6(2), 765–775. kalita, g. & india, r. t. (2013). panel regression in stata: an introduction to type of models and tests. stata users group meeting 1st august 2013, mumbai. https://www.stata.com/meeting/india13/materials/in13_kalita.pdf pham, c., & martin w. (2007). extensive and intensive margin growth and developing country exports. world bank, washington d.c. sezer, s., & abasiz, t., (2018). the effect of information and communication technologies on economic growth in oecd countries. annals of the constantin brâncuşi university of târgu jiu, economy series, 6, 31–36. shanmugam, b., & kuppusamy, m. (2007). islamic countries economic growth and ict development: the malaysian case. journal of economic cooperation, 28(1), 99– 114. toader, e., firtescu, b., roman, a., & anton, s. (2018). impact of information and communication technology infrastructure on economic growth: an empirical assessment for the eu countries. sustainability, 10(10), 3750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103750 veeramacheneni, b., ekanayake, e. m., & vogel, r. (2011). information technology and economic growth: a causal analysis. southwestern economic review, 34, 75–88. world bank. (2019). world development indicators. world bank, washington, dc. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7010021 http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3383899 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-019-09131-6 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048903 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2013.07.002 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28040 https://www.stata.com/meeting/india13/materials/in13_kalita.pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103750 https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators 1. introduction 2. data and methodology 2.1. model specification 2.2. definition and measurement of variables 2.2.1. ict indicators 2.2.2. gross fixed capital formation (inv) 2.2.3. real per-capita income (y) 2.2.4. general government final consumption expenditure (gexp) 2.2.5. export of goods and services (expt) 2.2.6. inflation rate (inf) 2.2.7. regional dummies (e, w, s, n, and e) 2.2.8. estimation techniques 3. results and discussion 3.1. descriptive statistics 3.2. correlation analysis 3.3. estimates of the effect of ict indicators on per capita output 3.4. joint effect of ict and real per capita income (y) on per capita output (y) 3.5. estimates of the joint effect of ict and region on per capita output (y) 4. conclusion declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) 21-38، ص )2020( 5عدد 2مجلد ث اإلدارة واالقتصاد، مجلة بحو management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no. 5 (2020), pp. 21-38 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.vi.138 وم التسییر، جامعة زیان كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة، التجاریة وعل 21 ).الجزائر(الجلفة 3117: ب.عاشور بالجلفة، ص www.mer-j.com دراسة: التصنیعي األداء تحسین في الرشیق التصنیع مرتكزات تطبیق أثر في الیمن والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة حالة 2 البحیري الحمید محمد سیف عبدالوھاب عبد ،1الجبار الحمیري علي محمد عبد )الیمن( جامعة إب، كلیة العلوم اإلداریة، ارة األعمال المساعدأستاذ إد 1  alhmiari@yahoo.com )الیمن( الكلیة التطبیقیة للعلوم والتكنولوجیا، رئیس قسم الشؤون المالیة واإلداریة، مھندس صناعي 2  albaheery@gmail.com 2020-12-10: تاریخ النشر 20201114: متاح على الخط 202010-28: تاریخ القبول 2020-0909: تاریخ االستالم :طریقة االقتباس أثر تطبیق مرتكزات التصنیع الرشیق في تحسین األداء). 2020( .س. م. ا. ع. البحیري ع, & .ا. ع. م. الحمیري ع , )5(2, مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد. دراسة حالة الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك في الیمن: التصنیعي 21-38 .https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.vi.138 :ملخص زا ق مرتك ر تطبی ن أث ف ع ى الكش ة إل ین األداء ھدفت الدراس ي تحس یق ف نیع الرش ت التص نھج ، واعتمدتفي الیمن ستیكالتصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبال الدراسة على الم ات وذلك باستخدام أسلوب دراسة الحالة الوصفي التحلیلي ، وقد تم استخدام االستبانة كأداة لجمع البیان ل لل ة التحلی راء عملی د إج ة، وبع ن العین ن م دد م ى ع ة إل لت الدراس یات توص ار الفرض ات واختب بیان ین األداء ي تحس یق ف نیع الرش زات التص ق مرتك ابي لتطبی وي إیج ر معن ود أث ا، وج ائج منھ النت تیك فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص یمن التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنی ي ال نیع ف زات التص م مرتك ، وأن أھ ین الرشیق في إحداث التأثیر اإلیجابي في األ ھ التحس وي، یلی نیع الخل ز التص ان مرتك داء التصنیعي ك ل ع العم یم موق ً تنظ را ً، وأخی افي . المستمر، ثم كشف الخطأ آلیا ام الك إیالء االھتم ة ب ت الدراس وأوص أثیر ق ت ي یتحق ر لك ل اآلخ دھما یكم یق، ألن أح نیع الرش زات التص ة مرتك ین كاف ل ب ق التكام لتحقی .رتكزات في تحسین األداء التصنیعيمباشر وفعال لجمیع ھذه الم فنج : الكلمات المفتاحیة ناعة اإلس ة لص مرتكزات التصنیع الرشیق، األداء التصنیعي، الشركة الوطنی .في الیمن یكوالبالست .m11، l25: جالتصنیف اإلیمیل :لسِ االمؤلف المر [ albaheery@gmail.com] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1964-6245 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.vi.138&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-12-10 دراسة: التصنیعي األداء تحسین في الرشیق التصنیع مرتكزات تطبیق أثر في الیمن والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة حالة & ,.ا. ع. م. الحمیري ع .س. م. ا. ع. البحیري ع 22 مقدمة .1 رات دیات والمتغی ن التح د م ھ العدی رة تواج ة األخی ي اآلون ركات ف حت الش ادیةأض االقتص ن احبھا م ا یص المي، وم ي والع تویین المحل ى المس ا عل ة بینھ دة المنافس ادة ح ا زی والمالیة ومن أھمھ تج اء المن ى انتق درة عل تھالكھ، وذا ق ي اس ة ف ً وثقاف ا ر وعی بح أكث ذي أص تغیر في سلوك المستھلك ال ب الكلفة المنخفضة، والجودة العالیة، والمرونة الجیدة، والوقت(األفضل بعد اعتماد اییر ) المناس كمع نیعي، ا التص ین أدائھ و تحس أساسیة الختیار المنتجات، فلم یُعد أمام الشركات الصناعیة إال التوجھ نح یة درتھا التنافس ادة ق م زی ن ث وقیة وم تھا الس ادة حص تراتیجي، وزی د . من أجل تدعیم مركزھا االس وق نیع ى أن األداء التص ة إل ات المختلف ات والدراس ارت األدبی دم أش بب ع ك بس تمر وذل دني مس ي ت ي ف ن ل م حیح، ولع ي الص التزام الشركات باألسالیب والنظم الحدیثة في التصنیع، وتطبیقھا بالشكل العلم ).ferdousi & ahmed, 2009( أھم ھذه األسالیب مرتكزات التصنیع الرشیق ً لذلك فقد نال موضوع التصنیع الرشیق اھتمام الباحثین والمنظمات ع واء، ونتیجة د س لى ح ل ي ظ یما ف یة والس زة التنافس ق المی وق وتحقی اح والتف د النج ي تنش إذ أصبح مبتغى كل المنظمات الت ر ات غی در والمخرج ن الھ الي م اج الخ نیع واإلنت ام التص د نظ ھ یعی افس كون دیدة التن ة ش بیئة خارجی ات ة احتیاج ن تلبی ً ع ال د فض طلح الفواق ا بمص ر عنھ ي یعب ي المرغوب بھا والت ائن ف ات الزب ومتطلب بین ین )al-azzawi & al-obeidi, 2013,54( الوقت والسعر المناس وم بتحس ذا المفھ رن ھ ، واقت واق راق األس ن اخت ة م ا المنظم ن خاللھ تمكن م ي ت یلة الت د الوس ر یُع ون األخی نیعي ك األداء التص ودة الم ة والج ات بالكمی ل المنتج دیم أفض ر تق ي عب ز تنافس ى مرك ول عل ت للحص بتین وبالوق ناس . المناسب إلشباع رغبات زبائنھا والحصول على أسواق جدیدة ك إن ذل ناعیة، ف ركات الص ي الش ي ف كل فعل ھ بش ام وتطبیق بالتالي عند تبلور فكرة ھذا النظ سیمكنھا من تحسین أدائھا التصنیعي وتعزیز موقعھا التنافسي في األسواق المحلیة واختراق األسواق .)ghanem, 2017( األمثل لمواردھا المختارة االستثمارقیق الخارجیة وتح الخلفیة النظریة للدراسة .2 lean manufacturingالتصنیع الرشیق 1.2 یُعد مفھوم التصنیع الرشیق من أحدث المفاھیم اإلداریة التي تقوم على مجموعة من األفكار ا ل ناعیٍة أن تتبناھ ة ص ن ألي منظم ي یمك ادئ الت نوالمب ل أداٍء ممك ق أفض طلح . تحقی یر مص إذ یش )lean ( ،ل ل، والنحی ا الھزی اٍن منھ ة مع ة لمجموع ادبالعربی دم واالقتص وارد أو ع تعمال الم ي اس ف یر ة فیش فة اإلداری ة الفلس ن جھ ا م ا، أم ذیر فیھ ب ) solana(التب ل حس فة اإلدارة بالعم ھ فلس ى أن عل ل ال ى تقلی د عل ة تؤك ھ ممارس ون، وأن ب الزب دة طل ل الوح ي ھیك یاع ف در والض ادیةھ ل االقتص كك )almusawi and alghirbawi, 2015, 6( . یق نیع الرش طلح التص ذ مص ا یأخ lean(كم manufacturing ( ً الي )l.m(الذي یرمز لھ اختصارا اج الخ یق أو اإلنت اج الرش ھ لإلنت المعنى ذات د ن الفاق ً ) lean production(م ارا ھ اختص ز ل ذي یرم ھ ) l.p(ال ى نفس ان المعن ذلك یعطی وب حیح س ص ادل والعك كل متب تخدمان بش ;wilson, 2010, 4; sun, 2011, 160(ویس kilpatrick, 2003, 1; capital, 2004, 2(. ي أنھا ف یق ش نیع الرش ولقد تنوعت إسھامات وآراء الكتاب والباحثین في تحدید مفھوم التص ث یر رى، حی ة األخ اھیم اإلداری أن المف ك ش ر، ذل ات النظ این وجھ ى تب دد إل وع والتع ذا التن ع ھ ج ن ق م وأھداف استعمال ھذا المفھوم، ومناقشتھ ومعالجتھ من أكثر من زاویة وأكثر من منظور، ففری مون ة المض ن ناحی ر م ق آخ ھ فری ا تناول الي، بینم نیع المث فة للتص ة كفلس ر إلی اب نظ األدوات (الكت ات ن زوای)والتقنی ھ م ن تناول اك م ى أن ، وھن د عل ع التأكی ور، م ن منظ ر م ین أكث ع ب ددة وجم ا متع نیعیة، ة التص ي العملی در ف واع الھ ع أن ة جمی ى إزال ة إل ھ النھائی ي رؤیت دف ف یق یھ نیع الرش التص مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 38-21 ص 23 .وتحسین األداء التصنیعي للمنظمة الصناعیة ى وا عل احثین اتفق یق إال أن الب راز وعلى الرغم من تعدد المفاھیم الخاصة بالتصنیع الرش إب ً بقدر ما یعد تكامالً ً من الجوانب األساسیة للتصنیع الرشیق، كما أن ھذا التنوع ال یُعد تناقضا .كثیرا ھ ھم بأن رى بعض الي، فی نیع المث فة للتص ھ كفلس ر عن یق یُعب فمن منطلق كون التصنیع الرش ات ا تمر للعملی ین المس یاع والتحس ة الض ى إزال ز عل ة ترتك ة متكامل فة إنتاجی ھ فلس ن خالل تم م ذي ی ل واد زن للم تویات خ دخالت، ومس ن الم ن م ا یمك ل م ات بأق ن المخرج در م ر ق ى أكب ول عل الحص ل ال أق دد عم ة، وع ة أو معدوم اج منخفض ، )almusawi and alghirbawi, 2015, 7(واإلنت ھ وه بأن ا عرف رون حینم احثون آخ راه ب ا ی و م ا وھ د الزب ى تزوی عى إل ات تس فة إلدارة العملی ئن فلس الل ن خ ة م رق فعالی أكثر الط ب، وب ت المناس ة، وبالوق ف منخفض ة، وبكل ودة عالی ات ذات ج بمنتج در ن الھ الي م اج الخ د .)al-keeky, 2012, 119( اإلنت ابقة ق اریف الس ح أن التع ن الواض وم نیع فة للتص یق كفلس نیع الرش رف التص ي تع داف الت ادئ واألھ یة والمب ایا الرئیس ى القض زت عل رك ).إزالة الھدر، والتحسین المستمر، ومشاركة جمیع العاملین(لي وھي المثا مون ة المض ن ناحی یق م نیع الرش ف التص ار تعری ي إط ات(وف رى)األدوات والتقنی ، فی al-hasnawi & shalash )2014، 76( ام ن نظ ارة ع تخدم بأن التصنیع الرشیق عب ة یس مجموع ات من ي واالدوات التقنی ز الت ى ترك ةإزا عل ة ل كال كاف در اش یاع الھ تخلص والض ن وال اطات م النش ة تضیف ال التي تج قیم ائي للمن ن النھ الل م تعمال خ ال االس وارد الفع ة للم دم المتاح ذیر وع ا التب فیھ تعمال المخرجات من ممكن قدر اكبر وتحقیق ل باس ا أق ن م دن یمك دخالت م د الم ى والتأكی ة عل الكلف ین . النھائي للمنتج السریع والتسلیم المناسبة رونةوالم العالیة والجودة المنخفضة اه یب س اإلتج ي نف وف ali )2016 ،319 ( ى ؤدي إل ي ت اج والت ي اإلنت ة ف الیب الحدیث تخدام األس یق اس نیع الرش أن التص ب ي الموقع التنافس وز ب در والف ل الھ ك لتقلی ة وذل یف قیم ي ال تض روریة والت ر الض طة غی ذف األنش ح ائن اء الزب ك و. وإرض ي ذل ا ف ق معھم یق ) gopalakrishanan )2010 ،4یتف نیع الرش أن التص ب ة ق القیم یاع وخل در والض ن الھ تخلص م ى ال مجموعة شاملة من العناصر واألدوات والتي تركز عل .للمنتج بینما من تناول مفھوم التصنیع الرشیق من زوایا متعددة وجمع بین أكثر من منظور، فیرى abbas )2016 ،100 (ى ال ة إل تصنیع الرشیق بأنھ فلسفة إنتاج تھدف إلى الوصول بعملیات المنظم در ة الھ ن األدوات إلزال ة م تعمال مجموع تمر باس ین المس ل التحس عي لتفعی فري والس ب الص المعی ع ي جمی الجودة ف تمر ب ر مس ة تفكی ق ثقاف ة وخل وارد المتاح فء للم تعمال الك ة واإلس ھ المختلف بأنواع اه مراحل العملیات بم س اإلتج ي نف ات، وف ك التوقع وق تل ا یف اتھم أو م ائن وتوقع ا یلبي متطلبات الزب من ) al-sabawi & al-taie )2012 ،306أشار ة تتض فة متكامل ل فلس بأن التصنیع الرشیق یمث ر ذ بنظ دمات تأخ دیم خ مجموعة من األنظمة واألسالیب التي من شأنھا العمل على إنتاج منتجات وتق ن اإلعتبار مستو ً ع ال ب، فض ة الطل ون وتلبی ب الزب ین طل ى الجودة والكلفة مع تقلیل المھل الزمنیة ب ي طة الت یم األنش ى تعظ ز عل ھ والتركی اء علی ً للقض دا ھ تمھی ة أنواع در بكاف یض الھ ى تخف ل عل العم . تضیف قیمة، وھذا من شأنھ أن یضیف قیمة للمنتج النھائي أن ال ً على ما تقدم یمكن القول ب و فلستأسیسا یق ھ نیع الرش ة تص ة متكامل ة إنتاجی فة ومنھجی تمر باالعتمادموجھة بطلبات العمیل وترتكز على تقلیل الضائع والھدر كممارسة ین المس على التحس ن تعماللكافة األنشطة والعملیات باستخدام مجموعة من األسالیب واألنظمة التي تمكن م ال االس الفع ذف ا ة أو ح ة وإزال وارد المنظم ة لم ى الكلف د عل ائي والتأكی تج النھ ة للمن یف قیم ي ال تض طة الت ألنش تجابةالمنخفضة والجودة العالیة والمرونة المناسبة والتسلیم السریع للمنتج النھائي بھدف ل االس للعمی .وتحقیق رضاه دراسة: التصنیعي األداء تحسین في الرشیق التصنیع مرتكزات تطبیق أثر في الیمن والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة حالة & ,.ا. ع. م. الحمیري ع .س. م. ا. ع. البحیري ع 24 مرتكزات التصنیع الرشیق 2.2 ن یق، فم نیع الرش ام التص ق نظ زات تطبی ى مرتك ا تطلق عدة تسمیات عل ق علیھ ن یطل ھم م ات )tools(أدوات میھا تقنی الیب ) techniques(، ومنھم من یس ن )methods(أو أس اك م ، وھن ر میة عناص ا تس ق علیھ زات )elements(یطل طلح مرتك ا مص ق علیھ ر یُطل ، وآخ )fundamentals .( ى رب إل ھ أق ك لكون زات ذل طلح مرتك ث مص یعتمد الباح ة س ذه الدراس ي ھ ف ً ي التصور، فضال ث ف ق الباح یق، ویتف نیع الرش ق التص ا تطبی تند علیھ ائز یس ً رك ال ل فع عن أنھا تمث ن ل م ھ ك ب إلی ا ذھ ع م یق م نیع الرش زات التص د مرتك ،)render )2017 ،643و haizerتحدی zahraee )2016 ،140( ،abdullah )2003 ،21( ،al-sabawi & al-taie )2012 ، 308( ،al-keeky )2012 ،117( ،ali )2016 ،317 ( نیع زات للتص ة مرتك د خمس ي تحدی ف ً ، التصنیع الخلويتنظیم موقع العمل، التحسین المستمر، : (الرشیق وھي .)كشف الخطأ آلیا األداء التصنیعي 3.2 ھ ا قال ى م ارة إل ن اإلش د م نیعي ال ب وم األداء التص ى مفھ رق إل ل التط ن grooverقب ع ً ا ا غالب اج بأنھم نیع واإلنت طلحي التص ھ مص ى نفس ان المعن ا یعطی ادل وأنھم كل متب تخدمان بش ا یس م ار ل إط تم داخ ي ت ات الت ي المعالج نیعیة تعن ة والتص ات اإلنتاجی ث إن العملی حیح ، حی س ص والعك ).groover, 2010: 4(الشركة ن األداء إن ر ع ع یعب وم واس نیعي مفھ ي التص ناعیة ف ركات الص اح الش ة نج اس لدرج مقی ن ) مواد أولیة، العمال، المعدات، رأس المال(نتاجیة استغالل مواردھا اإل دل م ى مع ق أقص ي تحقی ف .)renganathan, 2014(المخرجات خالل فترة زمنیة معینة ام " ویرى آخرون بأنھ ة نظ ة بطبیع ة المتعلق ة التحویلی ي العملی وارد ف فء للم اإلستخدام الك اییر ق مع من تحقی ا یض اج بم ة، وال(اإلنت ودة، الكلف تالج ین األداء )وق ى تحس ة إل ؤدي بالنتیج ، وی ة نیعي للمنظم ھ . )al-saad, 2015, 32 &al-saad(" التص .mckone et alویعرف نیعیة ) 2001( درات تص یة أو مق بقیات تنافس ة أس د بمثاب ي تع یة الت اد األساس ھ أداء األبع ى أن عل ا)الكلفة، الجودة، المرونة، والتسلیم(والمتمثلة ب ي تولیھ ر ، والت ام األكب ناعیة اإلھتم ركات الص الش . مقارنة بمقاییس وأبعاد األداء األخرى یر ا یش اد ) hallgren )2007كم ا أبع یة كونھ بقیات التنافس ق باألس ھ األداء المتعل ى أن إل ارجي، ي وخ ور داخل ن منظ ھا م ن قیاس ي یمك لیم، والت للتصنیع وھي الكلفة والجودة والمرونة والتس نیعیة فالمنظور الداخلي ات التص ة للعملی ة واإلدارة الداخلی دة للمراقب اییس مفی ل (یتمثل بمق ة العم تكلف ز داد والتجھی ن اإلع زون، زم زون، دوران المخ ى المخ یطرة عل ة الس اد، تكلف ور )الُمع ا المنظ ، بینم ائن ا . الخارجي یتمثل بالمقاییس الظاھرة والمدركة من قبل الزب ) parsaei )2010 ،2و elmolaأم ة ف ر أھمی اد األداء األكث ً أبع منا ً ومتض امال یعرفانھ بأنھ نظام متكامل للقیاس والذي یتطلب أن یكون ش ة وارد المالی ون، والم ا الزب لیم، رض ة، التس ت، المرون ودة، الوق ة، الج ة كالكلف ة (للمنظم ي التكلف وھ تج ل من ة لك رى ). اإلجمالی نیعي ) timgaden )2013 ،58وی أن األداء التص ة تحق"ب ق إنتاجی ی اج م الل إنت لمرتفعة مقارنة بالمنظمات الصناعیة األخرى، من خ الیف أق ة، وبتك ودة عالی ات بج نتج ". تسمح لھا بالمنافسة، إضافة إلى توفیر كم ونوع من المنتجات المستھدفة في الوقت المناسب ً ا ى تأسیس ا عل دم م ول تق ن الق أن یمك ا ب نیعي عب اطات الاألداء التص ن النش ا رة ع ي تؤدیھ ت ناعیة ة الص ا المنظم املین فیھ داع الع ارف وإب ارات ومع رات ومھ ى خب اد عل س باالعتم ي تعك ، والت ة، ة ممكن ل كلف ا بأق مستوى ونتیجة قدرة المنظمة على تحقیق أھدافھا اإلنتاجیة التي تسعى إلى بلوغھ ى ت لیم، حت ي التس رعة ف ة والس رة وبالجودة العالیة، والمرونة المناسبة، والدق ي دائ اء ف ن البق تمكن م .المنافسة مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 38-21 ص 25 الدراسات السابقة 4.2 ة وان) wickramsinghe )2017و wickramsingheدراس implementation of" :بعن lean production practices on manufacturing performance: the role of lean duration" ،"ى یق عل دة الترش وء م ي ض یق ف نیع الرش ام التص ر نظ األداء أث ى ". التصنیعي یق عل نیع الرش زات التص ر مرتك ان أث ى بی ي إل كل رئیس ة بش ذه الدراس دفت ھ ھ ي. األداء التصنیعي بوجود مدة الترشیق في التحلیل نھج الوص تخدام الم ائج . وتم اس رت النت وأظھ نیعي ین األداء التص ي تحس یق ف نیع الرش زات التص ً لمرتك ا ً معنوی أثیرا الوة عل. بأن ھناك ت ى ع ق ي تحقی یق ف نیع الرش زات التص ا لمرتك ً معنوی أثیرا اك ت أن ھن ائج ب رت النت د أظھ ك، فق ذل .مستویات عالیة من األداء التصنیعي بوجود مدة الترشیق ة وان )zahraee )2016 دراس a survey on lean manufacturing" :بعن implementation in a selected manufacturing industry in iran"، "ذ تنفی ة في الرشیق التصنیع ارة عین ن مخت ركات م نیع ش ة التص دفت". اإلیرانی ذه ھ ة ھ كل الدراس بش ي ى رئیس یض إل ة تخف اص التكلف طة بإنق ر األنش دة، الغی ا مفی دفت كم ى ھ ل إل د تقلی ادة الفاق وزی ي المنھج استخدام وتم. الزبون رضا وتحسین المنتجات، جودة رت. التجریب ائج وأظھ ود النت وج تفید كما الرشیق، التصنیع نظام وتبني والمعدات العملیات عامل بین وقویة موجبة ارتباط عالقة .البشري العامل ھو الرشیق التصنیع تنفیذ في الرئیسیة العقبة بأن النتائج ة وان) paneru )2011دراس implementation of lean manufacturing" :بعن tools in garment manufacturing process focusing sewing section of men's shirt" ،" م ى قس التطبیق عل س ب نیع المالب ة تص تنفیذ أدوات التصنیع الرشیق في عملی س نع المالب ي مص ة ف ان الرجالی ة القمص دا خیاط ي فنلن ة ". ف ى إمكانی ة إل ذه الدراس دفت ھ ھ ھ استخدام التصنیع الرشیق لتحقیق مقابلة احتیاج الزبون بالوقت یس ل المحدد بإزالة العمل الذي ل ة افة للعملی ة مض بة . أي قیم ة بنس دورة اإلنتاجی ن ال یض زم ائج تخف رت النت م %8وأظھ ا ت ، كم دار %80تخفیض العمل المعاد بنسبة اج بمق وب لإلنت ت المطل ى الوق د األدن ى الح دنى إل ا ت ، كم .ساعھ واحدة في الیومین ة وان) ahmed )2009و ferdousiدراس an investigation of" :بعن manufacturing performance improvement through lean production" ، یق" نیع الرش الل التص ن خ ة ". التحقق من إمكانیة تحسین األداء التصنیعي م ذه الدراس دفت ھ ھ یق نیع الرش زات التص ق مرتك الل تطبی ن خ نیعي م ین األداء التص ة تحس . إلى التحقق من إمكانی نیع . استخدام منھج دراسة الحالةوتم زات التص ً لمرتك ا ً معنوی أثیرا اك ت أن ھن ائج ب وأظھرت النت نیعي ین األداء التص ي تحس یق ف ي . الرش ركات ف ض الش ي بع نیعي ف أن األداء التص ین ب ا تب كم كل یق بالش نیع الرش زات التص ق مرتك ركات بتطبی زام الش دم الت بب ع ك بس تمر وذل دني مس ت .العلمي الصحیح ة وان) abdullah )2003 دراس lean manufacturing tools and techniques" :بعن in the process industry with a focus on steel" ،" نیع ات التص ق أدوات وتقنی تطبی ات أن ". الرشیق في العملیة الصناعیة بالتركیز على صناعة الفوالذ ى إثب ة إل ذه الدراس دفت ھ ھ نیع تخدام أدوات التص ائعاس در أو الض ى الھ اء عل ناعیة للقض ة الص اعد العملی یق یس . الرش اج ام اإلنت اة أن نظ وذج المحاك ق نم الل تطبی ن خ ھ م ائج بأن رت النت دفع(وأظھ حب وال ) الس یض ) tpm(الھجین، باإلضافة إلى نظام الصیانة اإلنتاجیة الشاملة یمكنھما وبشكل ملحوظ تخف .المخزونوقت اإلنتاج إلى الحد األدنى وكذلك دراسة: التصنیعي األداء تحسین في الرشیق التصنیع مرتكزات تطبیق أثر في الیمن والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة حالة & ,.ا. ع. م. الحمیري ع .س. م. ا. ع. البحیري ع 26 ما یمیز الدراسة الحالیة عن الدراسات السابقة 5.2 وعات امن خالل استعراض ن الموض د م ة یع وع الدراس د أن موض ابقة، وج ات الس لدراس ة دول المتقدم ي ال ین ف احثین والدارس ل الب ن قب رة م ة األخی ي اآلون ً ف را ً كبی الجدیدة التي نالت اھتماما :یمیز الدراسة الحالیة عن الدراسات السابقة فيوالنامیة، وعلیھ یمكن تبیان ما ي :بیئة الدراسة: أوالً ذت ف یق نف نیع الرش ي التص ث ف ي تبح ابقة والت ات الس معظم الدراس ق یتم تطبی ن س ة، ولك ة العربی ي البیئ ذت ف ا نف بعض منھ ي، وال الم الغرب دان الع مختلف بل ة بأنھ ذه الدراس زت ھ ث تمی یمن، حی دى الدراسة الحالیة في ال ى إح ق عل ة تطب ا أول دراس .الشركات الصناعیة في الیمن ً ا ة: ثانی رات الدراس ن :متغی ر م دة أو أكث ابقة بواح ات الس ع الدراس ة م ذه الدراس ي ھ تلتق ت ا تناول ابقة أنھ ات الس ن الدراس ا م ن غیرھ ة ع ذه الدراس ز ھ ا یمی ن م رات، ولك المتغی ً (وأضافت مرتكز تقل(یع الرشیق لمرتكزات التصن) كشف الخطأ آلیا ذي )المتغیر المس ، وال . لم یسبق أن تم تناولھ من قبل الباحثین والمھتمین بھذا المجال -على حد علم الباحث– ً ابقة :ھدف الدراسة: ثالثا ات الس ن الدراس ة م ل دراس ا ك عت إلیھ ي س داف الت اختلفت األھ بب وعات أو بس تالف الموض بب اخ ا لس ة، إم ة الحالی داف الدراس ن أھ ع ع تالف مجتم اخ نقص د ال ة لس ذه الدراس اءت ھ ین ج ي ح ي، ف وذج المعرف تالف النم بب اخ ة، أو بس الدراس ة – على حد علم الباحث –الحاصل ة الیمنی في ھذا المجال كأول جھد میداني في الجمھوری اس ر"لقی ق أث نیعي تطبی ین األداء التص ي تحس یق ف نیع الرش زات التص ركة " مرتك ي الش ف .عة اإلسفنج والبالستیكالوطنیة لصنا مشكلة الدراسة .3 ل ركة تعم ة الش ناعة الوطنی فنج لص تیك اإلس ي والبالس ة ف م بیئ ة تتس رات بالمنافس والتغی ا الخارجیة، البیئة في المستمرة عوبات وتواجھھ دیات ص رة وتح ق كبی ن تعی ا م ا تطورھ ي ونجاحھ ف ا، ن أعمالھ رز وم ك أب اكل تل دیات المش دني" والتح تو ت نیعي األداء ىمس ركة" التص ذي للش د وال یُع الیف الرتفاع مباشرة نتیجة اج تك اض اإلنت اح، وانخف ة األرب ین والحاج توى لتحس ودة مس ا ج منتجاتھ ة ات مقارن ة بالمنتج ة، األجنبی أخیرات المنافس لیم وت ة التس ادة نتیج دة زی دورة م ة ال اإلنتاجی )(manufacturing cycle time، ة الزبائن لرغبات جابةاإلست مستوى وتدني ددة المتنوع والمتع (ncspi report, 2017). لجأت الشركة والتحدیات المشاكل ولمواجھة أدائھا في الجنسیة المتعددة الشركات ولمواكبة ابھا نتیجةاإلنتاجیة العملیات في الحدیثة واألنظمة البرامج من العدید وتطبیق تبني إلى رات اكتس خب نیع تطبیقھا ذلك منو -دولیة تصنیعیة زات التص یق لمرتك ي الرش ن ف د م رت العدی د أظھ ركة، فق الش ة ل دراس نیعي مث ین األداء التص ي تحس ام ف ذا النظ ر ھ ة أث ات العلمی wickramsinghe الدراس ة )2009( ahmedو ferdousi ،)wickramsinghe )2017و ا )ali )2016، ودراس ، كم ً بإجراء ) ali )2016دراسة أوصت فھا مزیدا یق بوص نیع الرش زات التص من الدراسات حول مرتك ة رح دراس ا تقت ناعیة، كم ة الص نیعي للمنظم ي األداء التص ز ف ق التمی ي تحقی ھم ف أداة تس hashlamoun )2017 ( ا تم تناولھ م ی ً من الدراسات حول مرتكزات التصنیع الرشیق والتي ل مزیدا ة ت دراس د دع ذلك فق ً، ك ابقا ة )lazim et al. )2013س ى )mckone et al. )2001، ودراس إل ً من الدراسات حول تحسین األداء التصنیعي والعوامل المؤثرة علیھ .إجراء مزیدا تیك فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ون الش ً لك را ق ncspi)(ونظ وم بتطبی تق اھ دى مس ان م ة لبی ذه الدراس ام بھ ث للقی ز الباح د حف یق، فق نیع الرش زات التص زات مرتك مة مرتك یق نیع الرش ً (التص ا أ آلی ف الخط وي، كش نیع الخل تمر، التص ین المس ل، التحس ع العم یم موق ي ) تنظ ف مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 38-21 ص 27 نیعي ین األداء التص ت(تحس ة، الوق ودة، المرون ة، الج فنج ) الكلف ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش ف :ؤل الرئیسي التاليالتساوعلیھ فإن مشكلة الدراسة یمكن بلورتھا من خالل . ncspi)(والبالستیك ركة ما أثر تطبیق مرتكزات ي الش نیعي ف ین األداء التص ي تحس ة التصنیع الرشیق ف الوطنی ؟والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة أھمیة الدراسة .4 األھمیة النظریة 1.4 ر من أھمیة و ،لى اإلجابة علیھاإھداف التي تسعى أھمیة الدراسة من األتنبع ى أث رف عل التع نیعيتطبیق م ناعة رتكزات التصنیع الرشیق في تحسین األداء التص ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش ف .اإلسفنج والبالستیك ة أھمیةتتجلى ا الدراسة من أھمی یق(متغیراتھ نیع الرش زات التص نیعي، مرتك ) واألداء التص حیث أنھما یمثالن متغیرین معاصرین وضروریین ألي منظمة تسعى إلى مواكبة التطورات ری یة الس ة تنافس ل بیئ ي ظ و ف ور والنم اء والتط عیھا للبق ن س ً ع ال ال، فض الم األعم ي ع عة ف یق یكتنفھا الغموض والتعقید، نیع الرش زات التص د مرتك باإلضافة إلى تسلیط الضوء على أح ً (وھو لم یسبق أن تم تناولھ من قبل الباحثین -على حد علم الباحث–، والذي )كشف الخطأ آلیا .ا المجالوالمھتمین بھذ نیعي، یق واألداء التص نیع الرش النقص في الدراسات المیدانیة التي تربط بین مرتكزات التص .ربما یجعلھا المحاولة األولى في بیئة الشركات الصناعیة الیمنیة التي تدرس ھذا الموضوع دة ف ات الجدی ن الدراس د م ذا یؤمل أن تدفع ھذه الدراسة العدید من الباحثین إلجراء المزی ي ھ .المیدان واستخدامھا في الدراسات المستقبلیة األھمیة العملیة 2.4 الل ن خ نیعي م ي األداء التص ز ف تیك التمی فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی تحقیق الش نیعیة ة التص ي العملی نیع إزالة كافة أشكال الھدر والضیاع ف زات التص د لمرتك ق الجی والتطبی .الرشیق تیك تمتدراسة كونھا تأتي أھمیة ال فنج والبالس يوال، في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلس د ت ت ع ي من ات الت ة المنتج م وأھمی ً لحج را یمن نظ ي ال تیك ف فنج والبالس أبرز شركات صناعة اإلس .تقدمھا ین ائل تحس ث وس ن حی ة م د الدراس ركة قی ا الش اني منھ ي تع تقدیم بعض الحلول للمشاكل الت .األداء التصنیعي دیمت ن ال ق ة م یاتجمل ركات توص ذا الش تیك، وك فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی للش .الصناعیة الیمنیة المشابھة الدراسة أھداف .5 ي ل ف ة یتمث ذه الدراس رئیس لھ دف ال قإن الھ ر تطبی ن أث ف ع زات الكش نیع مرتك التص .والبالستیك سفنجاإل لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة في التصنیعي األداء في تحسین الرشیق فرضیات الدراسة .6 ة یوجد أثر ذو: "لإلجابة عن السؤال الرئیسي لھذه الدراسة یمكن وضع الفرضیة األتیة دالل في تحسین األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة مجتمعة إحصائیة لتطبیق مرتكزات التصنیع الرشیق :اآلتیة الفرعیة الفرضیات ةالفرضی ھذه عن ، ویتفرع"لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك دراسة: التصنیعي األداء تحسین في الرشیق التصنیع مرتكزات تطبیق أثر في الیمن والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة حالة & ,.ا. ع. م. الحمیري ع .س. م. ا. ع. البحیري ع 28 تنظیم موقع العمل التحسین المستمر المتغیر المستقل التصنیع الرشیقمرتكزات التصنیع الخلوي ف الخطأ آلیاً كش المتغیر التابع األداء التصنیعي ل إحصائیة لتطبیق داللة یوجد أثر ذو :الفرضیة الفرعیة األولى ع العم یم موق ین تنظ ي تحس ف .في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك التصنیعي األداء ر ذو :الثانیةالفرضیة الفرعیة د أث ة یوج ق دالل ائیة لتطبی تمر إحص ین المس ین التحس ي تحس ف .في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك التصنیعي داءاأل ة یة الفرعی ةالفرض ر ذو :الثالث د أث ة یوج ق دالل ائیة لتطبی ین إحص ي تحس وي ف نیع الخل التص .في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك التصنیعي األداء ة یوجد أثر ذو :الرابعةالفرضیة الفرعیة ائیة لتط دالل قإحص ین بی ي تحس ً ف ا أ آلی ف الخط كش .في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك التصنیعي األداء المعرفي النموذج. 7 النموذج المعرفي :1شكل األدبیات النظریةباالعتماد على من إعداد الباحثین: المصدر منھجیة الدراسة. 8 منھج الدراسة 1.8 تویات اع ى مس وف عل فیة للوق ي وص ي، فھ في التحلیل نھج الوص ى الم ة عل دت الدراس تم فنج ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش نیعي ف یق، واألداء التص نیع الرش زات التص ق مرتك تطبی ة) الیمن –تعز (والبالستیك في ل الدراس نیع . مح زات التص ق مرتك ر تطبی ى أث رف عل ة للتع وتحلیلی .داء التصنیعي في ذات الشركةن األالرشیق في تحسی مجتمع الدراسة 2.8 ددھم الغ ع املین والب ة الع ن كاف ة م درجات 153یتألف مجتمع الدراس حاب ال ً، أص ا شخص ة ب ) 5، 4، 3( ام(والمتمثل دیر ع رفي /م ام، مش اء األقس دراء اإلدارات، رؤس ام، م دیر ع ب م نائ اج في اإلدارات وا) اإلنتاج، مشرفي الصیانة، والمختصین إدارة اإلنت ة ب ام المعنی ا، (ألقس اإلدارة العلی حة المة والص م الس ویق، قس ودة، التس یط، إدارة الج یة، إدارة التخط اج، اإلدارة الھندس إدارة اإلنت ا )المھنیة ركة وقراراتھ ام الش ن مھ ات ع ون معلوم ، كونھم األكثر معرفة بمتغیرات الدراسة، ویمتلك ً عن رغبتھم في وصول الشركة إلى حال أفضل ومنتجاتھا وعملیاتھا اإلنتاجیة، .فضال مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 38-21 ص 29 مجتمع الدراسة: 1جدول )5، 4، 3(الدرجات عدد العاملین من أصحاب الموقع سنة التأسیس اسم الشركة 153 تعز مncspi 1974الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك شریة بالشركة عینة الدراسةستعانة بإدارة الموارد البباال من إعداد الباحثین: المصدر عینة الدراسة 3.8 املین راد الع ة األف ن كاف ة م ة الدراس ت عین ث تألف امل، حی ر الش اتبع الباحث أسلوب الحص ً 153والبالغ عددھم رفي /مدیر عام(شخصا ام، مش اء األقس دراء اإلدارات، رؤس ام، م دیر ع ب م نائ اج في اإلدارا) اإلنتاج، مشرفي الصیانة، والمختصین إدارة اإلنت ة ب ام المعنی ا، (ت واألقس اإلدارة العلی وی ودة، التس یط، إدارة الج یة، إدارة التخط اج، اإلدارة الھندس حة إدارة اإلنت المة والص م الس ق، قس .)المھنیة أداة الدراسة 4.8 :والتي تتكون من محورین تمدت الدراسة بشكل رئیسي على استمارة االستبیان،اع ور األول تقل و :المح المتغیر المس ة ب تبانة الخاص رات االس مل فق زات(یش نیع مرتك التص .فقرة) 24(، ویتضمن )الرشیق من )األداء التصنیعي(ویشمل فقرات االستبانة الخاصة بالمتغیر التابع :المحور الثاني ، ویتض .فقرة) 20( دیل ي الب ث أعط ي، حی رت الخماس دة(وقد اعتمدت االستبانة مقیاس لیك ق بش س )مواف خم ا(والبدیل ،أربع درجات) موافق(والبدیل ،درجات د م ى ح ات) موافق إل الث درج دیل ،ث ر (والب غی .درجة واحدة) غیر موافق بشدة(والبدیل ،درجتان) موافق صدق وثبات أداة الدراسة 5.8 اھري دق الظ ة :الص ن ھیئ ت م ین تألف ن المحكم ة م ى مجموع تبانة عل ذه االس رض ھ م ع ت در اء الت الالیس أعض ي إدارة األعم ین ف حة، متخصص ا واض ن أن فقراتھ د م ا أو ،للتأك نھ .ما صممت لقیاسھ صالحة لقیاس رات :ثبات أداة الدراسة لمعرفة نسبة ثبات أداة جمع البیانات ومصداقیة إجابات العینة على فق تبانة )ألفا(تم إجراء اختبار ،االستبانة ات االس بة ثب ن نس د م دق آراء كرونباخ وذلك للتأك وص :كما ھو موضح في الجدول اآلتي ،العینة فیھ للمتغیرات الرئیسیة في أداة الدراسة) ألفا(نتائج اختبار كرونباخ : 2جدول alpha درجة المصداقیة alpha درجة الثبات عدد الفقرات محاور االستبانة ½ %98.5 %97.1 44 الثبات االجمالي لالستمارة قمرتكزات التصنیع الرشی 24 96.2% 98% %96 %92.6 20 األداء التصنیعي باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي من إعداد الباحثین: المصدر م ین ) 2(یتضح من الجدول رق ت ب ي تراوح یة الت ة الرئیس رات الدراس ات لمتغی یم الثب أن ق زات) %96.2( نیع مرتك یق التص ى و الرش د أعل نیعي) %92.6(كح ألداء التص ي،كح ل دل د أدن وت ال، ات ع ل ثب ة بمعام ورة عام ة بص ع الدراس ى تمت اله عل دول أع ي الج ا ف اخ ألف رات كرونب مؤش ین ا ب ة م ات العین داقیة إلجاب ة المص ت درج ة %)96(و%) 98(وتراوح ي أن درج ذا یعن ، وھ دراسة: التصنیعي األداء تحسین في الرشیق التصنیع مرتكزات تطبیق أثر في الیمن والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة حالة & ,.ا. ع. م. الحمیري ع .س. م. ا. ع. البحیري ع 30 ن ا تبانة، ویمك ى االس تجابة عل ي االس ة ف ً، وأن العینة متجانس اد مصداقیة اإلجابات مرتفعة جدا العتم .على النتائج في تعمیمھا على مجتمع الدراسة الذي تم سحب العینة منھ مصادر الحصول على المعلومات 6.8 :اعتمدت الدراسة على مصدرین رئیسیین للبیانات والمعلومات ھما ادر ة المص ابقةتو :الثانوی اث الس ات واألبح مل الدراس ب ،ش ة ،والكت ع العلمی ،والمراج .مواقع اإلنترانت وبعض ،والدوریات ا وھي البیانات :األولیة المصادر ول علیھ م الحص ق التي ت ن طری ة ع ة الدراس راد عین ن أف م ).االستبانة(أداة الدراسة األسالیب اإلحصائیة المستخدمة 7.8 ات، ،)spss(تم استخدام برنامج التحلیل اإلحصائي ل البیان دف تحلی تخدام بھ م اس ث ت حی اخ معامل ا كرونب ا ألف ة، كم ي الدراس تخدم ف اس المس ات المقی ة ثب ن درج د م تخدام للتأك م اس ل ت تحلی .لتحقیق أھداف الدراسة البسیطو المتعدد االنحدار الخطي النتائج واختبار الفرضیات. 9 أثیر ى ت قھدفت ھذه الدراسة إلى التعرف عل زات تطبی نیع مرتك یق التص ین الرش ي تحس ف ار والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة وطنیةال الشركة في التصنیعي األداء ائج والختب رض النت ً لع ، وتسھیال ة یات الدراس تخدام فرض م اس ل ت دار تحلی ي االنح ة ف تقلة مجتمع رات المس ر المتغی ان أث دد لبی المتع تخدام م اس ا ت نیعي، كم و األداء التص ابع وھ ر الت ل المتغی یطتحلی ي البس دار الخط ا االنح ر لبی ن أث ة ائج الدراس رض لنت ي ع ا یل نیعي، وفیم و األداء التص ابع وھ ر الت ي المتغی تقلة ف رات المس المتغی .واختبار فرضیاتھا یوجد أثر ذو داللة إحصائیة لتطبیق مرتكزات التصنیع الرشیق: "الفرضیة الرئیسیة اختبار 1.9 "سفنج والبالستیكفي تحسین األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإل مجتمعة الختبار الفرضیة الرئیسیة المتعددنتائج تحلیل االنحدار : 3جدول 0.05معنویة مستوى م ذات داللة إحصائیة عندالقی* باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي من إعداد الباحثین: المصدر ائیة ) 3(یتضح من البیانات الواردة في الجدول قوجود أثر ذو داللة إحص زات لتطبی مرتك نیع یق التص ة الرش ي مجتمع ین ف فنج تحس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش نیعي ف األداء التص د )0.01(عند مستوى داللة ) r ).7720 بلغ معامل االرتباط قدفوالبالستیك، ل التحدی r2، أما معام ى أن . التغیرات في األداء التصنیعي/من التباین) 0.606(یفسر ما نسبتھ یر إل ن %) 60.6(مما یش م t مستوى داللة t قیمة المحسوبة معامل االنحدا βر المتغیرات المستقلة مستوى f داللة درجة الحریة df f قیمة المحسوبة معامل التحدید r2 االرتباط r المتغیر التابع الخلويالتصنیع 608. 7.228 030.* **.000 بین المجامیع 1 التصنیعياء األد 772. 606. 455.596 المستمرالتحسین 550. 4.919 012.* البواقي 146 ً كشف الخطأ 171. 2.231 023.* آلیا المجموع 147 العملتنظیم موقع 140. 2.139 021.* مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 38-21 ص 31 رات ن التغی ة ع تیك ناتج فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس التغیرات في األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لص یق دار ، في تطبیق الشركة لمرتكزات التصنیع الرش ل االنح ة معام ت قیم ا بلغ أثیر βكم ة الت أو درج رات تقلة للمتغی والي المس ى الت ذا ،)0(140.، )1710.( ،)5500.(، )6080.(عل ھ وھ ي أن یعن ق وي(بافتراض تحیید بقیة المتغیرات ستكون الزیادة بدرجة واحدة في تطبی نیع الخل ؤد) التص د ی ي ق ة أن ،)6080.(إلى ارتفاع األداء التصنیعي لدى الشركة بدرج ین ب ا تب ويكم نیع الخل ر التص ھ األث ل ً ، ثم )5500.(األكبر، یلیھ التحسین المستمر بدرجة ً )1710.(بدرجة كشف الخطأ آلیا تنظیم ، وأخیرا ى ).0(140.بدرجة موقع العمل نص عل ي ت یة الت یة الرئیس ل الفرض ذلك نقب د"وب ة یوج ر ذو دالل أث األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة تحسین في مجتمعة مرتكزات التصنیع الرشیقتطبیق إحصائیة ل ى ). α≥0.05(، عند مستوى داللة "لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك ركة عل ویعزى ذلك إلى حرص الش ركة ف ق تطبیق مرتكزات التصنیع الرشیق والتي من شأنھا أن تنعكس على مكانة الش وق وتحق ي الس المي ي والع عیدین المحل ى الص ً عل زا ً متمی نیعیا زات . لھا أداًء تص ابي لمرتك أثیر اإلیج در الت وأن مص زات بب مرتك ان بس نیعي ك ي األداء التص یق ف نیع الرش وي(التص نیع الخل تمر، التص ین المس ) التحس ة . بشكل رئیسي ت) ahmed )2009و ferdousiوھذا یتوافق مع دراس ي بین زات الت ة مرتك أھمی اه س اإلتج ي نف ارت ف ة س ة الحالی ث إن الدراس نیعي، حی ي األداء التص ا ف یق وأثرھ نیع الرش التص ً وأثبتت أن .األداء التصنیعي تحسین في مجتمعة مرتكزات التصنیع الرشیقتطبیق ل ھناك أثرا ى 1.1.9 ة األول یة الفرعی یم م: "الفرض ق تنظ ائیة لتطبی ة إحص ر ذو دالل د أث ي یوج ل ف ع العم وق ".تحسین األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك الفرعیة األولىالنحدار البسیط الختبار الفرضیة نتائج تحلیل ا: 4جدول 0.01معنویة م ذات داللة إحصائیة عند مستوى القی** باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي ثینمن إعداد الباح: المصدر دول ي الج واردة ف ات ال ن البیان ح م ر ) 4(یتض ود أث ة ذووج ائیة دالل ق إحص یم لتطبی تنظ نیعي األداء تحسین في العمل موقع تیك، التص فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش دف غ فق بل اط ل االرتب ة ) r )0.666 معام توى دالل د مس د )0.01(عن ل التحدی ا معام بتھ r2، أم ا نس ر م یفس نیعي/من التباین) 0.443( ى أن . التغیرات في األداء التص یر إل ا یش ي %) 44.3(مم رات ف ن التغی م ق ي تطبی رات ف ن التغی ة ع تیك ناتج فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش نیعي ف األداء التص ل ع العم دار ك، الشركة لمرتكز تنظیم موق ل االنح ة معام ت قیم ا بلغ أثیر βم ة الت ، )0.666(أو درج یم (یعني أنھ بافتراض تحیید بقیة المتغیرات ستكون الزیادة بدرجة واحدة في تطبیق وھذا ز تنظ مرتك ذا ). 0.666(قد یؤدي إلى ارتفاع األداء التصنیعي لدى الشركة بدرجة ) موقع العمل ویؤكد معنویة ھ ت المحسوب fاألثر قیمة ة ) 47.790(ة والتي بلغ توى دالل د مس ة عن ي دال ل ). 0.01(وھ ذلك نقب وب ل موقع تنظیم لتطبیق إحصائیة داللة ذویوجد أثر "الفرضیة الفرعیة األولى التي تنص على ي العم ف ین نیعي األداء تحس تیك التص فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش ة "ف توى دالل د مس ، عن )0.05≤α .( زى ام ویع ى اإلھتم تیك عل فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی رص الش ى ح ك إل ذل ق روریة لتحقی ر الض واد غی ن الم تخلص م ً، وذلك من خالل ال ً وأمانا بموقع العمل وجعلھ أكثر نظافة مستوى t داللة t قیمة المحسوبة معامل االنحدا βر f مستوى داللة درجة الحریة df f قیمة المحسوبة معامل التحدید r2 االرتباط r المتغیر المستقل المتغیر التابع **.000 6.913 0.666 ** .000 بین المجامیع 1 47.790 0.443 0.666 تنظیم موقع العمل األداء البواقي 146 التصنیعي المجموع 147 دراسة: التصنیعي األداء تحسین في الرشیق التصنیع مرتكزات تطبیق أثر في الیمن والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة حالة & ,.ا. ع. م. الحمیري ع .س. م. ا. ع. البحیري ع 32 تخدمة واد المس زاء والم ع األدوات واألج میة جمی املین، وتس ھلة للع ة س واد وحرك حیح للم دفق ص ت ا ببطاقات معنونة، مان جعلھ ل، وض ع العم یم موق ة تنظ املین بأھمی ُنمي الشركة الوعي لدى الع كما ت ركة نیعي للش ین األداء التص ي تحس ة ف ن أھمی ع . جزًء من ثقافة الشركة، ولما لذلك م ق م ذا یتواف وھ ة ي اداء ) al-hasnawi & shalash )2014دراس ا ف یق وأثرھ نیع الرش اد التص ت أبع ي تناول الت ع العملیات، حی یم موق ز تنظ ً لمرتك ث إن الدراسة الحالیة سارت في نفس اإلتجاه وأثبتت أن ھناك اثرا .في تحسین األداء التصنیعي) 5s(العمل في تحسین التحسین المستمر یوجد أثر ذو داللة إحصائیة لتطبیق : "الثانیةالفرضیة الفرعیة 2.1.9 ".والبالستیك األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج الثانیةالفرعیة النحدار البسیط الختبار الفرضیة نتائج تحلیل ا: 5جدول 0.01معنویة م ذات داللة إحصائیة عند مستوى القی** باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي من إعداد الباحثین: المصدر دول یتضح من البیانات الوارد ین ) 5(ة في الج ق التحس ائیة لتطبی ة إحص ر ذو دالل ود أث وج غ د بل تیك، فق فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش نیعي ف ین األداء التص ي تحس تمر ف المس اط ل االرتب ة ) r )0.880معام توى دالل د مس د )0.01(عن ل التحدی ا معام بتھ r2، أم ا نس ر م یفس نیعيالتغیرات ف/من التباین) 0.775( ى أن . ي األداء التص یر إل ا یش ي %) 77.5(مم رات ف ن التغی م ق ي تطبی رات ف ن التغی ة ع تیك ناتج فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش نیعي ف األداء التص دار ل االنح ة معام ت قیم ا بلغ تمر، كم ین المس ز التحس ركة لمرتك أثیر βالش ة الت ، )0.880(أو درج افتراض تح ھ ب ي أن ذا یعن ق وھ ي تطبی دة ف ة واح ادة بدرج تكون الزی رات س ة المتغی د بقی ز (یی مرتك تمر ین المس ة ) التحس ركة بدرج دى الش نیعي ل اع األداء التص ى ارتف ؤدي إل د ی د ). 0.880(ق ویؤك ة ) 206.241(المحسوبة والتي بلغت fمعنویة ھذا األثر قیمة توى دالل د مس ). 0.01(وھي دالة عن ى وبذلك نقبل الفرضیة الفرع نص عل ین "یة الثانیة التي ت ق التحس ائیة لتطبی ة إحص ر ذو دالل د أث یوج توى "المستمر في تحسین األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك ، عند مس ة الء، ). α≥0.05(دالل ات العم كاوى واقتراح ع ش ل م ً للتعام ة ركة آلی اع الش ى اتب ك إل زى ذل ویع ركةوتقییمھا لألداء . باستمرار من أجل تطویره، ولما لذلك من أھمیة في تحسین األداء التصنیعي للش ة ع دراس ق م ق ) abbas )2016وھذا یتواف ي تحقی ا ف یق وتأثیرھ نیع الرش اد التص ت أبع ي تناول الت اك المیزة التنافسیة للمنظمة الصناعیة، حیث إن الدراسة الحالیة سارت في نفس اإلتجاه وأثبتت أن ھن ً لتطبیق التحسین المستمر في تحسین األداء التصنیعياث .را وي یوجد أثر ذو داللة إحصائیة لتطبیق : "الثالثةالفرضیة الفرعیة 3.1.9 ین التصنیع الخل ي تحس ف ".األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك مستوى t داللة t قیمة المحسوبة معامل االنحدا βر f مستوى داللة درجة الحریة df f قیمة المحسوبة معامل التحدید r2 االرتباط r المتغیر المستقل المتغیر التابع **.000 14.361 0.880 **.000 بین المجامیع 1 المستمرالتحسین 0.880 0.775 206.241 األداء تصنیعيال البواقي 146 المجموع 147 مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 38-21 ص 33 الثالثةالفرعیة النحدار البسیط الختبار الفرضیة ئج تحلیل انتا: 6جدول 0.01معنویة م ذات داللة إحصائیة عند مستوى القی** باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي من إعداد الباحثین: المصدر دول نیع ) 6(یتضح من البیانات الواردة في الج ق التص ائیة لتطبی ة إحص ر ذو دالل ود أث وج ل الخلوي غ معام في تحسین األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك، فقد بل د )0.01(عند مستوى داللة ) r )0.904االرتباط ل التحدی ا معام بتھ r2، أم ا نس ر م ) 0.817(یفس این ن التب نیعي/م ي األداء التص رات ف ى أن . التغی یر إل ا یش ي األداء%) 81.7(مم رات ف ن التغی م ركة ق الش ي تطبی رات ف ن التغی ة ع تیك ناتج فنج والبالس التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلس دار ل االنح أثیر βلمرتكز التصنیع الخلوي، كما بلغت قیمة معام ة الت ي )0.904(أو درج ذا یعن ، وھ ) نیع الخلويمرتكز التص(أنھ بافتراض تحیید بقیة المتغیرات ستكون الزیادة بدرجة واحدة في تطبیق ة ). 0.904(قد یؤدي إلى ارتفاع األداء التصنیعي لدى الشركة بدرجة fویؤكد معنویة ھذا األثر قیم ت ي بلغ وبة والت ة ) 268.632(المحس توى دالل د مس ة عن ي دال یة ). 0.01(وھ ل الفرض ذلك نقب وب ى نص عل ي ت ة الت نیع "الفرعیة الثالث ق التص ائیة لتطبی ة إحص ر ذو دالل د أث ین یوج ي تحس وي ف الخل ). α≥0.05(، عند مستوى داللة "األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك اج ة إنت ل خلی ي ك تم ف ل ی ا عم ى خالی نیع إل ع التص یم موق ى تقس ركة عل ویُعزى ذلك إلى حرص الش ي ة ف ن أھمی ذلك م ا ل نیع، ولم ات التص كل ومتطلب ث الش ن حی ابھة م ات متش ین األداء منتج تحس ة . التصنیعي للشركة ع دراس ق م ذا یتواف ت دور ) al-sabawi & al-taie )2012وھ ي تناول الت وي أثیر معن ود ت ق وج ث تحق تدامة، حی یة المس زة التنافس ق المی ي تحقی یق ف مرتكزات التصنیع الرش ة ال ث إن الدراس تدامة، حی یة المس زة التنافس ي لمرتكز التصنیع الخلوي في تحقیق المی ارت ف ة س حالی ً لتطبیق التصنیع الخلوي في تحسین األداء التصنیعي .نفس اإلتجاه وأثبتت أن ھناك اثرا ً یوجد أثر ذو داللة إحصائیة لتطبیق : "الرابعةالفرضیة الفرعیة 4.1.9 ین كشف الخطأ آلیا في تحس ".األداء التصنیعي في الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة اإلسفنج والبالستیك الرابعةالفرعیة النحدار البسیط الختبار الفرضیة نتائج تحلیل ا: 7جدول 0.01معنویة م ذات داللة إحصائیة عند مستوى القی** باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي من إعداد الباحثین: المصدر دول ي الج واردة ف ات ال ن البیان ح م ود أ) 7(یتض ف وج ق كش ائیة لتطبی ة إحص ر ذو دالل ث فنج وال ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش نیعي ف ین األداء التص ي تحس ً ف ا أ آلی غ الخط د بل تیك، فق بالس اط ل االرتب ة ) r )0.875 معام توى دالل د مس د )0.01(عن ل التحدی ا معام بتھ r2، أم ا نس ر م یفس مستوى t داللة t قیمة المحسوبة معامل االنحدا βر f مستوى داللة درجة الحریة df f قیمة المحسوبة معامل التحدید r2 االرتباط r المتغیر المستقل المتغیر التابع **.000 16.390 0.904 **.000 بین المجامیع 1 الخلويالتصنیع 0.904 0.817 268.632 األداء البواقي 146 التصنیعي المجموع 147 مستوى t داللة t قیمة المحسوبة معامل االنحدا βر f مستوى داللة درجة الحریة df f قیمة المحسوبة معامل التحدید r2 االرتباط r المتغیر المستقل المتغیر التابع **.000 14.026 0.875 **.000 بین المجامیع 1 ً كشف 0.875 0.766 196.733 الخطأ آلیا األداء يالبواق 146 التصنیعي المجموع 147 دراسة: التصنیعي األداء تحسین في الرشیق التصنیع مرتكزات تطبیق أثر في الیمن والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة حالة & ,.ا. ع. م. الحمیري ع .س. م. ا. ع. البحیري ع 34 نیعي/من التباین) 0.766( ا. التغیرات في األداء التص ى أن مم یر إل ي %) 76.6(یش رات ف ن التغی م ق ي تطبی رات ف ن التغی ة ع تیك ناتج فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش نیعي ف األداء التص ً، كما بلغت قیمة معامل االنحدار ، وھذا )0.875(أو درجة التأثیر βالشركة لمرتكز كشف الخطأ آلیا تك رات س ة المتغی د بقی افتراض تحیی ھ ب ي أن ق یعن ي تطبی دة ف ة واح ادة بدرج ف (ون الزی ز كش مرتك ً ة ) الخطأ آلیا ركة بدرج دى الش ذا ). 0.875(قد یؤدي إلى ارتفاع األداء التصنیعي ل ة ھ د معنوی ویؤك ة ) 196.733(المحسوبة والتي بلغت fاألثر قیمة توى دالل ل ). 0.01(وھي دالة عند مس ذلك نقب وب ي " ى الفرضیة الفرعیة الرابعة التي تنص عل ً ف ا أ آلی ف الخط یوجد أثر ذو داللة إحصائیة لتطبیق كش تیك فنج والبالس ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی ي الش نیعي ف ین األداء التص ة "تحس توى دالل د مس ، عن )0.05≤α .( ة أي ذار لمواجھ ة واإلن ة الحمای ام بأنظم ى االھتم ركة عل رص الش ویُعزى ذلك إلى ح املین، اة الع دد حی ل یھ ارئ أو خل ات ط زودة بالمنبھ ركة م دات الش ائن ومع ى أن مك افة إل باإلض ل ان العم ي مك یحیة ف ور توض ع ص ا تض ا أنھ أ، وكم دوث خط ة ح ي حال ل ف ي تتفاع وئیة الت الض ركة نیعي للش ین األداء التص ي تحس ة ف ن أھمی ذلك م ا ل ة، لم حیحة والخاطئ ات الص ذا . للممارس وھ یة وسائل منع حدوث األخطاء في تحقیق العیوب التي بینت أھم) wahab )2011یتوافق مع دراسة أ االتجاهالصفریة، حیث إن الدراسة الحالیة سارت في نفس ف الخط ً لتطبیق كش وأثبتت أن ھناك اثرا ً في تحسین األداء التصنیعي .آلیا الخالصة. 10 ي وء ف ل ض ذي التحلی م ال ات ت ة إلجاب ة عین ي الدراس فنج ف ناعة اإلس ة لص ركة الوطنی الش ن لبالستیك،وا دد م ى ع تنتاجاتا فقد خلصت ھذه الدراسة إل ي الس م الت ل ت ة التوص ا، كإجاب ن إلیھ ع االستنتاجات ضوء ھذه وعلى علیھا، بنیت التي والفرضیات مشكلة الدراسة مثلت التي الدراسة أسئلة ً تقدیم الحالیة تم في الدراسة إلیھا التوصل تم التي ن عددا یات م ات، التوص نو والمقترح یص یمك تلخ الشركة الوطنیة لصناعة في الدراسة عینة إجابات خالل من إلیھ التوصل تم وفق ما االستنتاجات أھم :اآلتي على النحو االستبانة في اإلسفنج والبالستیك ى یر إل ا یش ة، مم ت مرتفع ة كان ا األربع یق بأبعادھ مستوى تطبیق مرتكزات التصنیع الرش .والبالستیك على تطبیق ھذه المرتكزات اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة اھتمام وحرص الشركة ركة ً، مما یشیر إلى حرص الش مستوى تحسین األداء التصنیعي بأبعاده األربعة كان مرتفعا ات اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة ھ منتج ع ب ا تتمت وق م والبالستیك على تقدیم منتجات فریدة تف .الشركات األخرى نیع زات التص ق مرتك ؤثر تطبی ي ی نیعي ف ین األداء التص ي تحس ابي ف كل إیج یق بش الرش ركة ة الش ناعة الوطنی فنج لص ي اإلس یق ف نیع الرش زات التص م مرتك تیك، وأن أھ والبالس ین ھ التحس وي، یلی نیع الخل ز التص ان مرتك نیعي ك ي األداء التص ابي ف إحداث التأثیر اإلیج ً تنظیم موقع العم ً، وأخیرا .لالمستمر، ثم كشف الخطأ آلیا ھ، و ات وعلی ائي للبیان ل اإلحص ع التحلی ن واق ا م ل إلیھ م التوص ي ت تنتاجات الت ً لالس ا وفق :اآلتیةوالمقترحات واإلطار النظري للدراسة تم الخروج بالتوصیات دف یق بھ نیع الرش زات التص ق مرتك المحافظة على المستوى الحالي، واالستمرار في تطبی .من أثر في تحسین األداء التصنیعي القضاء على الھدر والفاقد لما لذلك الل ن خ ة م اده المختلف ة أبع نیعي بكاف توى األداء التص ین مس ز وتحس ى تعزی ل عل العم ي األداء ؤثر ف ي ت اء الت ات واألخط ن اإلنحراف د م ى الح ل عل دة تعم الیب جدی تخدام أس اس .التصنیعي مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 38-21 ص 35 ن زات التص ة مرتك ین كاف ل ب ق التكام افي لتحقی ام الك الء اإلھتم دھما إی یق، ألن أح یع الرش ین األداء ي تحس زات ف ذه المرتك ع ھ ال لجمی ر وفع أثیر مباش ق ت ي یتحق ر لك ل اآلخ یكم .التصنیعي وع ول موض تقبلیة ح ات المس ن الدراس د م راء المزی نیع "إج زات التص ق مرتك ر تطبی أث نیعي ین األداء التص ي تحس یق ف م " الرش ا ت دعیم م دف ت تیك بھ ناعة البالس اع ص ي قط ف . توصل إلیھ من نتائجال وع ول موض تقبلیة ح ات المس ن الدراس د م راء المزی نیع "إج زات التص ق مرتك ر تطبی أث ین ي تحس یق ف اتالرش ة المنتج یض كلف ي تخف ات أو ف ودة المنتج ناعة " ج اع ص ي قط ف . البالستیك بھدف تدعیم ما تم التوصل إلیھ من نتائج ق مرت ین تطبی ر ب كل مباش ة بش ذه الدراس ین األداء ربطت ھ یق وتحس نیع الرش زات التص ك تقبلیة ات المس التصنیعي، ولم تأخذ في الحسبان أي متغیرات معدلة أو وسیطة، لذا فالدراس .مدعوة إلدخال متغیرات وسیطة أو معدلة لنموذج الدراسة )references( المراجع abbas, t. h. (2016). lean manufacturing dimensions and their impact in achieving competitive advantage of the industrial organization exploratory study in a textile factory al diwaniya. al-qadisiyah journal for administrative and economic sciences, 18(4), 96-118. abdullah, f. (2003). lean manufacturing tools and techniques in the process industry with a focus on steel, (doctoral dissertation). the university of pittsburgh. al-azzawi, m. a., & al-obeidi, r. a. (2013). the role of manufacturing requirements slim in promoting pioneering marketing operations /a prospective study of the opinions of a sample of workers in the company of the wise for the manufacture of medicines and medical supplies/nineveh. tikrit journal of administration and economics sciences, 9(30), 53-69. al-hasnawi, j.s.t., & shalash, f. j. (2014). impact lean production in operations performance. al-qadisiyah journal for administrative and economic sciences, 16(4), 71-92. ali, s. a. g. (2016). the impact of lean manufacturing slim pillars in strengthening the company's competitive advantage. al-anbar university journal of economic and administration sciences , 8(15), 815-843. al-keeky, g. m. a. (2012). the possibility of applying lean production elements a field study in the factory of ready-made clothes in mosul. tikrit journal of administration and economics sciences, 8(26), 115-140. almusawi, a. n. k., & alghirbawi, s. m. a. (2015). use of tools of lean accounting tools to support systems of lean production and دراسة: التصنیعي األداء تحسین في الرشیق التصنیع مرتكزات تطبیق أثر في الیمن والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة حالة & ,.ا. ع. م. الحمیري ع .س. م. ا. ع. البحیري ع 36 performance evaluation of economic entities. al-kut journal of economics administrative sciences, 1(17), 494-525. al-saad, m. a. s., & al-saad, y. m. i. (2015). al-qadisiyah journal for administrative and economic sciences, 17(2), 24-40. al-taie, b. m. a., & al-sabawi, i. w. q. (2012). the role of lean manufacturing fundamentals on achieving sustainable competitive advantage, university of qasdi marbah warqalah. capital, m. (2004). introduction to lean manufacturing for vietnam, retrieved from: www.industryweek.com. elmola, k, g., & parasaei, h. (2010, july). dimensions and measures of manufacturing performance measurement. in computer and industrial engineering (cie). ferdousi, f., & ahmed, a. (2009). an investigation of manufacturing performance, improvement through lean production. journal of operations management,4(9), 106-116. ghanem, h. n. (2017). techniques of lean manufacturing effects systems in reducing the waste -a study of some investment projects in al swaida governorate. albaath university journal, 39(6), 145-173. gopalakrishanan, n. (2010). simplified lean manufacturing elements, rules, tools and implementation. groover, m. p. (2010). fundamentals of modern manufacturing (4th ed.). new jersey: john wiley & sons. haizer, j., render, b. & mlinson, c. (2017). operations management: sustainability and supply chain management (12th ed.). new york: pearson. hallgren, m. (2007). manufacturing strategy, capabilities and performance (doctoral dissertation, institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling). linköpings universitet. hashlamoun, y. h. (2017). the effect of applying the fundamentals of lean manufacturing on competitive advantage strategies in the jordanian pharmaceutical manufacturing companies (m. ba. thesis). middle east university. retrieved from https://meu.edu.jo/librarytheses/59005732dc5fc_1.pdf kilpatrick, j. (2003). lean principles. utah manufacturing extension partnership, 68(1), 1-5. lazim, h. m., salleh, m. n., subramaniam, c. and othman, s. n. (2013). total productive maintenance and manufacturing performance: does technical complexity in the production process matter?. international journal of trade, economics and finance, 4(6), 380. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijtef.2013.v4.321 مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 38-21 ص 37 linn, r. l., & gronlund, n. e. (2000). measurement and assessment in teaching (8th ed.). new jersey: prentice-hall. mckone, k. e., schroeder, r. g. and cua, k. o. (2001). the impact of total productive maintenance practices on manufacturing performance. journal of operations management, 19(1), 39-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6963(00)00030-9 national company for sponge and plastic industry (ncspi). (february 2017). report (a) about manufacturing performance level. national company for sponge and plastic industry, yemen. paneru, n. (2011). implementation of lean manufacturing tools in garment manufacturing process focusing sewing section of men’sshirt (master thesis). oulu university of applied sciences. renganathan, k. (2014). the effect of total productive management practices on manufacturing performance through secs/gem standard for electronic contract manufacturing companies (toc, abstract, chapter 1 and reference only) (doctoral dissertation). open university malaysia business school. sun, s.(2011). the strategic role of lean production in soe's development, international journal of business and management, 6(2), 160-165. timgaden, o. (2013). the role of diversification strategy in improving the performance of the industrial institution: case study (m. es. thesis). hamma lakhdar eloued university. wahab, r. j. (2011). range the contribute of poka-yoke devices in achieving the zero defects investigation of opinions of engineers, technicians employees in readymade clothes factory in mosul. tanmiat al-rafidain, 33(102), 121-144. https://doi.org/10.33899/tanra.2011.161956 wickramasinghe, g. l. d. and wickramasinghe, v. (2017). implementation of lean production practices on manufacturing performance: the role of lean duration. journal of manufacturing technology management, 28(4), 531-550. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-082016-0112 wilson, l.l (2010). how to implement lean manufacturing. new york: mcgraw hill. zahraee, s. m. (2016). a survey on lean manufacturing implementation in selected manufacturing industry in iran. international journal of lean six sigma, 7(2), 136-148. دراسة: التصنیعي األداء تحسین في الرشیق التصنیع مرتكزات تطبیق أثر في الیمن والبالستیك اإلسفنج لصناعة الوطنیة الشركة حالة & ,.ا. ع. م. الحمیري ع .س. م. ا. ع. البحیري ع 38 the impact of applying lean manufacturing fundamentals on the improvement of manufacturing performance: a case study at the yemeni national company for sponge and plastic industry ali mohammad abd aljbar alhmiari 1, abdulwahab abdulhameed mohammed saif albaheery2 published: 10-12-2020 available online: 14-11-2020 accepted: 28-10-2020 received: 09-09-2020 abstract: the study aimed at investigating the impact of applying lean manufacturing fundamentals on the improvement of manufacturing performance at the yemeni national company for sponge and plastic industry (ncspi). the study adopted the descriptive and analytical approach by using the case study method. a questionnaire was used for collecting data. after analyzing the data, the study findings revealed that there was a significant positive effect for the application of the lean manufacturing fundamentals on improving the manufacturing performance in the yemeni national company for sponge and plastic industry. the fundamentals were ranked in this order: cellular manufacturing; continuous improvement; automatic detection of a defect; and workplace organization. the study recommended that the yemeni national company for sponge and plastic industry should give more care to achieve the integration of all fundamentals of lean manufacturing for a direct and effective impact on manufacturing performance improvement. keywords: lean manufacturing fundamentals, manufacturing performance, yemeni national company for sponge and plastic industry. jel classification: m11, l25. © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. how to cite : alhmiari, a. m. a. a., & albaheery, a. a. m. s. (2020). the impact of applying lean manufacturing fundamentals on the improvement of manufacturing performance: a case study at the yemeni national company for sponge and plastic industry. management & economics research journal 2(5), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.vi.138 [in arabic] 1 asst. of business administration, faculty of administrative sciences, ibb university (yemen). [ alhmiari@yahoo.com] 2corresponding author: industrial engineer, chief of financial and administrative affairs department, applied college of science and technology (yemen). [ albaheery@gmail.com] management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 2 (2021), pp. 63-87 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.162 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 63 www.mer-j.com leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy irum mushtaq 1 , muhammad salman chughtai 2 , faryal lashari 3 1 school of business administration, qurtaba university of science and information technology, d.i. khan campus (pakistan)  irumxubair19@gmail.com 2 doctoral student of management sciences, faculty of management sciences, international islamic university, islamabad (pakistan)  salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk 3 doctoral student of business administration, business school, university of west of scotland, london campus (united kingdom)  b00317654@studentmail.uws.ac.uk published:01-09 -2021 available online:16 -05 -2021 accepted:15-05 -2021 received: 02 -03 -2021 how to cite: mushtaq, i., chughtai, m. s., & lashari, f. (2021). leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy. management & economics research journal, 3(2), 63-87. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.162 abstract: this study contends explicitly that leadership styles (transformational and transactional) are positioned as a pylon for firms’ innovation performance. further, this study contemplates the intermediating inspiration of absorptive capacity (potential and realized) linking leadership corresponding author: faculty of management sciences, international islamic university, islamabad (pakistan). [ salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3795-7426 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6117-9070 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3675-3277 mailto:irumxubair19@gmail.com mailto:salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk mailto:b00317654@studentmail.uws.ac.uk https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.162 mailto:salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.162 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.162&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-09-01 http://www.mer-j.com/ leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 64 styles (transformational and transactional) and firms’ innovation. data was collected from 301 permanent employees working in pakistani manufacturing firms (food and tobacco) through the self-administered questionnaires to test the proposed hypothesis of this study. the study's findings demonstrate a positive influence of leadership styles (transformational and transactional) on the firm's innovative performance. moreover, both absorptive capacity dimensions (potential and realized) mediate the relationship between leadership styles (transformational and transactional) and innovative performance. this study demonstrates that both leadership styles (transformational and transactional) provide phenomenal path routes to augment firms’ innovation. overall, this study contributed a legitimate illustration of leadership styles strengthening firms’ innovation, specifically transactional leadership style, encouraging results within the developing economy perspective. keywords: transformational leadership, transactional leadership, absorptive capacity, potential absorptive capacity, realized absorptive capacity, firm innovation. jel codes: m00, m1, m5, m10. 1. introduction globalization and rapid technological advancement change the business environment that increases the competition level (xie et al., 2018) and enforce organizations to pay attention to innovative performance for survival in the highly competitive globalized economy (kim & koo, 2017; woods et al., 2018). organizational innovation can be increased with the support of proper leadership, motivations, and providing a productive environment that further increases the innovative capabilities of the individuals and enables organizations to accomplish competitive advantages (afsar et al., 2019; schuckert et al., 2018). in recent years emerging economies play a vital contribution to the globalized economy (lebedev et al., 2015; padmanathan et al., 2018). in the last decades, the phenomenon of leadership has been studied in an industrial and business context (rehman et al., 2019) because it becomes obligatory for organizations to adopt effective leadership for the accomplishment of their organizational goals and objectives, especially in the environment of high competition (rehman et al., 2019; tourish, 2014). leadership styles are considered a vibrant cradle to foster a firm’s innovation (afsar & umrani, 2019; al-husseini et al., 2019; zheng et al., 2016), and effective leadership also plays a meaningful role in the success and failure of firms’ goals and objectives (tourish, 2014). transformational pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 65 leadership (tfl) and transactional leadership (tsl) have been at the vanguard of the leadership literature in recent areas, which not only sufficiently influence the organizational management but also provide a better platform of leadership, especially for the developing economies (ohiorhenuan, 2019; saleem et al., 2019). leadership not only influence the job satisfaction level of individuals (rothfelder et al., 2012), but it also increases the proficiency, creativity, and innovative behaviours of employees (leroy et al., 2012; slåtten & mehmetoglu, 2011; slåtten et al., 2011) and organizational performance (kim & brymer, 2011) as well. however, meta-analytic studies of wang et al. (2018) and koh et al. (2019)discusses the influence of tfl and tsl on employee outcomes. transformational leaders emphasize behaviours that encourage their followers/subordinates to execute beyond the expectations (avolio et al., 2004; walumbwa et al., 2010) and increase the efficiency level of leaders (tracey & hinkin, 1996). transformational leaders have strong connections with ideas generation, crafting novel behaviour, increasing firm's innovative performance (jiang & chen, 2018; naguib & naem, 2018) through transitional constructs, i.e., organizational learning (garcía-morales et al., 2012), empowerment (jung et al., 2003), and culture (steele et al., 2018). scholars are captivated that leadership styles with intermediate constructs positively influence firm innovation (rehman et al., 2019). moreover, transformational leaders become helpful for enhancing trust and individual identification levels, which further promote an innovative atmosphere at the workplace (xie et al., 2018). in contrast, transactional leaders clarify the opportunities, anticipations, and rewards to their followers to accomplish organizational objectives (chang et al., 2015; rangus & černe, 2019). additionally, transactional leaders rely on the accomplishment of tasks with the exchange of appropriate and timely incentives (xie et al., 2018). past literature validates and takes a fractional attitude in probing tfl and tsl styles, converging on only one leadership style or interactions concerning tfl or tsl linking to situational and organizational physiognomies (kark et al., 2018). it stretches the impression that operation and field managers frequently practice leadership styles to diverse and lead their employees(qian et al., 2019). numerous researchers examined tfl and tsl styles to facilitate innovative behaviours at individual and organizational levels (jiang & chen, 2018; kark et al., 2018; nguyen et al., 2017; steele et al., 2018). cohen and levinthal (1990) argued that absorptive capacity (ac) is “the ability of firms to recognize the value of new, external information, leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 66 assimilate it, and apply it to commercial ends” (p. 128). moreover, zahra and george (2002) intellectualized ac as an energetic capability intended by a set of routine organizational developments to differentiate into potential absorptive capacity (pac) and realized absorptive capacity (rac); as pac is concerned with obtaining and clarification of exogenic knowledge and rac concerned with transformation and application of knowledge. earlier studies reveal that pac produces several positive outcomes i.e., enhancement in performance, reduction in cost especially during the process of research and development by reducing the development cycles of new products (caloghirou et al., 2004; jones et al., 2001; sisodiya et al., 2013). in contrast, rac helps the organizations not only for the recombination and reconfiguration of knowledge but also allows organizations for the reinterpretation of knowledge that further enables organizations to achieve the objective of higher performance by introducing new products with lower cost (araujo et al., 2003; cegarranavarro et al., 2014; cohen & levinthal, 1990). recent studies demonstrate the positive affiliation between ac and innovation performance (darwish et al., 2018; xie et al., 2018). based on the theoretical foundation of diffusion of innovation theory (rogers, 2003)and path-goal theory of leadership (house, 1996), the present study investigates the direct influence of leadership styles (tfl and tsl) on firms' innovative performance. additionally, we examined the intervening influence of absorptive capacity (potential and realized) between the relationship of leadership (tfl and tsl) and firms' innovative performance. secondly, the present study overcomes the gaps suggested by earlier researchers; there is a need to explore the effect of tfl and tsl, on the innovation process of products(al-husseini et al., 2019; sheehan et al., 2020), with mediating mechanisms (sheehan et al., 2020). this study added contributions within the context of the developing economy such as pakistan. the present study contributes to the innovation arena by investigating the charm of leadership styles (tfl and tsl) through ac's (pac and rac) mediating effect, which opens new research curiosity linking ac, leadership styles, and firm’s innovation by explicating a comprehensive appraisal of the presented literature multidisciplinary parameters about firm’s innovation. moreover, current study also contributes to the literature of leadership and ob by explaining the lends of diffusion of innovative theory and path-goal theory of leadership. pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 67 2. theoretical foundation the research model of the present study is based on the notations of diffusion of innovation theory (rogers, 2003) and path-goal theory of leadership (house, 1996) through which leadership styles (tfl and tsl), absorptive capacity (pac and rac), and firms’ innovation are linking to shape the novel ideas and practices. diffusion of innovation theory by rogers (rogers, 2003) is talking about the communication process, as diffusion is concerned with process channels through which innovation is communicated at the workplace through team members; on the other side, innovation is concerned with the novel, new and unique idea by an individual (carreiro & oliveira, 2019; zhou et al., 2019). diffusion of innovation theory contributed in several diverse areas, i.e., marketing, innovation, and public health (raven & walrave, 2020; rogers, 2004), to facilitate leadership to realize the appropriate procedures for crafted novel ideas smoothly. based on this notion, we argue that absorptive capacity in the presence of positive leadership enhances the innovation level of firms, as potential and realized absorptive capacity enables firms to generate new products and services through the interpretation of new and current knowledge. path goal theory of leadership (house, 1996) discusses the leading behaviours of leaders through which they facilitate, guide, and help their subordinates/followers to achieve goals. path goal theory (house, 1996) further explains that leaders' necessary support and direction enable their followers/subordinates to achieve organizational and individual goals. this act of leaders motivates their subordinates/followers and enhances commitment, satisfaction, and performance (cho et al., 2019; house, 1996). we argue that leadership behaviour (tfl and tsl) increases the level of absorptive capacity (pac and rac) that further enhances firms' innovation in producing new products and services at a lower cost. consequently, encompassing rogers's conceptual work, we argue that leadership style needs diffusion and innovation gadgets to harvest new ideas specifically within the context when firms belong to a developing economy and are enthusiastic to upsurge competitiveness in the present market. thus, extending this particular augmentation specified by rogers (2003), we argued that employees/followers primarily need to assume such novelties that are offered in front of them through their leaders; consequently, here, the leadership styles (tfl and tsl) indicate a phenomenal charisma to peruse actually into innovative infrastructure. from the above extant literature, we proposed our conceptual model. leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 68 figure1. conceptual model 3. hypothesis development 3.1. leadership styles and firms’ innovation every leadership style has different working inferences and influences on the productivity of individuals and firms and innovative activities that resulted in firms’ innovation (chen et al., 2019; donate & de pablo, 2015). in any organization, the influence of leadership is crucial because it is an essential factor for the organization's productivity (chan et al., 2018; chan et al., 2016). leaders are the powerful primary tool of the organization that provides freshness to their subordinates/followers, especially during organizational change through thriving (chan et al., 2019). transformational leadership (tfl) is considered the most favourite motivational leadership style that encourages followers/subordinates through better communication and provides a supportive intellectual environment (chan et al., 2019). transformation-oriented leaders inspire their followers/subordinates not only for creative and innovative thinking but also for creating a positive environment for achieving organizational goals as a team (garcía-morales et al., 2012). numerous scholars stated that tfl is a vital capability of the firms, which not only promote innovative thinking, generation of creative and novel ideas but also influence pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 69 individuals to the solution of complex and ill-defined problems at the workplace (medeiros et al., 2017; watts et al., 2020; xie et al., 2018). on the other hand, tsl deals with the transaction of exchange, as these leaders focus on extrinsic motivation and the self-interest of subordinates to achieve organizational goals (bass et al., 2003). transactional leaders manage their subordinates by giving them directions with responsibilities and rewards regarding accomplishing organizational goals and objectives (avolio et al., 1999). these leaders achieve their organizational performance objective by launching strong expectations and goals plans through constructive feedback and an appropriate reward system (avolio et al., 1999; howell & hall-merenda, 1999). this leadership style is formulated with the notion that effective leadership could encourage the activities of preferred followers and eradicate inappropriate behaviour patterns by providing or suppressing incentives and physically and psychologically punitive measures (bass & bass, 2008). tsl is considered exchange leadership, which provides rewards that encourage employees to gain and share new knowledge (rawung et al., 2015), which ultimately increased the firms' innovation level. several studies asserted that tsl produces numerous positive outcomes, e.g., creativity (herrmann & felfe, 2014), job and career satisfaction (riaz & haider, 2010), employees’ engagement (breevaart et al., 2014), and motivation (wahyuni et al., 2014) as well. based on the above discussion of literature, we propose that; h1a: tfl is positively related to firms’ innovation. h1b: tsl is positively related to firms’ innovation. 3.2 leadership styles (tfl and tsl) and firms’ innovation: the case of mediation of absorptive capacity (pac and rac) innovation of the organizations concerned with generating new and novel ideas that how to apply new knowledge to produce new products and services and modification and improvement in existing ones (lealrodríguez et al., 2014). leadership styles project firm’s expectations and passion that enhance firm’s revolution by escalating the chances for their employees (al-husseini et al., 2019; weintraub & mckee, 2019; zheng et al., 2016)and promote organizational success and values(meyer & peng, 2016; raisal et al., 2019). leader’s actions display the leading power behind managerial innovation (ferreras mendez et al., 2018). tfl leaders are welldefined leaders, positively designate upcoming conditions for the organizations, and encourage employees' self-confidence by indulging their leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 70 possible, converse vibrant and manageable mission and vision (al-husseini et al., 2019; xenikou, 2017). moreover, transformational leaders robust the visualization of innovation by enhancing the sharing of knowledge and information that increased self-confidence for creativity and innovation (alhusseini et al., 2019; avolio et al., 1999). tsl leaders are usually jam-packed in their exchange tasks, expectations, and reward-based strategy, alienated into necessary units, i.e., contingent rewards and management-by-exception (avolio et al., 1999; bass et al., 2003). leaders associated with transactional style offer to motivate and enthusiast their followers/subordinates to attain specific organizational objectives by utilizing transactions/exchanges and grasping external knowledge sources through absorptive capacity (potential and realized) to facilitate innovation performance. thus, we contend that potential and realized absorptive capacities demonstrate a compassionate atmosphere for transactional leaders to expedite innovation performance exclusively. findings of the study conducted by dorfman et al. (1997) demonstrate that korean firms’ employees were happier with transactional leaders to attain certain work-task within a particular time. thus, extending the certain logic, we posit that the tsl style can also be beneficial and facilitate the context of pakistani firms when the object is about innovative performance within the particular period. on the other side, the concern of ac is linked with the “acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation of external knowledge of firms” (zahra & george, 2002). this capability enables the firms to organize their internal resources according to the changing requirement of the markets that a competitive advantage can be achieved (wu et al., 2019). absorptive capacity holds two dimensions; first, potential ac, which is concerned with the acquisition and assimilation of knowledge, and realized ac discussed the transformation and exploitation of the knowledge (zahra & george, 2002). large volume organizations utilize pac's benefits to enhance their performance because pac provides the foundation of strategic thinking through the utilization of new knowledge that ultimately resulted in a decrease in financial and time cost (chaudhary & batra, 2018; jansen et al., 2005). in contrast, rac helps the organizations for the generation of new products and services and also enables organizations to modification and improvement in their products and services according to the requirement of the market that in return gives them a competitive advantage (ahmed et al., 2019; ferreras mendez et al., 2018). from this perspective, we argue that leadership style holds the quality of utilizing ac that increased the firm's innovation level. the pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 71 organization's leadership style diverse the firm's internal knowledge and enables organizations to acquire and assimilate new external knowledge to enhance the creativity and innovation of the firm. the process of acs enables firms to enhance speed, frequency, and level of innovations (cohen & levinthal, 1990), especially with the support of leadership styles, e.g., tfl and tsl. in certain high-rated situations when firms acquire new knowledge and information via leadership, at that stage, leadership becomes the ideal factor for firms to categorize, apprehend, and relate external knowledge to create better-quality firms’ innovation (castillo & trinh, 2019; medina et al., 2019). earlier studies evidenced that both dimensions of absorptive capacity (pac and rac) work as an intervening mechanism for enhancing innovative performance (daspit et al., 2019; raisal et al., 2019; wu et al., 2019) with different predicting variables. on the other side, the study conducted by ahmad et al. (2019) evidenced that pac does not hold any intervening mechanism, but rac has an indirect influence on the relationship of intellectual capital and business performance. in the developing economy context (e.g., pakistan), it is crucially essential for the firms either from the service or manufacturing sector to adopt the practices of acs (potential and realized) for the utilization of internal and external knowledge, which does not increase the creativity and innovation but also enhance the capabilities of the employees with the support of efficient leadership (e.g., tfl and tsl). on the above literature deliberations basis, we propose our hypothesis; h2a: pac mediates the relationship between tfl and firm innovation. h2b: rac mediates the relationship between tfl and firm innovation. h3a: pac mediates the relationship between tsl and firms’ innovation. h3b: rac mediates the relationship between tsl and firms’ innovation. 4. research methods 4.1. sampling and data collection we collected data from pakistani manufacturing firms (food and tobacco) because leadership activities have grown awareness in pakistan, as innovations and their commercialization become mandatory for a developing economy (especially for pakistani firms) to fulfil the needs of a progressively sophisticated, fast-growing market with technologically demanding customers. the targeted population for the current study was permanent employees working in manufacturing sector organizations (food leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 72 and tobacco) through the self-administered data collection method. in this technique, participants somewhat provide their opinion about the questions regarding the specific phenomenon of the study. sampling is an obligatory requirement for any survey (etikan et al., 2016); a convenient (nonprobability) sampling technique was used in this study to collect data. convenience sampling is beneficial for researchers as it is available to the researchers by its accessibility (etikan et al., 2016). participants of this study were approached through the hr departments of the respective organizations; before the collection of data, participants were briefed about the study objectives and the confidentiality of the data. the aggregate 350 questionnaires were sent to the manufacturing sector employees by using electronic google forms and manual distribution methods, 301 questionnaires were received which were completed from all aspects and were considered valid for further analysis, so the response rate was 86%. 4.2. measurement development 4.2.1 instruments all variables of this study were analysed on a seven-point likertscale starting from having ‘1 = strongly disagree’, ‘2 = disagree’, ‘3 = slightly disagree’, ‘4 = neither agree nor disagree’, ‘5 = slightly agree’, ‘6 = agree’, ‘7 = strongly agree’. 4.2.1.1 independent variables the transformational leadership (tfl) scale was alienated into five sub-divisions: ‘idealized influence’, ‘inspirational motivation’, ‘intellectual stimulation’, ‘individualized consideration’, and ‘risk acceptance’. each sub-division consists of three major questions. this scale was developed and used by (avolio & bass, 1998; bass, 1990; bass & avolio, 2000; bass et al., 2003), and the cronbach alpha value was 0.79. the transactional leadership (tsl) scale was also alienated into three sub-divisions: contingent reward, management-by-exception, and laissez-faire leadership. this scale was developed and used by (avolio & bass, 1998; bass, 1990; bass & avolio, 2000; bass et al., 2003), and the cronbach alpha value was 0.72. pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 73 4.2.1.2 mediating variables measurement of potential absorptive capacity (pac) was assessed through a 12-items scale, but we deleted one item the range developed by (jansen et al., 2005; zahra & george, 2002), cronbach alpha value was 0.84. measurement of realized absorptive capacity (rac) was assessed through a 08-items scale was adopted, and this scale, developed by (jansen et al., 2005; zahra & george, 2002), cronbach alpha value was 0.82. 4.2.1.3 dependent variable measurement belongs to innovative performance was assessed through a 05-items scale, developed by (chen et al., 2013; chen et al., 2015; ritala et al., 2015), cronbach alpha value was 0.77. therefore, the cumulative cronbach value of all instruments for this study shows a significant cronbach value of 0.70, which according to (lisawadi et al., 2019; nunnally & bernstein, 1994), is accepting the reliability of the apparatus, so this scale of cognitive style indicator is reliable in pakistani firms’ context. 5. data analysis after data collection, spss version 25.0 and amos version 24.0 were engaged for analysis of collected data. different types of tests were conducted to rehearse the data at the initial state. descriptive statistics, validity, and composite reliability tests were rehearsed. to test the research hypothesis, hierarchical regression analysis (for direct impact) and hayes process-macro (for the test of intervening impact) (hayes, 2015, 2018) statistical techniques were used in this study. as data for the present study were collected at one time and reported by the same participant for all variables, cmb (common method bias) may exist. thus, we conducted a single factor analysis test suggested by harman (1967) test, and results show that the single fixed factor explains 31.3% of the variables' covariance. it is less than 40%, so cmb does not play a significant role in this model. 5.1 descriptive statistics of 301 respondents, 169 male respondents (56%) and 132 female respondents (44%). table 1 endorses the validity of the questions asked to the respondents to measure the talent variables. generally, our variables' alpha ranges started from 0.71 to 0.84, which are quite good as they are leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 74 higher than the cronbach’s alpha benchmark (i.e., 0.70). tfl has been determined and carries alpha 0.79 and 0.77, which is on the upper side of the acceptable rate. correspondingly, pac and rac come with the help of (12 and 8) questions, and alpha is 0.84 and 0.82, which is an exceptionally high range and illustrates sound reliability. five questions were asked for the innovation performance, and its alpha is 0.77, proving the reliability of measurement instruments used in this study. table 1. reliability and validity construct (ave) (cr) cronbach`s alpha transformational leadership (tfl) idealized influence 0.70 0.87 0.79 inspirational motivation 0.51 0.75 0.71 intellectual stimulation 0.56 0.79 0.72 individualizedconsideration 0.59 0.81 0.74 risk acceptance 0.53 0.77 0.77 transactional leadership (tsl) contingent reward 0.58 0.80 0.72 management-by-exception 0.58 0.81 0.73 laissez-faire leadership 0.85 0.94 0.91 potential absorptive capacity (pac) potential absorptive capacity (pac) 0.51 0.92 0.84 realized absorptive capacity (rac) 0.51 0.89 0.82 innovation performance (inp) 0.52 0.84 0.77 5.2. confirmatory factor analyses to analyze the discriminant validity, we conducted cfa (confirmatory factor analyses) using amos 24.0. as shown in table 2, the hypothesized five-factor model (with tfl, tsl, pac, rac, and inp) achieved acceptable fit (χ2=632.03, df = 179, χ2/df = 3.53, rmsea = .08, ifi = .88, cfi =.88). further, we also tested numerous nested models by combining high-relevant constructs and one-factor models. results in table 2 shows that the hypothesized model fit indexes are significantly well than other models. thus, it proved that tfl, tsl, pac, rac, and inp could be statistically discriminant. pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 75 table 2. cfa model χ2 df χ2/df rmsea ifi cfi 5-factor model (hypothesized model) 632.03 179 3.53 0.08 0.88 0.88 4-factor model (tfl and tsl merged) 1310.45 183 7.16 0.14 0.69 0.68 4-factor model (pac and rac merged) 1116.86 183 6.10 0.13 0.74 0.74 3 -factor model (tfl and tsl merged, pac and rac merged), 1319.88 186 7.09 0.14 0.68 0.68 1-factor (all items load on a single factor) 1436.94 189 7.60 0.15 0.65 0.65 n=301, tfl; transformational leadership, tsl; transactional leadership, pac; potential absorptive capacity, rac; realized absorptive capacity, inp; innovative performance 5.3. correlations table 3 demonstrates the bivariate correlational values of all the variables, and according to the values, all study variables (tfl, tsl, pac, rac, and inp) correlated with each other at the significance level of 0.01. table 3. correlations 5.4. hypotheses testing table 4 represents the hierarchal regression results of leaderships (tfl and tsl), absorptive capacities (pac and rac), and firm innovative performance. model 2 and model 3 show the regression of innovation performance on tfl and tsl. as hypothesized, tfl (β=.69, p < .001) and tsl (β=.26, p < .001) are significantly and positively influencing the innovation performance. so, h1a and h1b are supported. pac has a significant influence on inp (β=.54, p < .001), while the coefficient of tfl (β=58, p < .001) decreased sharply compared to model 4, which implies pac partially mediated the relationship between tfl and inp (supporting h2a). similarly, in model 5, rac has a significant influence on inp (β=.65, p < .001), while the coefficient of tfl (β=46, p < .001) decreased sharply variable m sd tl tsl pac rac inp tfl 3.97 0.4017 tsl 3.48 0.6723 0.419** pac 5.72 0.7033 0.696** 0.180** rac 5.73 0.6937 0.722** 0.284** 0.806** inp 5.74 0.7549 0.695** 0.229** 0.746** 0.795** n=301, tfl; transformational leadership, tsl; transactional leadership, pac; potential absorptive capacity, rac; realized absorptive capacity, inp; innovative performance. leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 76 compared to model 8, which implies rac partially mediated the relationship between tfl and inp (supporting h2b). in model 6, pac has a significant influence on inp (β=.76, p < .001), while the coefficient of tsl (β=.08, n.s.) is insignificant, which implies pac fully mediated the relationship between tsl and inp (supporting h3a). similarly, in model 7, rac has a significant influence on inp (β=.84, p < .001), while the coefficient of tsl (β=.08, n.s.) is insignificant, which implies rac fully mediated the relationship between tsl and inp (supporting h3b). table 4. regression further, we tested the indirect effects of tfl and tsl on inp via acs. the procedure was conducted using process macro (model 4) in spss, in which the sample was set to 5000, and finally produced 95% asymmetric confidence intervals. if the 95%ci does not contain zero, it means the indirect effect is significant. tables 5 present the bootstrapping results. for h2a and h2b, tfl's two specific indirect effects on inp through pac and rac are significant, respectively. in detail, the 95% ci via pac ranged from.121 to .639, which did not contain 0. the 95% ci via rac ranged from .419 to .935, which also did not contain 0. for h3a and h3b, the two specific indirect effects of tsl on inp through pac (95% ci range from .030 to .159) and rac (95% ci range from .101 to .276) are also significant respectively. therefore, the mediation effects of h2a, h2b, h3a, and h3b all received support. innovative performance m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 intercept 4.660*** -0.032*** 3.734*** -0.143*** -0.157*** 0.636*** 0.615*** controls gender -0.041 0.034 -0.025 -0.013 0.000 -0.044 -0.022 age 0.324** 0.151* .313*** 0.135* 0.146* .166** 0.174** edu -0.002 -0.045 -0.039 -0.004 -0.052 0.012 -0.046 experience 0.117* 0.124** 0.167** 0.043 0.039 0.024 0.013 independent tfl 0.694*** 0.585*** 0.461*** tsl 0.264*** 0.078 -0.002 mediator pac 0.547*** 0.764*** rac 0.653*** 0.842*** r2 0.069 0.501 0.115 0.622 0.667 0.583 0.641 adjustedr2 0.050 0.432 0.046 0.121 0.166 0.468 0.528 f 6.604*** 61.484*** 8.812*** 83.391*** 101.56*** 71.041*** 90.387*** note: n=301, tfl; transformational leadership, tsl; transactional leadership, pac; potential absorptive capacity, rac; realized absorptive capacity, inp; innovative performance. pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 77 table 5. indirect effects the indirect effect of tfl on inp effect boot se 95% llci 95% ulci total 0.9689 0.1499 0.6850 0.2756 via pac 0.3339 0.1306 0.1215 0.6394 via rac 0.6349 0.1314 0.4197 0.9435 (c1s) -0.3010 0.2149 -0.7137 0.1330 the indirect effect of tsl on inp effect boot se 95% llci 95% ulci total 0.2605 0.0571 0.1506 0.3810 via pac 0.0802 0.0324 0.0304 0.1592 via rac 0.1803 0.0431 0.1018 0.2768 (c1s) -0.1000 0.0504 -0.2111 -0.0088 n=301, tfl; transformational leadership, tsl; transactional leadership, pac; potential absorptive capacity, rac; realized absorptive capacity, inp; innovative performance. 6. discussions the primary purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of leadership styles (tfl and tsl) on firms’ innovation; we also examine the intervening influence of absorptive capacity (pac ad rac) between the relationship of leadership styles and firms’ innovative performance, especially with the context of pakistani manufacturing firms (food and tobacco). the diffusion of innovation theory (rogers, 2003)and path-goal theory of leadership (house, 1996) provide the theoretical foundation for investigating this study’s model. the first hypothesis of the present research predicted that both leadership styles (tfl and tsl) positively related to firms’ innovation. the present study's findings are also evident for accepting both portions of this hypothesis, h1a, and h1b. the findings of the current study are also in line with the findings of earlier studies, which explained that leadership styles work as an antecedent of innovation of the firm (jiang & chen, 2018; kark et al., 2018; nguyen et al., 2017; steele et al., 2018). the second hypothesis of the current study predicted that both absorptive capacity (pac and rac) dimensions mediate the relationship between tfl and firms’ innovation. the findings of the present study also prove both sections of the hypothesis h2a and h2b. moreover, findings of the earlier studies also provide support to the results of this study by explaining that the pac and rac of the firm with the presence of tfl increase the level of innovation of the firm (castillo & trinh, 2019; darwish et al., 2018; kotabe et al., 2017; naqshbandi & tabche, 2018; wang et al., 2018) at the organizational and individual level. the third hypothesis of the present study predicted that both absorptive leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 78 capacity (pac and rac) dimensions mediate the relationship between tsl and firms’ innovation. the findings of the present study also prove both sections of the hypotheses h3a and h3b. moreover, findings of the earlier studies also provide support to the results of this study by explaining that the pac and rac of the firm with the presence of tsl increase the level of innovation of the firm (darwish et al., 2018; duan et al., 2020; naqshbandi & tabche, 2018; wang et al., 2020); as naqshbandi et al.(2018) argued that leadership styles could be affected by the context of the observed leadership styles. this study confirmed that both tfl and tsl styles positively impact pakistani firms' innovative performance through the intervening role of ac, sub-dimensions i-e, potential, and realized. the results also support all of the hypotheses, which show that effective leadership styles manipulate a firm’s innovation through pac and rac. 6.1.theoretical and empirical implications this study found two effective leadership styles (tfl and tsl) positively related to absorptive capacity’s sub-dimensions (potential and realized) and firms’ innovation. potential and realized ac adopted in firms with tfl and tsl styles encourage their employees to learn about the existing knowledge and escalate the new knowledge. firms with improved and highly learned ac (potential, realized) enjoy higher individual and organizational innovation levels. these findings have imperative theoretical implications. previous studies on ac have less concern about which factors affect the ac inside the firms’ settings; this study has proved that firms with effective leadership styles (tfl and tsl) commence new learning among employees for more constancy of ac (pac and rac), with the context of developing economy context. previous studies generally observe the direct influence of the tfl style on innovation (flatten et al., 2015; nguyen et al., 2017). second, previous studies have observed meaningful mediators in the mechanism through which the tfl and tsl leader affects a firm’s innovation: culture, organizational citizenship behaviour, employee commitment (bian et al., 2019; steele et al., 2018). adopting diffusion of innovation theory(rogers, 2003) and path-goal theory of leadership (house, 1996), this study tries to clarify how and why novel ideas and technology can extend to address existing gaps in the literature concerning the mediating effect of potential and realized ac between effective leadership styles and a firm’s innovation. the findings of the present study also propose some managerial implications. first, firms who desire to increase their absorptive capacity should concentrate on their manager’s leadership styles; because leadership pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 79 styles, e.g., tfl and tsl, helps to escalate the new information and foster innovative ideas among the firm's employees. second, this study elucidates that it is helpful for managers to know about their outer relationships to develop absorptive capacity and focus on strategies to establish stability between strength and width about leadership styles' requirements. third, the present study proposes that training managers about adopting the latest leadership styles increase managers' efficiency and learning level towards the utilization of internal and external knowledge. 6.2. limitations and future suggestions this study carries several critical limitations; first, this study's findings are based on pakistani firms (food and tobacco) and are probably limited in their generalizability to other developing countries' contexts. future research should investigate multinational firms from other developing regions and compare the effective leadership styles investigated within innovation. second, this study was intensified by the aspiration to expand fine-grained understanding of the potential and realized ac's mediating function by testing alternative leadership styles encouraged in the future, such as authentic leadership, servant leadership, or creative leadership on firm’s innovation. third, future research could also observe the moderating influence of knowledge characteristics such as acquisition, exploitation, and sharing of knowledge through tacit and explicit sources and their impact on potential and realized ac with innovation. finally, this research suggests that future studies must pay attention to the cultural factors, e.g., (sarooghi et al., 2015), to improve potential and realized ac towards innovations. 6.3 concluding remarks this study develops a theoretical model through the foundation of diffusion of innovation theory and path-goal theory of leadership to ascertain the influence of tfl and tsl leadership styles to strengthen the innovation process through acs. we found that tsl and tfl leadership styles improved pakistani firms' innovation level through potential and realized ac by recognizing the worth of new advanced knowledge—to absorb and utilize that knowledge to meet the worthwhile goals for achieving the competitive benefits. leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 80 references afsar, b., masood, m., & umrani, w. a. (2019). the role of job crafting and knowledge sharing on the effect of transformational leadership on innovative work behavior. personnel review, 48(5), 1186-1208. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-04-2018-0133 afsar, b., & umrani, w. a. (2019). transformational leadership and innovative work behavior: the role of motivation to learn, task complexity and innovation climate. european journal of innovation management, ejim-, 257, 12-2018. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-12-2018-0257 ahmed, s. s., guozhu, j., mubarik, s., khan, m., & khan, e. (2019). intellectual capital and business performance: the role of dimensions of absorptive capacity. journal of intellectual capital, 21(1), 23-39. https://doi.org/10.1108/jic-11-2018-0199 al-husseini, s., el beltagi, i., & moizer, j. (2019). transformational leadership and innovation: the mediating role of knowledge sharing amongst higher education faculty. international journal of leadership in education, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2019.1588381 araujo, l., dubois, a., & gadde, l. e. (2003). the multiple boundaries of the firm. journal of management studies, 40(5), 1255-1277. https://doi.org/10.1111/14676486.00379 avolio, b. j., & bass, b. m. (1998). you can drag a horse to water but you can't make it drink unless it is thirsty. journal of leadership studies, 5(1), 4-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179199800500102 avolio, b. j., bass, b. m., & jung, d. i. (1999). re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership. journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 72, 4. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166789 bass, b. m. (1990). from transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. organizational dynamics, 18(3), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/00902616(90)90061-s bass, b. m., & avolio, b. j. (2000). mlq: multifactor leadership questionnaire. mind garden. bass, b. m., avolio, b. j., jung, d. i., & berson, y. (2003). predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. journal of applied psychology, 88(2), 207. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.207 bass, b. m., & bass, r. (2008). the bass handbook of leadership. theory, research and managerial applications. free press. bian, x., sun, y., zuo, z., xi, j., xiao, y., wang, d., & xu, g. (2019). transactional leadership and employee safety behavior: impact of safety climate and psychological empowerment. social behavior and personality: an international journal, 47(6), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7295 breevaart, k., bakker, a., hetland, j., demerouti, e., olsen, o. k., & espevik, r. (2014). daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 87(1), 138157. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12041 caloghirou, y., kastelli, i., & tsakanikas, a. (2004). internal capabilities and external knowledge sources: complements or substitutes for innovative performance? technovation, 24(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4972(02)00051-2 https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-04-2018-0133 https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-s https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-s pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 81 carreiro, h., & oliveira, t. (2019). impact of transformational leadership on the diffusion of innovation in firms: application to mobile cloud computing. computers in industry, 107, 104-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2019.02.006 castillo, e. a., & trinh, m. p. (2019). catalyzing capacity: absorptive, adaptive, and generative leadership. journal of organizational change management, 32(3), 356-376. https://doi.org/10.1108/jocm-04-2017-0100 cegarra-navarro, j.-g., eldridge, s., & wensley, a. k. (2014). counter-knowledge and realised absorptive capacity. european management journal, 32(2), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.05.005 chan, s. w., ang, s. f., andleeb, n., ahmad, m., & zaman, i. (2019). the influence of transformational leadership on organization innovation in malaysian manufacturing industry. international journal of supply chain management, 8(2), 971-976. chan, s. w., omar, s. s., ramlan, r., ahmad, m. f., zaman, i., & idrus, n. (2018). emotional intelligence and transformational leadership among managers in manufacturing companies. international journal of engineering & technology, 7(3.21), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.21.17083 chan, s. w., tiwari, s., ramlan, r. b., & ahmad, m. (2016). the relationship between leadership styles and quality management practices in malaysian manufacturing firms. international conference on industrial engineering and operations management kuala lumpur, malaysia, chang, j., bai, x., & li, j. j. (2015). the influence of leadership on product and process innovations in china: the contingent role of knowledge acquisition capability. industrial marketing management, 50, 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.04.014 chaudhary, s., & batra, s. (2018). absorptive capacity and small family firm performance: exploring the mediation processes. journal of knowledge management, 22(6), 1201-1216. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-01-2017-0047 chen, g., farh, j.-l., campbell-bush, e. m., wu, z., & wu, x. (2013). teams as innovative systems: multilevel motivational antecedents of innovation in r&d teams. journal of applied psychology, 98(6), 1018. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032663 chen, j.-x., sharma, p., zhan, w., & liu, l. (2019). demystifying the impact of ceo transformational leadership on firm performance: interactive roles of exploratory innovation and environmental uncertainty. journal of business research, 96, 8596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.061 chen, y., wang, y., nevo, s., benitez-amado, j., & kou, g. (2015). it capabilities and product innovation performance: the roles of corporate entrepreneurship and competitive intensity. information & management, 52(6), 643-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2015.05.003 cho, y., shin, m., billing, t. k., & bhagat, r. s. (2019). transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and affective organizational commitment: a closer look at their relationships in two distinct national contexts. asian business & management, 18(3), 187-210. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00059-1 cohen, w. m., & levinthal, d. a. (1990). absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation. administrative science quarterly, 128-152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553 leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 82 darwish, t. k., zeng, j., rezaei zadeh, m., & haak-saheem, w. (2018). organizational learning of absorptive capacity and innovation: does leadership matter? european management review, 17(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12320 daspit, j. j., long, r. g., & pearson, a. w. (2019). how familiness affects innovation outcomes via absorptive capacity: a dynamic capability perspective of the family firm. journal of family business strategy, 10(2), 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2018.11.003 donate, m. j., & de pablo, j. d. s. (2015). the role of knowledge-oriented leadership in knowledge management practices and innovation. journal of business research, 68(2), 360-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.06.022 dorfman, p. w., howell, j. p., hibino, s., lee, j. k., tate, u., & bautista, a. (1997). leadership in western and asian countries: commonalities and differences in effective leadership processes across cultures. the leadership quarterly, 8(3), 233-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1048-9843(97)90003-5 duan, y., wang, w., & zhou, w. (2020). the multiple mediation effect of absorptive capacity on the organizational slack and innovation performance of high-tech manufacturing firms: evidence from chinese firms. international journal of production economics, 229, 107754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107754 etikan, i., musa, s. a., & alkassim, r. s. (2016). comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. american journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11 ferreras mendez, j. l., sanz valle, r., & alegre, j. (2018). transformational leadership and absorptive capacity: an analysis of the organisational catalysts for this relationship. technology analysis & strategic management, 30(2), 211-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2017.1299859 flatten, t., adams, d., & brettel, m. (2015). fostering absorptive capacity through leadership: a cross-cultural analysis. journal of world business, 50(3), 519-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2014.08.010 garcía-morales, v. j., jiménez-barrionuevo, m. m., & gutiérrez-gutiérrez, l. (2012). transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. journal of business research, 65(7), 1040-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.03.005 harman, d. (1967). a single factor test of common method variance. journal of psychology, 35(1967), 359-378. hayes, a. f. (2015). an index and test of linear moderated mediation. multivariate behavioral research, 50(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683 hayes, a. f. (2018). introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis (second ed.). the guilford press. herrmann, d., & felfe, j. (2014). effects of leadership style, creativity technique and personal initiative on employee creativity. british journal of management, 25(2), 209-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2012.00849.x house, r. j. (1996). path-goal theory of leadership: lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory. the leadership quarterly, 7(3), 323-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/s10489843(96)90024-7 howell, j. m., & hall-merenda, k. e. (1999). the ties that bind: the impact of leadermember exchange, transformational and transactional leadership, and distance on predicting follower performance. journal of applied psychology, 84(5), 680-694. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.5.680 https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12320 https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683 pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 83 jansen, j. j., van den bosch, f. a., & volberda, h. w. (2005). managing potential and realized absorptive capacity: how do organizational antecedents matter? academy of management journal, 48(6), 999-1015. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.19573106 jiang, y., & chen, c. c. (2018). integrating knowledge activities for team innovation: effects of transformational leadership. journal of management, 44(5), 1819-1847. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316628641 jones, g. k., lanctot jr, a., & teegen, h. j. (2001). determinants and performance impacts of external technology acquisition. journal of business venturing, 16(3), 255-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(99)00048-8 jung, d. i., chow, c., & wu, a. (2003). the role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: hypotheses and some preliminary findings. the leadership quarterly, 14, 4. 525-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/s10489843(03)00050-x kark, r., van dijk, d., & vashdi, d. r. (2018). motivated or demotivated to be creative: the role of self-regulatory focus in transformational and transactional leadership processes. applied psychology, 67(1), 186-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12122 kim, m.-s., & koo, d.-w. (2017). linking lmx, engagement, innovative behavior, and job performance in hotel employees. international journal of contemporary hospitality management, 29(12), 3044-3062. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-062016-0319 kim, w. g., & brymer, r. a. (2011). the effects of ethical leadership on manager job satisfaction, commitment, behavioral outcomes, and firm performance. international journal of hospitality management, 30(4), 1020-1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.03.008 koh, d., lee, k., & joshi, k. (2019). transformational leadership and creativity: a metaanalytic review and identification of an integrated model. journal of organizational behavior, 40(6), 625-650. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2355 kotabe, m., jiang, c. x., & murray, j. y. (2017). examining the complementary effect of political networking capability with absorptive capacity on the innovative performance of emerging-market firms. journal of management, 43(4), 11311156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314548226 leal-rodríguez, a. l., roldán, j. l., ariza-montes, j. a., & leal-millán, a. (2014). from potential absorptive capacity to innovation outcomes in project teams: the conditional mediating role of the realized absorptive capacity in a relational learning context. international journal of project management, 32(6), 894-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.01.005 lebedev, s., peng, m. w., xie, e., & stevens, c. e. (2015). mergers and acquisitions in and out of emerging economies. journal of world business, 50(4), 651-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2014.09.003 leroy, h., palanski, m. e., & simons, t. (2012). authentic leadership and behavioral integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance. journal of business ethics, 107(3), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1036-1 lisawadi, s., ahmed, s. e., reangsephet, o., & shah, m. k. a. (2019). simultaneous estimation of cronbach’s alpha coefficients. communications in statistics-theory and methods, 48(13), 3236-3257. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2018.1473882 https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2355 leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 84 medeiros, k. e., watts, l. l., & mumford, m. d. (2017). thinking inside the box: educating leaders to manage constraints. in handbook of research on creative problem-solving skill development in higher education (pp. 25-50). igi global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0643-0.ch002 medina, m. n., ramachandran, i., & daspit, j. j. (2019). collaboration or clash? mapping the effects of top management team conflict on firm absorptive capacity. international journal of innovation management, 23(03), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1363919619500233 meyer, k. e., & peng, m. w. (2016). theoretical foundations of emerging economy business research. journal of international business studies, 47(1), 3-22. naguib, h. m., & naem, a. (2018). the impact of transformational leadership on the organizational innovation. the international journal of social sciences and humanities invention, 5(1), 4337-4343. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v5i1.15 naqshbandi, m. m., & tabche, i. (2018). the interplay of leadership, absorptive capacity, and organizational learning culture in open innovation: testing a moderated mediation model. technological forecasting and social change, 133, 156-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.03.017 nguyen, t. t., mia, l., winata, l., & chong, v. k. (2017). effect of transformationalleadership style and management control system on managerial performance. journal of business research, 70, 202-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.08.018 nunnally, j. c., & bernstein, i. h. (1994). psychometric theory (3rd ed ed.). mcgraw-hill. ohiorhenuan, j. f. (2019). leadership and development in africa. in african economic development (nnadozie, e. and jerome, a. ed., pp. 315-330). emerald publishing limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78743-783-820192016 padmanathan, k., govindarajan, u., ramachandaramurthy, v. k., & jeevarathinam, b. (2018). integrating solar photovoltaic energy conversion systems into industrial and commercial electrical energy utilization—a survey. journal of industrial information integration, 10, 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2018.01.003 qian, x., fu, y., xiang, t., jiang, y.-g., & xue, x. (2019). leader-based multi-scale attention deep architecture for person re-identification. ieee transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 42(2), 371-385. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2019.2928294 raisal, i., tarofder, a. k., & haleem, a. (2019). interplay of knowledge creation capability and organizational forgetting on absorptive capacity and innovation performance among smes: a symmetrical approaches. asian journal of economics, business and accounting, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2019/v11i430135 rangus, k., & černe, m. (2019). the impact of leadership influence tactics and employee openness toward others on innovation performance. r&d management, 49(2), 168-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12298 raven, r., & walrave, b. (2020). overcoming transformational failures through policy mixes in the dynamics of technological innovation systems. technological forecasting and social change, 153, 119297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.05.008 rawung, f. h., wuryaningrat, n. f., & elvinita, l. e. (2015). the influence of transformational and transactional leadership on knowledge sharing: an empirical study on small and medium businesses in indonesia. asian academy of pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 85 management journal, 20(1), 123-145. rehman, s. u., bhatti, a., & chaudhry, n. i. (2019). mediating effect of innovative culture and organizational learning between leadership styles at third-order and organizational performance in malaysian smes. journal of global entrepreneurship research, 9(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-01591 riaz, a., & haider, m. h. (2010). role of transformational and transactional leadership on job satisfaction and career satisfaction. business and economic horizons, 1(1), 2938. https://doi.org/10.15208/beh.2010.05 ritala, p., olander, h., michailova, s., & husted, k. (2015). knowledge sharing, knowledge leaking and relative innovation performance: an empirical study. technovation, 35, 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.07.011 rogers, e. m. (2003). diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). free press. rogers, e. m. (2004). a prospective and retrospective look at the diffusion model. journal of health communication, 9(s1), 13-19. rothfelder, k., ottenbacher, m. c., & harrington, r. j. (2012). the impact of transformational, transactional and non-leadership styles on employee job satisfaction in the german hospitality industry. tourism and hospitality research, 12(4), 201-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358413493636 saleem, m. a., bhutta, z. m., nauman, m., & zahra, s. (2019). enhancing performance and commitment through leadership and empowerment: an emerging economy perspective. international journal of bank marketing, 37(1), 303-322. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-02-2018-0037 sarooghi, h., libaers, d., & burkemper, a. (2015). examining the relationship between creativity and innovation: a meta-analysis of organizational, cultural, and environmental factors. journal of business venturing, 30(5), 714-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.12.003 schuckert, m., kim, t. t., paek, s., & lee, g. (2018). motivate to innovate. international journal of contemporary hospitality management, 30(2), 776-796. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2016-0282 sheehan, m., garavan, t. n., & morley, m. j. (2020). transformational leadership and work unit innovation: a dyadic two-wave investigation. journal of business research, 109, 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.072 sisodiya, s. r., johnson, j. l., & grégoire, y. (2013). inbound open innovation for enhanced performance: enablers and opportunities. industrial marketing management, 42(5), 836-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.02.018 slåtten, t., & mehmetoglu, m. (2011). what are the drivers for innovative behavior in frontline jobs? a study of the hospitality industry in norway. journal of human resources in hospitality & tourism, 10(3), 254-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2011.555732 slåtten, t., svensson, g., & sværi, s. (2011). empowering leadership and the influence of a humorous work climate on service employees' creativity and innovative behaviour in frontline service jobs. international journal of quality and service sciences, 3(3), 267-284. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566691111182834 steele, l. m., watts, l. l., & den hartog, d. n. (2018). transformational leadership and innovation across cultures: a meta-analysis. poster presented at the 33rd annual conference of the society for industrial and organizational psychology, chicago, leadership styles and firms’ innovation, mediating role of absorptive capacity: empirical evidence from emerging economy mushtaq , i., chughtai , m. s., & lashari, f. 86 il. tourish, d. (2014). leadership, more or less? a processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory. leadership, 10(1), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715013509030 tracey, j. b., & hinkin, t. r. (1996). how transformational leaders lead in the hospitality industry. international journal of hospitality management, 15(2), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4319(95)00059-3 wahyuni, d. u., christiananta, b., & eliyana, a. (2014). influence of organizational commitment, transactional leadership, and servant leadership to the work motivation, work satisfaction and work performance of teachers at private senior high schools in surabaya. educational research international, 3(2), 82-96. wang, l., zhao, j. z., & zhou, k. z. (2018). how do incentives motivate absorptive capacity development? the mediating role of employee learning and relational contingencies. journal of business research, 85, 226-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.010 wang, z., ling, j., & chok, j. i. (2020). relational embeddedness and disruptive innovations: the mediating role of absorptive capacity. journal of engineering and technology management, 57, 101587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2020.101587 watts, l. l., steele, l. m., & den hartog, d. n. (2020). uncertainty avoidance moderates the relationship between transformational leadership and innovation: a metaanalysis. journal of international business studies, 51(1), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00242-8 weintraub, p., & mckee, m. (2019). leadership for innovation in healthcare: an exploration. international journal of health policy and management, 8(3), 138144. woods, s. a., mustafa, m. j., anderson, n., & sayer, b. (2018). innovative work behavior and personality traits. journal of managerial psychology, 33(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-01-2017-0016 wu, s., ding, x., liu, r., & gao, h. (2019). how does it capability affect open innovation performance? the mediating effect of absorptive capacity. european journal of innovation management, 24(1), 43-65. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-02-2019-0043 xenikou, a. (2017). transformational leadership, transactional contingent reward, and organizational identification: the mediating effect of perceived innovation and goal culture orientations. frontiers in psychology, 8, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01754 xie, xue, w., li, l., wang, a., chen, y., zheng, q., wang, y., & li, x. (2018). leadership style and innovation atmosphere in enterprises: an empirical study. technological forecasting and social change, 135, 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.05.017 zahra, s. a., & george, g. (2002). absorptive capacity: a review, reconceptualization, and extension. academy of management review, 27(2), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.6587995 zheng, x., yin, h., liu, y., & ke, z. (2016). effects of leadership practices on professional learning communities: the mediating role of trust in colleagues. asia pacific education review, 17(3), 521-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-016-9438-5 zhou, e., li, d., madden, a., chen, y., ding, y., kang, q., & su, h. (2019). modeling adoption behavior for innovation diffusion. in: taylor n., christian-lamb c., pp. 63-87 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 87 martin m., nardi b. (eds) information in contemporary society. iconference 2019. lecture notes in computer science, vol 11420. springer, cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15742-5_33 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) 1-20، ص )2020( 5عدد 2مجلد مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد، management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no. 5 (2020), pp. 1-20 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.vi.131 كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة، التجاریة وعلوم التسییر، جامعة زیان 1 ).الجزائر(الجلفة 3117: ب.عاشور بالجلفة، ص www.mer-j.com للنقل العام ُرّكابالعوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق من نظریة انتشار االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة: في فلسطین 3ادعیس أسیل ،2ھبسلأسیل ، 1موسى عجوز )فلسطین(جامعة بولیتكنك فلسطین ، متفرغ غیر مساعد أستاذ ،دكتوراة1  mousa.ajouz@ptuk.edu.ps )فلسطین(، جامعة بولیتكنك فلسطین سبكالوریو 2 aseel.salhab54@gmail.com )فلسطین(سطین جامعة بولیتكنك فل ،سبكالوریو 3 aseelidais93@gmail.com 2020-12-10: تاریخ النشر 20201114: متاح على الخط 20201026: تاریخ القبول 2020-09-21: تاریخ االستالم :طریقة االقتباس في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ُرّكاب للنقل العام العوامل المؤثرة ). 2020. (ادعیس أ, & .سلھب أ, .عجوز م -1, )5(2, مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد. إضاءة من نظریة انتشار االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا: في فلسطین 20 .https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.vi.131 :ملخص ة ذه الدراس دفت ھ ىھ ین إل تخدمین المحتمل ول المس ي قب ؤثرة ف ل الم ي العوام ق ف التحقی . للسیارات العمومیة في فلسطین "ُرّكاب"لتطبیق الل ن خ ي م م بنا 116اعتمدت ھذه الدراسة على المنھج الكم ة ت تبانة الكترونی ً ؤاس ا ا وفق ھ ول التكنولول انظریة انتشار االبتكارات ونموذج قب ى . جی تناد عل ات باالس ع البیان م جم ث ت لوب حی أس غرى . العینة الغرضیة ات الص بینما تم تحلیل البیانات باالعتماد على نمذجة المعادالت البنائیة بالمربع . smart-plsباستخدام برنامج الجزئیة بتھ ا نس یر م ي تفس اعد ف ن 66.3أظھرت النتائج أن نموذج الدراسة المقترح س ة م ي المئ ف ت ". ُرّكاب"التباینات في النوایا الفعلیة للمستخدمین المحتلمین تجاه تبني تطبیق ث أثبت ائجحی أن النت ب بیة، والمال ا النس تخدامءھناك عالقة ارتباط بین المزای د االس ین فوائ ة وب عوبة، والمالحظ ة، والص . م ائج رت النت ت ذات دالأوأظھ ة كان عوبة، والمالحظ بیة، والص ا النس أثیر ن المزای ي الت ائیة ف ة إحص ل ت و. مة كانت ذات تأثیر على سھولة االستخدامءن المالألم تثبت النتائج وعلى سھولة االستخدام، أثبت ق النتائج تخدام تطبی د اس ین فوائ لوكیة" ُرّكاب"بأن ھناك عالقة ارتباط ب ا الس ین النوای ھولتھ وب . وس رت ائجوأظھ أأ النت ت ذات ت لوكیة كان ا الس ق ن النوای تخدام تطبی ة الس ة الفعلی ى النی وي عل ثیر ق االیمیل :سلاالمؤلف المر[ mousa.ajouz@ptuk.edu.ps] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.vi.131&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-12-10 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-4065 العوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ركاب للنقل العام االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة من نظریة انتشار: في فلسطین ادعیس & ,.سلھب أ, .عجوز م .أ 2 ة ". ُرّكاب" ة أباإلضافة الى ذلك، وجدت الدراس تعداد 74.59ن قراب ى اس تجیبین عل ن المس ة م بالمئ .في المستقبل" ُرّكاب"الستخدام تطبیق ل ة العوام ة تجریبی ف بطریق ھ یستكش ن كون التھ م ث أص ول یستمد ھذا البح ي قب ؤثرة ف الم والتي یظھر عدم تناولھا في . للسیارات العمومیة في فلسطین "ُرّكاب"لمحتملین لتطبیق المستخدمین ا . عمال وصناع السیاساتمر الذي یعتبر إضافة لألدبیات العلمیة ویفید مجتمع األاأل. دبیات السابقةاأل ار االبت نظریةقبول المستخدمین، ، النقل العام، تطبیق ُرّكاب: الكلمات المفتاحیة وذج انتش ارات، نم ك .قبول التكنولوجیا .r4، n75، o33 :جالتصنیف مقدمة .1 ات ن التقنی د م ور العدی ى ظھ االت عل ات واالتص ساعدت التطورات في تكنولوجیا المعلوم ة ورات الفرص امالجدیدة القائمة على االنترنت، كما فتحت ھذه التط ن أم دة م اذج جدی النم م األعم ل و . وراتتكن لتنجح لوال ھذه التط دأ ھ ث ب ورات، حی ذه التط ن ھ ً ع دا ام بعی ل الع اع النق ن قط م یك ول ر ة األخ والت الرقمی ن التح تفید م ریس رجم األم ُ ذي ت ىال اع إل ع القط ام م ل الع اع النق اج قط إدم ن د م ور العدی ي ظھ ل ف ام، والمتمث ل الع ا النق ھ بتكنولوجی ن تعریف ارات التكنولوجیا والذي یمك االبتك ة مث ة الریادی یارات العمومی ات الس ات . (wan et al., 2016)ل تطبیق ذه التطبیق كلت ھ ث ش حی ً في قطاع النقل العام، والتي سمحت لجمیع األ ً جدیدا یارات خاصة العمل فراد الذین یمتلكون سمنعطفا اركي اد التش م االقتص ً باس ا رف الحق ذي ُع ام وال ل الع اع النق من قط ن . (min et al., 2019)ض وم رز ةأب ق األمثل ام تطبی ل الع اع النق ي قط اركي ف اد التش ى االقتص ذيuber عل ام ال ھ ع دأت أعمال ب ً وصل لیحقق، 2009 والمدینة الفآ 10أكثر من إلىانتشارا در بح تخدمین یق ون 75يوعدد مس ملی الم ل حول الع نوي یص د س ة إ، وبعائ ى قراب ار دوالر، 14.1ل ھملی ن ال ولدی طول م ر أس یاراتأكب س ق یمتلك بشكل مباشردون أن یقدر بحوالي ثالثة مالیین سیارة سیارة واحدة، كل ذلك من خالل تطبی یلة لألفراد وتتیح ھذه التطبیقات . (statista, 2020)لكتروني على الھاتف الذكيإ ى وس الحصول عل ھولةةالذكی واتفھمعلى ھ من خالل بضع خطوات فقطنقل إن . ، وھذه الخطوات یمكن تطبیقھا بكل س ول ظھور العدید منعلى النجاح الذي حققتھ شركة أوبر شجع ي دخ ة ف ركات الراغب ین والش المنافس .قطاع النقل العام من خالل تطبیقات الھواتف الذكیة ،ً را ة كثی ت مختلف ة لیس طین الحال ي فلس ذه أال إف ل ھ رت مث طینیة حظ ة الفلس ن الحكوم ً بب تطبیق التطبیقات خصوصا ذي تس رر ال بب الض ك بس طین، وذل ي فلس أوبر من ممارسة أعمالھ ف ي أحیث إن تطبیق أوبر یتطلب فقط . سیارات العمومیةفیھ ألصحاب ال دخول ف ن تمتلك سیارة دون ال كل ا یش ة، مم یارات العمومی تعقیدات التراخیص والمتطلبات القانونیة والضریبیة التي تخضع لھا الس ابھة توعلى الرغم من ذلك، ظھر. مام السیارات العمومیةأمنافسة حقیقة ات مش طین تطبیق ي فلس ،ف محولكن ا یس اركة فیھ ط المش ة فق یارات العمومی حاب الس ن ؛ ألص ام م ل الع ة النق وفیر خدم ك لت وذل . "ُرّكاب"مثل تطبیق خالل التطبیقات مع مراعاة الضوابط القانونیة لذلك ام "ُرّكاب"یتیح تطبیق تخدمین ع ُرح للمس یارة 2018والذي ط ى س ول عل راد الحص م لألف د للتطبیقدرج المستخدم موقعھ حیث یُ عمومیة قریبة من موقعھ، ام تحدی الل نظ أو یتم معرفتھ من خ المي ع الع ھلو. )gps(المواق ق یس راد "ُرّكاب"تطبی ى األف ة دون عل یارة عمومی ى س ول عل الحص ام ق الع ي الطری ار ف ة لالنتظ یارةالحاج ن س ث ع ً ،للبح ا ات خصوص ي أوق ذروة ف افة . ال ى إباإلض ل ام لتطبیق في ھذا اذلك، تتوفر السیارات ع أی ي جمی اعة وف بوععلى مدار الس ذي ، األاألس ر ال یح م یت ي العادة تنقطع فیھا المواصالت فيالتي وفي أوقات متأخرة األجرةسیارات لألفراد إقالة ً ف خصوصا .حالة فلسطین مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 20-1 ص 3 یارات دم س رةتق ي األج ل الشخص وفیر النق ي ت ة ف ور متمثل ة للجمھ ة مھم ام خدم كل ع بش ام المواص من نظ ة، ض رض أن إالالت العام ین ع رة ب ات كبی ن تباین اني م ت تع ا زال ة م ذه الخدم ھ رىبعبارات . (shen et al., 2015)والطلب علیھا األجرةسیارات ات ، أخ ق رغب عب تواف ع الص م ة األجرةالمسافرین مع ُمقدمي خدمة سیارات ي إقال ، حیث یواجھ المسافرین مجموعة من التحدیات ف یارات إلىباإلضافة . یتم اصطحابھم في الوقت المحدد أنالسیارة العمومیة مثل د س ت وجھ إھدار وق تمرار األجرة ة في الحصول على عمالء من خالل اس رق العام ي الط دوران ف ي ال اظھم أوھم ف اكتظ ا . مثل مراكز المدن األخرىمعینة دون أماكنفي ة باعتبارھ ل العمومی ولذلك تم تطویر تطبیقات النق . (shen et al., 2015) األجرةجسر لتوفیق رغبات المسافرین مع مقدمي خدمة سیارات ة، على الرغم منو یارات العمومی ات الس دریجي االنتشار الواسع لتطبیق راد الت ول األف وتح افة بشكل متزاید نحو ھذه التطبیقات ات، إض ذه التطبیق ة إ، والحاجة الحقیقة لھ ا المتنوع ى مزایاھ الإل دنیا،الفلسطینیین ما زال بین ھا أن استخدام ل م ضمن حدوده ال در بأق ذي یق دوال ي ن واح ن ف ة م المئ قولم .جمالي عدد السكانإ ات تل ذه التطبیق ً ھ ا ق أعموم ً "ُرّكاب"و تطبی ا ع خصوص ار الواس االنتش ة 86الذي حققتھ حول العالم، مع أن عدد مستخدمي الھواتف الذكیة في فلسطین یقدر بحوالي في المئ ن الي م كان و إجم دد الس ً ع ا ن أیض د م ور العدی اتظھ ة التقل المعیق ي الطریق ى ف ول عل ة للحص یدی ل جرةاأل اتسیار ن قب ایقات م اب لمض رض الرك مثل االنتظار في الطریق العام لفترات طویلة، وتع یارات ض الس ة بع دم مالئم ة، وع ة الرحل ق بتكلف ا یتعل السائقین، والتعرض لالحتیال واالستغالل فیم ینفي تبني التحقیق في العوامل المؤثرة لىإتھدف ھذه الدراسة لذلك . للنقل العام المستخدمین المحتمل ق اب" لتطبی طینلل "ُرّك ي فلس ة ف یارات العمومی بة األ، س ي نس ق ف تعداد والتحقی دیھم اس ذین ل راد ال ف . معدالت استخدام ھذه التطبیقات لالنخفاض فيالستخدام ھذه التطبیقات، وذلك لتوفیر فھم أعمق اولحیث بدأ بعرض : خمسة أقسام إلىتم تقسیم ھذا البحث م تن ة، ث المقدمة ومشكلة الدراس ة ي الدراس اة ف ة المتبن . الدراسات السابقة واإلطار النظري المعتمد في الدراسة، تالھا مناقشة المنھجی ا اول إم ھ فتن ذي یلی م ال ي القس رض ف ات ع ائج والمناقش تم النت ة، واخت ذه الدراس ا ھ لت لھ ي توص الت .المستقبلیة لألبحاث البحث بخالصة وعرض ألبرز التوصیات الدراسات السابقة واإلطار النظري .2 دراسات السابقةال 1.2 ل یارات النق ات س ً وتطبیق ا ة عموم ف النقال ات الھوات على الرغم من االنتشار الواسع لتطبیق ،ً ام الطر البحثین األأال إالعام خصوصا ات االھتم ذه التطبیق ط ھ ا، الة والدارسات السابقة لم تع زم لھ ل الجھ دودوظ ال مح ذا المج ي ھ ي ف ً د البحث اإ ا د م ى ح ال، . ل بیل المث ى س ,.harding et alعل ام (2016) ل الع اع النق ى قط ام عل ل الع یارات النق ات س ور تطبیق كلھا ظھ ي ش رات الت اول التغی تن اول ا تن ل اآل xiong & zhao, (2016)التقلیدي، بینم یارات النق ات س ة لتطبیق لبیة المحتمل ار الس ث ات، . العام على أداء سائقي المركبات العمومیة ذه الدراس ة ھ ن أھمی رغم م ز أال إوعلى ال م ترك ا ل نھ ت على دراسة وجھات نظر المستخدمین المحتملین والتعرف على آرائھم تجاه ھذه التطبیقات، بل كان . قین من جانب آخرو تركز على السائأعامة من جانب تمرار األ weng et al., (2017)وفي سیاق مختلف، تناول ددات اس تخدام مح ي اس راد ف ف تمراری ةخدمات حجز سیارات األجرة من خالل التطبیقات في مالیزیا وذلك باالعتماد على نظریة اس ا تخدام للتكنولوجی د ، )technology continuance theory(االس ا اعتم ,.suhud et alبینم ة (2019) ي دراس ا ف ول التكنولوجی وذج قب ق على نم تخدام تطبی ي اس ؤثرة ف ل الم ي ojekالعوام ف ق إ ر تطبی ث یعتب یا، حی ل ojekندونیس یلة نق ة، األوس دراجات الناری تخدام ال ذي یُمّكباس ر ال ن م ً ا ل خصوص ي التنق ة ف دراجات الناری تخدام ال ن اس الء م ھ العم ذي تعانی دید ال ام الش ل االزدح ي ظ ف . البالد العوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ركاب للنقل العام االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة من نظریة انتشار: في فلسطین ادعیس & ,.سلھب أ, .عجوز م .أ 4 ق ل تطبی ة مث ات معروف ى تطبیق ا عل ابقة تركیزھ ث uberوتظھر الدراسات الس اقش حی ن wan et al., (2016) ق تخدام تطبی الء اس یل العم ي تفض ؤثرة ف ل الم ن uber، العوام ً م دال ب ا ول التكنولوجی وذج قب ى نم اد عل ك باالعتم فرھم وذل الل س ة خ رة التقلیدی یارات األج س .س ي نف وف اول یاق، تن ق min et al., (2019)الس تھلكین لتطبی ي المس ي تبن ؤثرة ف ل الم ي uber، العوام ف ا ول التكنولوجی ارات وقب ار االبتك ي انتش ین نظریت دمج ب الل ال ن خ ك م دة وذل ات المتح ا . الوالی بینم د ر ، justitia et al., (2019)اعتم ى مؤش اعل ل األداء رض الء وتحلی ل العم ي تحلی اف رض grab, uber, go-car(مثل ابشكل عام في إندونیسی سیارات األجرةالمستخدمین حول تطبیقات and my bluebird( ة العمالء بلغ قر رضان مستوى أ، حیث أظھرت النتائج ة، 76.11اب ي المئ ف ة األ من فئ ائج ض ً للنت ا درج وفق ذي ین ر ال ق"م باب القل ام ال و ،"أس ن أن أداء النظ ر ع ذي یعب ي یال لب . توقعات المستخدمین ابقة ات الس ر الدراس ُظھ ات أنوت ول تطبیق تخدمین ح ر المس ات نظ اول وجھ ا تن د منھ العدی دة، ي دول ع ق نأال إسیارات النقل العام المختلفة وف اول تطبی م تتن ا ل وع ك" ُرّكاب"ھ ةللموض . دراس ن ي یمك ة الت ات، والتجرب تخدمأحیث تختلف المزایا التي تقدمھا ھذه التطبیق ا المس ر بھ ذه ون یم ن لھ طین، " رّكاب"التطبیقات، لذلك من المھم دراسة تجربة مستخدمي تطبیق مل في فلس ع وأش م أوس لفھ .لنیة المستقبلیة الستخدامھ من خالل وجھة نظر األفرادللعوامل التي تساھم في التأثیر على ا تطویر الفرضیات واإلطار النظري 2.2 ول ي قب ؤثرة ف ل الم ة العوام ي دراس تم ف ي تھ ددة الت ات المتع ین النظری ن ب تخدام أم و اس اص، كل خ ین المنتجات الجدیدة بشكل عام والتكنولوجیا بش ا ب ع م ة تجم ة منھجی ذه الدراس تتبنى ھ س ارات نظری ار االبتك ة technology acceptance model((davis, 1989)(ة انتش ، ونظری ا ول التكنولوجی بب وراء . innovation diffusion theory((rogers, 2003)(قب ود الس یع ن " ُرّكاب"نھا تساعد في تحقیق ھدف الدراسة، حیث یعتبر تطبیق أاالعتماد على ھذه المنھجیة في م ً ار االبتكارات الجدیدة في عالم المواصالت العامة خصوصا ة انتش اعدنا نظری ث تس طین، حی في فلس ار ذا االبتك ددة لھ زة والمح ائص الممی م الخص ي فھ ارات ف ات ،االبتك م توجھ ي فھ اعدنا ف وتس ن ُرّكابخر، یعتبر تطبیق آمن جانب . ُرّكابالمستخدمین المحتملین في طریقة تعاطیھم مع تطبیق م ات التكنولوجی اة األ ة؛التطبیق ب مراع ذي یتطل ر ال ب التكنولوجیم ك ةالجوان ق وذل ذا التطبی ي ھ ف . باالعتماد على نظریة قبول التكنولوجیا نموذج قبول التكنولوجیا 1.2.2 ً في فھم ودراسة ً واألوسع انتشارا یعتبر نموذج قبول التكنولوجیا من النماذج األكثر تأثیرا ة بعبار. (lee et al., 2011)فراد نحو قبول تكنولوجیا المعلومات ومنتجاتھا المختلفةسلوك األ وذلك من ةفراد نحو المنتجات التكنولوجیأخرى، یساعد نموذج قبول التكنولوجیا في فھم سلوك األ taylor & todd, 1995; venkatesh)خالل سھولة االستخدام لھذه المنتجات وفوائد استخدامھا & davis, 2000) . ً لنموذج قبول التكنولوجیا، فإن النموذج یحتوي على أربع متغیرات، حیث فوائد ةووفقا ة الفعلیة والنی النوایا السلوكیة، بینما )مستقلة(خارجیة االستخدام وسھولة االستخدام ھي متغیرات ویمكن تعریف فوائد االستخدام بأنھا . (min et al., 2019)) تابعة(لالستخدام ھي متغیرات داخلیة ن یعزز ویحسن من أدائھ ألعمالھ، بینما أالدرجة التي یعتقد فیھا الفرد بأن استخدام التكنولوجیا یمكن ً إتشیر سھولة االستخدام وال یتطلب أي لى الدرجة التي یعتقد فیھا الفرد أن استخدام التكنولوجیا سھال لى السلوك إخر، تشیر النوایا السلوكیة آمن جانب . (van der heijden, 2003)جھد أو معاناة وتؤدي النوایا المخطط لھ من الفرد ویتم توقعھ من خالل سھولة االستخدام وفوائد االستخدام، ,.wang et al)لى االستخدام الفعلي وتساعد في تبني المنتج التكنولوجي قید الدراسة إالسلوكیة مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 20-1 ص 5 لى الممارسة الفعلیة الستخدام التكنولوجیا لدى الفرد ویتم التنبؤ إأما االستخدام الفعلي فیشیر . (2012 بناًء على ذلك تفترض . (j. kim, 2016; min et al., 2019)بھ من خالل النیة السلوكیة :الدراسة التالي h1 :ُرّكاب"لتطبیق االستخدام الفعلي لھا أثر إیجابي على النوایا السلوكیة". h2 :ُرّكاب"تطبیق النوایا السلوكیة الستخدام على لھا أثر إیجابي فوائد االستخدام". h3 :ُرّكاب"النوایا السلوكیة الستخدام تطبیق لھا أثر إیجابي علىاالستخدام سھولة". نھ كان عرضة النتقادات أال إوعلى الرغم من االنتشار الواسع لنموذج قبول التكنولوجیا رفضھم أوفراد الباحثین، حیث اقتصار النموذج على متغیرین خارجیین فقط في التنبؤ بقبول األ ,.min et al)ھذا المنتج يلى قصور في فھم العوامل المؤثرة في قبول وتبنإلمنتج معین یؤدي لذلك ستحاول ھذه الدراسة دمج نموذج قبول التكنولوجیا مع نظریة انتشار االبتكارات . (2019 . "ُرّكاب"للحصول على فھم أوضح للعوامل المؤثرة في تبني المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق نظریة انتشار االبتكارات 2.2.2 دمج بمن الدراسات بسبب القصور الذي یعاني منھ نموذج قبول التكنولوجیا، أوصت العدید ات ع نظری م أالنموذج م ق فھ ك لتحقی ارات، وذل ار االبتك ة انتش ل نظری رى مث وة أخ ادة الق ع وزی وس ة ات التكنولوجی ول المنتج ي قب ؤثرة ف hardgrave et al., 2003; lee)االستكشافیة للعوامل الم et al., 2011; legris et al., 2003) . ى ارات عل ة أویمكن اعتبار نظریة انتشار االبتك ا نظری نھ د التنبؤ بكیفیة اتخاذ األلى المساعدة في إاجتماعیة ونفسیة تھدف ار جدی ي ابتك ي تبن رارھم ف و أفراد ق ذا إفكرة تقنیة جدیدة، حیث تسعى النظریة بب ھ دة، وس لى شرح كیفیة انتشار األفكار والتقنیات الجدی اط راداالنتشار ومعدالتھ من خالل فھم أنم ات األف ذه المنتج ي ھ ي تبن د . (rogers, 2003)ف ویعتم ا ي المزای تخدمین وھ لوك المس ؤ بس یة للتنب ى أساس س بن ى خم بیة، نموذج انتشار االبتكارات عل النس ولتحقیق غرض الدراسة، . (rogers, 2003)التجربةإمكانیة مة، والصعوبة، والمالحظة، وءوالمال ث ة حی ة للتجرب تثناء القابلی ى باس ة البن ى كاف اد عل یتم االعتم وفر نأس ل ومت اح للتحمی ق مت ،التطبی . وبالتالي ال یوجد حاجة لدراسة تأثیر طرح التطبیق للتجربة قبل بدء مرحلة التشغیل الكامل المزایا النسبیة 1.2.2.2 ار یقصد بالمزایا النسبیة ى االبتك ذي یتبن ل ال تخدم المحتم ى المس ود عل ي تع دة الت مدى الفائ د أ ةبعبار. و الفكرة الجدیدةأالجدید ل للفوائ ادیة –خرى، مدى إدراك المستخدم المحتم واء اقتص و أس تج -اجتماعیة ذا المن ھ لھ ر تبنی ا عب ل علیھ ح .(rogers, 2003)التي سیحص ن الواض ق أوم ن تطبی يیساعد المستخدمین " ُرّكاب" اءة وف ف ر كف ة أكث ومي بطریق ل العم ائل النق تخدام وس ث اس ة، حی عالی ةإیمكن طلب سیارة أجرة في أي وقت وأي مكان دون الحاجة ة تقلیدی ا بطریق ث عنھ ر، لى البح األم مونة ة مض د وبطریق ت والجھ وفر الوق ذي ی اب، (ال ح ).2020ُرّك ن الواض ذلك م ي أل ا الت ن المزای ابقة من جانب آخر تشیر. للمستخدمین قد یعزز من عملیة تبنیھ" ُرّكاب"یوفرھا تطبیق الدراسات الس ھ، األأي فكرة ن وضوح المزایا النسبیة ألألى إ ة تبنی ود و اختراع جدید قد تعزز من عملی ذي یق ر ال م دإ ث یؤك دة، حی ار الجدی تخدام األفك ل لى فوائد وسھولة اس ن ك lee etو min et al., (2019)م al., (2011)ى إ دةأل ار الجدی ده لألفك تخدام وفوائ ھولة االس ؤ بس ا التنب بیة یمكنھ ا النس ذلك . ن المزای ل :تفترض الدراسة التالي h4 : استخدام التطبیقفوائد لھا أثر إیجابي على "ُرّكاب"المزایا النسبیة الستخدام تطبیق. h5 : التطبیق استخدامھولة س لھا أثر إیجابي على" ُرّكاب"المزایا النسبیة الستخدام تطبیق. مةءالمال 2.2.2.2 ا لى الكیفیة التي یُ إمة ءتشیر المال دة إنظر فیھ رة الجدی ى الفك ى أل راع عل ق أو االخت ھ متس ن م ادات لومالئ دات والع یم والمعتق ینولق تخدمین المحتمل ابقة للمس ة والس رات الحالی ,rogers)الخب العوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ركاب للنقل العام االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة من نظریة انتشار: في فلسطین ادعیس & ,.سلھب أ, .عجوز م .أ 6 ا . (2003 ابقة كلم ھ الس ھ وخبرات ع قیم ق م ارات تتف ذه االبتك ل أن ھ تخدم المحتم أي كلما أدرك المس ى " ُرّكاب"تطبیق إلىویُنظر . األفرادرھا وقبولھا بین زادت سرعة انتشا ق أعل ھ متواف ا إن د م ى ح ل الي لنمطمع القیم والمعتقدات االجتماعیة والثقافیة ین . الحیاة للجیل الح ة ب ف الذكی ر الھوات ث تنتش حی ان تة وثم افة یالمستخدمین والتي تبلغ حوالي س طینیین، باإلض واطنین الفلس ین الم ة ب د إن بالمئ ى تزای ل ذلك اإل ي، ل ارة االلكترون دمات التج قبال على الخدمات االلكترونیة مثل خدمات الدفع عبر الجوال وخ ھدھا اآل" ُرّكاب"ن تطبیق أمن الواضح ي نش ة الت والت التكنولوجی ك التح ي فل یر ف ب . نیس ن جان م اعد المال ر، تس ھولة التعءآخ ى س ابقة عل ة والس ارات الحالی رات والمھ ة للخب ارات م م االبتك ل وفھ ام ین إحیث وجدت العدید من الدراسات السابقة ". ُرّكاب"المماثلة مثل تطبیق ة ب لى وجود عالقة إیجابی ي األءالمال ة وتبن ة م ات الحدیث راد للتقنی . (ajouz et al., 2020; zhang et al., 2008)ف طةدراس تلى ذلك وجدإباإلضافة رى بواس ,.hardgrave et al)و min et al., (2019)ات أخ ین المالإ(2003) ة ب دهءلى وجود عالقة إیجابی تخدام وفوائ ھولة االس ة وس ة م رض الدراس ذلك تفت ، ل :التالي h6 :استخدام التطبیقفوائد لھا أثر إیجابي على " ُرّكاب"الستخدام تطبیق مةءالمال. h7 :استخدام التطبیق لھا أثر إیجابي على سھولة" ُرّكاب"الستخدام تطبیق مةءالمال. لصعوبةا 3.2.2.2 م إو درجة التعقید أیقصد بالصعوبة عب الفھ د ص لى المدى الذي یمكن اعتبار االبتكار الجدی ار . (rogers, 2003)لى حد ماإواالستخدام رة أأي مدى إدراك المستخدمین المحتملین لالبتك و الفك ا، ل معھ ا والتعام الجدیدة على أنھا سھلة الفھم واالستخدام، وتختلف االبتكارات في مدى سھولة فھمھ ا زاد م كلم ل والفھ ھلة التعام رة س ت الفك ا كان ارھا فكلم رعة انتش . (ajouz et al., 2020)ت س تخدمأ" ُرّكاب"ویمكن اعتبار تطبیق تطیع المس یلة ونھ سھل االستخدام حیث یس ى وس ول عل ن الحص ً أمر الذي یوفر الوقت والجھد، وباإلمكان األ ؛بھامإنقل بضغطة دي یضا كل نق رة بش ن أدفع االج و ع رى ، وعلى الرغم من ذلك. طریق تطبیقات الدفع االلكتروني عوأما یزال البعض ی اك ص ي ن ھن بة ف ً ا ام خصوص كل ع ة بش ف الذكی ات الھوات ع تطبیق ل م ق األ التعام ا تعل دفوعات إذا م ات الم ر بعملی م ً لكترونیة والتي ما زال انتشارھا محدوداإل .في فلسطین ا دةألى إحیان قد یُنظر في بعض األ ة واح ان لعمل ا وجھ تخدام ھم ھولة االس ،ن الصعوبة وس كأحد المتغیرات " ُرّكاب"بة لدراسة الجوانب الوظیفیة لتطبیق ولكن في ھذا البحث تم تضمین الصعو المستقلة، في حین تم إضافة سھولة االستخدام لفھم كیفیة إدراك المستخدمین المحتملین لفكرة استخدام ى إحیث تشیر الدراسات السابقة ". ُرّكاب"تطبیق د أل ة التعقی ین درج لبیة ب ة س اك عالق إدراك ون ھن تخدمین الم ق المس ة بتطبی تخدام الخاص د االس تخدام وفوائ ھولة اس ین لس اب"حتمل ,hasan)" ُرّك 2007; lee et al., 2011) .لذلك تفترض الدراسة الحالیة التالي: h8 :استخدام التطبیقفوائد لھا أثر سلبي على " ُرّكاب"تطبیق استخدام صعوبة. h9 :استخدام التطبیق لھا أثر سلبي على سھولة" ُرّكاب"تطبیق استخدام صعوبة. المالحظة 4.2.2.2 ا ة بأنھ ة للمالحظ ف القابلی ن تعری ایمك ن فیھ ي یمك ة الت ار الدرج ً ألالبتك ا ون مرئی ن یك ,rogers)فراد في المجتمع ھذه الفوائد فیما بینھم للمجتمع ویمكن بسھولة مالحظة فوائده وتبادل األ خر یوصف بأنھ معقد و االختراعات سھلة المالحظة للمجتمع، والبعض اآلأبعض المنتجات . (2003 ة ، توضیح فوائدھا أووبالتالي ال یمكن لعامة المستخدمین وصفھا تكون بحاج الي س رات إوبالت ى فت ل ي الأ ع طول لیتم مالحظتھا ف ة . (ajouz et al., 2020)مجتم ف الذكی ات الھوات ار تطبیق ن اعتب یمك ات " ُرّكاب"بشكل عام وتطبیق ن المنتج يبشكل خاص م ة أل ھولة مقارن دھا بس ة فوائ ن مالحظ یمك دة ة معق ات میكانیكی ورة أوبمنتج غیل متط ة تش حة . أنظم تخدمین واض ة للمس ر المھم ث العناص حی مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 20-1 ص 7 اتأسواء كیفیة الحصول على سیارة ق ومعلوم ع الطری ع جرة وتتب ة ودف اء الرحل ى انتھ ائق، حت الس غ تخدمین. المبل ى المس د عل ت والجھ ق الوق وفر التطبی ذلك ی ة األ ،ل ى مالحظ اعدھم عل ذي یس ر ال م ً لألساس النظري، كلما زادت قدرة ". ُرّكاب"لقاء استخدامھم لتطبیق االمنافع التي حصلوا علیھ ووفقا lee et)منتج كلما زادت نسبة تبنیھم لھذا المنتجالمستخدمین على مالحظة فوائد وسھولة استخدام ال al., 2011)لذلك تفترض الدراسة التالي ،: h10 :ة ة المالحظ تخدام قابلی ق الس اب"تطبی ى " ُرّك ابي عل ر إیج ا أث د لھ تخدام فوائ اس .التطبیق h11 :ة ة المالحظ تخدام قابلی ق الس اب"تطبی ھولة" ُرّك ى س ابي عل ر إیج ا أث تخدام لھ اس .التطبیق المنھجیة.3 ت دة، تبن ي المعتم ث العلم اھج البح ین من ن ب دف م ق ھ ي لتحقی نھج الكم ة الم ذه الدراس ھ ین . الدراسة تخدمین المحتمل ول المس ي قب ؤثرة ف حیث یُمكن ھذا المنھج الباحث من تحدید العوامل الم . للنقل العام" ُرّكاب"لتطبیق )االستبانة( أداة الدراسة 1.3 ول بعد مراجعة متعمقة للدراسات واأل ابقة ح ات الس اردبی ار االبتك ة انتش وذج نظری ات ونم حیث تكونت . الدراسة بما یحقق الصدق والثبات في ھذه الدراسة استبانھتم تطویر ،قبول التكنولوجیا اول االستبانة اني تن م الث ا القس ة، بینم ة للعین ات الدیمغرافی اول المعلوم یین، األول تن مین أساس من قس على أسئلة تم تبنیھا االستبانةاشتملت و. فقرة 37والتي تم قیاسھا من خالل متغیرات الدراسة الثمانیة ة دف الدراس ع ھ ق م دیلھا لتتواف اس . من دراسات سابقة وأسئلة تم تع رات لقی س فق اء خم م بن ث ت حی بیة ا النس اس (min et al., 2019; moore & benbasat, 1991)المزای رات لقی ع فق ، وأرب ajouz)، وخمس فقرات لقیاس الصعوبة (ajouz et al., 2020; min et al., 2019)مة ءالمال et al., 2020)س ة ، وخم اس المالحظ رات لقی . (ajouz et al., 2020; min et al., 2019)فق ق إباإلضافة تخدام للتطبی د االس ;c. kim et al., 2010)لى ذلك، تم بناء خمس فقرات لقیاس فوائ min et al., 2019) ق تخدام للتطبی ھولة االس j. kim, 2016; min et)، وأربع فقرات لقیاس س al., 2019) لوكیة ا الس اس النوای رات لقی س فق ,min et al., 2019; taylor & todd)، وخم ً أربع فقرات لقیاس النیة ال(1995 bian & moutinho, 2011; cook)فعلیة لالستخدام، وأخیرا & fairweather, 2007; im & ha, 2011; karahanna et al., 1999); .یم رات ولتقی فق ُلب من المبحوثین اإلجابة ع ن نالدراسة تم االعتماد على نظام لیكرت الخماسي، حیث ط رة م ل فق ك . لى موافق بشدة، موافق، محاید، غیر موافق، وغیر موافق بشدةإفقرات الدراسة حسب ھذا المقیاس طرق جمع البیاناتالعینة و 2.3 ق ین لتطبی تخدمین المحتمل ة المس ة الحالی تھدفت الدراس اب"اس م األ" ُرّك ذین وھ راد ال ف ً یملكون ھاتف ً ذكی ا ر. في فلسطین ا من ش ك ض ن أط حیث تم جمع البیانات بأسلوب العینة الغرضیة وذل ً المستجیب یملك ھاتف ً ذكی ا ن وأال، ا ً؛عام 18یقل عمره ع ى ا ول عل ك للحص ة وذل ات ذات قیم معلوم . للبحث ث آمن جانب ث، حی خر، تحدید حجم العینة المناسب من القضایا المھمة والحساسة في البح ومن بین المناھج المختلفة في تحدید حجم . الفشل في تحدید العدد المناسب قد ال یحقق أھداف الدراسة ة ى منھجی ة عل ة الحالی دت الدراس ة اعتم ً g*powerالعین ا ث نأ ، خصوص ة البح م طبیع ا تالئ ھ ة ن وجھ یة م ذه القض ت ھ ي تناول ابقة الت ات الس ي الدراس ح ف عف واض اك ض االستكشافیة، حیث ھن طیني ع الفلس ر المجتم ذلك،. نظ ب اإل ل ة وحس ذه الدراس ي ھ رح ف ري المقت ار النظ وة ط ق ق لتحقی العوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ركاب للنقل العام االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة من نظریة انتشار: في فلسطین ادعیس & ,.سلھب أ, .عجوز م .أ 8 احتمال خطأ بنسبة مع ( 0.25قل عن ی ذي الال r2لى معامل إبالمائة، وللوصول 80إحصائیة بنسبة ح )المئةفي 5 غرى، ینص ات الص ة المربع ة بhair et al., (2016)حسب طریق ى عین اد عل االعتم ة ا بقراب در حجمھ تجابة 95یق و . (cohen, 1992)اس وب ھ ى المطل د األدن ر الح ذلك، یعتب 95ل . استجابة في حال تم استخدام أسلوب المربعات الصغرى في التحلیل ي إللوصول ً ف ا ة خصوص تبانات االلكترونی ام االس ى نظ اد عل م االعتم ة، ت ة الدراس لى عین ة اإل ایروس كوروحال ار ف بب انتش طینیة بس ي الفلس ھدتھا األراض ي ش الق الت الل غ ن خ ك م ا، وذل ن طینی ات الفلس ي الجامع ة ف ات الطلب اعي ومجموع ل االجتم ائل التواص ى وس ا عل ة ةتوزیعھ ،المختلف ة و. 2020أغسطس 28حتى یولیو 16 وذلك من تاریخ ى قراب في نھایة المطاف حصل الباحثون عل . استجابة صالحة للتحلیل 116 الخصائص الدیمغرافیة للعینة 3.3 ائص رت الخص ة أظھ ة للعین راد یأّن غالبالدیمغرافی ةة أف تخدموا (%66.4) العین م یس ل ن دل على شيء فإنھ یدل إھذا . فقط استخدموا التطبیق% 33.6من قبل، في حین أن "ُرّكاب"تطبیق تخدامھأن غالبیة أعلى أھمیة الدراسة حیث ن اس ازفین ع وا ع ا زال وث م ر األ ؛فراد المجتمع المبح م تخدامالذي یتطلب دراس و االس رارھم نح ي ق ائج . ة العوامل المؤثرة ف یر النت ى إوتش ن % 87.1نأل م .الذكورفراد العینة كانوا من أمن % 12.9، في حین أّن ناثإلأفراد العینة كانوا من ا ى 18أّما بالنسبة لمتغیر العمر فیالحظ ّأّن توزیع حجم العینة كان غالبیتھ ما بین نة 24إل س رائھم وھي فئ، %)87.9( ع نظ ة م ا مقارن ول التكنولوجی ي قب ى ف ات أعل ة الشباب والذین لدیھم درج رى، ة األخ ات العمری ن الفئ ین أّن م ي ح ارھم% 9.5ف ت أعم ة كان راد العین ن أف ین م راوح ب 25تت ً، وقرابة 39و ى . سنة 40فقط ھم أكبر من % 2.6عاما ة العظم أّما بالنسبة للمؤھل العلمي فإن الغالبی را الوریوس من أف ة البك ة درج ن حمل ة م ین أّن %) 84.5(د العین ي ح ن % 6.9ف ة م راد العین ن أف م ة . الماجستیر والدكتوراةیحملون درجة % 4.3حملة شھادة الدبلوم، و ع العین ظ اّن توزی ب ویالح حس ً ا ان متنوع ة ك ث إالمھن ا حی د م ى ح ا % 66.4ل الب، بینم ة الط ن فئ م م تجیبین ھ ن المس % 12.1م ة أیعملون في القطاع العام، في حین % 5.2ي القطاع الخاص، وقرابة یعملون ف ل % 7.8ن قراب یعم ة%) 8.6(ابھ الخاص، والباقي حسل ن فرص ة . ما یزال یبحث ع ظ أّن غالبی ك، یالح ى ذل افة إل باإلض ة راد العین م ) %84.5(أف ان دخلھ لك ن أق ً 1000م ھریا ر مال ،دوالر ش ا یظھ دف ءمم ة لھ ة العین م ة إن ھذه الفئة ھي أكثر الفئات حاجة أ، حیث الدراسة ھلة ومریح ة س لى توفیر وسائل مواصالت عام .وتلبي احتیاجاتھم النتائج والمناقشات.4 التحلیل العاملي التوكیدي1.4 لقیاس النموذج المقترح وجودة مةءیتم إجراء التحلیل العاملي التوكیدي لتقییم مدى مال . في فلسطین" ُرّكاب"ستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیقات السیارات العمومیة العوامل المؤثرة في قبول الم ومن أجل تقییم النموذج حسب اتباع أفضل الممارسات في نمذجة المعادالت البنائیة بطریقة factor( فقرات الدراسة تشبعاتمن خالل فیجب تقییم تركیبة العوامل الجزئیة المربعات الصغرى loading(اخلي وصالحیة التقارب وصالحیة التمایز وذلك حسب ما أشار الیھ ، واالتساق الدhair et al., (2016) . استجابة صالحة تم جمعھا 116جراء التحلیل العاملي التوكیدي على إلذلك سیتم . ل ى معام ك إل ً في ذل تشیر بنیة العوامل إلى الترابط بین الُمتغیرات التي تم اختبارھا، ُمستندا رى ب االرتباط بین كل ُمتغیر وغیره من الُمتغیرات األخ ن أ، ویج اط ع ة االرتب ل درج 0.70ن ال تق رات ذاتفقرة من فقرات االستبانة لكل تبعاد الفق نخفض، وأ عبالتش ، حیث تم اس اط الم ً االرتب ا ووفق ون لفقرات الدراسة فقد تملنتیجة تركیبة العوامل ة ك بعاتاستثناء فقرتین فقط من نموذج الدراس التش ا ىالموصالخاصة بھا أقل من القیمة ا وھم را ،)at1وcx1(بھ اقي الفق رت ب ا أظھ امالً بینم ت مع مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 20-1 ص 9 ً أارتباط ا ن ی ى م ین 0.70عل رات ب اط للفق ائج االرتب ت نت ث تراوح ر 0.931و 0.713حی ا یظھ مم الل ). أنظر ملحق أ( جودة تركیب العوامل ن خ باإلضافة الى ذلك، تم تقییم ثبات أداة الدراسة وذلك م ل اب معام ا حس اخ ألف ب) cronbach's alpha(كرونب ات المرك ل الثب composite( ومعام reliability( ائج ر النت ث تظھ م ، حی دول رق ي الج ل أ 1ف ع العوام ن ن جمی ة م ة عالی ع بدرج تتمت ات ار الثب ا لمعی ل straub, (1989)وفق ائج معام ت نت ث تراوح ا حی اخألف ین كرونب 0.836ب . 0.958و 0.884بین معامل الثبات المركبتراوحت نتائج بینما، 0.941و صدق وصالحیة وثبات أداة الدراسة: 1جدول متوسط التباین المفسر الموثوقیة المركبة ألفا كرونباخ المتغیرات 0.814 0.946 0.924 السلوك 0.717 0.910 0.867 الصعوبة 0.604 0.884 0.836 المزایا النسبیة 0.674 0.892 0.837 مةءالمال 0.708 0.924 0.897 المالحظة 0.850 0.958 0.941 تخدامالنیة الفعلیة لالس 0.799 0.941 0.916 سھولة االستخدام 0.759 0.940 0.921 فوائد االستخدام من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر ى إتشیر صالحیة التقارب خر، آ من جانب كل ل ة بش ل الداخلی ھ العوام رتبط ب ذي ت دى ال الم ار ةبعبارالبدیلة لنفس البناء، أي مع بعضھا البعض، یجابي مع التدابیرإ دق التق د الص بيأخرى، یعتم ارب على اختبار ارتباطات المؤشرات مع العامل الممثل لھا، الحیة التق ى ص احثون إل ر الب حیث ینظ ر این المفس ل ) average variance extracted(عن طریق احتساب قیم متوسط التب ث ال تق بحی ً لمعیار )0.5(قیمتھا عن دول . hair et al., (2016)وفقا ي الج ل 1وكما یظھر ف ع عوام إن جمی ف ین ت ب یم تراوح ى ق لت عل ة حص ى ، 0.850و 0.604الدراس د عل ا یؤك ت أمم ة حقق ن أداة الدراس . يالصدق التقارب والذي یمثل قدرة فقرات الدراسة على )discriminant validity( أما صدق التمایز ن أن المتغیر یجب أأي . یھ عن باقي العوامل المكونة للنموذجإلالذي تنتمي ) المتغیر(تمییز العامل ن یتقاسمھا مع باقي مؤشرات أمقارنة بالتباینات التي یمكن یتقاسم أكبر نسبة من التباین مع مؤشراتھ hairوفقا لتوصیات اتبعت الدراسة الحالیة ثالثة معاییر صدق التمایزومن أجل التأكد من . النموذج et al., (2016, 2019) معیار ، األول مصفوفة التقاطع، الثانيformal-larcker criterion 1981 ً -heterotrait(األحادیة السمة أو المغایرة السمةتحلیل ووھ ، والثالث ظھر مؤخرا monotrait ratio htmt.( ن جمیع قیم االرتباطات لفقرات أتظھر نتائج مصفوفة التقاطع أنظر (معیار مصفوفة التمایز وبالتالي تحقق صدق التمایز وفق ألعلى بین نظیراتھاالدراسة كانت ا جمیع ارتباطات العوامل كانت اقل من الجذر أن إلىذلك، أظھرت النتائج إلى باإلضافة. )ملحق ب مما یحقق صدق التمایز وفق بین نظیراتھا واألعلى، )ave(التربیعي لمتوسط التباین المفسر خر، تظھر نتائج تحلیل آمن جانب . )أنظر ملحق ج( formal-larcker criterion 1981معیار وھي بذلك حققت صدق 0.85ن جمیع متغیرات الدراسة حصلت على قیم أقل من أالسمة المغایرة ً لمعیار ).أنظر ملحق د( kline, (2011)التمایز وفقا ة عالیة من الصدق ن نموذج الدراسة یتمتع بدرجألى إتشیر نتائج التحلیل العاملي التوكیدي . والثبات، وبالتالي یمكن االعتماد علیھ في تحلیل النموذج البنائي الختبار فرضیات الدراسة العوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ركاب للنقل العام االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة من نظریة انتشار: في فلسطین ادعیس & ,.سلھب أ, .عجوز م .أ 10 النموذج البنائي واختبار الفرضیات 2.4 م یعرض الشكل دول 1رق م والج ل 2 رق ة التحلی ائي، نتیج د اإلحص ائي المعتم وذج البن للنم ة، وذج المفي الدراس تطاع النم ث اس یر حی رح تفس ل 66.3قت د العوام ي تحدی این ف ن التب ة م ي المئ ف ً " ُرّكاب"المؤثرة في تبني المستخدمین المحتلمین لتطبیق ا ,cohenـلوھي نسبة عالیة ومرتفعة وفق ً أ 2وكما یظھر الجدول رقم . (1988) ة لىعبناء ن جمیع الفرضیات كانت دالة إحصائیا درجة الدالل ي ءبین المال ، باستثناء المسار0.05 ات الت ب البیان ً حس ائیا ر دال إحص ان غی مة وسھولة االستخدام ك . تم جمعھا یل، ن التفص ة بمزید م ائج الدراس رت نت ي أأظھ وي ف م وحی ا دور مھ لوكیة لھ ا الس ن النوای ة تخدام الفعلی ة االس ؤ بدرج ة ، التنب أثیر قراب ة الت ت درج ث كان ة 0.814حی دت الدراس الي وج ، وبالت وھي t (23.36(قة ارتباط موجبة بین النوایا السلوكیة واالستخدام الفعلي حیث كانت قیمة وجود عال یةألا 1.96أكبر من یر . مر الذي یعبر عن قبول الفرضیة الرئیس ائجوتش ى إ النت ان أل لوكیة النوای الس ة ة الحالی ر المقترحة في الدراس بتھ تفس ا نس ن % 66.3م ة م ا الفعلی ي النوای ات ف تخدمین الفروق للمس ق ي تطبی اه تبن ین تج اب"المحتلم ول ". ُرّك ن الق ً، أویمك ا ى إیض بة أل طةن نس والي متوس در بح تق ود % 33.7 ة تع ة الفعلی ي النی لة ف رات الحاص ن التغی م إم رى ل رات أخ ى متغی وذج یل منھا نم تض . الدراسة المقترح ب ن جان ة آم ائج الدراس رت نت ر، أظھ د أخ تخدامن فوائ = h3: β = 0.437; t) االس ا دور (h4: β = 0.439; t = 4.290)، وسھولة االستخدام (4.091 ائیة ولھ ة إحص كانت ذات دالل رح ا اقت لوكیة كم ا الس ى النوای أثیر عل ارإیجابي في الت ة اإلط ي الدراس ري ف ائج . النظ ر النت ن أوتظھ ة ت متماثل ھولتھ كان تخدام وس د االس اط لفوائ ل االرتب ا، األإمعام د م ى ح دور ل ر ال ذي یظھ ر ال م ق ، "ُرّكاب"األساسي الذي تؤدیھ ھذه العوامل في التنبؤ بسلوك المستخدمین المحتملین في تبني تطبی ة أویتضح من خالل معامل االرتباط ت قراب لوك بلغ ى الس ھولتھ عل ن نسبة تأثیر فوائد االستخدام وس ول 68.3 ن الق ث یمك ة، حی لة% 68.3ن أبالمئ رات الحاص ن التغی ود م لوكیة تع ا الس ي النوای ى إف ل . التغیرات في فوائد االستخدام وسھولتھ كما یراھا المستخدمون المحتملون نتائج تحلیل المسار للنموذج البنائي: 2جدول hx الفرضیة معامل التأثیر )std beta( قیمة ت المحسوبة )t-value( الداللة اإلحصائیة )p-value( h1 0.000 23.36 0.814 االستخدام الفعلي >-النوایا السلوكیة* h2 0.000 4.091 0.437 النوایا السلوكیة >-فوائد االستخدام* h3 0.000 4.290 0.439 النوایا السلوكیة >-سھولة االستخدام* h4 0.003 3.024 0.283 فوائد االستخدام >-المزایا النسبیة* h5 0.039 2.064 0.183 سھولة االستخدام >-المزایا النسبیة* h6 0.002 3.121 0.268 فوائد االستخدام >-المالءمة* h7 0.194 1.299 0.112 سھولة االستخدام >-المالءمة h8 0.003 2.948 -0.189 فوائد االستخدام >-الصعوبة* h9 0.005 2.828 -0.173 سھولة االستخدام >-الصعوبة* h10 0.002 3.025 0.305 فوائد االستخدام >-المالحظة* h11 0.000 5.090 0.542 سھولة االستخدام >-المالحظة* 0.05القیم ذات داللة إحصائیة عند مستوى المعنویة * من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 20-1 ص 11 نتائج تحلیل المسار للنموذج البنائي :1الشكل من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي :المصدر مة ء، والمال(h4: β = 0.283; t = 3.024)ن المزایا النسبیة ألى إ نتائج الدراسةتشیر و (h6: β = 0.268; t = 3.121) إ، كانت دالة ،ً ً في التأثیر على أ يأحصائیا ً إیجابیا نھا تؤدي دورا و درجة التعقید كما ھو متوقع عالقة سلبیة مع فوائد أت الصعوبة فوائد االستخدام، بینما أظھر ، أي كلما زادت درجة الصعوبة كلما انخفض قبول (h8: β = -0.189; t = 2.948)االستخدام المالحظة كانت ذات أن ى إلالنتائج ، وتشیر لھذه المنتجات ألنھا لیست ذات فائدة بالنسبة لھم األفراد = h10: β = 0.305; t)ا دور إیجابي في التأثیر على فوائد االستخدام داللة إحصائیة حیث لھ ین لنتائج وفوائد استخدامھم لتطبیق مل، وبالتالي كلما زادت درجة مالحظة المستخدمین المحت(3.025 ن المزایا أمن الجدیر بالمالحظة . و القبول لھذا التطبیقأكلما ارتفعت لدیھم نسبة التبني " ُرّكاب" من التغیرات الحاصلة في فوائد االستخدام % 68.1مة، والمالحظة فسرت ما نسبتھ ء، والمالةالنسبی . كما یراھا المستخدمون المحتملون" ُرّكاب"لتطبیق ، (h5: β = 0.183; t = 2.064)ن المزایا النسبیة ألى إفي نفس السیاق تشیر النتائج ً، إة ، كانت دال(h11: β = 0.542; t = 5.090)والمالحظة ً في أ يأحصائیا ً إیجابیا نھا تؤدي دورا و درجة التعقید كما ھو متوقع عالقة سلبیة أاالستخدام، بینما أظھرت الصعوبة سھولةالتأثیر على ، أي كلما زادت درجة الصعوبة كلما (h9: β = -0.173; t = 2.828)االستخدام سھولةمع على غیر المتوقع، . سھلة االستخدام بالنسبة لھملھذه المنتجات ألنھا لیست األفرادانخفض قبول بواسطة البیانات التي تم الحصول علیھا في ھذه إحصائیامة كانت غیر دالة ءن المالأأظھرت النتائج مة، ءالمزایا النسبیة، والمالن ألى إوتجدر اإلشارة . (h7: β = 0.112; t = 1.299)الدراسة " ُرّكاب"تغیرات الحاصلة في سھولة االستخدام لتطبیق من ال% 68.2والمالحظة فسرت ما نسبتھ .كما یراھا المستخدمون المحتملون من المستجیبین على استعداد بالمئة 74.59ن قرابة أذلك، وجدت الدراسة إلىباإلضافة ً وھي تعتبر، في المستقبل" ُرّكاب"الستخدام تطبیق ال یوجد بالمئة فقط 9.91، بینما نسبة عالیة جدا العوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ركاب للنقل العام االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة من نظریة انتشار: في فلسطین ادعیس & ,.سلھب أ, .عجوز م .أ 12 ً ل أنھملم یقرروا بعد 15.5ن قرابة أ دیھم النیة الفعلیة الستخدام التطبیق، ووجدت الدراسة أیضا حیث تعطي ،وتعتبر ھذه النسب إضافة نوعیة. م الأباستخدام التطبیق في المستقبل ونسیقوم ً حول التوجھ المستقبلي نحو تطبیق تبني ما ، بالرغم من الوضع الحالي حیث نسب ال"ُرّكاب"انطباعا . حد ما إلىزالت محدودة النموذج البنیويجودة مؤشرات 3.4 د ل التحدی ة )r2(تم قیاس مؤشرات جودة النموذج من خالل معام ة التنبؤی اس العالق ، ومقی )predictive relevanceq2 .( یم ھ تقی ى أساس تم عل ائع ی اس ش د مقی ل التحدی ر معام ویعتب وي وذج البنی را أوالنم درة المتغی ةق رات الداخلی ة او المتغی رات التابع رح المتغی ى ش تقلة عل .ت المس دول ي ج ائج ف یر النت ى أن 3وتش ة إل دة r2قیم ت جی امل كان وذج الش ر %)66.3(للنم ا تفس ، بینم من جانب ". ُرّكاب"نحو استخدام تطبیق النوایا السلوكیةمن التباین في %) 68.3(سھولة االستخدام وفوائده من التباین في سھولة %) 68.2(قرابة ایا النسبیة، والمالءمة، والصعوبة، والمالحظةالمزأخر تفسر ل ".ُرّكاب"تطبیق من التباین في فوائد استخدام %) 68.1(و " ُرّكاب"تطبیق استخدام ائج معام وتشیر نت ,.hair et al)التحدید الى القدرة العالیة للنموذج على شرح وتفسیر المتغیرات الداخلیة وفق معاییر 2016). ، حیث یعبر عن جودة إعادة تجمیع )q2(، تم استخدام مؤشر العالقة التنبؤیة آخرمن جانب دیر ً بمساعدة النموذج، ویتم تق ال، ب q2البیانات التي تم جمعھا تجریبا افة إغف تخدام مس ام باس كل ع ش ان إذا ك فر أي q2ف ن الص ر م ت ) q2> 0(أكب س إذا كان ى العك ة وعل لة تنبؤی ھ ص وذج ل إن النم ف q2 ة إلىتساوي صفر، فإن النموذج یفتقر أوأصغر یر . األھمیة التنبؤی ائجالوتش دول نت ي ج ى 3ف إل ر مللنموذج األھمیة التنبؤیة ا أكب ت جمیعھ فر المقترح حیث كان اییر ن الص ق مع ,.hair et al)وف 2016). مؤشرات جودة النموذج البنیوي: 3جدول )q2( مؤشر العالقة التنبؤیة )r2( معامل التحدید المتغیرات 0.557 0.663 النیة الفعلیة لالستخدام 0.549 0.683 النوایا السلوكیة 0.521 0.682 سھولة االستخدام 0.503 0.681 فوائد االستخدام من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر الخالصة والتوصیات .5 ة ذه الدراس دفت ھ یإھ تخدمین المحتلم ول المس ي قب ؤثرة ف ل الم ي العوام ق ف ى التحقی ن ل ى للنقل العام،" ُرّكاب"لتطبیق تناد عل ك باالس وذج الوذل ارات ونم ار االبتك ة انتش ین نظری ا ب دمج م ا ول التكنولوجی ین . قب وي ب اط معن ة ارتب اك عالق أن ھن ة ب ائج الدراس ت نت بیة، أثبت ا النس المزای ة وءوالمال عوبة، والمالحظ ة، والص ین م تخدامب د االس ق فوائ رت. "ابّكرُ "لتطبی ائج وأظھ ن أالنت ى المزایا النسبیة، والصعوبة، والمالحظة تخدامكانت ذات داللة إحصائیة في التأثیر عل ھولة االس ، س ھ كانت مةءن المالأبینما لم تثبت النتائج م افتراض ا ت س م ى عك تخدام عل ذات تأثیر على سھولة االس ة ذه الدراس ب . في ھ ن جان اك عالآم أن ھن ة ب ائج الدراس ت نت ر، أثبت د خ ین فوائ وي ب اط معن ة ارتب ق . وسھولتھ وبین النوایا السلوكیة تجاه التطبیق" ُرّكاب"استخدام تطبیق بتھ ا نس یر م ي تفس اعد ف رح س ة المقت وذج الدراس ة أن نم دیر بالمالحظ ن الج ي 66.3وم ف ق ي تطبی اه تبن ین تج تخدمین المحتلم ة للمس ذي األ، "ُرّكاب"المئة من التباینات في النوایا الفعلی ر ال م ي ي تبن یستدعي المزید من األبحاث في ھذا المجال لتحدید مجموعات أخرى من العوامل التي تؤثر ف ة إلىباإلضافة ". ُرّكاب"المستخدمین المحتلمین لتطبیق ة أذلك، وجدت الدراس ة 74.59ن قراب بالمئ مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 20-1 ص 13 ق تخدام تطبی تعداد الس ي " ُرّكاب"من المستجیبین على اس تقبل وھ ي المس ً، ف دا ة ج بة عالی ر نس تعتب ً 9.91بینما ا ة أیض دت الدراس ة أبالمئة فقط ال یوجد لدیھم النیة الفعلیة الستخدام التطبیق، ووج ن قراب .م الأباستخدام التطبیق في المستقبل ون سیقوم أنھم لم یقرروا بعد 15.5 تخدام برن ك باس افیة وذل ة استكش ى منھجی ة عل ذه الدراس رت ھ ام، اقتص ي الخت امج وف smart-plsذلك توص وذج ي، ل تخدام نم ة باس ائج الدراس د نت اث لتأكی ن األبح د م ة بالمزی الدراس ة، وتوصإ الدراسة باإلضافة ة الحالی ملھا الدراس ً يلى نماذج جدیدة لم تش ا ات أیض مل الدراس أن تش ب . القادمة فئات أوسع ومناطق جغرافیة جدیدة لم تشملھا ھذه الدراسة )references( المراجع ajouz, m., abdullah, a., & kassim, s. (2020). acceptance of sharīʿ ahcompliant precious metal-backed cryptocurrency as an alternative currency: an empirical validation of adoption of innovation theory. thunderbird international business review, 62(2), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22106 bian, x., & moutinho, l. (2011). the role of brand image, product involvement, and knowledge in explaining consumer purchase behaviour of counterfeits: direct and indirect effects. european journal of marketing, 45(1/2), 191–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561111095658 cohen, j. (1988). statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed). new york, usa: psychology press. cohen, j. (1992). a power primer. psychological bulletin, 112, 155–159. cook, a. j., & fairweather, j. r. (2007). intentions of new zealanders to purchase lamb or beef made using nanotechnology. british food journal, 109(9), 675–688. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070700710780670 davis, f. d. (1989). perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. mis quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008 hair, j. f., hult, g. t. m., ringle, c., & sarstedt, m. (2016). a primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (pls-sem). thousand oaks, california: sage publications. https://doi.org/10.3926/oss.37 hair, j. f., sarstedt, m., & ringle, c. m. (2019). rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares. european journal of marketing, 53(4), 566–584. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-10-2018-0665 hardgrave, b. c., davis, f. d., & riemenschneider, c. k. (2003). investigating determinants of software developers’ intentions to follow methodologies. journal of management information systems, 20(1), 123–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2003.11045751 العوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ركاب للنقل العام االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة من نظریة انتشار: في فلسطین ادعیس & ,.سلھب أ, .عجوز م .أ 14 harding, s., kandlikar, m., & gulati, s. (2016). taxi apps, regulation, and the market for taxi journeys. transportation research part a: policy and practice, 88, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.03.009 hasan, b. (2007). examining the effects of computer self-efficacy and system complexity on technology acceptance. information resources management journal, 20(3), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2007070106 im, h., & ha, y. (2011). the effect of perceptual fluency and enduring involvement on situational involvement in an online apparel shopping context. journal of fashion marketing and management: an international journal., 15(3), 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1108/13612021111151932 justitia, a., semiati, r., & ayuvinda, n. r. (2019). customer satisfaction analysis of online taxi mobile apps. journal of information systems engineering and business intelligence, 5(1), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.20473/jisebi.5.1.85-92 karahanna, e., straub, d. w., & chervany, n. l. (1999). information technology adoption across time: a cross-sectional comparison of preadoption and post-adoption beliefs. mis quarterly, 23(2), 183–213. https://doi.org/10.2307/249751 kim, c., mirusmonov, m., & lee, i. (2010). an empirical examination of factors influencing the intention to use mobile payment. computers in human behavior, 26(3), 310–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.10.013 kim, j. (2016). an extended technology acceptance model in behavioral intention toward hotel tablet apps with moderating effects of gender and age. international journal of contemporary hospitality management, 28(8), 1535–1553. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-062015-0289 kline, r. b. (2011). principles and practice of structural equation modeling. new york, usa: guilford press. lee, y. h., hsieh, y. c., & hsu, c. n. (2011). adding innovation diffusion theory to the technology acceptance model: supporting employees’ intentions to use e-learning systems. journal of educational technology & society, 14(4), 124–137. legris, p., ingham, j., & collerette, p. (2003). why do people use information technology? a critical review of the technology acceptance model. information & management, 40(3), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7206(01)00143-4 min, s., so, k. k. f., & jeong, m. (2019). consumer adoption of the uber مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 20-1 ص 15 mobile application: insights from diffusion of innovation theory and technology acceptance model. journal of travel & tourism marketing, 36(7), 770–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1507866 moore, g. c., & benbasat, i. (1991). development of an instrument to measure the perceptions of adopting an information technology innovation. information systems research, 2(3), 192–222. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2.3.192 rocab. (2020). about rocab. retrieved october 20, 2020, from http://www.rocab.ps rogers, e. m. (2003). diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). new york, usa: the free press. shen, j., qiu, f., li, w., & feng, p. (2015). exploring the effect of the telephone/online booking system on taxi service: case study of suzhou city in china. 15th cota international conference of transportation professionals., 1201–1212. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479292.111 statista. (2020). ridesharing services in the u.s. [electronic resource]: statista. straub, d. (1989). validating instruments in mis research. mis quarterly, 13(2), 147–169. https://doi.org/10.2307/248922 suhud, u., wibowo, s., khairi, a., & willson, g. (2019). applying the theory of acceptance model to consumer acceptance of taxi-hailing mobile app. journal of internet and e-business studies, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5171/2019.382593 taylor, s., & todd, p. (1995). assessing it usage: the role of prior experience. mis quarterly, 19(4), 561–570. https://doi.org/10.2307/249633 van der heijden, h. (2003). factors influencing the usage of websites: the case of a generic portal in the netherlands. information & management, 40(6), 541–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/s03787206(02)00079-4 venkatesh, v., & davis, f. d. (2000). a theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: four longitudinal field studies. management science, 46(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926 wan, w. n. a. a. b., mohamad, a. f. m. f., shahib, n. s., azmi, a., kamal, s. b. m., & abdullah, d. a. (2016). framework of customer’s intention to use uber service in tourism destination. international academic research journal of business and technology, 2(2), 102– 106. العوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ركاب للنقل العام االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة من نظریة انتشار: في فلسطین ادعیس & ,.سلھب أ, .عجوز م .أ 16 wang, y. s., wu, s. c., lin, h. h., wang, y. m., & he, t. r. (2012). determinants of user adoption of web “automatic teller machines”: an integrated model of ‘transaction cost theory’ and ‘innovation diffusion theory’. the service industries journal, 32(9), 1505–1525. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2010.531271 weng, g. s., zailani, s., iranmanesh, m., & hyun, s. s. (2017). mobile taxi booking application service’s continuance usage intention by users. transportation research part d: transport and environment, 57, 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.023 xiong, y., & zhao, g. (2016). taxi-hailing apps: negative impacts on taxi driver performance. proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting, 60(1), 1957–1961. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601446 zhang, n., guo, x., & chen, g. (2008). idt-tam integrated model for it adoption. tsinghua science & technology, 13(3), 306–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1007-0214(08)70049-x مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 20-1 ص 17 بنیة العواملتحلیل : ملحق أال ل الفقرة الرمز االرتباطمعام ُرّكابالنسبیة المتاحة من تطبیق المزایا ra1 0.755 األجرةالكیفیة التي أطلب بھا سیارة " ُرّكابتطبیق "یحسن ra2 " 0.798 األجرةیمنحني سیطرة أكبر على الكیفیة التي أطلب بھا سیارة " ُرّكابتطبیق ra3 " ُرّكابتطبیق " ً ً ومریحا ً سھال 0.846 یجعل الوصول إلى سیارات األجرة أمرا ra4 " 0.713 األجرة بطریقة أكثر سھولة وراحةیمكنني من دفع " ُرّكابتطبیق ra5 " 0.766 یعزز من تجربتي في وسائل النقل" ُرّكابتطبیق ُرّكابمالئمة تطبیق co1 0.855 بشكل جید مع الطریقة التي أفضل من خاللھا طلب سیارات األجرة" ُرّكابتطبیق "یتناسب co2 0.827 )حیاتي نمط(مع أسلوبي في الحیاة " ُرّكابتطبیق "یتناسب co3 0.856 مع احتیاجاتي المختلفة لخدمات سیارات االجرة" ُرّكابتطبیق "یتناسب co4 0.740 متوافق للغایة مع ظروفي الحالیة" ُرّكابتطبیق "أعتقد أن ُرّكابالصعوبة والقلق في استخدام تطبیق cx1 حذفھا تم امتالكي لمھارات تقنیة " ُرّكابتطبیق "یتطلب استخدامي cx2 0.838 الكثیر من الجھد" ُرّكابتطبیق "یتطلب استخدامي cx3 ُرّكابتطبیق "یعتبر استخدام " ً 0.896 مرھقا cx4 0.873 مخیب لآلمال" ُرّكابتطبیق "یعتبر استخدام cx5 0.774 یشعرني بالقلق" ُرّكابتطبیق "استخدام ُرّكابمالحظة میزات تطبیق ob1 0.824 بشكل مباشر ُرّكابفوائد استخدام تطبیق یمكنني مالحظة ob2 0.863 واضحة بالنسبة لي ُرّكابنتائج استخدام تطبیق ob3 0.795 "ُرّكابتطبیق "من السھل بالنسبة لي ترویج فكرة ob4 0.898 "ُرّكابتطبیق "بإمكاني مالحظة مزایا استخدام ob5 0.823 "ُرّكابلتطبیق "جة استخدامي من السھل بالسبة لي إخبار اآلخرین عن نتی ُرّكابفوائد استخدام تطبیق pu1 تخدام الل اس ن خ ق "م ابتطبی رة " ُرّك یارات األج ى س ول إل ي الوص ول یمكنن اتف المحم للھ 0.864 بسرعة أكبر pu2 تخدام الل اس ن خ ق "م ابتطبی رة " ُرّك یارات األج ى س ول إل ي الوص ول یمكنن اتف المحم للھ 0.895 بسھولة أكبر pu3 في التنقل" ُرّكابتطبیق "یعتبر استخدام ً ً مفیدا 0.876 خیارا pu4 0.848 یجعلني أوفر الوقت" ُرّكاب"استخدام تطبیق pu5 0.873 إلى تحسین كفاءتي في الحصول على خدمة سیارات االجرة" ُرّكابتطبیق "یؤدي استخدام ُرّكابسھولة استخدام تطبیق pe1 0.882 بشكل واضح ومفھوم" ُرّكابتطبیق "امل مع أستطیع التع pe2 0.917 "ُرّكابتطبیق "من خالل األجرةبالنسبة لي، من السھل طلب سیارات pe3 0.891 "ُرّكابتطبیق "بشكل عام، أرى انھ من السھل استخدام pe4 0.886 سھل بالنسبة لي" ُرّكابتطبیق "أجد ان تعلم كیفیة استخدام ُرّكابنحو استخدام تطبیق لسلوكیةالنوایا ا at1 تم حذفھا األجرةفي طلب سیارات " ُرّكابتطبیق "لدي انطباع جید حول استخدام at2 0.879 فكرة جیدة األجرةلطلب سیارات " ُرّكابتطبیق "یعتبر استخدام at3 0.907 األجرةلطلب سیارات " ُرّكابتطبیق "أحب فكرة استخدام at4 0.919 لطلب سیارات األجرة" ُرّكابتطبیق "األفضل استخدام أرى أنھ من at5 0.902 سیكون تجربة ممتعة" ُرّكابتطبیق "استخدام أنأعتقد ُرّكابالنیة الستخدام تطبیق العوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ركاب للنقل العام االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة من نظریة انتشار: في فلسطین ادعیس & ,.سلھب أ, .عجوز م .أ 18 iu1 0.931 في مرحلة ما في المستقبل" ُرّكابتطبیق "یوجد لدي نیة الستخدام iu2 0.900 "ّكابرُ تطبیق "أنا على استعداد الستخدام iu3 0.931 في المستقبل ُرّكاباستخدم تطبیق أنمن المحتمل iu4 0.926 في المستقبل" ُرّكابتطبیق "أتوقع أن استخدم مصفوفة التقاطع: الملحق ب ا المالحظة الصعوبة المالءمة النسبیةالمزای د فوائ االستخدام ھولة س السلوك االستخدام ة النی الفعلیة ra1 0.682 0.465 -0.378 0.427 0.488 0.487 0.505 0.447 ra2 0.755 0.486 -0.322 0.401 0.556 0.463 0.512 0.458 ra3 0.798 0.530 -0.378 0.543 0.688 0.632 0.666 0.592 ra4 0.846 0.440 -0.188 0.423 0.438 0.460 0.491 0.430 ra5 0.713 0.527 -0.234 0.571 0.562 0.468 0.568 0.527 co1 0.560 0.855 -0.143 0.605 0.622 0.546 0.565 0.522 co2 0.450 0.827 -0.080 0.460 0.502 0.444 0.487 0.421 co3 0.568 0.856 -0.119 0.558 0.571 0.521 0.534 0.470 co4 0.482 0.740 -0.135 0.529 0.510 0.482 0.552 0.502 cx2 -0.345 -0.101 0.838 -0.185 -0.392 -0.380 -0.289 -0.223 cx3 -0.365 -0.139 0.896 -0.260 -0.369 -0.352 -0.326 -0.280 cx4 -0.343 -0.146 0.873 -0.282 -0.368 -0.359 -0.297 -0.173 cx5 -0.268 -0.111 0.774 -0.268 -0.315 -0.323 -0.242 -0.147 ob1 0.457 0.566 -0.241 0.824 0.582 0.665 0.630 0.539 ob2 0.575 0.584 -0.206 0.863 0.616 0.735 0.611 0.569 ob3 0.500 0.526 -0.256 0.795 0.526 0.561 0.543 0.463 ob4 0.524 0.584 -0.205 0.898 0.633 0.625 0.573 0.539 ob5 0.517 0.513 -0.321 0.823 0.624 0.673 0.661 0.595 pu1 0.619 0.548 -0.346 0.626 0.864 0.710 0.643 0.559 pu2 0.625 0.570 -0.452 0.647 0.895 0.760 0.717 0.613 pu3 0.590 0.575 -0.462 0.623 0.876 0.739 0.681 0.581 pu4 0.591 0.492 -0.293 0.564 0.848 0.538 0.652 0.518 pu5 0.619 0.548 -0.307 0.633 0.873 0.630 0.697 0.685 pe1 0.611 0.632 -0.361 0.683 0.643 0.882 0.700 0.574 pe2 0.617 0.553 -0.388 0.681 0.733 0.917 0.713 0.582 pe3 0.562 0.584 -0.363 0.707 0.733 0.891 0.648 0.474 pe4 0.547 0.595 -0.386 0.713 0.671 0.886 0.723 0.611 at2 0.633 0.532 -0.302 0.646 0.653 0.707 0.879 0.724 at3 0.627 0.589 -0.248 0.650 0.710 0.705 0.907 0.702 at4 0.643 0.636 -0.276 0.679 0.728 0.700 0.919 0.738 at5 0.669 0.596 -0.405 0.621 0.717 0.700 0.902 0.773 iu1 0.616 0.522 -0.257 0.618 0.660 0.598 0.731 0.931 iu2 0.564 0.544 -0.157 0.523 0.581 0.491 0.737 0.900 iu3 0.573 0.543 -0.293 0.627 0.651 0.631 0.778 0.931 iu4 0.600 0.551 -0.193 0.612 0.615 0.592 0.757 0.926 مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 20-1 ص 19 مصفوفة ارتباط المتغیرات مع الجذر التربیعي لمتوسط التباین المفسر: الملحق ج ا المالحظة الصعوبة المالءمة النسبیةالمزای د فوائ االستخدام ھولة س السلوك االستخدام ة النی الفعلیة المزایا 0.777 النسبیة 0.821 0.631 المالءمة 0.847 0.147 0.392 الصعوبة 0.842 0.291 0.660 0.613 المالحظة فوائد 0.871 0.710 0.428 0.676 0.714 االستخدام سھولة 0.894 0.777 0.778 0.419 0.610 0.653 االستخدام 0.902 0.779 0.779 0.719 0.342 0.652 0.713 السلوك النیة 0.922 0.814 0.628 0.680 0.646 0.245 0.586 0.638 الفعلیة تحلیل السمة المغایرة: الملحق د ا المالحظة الصعوبة المالءمة النسبیةالمزای د فوائ االستخدام ھولة س السلوك االستخدام ة النی لیةالفع المزایا النسبیة 0.750 المالءمة 0.171 0.452 الصعوبة 0.334 0.757 0.703 المالحظة فوائد 0.779 0.476 0.767 0.802 االستخدام سھولة 0.844 0.855 0.469 0.694 0.739 االستخدام 0.847 0.843 0.789 0.380 0.740 0.804 السلوك نیة ال 0.873 0.674 0.729 0.700 0.268 0.658 0.713 الفعلیة العوامل المؤثرة في قبول المستخدمین المحتملین لتطبیق ركاب للنقل العام االبتكارات ونموذج قبول التكنولوجیا إضاءة من نظریة انتشار: في فلسطین ادعیس & ,.سلھب أ, .عجوز م .أ 20 factors influencing the potential user's acceptance of rocab mobile application for public transportation in palestine: insights from innovation diffusion theory and technology acceptance model mousa ajouz1 , aseel salhab2, aseel idais3 published: 10-12-2020 available online: 14-11-2020 accepted: 26-10-2020 received: 21-09-2020 abstract: this study aimed to investigate the factors that influence the potential user's acceptance of rocab mobile application for public transportation in palestine. this study adopts a quantitative method through 116 electronic questionnaires that developed based on innovation diffusion theory and technology acceptance model. the data were collected based on judgment sampling, which is a purposive sampling technique, meanwhile, partial least squares structural equation modelling (pls-sem) analysis was conducted on data elicited from potential users using the smart-pls analysis program. the results showed that 66.3 per cent of the variation in the adoption of rocab application can be explained by the structural model provided by this research. the results demonstrated that there is a significant effect of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, and observability on perceived usefulness. the results also showed that the relative advantage, complexity, and observability have a significant effect on perceived ease of use, while compatibility effect on perceived ease of use was found not supported by the collected data. additionally, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were both significantly related to attitude, and, in turn, attitude positively influenced future usage intention to use rocab application. overall, it was also found 74.59 per cent of the respondents are willing to use rocab application in the future. the originality of this research lies in investigating empirically the factors that influence the potential user's acceptance of rocab mobile application for public transportation in palestine which is rare in the literature. this will benefit researchers, the business community as well as policymakers. keywords: innovation diffusion theory, public transportation, rocab mobile application, technology acceptance model, user's acceptance. jel classification: r4, n75, o33. © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. how to cite : ajouz, m., salhab, a., & idais, a. (2020). factors influencing the potential user's acceptance of rocab mobile application for public transportation in palestine: insights from innovation diffusion theory and technology acceptance model. management & economics research journal, 2(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.vi.131 [in arabic] 1corresponding author: phd, assistant professor, palestine polytechnic university (palestine). [mousa.ajouz@ptuk.edu.ps] 2 bachelor's degree, palestine polytechnic university (palestine). [aseel.salhab54@gmail.com] 3 bachelor's degree, palestine polytechnic university (palestine). [aseelidais93@gmail.com] management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march ): مارس 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 119 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.16 ن أداء ا بتحس ة وعالق شر اتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد ال املؤسسات اإلس ة االقتصادية دراسة حالة مجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو ن محمد م و دل ، 1 يوسفأحمد 2 األم ، أستاذ متعاقد، جامعة 1 بة بن بوع زائر( الشلفحس )ا youcef-ahmed12@hotmail.fr :اإليميل ران جامعة ،طالب دكتوراه 2 ران 2و زائر( محمد بن أحمد، و ) ا amin021@windowslive.com : اإليميل contemporary human resource management strategies and their relation to improving the performance of economic institutions: a case study of saidal group ahmed youcef 1, delhem mohamed el-amin 2 1hassiba ben bouali university, chlef (algeria) 2 university of oran 2 mohamed bbn ahmed, oran (algeria) خ خ القبول 2019-0311: اإلرسالتار شر 201903-30: تار خ ال 20190331: تار ص: م اتيجيات املعاصــرة إلدارة املـــوارد ـــ عالقــة االســـ ـــ التعــرف ع ـــذه الدراســة إ ــدفت ة شـــــر ـــــة مـــــن خـــــالل دراســـــة حالـــــة مجمـــــع بال زائر ن أداء املؤسســـــات االقتصـــــادية ا تحســـــ ـــا إدارة املـــوارد ـــ قامـــت اتيجيات ال ـــم االســـ ـــ أ ـــة، حيـــث ركزنـــا ع صـــيدال لصـــناعة األدو ا من ة اتجاه موارد شر ـم ال مـع صـيدال، كمـا قمنـا بتحليـل أ ـ ن األداء الك أجـل تحسـ مــــع صــــيدال واملتعلقــــة بــــاملوارد ة شــــر ــــة املــــوارد ال ــــا مــــن مدير ــــ تحصــــلنا عل البيانــــات ال ة، كمـــا شـــر انـــب النظـــري ومــــن تـــم االعتمـــادال ـــ ا ـــ املـــن املســــ ـــذه ع نا ــــ دراســـ انب التطبيقي الة ا .دراسة ا ة ت شر اتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد ال وصلت الدراسة ع أنھ يوجد أثر لإلس ـــة ن أداء مجمـــع صـــيدال لصـــناعة األدو ـــ ضـــرورة . تحســـ قـــدمت الدراســـة توصـــية شـــاملة ع ــ رفــع أداء الوحـدات التنظيميــة مــع ـ ع ــ أك ك ، وال ـ ــ تتم ة ال شــر ــ املـوارد ال ـ ع ك ال  اإليميل، أحمد يوسف: سلا املؤلف املر :ahmed12@hotmail.fr-youcef https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.15 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.16 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.16&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 mailto:youcef-ahmed12@hotmail.fr mailto:amin021@windowslive.com mailto:youcef-ahmed12@hotmail.fr اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 120 تمام بتحليل ا تأث مباشر ع األداء الك للمجمع.اال ئة األعمال ألن ل ب ـــــة ــ ـــــات املفتاحيـ ــ لمـ ة، أداء املؤسســــــات االقتصــــــادية، مجمــــــع : ال شــــــر اتجية املــــــوارد ال إســــــ ة صيدال لصناعة األدو يف jel :m5 ،m21تص abstract: this study aimed to identify the relationship of contemporary strategies for human resources management to improving the performance of algerian economic institutions through a case study of the saidal, where we focused on the most important strategies carried out by the human resources management towards its resources in order to improve the overall performance of the saidal, and we also analyzed the most important data that we obtained from the human resources department of saidal. the study concluded that there is an impact of contemporary strategies for human resources management in improving the performance of saidal. the study made a comprehensive recommendation on the need to focus on distinguished human resources, and to focus more on raising the performance of organizational units with interest in analyzing the business environment because it has a direct impact on the overall performance of saidal. keywords: human resource strategy, performance of economic institutions, saidal group for the pharmaceutical industry. jel classification: m5, m21 مقدمة: .1 شــا ره وان ــ تطــو م عة وتحــوالت عميقــة، ســا د العــالم حاليــا تطــورات ســر ر شــ نت ـم مـورد . تكنولوجيا املعلومات واالن ى أن أ ـ ـت العديـد مـن املؤسسـات العامليـة الك أثب ــ تحقيــق ــذا املــورد ــ قــدرة نــت ع ر شــري، و ــو املــورد ال ن ــ الوقــت الــرا ــ اإلطــالق ع ــــ افــــة عوائــــد بقيــــة املــــوارد بنــــاءا ع عظــــيم ــــل، كمــــا يمكنــــھ ــــ ك ر اإلداري واملؤس التطــــو ا، وعليھ فال عمل ألي م ا االستغالل األمثل ل دف إ البقاء والنمو والرفع من أدا ؤسسة جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 121 ــداف يـوي، وتوضــيح األ ــذا املــورد ا سـي ــة مســتقبلية تحـدد معــالم وخطــوات بـدون رؤ يطــــة ئــــة ا اليــــة واملســــتقبلية للب ــــ تحليــــل األوضــــاع ا ــــ إدارة قــــادرة ع ــــة مــــع تج املطلو ـــــذه ارجيـــــة) بحيـــــث تتمثـــــل ة(الداخلية، ا شـــــر ـــــ التخطـــــيط املســـــتمر بـــــاملوارد ال ـــــة الرؤ ــ تنميــة ســ إ ــ عمليــة ديناميكيــة متطــورة، عت ــ املؤسســة ألنــھ ة شــر ر املــوارد ال لتطــو ن مــــن أجــــل ضــــمان ر قــــدرات املــــوظف ــــا وتحقيــــق اســــتقراروتطــــو املؤسســــة والرفــــع مــــن أدا ـداف املؤسسـة نت أن تحقيـق أ ال بر ذا ا ا، والعديد من الدراسات العلمية داف أ ة انطالقــــــا مــــــن عمليــــــة شــــــر ــــــا ال ــــــ موارد يح ــــــ ثمار ال ــــــ االســــــ ــــــ ع ــــــ حــــــد كب عتمــــــد إ ارات العلمية وا ة قادرة ع العطاء تتم بامل شر اكمة، مع استقطاب كفاءات ات امل ون ذا لن ي ل يضمن التم واستمرار العطاء، و ش ة شر ات أداء املوارد ال ر مستو تطو اتيجية سليمة ومدروسـة مـن قبـل اإلدارة العليـا للمؤسسـة تضـمن رفـع مسـتوى إال وفق إس . األداء الك الية 1.1 الية التاليةالبحث: إش ناءا ع ما سبق قمنا بطرح اإلش : و ن أداء ـــــ تحســـــ ة شــــر اتيجيات املعاصـــــرة إلدارة املـــــوارد ال مة اإلســــ مــــا مـــــدى مســـــا ة؟ مجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو ساؤالت الفرعية البحث: أسئلة 2.1 ساؤل الرئ قمنا بطرح مجموعة من ال بناءا ع ال ي: اآل و ا؟ اتيجية حد ذا ة؟ وما املقصود باإلس شر اتيجية املوارد ال وم إس ما مف ة؟ شر اتيجية املعاصرة للموارد ال فيما تتمثل عناصر اإلدارة اإلس ة شر اتيجية املعتمدة من قبل مسؤو مجمع صيدال إلدارة موارد ال ما اإلس ن األداء الك للمجمع. من أجل تحس البحث: رضياتف 3.1 اتيجيات إدارة املـــوارد انطالقـــا مـــن ـــ املســـتقل: إســـ ات الدراســـة (املتغ ـــ عـــاد متغ أ ع: أداء املؤسســـــــات االقتصــــــــادية)، وانطالقــــــــا مـــــــن مجموعــــــــة مــــــــن ــــــــ املتــــــــا ة)، (املتغ شـــــــر ال ا قمنا الدراسات السابقة ساؤال يات الدراسة و اإلجابة ع دف اإلحاطة بجوانب وحي و ياغة الفرضيات اآلتية: بص سة: ن الفرضية الرئ ـ تحسـ ة شـر اتيجيات املعاصـرة إلدارة املـوارد ال يوجـد تـأث لإلسـ اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 122 ة. مع صيدال لصناعة األدو األداء العام : ــ ـ ـــ الفرضـــية الفرعيـــة األو ة شــر اتيجيات املعاصـــرة إلدارة املــوارد ال يوجــد تــأث لإلســ ة. ة بمجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو شر ن أداء املوارد ال تحس ــ الفرضــية الفرعيــة الثانيــة: ة شـر اتيجيات املعاصـرة إلدارة املــوارد ال يوجـد تــأث لإلسـ ة ن أداء الوحدات التنظيمية بمجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو .تحس ــ الفرضــية الفرعيــة الثالثــة: ة شـر اتيجيات املعاصــرة إلدارة املـوارد ال يوجـد تـأث لإلسـ ئـــة االجتماعيـــة واالقتصـــادية ـــ إطـــار الب ـــة ن أداء مجمـــع صـــيدال لصـــناعة األدو تحســـ والثقافية. داف الدراسة: 1-4 ـداف أ ـ تحقيـق جملـة مـن األ ـذه الدراسـة إ س مـن خـالل ي: اآل و ات ة بمجمع صيدال لصناعة التعرف ع واقع اإلس شر يجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد ال ن األداء الك للمجمع. ا تحس م ة ومدى مسا األدو اتيجيات املعاصـــرة إلدارة املـــوارد ـــ تطبيـــق االســـ ـــ تـــؤثر ع ـــم العوامـــل ال ـــ أ التعـــرف ع ســــــ ـــــ لــــــول ال ـــــ ا ـــــة، مــــــع التوصــــــل إ ة بمجمــــــع صـــــيدال لصــــــناعة األدو شـــــر ــــــ ال م ذه العوامل. التخفيف من اآلثار السلبية ل ــ األداء ــم العوامــل املــؤثرة ع ــة، وأ ــ واقــع أداء مجمــع صــيدال لصــناعة األدو التعــرف ع مع. با ــــا ــــ لعل ــــة وال ن بمجمــــع صــــيدال لصــــناعة األدو تقــــديم مجموعــــة مــــن التوصــــيات للمعنيــــ اتيجيات املطبقـة بـإدا ن اإلسـ ر وتحسـ ـ تطـو م ـ س ا م ة، ومسـا شـر رة املـوارد ال مع. ن األداء الك با تحس ـــــة 1.5 ميـ ـــــة: أ ميــــة الدراســــة مــــن الـــــدور الــــذي أصــــبحت تلعبــــھ إدارة املـــــوارد الدراسـ ي أ تـــــأ ـــ ة تنافســـية مقارنــة باملؤسســات الناشــطة ــ ـــداف املؤسســة وخلــق م ــ تحقيــق أ ة شــر ال مية الدراسة كذلك بع أ ال، كما ت تم بھ نفس ا مية ناول موضوع غاية األ ا ست و ــ غــض النظــر ع ــ تحقيــق النمــو والبقــاء والتطــور ســ إ ــ ى ال ــ املؤسســات العامليــة الك ن الـدور يـ ـذه الدراسـة أيضـا لت ـة صـناعية)، و جـاءت ا(خدميـة، تجار ـ تزاول شـطة ال األ اتيجيات املعاصــــــرة إلدارة املــــــوارد ن أداء املؤسســــــات الــــــذي تلعبــــــھ اإلســــــ ــــــ تحســــــ ة شــــــر ال جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 123 ــ أوج النمــو والتطــور ــ شــركة عت ــا ــة، أل ــ حالــة مجمــع صــيدال لصــناعة األدو متطرقــة إ زائر وال فرضت ع إدارة ثمرة ا ات العاملية املس ة من قبل الشر د منافسة كب ش و ــا ــا ملوارد ــ إدار اتيجيات جديــدة ومعاصــرة ــاج إســ مــع ان ــ ا م ســا ة بحيــث شــر ال ان املنافسة. صص السوقية وكسب ر مع والرفع من ا ن أداء ا تحس اتيجيات .2 ة: اإلس شــر اتيجيات املعاصـرة املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد ال قبـل التطـرق لإلسـ ـــم اتيجية العامـــة للمؤسســـة وأ ـــوم اإلســـ ـــ مف تطرق إ ة ســـ شـــر العناصـــر إلدارة املـــوارد ال ا. ونة ل امل وم 1.2 اتيجية العامة للمؤسس مف : ةاإلس عيـدة املـدى ا ـداف ن عدة مسارات بديلـة، لتحقيـق أ مسار تتخذه املنظمة من ب ــــا عمليــــة اتخــــاذ ــــ أ عــــرف ع م، كمــــا ــــ مصــــا ــــم أو تــــؤثر ع ــــ ضــــوء مــــن تتعامــــل مع ع ـــ األ ـــا حي ـــ تتعلـــق بنمـــو املنظمـــة ور ئـــة القـــرارات ال ـــل وتحقيـــق التكيـــف مـــع الب جـــل الطو يطة ـ املسـتقبل مـن )46، ص2014(محمود السيد وآخرون، ا ـ وصـف صـورة ع ، كمـا ـ مجموعـة القواعـد املتبعـة عت داف واسـتغالل املـوارد، كمـا خالل تحديد طرق تحقيق األ شاط املؤسسة اصة باختيار مجاالت .)46،ص2018(سعيد الشيخ، التخاذ القرارات ا ة: 2.2 شر اتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد ال وم اإلس مف ن املـــوارد ــ تحقـــق التكيــف بـــ ة ال شـــر ــ عمليـــة اتخــاذ القـــرارات املتعلقــة بـــاملوارد ال ا ـــــــداف اتيجيات املنظمـــــــة وتحقيـــــــق أ يطـــــــة، وتـــــــدعيم إســـــــ ئـــــــة ا ة والظـــــــروف الب شـــــــر ال اتيجية، كمــا تخ ة، اإلسـ شــر ة تمامــا عـن تخطــيط املــوارد ال شــر اتيجية املــوارد ال تلــف إسـ ز ة، من تقدير الفائض أو ال شر فاألخ يركز ع الوظائف التنفيذية إدارة املوارد ال ــــذا الفـــــائض أو ــــ ضـــــوء ة شـــــر ــــ العمالـــــة، وتحديــــد احتياجـــــات املؤسســــة مـــــن املــــوارد ال اتيجي ـــــــز...أي أنــــــــھ جـــــــزء مــــــــن إســــــــ ــــــــذه ال ة، ووظيفــــــــة إجرائيـــــــة تــــــــدعم شــــــــر ة املـــــــوارد ال اتيجية اتيجية )46،ص2014(محمود السيد، اإلس عـد مـدخال لصـنع القـرارات اإلسـ .كما ـــــ ظـــــل اإلدارة ات التنظيميـــــة، بحيــــث يـــــتم التوجيــــھ افـــــة املســــتو ــــ ن ع اصــــة بالعـــــامل ا ع ذ ا التنافسية، كما اتيجيا اتيجية للمؤسسة واس سي عن االتجاه العام اإلس لك ال ا ة وكفاءا شـــر ـــا ال اتيجية مـــن خـــالل موارد ا اإلســـ ـــداف (محمـــد ســـيد للمؤسســـة لبلـــوغ أ . )46، ص2000مصطفى، اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 124 ــــر اإلدارة 2.3 ــ ــ ــ ــ اتيجيةعناصـ ــــ ــ ــ ــ ــ ة: اإلسـ ــــر ــ ــ ــ ــ شـ ــــوارد ال ــ ــ ــ ــ ــــــــــ عناصــــــــــر اإلدارة للمـ تطرق إ ســــــــــ اتيجية وفق ما عاد املتغ املستقلاإلس الدراسة ووفق ماء جاء العديد من تنص عليھ أ ي: ا اآل الدراسات وال سنو ة: -أ شــــر اتيجية االســــتقطاب للمــــوارد ال ن إســــ ـــ شـــاف مر ـــ أنـــھ عمليـــة اك عـــرف ع اليـــــــــــة أو املتوق ن للوظـــــــــــائف الشـــــــــــاغرة ا ـــــــــــ املنظمةمحتملـــــــــــ (محمـــــــــــد ســـــــــــعيد أنـــــــــــور عـــــــــــة ــــم املنظمــــة، الظــــروف )117، ص2003ســــلطان، ، أمــــا عــــن العوامــــل املــــؤثرة فيــــھ فنجــــد: ـ مجـال اسـتقطاب القـوى العاملـة ومـدى ة السـابقة للمنظمـة سوق العمل، ا يطة ا ن، ظـروف العمــل ــا مـن العــامل ـ احتياجا صــول ع ـذب وا ــ ا ــا املاضـية ود فعاليـة ج ـ التـا ع ـ دوران العمـل و ـا املنظمـة و تـؤثر بـال شـك ع ـ توفر تلفـة ال واألجور واملزايـا ا ــ املســتقبل، اتجــاه املؤسســة نحــو النمــو أو االنكمــاش حســب طبيعــة اجــة لالســتقطاب ا . )118،ص2003(محمد سعيد أنور سلطان، الوظائف املعروضة وسمعة املنظمة ن: -ب اتجية االختيار والتعي ـا عبـارة عـن (عمليـة إس ون عمليـة االختيـار بأ ـ عـرف الكث ن والــــذين تــــم اختيـــــار ل ــــداف املنظمـــــة مــــن األفــــراد املــــؤ ناســــب وأ ــــ ت الت ال تحديــــد املــــؤ ــــ املنظمــــة) الت األفــــراد طبقــــا للتوصــــيف املتبــــع م للتوظيــــف، وتحديــــد مــــؤ (ســــنان طلبــــا اتيجية االختيــــار )109، ص2004املوســــوي، ــــ تتعلــــق بإســــ ــــم النقــــاط ال مكننــــا شــــرح أ . و ي: دول اآل ن وفق ا والتعي ة باملؤسسة. :)01( جدول رقم شر ن للموارد ال اتيجية االختيار والتعي يمثل إس اتيجية إس ن االختيار والتعي اتيجية ام املدرجة اإلس م امل أ ائد االختيار فو يح للعمال ال مــــا مــــن عوامــــل رضــــا العامــــل عــــن العمــــل وقناعتــــھ بــــھ ورفــــع روحــــھ ل عــــامال م شـــ التا يندفع تأدية أعمالھ بحماس وشعوره باملسؤولية. ة و املعنو ن نوعيتھ وانخفــاض مســتوى التلــف ادة اإلنتاج وتحس م إتقان العمل وز سا ومعــــــدل دوران العمــــــل والغيــــــاب والتعــــــرض لإلصــــــابات واســــــتخدام عناصــــــر اإلنتــــــاج بكفاءة. مسؤولية اختيار ن العامل ن ضـــــمن صـــــالحيات إدارة املـــــوارد اتجية االختيـــــار والتعيـــــ تقـــــع مســـــؤولية وضـــــع إســـــ ــ تقــوم ة ال شــر ــ عمليــة ال عت شــورة، ــدف املنظمــة امل ناســب وأ بوضــع سياســة ت ة ألن شــــر ــــ تواجــــھ إدارة املــــوارد ال اختيــــار أفــــراد جيــــدين مــــن أصــــعب العمليــــات ال ــب وكفــاءات ــا تتطلــب أن تتطــابق األعمال(الوظــائف الشــاغرة )مــع موا العمليــة ذا جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 125 ا تتطلـــــب دراســـــة اتيجية بـــــذا ـــــذه اإلســـــ ا، و ن ألشـــــغال وكفـــــاءة مـــــن قبـــــل املتقـــــدم ــــــ ــــــ عمليــــــة التطــــــابق يــــــؤدي إ ة ألن أي خلــــــل يحــــــدث شــــــر مســـــؤو إدارة املــــــوارد ال ا. شغل تھ مع الوظيفة ال التھ وخ ناسب مؤ اختيار فرد ال ت البيانات واملعلومات ا ال تتطل اتيجية اختيار إس ن ن العامل عي و ـــــل عمـــــل مواصـــــفات أساســـــية ورئمواصــــفات العمــــل: ســـــة ومـــــن الضـــــروري أن ل ن ــون ملمــ ــون املشــرفون واإلدار ــا تامــا وكــذلك ي ة ملمــة شــر ــون إدارة املــوارد ال ت م من القيام باإلشراف بصورة مباشرة. غية تمك ذه املواصفات ن: ن املتقــدم اب الكفـــاءة إلشـــغال الوظـــائف درجــة االختيــار بــ ـــ ــ أ ك ع بـــال الشاغرة. ــ ن إلشــــغال الوظــــائف: معلومــــات تتعلــــق باملتقــ ـــــم املعلومـــــات الواجـــــب دم مـــــن أ ــ القيــام بالعمــل بصــورة جيــدة وكــذلك تــھ ع ان و إم ا حول املتقدم للعمل معرف ـــ معرفـــة كفـــاءة وتحصـــيل انياتــھ املســـتقبلية وطموحاتـــھ كـــذلك ترغـــب املنظمــة إم خ أول عمــل قــام بــھ واملراكــز ا تھ العملية وسلوكھ العــام وتــار ا املتقدم وخ ــ شــغل ل ا من املعلومات. وغ املتقدم إلشـغال الوظيفـة: مة بالعمل و تحتــاج إدارة معلومات ذات عالقات م ة إ معلومات تتعلق بالوظــائف الشــاغرة، إن طبيعــة ونــوع املعلومــات شر املوارد ال ـــــ مســـــتوى إداري عـــــا مـــــة وع انـــــت الوظيفـــــة م لمـــــا ـــــ نـــــوع الوظيفـــــة ف عتمـــــد ع ــ نفــس أصــبح مــن الضــر ــ حــول املتقــدم للعمــل، و ــ معلومــات أك صــول ع وري ا ـــــد املتقــــــدم بمعلومـــــات تتعلــــــق بالعمــــــل ة تزو شــــــر ـــــ إدارة املــــــوارد ال الوقـــــت فــــــإن ع ا املتقدم. نواح أخرى يطل املنظمة و نفسھ و اتيجية خطوات إس ن االختيار والتعي طــــوة اســـتقبال طــــال العمــــل: ــــذه ا م تتضــــمن اســــتقبال األفــــراد الــــذين لــــد امــل فــي مت عر ة وضع برنــامج شر الرغبة للعمل املنظمة، وتتو إدارة املوارد ال ن الـــــذين ســـــوف يقومـــــون م باملنظمـــــة يتضـــــمن تحديـــــد العـــــامل ف عـــــر م و الســـــتقبال حـــاب بطـــال الوظـــائف الشـــاغرة وتحديـــد مـــة االســـتقبال وال مـــة االســـتقبال بم بم ا.شعب وأقسام ار املنظمة ال سوف يقومون بز ــــــــ العمــــــــل باملنظمــــــــة املقابلـــــــة املبدئيــــــــة: ن ة الــــــــراغب شــــــــر تتــــــــو إدارة املــــــــوارد ال ـــون مـــن بعاد األفـــراد الـــذين ي ـــو اســـ ـــذه املقابلـــة م مبـــدئيا والغـــرض مـــن بمقـــابل م فرصـــــــة للفـــــــوز بالوظيفـــــــة نظـــــــرا لعـــــــدم تـــــــوافر الشـــــــروط س لـــــــد ـــــــ أنـــــــھ لـــــــ الوا ذه الوظائف ممــا يحقــق ذلــك شغل م وال يجب أن تتوفر من س األساسية ف اليف. د والت ا الوقت وا توف ن: ة مراحل طلب التعي شــر ن نموذج يصمم من قبل إدارة املــوارد ال طلب التعي اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 126 ــ معلومــات حتوي عــادة ع ملؤه األفراد الذين يجتازون مرحلة املقابلة املبدئية و و ا.شامل ون ل ون للوظائف الشاغرة ومن ال يص ن من يص ساعد التم ب ة ــ املنظمــة وفــق املراحــل الــثالث االختيارات: ن للعمــل عد اجتياز األفراد املتقــدم ـــــ املنظمـــــة أن تجـــــري االختيـــــارات املناســـــبة ـــــ ع ب ن ي مـــــن عمليـــــة االختيـــــار والتعيـــــ م ـــ يجـــب لغــرض الكشـــف عـــن مــواطن القـــوة والضـــعف لـــد وقيــاس املواصـــفات ال ن نـــــاك اتفـــــاق بـــــ ـــــ العمـــــل مســــتقبال و م ـــــا عالقــــة بنجـــــاح ـــــ ل ـــــا وال أن يتمتعــــوا ة. شر ن إدارة املوارد ال املتخصص .117-109ص، 2004، سنان املوسوي ن باالعتماد عمن تصميم الباحثاملصدر: ر: -ت ــــو ب والتطـ اتيجية التـــــدر ــــ عمــــل مــــن خــــالل إسـ ب والتنميــــة اتيجية التــــدر إن إســــ يــة تكســـب ب وتنميــة عامــة داخــل املنظمـــة، مــن خــالل تــوف بــرامج تدر ــ تــدر ا ع مضــمو ل ش ات أو املنظمات ة الشر شر ا املوارد ال ستعمل ارات ال وتطور نوعا معينا من امل ــــارات اســـت ــــارات عـــام مثـــل: م ـــذه امل ـــ أعمـــال املنظمــــة أو الشـــركة... ف ــــ اســـب اآل خدام ا ــــذه ــــم ل ــــا يحســــن أدا ة ل شــــر ســــاب املــــوارد ال ة مــــن الوظــــائف، فاك ــــ ســــبة كب ســــتعمل ب ا ع ب والتنمية من خالل مضمو اتيجية التدر عمل أيضا إس الوظائف من دون شك. و يــــة ب وتنميــــة خاصــــة، مــــن خــــالل بــــرامج تدر خاصــــة ومحــــددة لفئــــة معينــــة مــــن املــــوارد تــــدر ــــــا ــــــادة معــــــدالت إنتاجيا ــــــا وز غــــــرض رفــــــع كفاء ة شــــــر ، ال ــــــ ، بــــــدون 2013(محمــــــود ع .صفحة) ة: -ث شر اتي للموارد ال ة التخطيط االس شر عرف ع أنھ تنظيم وتوجيھ املوارد ال ل متناســــــق شـــــ ـــــ العمليــــــة اإلنتاجيـــــة وفعـــــال، بموجـــــب برمجــــــة واملســـــتخدمات الداخليـــــة ـاليف ـود والت أقـل ا دف للوصول إ أفضل النتـائج و املة ومحددة مسبقا ن مت (معـ ن الســـــيد، ـــــ مجموعـــــة مـــــن )67، ص2010أمـــــ ة شـــــر اتيجية املـــــوارد ال . وتتمثـــــل بنـــــاء إســـــ ي: اآل طوات و )67-66، ص 2011(موفق محمود الضمور، ا ة: شر ة املوارد ال ة بناء رؤ جب أن تتم إجارة الرؤ شطة املنظمات، و ة لأل توفر الرؤ ة. ق عمل يطرح مجموعة من األسئلة حول صياغة الرؤ من خالل فر ئـــة التنظيميـــة: ــ الب ـ ـــ م ســـاعدنا ع ـــا، م ئــة وتقو ـــ الب ات ـــ تحليــل املؤشـــرات واملتغ اتيجية ومعرفة الفرص امل دد تطبيق اإلس فيدة للشركة.معرفة العوامل ال دارة واملوارد: ـدارة الداخليـة للكشـف عـن نقـاط الضـعف مراجعة ا مراجعـة حـاالت ا جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 127 االت األخرى. ارات ال تحتاج إ ترقية، ومراجعة املوارد املادية وا والتعرف ع امل اتيجية األخــرى: ــ خطــط العمــل اإلســ ة مــع اإلطــالع ع شـر اتيجية املـوارد ال امــل إسـ ت ــــــ مجــــــاالت النجــــــاح، مثــــــل ــــــ ع ك اتيجية األخــــــرى مــــــن خــــــالل ال خطــــــط العمــــــل اإلســــــ ب واملتطلبات األخرى. ن والتدر االستقطاب والتعي ــــداف: ـــون املـــوارد مناســـبة والفجـــوات معرفـــة يصـــبتحديــــد األ ل أن عـــد أن ت ح مـــن الســـ دف. ل ب، ومعرفة اإلطار الزم ل د أن يذ عرف أين يقف املرء و أين ير ة: -ج ـــــر شـ ــــوارد ال ـــــيم األداء للمـ اتيجية تقيـ ــــ ســــتخدم إسـ ــــة ــــا أداة إدار ــــ أ عــــرف ع و )، خالل مدة سابقة محددة لتقييم دور ود وسلوك املوظف الوظيفي( ك ونو لتقدير ج ـــــ تحق ــــــذه املوظـــــف ـــــ ل ـــــدف األسا رتكـــــز ال ة التقييم،و ـــــ ـــــداف املنظمـــــة خـــــالل ف يـــــق أ ن وصـــوال لتحقيــــق ن حاجـــات املنظمـــة وحاجـــات املـــوظف ـــ تحقيـــق التـــوازن بـــ اتيجية اإلســـ ا اصة ة والرسالة ا ثقت عن الرؤ داف املنظمة ال ان ، أ ، 2007(محمد جمال الكفا ).223ص ـــــــم حقـــــــوق ة، كف شـــــــر امـــــــة جـــــــدا إلدارة املـــــــوارد ال إن تقيـــــــيم األداء يقـــــــدم جوانـــــــب ن كيفيـــــــــــــة تطبيـــــــــــــق أنظمـــــــــــــة تقيـــــــــــــيم األداء وكيفيـــــــــــــة املوظـــــــــــــف، كيفيـــــــــــــة إدارة أداء املـــــــــــــوظف ة ــــــــــ اتيجية قــــــــــانون ال ــــــــــذه اإلســــــــــ عــــــــــرض اســــــــــتكمال وتقيــــــــــيم ســــــــــلوك املوظــــــــــف. كمــــــــــا ــــــــــــ ي ية ال ـــــــــــ تمامــــــــــــات ال ــــــــــــان العمــــــــــــل واال ــــــــــــ م ــــــــــــ عمــــــــــــل والســـــــــــالمة مكــــــــــــن أن تــــــــــــؤثر اتيجية مــــــــــن خــــــــــالل عــــــــــرض ــــــــــان العمــــــــــل. تبــــــــــدأ اإلســــــــــ ــــــــــاطر املرتبطــــــــــة بم ن، وا املــــــــــوظف ـــــــــذه ـــــــــ والعمليـــــــــات املســـــــــتخدمة للتعامـــــــــل مـــــــــع ل األداء التنظي ســـــــــية ملشـــــــــا األمثلـــــــــة الرئ ـــــــــ ـــــــــ كيفيـــــــــة التحقيـــــــــق ســـــــــاب املعرفـــــــــة ن. ومنـــــــــھ يـــــــــتم اك ل املـــــــــوظف األنـــــــــواع مـــــــــن مشـــــــــا يــــــــــــــــار اضــــــــــــــــات قضــــــــــــــــايا األداء وا ن واالع ل املــــــــــــــــوظف ات املتاحــــــــــــــــة للتعامــــــــــــــــل مــــــــــــــــع مشــــــــــــــــا مايــــــــــــــة الوظيفــــــــــــــة، ـــــــــــــف فيمــــــــــــــا يتعلــــــــــــــق با يــــــــــــــة. ثــــــــــــــم تــــــــــــــتم مناقشــــــــــــــة حقــــــــــــــوق املوظـ التأدي ماعيــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــة .خصوصــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــية املوظــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــف، االتحــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــاد وعمليــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــة املفاوضــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــات ا )http://ivorytraining.com/ar/node/554 ، 01-11-2018(. : االقتصادية املؤسسات . أداء 3 ـــــــا فاملدرســـــــة ـــــــ تناول ـــــــات ال ـــــــ األداء بـــــــاختالف املـــــــدارس والنظر اختلفـــــــت النظـــــــرة إ ــــدد مســــبقا، ومدرســــة ــــ األداء ا ــــة والنمطيــــة وقراطيــــة تــــرى األداء مــــن خــــالل املعيار الب اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 128 ـــــ األداء مـــــن خـــــالل تنمـــــيط األداء الفـــــردي وتخصـــــيص املناقشـــــات اإلدارة العلميـــــة نظـــــرت إ ن األداء ورفــــع اإلن ركــــة، أمــــا مدرســــة العالقــــات لتحســــ تاجيــــة مــــن خــــالل دراســــة الوقــــت وا ـ األداء سانية وظروف العمـل ع سانية فركزت ع دراسة أثر العوامل االجتماعية واإل اإل نـــاق، م ا ـــرى آخــــرون أنـــھ ينحـــدر مباشـــرة)35، ص 2005(ســـناء عبـــد الكـــر عـــن عنصــــر .و عطــــي ــــل عامــــل التــــا ف ناســــب مــــع قدراتــــھ ومــــع طبيعــــة عملــــ ألداء الــــذياالعمــــل، و ھ.ي (chevalier et autre,1993,p 33) االقتصادية: املؤسسات تقييم أداء 1.3 ـــ جميـــع ا املؤسســـة وع ـــ تمارســـ امـــة ال ـــ عمليـــة تقيـــيم األداء مـــن العمليـــات ال عت ا مــــن ات بــــدءً ــــ خطــــوط املســـتو ـــ أقــــل املراكــــز الوظيفيـــة و ن ــــاءً بالعــــامل اإلدارة العليـــا وان يجــــة مراقبـــــة أداء شــــاط ن ـــــة و ــــ وســـــيلة تــــدفع باملؤسســــات للعمــــل بحيو اإلنتــــاج الــــدنيا ف ـروا شـاط وكفـاءة ليظ ن للعمـل ب م وتـدفع املرؤوسـ ل مستمر مـن قبـل رؤسـا ش ن العامل ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــر ن بمظ ن العــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــامل أحمــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــد الســــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــيد ( مرؤســــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــا أمــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــام املنتجــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ .)http://kenanaonline.com/users/ahmedkordy/posts/124105 ، 2018الكردي، ي: اآل ـــ يــــة ولتقيـــيم أداء املؤسســــة البـــد مــــن مجموعــــة مـــن األســــس و (املنظمــــة العر ة، ).125، ص2009للتنمية اإلدار ــداف املؤسســة: ــ أوال تحديــد أ ب ـا، لــذلك ي ــ تحقيق سـ إ ــداف ــل مؤسسـة أ ل داف حسب ذه األ ب ا، كما يجب ترت ا والتحقق من واقعي داف ودراس تحديد األ ـــذه شـــاط ـــالت و أوجـــھ ـــ أســـاس عـــدد مـــن ا ـــداف املؤسســـة ع ـــا، وتتحـــدد أ مي أ الوحدات. ــــداف: ــــق األ ــــيلية لتحقيـ طـــــط التفصـ ـــذا األســــاوضــــع ا ـــ ضــــرورة وضــــع يتمثــــل س شاط. ل مجال من مجاالت ال خطط تفصيلية ل تتطلـب عمليـة تقيـيم األداء ضـرورة تحديـد مراكـز املسـؤولية تحديد مراكز املســؤولية: ـذا اتخـاذ ن، ول شـاط معـ تصـة بـأداء تلفة وال تتمثل الوحدات التنظيمية ا ا ــــ حــــدود املــــ شــــاط و ــــذا ال نفيــــذ وارد اإلنتاجيــــة املوضــــوعة تحــــت القــــرارات الكفيلــــة ب ل مراكز املسؤولية.. ا وتتطلب عملية تقييم األداء إيضاح اختصاصات تصرف شـــاط: ا يــتم تقيــيم أداء تحديـــد معـــاي أداء لل ــ أساســ ــ ع ــ خطــوة التحديــد ال عت http://kenanaonline.com/users/ahmedkordy/posts/124105 جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 129 وانـب ـم ا ـا مـن أ ـ مسـتوى مراكـز املسـؤولية ف ا أو تقيـيم األداء ع املؤسسة، بأكمل التــا تتعـــدد املعــاي واملؤشــرات املتاحـــة لــذا يجـــب انتقــاء املعـــاي ــ عمليــة التقيـــيم، و واملؤشرات املناسبة ملستوى األداء. : ـــ عــة وحصـــر البيانـــات املتعلقـــة بــاألداء الفع ممــا الشــك تصــميم نظـــام معلومـــات ملتا سياب املعلومات فيھ أن نجاح أي عمل يتطلب ضرورة توفر نظام معلومات بھ، يؤدي ا ـ عمـل ع والبيانات، ولنجاح عملية تقيـيم األداء يتطلـب األمـر وجـود نظـام للمعلومـات ا كمـــــدخالت ـــــ يمكـــــن اســـــتخدام ـــــ ح تـــــائج التنفيـــــذ الفع تجميـــــع البيانـــــات املتعلقـــــة ب دارة ــ النتــائج املتعلقــة بتقيــيم أعمــال املؤسســة و للدراســة والتحليــل لغــرض الوصــول إ اص بذ ر ا .لكالتقر ـــــائص 3-2 ــ ــ ــ : خصـ ـــــا ــ ــ ــ ـــــات ذات األداء العـ ــ ــ ــ ك املؤسســـــــــات ذات األداء العـــــــــا املؤسسـ شـــــــــ ل قاعــــــــدة للمحافظــــــــة شــــــــ التــــــــا ــــــــا و ــــــــ تــــــــرتبط فيمـــــــا بي صــــــــائص ال بمجموعـــــــة مــــــــن ا ات أ صائص نذكر:ع مستو ذه ا )duran.2008.p8-13( داء عالية ومن ن: ـ اتخــاذ مشــاركة العــامل ن ميــة إشـراك العـامل ـ أ تتفــق مؤسسـات األداء العـا ع ة ات اإلدار ل املستو ض عملية صنع القرار ول القرارات املتعلقة بالعمل من خالل تفو : ون عملية املشاركة اتخاذ القرار عدة طرق و وت  كة .مشاركة معتدلة أو إدارة مش  (منح السلطة) ل ن. مشاركة عالية أو تخو للعامل ــ نجــاح املؤسســات وارتفــاع املباشـــرة:-فـــرق العمـــل الذاتيـــة لفــرق العمــل دور مباشــر ا من خالل: ات أدا مستو  منح فرق العمل سلطة اتخاذ القرارات املتعلقة بتخطيط العمل وتقييمھ؛  س باإلدارة الذاتية؛ يع القيادة الذاتية لفرق العمل أو ما  ن م املباشـر ن ورؤسـا ن العامل ة وال تحدث ب صية والسر املناقشة ال ق كجزء من العمل اليومي. ستدعم روح الفر  :املة املت اإلنتاج باستخدام تكنولوجيا العا األداء مؤسسات تتمتع خالل من دمة، التكنولوجيا وا املرن) يع (التص يع التص املرونة ع ك ال من ف ذلك مداخل أو ذلك مفاتيح أما املعلومات وتكنولوجيا العمل وتصميم اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 130 استخدام: دد خالل ا الوقت ,jit (david w favorأنظمة 2018), www.wisebusinessleaderblog.com  ة يع متغ .وحدات تص  .أنظمة التخطيط والسيطرة ع اإلنتاج باستخدام الكمبيوتر : صائص األساسية ال التعلم املنظ ة من ا ر و عد التعلم املنظ والقدرات ا ـا ـد مــن تتمتـع ــا تز ـوض باملؤسســة كمـا أ ـ ال ـا مــن دور مؤسســات األداء العـا ملــا ل ا اتخاذ اإلجراءات قدرة املؤسسة ع جمع وتحليل وتركيب املعلومات واالستفادة م ات املستقبلية باق التغ ة من أجل اس )porter.tom and all.1995.no page( الضرور ــ ات عــدما تطرقنــا إ ــ ــة متغ انــب النظــري مــن الدراســة والــذي حاولنــا فيــھ معا ا انب ا سوف نتطرق العناصر اآلتية إ ا الدراسة (دوران العمل، أداء املؤسسات)، نظر ـ دراســة حالـة مجمـع صـيدال لصــناعة التطبيقـي مـن الدراسـة والـذي ســلطنا فيـھ الضـوء ع ــة والـــذي ســنحاول فيـــھ معرفــة واقـــع دوران مـــع األدو ـــ أداء ا اســھ ع ع مع وا العمــل بـــا ي. ذا وفقا لآل ل و ك اإلطار التطبيقي للدراسة: . 4 ــــا مجمــــع ــــ قــــام ــــم األعمــــال ال ــــ أ انــــب مــــن الدراســــة إ ــــذا ا ــــ ســـوف نتطــــرق ـــ مجــــال تطبيقـــھ ــــة ة لصـــيدال لصـــناعة األدو شــــر اتجيات املعاصــــرة إلدارة املـــوارد ال إلســـ م ن ومدى مسا مع مقارنة باملنافس ن أداء ا ي.ا تحس ذا وفق لآل و ة): 1.4 تقديم مختصر للمؤسسة محل الدراسة( مجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو ـ ات الصـناعة الصـيدالنية ة. و إحدى أك الشر ة عمومية جزائر شركة أدو زائر تأسست عام قيا واألك ا يك للمؤسسـات العموميـة 1982إفر عد اإلصالح ال ، م إلنتــــــاج املنتجــــــات االقتصــــــادية، أصــــــبحت مؤسســــــة صــــــيدال عبــــــارة عــــــن شــــــركة ذات أســــــ خ تار ا باملؤسسـة العموميـة االقتصـادية، شـركة 1998فيفري 2الصيدالنية، و سـمي ، تـم ل التوثيــــق رقــــم ــــ مــــع الصــــنا صــــيدال ( م ا ل n085/97°ذات أســــ ــــ لة بال ــــ )، م نمـا يقـع املقـرb0002 82التجاري لوالية املدية تحت رقم ي ، ب ق الـوال ـا بـالطر االجتمـا ل دي رقم:11رقم: زائر العاصمة.، الدار البيضاء، بوالية 141، صندوق بر ا اقع 2.4 ة: و ة بمجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو شر اتيجيات إدارة املوارد ال إس http://www.wisebusinessleaderblog.com/ جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 131 ائز األساسية لرفع كفاءة املؤسسة م الر ا، عت املوظفون من أ داف وتحقيق أ ـا وم ة بمف شـر ـوري الـذي تقـوم بـھ إدارة املـوارد ال مية الدور ا ر أ ذا املنطلق تظ ومن ــــــــداف وطموحــــــــات املوظــــــــف ــــــــة، لتحقيــــــــق أ اتي بمجمــــــــع صــــــــيدال لصــــــــناعة األدو االســــــــ ـذا األسـاس يمكننـا تقـديم ـ ـل، وع اتيجية للمجمع ك داف اإلس صية وتحقيق األ ال م االس ة ع النحو أ شر ا ال ا ملوارد ا شركة صيدال مجال إدار اتجيات ال قامت ي: اآل اتجية ــــ ــــة: إسـ ـ ــــناعة األدو ــــيدال لصـ ــــع صـ ة بمجمـ ــــر شـ ــــوارد ال ــــتقطاب املـ تقــــوم إدارة اسـ قيـة ـ املصـادر الداخليـة مـن خـالل ال ا ع مجمع صيدال باستقطاب اليد العاملة باعتماد عتمـــــ الــــة الوطنيـــــة والنقــــل، كمــــا ارجيــــة مـــــن خــــالل االتصـــــال بالو ـــــ املصــــادر ا د أيضــــا ع شغيل ( ا من اليد anemلل مع لتوف احتياجا ل والية لفروع ا ) املتواجدة ع مستوى ـــ اإلعـــالن عـــن أ اإلدارة إ ـــا فســـت الـــة مـــن تلبيـــة احتياجا ـــذه الو العاملـــة، وان لـــم تـــتمكن ـ مسـتوى مـع صـيدال . ووفـق اإلعـالن تقـوم التوظيـف ع عـة ت التا ـ رائـد ومواقـع األن ا ة و املســــتوى ــــ ــــ ا مــــع بوضــــع جملــــة مــــن متطلبــــات شــــاغل الوظيفــــة واملتمثلــــة إدارة ا ـ ــ عمليــة التعلي فــزة،إال أن العيـب قيــة واألجـور ا ـ ال كمــا تقـوم بوضــع حـوافز تتمثــل ـــ ة ع ـــ ســـبة كب ـــا فـــرع صـــيدال مثـــل االســـتقطاب تركـــز ب ـــ يتمركـــز ـــ الواليـــة ال ن املقيمـــ ن مــن ــذا اإلطــار نجــد نــوع ــ ــاورة فقــط. و املديــة يــتم االســتقطاب مــن املديــة والواليــات ا ما: ة، صيدال، التوظيف و شر ة املوارد ال ).2017(مدير  ـــ الوظـــائف وكـــذلك التوظيــــف الــــداخ ر ع : والـــذي يـــتم مـــن خـــالل عمليـــة التـــدو قية والنقل.ال  ــار شـغيل بطلـب مـن :التوظيــف ا الـة الوطنيـة لل ـ الو بحيـث يـتم االعتمـاد ع م مــــن قبــــل الفــــروع م فيــــتم إحصـــا مـــع، أمــــا عــــن عــــدد العمـــال املــــراد اســــتقطا ا ة باالتصـال بــاإلدارة العامـة بالـدار البيضــاء ـ ـذه األخ التـا تــتم عـة للمجمـع و التا ة باإلعالن ع الوظائف الشاغرة ذه األخ . وال تقوم اتيجية ــة: إس ة بمجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو شر مـن أجـل تحديـد تخطيط املوارد ال ـ الوقـت املناسـب، ة زمنية معينة لشغل الوظائف ة خالل ف أعداد وأنواع العمالة املطلو ــا ــا بتحديــد احتياجا ة تقــوم بوضــع خطــة متوســطة األجــل تقــوم ف شــر فــإن إدارة املــوارد ال اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 132 ا، مع العمل من ذه املناصب أو التخ ع عد إقناع اإلدارة بضرورة توف ة شر املوارد ال ن ـو ـق الت ـذا الفـائض عـن طر ـ تقلـيص ع تحديد الفائض من اليـد العاملـة والعمـل ع نيـــــــة ومقـــــــر مـــــــع مـــــــع مراعـــــــاة تطلعـــــــات العمـــــــال امل شـــــــار حســـــــب احتياجـــــــات ا عـــــــادة االن و م.كما تقــوم اإلدار ــ حالــة ســكنا ة، أمــا شــر اصــة بتخطــيط املــوارد ال ــداف ا ة بوضــع األ ـــــــــ حـــــــــاالت ( التقاعـــــــــد االســـــــــتقالة، ـــــــــا إال العكـــــــــس فـــــــــال تقـــــــــوم بـــــــــالتخطيط لرفـــــــــع احتياجا ز ة الفائض أو ال عاد تتعدى معا ة مجمع صيدال أ شر الوفاة).ولتخطيط املوارد ال نا مــع مــدير املـــو مـــع صــيدال فــرع املديـــة أكــد لنـــا ــ اليــد العاملـــة. وأثنــاء حـــدي ة شــر ارد ال التا فالتخطيط ة، و شر وجود توافق وتناسق مع اإلدارة العليا مجال تخطيط املوارد ال مــــــــع صــــــــيدال اتي ــــــــو جــــــــزء مــــــــن التخطــــــــيط االســــــــ ة شــــــــر (مجلــــــــة أخبــــــــار للمــــــــوارد ال .)02، رقم2013صيدال، شــــــ ـــــــا ال مـــــــع بمســـــــاعدة موارد م تقــــــوم إدارة ا م ومســـــــار ـــــــداف ـــــــ تحديـــــــد أ ة ع ر م مع إ غاية خروج م با ن من أول يوم توظيف عة املوظف الوظيفي، وذلك بمرافقة ومتا نيـــة والســـلوكية للعمــــال وتـــوف معلومـــات حــــول يص ومعرفــــة امليـــول امل ـــ ـــذا بال منـــھ، و ـــ ت ـــا ع مــع بمســـاعدة عمال م، كمـــا تقـــوم إدارة ا ـــارا م وم م مســتوى معـــرف ر قـــدرا طـــو يئة وتنمية العناصر و ذا ل قية من منصب آلخر، والغرض من م من خالل ال ارا وم ــ املناســبة لشــغل الوظــائف، ر كفــاءات مســتقبلية، باإلضــافة إ لــة وتطــو خلــق قيــادات مؤ ز القدرات التنافسية للمجمع .)rapport du conseil.2014.p18( عز اتيجية االختيـــار واـــة: إســـ ة بمجمـــع صـــيدال لصـــناعة األدو شـــر ن للمـــوارد ال عــد لتعيـــ ــا الكفـــاءات ة بمـــا ف شــر مـــع مــن املـــوارد ال ـــ الوظــائف الشـــاغرة واحتياجــات ا اإلعــالن ع مة عملية التوظيف، واملتمثلة انتقاء مع لعملية م تقل ا عد عملية االستقطاب ي و م مــع ن الــذين تتوافــق مواصـــف ــ ــذا اإلطـــار أكــد لنــا مـــدير امل ــ متطلبــات الوظيفـــة، و ـــ م الدقـــة والعدالـــة واملوضـــوعية ـــ مـــع صـــيدال فـــرع املديـــة أن اإلدارة تل ة شـــر املـــوارد ال عد ة واملستوى التعلي عملية االختيار، و ن، كما يتم اعتماد معيار ا اختيار امل ن الـــذي ــ نــة تحكـــيم داخليـــة ذلــك يـــتم إجــراء مقابلـــة مـــع امل م وذلـــك مـــع ن تـــم اختيــار ن مـع ـ ـارات امل ة) تقوم بالتأكد من مدى موافقـة م عة للمجمع وتتم با خاصة (تا ا للدراسة ونحن نتجول داخل مجمع ذا ما الحظناه فعال أثناء إجرا مواصفات الوظيفة و ذا اإلطار صيدال فرع املدية، صادفتنا عملية توظيف بفرع املدية وا ن و ر ل دامت ش جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 133 ونــــة مــــن (مــــديرة املــــوارد عمليــــة االنتقــــاء واالختيـــار وامل لفــــة نـــة امل انـــت لنــــا مقابلــــة مــــع ال طـارات أخــرى ة مــن مصـنع املديـة، و شـر ة مـن مصـنع الـدار البيضــاء، مـدير املـوارد ال شـر ال عة للمجمـع)، وأثنـاء تقـديم مجموعـة مـن األسـئلة تـم التأكـد ـ ممـا تطرقنـا إليـھ سـابقا تا و بص ملدة ت فيھ املقابلة بصفة م م ع مستوى الفرع الذي أجر عيي ر 08األخ يتم أش م بصــفة رســمية ــ العمــل و مــن ثــم يــتم إدمــاج ــارات والتعــود ع مــن أجــل كســب مختلــف امل م ام ة، صيدال، ملباشرة مختلف م شر ة املوارد ال .)2017(مدير اتيجــــ ــــة: إسـ ـ ــــناعة األدو ــــيدال لصـ ــــع صـ ة بمجمـ ــــر شـ ــــوارد ال ب املـ ــــة وتـــــدر ــــ ية تنميـ عت ــ اتيجية مجمــع صــيدال، ع ن عنصــرا أساســيا مــن عناصــر إســ ر للمــوظف ن والتطــو ــو الت ــذا ادفــة وفعالــة للعمــال و يــة و يــة وت مــع بوضــع بــرامج تدر ــذا األســاس تقــوم إدارة ا م وتدعيم اتجا ادة معارف م العمل و من أجل ز م وأداء ارا ن م ة وتحس م الفكر ا ما: ب ن من التدر بع القائمون ع مجمع صيدال نوع ذا الصدد ي ب أثنـــاء مزاولــة العمـــل: -أ ــدد أو إدخــال التــدر ن ا ب يخــص املــوظف ــذا النــوع مــن التــدر ات مــــ ، تكنولوجيــــا جديــــدة للمجمــــع ن قبــــل بحيــــث يــــتم مرافقتــــھ وتقــــديم شــــروحات وتفســــ ب ـذا التـدر مـس ديـدة و ـ وظيفتـھ ا ة حول مختلف الوظائف باإلضافة إ اب ا أ ن حــدي التوظيــف بــاألخص، ــذه املــوظف ن بصــون ومــن بــ ســمية م م بحيــث يطلــق علــ بات نذكر: التدر  :يـــة لفائـــدة عمـــال اإلنتـــاج ر نـــوفمدورة تكو ن خـــالل شــ ــو ـــة الت أطلقــت مدير ـــــ إطـــــار 2015 ـــــذا ـــــدخل ـــــب و نــــا تقنيـــــا لفائـــــدة العمـــــال حـــــول عمليــــة التحب و ت ن التقنيـــة، وقـــد تلقـــى ـــو ورة بـــرامج الت عـــامال مـــن مختلـــف مواقـــع 38مواصـــلة ســـ مـع يا مـن طـرف صـيادلة ا نـا تـدر و عة فرق بيداغوجية، ت اإلنتاج وزعوا ع أر ـــــل مـــــن مصـــــنع الـــــدار الب ـــــ مســـــتوى ن ع ـــــو ـــــذا الت ــــان يضـــــاء، مصـــــنع جســـــر و ــــراش ، كمـــا نظمــــت )23، رقـــم 2015(مجلـــة أخبـــار صــــيدال، قســـنطينة، مصـــنع ا ر ر أكتــو ــ شـ ـة اإلنتـاج يــا تقنيـا لصــا عمـال اإلنتــاج، 2015مدير و برنامجـا ت ــــــ 60حيــــــث اســــــتفاد ن ع أفــــــواج مــــــن مواقــــــع إنتــــــاج املديــــــة، الــــــدار 6عــــــامال مــــــوزع ــــ ــــراش مــــن ت ــــ عمليــــات الــــوزنالبيضـــاء، جســــر قســــنطينة وا ن (مجلــــة أخبــــار و .)22، رقم2015صيدال، اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 134  :ــــاءة ــ ــــغل والكفـ ــ ــــق الشـ ــ ــــ منطـ ــ ـ ــــب إ ــ ــــق املنصـ ــ ــــن منطـ ــ ــــيدال مـ ــ مســـــت التحـــــوالت صـ ة شر ي للموارد ال سي العقال ة لل حيث تم التخ ، التنظيمية، األدوات الضرور ــــــام ــــــ منطــــــق منصــــــب العمــــــل ( تحديــــــد امل ــــــان يــــــتم ع عــــــن تحليــــــل العمــــــل، الــــــذي ســب وال أ نــة) والــذي أصــبح اآلن ضــھ بمنطــق الشــغل( امل عو يالت املناســبة) و تــأ ة خال شر ة املوارد ال ذا الصدد أقدمت مدير منطق العالم امل املعاصر، و ـ -ع إعداد وضع بطاقة "الشـغل 2014سنة ة ـ أداة ضـرور عت ـ الكفـاءة" وال ة، شــــر ســــي املــــوارد ال ديــــد ل ــــ -تحتــــوي بطاقــــة" الشــــغل الــــنمط ا الكفــــاءة "وال ـ املعلومـات التاليـة: ديـد ع ـ التنظـيم ا مجـة (مجلـة أخبـار أعدت للوظائف امل ).20، رقم2015صيدال،  .الت املؤ  .التطور الوظيفة  .(سية شاطات الرئ دف واملسؤوليات وال تفصيل الوظيفة ( ال  .العالقات الوظائفية  .وسائل العمل  ات .املسؤولي  .(نة واملعامالت ة ( امل الكفاءات املطلو  . معرفة اللغات واستعمال اإلعالم اآل ل بطاقات " الشغل سي امل للوظائف –ش ة للدخول ال الكفاءة "أداة ضرور والكفاءات. ر مـــوارده ــ تطـــو ســـ إ ــ ضـــوء مـــا ســبق يالحـــظ الباحثـــان أن مجمــع صـــيدال وع ة من خال ت شر ئـة األعمـال، ال ـ ب اصـل دف مسايرة التطور ا ية جديدة سي ب نظم ــان املنافســة، والرفــع مــن ــالتفوق وكســب ر ــا ســ إل ــ ــداف ال و تحقيــق جملــة مــن األ ح. امش الر ادة حصتھ السوقية ال تؤدي إ الز ب الرس خارج العمل: -ب وفيھ نوعان: التدر  :( داخـــل الــــوطن) ب خــــار ـــ تـــدر ن إ تقـــوم إدارة مجمـــع صـــيدال بإرســـال املـــوظف نظــــيم ــــد الــــوط ملراقبــــة جــــودة املنتجــــات، كمــــا تقــــوم ب ن مثــــل املع ــــو ــــد الت معا جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 135 رات العلميـــــــــة ـــــــــ مختلـــــــــف التظـــــــــا لقــــــــاءات ونـــــــــدوات لفائـــــــــدة العمـــــــــال واملشـــــــــاركة ـــذا الصـــدد نـــذكر الـــدورات ـــ ـــ املتخصصـــة، و يـــة حـــول تقنيـــات البيـــع وال و الت ـــــ ي، وال ـــــة التطبـــــب الـــــذا يـــــع أدو ق واملبيعـــــات و ســـــو ـــــة ال نظمـــــت مـــــن قبـــــل مدير ـــــل ـــــ 2015انطلقـــــت مـــــن أفر ن تصـــــ ن ا ايـــــة الســـــنة وخصصـــــت للعـــــامل ـــــ ح ـذه الـدورة ـدفت اعـة الصـيدليات، و ملـة، الصـيادلة و املبيعات خاصة با ا ية ال جر و زائـر، البليـدة، بـومرداس، الت بـازة، سـطيف، ا ل من واليـات ت ت ب ـــة ســـمعة مجمـــع صـــيدال ـــم املبيعـــات وتقو ـــ رفـــع ن الـــدف إ ـــران وعـــ عنابـــة و ).17، رقم2015(مجلة أخبار صيدال، ة ـــ اتيجية ســليمة ووا ـــ إســ ب ــذا اإلطــار يـــرى الباحثــان أن مجمــع صــيدال ي ــ و ــــ سياســــ ــــار األمــــر الــــذي مكنــــھ مــــن الرفــــع مــــن أدائــــھ مــــن خــــالل االعتمــــاد ع ب ا ة التــــدر ة ــــ ـــ كســـب م م، ممـــا أدى إ ا ـــ م وخ ن والرفـــع مـــن معـــارف ـــارات العـــامل ـــادة م ـــ وز التنظي تنافسية للمجمع.  :( خارج الوطن) ب خار مع تدر ب تقوم إدارة ا ذا النوع من التدر بناءا ع ن إ ا ـ كيفيـة التعامـل مـع بإرسال مجموعة من املوظف ـارج مـن أجـل التـدرب ع ب ــذا التـــدر ــون ــا، و ــ تــم اقتناء ات أو تقنيــات إنتــاج جديــدة وحديثــة ال ــ تج ــذه ديــدة، أو أمــاكن تطبيــق ات ا ــ ــذه التج ــ مســتوى أمــاكن صــنع وجلــب ع ديثــــــة ا وتطبيــــــق ، التقنيــــــات ا ا وصــــــيان ــــــ كيفيــــــة اســــــتعمال م ــــــو مــــــن اجــــــل ت ــــا التقنيــــ ــــ ترط عثــــات للــــدول ال مــــع بإرســــال ــــ الغالــــب يقــــوم ا ديــــدة، و ات ا ة مجمع صيدال فرع املديـة شر ح مدير املوارد ال ا وحسب تصر شراكة مع مخابر ــــ الغالــــب ن لدولــــة أملانيــــا ة، صــــيدال، يــــتم إرســــال املــــوظف شــــر ــــة املــــوارد ال (مدير 2017.( مــــــع ــــــ تحققــــــت اســــــب ال ــــــم امل ــــــذه مـــــن أ ــــــ صـــــيدال مــــــن خــــــالل االعتمــــــاد ع ـ مســتوى ـ التكنولوجيـا املسـتعملة ع ـ ـو الـتحكم الكب ب ـ عمليـة التـدر اتيجية اإلسـ عة م لوحدة اإلنتاج التا ار ذا ما ملسھ الباحثان أثناء ز عة للمجمع، و ات اإلنتاج التا مدير ــ اآلالت واملعــدات مــع صــيدال باملديــة،األمر الــذي قلــل مــن حــوادث العمــل وا افظــة ع ـــذا مـــا صــرحت لنـــا بـــھ ـــادة إنتاجيـــة العامــل، ــ ز والتقليــل مـــن املنتجــات املعيبـــة، كمـــا أدى إ اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 136 ـــ مجمـــع عكـــس باإليجـــاب ع ـــودة بمصـــنع املديـــة ( صـــيدال ) ممـــا ا ـــة ضـــمان ا مـــديرة مدير ة. صيدال لصناعة األدو ــــا مجمـــع صــــيدال ـــ يقـــوم اتيجيات ال ن االســــ ـــ مجـــال الرفــــع مـــن كفــــاءات ومـــن بـــ : اتيجية أخرى تمثلت ة تب كذلك إس شر موارده ال  :ــــ املعــــارض ـ ـــ املعــــرض الـــوط الســــادس املشــــاركة حيــــث شـــارك مجمــــع صـــيدال ن ـار والـذي نظـم بـ ـ املعـرض الـوط لالبت ر ار ممثال بمركز البحـث والتطـو لالبت سم 05-07 ر 2016د ـدف بقصر املعارض بالصـنو ـان ال البحـري بالعاصـمة، و ات مــن ــ ن وكــذا تبــادل ا ن واملبتكــر ــف بقــدرات البــاحث ــذه املشــاركة التعر مــن ـــذا الصـــدد نظـــم ـــ ، و ـــار والتحـــول التكنولـــو ر االبت أجـــل ترقيـــة البحـــث وتطـــو ة للتجارة والصناعة وكذا املنظمة زائر سيق مع الغرف ا املعرض ورشة عمل بالت ةالعاملية لل )30، رقم2016(مجلة أخبار صيدال،ملكية الفكر  :امعـــة واملؤسســـة ـــ منتـــدى ا شـــارك ــ الــدورة صـــيدال شــارك مجمــع صــيدال امعة واملؤسسة " املنظم من طرف جامعة البليدة بالشراكة مع الثانية ملنتدى " ا ن ة املمتـــــدة بـــــ ـــــ ـــــل 09 -07مؤسســـــات القطـــــاع االقتصـــــادي خـــــالل الف ، 2015أفر ـــ الــــذي جــــرى بجامعــــة ســـعد دحلــــب البليــــدة ــــذا املنتــــدى العل ، مشــــاركة 1وعـــرف ـم مـن 30شركة، 90حوا ـارة عـدد م د جناح صـيدال ز جامعة ومراكز بحث، وش ة، أساتذة وصيادلة والذين قدموا ن ال اإلطارات السامية والدولة وأخصائي م جملـة مـن التوصـيات واملعلومـات للوفـد املشـارك ــدف بـدور مـن مجمـع صـيدال ن مع والرفع من قدرات املوظف ر ا )17، رقم2015(مجلة أخبار صيدال، تطو ـــــ مجـــــال ـــــة صـــــيدال اتيجية مكنـــــت مـــــن عـــــرض تجر ـــــذه اإلســـــ ـــــرى الباحثـــــان أن و ر ــ تنميـة وتطــو ــة باالعتمـاد ع ـاصـناعة األدو ــ االسـتفادة مــن موارد ة، باإلضـافة إ شــر ال ن امعي ن واألساتذة ا ات املشاركة وتوصيات الباحث .تجارب الشر  :اص ــ ن األ يـــا حــول موضـــوع التواصـــل بـــ ســـطر برنامجـــا تكو قامــت صــيدال يــة حــول " التواصـــل و ســـط دورة ت ســم ب ر د ـــ شــ ن ــو ــة للت ــة املركز املدير اص، التواصـــل ا ـــ ن األ ن بــ ـــو شـــيط فــرق العمـــل " تنـــاول برنـــامج الت لشـــامل، وت سية: عة محاور رئ )14رقم ، 2015مجلة أخبار صيدال، ( ذا أر  . االتصال الداخ جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 137  .ق شيط وتحف الفر ت  . اص خدمة التأط ن األ التواصل ب  .طاب تقنيات ا اتيجية مكنــــت مــــن تفعيــــل ــــذه اإلســــ تج الباحثــــان أن ســــت عمليــــة االتصــــال و منــــھ ن العمـال، ـا بـ ـة العالقـات االجتماعيـة ونقـل املعرفـة وتبادل ن عمال صـيدال وتقو اإلداري ب ــــــــذه التــــــــا يمكننــــــــا القــــــــول أن ــــــــودة و ــــــــ ا ــــــــ ع ــــــــادة اإلنتــــــــاج مب ــــــــ ز األمـــــــر الــــــــذي أدى إ ن أداء مجمع صيدال. مت تحس اتيجية سا اإلس ــة: ة بمجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو شر اتيجية تقييم أداء املوارد ال انـت إس مـن قبـل ـــ صـــدد التحضـــ لتطبيـــق إدارة مجمـــع صـــيدال تقـــوم بتقيـــيم ـــا اآلن ـــل عـــام، ولك ـــا عمال ــل ــ شــمل تقيــيم األداء ــل ثالثــة ســنوات، و برنــامج تقيــيم جديــد والــذي يــتم فيــھ التقيــيم ن وتقيـيم فرع مـن فـروع مجمـع صـ ـو ـل مـن املسـؤول عـن عمليـة الت يدال بحيـث يـتم تقيـيم ن، وذلـك بمقارنـة ـ العمـال اآلخـر ب باإلضـافة إ ن والتـدر و العمال الذين استفادوا من الت ز عز ر و داف والنتائج املسطرة، وذلك من أجل تطو ققة مع تلك األ داف والنتائج ا األ ـــة نقـــاط الضـــعف، ـــذه تـــوف نقـــاط القـــوة ومعا ـــدف مـــن وراء عمليـــة التقيـــيم كمـــن ال و ة شـــر يف الـــوظيفي للكفـــاءات ال ، والرفـــع مـــن درجـــات التصـــ ـــ العدالـــة االجتماعيـــة، التحف ة، صيدال، شر ة املوارد ال .)2017(مدير ـ رؤسـاء املصـا ا مع مجموعـة مـن العمـال تمثلـت ومن خالل املقابلة ال قمنا مـع صـيدال (املديـة، الـدار البيضـاء، جسـر قسـنطينة) ع مسـتوى فـروع عـة اإلنتـاج التا انت أغلب اإلجابات ع قدمنا مجموعة من األسئلة حول مدى فعالية معاي تقييم األداء، ـــ ومـــة ودرجــة عاليـــة مــن الرضـــا ع ة ومف ــ انـــت وا ــ عمليـــة التقيــيم نـــاة أن املعــاي املت ـــا ـــذه املعـــاي مـــن قبـــل العمـــال، ـــدف م ة وال ـــ انـــت وا كمـــا أن الغايـــة مـــن تقيـــيم األداء يــــــة ســـــــليمة ــــــ الرفـــــــع مــــــن أداء العمــــــال ووضــــــع بــــــرامج تدر ة شــــــر حســــــب مــــــدير املــــــوارد ال مع ع تحديـد وقـت القيـاس بدقـة، عمل إدارة ا ادفة نفس الوقت، كما يحة و و عمليـة تقيــيم األدا ن لفــ ــم مـن خــالل طرحنـا لســؤال حـول امل ــ أ انـت أغلــب اإلجابـات ع ء ون بالكفاءة العالية والتخصص نفس الوقت، أما عـن مـدى شـفافية التقيـيم أفراد يتم ــا العمليــة، كمــا أن نظــام التقيــيم املتبــع ــ تجــرى قــة ل ــ الطر ن راضــون ع ــل املســتجو ف اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 138 ـذا الصـدد يمكننـا القـول أن ـ ـذه املعطيـات يجعل العامل أك شعورا باملسـؤولية، و ـل ـــــادة حصصـــــھ ـــــ النمـــــو وز مع إ مـــــع صـــــيدال األمـــــر الـــــذي أدى بـــــا ة تنافســـــية ـــــ ـــــ م عت السوقية. ة شر اتيجيات مجال إدارة املوارد ال كما تب مجمع صيدال مجموعة من االس ــــ وضــــع مخططــــات تنظيميـــة مفصــــلة عــــن الوحــــدات التنظيميـــة مــــع تحديــــد القــــوى عمـــل ع ــو إجـراء بــدأ العاملـة ـ تحـديث وتوصــيف الوظـائف و و تحـديث بطاقــات العمـل باإلضــافة إ ـــ مــــن عـــام ــــع األخ شـــاء مســــتودع للوظـــائف عــــام 2010خـــالل الر مــــع بإ 2011كمــــا قـــام ا عــــد أيضــــا إدارة مســــتقبلية للوظــــائف ســــة، والــــذي ــــام الرئ ــــارات وامل ــــ تحديــــد امل عمــــل ع ـ تنفيـذ ـا األساسـية تتمثـل ام ض العمـالم عـو ب ونظـام rapport du( خطـط التـدر conseil.2010. p09(ـــع -. واســـتمر إعـــداد توصـــيف الوظـــائف ـــارات الـــذي بـــدأ خـــالل الر امل ذه العملية 2011طوال السنة املالية 2010الثالث من عام ددة لتنفيذ ، وترتبط املدة ا ـالي ن ا ـدود الزمنيـة، وعـدم كفايــة املـوظف عـض الوحـدات و الوصــف با ـ مســتوى ن ع ــارات ( -الــوظيفي ــ أداة أساســية إلدخــال إدارة الوظــائف وامل ــارات ــ حــددت:gpecامل ) ال )rapport du conseil.2011.p12(  .ل وظيفة عمل شروط الوصول إ  ــــــة ــــــارات املطلو ن امل ــــــ الفجــــــوات القائمـــــة بــــــ ة ع ب الســـــنو ر خطــــــط التــــــدر تطـــــو ل وظيفة. ارات املوجودة ل وامل  .يل دارة والتأ ت ا يف الوظائف و وضع جدول مرتبات يث تص ـــ أداء مجمـــع صـــيدال لصـــناعة 3.4 ة ع شـــر اتيجية إدارة املـــوارد ال ـــاس إســـ ع مـــدى ا ة :األدو ة بمجمـــع صـــيدال مـــن تحقيـــق جملـــة مـــن شـــر اتيجية للمـــوارد ال مكنـــت اإلدارة اإلســـ داف ـ النمـو والتطـور، كمـا تمكنـت األ ـا واملتمثلـة ـان يصـبوا إل ـ ـ الغايـة ال والوصـول إ ، ــــ ـــ املســــتوى ا ــــان املنافســــة ع ا وكســـب ر ئـــة األعمــــال لصــــا ض ب صـــيدال مــــن تــــرو ي: ن األداء ومنھ حققت صيدال جملة من النتائج تمثلت اآل الناجمة ع تحس 99831913إنتــــاج إجمــــا قــــدر بــــــ 2015ل ســــنة حققــــت مواقــــع اإلنتــــاج بمجمــــع صــــيدا ـ السـوق يئـة النوعيـة مـن ناحيـة القيمـة والتمركـز ـ ال (مجلة أخبـار وحـدة مـع تحسـن ــــــــــ )24، رقــــــــــم2015صــــــــــيدال، ع مجمــــــــــع صــــــــــيدال إ تفــــــــــع اإلنتــــــــــاج اإلجمــــــــــا ملصــــــــــا ، ل جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 139 ذا نوفم 104624481 عـادل 2016وحدة سبة إنجـاز ـدف95أي ب باملائـة مـن ال ســــبة ارتفــــاع بلغــــت ســــنة 28املســــطر و (مجلــــة أخبــــار صـــــيدال، 2015باملائـــــة مقارنــــة ـ )،29، رقم2016 سـم إ ر د ـ شـ تفع مجددا سـبة بلغـت 115509292ل وحـدة و مليار 12أما عن رقم األعمال فقد بلغ )،30، رقم2016(مجلة أخبار صيدال، باملائة 10 ال انخفـــاض طفيــف(2011ســنة ـــ ســـبة لســنة 06-، م ـــز 2012باملائـــة) بال نظـــرا لتعز ــــودة ــــم اإلنتــــاج )،08، رقــــم2014(مجلــــة أخبــــار صــــيدال، نظــــام مراقبــــة ا بــــالنظر ــــاح ــــ األر ــــذا بنــــاء ع ــــ املرتفــــع ورقــــم األعمــــال حقــــق مجمــــع صــــيدال حصــــة ســــوقية أك ققة خالل . 2016ا ــع ســواء موعــة مــن قنــوات التوز ، انــت داخليــة أو خارجيــةبــالنظر المــتالك صــيدال ـــذا ـــ الســيطرة الداخليــة و ــة، باإلضــافة إ زائر ــ الســـوق ا ــا مــن التواجـــد بقــوة مكن ــــ ــــا، أمــــا ع ــــ مبيعا ــــادة املطلقــــة عرفــــھ صــــيدال والز ــــ الــــذي ــــ اإلنتــــاج الكب راجــــع إ ار فنجد أن صيدال شرع عملية التصدير إ قيـة بدايـ 13املستوى ا ة دولـة إفر ر فيفري ة 2016من ش مع ع شراكة مع موزع حصري لألدو عد توقيع ا ذا ، جاء وت ديفوار و الغابون و : قية و ق منتجات صيدال إ الدول اإلفر سو حيث تكفل ب غـــــــو الديمقراطيـــــــة والنيجـــــــر و و ـــــــة ال ور غـــــــو وجم و ـــــــامرون ومـــــــا وال الســـــــنغال و ال ســــاو يـــــا ب ن غي تانياالطوغــــو و البنـــــ شـــــاد ومور ة، صـــــيدال، و شـــــر ـــــة املــــوارد ال (مدير 2017(. ادة عدد املبيعات تمكنت صيدال ن و التموقع السوق و ز دف التغلب ع املنافس ـــودة، بحيـــث بـــدأ ســـي ا ـــ نظـــام ـــذا مـــن خـــالل تب مـــن تقـــديم منتجـــات ذات جـــودة و سي األعمال س 2011/2014برنامج ـ املتعلق بإعـادة تأسـ ـودة ـ 2011نظـام ا و : عة محـاور و نامج أر ذا ال تضمن ـة أعقاب ملتقى " ضمان جودة املنتوج " و (مدير )08، رقم2014اإلعالم واالتصال،  .س عاملية مراجعة وموافقة نظام توثيقي لوضع مقاي  ـــــــات يـــــــت القواعـــــــد والتوج ـــــــق تث مـــــــع عـــــــن طر س سياســـــــة جـــــــودة ا إعــــــادة تأســـــــ ع.األساسية ل ل املواقع الصناعية ومواقع التوز ا ع مستوى ودة املعمول  ن مــن ــل املــوظف شــر املعــارف ل شــغلون مناصــب أساســية و ن العمــال الــذين ــو ت اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 140 ا. يع والعمل سنة للتص أجل إدماج املمارسات ا  عة تطور املواقع فيما يع ومتا سنة للتص ام املتطلبات املتعلقة باملمارسات ا اح ن جودة املنتجات. ي خص تطبيق مخطط تحس  ة مجمـــع صـــيدال شـــر اتيجية للمـــوارد ال ات مكنـــت اإلدارة اإلســـ ـــ غي مـــن إحـــداث ــــــ ــــــذا مــــــن خــــــالل تب ــــــ املمارســــــات التنظيميــــــة والســـــلوكيات، و تنظيميـــــة عميقــــــة ن غرض تحس ذا نموذجا تنظيميا جديدا أ ع أساس دراسة مقارنة دولية و ديد من: سي حيث مكن التنظيم ا )08، رقم2014(مجلة صيدال، ال  .ة للمجمع لصنع القرار يئة مركز شاء إ  ودة، الشـــــــــــــــــــــــــــؤون الصـــــــــــــــــــــــــــيدالنية،املوارد ــــــــــــية(ا تمركـــــــــــــــــــــــــــز الوظـــــــــــــــــــــــــــائف األساســـــــــــــــ شـــــر يات،األنظمة اإلعالميـــــة...) وتوافـــــق املســـــارات لضـــــمان ة،املالية،املشـــــ شر ال مع. اتيجية ا أفضل إلس  ـــ اإلنتـــاج، إ ــ ـــا األساســـية ال م شــاطات املواقـــع الصـــناعية حــول م عــادة تمركـــز ا من وظائف الدعم. غ ذا بتفر و :خالصة .5 ة تمتلك العديد من اآلليات شر من خالل ما سبق يمكننا القول أن إدارة املوارد ال ر ــــا مــــن تطــــو ــــ تمك اتيجيات ال ــــا، انطالقــــا مــــن واألدوات واالســــ ن أدا املؤسســــات وتحســــ ر ـــ تطـــو م مســـتقبال ســـا ـــ ـــب ال شـــاف املوا عمليـــة االســـتقطاب ألفضـــل الكفـــاءات واك لــــق آليــــة ة شــــر ــــ املــــوارد ال عت ، و ــــ ــــ الــــوالء التنظي ــــادة االرتبــــاط بنــــاءا ع املؤسســــة وز ئــة األعمــال ا ا ب ــة تفرضــ ــ ظــل وجــود منافســة قو ــ للمؤسســة ــ مجمــع التم عت اليــة، و ــ ـ األداء أو بقيـة العمليـات ال سـ دائمـا للنمـو والتطـور سـواء صـيدال كمؤسسـة ناشـئة ة، ومـن شـر ـا ال اتيجيات معاصـرة إلدارة موارد ـ اسـ مـع انطالقـا مـن تب ـا إدارة ا تقـوم ي. خالل ما سبق خلصنا إ جملة من النتائج وال ا اآل سنو الدراسة: نتائج 1.5 ارجيـة ئـة الداخليـة وا ـ تحليـل الب ة ع شر اتيجية للموارد ال عمل اإلدارة اإلس ــا مــن حيــث الرســالة، ــا األساســية واملــؤثرة عل ا ــا ومتغ ــم متطلبا للمؤسســة، وأ . ة ومتطلبات العمل...إ داف، الغاية، واألساليب اإلدار األ ة بمجمــــع صــــيدال لصــــناعة شــــر اتيجيات املعاصــــرة إلدارة املــــوارد ال مكنــــت االســــ جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 141 ــالنمو والتطــور ودخــول أســواق ــداف املســطرة ــة مــن تحقيــق العديــد مــن األ األدو ــذا نـاتج عــن مـع و ـادة مبيعــات ا ـادة حصصــھ السـوقية انطالقــا مـن ز جديـدة وز مع، مما يدفعنا إ قبول ال ـ أن التحسن أداء ا ـ تـنص ع سة ال فرضية الرئ ن أداء مجمــع صــيدال ــ تحســ ة أثــر شــر اتيجيات املعاصــرة إلدارة املــوارد ال لإلســ ة. لصناعة األدو مـــــع ة شـــــر ن أداء املـــــوارد ال ـــــ تحســـــ ـــــ اتجيات املعاصـــــرة دور كب لعبـــــت االســـــ ر وفـــ ب والتطـــو اتجية التـــدر يجـــة تطبيـــق إســـ ـــة ن ق مـــن صـــيدال لصـــناعة األدو ــم ن أدا ـ تحسـ مت ة سـا ــ مـنظم ومحـدد وفعـاال، ممــا أكسـب العمـل معرفـة وخ ـ ذا األساس يمكننا قبول الفرضية البديلة األو ال واألداء الك للمجمع، وع ن ـ تحسـ ة شـر اتيجيات املعاصـرة إلدارة املـوارد ال تنص ع أنـھ يوجـد اثـر لإلسـ ة بمجمع شر ة.أداء املوارد ال صيدال لصناعة األدو ذا ة ارتفع و الحظنا أن أداء الوحدات التنظيمية بمجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو ـ قـدر ممكــن ـل وحــدة تنظيميـة أك إطـار السياسـة العامـة للمجمــع، حيـث حققـت ــــ ــــ أقــــل وقــــت وع لفــــة و ــــذا بأقــــل قــــدر مــــن الت مــــن اإلنتــــاج (ســــلعة، خدمــــة)، و ة تنافســـية مســتوى مناســـب مــن جـــودة املنت ـــ مــع م جـــات لصــيدال، ممـــا أكســـب ا ـــ ـــ قبـــول الفرضـــية البديلـــة الثانيـــة وال ـــاليف، ممـــا يقـــدونا إ ـــ تدنيـــة الت يـــة ع مب ن ـ تحسـ ة شـر اتيجيات املعاصـرة إلدارة املـوارد ال تنص ع أنـھ يوجـد اثـر لإلسـ ة. أداء الوحدات التنظيمية بمجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو ة ة بمجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو شر اتجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد ال ان لإلس ــاج املســؤولية مــع مــن ان ئــة االجتماعيــة للمجمــع حيــث مكنــت ا ــ الب أثــر بــالغ ع ــان ذلــك عــام ــا االجتمــا و ــادة أدا اتجية لز إســ ــ ركــزت 2014االجتماعيــة وال سان صلب املسؤو لية االجتماعية، أما األداء االقتصادي فنجد ن ع حقوق اإل ــــة وتخفــــيض اد األدو ــــ تقليــــل مــــن اســــت ومــــة اتجية ا ــــ إســــ مجمـــع صــــيدال ل ـ األداء الثقــا ليـة، أمــا ع ـة ا ــة باألدو زائر غطيــة السـوق ا اد و فـاتورة االسـت تمــــــع تحــــــت غطــــــا ــــــادة الــــــو الثقــــــا للعمــــــال وا ء فــــــتمكن مجمــــــع صــــــيدال مــــــن ز ــــ قبــــول الفرضــــية ــــائن، ممــــا يــــؤدي بنــــا إ املســــؤولية االجتماعيــــة اتجــــاه العمــــال والز اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 142 اتيجيات املعاصــــرة إلدارة املــــوارد ــــ وجــــود اثــــر لإلســــ ــــ تــــنص ع البديلــــة الثالثــــة ال ئــــة االجتماعيـــة واالقتصــــادية ــــ إطـــار الب ن أداء مجمــــع صـــيدال ــــ تحســـ ة شـــر ال ة. والثقافية بمجمع صيدال لصناعة األد و ـوظ ل م شـ يجة شاملة يمكننا القـول أن أداء مجمـع صـيدال ارتفـع وتطـور وكن ة املمتدة من سنة ذا راجع 2017إ غاية 2010خالل الف و تطور مستمر و و ة بالدرجـة شـر ـا ال ـ موارد مع املعتمـدة ع اتجية املطبقة من قبل إدارة ا لإلس . األو : توصيات الدراسة 2.5 ــــذا ن و ــــداف وطموحــــات املــــوظف آليــــة لتحقيــــق أ ن اإلداري ــــ التمكــــ ضــــرورة تب م العلميــــة، ممــــا ا ــــ ــــادة خ م املعرفيــــة وز ر قــــدرا ــــ تطــــو م ســــا ــــأداة باعتبــــاره ة. مع صيدال لصناعة األدو ن األداء الك م تحس سا ة مـــن خــال شــر ـــ العديــد مـــن البــد مـــن التخطــيط الـــدوري والســليم للمـــوارد ال ل تب سوق العمل، شري املتاح داف، مثل التعرف ع واقع املورد ال اور العامة لأل ا ــدف الوقــوف ة والتوظيــف شــر ــ اســتقطاب الكفــاءات ال مــع ع ومــدى قــدرة ا ن األداء العــــــام مــــــع صــــــيدال ســــــعيا دائمــــــا لتحســــــ ــــــ نقــــــاط القــــــوة والضــــــعف ع للمجمع. تمــام املتواصــل ب ســاعد اال ــ ــم الوســائل ال ــ أحــد أ عت ر ألنــھ ب والتطــو التــدر ة. شر ن أداء املوارد ال مع صيدال بناءا ع تحس ن األداء الك ع تحس ـادة تمع من أجل ز ك ع ا ل أك وال ش ضرورة تب املسؤولية االجتماعية ـ كسـب رضـا م سـا ـ أعمـال األداء االجتما للمجتمع، مما ـائن ع تمـع والز ا صـــــة الســـــوقية والرفـــــع مـــــن ـــــادة ا ـــــ ز ســـــاعد ع ومنتجـــــات صـــــيدال األمـــــر الـــــذي مع صيدال. العملية اإلنتاجية ـة ـوافز املاديـة واملعنو ة وتقديم ا يع اإلبداع بمجمع صيدال لصناعة األدو ــ لرفــع األداء للمــو ــ املصـــدر األسا عت ن ألنــھ التـــا للعمــال املبــدع ة و شــر ارد ال ادة األداء الك للمجمع. مة ز املسا ـ ة ال شـر عـة الكفـاءات ال ـ متا ـا الرئ ام يئة خاصة بمجمـع صـيدال م شاء إ ام ح ا جميع امل ا ومرافق ر ا وتطو ار والعمل ع تنمي تتم باإلبداع واالبت جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 143 وز، باإلضافة إ البحث ع امل ا تتمكن من ال ة واستقطا شر ب ال ارات واملوا ة التنافســية ــ مــع و تحقيــق امل ن أداء ا ا تحســ ــ مــن شــأ مع وال ــا بــا وتوظيف املستدامة. يحة ـــ قــة ال ــا بالطر ة وتوظيف شــر يع املــوارد ال ـــ وكتوصــية شــاملة البــد مــن يئـــــة الب ـــــا و ـــــ تتمتـــــع ـــــارات ال ـــــ القـــــدرات وامل ـــــ ثمار أك ــــ ئـــــة التنظيميـــــة واالسـ ـــ تقـــديم األفضـــل ســـاعد ع ـــ ر مثـــلاملناســـبة ال يـــة التحتيـــة وتطـــو يالت الب ســـ ـ قيمـة ة إ شـر ـ عقـول القـوى ال زنـة ـل املعرفـة ا ـدف تحو ي النظـام املعلومـا ن األداء ـو عليـھ وتحسـ ـ ممـا مع من تحقيق النمـو والتطـور أك مضافة تمكن ا الك للمجمع. املراجع:. 6 إدارة الموارد البشریة. كلیة التجارة، جامعة عین الشمس، مصر. ). 2014( .محمود السید وآخرون :. إستراتیجیة المؤسسة)2018( .الشیخسعید https://www.djelfa.info/vb/showthread.php?t=500149 ) . إدارة الموارد البشریة: منظور القرن الحادي والعشرین.دار الكتاب، القاھرة، مصر.2000محمد سید مصطفى. ( -). إدارة المــوارد البشــریة. بــدون طبعــة. دار الجامعــة الجدیــدة للنشــر.األزرایطة2003محمد ســعید أنــور ســلطان. ( اإلسكندریة، مصر. رد البشریة ...وتأثیرات العولمة علیھا. دار مجــدالوي للنشــر والتوزیــع" عمــان ) . إدارة الموا2004. (الموسويسنان األردن. ) . "إستراتجیة التدریب والتنمیة: النموذج الشخصي للموارد البشریة"، مجلة التدریب والتقنیة، 2013محمود عیسى. ( :171المؤسسة العامة للتدریب التقني والمھني http://altadreeb.net/articledetails.php?id=902&issueno=31. ). إدارة الموارد البشریة في ظل المتغیرات االقتصادیة العالمیة الحالیة، مــع دراســة حــاالت 2010معین أمین السید. ( ل العربیة. كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة وعلوم التسییر، جامعة الجزائر، الطبعة األولى.تطبیقیة لبعض الدو أألردن أنموذجــا. الطبعــة -). التخطیط االستراتیجي للموارد البشریة في القطاع العــام2011موفق محمود الضمور. ( األولى دار الحامد للنشر والتوزیع، عمان، األردن. نشــر، القــاھرة مصــر، ). االستثمار في الموارد البشریة للمنافسة العالمیة. الدار الثقافیة لل2007محمد جمال الكفافي. ( .الطبعة األولى :). إستراتیجیة تقییم أداء الموارد البشریة. مجلة إلكترونیة2018مجلة إیفوري. ( http://ivorytraining.com/ar/node/554. ألداء االستراتیجي والمیزة التنافسیة. المؤتمر العلمــي الــدولي حــول األداء ). مظاھر ا2005سناء عبد الكریم الخناق.( المتمیز للمنظمات والحكومات. جامعة ورقلة، كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة وعلوم التسییر. chevalier & all. (1993). gestion des ressources humaine. debook université québec. جامعــة مجلــة التنمیــة اإلداریــة، كلیــة التجــارة، .المفھــوم، الطرق،األھــداف-). تقییم األداء2018أحمد السید الكردي. ( :األزھر http://kenanaonline.com/users/ahmedkordy/posts/124105 ــة. ( ــة اإلداریـ ــة للتنمیـ ــة العربیـ ــي. 2009المنظمـ ــودة األداء المؤسسـ ــین جـ ــدخل لتحسـ ــیم األداء كمـ ــاس وتقیـ ). قیـ الشارقة.اإلمارات العربیة المتحدة. duran, d. f .(2008) , overview of hr starategy and development / evolution of high – preformance organization. david, w. f. (2018), what is a high–preformance organization : http//www. https://www.djelfa.info/vb/showthread.php?t=500149 http://altadreeb.net/articledetails.php?id=902&issueno=31 http://kenanaonline.com/users/ahmedkordy/posts/124105 اإلسرتاتيجيات املعاصرة إلدارة املوارد البشرية وعالقتها بتحسني دراسة حالة جممع صيدال لصناعة األدوية -أداء املؤسسات االقتصادية أمحد يوسف د/ األمني حممد دهلوم 144 wisebusinessleaderblog.com. porter,t., john, p., & gerry, b. (1995) .building a high–preformance organizations for the twenty-first century.lessons fome charleston naval shipyard. صیدال. -فرع الدار البیضاء (2017) .مدیریة الموارد البشریة، أفریل .02النشرة الداخلیة رقم .(2013)دیسمبر .مجلة أخبار صیدال rapport du conseil d’administration (2014) . .فرع المدیة ( صیدال ) ). 2017(جوان .مدیریة الموارد البشریة . 23النشرة الداخلیة رقم ) 2017( نوفمبر .مجلة أخبار صیدال 22) النشرة الداخلیة رقم 2015مجلة أخبار صیدال. أكتوبر. ( . 20). النشرة الداخلیة رقم 2015مجلة أخبار صیدال. جویلیة/أوت. ( .17). النشرة الداخلیة رقم2015مجلة أخبار صیدال. أفریل ( ). فرع المدیة ( صیدال ).2017مدیریة الموارد البشریة.جوان ( .30). النشرة الداخلیة رقم 2016مجلة أخبار صیدال. دیسمبر ( .17). النشرة الداخلیة رقم 2015صیدال. أفریل (مجلة أخبار .14). النشرة الداخلیة رقم 2015مجلة أخبار صیدال. جانفي ( فرع المدیة. ، ). مجمع صیدال2017مدیریة الموارد البشریة. جوان ( rapport du conseil d’administration. )2010( . rapport du conseil d’administration. (2011). .24). النشرة الداخلیة رقم 2015جلة أخبار صیدال. دیسمبر(م .29). النشرة الداخلیة رقم 2016نوفمبر.( -أكتوبر -مجلة أخبار صیدال. سبتمبر . 30النشرة الداخلیة رقم ).2016دیسمبر.( .مجلة أخبار صیدال .08). النشرة الداخلیة رقم 2014مجلة أخبار صیدال. جوان ( ). مجمع صیدال فرع المدیة.2017رد البشریة. أفریل .(مدیریة الموا .08). مجلة أخبار صیدال، النشرة الداخلیة رقم2014مدیریة اإلعالم واالتصال. جوان. ( .08). النشرة الداخلیة رقم 2014مجلة صیدال. جوان. ( references : el-sayed, m. & all. (2014). human resource management. faculty of commerce, ain shams university, egypt. [in arabic] saeed sheikh. (2018). enterprise strategy [in arabic] mahmoud, i. (2013). training and development strategy: the personal model of human resources, journal of training and technology, technical and vocational training corporation, 171, http://altadreeb.net/articledetails.php?id=902&issueno=31. [in arabic] moein, a. e. (2010). managing human resources in light of the current global economic changes, with the study of applied cases for some arab countries. (1st edition), faculty of economics, university of algiers. [in arabic] al-damour, m. m. (2011). strategic planning for human resources in the public sector jordan as a model. (1st edition), al-hamed house for publishing and distribution, amman, jordan. [in arabic] al kafafi, m. j. (2007). investing in human resources for international competition. (1st edition), cultural house for publishing, cairo, egypt. ivory magazine. (2018). human resources performance evaluation strategy. electronic journal: http://ivorytraining.com/en/node/554. [in arabic] al-khannaq, s. a. (2005). aspects of strategic performance and competitive advantage. international scientific conference on the distinguished http://altadreeb.net/articledetails.php?id=902&issueno=31 http://ivorytraining.com/en/node/554 جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01العدد: – 01الد: 146 119 ص: 145 performance of organizations and governments. the university of ouargla, faculty of economics. [in arabic] chevalier & all. (1993). gestion des ressources humaine. debook université québec. al-kurdi, a. a. (2018). performance evaluation concept, methods, objectives. journal of administrative development, faculty of commerce, al-azhar university, http://kenanaonline.com/users/ahmedkordy/posts/124105 [in arabic] arab administrative development organization. (2009). measuring and evaluating performance as an input to improving the quality of institutional performance. sharjah, united arab emirates. [in arabic] duran, d. f . (2008), overview of hr strategy and development / evolution of high –performance organization. david, w. f. (2018), what is a high–performance organization: http//www. wisebusinessleaderblog.com. porter, t., john, p., & gerry, b. (1995). building a high–performance organizations for the twenty-first century.lessons from charleston naval shipyard. directorate of human resources, april. (2017) casablanca branch saidal. saidal news magazine. dec (2013); internal newsletter no. 02. rapport du conseil d’administration (2014) . directorate of human resources. june (2017), medea branch (saidal). saidal news magazine. november (2017) internal newsletter no. 23. saidal news magazine. october. (2015) internal newsletter no. 22 saidal news magazine. july / august. (2015). internal newsletter no. 20. saidal news magazine. april (2015). internal newsletter no. 17. directorate of human resources. june (2017). medea branch (sidal). saidal news magazine. december (2016). internal newsletter no. 30. saidal news magazine. april (2015). internal newsletter no. 17. saidal news magazine. january (2015). internal newsletter no. 14. directorate of human resources. joan (2017). saidal complex, medea branch. rapport du conseil d’administration. (2010). rapport du conseil d’administration. (2011). saidal news magazine. december (2015). internal newsletter no. 24. saidal news magazine. sep-oct-nov (2016). internal newsletter no. 29. saidal news magazine. dec. (2016). internal newsletter no. 30. saidal news magazine. june (2014). internal newsletter no. 08. directorate of human resources. april. (2017). sidal complex, medea branch. directorate of information and communication. june. (2014). saidal news magazine, internal newsletter no. 08. saidal magazine. joan. (2014). internal newsletter no. 08. http://kenanaonline.com/users/ahmedkordy/posts/124105 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) 70-92، ص )2020( 5عدد 2مجلد مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد، management & economics research journal, vol. 2 no. 5 (2020), pp. 70-92 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2020.145 كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة، التجاریة وعلوم التسییر، جامعة زیان 70 ).الجزائر(الجلفة 3117: ب.عاشور بالجلفة، ص www.mer-j.com للشركات المدرجة القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل في سوق المال العراقي 2ارس عبد الزھرة عبدالحسین الخالديف ،1ولید خالد شھاب الراشدي )العراق(كلیة الحدباء الجامعة ، مدرس مساعد 1  phdwaleedkhalid@gmail.com )العراق(جامعة وارث االنبیاء ،مدرس مساعد 2  fares.abd36@yahoo.com 2020-12-10: تاریخ النشر 2020-11-24: متاح على الخط 2020-11-23: تاریخ القبول 202010-20: تاریخ االستالم :طریقة االقتباس أثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني على القرار االستثماري ت). 2020( .ع. ا. ع. الخالدي ف, & .ش. خ. الراشدي و .92-70, )5(2, مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد .للشركات المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2020.145 :ملخص ذه الدراس دف ھ ى ةتھ وم إل یح مفھ احتوض ي و اإلفص رار االلكترون اذ الق ات اتخ متطلب ركة ن ش اح م تویات اإلفص ىاالستثماري و بیان درجة االختالف بین مس رى إل راأخ ر وأخی ان أث بی ي بي االلكترون اح المحاس توى اإلفص ىمس وق عل ي س ة ف ركات المدرج تثماري للش رار االس الق .األوراق المالیة العراقیة ز تبرز أھمیة الدراسة كونھا تم التركی ث ی ة حی بة التطبیقی ة بالمحاس ات المرتبط احد الدراس اح الم ة اإلفص ي لعملی ق العمل ف التطبی وعي بوص اس الموض ركات على القی ي للش بي االلكترون حاس م ذلك ت تثماري ل رار االس ي الق اد المدرجة في سوق العراق لألوراق المالیة؛ لبیان مدى التأثیر ف اعتم .االستقرائي المنھج ى ل إل م التوص ة ت وق األوراق المالی ة س ا ھیئ ي تقررھ ي الت اح االلكترون ة اإلفص أن عملی ركات ذه الش ي ھ ید ف تثماري الرش رار االس اذ الق ة التخ ر كافی ة غی اح ،العراقی ر اإلفص و أن مؤش ؤثر ي ت اح الت المتعلق معدل دوران األسھم یسجل أعلي قیمة معنویة من بین من بین مؤشرات اإلفص ة على ثم اإلفصاح ،ري، یلیھا اإلفصاح االلكتروني عن القیمة الدفتریةفي القرار االستثما بة الملكی نس .في الشركة دى فيالقیمة و أصالةتتمثل ن م ت م ة للتثب ات الالزم ع البیان وضع الفروض العلمیة وتجمی وق معنویتھا بشأن بیان أثر اإلفصاح االلكتروني ي س ة ف ركات المدرج تثماري للش رار االس على الق میل اإلی :لسِ االمؤلف المر[ phdwaleedkhalid@gmail.com] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2020.145&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-12-10 للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 71 ة ألوراق المالی ار ،العراق ل ة الختب ة الالزم ة التطبیقی ام بالدراس ة للقی ة المالئم د المنھجی م تحدی ن ث م راالفروض والوصول إلي نتائج وتعمیمات الدراسة ائیة وأخی یالت اإلحص ارات والتحل راء االختب إج ل حتى استخالص النتائج spss.v23 اإلحصائيالمناسبة باستخدام برنامج التحلیل ، والتي تمثل دلی راق علىتطبیقي لمدى تأثیر اإلفصاح االلكتروني القرار االستثماري للشركات المدرجة في سوق الع .لألوراق المالیة اح أنواع ،المحاسبي اإلفصاح ،االلكتروني اإلفصاح :الكلمات المفتاحیة اریر ،اإلفص بیة التق ،المحاس .سوق المال العراقي، االستثماري القرار .g11، m41: جال تصنیف مقدمة .1 وائم ر الق ة بنش واق المالی إذا كان اإلفصاح یعني إلزام الشركات وبخاصة المدرجة في األس َ؛ بحیث توفر المعلومات تثمرین إلىالمالیة التي تم مراجعتھا دوریا ن مس المستخدمین لھذه القوائم م ة ات المالئم من المعلوم الي؛ یتض ا الم ا، ومركزھ ائج أعمالھ ن نت را ع ین تقری اھمین، ومقرض ومس ي ادیة ف رارات االقتص اذ الق ن اتخ ى یمك ر حت منھا التقری ي یتض رة الت والجوھریة التي حدثت في الفت ي ا ضوء تلك المعلومات الواجب اإلفصاح عنھا، والت وء م ي ض ة ف ات مالئم ون معلوم د وأن تك الب . )song, 2015, p. 349-351( تحدده إدارة ھیئة سوق األوراق المالیة احات ة واإلیض اریر المالی وائم والتق ر الق ة نش ھ عملی رف بأن ي یع اح االلكترون إن اإلفص ف اریر اإلدارة ابات وتق ي الحس اریر مراجع وامش وتق ةوالھ ة ل وأی ري مھم اریر أخ ات تق م محتوی فھ ى أو) شبكة االنترنت( القوائم المالیة وذلك النشر یكون باستخدام الوسائل االلكترونیة ة عل ع ھیئ موق .ن النشر سنوي أو كل فترات محددةسوق األوراق المالیة وقد یكو ة ویتم استخدام البرمجة ووسائل االتصال في ب الكمی ات والنس بعض البیان اإلفصاح اآلني ل م ي ت ات الت رض المعلوم ة ع ائل االلكترونی تخدام الوس ن اس دف م فیة والھ ذلك الوص ة وك والمالی ة بة االلكترونی الل أدوات المحاس ن خ ا م ول إلیھ اء .الوص ىبن ن عل در م ة تص رارات إلزامی ة ق ھیئ ب ات الواج د المعلوم ة بتحدی واق األوراق المالی اأس ي عنھ اح االلكترون م ،اإلفص ا تھ د أنھ ا یعتق فیم مدي تأثیر ھذا القدر الذي تم اإلفصاح عنھ بالوسائل متخذي القرارات االستثماریة، ویبقي السؤال ما ة اإللكترونیة من خالل موقع سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیة في القرار االستثماري للشركات المدرج في ھذه السوق؟ البحثمشكلة 1.1 ي بي االلكترون اح المحاس أثیر اإلفص ة ت ان درج ي بی ث ف كلة البح ل مش ىتتمث رار عل الق ذه ن ھ ا ع ة،ویعبر عنھ ألوراق المالی راق ل وق الع ي س ة ف ة المدرج ركات العراقی تثماري للش االس :المشكلة بالتساؤالت اآلتیة ركات ن الش رى م ركة وأخ ین ش اح ب تویات اإلفص ي ھل یوجد اختالف بین مس ة ف المدرج سوق العراق لألوراق المالیة؟ وق علىثر مستوى اإلفصاح االلكتروني أما ي س ة ف ركات المدرج تثماري للش رار االس الق .العراق لألوراق المالیة فروض البحث 2.1 رض األول نص :الف ث ی ىحی ھ أ عل اح "ن توى اإلفص ین مس وي ب تالف معن د اخ ال یوج ".المبحوثة والمدرجة في سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیةااللكتروني بین الشركات توى " أنھ علىحیث ینص : الفرض الثاني ین مس ائیة ب ة إحص وي ذو دالل ر معن ال یوجد أث ."القرار االستثماري في سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیة علىاإلفصاح االلكتروني مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 72 أھداف البحث 3.1 : ياآلتإلى تحقیق تساؤالت البحث یھدف البحث على في ضوء اإلجابة وق األوراق ة س رره ھیئ ا تق وء م ي ض ي ف بي االلكترون اح المحاس ة اإلفص ف بعملی التعری .المالیة العراقیة وق األوراق ي س ة ف ركات المدرج ي الش تثماري ف رار االس اذ الق ات اتخ ف بمتطلب التعری .المالیة العراقیة ة إلىمستویات اإلفصاح من شركة بیان درجة االختالف بین ركات المدرج أخرى من الش .في سوق العراق لألوراق المالیة ي بي االلكترون اح المحاس توى اإلفص ر مس ان أث ىبی تثماري عل رار االس ركات الق للش .المدرجة في سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیة منھجیة البحث 4.1 اس تعد ھذه الدراسة من الدراسات المرتبطة ى القی بالمحاسبة التطبیقیة حیث یتم التركیز عل ي ق العمل ي الموضوعي بوصف التطبی ة ف ركات المدرج ي للش بي االلكترون اح المحاس ة اإلفص لعملی تثماري رار االس ي الق نھج . سوق العراق لألوراق المالیة؛ لبیان مدى التأثیر ف ث الم تھج الباح ذلك ین ل َ لذلك المنھج والمتمثلة فیما یلياالستقرائي، وذلك بإتباع الخطوات ا :لرئیسیة المحددة وفقا وق ي س ة ف ركات المدرج ة الش ي لمجموع بي االلكترون اح المحاس اھرة اإلفص ة ظ مالحظ ات تویات ودرج دد مس ي تح ة الت رات المالی ب، والمؤش العراق لألوراق المالیة، وبیان النس ي ة الت ب المالی رات والنس ان المؤش م بی اح، ث ذا اإلفص اح ھ ة اإلفص توى فاعلی دد مس تح .ومقدار الرشد الذي یجب أن تحققھ في القرار االستثماري ة ات الالزم اشتقاق اإلطار النظري للدراسة، ومن ثم وضع الفروض العلمیة وتجمیع البیان أن ا بش دى معنویتھ ن م ت م تثماري للتثب رار االس ى الق ي عل اح االلكترون ر اإلفص ان أث بی .رجة في سوق العراق لألوراق المالیةللشركات المد ي ول إل تحدید المنھجیة المالئمة للقیام بالدراسة التطبیقیة الالزمة الختبار الفروض والوص ة، ة المطلوب راءات العملی ة اإلج د نوعی الل تحدی ن خ ك م ة، وذل ات الدراس ائج وتعمیم نت بة ى وعینة المجتمع المناس ول عل ائل الحص ع ووس ة جم ذلك، وطریق ق ل ا یتعل ات فیم البیان . بمتغیرات الدراسة ائج تخالص النت ى اس بة حت ائیة المناس یالت اإلحص ارات والتحل راء االختب ل ،إج ي تمث والت ي ىدلیل تطبیقي لمدى تأثیر اإلفصاح االلكترون ة عل ركات المدرج تثماري للش رار االس الق . في سوق العراق لألوراق المالیة أھمیة البحث 5.1 ركات ي للش اح االلكترون ة اإلفص ف بطبیع ة التعری ي محاول ث ف ة البح تلخص أھمی ت تثماري علىالمدرجة في سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیة، ومدى تأثیر مستویات اإلفصاح القرار االس ب ي یج ات الت ن المعلوم م م وي المالئ ي المحت رار بتبن انع الق ذا ص د ھ ا یفی ة؛ بم ركات المدرج للش ي ترشید القرار االستثماري، ح عنھا لغرضاإلفصا الي ف وبیان مدى فاعلیة اإلفصاح االلكتروني الح ة ث الحاج ن حی ة م ألوراق المالی راق ل وق الع ي س ة ف ركات المدرج تثماري للش رار االس ید الق ترش .للمعلومات المحاسبیة المالئمة التخاذ القرار االستثماري مجال وحدود البحث 6.1 ث ال البح ىفي ضوء تحقیق ھدف ھذا البحث، یقتصر مج ذي عل ي ال اح االلكترون اإلفص ذه ي ھ تقرره ھیئة سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیة لعملیات اإلفصاح التي تلزم بھا الشركات المدرجة ف ة السوق ر مدرج رى غی ركات أخ ن ،وبالتالي یخرج عن حدود مجال البحث أي ش رج ع ذلك یخ وك للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 73 ذا ال ھ دم مج عة لع ال الموس اریر األعم ة تق تخدم لغ ي تس ي الت اح االلكترون ات اإلفص ث عملی البح لبیان مدى فاعلیتھا في عملیات إلیھاوان كان الباحث یشیر ،تطبیقھا في سوق العراق لألوراق المالیة .اإلفصاح ولصالح القرار االستثماري أسلوب البحث 7.1 ائي امج اإلحص ى البرن ث إل تند الباح ة ) spss,v.23( اس ات المتعلق ل المعلوم ي تحلی ف ركات ن الش ة م ة العراقی وق األوراق المالی ع س ن موق ا م ل علیھ ي حص ي الت اح االلكترون باإلفص .المدرجة والتي أفصحت عن بیاناتھا الكترونیا وفقا لتعلیمات ھیئة سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیة ابقةوالدراسات الساإلطار النظري للدراسة . 2 ل ان العوام ي، وبی اح االلكترون ة اإلفص وم وطبیع ان مفھ الل بی ن خ ك م ث ذل یتناول الباح ؤثر ىالتي ت ات عل ي عملی ي تبن ة ف ة العراقی وق األوراق المالی ان دور س ع بی تثماري، م رار االس الق :ما یلي علىاإلفصاح االلكتروني ویشتمل اإلطار النظري للدراسة اإلفصاح االلكترونيمفھوم وطبیعة 1.2 دائنین، تثمرین، وال ة للمس ات الھام رض المعلوم ھ ع بي بأن اح المحاس رف اإلفص یع تقبل، ي المس اح ف ق األرب ى تحقی اة عل درة المنش التنبؤ بمق مح ب ة تس ة بطریق راف ذات العالق واألط ي للم كل اإلعالم ل الش ي تمث ة الت الل وسداد التزاماتھا من خالل التقاریر والقوائم المالی ن خ روع م ش .نشر البیانات والمعلومات المتاحة لألطراف ذوى العالقة ا فافیة فیعرفھ ا الش ذي ) kang & pang, 2005, p. 6(أم بي ال اح المحاس ا اإلفص بأنھ الي ر الم ي التقری ریعیة ف ات التش اییر والمتطلب ام والمع ول الع بیة ذات القب ادئ المحاس ى المب یتخط تخدمین بالمعل ةلتزوید المس ة العالی بیة ذات الموثوقی ات المحاس رارات وم اذ الق ا التخ ي یحتاجونھ .الت ا ا یعرفھ تخدمین ) carson & simnett, 2015, p. 871-873(كم ول المس ي حص ا تعن بأنھ ارجیین تخدمین الخ ول المس ث أن حص دى اإلدارة حی ون ل ي تك ات الت س المعلوم ى نف ارجیین عل الخ تناد ة اإلدارة باالس ى مراقب ادرین عل م ق يعلى ھذه المعلومات یجعلھ د إل فافیة تع ف الش اریر توص تق .بمعرفة مراجعي الحسابات ً من اإلفص انیرى الباحث ن أن كال د م ً الب اح والشفافیة وجھان لعملة واحدة ولتحقیقھما سویا ا دف منھم ة والھ التوفیق بین المعاییر المحاسبیة المحلیة، و بین المعاییر الدولیة إلعداد التقاریر المالی .المستخدمین علىالنشر الصادق والعادل والمالئم للمعلومات المحاسبیة أنواع اإلفصاح 2.2 ي تعكس عملیة اإلف ة ف ركة متمثل ا الش رفین ھم ین ط وى ب ً في الق صاح عن المعلومات تباینا تخدم فھا المس ة بوص راف الخارجی ین األط اح، و ب ة اإلفص ى إدارة عملی ة عل فھا القائم إدارتھا بوص د وى فق ي الق این ف ذا التب ا لھ ركة، وإدراك رھا الش دادھا ونش وم بإع ي تق ة الت اریر المالی وائم والتق للق دخل الم ة ت ین حمای در مع ن ق اح ع ى اإلفص ركات عل ار إدارة الش ة إلجب دول المختلف ي ال رع ف ش رى، راف األخ لحة األط ي، لمص اح اإللزام ا اإلفص اح ھم ن اإلفص وعین م ین ن ز ب ر التمیی ا ظھ وھن .(noh & weber, 2017, p. 7-13) واإلفصاح االختیاري اإلفصاح اإللزامي 1.2.2 ات یمثل ذلك اإلفصاح الذي تحكمھ وء متطلب ي ض اللوائح واألنظمة والتشریعات القانونیة ف ت واء كان ة س ة والمھنی ات العلمی ات والھیئ ن الجھ ادرة ع بیة الص اییر المحاس اإلفصاح الواردة بالمع ً عاما .محلیة أو دولیة متعارف علیھا والتي تلقى قبوال اإلفصاح االختیاري 2.2.2 ات الھا ن المعلوم د م دیم المزی ى بتق ا یعن ي یطلبھ ارات الت اري كاالستفس كل اختی ة بش م مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 74 ادیة ة واالقتص رارات المالی اذ الق ي اتخ اعدتھم ف ة لمس وائم المالی تخدمو الق الح ومس حاب المص أص ا ي باإلفص اح اإللزام م اإلفص م یق ي ل یدة والت وائحالرش وانین والل ب الق ا بموج د ،ح عنھ اول أح و تن ي اح اإلعالم و اإلفص اح وھ رة لإلفص رة المعاص س النظ د یعك وم جدی احثین مفھ informativeالب رارات اذ ق لح التخ ات تص دیم معلوم اه لتق ا یتخط بحیث ال یقتصر على تقدیم المعلومات المالیة، وإنم ادي، ألن تثمر الع توى المس تعانة اقتصادیة، وأال یقتصر تقدیم ھذه المعلومات على مس تطیع االس ھ یس cade, 2017, p. 6-12). (بالخبراء والمحللین المالیین دیل دور ي تع ر ف ت أث بكة االنترن ى ش ة عل نتیجة االنتشار اإللكتروني المتزاید للقوائم المالی ورات ة التط ة لمواكب بیة الالزم اییر المحاس وانین والمع دیل الق ل تع ن أج الھیئات المحاسبیة الدولیة م ات ا المعلوم ي تكنولوجی الي .والتغیرات ف ر الم یم التقری ً لتنظ ا ة عالمی ود المبذول م الجھ ن أھ ر م ویعتب ام ة ع ي نھای ة ف بة الدولی اییر المحاس س مع ھ مجل ام ب ا ق ي م وان 1999اإللكترون ة بعن دار قائم بإص ت بكة االنترن ى ش ال عل اریر األعم ا ق(business reporting on the internet) تق ھ وم ام ب ام ي ع بة األمریك اییر المحاس س مع ي 2000مجل ع اإللكترون وان التوزی ى بعن روع بحث دار مش بإص ال اریر األعم ات تق (electronic distribution of business reportingلمعلوم information(. القرار االستثماري علىالعوامل المؤثرة 3.2 ي أنواعتتمثل أنواع القرارات االستثماریة في ثالث ا یل ل فیم ,.rashid, a) أساسیة تتمث & saeed, m, 2017, p. 840-860): ة : قرار الشراء ھ ان القیم ة رؤیت ي حال الي ف ل م ازة أص ذلك عندما یرغب المستثمر في حی دفقات –الحالیة للتدفقات النقدیة المتوقعة ذه الت احبة لھ وق –مع االھتمام بالمخاطر المص تف .الیة لألصل الماليالقیمة السوقیة الح داول دم الت رار ع ة : ق ي حال وق ف بح الس ة، ویص ع القیم وقي م عر الس اوى الس دما یتس عن ا ال توازن، وبالتالي ال یتوقع المستثمر تحقیق أي عوائد إال إذا تغیرت الظروف السائدة مم .القیام بأي قرار سواء متعلق بالبیع أو بالشراء إلىیدفع المستثمر ة : قرار البیع ن القیم ر م ھ اكب ذي بحوزت ل ال عندما یري المستثمر بأن القیمة السوقیة لألص ة –الحالیة للتدفقات النقدیة المتوقعة دفقات النقدی ذه الت احبة لھ اطر المص ام بالمخ ع االھتم م .فانھ یتخذ قرار البیع نتیجة لوجود فرصة لتحقیق األرباح لیات اإلفصاح االلكترونيیة من عمموقف سوق األوراق المالیة العراق 4.2 انون ا للق ة وفق ركات المدرج ة الش ة العراقی وق األوراق المالی ة س ت ھیئ نة 74ألزم لس :وتعدیالتھ حیث أصدرت عدة تعلیمات بشأن عملیات اإلفصاح المحاسبي تتمثل فیما یلي 2004 ة باإلفص: 2009لسنة 10تعلیمات وق األوراق المالی ة بس اح وتلزم الشركات المدرج اح ىعن النسب المالیة المؤثرة وذلك اإلفص ك إل ذي یمتل تثمر ال ن المس ل م % 10ك ركة ى الش ذلك عل درة، وك ھم المص ي األس ذین ف اھمین ال دد المس ن ع ح ع أن تفص ن ر م ون أكث ود % 10یمتلك بعض بن ركات ب زم الش درة، وان تلت ھم المص ن األس م .اإلفصاح األخرى التي حددتھا تلك التعلیمات ة : 2010لسنة 8تعلیمات اإلفصاح رقم وائم المالی ود والق وھي تنظم عملیة إرسال البن دیمھا ة بتق ىالملتزم س اإلدارة إل ر مجل منة تقری ة متض وق األوراق المالی ة س ھیئ عات م التوس ا وحج ائج أعمالھ ركة ونت الي للش ز الم ل للمرك ع تحلی ة م وائم المالی والق .المصدرة وغیر ذلك من بیانات اإلفصاحالمستقبلیة وبیان بعدد األسھم اح ات اإلفص نة 11تعلیم ف : 2011لس ھ یوق ت أن اح، وبین تلزمات اإلفص ددت مس ح للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 75 ن تداول الشركة في سوق األوراق المالیة إذا تأخرت في تسلیم القوائم المالیة المدققة م دة الل م ابات خ ب الحس ذلك 150مراق ة، وك نة المالی اء الس اریخ انتھ ن ت وم م دیم ی تق .أو الربع سنھ یوم من انتھاء الفصل، 60لیة كل ربع سنة بحد أقصى بیانات، أو فص ر ة ال انالباحث ىی ة العراقی وق األوراق المالی رارات س ارة أن ق من اإلش ىیتض ات إل عملی :تيآلوالتي تقضي با 2009لسنة 11یمات اإلفصاح االلكتروني إال من خالل التعل ة ات المالی دیم البیان ي تق ح ف ذلك والموض د ل وذج المع ا النم ا وفق وذج الكترونی النم .الموالي :من ركة ن الش ف م ؤول المكل م المس الاس بإرس : الھیئة إلىالنموذج :إلى یش ة والتفت رة الرقاب ة / دائ ة األوراقھیئ المالی العراقیة inspection@isc.gov.iqاإلیمیل الخاص : تاریخ البیانات الواردة بالنموذج : / /التاریخ منھا ن ض ل وم ي المرس فحات الكل دد الص ع صفحة الغالف : الشركة : دوریة البیان سنوي فصلي شھري :رقم الھاتف والبرید االلكتروني الخاص بالشركة دائرة الرقابة والتفتیش إلىتقدیم البیانات المالیة االلكترونیة : 1النموذج )2009 ،المالیة العراقیة األوراقھیئة :(المصدر ات أن ة البیان عة للرقاب میة خاض اق رس ر وث ي تعتب الطریق االلكترون ة ب ة المقدم المالی الت ات والمراس ریة البیان ة بس ات المتعلق ن االلتزام والتفتیش بعد االلتزام بمجموعة م .االلكترونیة الدراسات السابقة 7.2 ة دفت دراس بیة (abdelsalam & street, 2007) ھ اریر المحاس ار التق ى اختب إل ن ة م ى عین ة 110المنشورة على اإلنترنت من قبل الشركات اإلنجلیزیة عل ي بورص دة ف ركة مقی ش ة ة موجب ود عالق ا وج ائج أھمھ دة نت ى ع ة إل ذه الدراس لت ھ ك، و توص ددات ذل ة مح دن ودراس لن دیرین، ة الم ین ملكی ة ب البة وجوھری ة س اك عالق ین أن ھن ي ح دیرین، ف تقالل الم ة الس وجوھری .دور المدیر التنفیذي األول، وشمولیة التقاریر المالیة المنشورة على اإلنترنت وازدواجیة ة ت دراس ركات )(plumee & et., al., 2008 تناول إلزام الش ة ب راءات الخاص اإلج ة ة األمریكی ة األوراق المالی داول بورص ة ت ل ھیئ ن قب ة م ر ) sec(األمریكی ة تقری تخدام لغ باس لإلفصاح االلكتروني، وأوضحت الجوانب الفنیة والممیزات التي تقدمھا تلك األعمال الموسعة كسبیل ل ن قب تخدامھا م ى اس اه إل و االتج ة نح وات الفعلی ى أن الخط ة إل ارت الدراس اللغة حال تطبیقھ، وأش ام دأت ع ة ب مح ،2004ھیئة تداول بورصة األوراق المالیة األمریكی ا لتس ن أنظمتھ دلت م ا ع حینم . xbrlتقدیم بیاناتھم المالیة في شكل لغة للمشاركین ب ا عة أنھ ال الموس ر األعم ة تقری دمھا لغ ي تق ا الت م المزای ن أھ ھ م ى أن وتوصلت الدراسة إل تدعم المستثمرین خاصة ومستخدمي القوائم المالیة عامة فھي تسھل من عملیة تحلیل البیانات وتدعم بح خاصیتي التوقیت المناسب والقابلیة للمقارنة ة ستص وائم المالی رض الق ة ع د لغ ع توحی ھ م حیث أن ً .عملیة المقارنة بین الشركات وبعضھا البعض وبین نفس المنشاة في عدة سنوات سھلة نسبیا ي (mohamed et al., 2009) بینت دراسة عملیة التحقق من مدى االختالف والتشابھ ف ة ركات المدرج ت للش ى اإلنترن ة عل اریر المالی ر التق ى أن نش لت إل ان، وتوص ة عم ي بورص ف مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 76 ان ن ك نھم م نوي، وم ر الس ن التقری الشركات التي تفصح تنوعت فیما بینھا؛ فھناك من كان یفصح ع ة، ة حدیث ي مرحل ازال ف ان م وق عم اح اإللكترونیفیس ط ـ وأن اإلفص ة فق داث الھام ن األح یفصح ع .وأن ھناك العدید من التحدیات التي تواجھھ ة دت دراس تدامة (herzig & godemann, 2010) عم دى االس ن م ق م ى التحق ي إل ف الي وق الم ي الس ة ف ركات المدرج ة للش اریر المالی ن التق اح ع ت لإلفص تخدام اإلنترن اني اس األلم )dax30(، تدامة یلة مس ت كوس تخدام لإلنترن ود االس ق بوج ة تتعل ائج الدراس م نت ت أھ وتمثل .أقل تكلفة بالنسبة للشركات وألصحاب المصالحلإلفصاح، وأن استخدام اإلنترنت ة دت دراس اح (ettredge et al., 2012) عم ق اإلفص ددات تطبی ص مح ى فح إل بي ود المحاس ا بن وعین، ھم ى ن ي إل اح اإللكترون ب اإلفص ك بتبوی اري، وذل ي االختی اإللكترون ي( المعلومات المطلوبة اح اإللزام ادل األوراق ا) اإلفص ة تب طة لجن ة بواس تم )sec(لمالی ي ی ، والت ة طة اللجن ة بواس ر المطلوب ات غی ود المعلوم ادة، وبن ة المعت اریر المالی ر التق ا عب اح عنھ اإلفص ركة.وذلك من خالل نظریة الحوافز). اإلفصاح االختیاري( م الش ل حج ل مث ى أن عوام ،وتوصلت إل ارجي ل الخ اح ،والتموی ودة اإلفص ات ،وج ل المعلوم دم تماث اح ،وع ود اإلفص ى بن أثیر عل ا ت لھ .بواسطة لجنة البورصة ) اإلفصاح االختیاري(اإللكتروني غیر المطلوبة ة )rawashdeh, 2013( أعربت دراسة ر عن طبیع ة تقری ق لغ ة بتطبی ل المرتبط العوام ة ت الدراس ث تم ابقة حی ات الس ى الدراس دة عل عودیة معتم ة الس ة العربی األعمال الموسعة في المملك ق 20لى عینة شملت ع ي التطبی ؤثرة ف ل الم م العوام ا لفھ ث نموذج ور الباح د ط شركة سعودیة، وق ي ىغالحیث أضاف عامل التدریب، المعرفة،ومھارات االنترنت كعوامل حاكمة إضافة ل الت العوام د تو وجي، وق د تكنول ق، تعقی لت تناولتھا الدراسات السابقة من میزة نسبیة، سھولة استخدام، وتواف ص . أن تلك العوامل مرتبطة بشكل مباشر بنیة تطبیق لغة تقریر األعمال الموسعة إلي و ابي نح اه االیج دى االتج ث م ین للباح ابقة یتب ات الس وث والدراس تقراء البح الل اس ن خ م ابقة ات الس ىالقیام بعملیات اإلفصاح االلكتروني في األسواق المالیة العالمیة، حیث أكدت الدراس عل ي تالف ف تواالخ تخدام ىالمس د اس ل عن د الكام ق الرش ذي یحق ي ال اح االلكترون ن اإلفص م م المالئ اح ىالمعلومات التي یتم اإلفصاح عنھا، وتناولت الدراسات السابقة تأثیر درجات اإلفص ة عل ایجابی .االزدواجیة في مھام المدیر التنفیذي سلبیة االستقاللیة ومدى أو ذا ن ھ ا م ھ انطالق ذي یحقق د ال دى الرش ان م الل بی ن خ ة م وة البحثی دد الفج رض تتح الع ا د وم وذج موح عملیات اإلفصاح االلكتروني في سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیة، بالرغم من تبنیھ نم اتي وى المعلوم أثیر المحت رار ت ى الق ة عل ألوراق المالی راق ل وق الع ي س ي ف اح االلكترون لإلفص ال تب إلىاك حاجة االستثماري، وھل ھن ني النموذج األمریكي في استخدام لغة موحدة وھي لغة األعم ق ال ى یتحق عة حت تثماريالموس رار االس ي الق ل ف د الكام ط ، رش فیة فق ة كش ذه الدراس ان ھ الي ف وبالت ا ة ودورھ للوضع القائم للتثبت من درجات التباین بین عملیات اإلفصاح االلكتروني للشركات المختلف .القرار االستثماري علىتأثیر في ال منھجیة البحث. 3 تقدیم الدلیل العملي من خالل الدراسة التطبیقیة على مدى تأثیر نظام إلىیھدف ھذا المبحث .القرار االستثماري للشركات المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي علىاإلفصاح االلكتروني التطبیقیةبانوراما حول اإلطار العام للدراسة 1.3 ع ان مجتم ة وبی یتناول الباحث بالعرض اإلطار العام للدراسة من خالل تحدید ھدف الدراس ع تخدمة م ائیة المس الیب اإلحص ان األس ة وبی ركات المبحوث وعینة الدراسة التطبیقیة والتعریف بالش مل ث وتش ة البح ي عین ة ف ركات المبحوث ن الش ركة م ل ش ي لك اح االلكترون م اإلفص رض حج ع للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 77 :البانوراما ما یلي ة ة التطبیقی ذه الدراس راء ھ دف إج ىیھ اح إل أثیر اإلفص دى ت ن م ي ع دلیل العلم دیم ال تق ي ىااللكترون ان عل ة ، وبی ة العراقی وق األوراق المالی ي س ة ف ركات المدرج تثماري للش رار االس الق .مدي معنویة الفروض اإلحصائیة المقترحة من الباحث بشأن ذلك وعینة الدراسةمجتمع 2.3 الطریق ورة ب ة المنش وائم المالی ي للق یتمثل مجتمع وعینة الدراسة في عملیات التطبیق العمل :االلكتروني على شبكة سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیة ویتمثل مجتمع وعینة الدراسة فیما یلي ة الع ة بدول وق األوراق المالی ي س ة ف ركات المدرج ة الش ة كاف ع الدراس مل مجتم راق یش ة ادیة العراقی ات االقتص ة القطاع ن كاف وق م ذه الس َ من خالل الموقع االلكتروني لھ .والمبنیة حصریا ة و د ھیئ ا لقواع ي وفق تقتصر عینة الدراسة على عدد ثالث شركات تقوم بعملیات اإلفصاح االلكترون :سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیة وھي الشركات اآلتیة ؛العقاريشركة المعمورة لالستثمار ؛شركة األمین لالستثمار المالي .مدینة العاب الكرخ السیاحیة نوات الل الس ا خ ح عنھ بیة المفص ات المحاس مل البیان ث تش ى 2011عینة البح ، 2015حت ا ة الكترونی نوات المتاح ي الس ىوھ بیة عل ات المحاس غ البیان تم تفری ة وی وق األوراق المالی ع س موق .المتعلقة بما یلي لكل شركة متغیرات الدراسة 3.3 :بھا عن حجم اإلفصاح االلكتروني لھذه الشركات وھي یعبر، ومتغیرات مستقلة ؛نسبة دوران األسھم ؛دینار –العائد على السھم ؛نسبة الملكیة ؛مكرر األرباح ؛مرة –نسبة التداول ؛دینار –القیمة الدفتریة .رأس المال العامل ابع ر الت ر ،المتغی تم التعبی ذي ی ركات وال ذه الش ي ھ تثماري ف رار االس ي الق ل ف ھ ویتمث عن :باألرقام والنسب المحاسبیة اآلتیة ؛بالملیون دینار –القیمة السوقیة ؛بالملیون سھم -عدد األسھم المتداولة ؛بالملیون دینار -المتداولةالقیمة ؛في نھایة العام -سعر اإلغالق السنوي .مدار العام علىوھو التغیر في السعر -معدل السعر السنوي التعریف بالشركات المبحوثة 4.3 ذه زم ھ ة یل ة العراقی وق األوراق المالی ع س ى موق ي عل اح االلكترون ات اإلفص إن عملی درج أن ت ھا ب ر الشركات باإلفصاح عن نفس ا وغی ركة وعنوانھ اط الش ة نش ن طبیع ة ع ة تعریفی بطاق یة كما .ذلك من البیانات ات األساس ن البیان اح ع تویات اإلفص دد مس ة تح أن بیانات الشركات المبحوث ھذه الشركات وطبیعة إلیھللشركة من حیث االسم التجاري لھا وكذلك القطاع االقتصادي الذي تنتمي نات االتصال األخرى، وأن البیانات التي تفصح عنھا الشركة تتضح من نشاطھا تحدیدا وعنوانھا وبیا مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 78 ):3(حتى شكل ) 1(األشكال :عنھا الشكل التالي برعكما ی ،شركة المعمورة لالستثمار العقاري financial ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 النسب المالیة share turn over ratio 12.94 15.28 30.57 27.18 51.82 نسبة دوران السھم(%) earning per share (id) 0.02 0.058 0.015 0.036 0.041 دینار(العائد على السھم( ownership ratio (%) 89.97 87.4 80 94.44 99.64 نسبة الملكیة(%) interest repetition 193.5 84.14 279.33 106.64 80.24 مكرر االرباح trding ratio 9.93 7.88 4.98 17.9 274.46 مرة(نسبة التداول( book value (id) 1.046 1.124 1.068 1.17 1.134 دینار(القیمة الدفتریة( working capital 20 ,0 03 ,6 95 ,1 19 1 8, 45 9, 95 1, 14 2 1 5, 94 1, 20 1, 73 8 1 3, 63 8, 14 4, 55 3 1 3, 24 1, 52 5, 04 2 رأس المال العامل market capitalization (million id) )ملیون(القیمة السوقیة 38580 45147 62892 80574 74304 profit distrbution نسبة االرباح الموزعة trading statements 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 مؤشرات التداول no. of traded shares 2, 48 4, 73 4, 64 8 2, 52 2, 76 5, 46 7 4 ,5 88 ,0 86 ,9 50 3 ,1 86 ,9 11 ,2 33 6 ,0 76 ,7 08 ,0 58 عدد االسھم المتداولة trding volume 9, 78 1, 63 3, 64 8 12 ,1 45 ,8 82 ,2 69 1 7, 78 9, 06 2, 93 4 8, 86 7, 04 2, 78 0 20 ,6 16 ,2 46 ,8 31 القیمة المتداولة annual closing price 3.87 4.88 4.19 3.85 3.29 سعر االغالق السنوي annual averge price 3.94 4.82 3.88 2.78 3.39 السنويمعدل السعر highest price 5 5.8 4.2 3.85 5.45 اعلى سعر نفذ lowest price 2.8 3.56 3.51 2.22 2.4 ادنى سعر نفذ اإلفصاح المحاسبي للشركة االستثمار العقاري: 1الشكل سوق االوراق المالیة العراقیة: المصدر للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 79 :یعبر عنھا الشكل التالي كما ،شركة العاب الكرخ الترفیھیة financial ratio 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 النسب المالیة share turn over ratio 95.97 81.96 28.71 15.01 14.35 نسبة دوران السھم(%) earning per share (id) 0.234 0.473 0.730 دینار(العائد على السھم( ownership ratio (%) 95.73 93.55 92.24 92.33 الملكیة نسبة(%) interest repetition 73.72 16.38 15.07 مكرر االرباح trading ratio 1.79 2.65 11.42 10.61 مرة(نسبة التداول( book value (id) 1.060 1.500 دینار(القیمة الدفتریة( working capital 37 ,5 16 ,6 80 8 5, 24 1, 36 1 5 55 ,0 72 ,7 11 3 66 ,5 78 ,8 74 المال العاملرأس market capitalization (million id) )ملیون(القیمة السوقیة 2530 2834 8625 5860 5450 profit distrbuted (%) نسبة االرباح الموزعة trading statements 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 مؤشرات التداول no. of traded shares 95 9, 66 9, 52 8 8 19 ,6 21 ,2 52 1 43 ,5 62 ,2 01 55 ,2 47 ,1 06 3 3, 01 3, 75 1 عدد االسھم المتداولة trading volume 5, 70 8, 85 6, 30 8 6 ,6 71 ,9 69 ,6 89 1 ,1 49 ,3 12 ,3 38 48 6, 01 7, 94 2 4 00 ,2 04 ,5 06 القیمة المتداولة annual closing price 5,450 5,860 17,250 7,700 11,000 سعر االغالق السنوي annual averge price 5,950 8,140 8,010 8,800 12,120 معدل السعر السنوي highest price 7,460 24,000 20,900 12,990 16,000 اعلى سعر نفذ lowest price 4,560 5,500 5,000 7,300 8,500 ادنى سعر نفذ اإلفصاح المحاسبي لشركة ألعاب الكرخ الترفیھیة: 2شكل رقم المالیة العراقیة األوراقسوق : المصدر مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 80 :كما یعبر عنھا الشكل التالي ،شركة األمین لالستثمار المالي financial ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 النسب المالیة share turn over ratio 0.80 17.10 70.57 1.41 1.03 نسبة دوران السھم(%) earning per share (id) دینار(العائد على السھم( ownership ratio (%) 61.41 52.18 78.84 81.08 88.04 نسبة الملكیة(%) interest repetition مكرر االرباح trading ratio 2.58 2.08 4.72 5.27 8.36 مرة(نسبة التداول( book value (id) 0.662 0.800 0.883 0.892 0.987 دینار(القیمة الدفتریة( working capital 65 7, 02 4, 74 1 7 94 ,8 00 ,9 18 6 62 ,3 78 ,8 53 6 69 ,2 85 ,2 80 7 40 ,4 31 ,9 66 رأس المال العامل market capitalization (million id) )ملیون(القیمة السوقیة 495 495 1140 2000 1600 profit distrbuted (%) نسبة االرباح الموزعة trading statements 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 مؤشرات التداول no. of traded shares 8, 03 5, 70 7 17 0, 95 0, 95 8 5 29 ,2 95 ,5 72 10 ,5 56 ,0 42 7, 72 3, 44 0 عدد االسھم المتداولة trading volume 13 ,7 58 ,9 46 2 43 ,0 12 ,2 61 5 43 ,0 37 ,2 12 6, 45 4, 05 2 5 ,7 33 ,0 61 القیمة المتداولة annual closing price 1.600 2.000 1.520 0.660 0.660 سعر االغالق السنوي annual averge price 1.600 2.000 1.520 0.610 0.740 معدل السعر السنوي highest price 2.850 2.700 1900 0.660 0.880 اعلى سعر نفذ lowest price 1.350 1.000 0.700 0.600 0.660 ادنى سعر نفذ األمین الستثمار المالياإلفصاح المحاسبي لشركة : 3شكل رقم المالیة العراقیة األوراقسوق : المصدر ن إلىھذا باإلضافة ث م البیانات األساسیة التي تفصح عنھا الشركات والتي یعرضھا الباح .المواليخالل الجدول للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 81 التعریف بالشركات عینة البحث: 1الجدول الشركة المبحوثة الشكل القانوني تاریخ طبیعة النشاط العنوان التأسیس رأس مال التأسیس تاریخ اإلدراج في سوق رأس المال رأس المال عند اإلدراج المعمورة لالستثمار العقاري مساھمة خاصة عرصات –بغداد حي بابل –الھندیة شراء وبیع وتأجیر العقارات ملیون 75 19/1/1993 دینار عراقي 5/6/2004 2700 ملیون دینار عراقي مدینة العاب الكرخ مساھمة خاصة –الكرادة –بغداد مقابل مستشفي الراھبات األلعاب الترفیھیة أربعة مالیین 1988 دینار عراقي ملیون 60 25/7/2004 دینار عراقي األمین لالستثمار المالي مساھمة خاصة االستثمار السیدیة أجنادین المالي واالكتتاب في الشركات االخري ملیون 100 28/4/1999 دینار عراقي ملیون 300 5/6/2004 دینار عراقي اإلفصاح االلكتروني للشركة: المصدر معیاریة البیانات المبحوثة ىدراسة مد 5.3 تخدم الباحث ابیرو انیس ار ش ك –اختب م ویل ي ت ات الت وع البیان دى خض ار م ك الختب وذل : الحصول علیھا للتوزیع الطبیعي المعیاري كما یتضح مما یلي اريبیانات تثمار العق ورة لالس ركة المعم الي :اإلفصاح في ش دول الت ر الج ث یعب ن حی ع .ویلك –بشأن اختبار شابیرو spss.22مخرجات البرنامج اإلحصائي المعمورة للتوزیع الطبیعي مدى خضوع بیانات شركة: 2الجدول kolmogorov-smirnova shapiro-wilk statistic df sig. statistic df sig. 446. 5 906. *200. 5 223. األسھم دوران نسبة 798. 5 959. *200. 5 186. دینار السھمى عل العائد 991. 5 994. *200. 5 148. الملكیة نسبة 563. 5 925. *200. 5 250. األرباح مكرر 000. 5 589. 001. 5 448. مرة التداول نسبة 712. 5 946. *200. 5 221. دینار الدفتریة القیمة 506. 5 916. *200. 5 212. العامل المال رأس 587. 5 929. *200. 5 198. ملیون السوقیة القیمة 280. 5 873. *200. 5 248. المتداولة األسھم عدد 403. 5 899. *200. 5 229. المتداولة القیمة 799. 5 959. *200. 5 199. السنوي اإلغالق سعر 919. 5 977. *200. 5 207. السنوي السعر معدل اإلحصائيمن إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل : المصدر تثمار ورة لالس ركة المعم بي لش اح المحاس ر اإلفص ة عناص ابق أن كاف دول الس یر الج یش ابیرو ة ش ق قیم اري تحق ك – العق توي ویل ن مس ر م وي اكب توى معن د مس بة 0.05عن دا نس ا ع فیم ة، ف وق األوراق المالی توىإالتداول لألسھم المقیدة في س توى ن مس ن مس ل م ا اق ة لھ ، 0.05المعنوی ورة ركة المعم ن ش ة م ات المبحوث ة البیان أن كاف ل ب راض القائ ول االفت ك قب ب ذل رر بموج والتي یتق داول بة الت ى نس تحفظ عل ع ال اري، م ي المعی ع الطبیع ع للتوزی ط تخض ر فق ن عناص اح م اإلفص . المحاسبي االلكتروني مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 82 دول :بیانات اإلفصاح في شركة العاب الكرخ الترفیھیة ر الج ث یعب واليحی ات الم مخرج .ویلك –شابیرو بشأن اختبار spss.22البرنامج اإلحصائي العاب الكرخ للتوزیع الطبیعي مدى خضوع بیانات شركة: 3الجدول kolmogorov-smirnova shapiro-wilk statistic df sig. statistic df sig. 117. 5 820. *200. 5 283. األسھم دوران نسبة 421. 5 902. *200. 5 219. دینار السھم على العائد 000. 5 584. 001. 5 462. الملكیة نسبة 032. 5 754. 032. 5 361. األرباح مكرر 152. 5 835. 195. 5 291. مرة التداول نسبة 447. 5 907. *200. 5 223. دینار الدفتریة القیمة 239. 5 863. 176. 5 296. العامل المال رأس 526. 5 919. *200. 5 214. ملیون السوقیة القیمة 070. 5 792. 111. 5 317. المتداولة األسھم عدد 068. 5 791. 117. 5 315. المتداولة القیمة 253. 5 867. *200. 5 240. السنوي اإلغالق سعر 532. 5 920. *200. 5 265. السنوي السعر معدل من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر اب رخ لأللع اب الك ركة الع بي لش اح المحاس ر اإلفص ة عناص ابق أن كاف دول الس ین الج یب توى –الترفیھیة تحقق قیمة شابیرو ن مس ر م وي اكب توى معن بة 0.05ویكون عند مس دا نس ا ع فیم ا اق ة لھ ن الملكیة، ومكرر الربحیة لألسھم المقیدة في سوق األوراق المالیة؛ فان مستوى المعنوی ل م توي ن 0.05مس ة م ات المبحوث ة البیان أن كاف ل ب راض القائ ول االفت ك قب ب ذل رر بموج ي یتق ، والت ة علىشركة المعمورة تخضع للتوزیع الطبیعي المعیاري، مع التحفظ البیانات المتعلقة بمكرر الربحی ر علىونسبة الملكیة، والتي یوصي الباحث بعد تعمیم النتائج المترتبة ذا العنص ر ھ ن عناص ط م فق .اإلفصاح المحاسبي االلكتروني الي ات :بیانات اإلفصاح في شركة األمین لالستثمار الم الي مخرج دول الت ر الج ث یعب حی .ویلك –شابیرو بشأن اختبار spss.22البرنامج اإلحصائي األمین لالستثمار المالي للتوزیع الطبیعي مدى خضوع بیانات شركة: 4الجدول kolmogorov-smirnova shapiro-wilk statistic df sig. statistic df sig. 009. 5 697. 119. 5 314. نسبة دوران األسھم 511. 5 917. *200. 5 270. دینار السھم علىالعائد 592. 5 929. *200. 5 195. نسبة الملكیة 783. 5 956. *200. 5 223. مكرر األرباح 136. 5 829. 102. 5 321. مرة نسبة التداول 411. 5 900. *200. 5 235. دینار القیمة الدفتریة 019. 5 730. 092. 5 325. رأس المال العامل 047. 5 772. 067. 5 336. ملیون القیمة السوقیة 240. 5 863. *200. 5 252. عدد األسھم المتداولة 426. 5 903. *200. 5 248. القیمة المتداولة b. السھم على العائد .is constant. it has been omitted دینار d. األرباح مكرر is constant. it has been omitted. من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 83 تثمار ین لالس ركة األم بي لش اح المحاس ر اإلفص ة عناص الي یبین الجدول السابق أن كاف الم ابیرو ة ش ق قیم توي –تحق ن مس ر م وي اكب توي معن د مس ون عن دوران 0.05ویك بة ال ا نس ، فیم توى ن مس ل م ا اق ة لھ توى المعنوی ان مس ة؛ ف وق األوراق المالی ي س ي 0.05لألسھم المقیدة ف والت ورة ركة المعم ن ش ة م ات المبحوث ة البیان أن كاف ل ب راض القائ ول االفت ع یتقرر بموجب ذلك قب تخض ارة در اإلش ھم، وتج بة دوران األس للتوزیع الطبیعي المعیاري، مع التحفظ على البیانات المتعلقة بنس دات ي تحدی ور ف ل للقص ن التحلی ھم م عر الس أن التحلیل السابق أخرج بمكرر الربحیة والعائد على س ائج یم النت د تعم ث بع ي الباح ي یوص ة، والت نالبیانات خالل السنوات المبحوث ى م ة عل ذه المترتب ھ .قة باإلفصاح المحاسبي االلكترونيالعناصر المتعل تبار فرضیات البحث وتحلیل نتائجھاخ .4 روض ة الف دى معنوی ن م تدالل ع ائیة لالس الیب اإلحص ن األس ة م ث مجموع یستخدم الباح ىاإلحصائیة التي افترضھا الباحث، والتي تشیر ي إل بي االلكترون اح المحاس ام اإلفص أثیر نظ دى ت م :على قرارات المستثمرین في سوق األوراق المالیة العراقیة ویتم اختبار الفروض من خالل ما یلي اختبار الفرض األول 1.4 ھینص عل ھذا الفرض ي " ى أن اح االلكترون توى اإلفص ین مس وي ب تالف معن د اخ ال یوج ."والمدرجة في سوق المال العراقي بین الشركات المبحوثة كال ار كروس ث اختب تخدم الباح رض یس ذا الف حة ھ دى ص ار م ز وی –الختب kruskal(ل wallis (، اح توى اإلفص ي مس ة ف ركات المبحوث ین الش ة ب روق المعنوی دى الف ان م ك لبی وذل .التالي االلكتروني وھذا ما یعبر عنھ في الجدول اإلفصاح االلكتروني بین الشركاتالفرق في : 5الجدول n mean الشركات المبحوثة rank متوسط الرتب chisquare 2كا asymp. sig. مستوي الداللة بة دوران نس األسھم 249. 2.780 8.60 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة 10.00 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 5.40 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 السھم على العائد دینار 036. 6.66 10.00 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة 10.00 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 4.00 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 114. 4.34 9.80 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة الملكیة نسبة 9.60 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 4.60 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 004. 11.02 12.80 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة األرباح مكرر 7.20 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 4.00 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 بة داول نس الت مرة 145. 3.86 11.20 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة 6.60 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 6.20 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 84 n mean الشركات المبحوثة rank متوسط الرتب chisquare 2كا asymp. sig. مستوي الداللة total 15 ة ة القیم الدفتری دینار 049. 6.02 9.80 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة 10.20 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 4.00 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 002. 12.50 13.00 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة العامل المال رأس 3.00 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 8.00 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 ة وقیة القیم الس ملیون 002. 12.52 13.00 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة 8.00 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 3.00 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 دد ھم ع األس المتداولة 006. 10.22 13.00 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة 6.80 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 4.20 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 003. 11.58 13.00 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة المتداولة القیمة 7.60 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 3.40 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 عر الق س اإلغ السنوي 002. 12.52 8.00 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة 13.00 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 3.00 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 دل عر مع الس السنوي 002. 12.50 8.00 5 العقاریة لالستثمارات المعمورة شركة 13.00 5 السیاحیة الكرخ العاب مدینة 3.00 5 المالي لالستثمار األمین شركة total 15 من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر ار یبین الجدول السابق ائیة الختب ب ) kruskal wallis( النتائج اإلحص توى الرت ث مس حی :یالحظ اآلتياالختالف ومن ھذا لكل شركة من الشركات المبحوثة، ي اح االلكترون ة اإلفص ي عملی ة ف ة : أوجھ االختالف بین الشركات المبحوث رج قیم ث تخ ا(حی ) 2ك ود ي البن ي ف ي وھ اح االلكترون ة اإلفص ي عملی غیر معنویة في حالة وجود اختالف بین الشركات ف :اآلتیة ھم دل دوران األس ر مع ا:مؤش ة ك ت قیم ث خرج ة 2حی د مس 2.78بقیم ي عن توى وھ .0.05اكبر من مستوي 0.249معنوي ة ركات المبحوث ي الش ة ف بة الملكی ن نس ا: اإلفصاح ع ة ك ت قیم ث خرج ة 2حی 4.34بقیم .0.05اكبر من مستوي 0.114وھي عند مستوى معنوي ة :اإلفصاح عن نسبة التداول في الشركات المبحوثة ت قیم ث خرج ا(حی ة ) 2ك ، 3.86بقیم للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 85 .0.05اكبر من مستوى 0.145عند مستوى معنوي وھي توى "ل قبول الفرض العدمي الذي یقو إلىویشیر ذلك ین مس عدم وجود اختالف معنوي ب ."اإلفصاح االلكتروني بین الشركات المبحوثة والمدرجة في سوق المال العراقي معنویة ، عند مستوى )2كا(حیث أن قیمة :أوجھ االتفاق بین الشركات المبحوثة في باقي المؤشرات دمي،0.05اقل من مستوى رض الع رفض الف ى أن ، وبالتالي ی نص عل ذي ی دیل ال رض الب ل الف ویقب وق " ي س ھناك اختالف معنوي بین مستوى اإلفصاح االلكتروني بین الشركات المبحوثة والمدرجة ف ."المال العراقي اختبار الفرض الثاني 2.4 رض ذا الف نص عل ھ ھی د ال" ى أن ر یوج وي أث اح معن م اإلفص ین حج ائیة ب ة إحص ذو دالل ."االلكتروني، وبین القرار االستثماري في سوق األوراق العراقیة تخدم الباحثا اح انس م اإلفص ین حج اط ب توى االرتب اد مس ي إیج ون ف اط بیرس ل االرتب تحلی :النحو التالي علىااللكتروني وبین القرار االستثماري ویتم تحلیل ذلك بالنسبة لكل شركة ورة 1.2.4 ركة المعم ي ش تثماري ف رار االس ي والق اح االلكترون ین اإلفص اط ب توى االرتب مس لالستثمار العقاري .الموالي اختبار بیرسون من خالل الجدول ذلكحیث یبین االستثماري في شركة المعمورة لالستثمار العقاري االرتباط بین اإلفصاح االلكتروني وبین القرار: 6الجدول مؤشرات القرار االستثماري مؤشرات اإلفصاح االلكتروني pearson correlation 1 مؤشرات القرار االستثماري sig. (2-tailed) n 5 -pearson correlation -.634 األسھم دوران نسبة sig. (2-tailed) .251 n 5 pearson correlation .376 دینار السھمعلى العائد sig. (2-tailed) .533 n 5 -pearson correlation -.635 الملكیة نسبة sig. (2-tailed) .250 n 5 pearson correlation .153 األرباح مكرر sig. (2-tailed) .805 n 5 -pearson correlation -.514 مرة التداول نسبة sig. (2-tailed) .376 n 5 -pearson correlation -.326 دینار الدفتریة القیمة sig. (2-tailed) .593 n 5 pearson correlation .713 العامل المال رأس sig. (2-tailed) .177 n 5 من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 86 یوضح الجدول السابق أن وجود مستوى ارتباط متنوع بین مستویات اإلفصاح االلكتروني، ون إال ة بیرس وبین مؤشرات القرار االستثماري وتتنوع بین ارتباط ایجابي وارتباط سلبي، وفقا لقیم دمي0.05انھ مستوي المعنویة في كل الحاالت یبقي اكبر من مستوي رض الع ل الف ، والذي عنده یقب ین " علىالذي ینص ي، وب اح االلكترون عدم وجود ارتباط معنوي ذو داللة إحصائیة بین حجم اإلفص وق ي س ة ف ركات المدرج د الش اري أح القرار االستثماري لشركة االستثمار المعمورة لالستثمار العق .األوراق العراقیة اح 2.2.4 ین اإلفص اط ب توى االرتب تثماري مس رار االس ي والق رخ االلكترون اب الك ركة الع ي ش ف الترفیھیة .المواليحیث یبین ذلك اختبار بیرسون من خالل الجدول االستثماري في شركة العاب الكرخ الترفیھیة االرتباط بین اإلفصاح االلكتروني وبین القرار: 7الجدول مؤشرات القرار االستثماري مؤشرات اإلفصاح االلكتروني مؤشرات القرار االستثماري pearson correlation 1 sig. (2-tailed) -pearson correlation -.775 األسھم دوران نسبة sig. (2-tailed) .123 pearson correlation .622 دینار السھملى ع العائد sig. (2-tailed) .263 n 5 pearson correlation .614 الملكیة نسبة sig. (2-tailed) .270 n 5 pearson correlation .805 األرباح مكرر sig. (2-tailed) .101 n 5 pearson correlation .379 مرة التداول نسبة sig. (2-tailed) .529 n 5 pearson correlation .753 دینار الدفتریة القیمة sig. (2-tailed) .142 n 5 pearson correlation .254 العامل المال رأس sig. (2-tailed) .680 n 5 من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر ي اح االلكترون تویات اإلفص یوضح الجدول السابق أن وجود مستوى ارتباط متنوع بین مس ون، إال وبین مؤشرات القرار االستثماري وتتنوع بین ارتباط ایجابي وارتباط سلبي ة بیرس وفقا لقیم ، والذي عنده یقبل الفرض العدمي 0.05انھ مستوى المعنویة في كل الحاالت یبقي اكبر من مستوى ین " ىالذي ینص عل ي، وب اح االلكترون عدم وجود ارتباط معنوي ذو داللة إحصائیة بین حجم اإلفص .القرار االستثماري العاب الكرخ الترفیھیة أحد الشركات المدرجة في سوق األوراق العراقیة تثمار 3.2.4 ین لالس مستوي االرتباط بین اإلفصاح االلكتروني والقرار االستثماري في شركة األم المالي .الموالي حیث یبین ذلك اختبار بیرسون من خالل الجدول للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 87 االستثماري في شركة األمین لالستثمار المالي االرتباط بین اإلفصاح االلكتروني وبین القرار:8الجدول رار مؤشرات اإلفصاح االلكتروني رات الق مؤش االستثماري pearson correlation 1 األمین لشركة التابع المتغیر sig. (2-tailed) n 5 pearson correlation .375 األسھم دوران نسبة sig. (2-tailed) .534 n 5 pearson correlation .a دینار السھمى عل العائد sig. (2-tailed) . n 5 -pearson correlation -.873 الملكیة نسبة sig. (2-tailed) .053 n 5 pearson correlation .a األرباح مكرر sig. (2-tailed) . n 5 -pearson correlation -.843 مرة التداول نسبة sig. (2-tailed) .073 n 5 -pearson correlation -.668 دینار الدفتریة القیمة sig. (2-tailed) .218 n 5 pearson correlation .287 العامل المال رأس sig. (2-tailed) .640 n 5 من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر ي اح االلكترون تویات اإلفص یوضح الجدول السابق أن وجود مستوى ارتباط متنوع بین مس ض اك بع ذلك ھن لبي وك اط س ابي وارتب اط ایج ین ارتب وع ب تثماري وتتن رار االس رات الق وبین مؤش المؤشرات ال توضح وجود، أي نوع من االرتباط بینھا وفقا لقیمة بیرسون وأن مستوى المعنویة في توى كل الح نص 0.05االت یبقى أكبر من مس ذي ی دمي ال رض الع ل الف ده یقب ذي عن ىوال دم " عل ع تثماري رار االس ین الق ي وب اح االلكترون م اإلفص ین حج ائیة ب ة إحص وي ذو دالل اط معن ود ارتب وج ."العاب الكرخ الترفیھیة أحد الشركات المدرجة في سوق األوراق العراقیة یر الباحث ار انویش ھ الختب ل ان رض القائ حة الف د"ص ر ىبم ود أث ة وج وي ذو دالل معن ة یتم، "إحصائیة بین حجم اإلفصاح االلكتروني وبین القرار االستثماري في سوق األوراق العراقی س .المواليكما ھو موضح بالجدول ) ف(تحلیل االنحدار المتعدد بداللة اختبار مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 88 القرار االستثماري علىاختبار اثر اإلفصاح :9الجدول model sum of squares df mean square f sig. 1 regression 146.108 7 20.873 3.101 .079b residual 47.111 7 6.730 total 193.219 14 من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر ، وھي أقل من القیمة الجدولیة 3.101حیث تبلغ ) ف(من خالل الجدول السابق تتضح قیمة ن وھي اكبر 0.079عند مستوى معنوي قدره ة م توى معنوی رض 0.05مس ل الف دھا یقب ي عن ، والت ي " ىالعدمي الذي ینص عل اح االلكترون م اإلفص ین حج ائیة ب ة إحص وي ذو دالل ر معن ود أث عدم وج ."وبین القرار االستثماري في سوق األوراق العراقیة ة ة العراقی وق األوراق المالی ة س ا ھیئ ي تقررھ ي الت ھذا یؤكد أن عملیة اإلفصاح االلكترون ركات، یر غیر كافیة التخاذ القرار االستثماري الرشید في ھذه الش ل التفس ان معام ذي ) r2(وان ك ال ح تقلة یوض رات المس یریة للمتغی وة التفس ي(الق اح االلكترون رات اإلفص ابع ) مؤش ر الت ي المتغی ف تثماري( رار االس غ ) الق دل % 75تبل یر المع ل التفس غ adjusted r squareإال أن معام ، یبل 51.% القرار االستثماري علىاختبار اثر اإلفصاح : 10الجدول model r r square adjusted r square std. error of the estimate 1 .870a .756 .512 2.59424 من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر رة إ رات المعب ین المؤش ي، وب اح االلكترون رات اإلفص ین مؤش أثیر ب ن أسباب عدم وجود ت توي في مستوى ) ت(عن القرار االستثماري، نتیجة خروج قیمة ن مس ر م ذلك 0.05معنوي كب ، وك .المواليالمبین في الجدول beta اختبارما یوضحھ ثابت معادلة االنحدار وھذا betaاختبار :11الجدول model unstandardized coefficients standardized coefficients t sig. b std. error beta 1 (constant) -.5973.083 .194 .852 083. 2.020 446. 027. 055. األسھم دوران نسبة د ھمى عل العائ الس دینار 1.527 14.998 .088 .102 .922 -575.123. -084.الملكیة نسبة .684 .516 682. 428. 161. 017. 007. اإلرباح مكرر -086.012. -005.مرة التداول نسبة .373 .720 421. 854. 1.159 10.985 9.381 دینار الدفتریة القیمة -073.000. 3.440العامل المال رأس .190 .855 من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على نتائج التحلیل اإلحصائي: المصدر للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 89 جل من خالل الجدول السابق یتضح أن ھم تس ن معدل دوران األس ین م ن ب ة م ي معنوی أعل ة ن القیم ي ع اح االلكترون ا اإلفص تثماري یلیھ رار االس ي الق ؤثر ف ي ت اح الت رات اإلفص ین مؤش ب ى 0.05مستوى لالدفتریة، ثم نسبة الملكیة في الشركة وفقا لمستوى المعنویة األقرب ، وأن العائد عل تثم رار االس ي الق أثیر ف رى الباحثالسھم یسجل اقل مستوى معنویة واقل ت ا اناري، وی ك منطقی أن ذل .في ظل عدم اإلفصاح لدي الشركة عن سیاستھا في توزیع األرباح الخالصة .5 :ل إلى االستنتاجات التالیةصمن خالل ما سبق تم التو م ى ت نص عل ذي ی دمي ال رض الع ول الف توى"قب ین مس وي ب تالف معن ود اخ دم وج ع .المبحوثة والمدرجة في سوق المال العراقي اإلفصاح االلكتروني بین الشركات م دمي، وقب ت رض الع ض الف نص عل ولرف ذي ی دیل ال رض الب تالف "أن ىالف اك اخ ھن معنوي بین مستوى اإلفصاح االلكتروني بین الشركات المبحوثة والمدرجة في سوق المال .باقي مؤشرات اإلفصاح االلكترونيبالنسبة ل"العراقي ا توى ارتب اك مس ینھن ي، وب اح االلكترون تویات اإلفص ین مس وع ب رار ط متن رات الق مؤش .ي، وفقا لقیمة بیرسوناالستثماري ویكون بین ارتباط ایجابي وارتباط سلب عدم وجود ارتباط معنوي ذو داللة إحصائیة بین "قبول الفرض العدمي الذي ینص على تم تثمار حجم اإلفصاح االلكتروني، وبین القرار االستثماري لشرك ورة لالس تثمار المعم ة االس ."العقاري أحد الشركات المدرجة في سوق األوراق العراقیة رار رات الق ي وبینمؤش اح االلكترون تویات اإلفص ین مس وع ب اط متن توى ارتب د مس یوج .االستثماري ویكون بین ارتباط ایجابي وارتباط سلبي وفقا لقیمة بیرسون ى قبول الفرض العدمي الذي ینص تم ائیة "عل ة إحص وي ذو دالل اط معن ود ارتب دم وج ع د ة أح رخ الترفیھی اب الك تثماري الع رار االس ین الق ي، وب اح االلكترون م اإلفص ین حج ب ."الشركات المدرجة في سوق األوراق العراقیة رار رات الق ین مؤش ي وب اح االلكترون تویات اإلفص ین مس وع ب اط متن توى ارتب د مس یوج وع تثماري وتتن رات ال االس ض المؤش اك بع ذلك ھن لبي وك اط س ابي وارتب اط ایج ین ارتب ب .الرتباط بینھا وفقا لقیمة بیرسونتوضح وجود، أي نوع من ا عدم وجود ارتباط معنوي ذو داللة إحصائیة بین " ىقبول الفرض العدمي الذي ینص عل تم رار ا ین الق رخ الترفیحجم اإلفصاح االلكتروني وب اب الك تثماري الع ةالس ركات ھی د الش أح ."المدرجة في سوق األوراق العراقیة ة ةغیر كافی ة العراقی وق األوراق المالی ة س ا ھیئ ي تقررھ ي الت اح االلكترون ة اإلفص عملی .التخاذ القرار االستثماري الرشید في ھذه الشركات رات بالمتعلق مؤشر اإلفصاح ین مؤش ن ب ة م ة معنوی معدل دوران األسھم یسجل أعلى قیم ة، فصاح التي تؤثر في القرار االستثماري، یلیھا اإلفصاح االاإل لكتروني عن القیمة الدفتری .ة الملكیة في الشركةاإلفصاح على نسبثم بة إن ي لنس اح االلكترون ل مؤشر اإلفص ة واق توى معنوی ل مس جل اق ھم یس ى الس د عل العائ رى الباحث تثماري، وی رار االس اأ انتأثیر في الق ك منطقی اح ن ذل دم اإلفص ل ع ي ظ ن ف ع ن ة عوامل أخرى البد من اإلفصاح یرتبط بذلك مثال اإلفصاح ع ركات المبحوث ة الش سیاس . في توزیع األرباح :خرج البحث بمجموعة من التوصیات یمكن ذكر أھمھا في اآلتي ة ا كاف زم بھ ي تلت اح االلكترون دة لإلفص ة موح ي لغ ال العراق وق الم ة س ي ھیئ ضرورة تبن مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 90 .الشركات المدرجة عة دواھا غكلیمكن االستفادة بمحتوى لغة تقاریر األعمال الموس ت ج ي ثب اح الكترون ة إفص .في كثیر من بورصات العالم ا اإلفصاح علىیجب التأكید ة وأھمھ ر المالی ة وغی رات المالی ن المؤش االلكتروني للعدید م ل ما یتعلق بمستویات الشفافیة لمبادئ حوكمة الشركات ال تي البد وان یتم االلتزام بھا من قب .الشركات المدرجة ة ة واالجتماعی ة البیئی ن التنمی اح ع ي لإلفص اح االلكترون مولیة اإلفص ن ش د ع التأكی .المستدامة :یقترح الباحثانحوث مستقبلیة كب افیة ة استكش ر دراس ة تقری تخدام لغ ة اس الإلمكانی عة األعم وق xbrlالموس ي س ف .المالیة العراقیة األوراق ة ة العالق ر دراس الي وغی ل الم ات التحلی ین متطلب ي وب اح االلكترون تویات اإلفص ین مس ب .اشتراطات التنمیة المستدامة ي في ظلالمال ي اح االلكترون م اإلفص ي دع ة ف ات االلكترونی مدى فعالیة استخدام األجھزة الذكیة والتطبیق .ريوقیاس مدى الرشد في القرار االستثما )references( المراجع abdelsalam, o. h., & street, d. l. (2007). corporate governance and the timeliness of corporate internet reporting by the u.k. listed companies. journal of international accounting, auditing and taxation, 16(2), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2007.06.001 ashbaugh, h., johnstone, k. m., & warfield, t. d. (1999). corporate reporting on the internet. accounting horizons, 13(3), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.3.241 bonson, e., cortijo, v., & escobar, t. (2009). a delphi investigation to explain the voluntary adoption of xbrl. the international journal of digital accounting research, 9. http://.doi.org/10.4192/1577-8517-v9_7 cade, n. l. (2015). corporate social media: how two-way disclosure channels influence investors. ssrn electronic journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2619249 ettredge, m., richardson, v. j., & scholz, s. (2001). the presentation of financial information at corporate web sites. international journal of accounting information systems, 2(3), 149–168. http://.doi.org/10.1016/s1467-0895(00)00017-8 fu, y., carson, e., & simnett, r. (2015). transparency report disclosure by australian audit firms and opportunities for research. managerial auditing journal, 30(8/9), 870–910. https://doi.org/10.1108/maj-062015-1201 للشركات القرار االستثماري ىتأثیر نظام اإلفصاح االلكتروني عل المدرجة في سوق المال العراقي الخالدي & ,.ش. خ. الراشدي و .ع. ا. ع. ف 91 herzig, c., & godemann, j. (2010). internet‐supported sustainability reporting: developments in germany. management research review, 33(11), 1064–1082. http://.doi.org/10.1108/01409171011085903 kang, t., & hoong pang, y. (2005). economic development and the value‐relevance of accounting information — a disclosure transparency perspective. review of accounting and finance, 4(1), 5–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb043416 mohamed, e. k. a., oyelere, p., & al‐busaidi, m. (2009). a survey of internet financial reporting in oman. international journal of emerging markets, 4(1), 56–71. http://.doi.org/10.1108/17468800910931670 noh, s., so, e. c., & weber, j. (2017). switching from voluntary to mandatory disclosure: do managers view them as substitutes? ssrn electronic journal. http://.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2939210 plumlee, d., & plumlee, m. a. (2008). assurance on xbrl for financial reporting. ssrn electronic journal. http://.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1104245 rashid, a., & saeed, m. (2017). firms’ investment decisions – explaining the role of uncertainty. journal of economic studies, 44(5), 833– 860. https://doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2016-0041 rawashdeh, a., & selamat, m.h. (2013). critical success factors relating to the adoption of xbrl in saudi arabia. journal of international technology and information management, 22 (2), 4, 49–72. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/jitim/vol22/iss2/4 song, l. (2015). accounting disclosure, stock price synchronicity and stock crash risk. international journal of accounting & information management, 23(4), 349–363. http://.doi.org/10.1108/ijaim-022015-0007 مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2020( 5العدد 2 المجلد 92-70 ص 92 the effect of the electronic disclosure system on investment decision of companies listed on the iraq stock exchange waleed khalid shihab al-rashidi 1, faris abdulzahra abdulhussin al-khalidi 2 published: 10-12-2020 available online: 24-11-2020 accepted: 23-11-2020 received: 20-10-2020 abstract: the objective is to clarify the concept of electronic disclosure, the requirements for investment decision-making, the degree of variance between the levels of disclosure from one company to another, and finally, the effect of the level of electronic accounting disclosure on the investment decision of companies listed on the iraq stock exchange. the importance of this study is related to applied accounting, where the focus is on objective measurement by describing the practical application of the electronic accounting disclosure process for companies listed on the iraq stock exchange. to show the extent of the influence on the investment decision, the inductive approach was adopted. it was found that the electronic disclosure process decided by the iraqi stock market authority is insufficient to make a rational investment decision in these companies and that the disclosure index related to the share turnover rate records the highest significant value among the disclosure indicators that affect the investment decision, followed by the electronic disclosure of the book value, then the disclosure of the percentage of ownership in the company. authenticity or value are represented in developing the scientific hypotheses and collecting the necessary data to verify the extent of their morale regarding the statement of the impact of electronic disclosure on the investment decision of the companies listed on the iraq stock exchange, then determining the appropriate methodology for conducting the applied study necessary to test the hypotheses and reach the results and generalizations of the study and finally, conducting appropriate statistical tests and analyzes using the statistical analysis program (spss.v23) until the conclusion of the results, which represents applied evidence of the extent of the impact of electronic disclosure on the investment decision of companies listed on the iraq stock exchange. keywords: accounting disclosure, accounting report, electronic disclosure, investment decision, types of disclosure, iraq stock exchange. jel classification: g11, m41. © 2020 the author(s). this is an open access article distributed under the terms of creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. how to cite: al-rashidi, w. k. s., & al-khalidi, f. a. a. (2020). the effect of the electronic disclosure system on investment decision of companies listed on the iraq stock exchange. management & economics research journal. 2(5), 70-92. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2020.145 [in arabic] 1corresponding author: assistant lecturer, al-hadbaa university college (iraq). [ phdwaleedkhalid@gmail.com] 2 assistant lecturer, warirth of the prophets university (iraq). [ fares.abd36@yahoo.com] management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 4 no. 1 (2022): march, pp. 54-80 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.174 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 54 www.mer-j.com performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana juliana abagsonema abane1 , boon-anan phinaitrup2 1phd degree, lecturer, department of history and political studies, kwame nkrumah university of science and technology (ghana)  abanejulie@gmail.com 2phd degree, associate professor, graduate school of public administration (gspa), nida (thailand)  boon@nida.ac.th published online: 26 -01-2022 accepted: 24-01-2022 received: 15-12-2021 how to cite: abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. (2022). performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana. management & economics research journal, 4(1), 54-80. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.122.174 abstract: the purpose of this study is to test if the local government's performance management practices are predicted by their employee's public service motivation levels. local government's performance management practices are effective when their employees are committed and motivated. employees whose motivations are unique to public institutions will be committed to both their key performance indicators and the general strategic goals of local governments' core mission, and the lack of it may be detrimental to the practice of management at the local level. the study used a crosssectional survey of 850 local government employees in the greater accra of ghana. the method of analysis of the data was multiple regression corresponding author: department of history and political studies, knust (ghana). [ abanejulie@gmail.com] ©2022 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5257-9120 mailto:abanejulie@gmail.com mailto:boon@nida.ac.th https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.122.174 mailto:abanejulie@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.174 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2022.174&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2022-03-05 http://www.mer-j.com/ performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 55 techniques. the findings suggest that employees' scores on attraction to policymaking, civic duty, and commitment to the public interest are strongly positively associated with performance management practices. the regression analysis demonstrated that public service motivation subscales combined to predict the variance in the dependent variable. several studies of performance management examine utilization and the rational decisionmaking process in federal governments; however, this study is one of the few to examine performance management practices of local governments and public service motivation theory by showing that employees' public service motivation levels can significantly predict the changes in performance management practices. keywords: developing countries, ghana, motivation, performance management practices, public service motivation construct. jel codes: m1, m12, m19. 1. introduction performance management (pm) is a vital tool for organizations and their employees to achieve their goals, increase value to citizens, and deliver quality public services. although pm has been an old organizational performance tool in the private sector, recent developments suggest a widespread adoption by local governments in the public management literature (abane & phinaitrup, 2017; ammons & roenigk, 2015). similarly, research on pm over the years has concentrated on the measurement system (ammons & rivenbark, 2008; hoontis & kim, 2012), metric difficulty (cavalluzzo & ittner, 2004), goal clarity (hoontis & kim, 2012; moynihan et al., 2012), and political support (moynihan et al., 2012; yang & hsieh, 2007). while these studies are essential for the effective implementation of pm policies, little information is available to explain how employees’ motivations can help implement pm. motivation has been one of the subjects of contention in public sector discourse, and the disagreement bothers on whether or not all types of motivations are suitable for reinforcing desirable behaviour in public organizations. the public management literature notes that not all types of motivations can be used to increase performance among public employees (houston, 2000; perry & wise, 1990; perry & hondeghem, 2008). scholarly literature demonstrates that some motivational types are better at achieving results than others, and one such motivational tool used in the public sector is public service motivation (psm) (andersen et al., 2014; homberg & mccarthy, 2015; perry, 1996). further, the evidence suggests that pm can motivate employees to pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 56 perform their best. this is so with the current ideas on performance-based funding or performance-based grant in the public sector. to the extent that pm can motivate employees, it is important to understand how this link can be tested using one of the employee motivational types specific to public sector organizations. according to pandey (2015, p.1), pm research “promises to be a long one” and the topic has surged in the last two decades, which will continue to increase in the next decade. this is because evidence of its effectiveness is mixed, and many developing countries are beginning to use the elements of pm in the management of public policies and programs at the local level (abane & phinaitrup, 2017; mmieh et al., 2011; ohemeng, 2011; public services commission, 2012). despite the extensive research on the subject, there is inconclusive evidence on whether or not motivation can influence its effectiveness in lgs. for example, few studies have explored the relationship between psm and pm (christensen et al., 2013; lynggaard et al., 2018). while these studies have contributed to our understanding of the significance of psm and its link with the pm system, the findings provide little understanding of how psm contributes to pm best practices of local government authorities especially relating to their strategic planning, performance monitoring & evaluation, review, and improvement. these four best practices are considered the complete phase of an effective pm cycle in organizations (armstrong & baron, 2007). in this study, we examine the extent to which individual psm levels (measured by five subscales: attraction to policymaking, commitment to the public interest, civic duty, compassion, and self-sacrifice) influence the effectiveness of lgs pm best practices. the results showed that employees’ psm scores significantly correlate with lgs pm best practices. however, the subscales have different effect sizes. this study adds to the current body of research on pm and psm (christensen et al., 2013; kroll & vogel, 2013; moynihan & pandey, 2010). though there is significant research on pm in lgs (ammons & roenigk, 2015; baird, kevin & schoch, herbert & chen, 2012; boyne, 2002; moynihan & pandey, 2010; nurkholis et al., 2014), this has generally been studied at the executive agencies and the councils’ levels. consequently, few studies directly study local government (lg) employees’ psm levels and their impact on pm, especially in sub-saharan africa. therefore, the study aims to test the effect of the 1996 psm construct (perry, 1996) on pm best practices of lgs in ghana and to explain how psm contributes to the effectiveness of lg pm policies. testing perry’s (1996) psm construct on lgs pm best practices from a developing country’s perspective will help to shape the psm theory and add knowledge from the ghanaian experience performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 57 since south africa is the only known country that was part of the 150 samples used to test the psm’s 1996 construct (perry & hondeghem, 2008). 2. literature review 2.1. performance management practices (pmps) pm is a multidimensional concept that focuses on how organizations combine operational bundles to achieve their key performance indicators (kpis) by following a set of steps to implement their goals and measure their performance (biron et al., 2011; lee, 2005). some scholars see pm as a strategic and tactical process that helps improve employees' performance (abane & phinaitrup, 2017; biron et al., 2011). others view pm as a systematic approach to people management where organizational and individual activities are geared toward goal attainment (maley, 2014; waal & counet, 2009). subsequently, pmps may be viewed as a systematically structured bundle of activities for setting goals, measuring, evaluating, reviewing, and influencing employees' performance, and at the same time, a tactical tool that top management uses to achieve their goals (biron et al., 2011). in the literature, pmps have four important bundles: strategic planning, performance monitoring & evaluation, performance review, and performance improvement (ammons & roenigk, 2015). strategic planning involves a formal setting of objectives and goals which cascade the organizational goals to individual goals (dewettinck & van dijk, 2013). performance monitoring and evaluation is a careful plan of action to supervise and assess employees' kpis for effective implementation (amirkhanyan et al., 2014), while performance review assesses the achievement or otherwise of the individual kpis. while performance reviews can take the form of a quarterly, mid-year, annual review, or a combination of any of these in a given year. (biron et al., 2011; dahling & o'malley, 2011; favero et al., 2016; gill & carter, 2016; nielsen, 2014). performance improvement constitutes the developmental approach to managing performance (abane & phinaitrup, 2017; maley, 2014; sanderson, 2001). it can be viewed as a corrective measure of employee performance by modifying their skill set to enhance future performance through training and capacity building. the primary function of performance improvement is to ensure that employees enhance their previous scores on their kpis and acquire skills and knowledge that may be relevant to their job descriptions. further, at this stage, employees can be incentivized through different motivational strategies with the view that such incentives will push them to pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 58 improve their performance. unfortunately, this component of pmbp has not received attention in public organizations (andersen et al., 2014; halachmi, 2002; hawke, 2012; koike, 2013; sanderson, 2001). therefore, this paper aims to investigate the relationship between psm and its effect on pmps, and lgs can use their employees' psm to support performance at the local level. 2.2. public service motivation (psm) psm has been variously linked to prosocial behaviour in organizations (brief and motowidlo, 1986; campbell et al., 2016; francois, 2000; grant, 2008a; moynihan et al., 2012), altruistic (campbell et al., 2016; piliavin & charng, 1990). in contrast, perry & hondeghem (2008) maintain that prosocial behaviour is mostly viewed as voluntary action towards others without expecting a return (brief & motowidlo, 1986), while altruism refers to deliberate individual action directed toward individuals or groups to promote their welfare (kim, 2006). however, perry and hondeghem (2008) view both altruistic and psm as complementary constructs. subsequently, they refer to it as a specific expression of prosocial, other-oriented motives, goals, and values (perry & hondeghem, 2008; vandenabeele, 2007). according to vandenabeele (2007: 549), psm refers to beliefs and values that transcend the self and organizational interests in favour of social and political domains. similarly, brewer and selden (1998: 417) view psm as a motivational force that induces meaningful performance from employees in public organizations. the common denominator in the psm definition is that it is a type of motivation vested in public institutions. this compelling force can elicit an excellent and meaningful performance from public employees. this study defines psm as a compelling motivational instrument found in public organizations to benefit from the outside and inside of an organization regardless of the type of setting, therefore, public or private. following perry & wise (1990) and (perry, 1996), this study conceives psm to be measured by three motives: rational, norm-based, and affective motives (perry, 1996). the literature on psm is vast. the subject continues to receive much attention, and it seems this will not end soon. the reason behind the continuous focus on the idea is that motivated employees will increase their task performance. although psm research has increased over the past 20 years (christensen et al., 2017; ritz et al., 2016), there have been uncertainties and ambiguities in understanding the concept with other concepts like altruism and the publicness of the construct (bozeman & su, 2015; bullock et al., 2015). performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 59 consequently, perry and hondeghem (2008) and christensen et al. (2017) trace two research tracks. the first track incorporates other-regarding orientations in disciplines outside public management, and they focus on employee motivation in organizations (christensen et al., 2013; gouldwilliams et al., 2015; wright & christensen, 2010) the link between prosocial behaviour (finkelstein et al., 2005; george & bettenhausen, 1990; grant, 2008b, 2012), and altruism (penner et al., 2005; perry & hondeghem, 2008). the second track is interested in linking psm to public management and administration research. subsequently, studies in this area emphasize the testing and strengthening of the psm construct and its measurement, institutional assumptions, and the relationship between psm and performance (christensen et al., 2017). other themes that are prominent in this track also include organizational context/setting (cun, 2012; steijn, 2008) and studies that purely focus on improving the practice of public management systems (christensen et al., 2013; kroll & vogel, 2013; moynihan et al., 2012; moynihan & pandey, 2010; wright et al., 2012). in line with improving public management systems, this study contributes to the second track of research on psm by testing five of the subscales of the psm construct on pmbps of lgs in a developing country context. this is important because the literature on psm is predominantly western (ritz et al., 2016), with only eleven (11) studies from africa and ten (10) from south africa, while 43.4% is concentrated in europe, and 27.5% from the usa (ritz et al., 2016). hence, testing the psm scale in ghana, which is in the sub-saharan africa (ssa) region, will help strengthen the psm theory and to validate the construct further. the evidence on psm suggests mixed findings. for example, previous research such as (christensen et al., 2013; cun, 2012; kim & kang, 2016; kim, 2006; lee & choi, 2013; steijn, 2008; vandenabeele, 2014) found that there were significant differences in the effect size of the psm scale on korean public sector employees. these mixed findings are also evident in the 150 countries where the psm scale was administered in the study conducted by (christensen et al., 2013; perry et al., 2010; perry & hondeghem, 2008). as a result, the evidence reveals that contextual factors and the national culture of a country can influence the effect of employee psm. 2.3. empirical research on the psm construct the psm construct is anchored on six main psychological motives (perry, 1996; vandenabeele, 2007) of public service employees: 1) the desire to take part in public policymaking by employees; 2) commitment to the public interest that is the perceived public value of work which seeks to pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 60 benefit others; 3) civic duty, relates to the non-elected nature of public office holders; 4) social justice, demands that employees become equity sensitive in decision making especially towards minorities outside the organization; 5) compassion which requires public service post holders to be responsive to the needs of the groups who do not will political influence and 6) self-sacrifice demands that employees substitute personal gain or material reward for intangible rewards in the form of selfless service to the nation (perry, 1996). the evidence suggests that psm influences employee task performance and affects the perception of the value of their work to the larger society (moynihan et al., 2012; wright et al., 2012). the literature indicates that psm is positively related to employee performance (christensen et al., 2013; moynihan & pandey, 2010; ritz, 2009), culture (cun, 2012; gouldwilliams et al., 2015; kim et al., 2012; wright, christensen & pandey, 2013), and commitment and job satisfaction (cun, 2012; homberg & mccarthy, 2015; vandenabeele, 2009). these findings suggest that employees with higher levels of psm perform better than those with lower levels of psm. also, other studies find that higher levels of psm are exclusively associated with only public employees (bullock et al., 2015; houston, 2000; steijn, 2008; vandenabeele, 2008). this evidence suggests that employees in public organizations tend to have higher scores on the psm scale than employees in the private sector (houston, 2000). while there is substantial information on how psm relate to organizational and individual performance (andersen et al., 2014; christensen et al., 2013; schott et al., 2015; vandenabeele, 2009), there is little empirical evidence that explains how psm impacts the tools and the processes that lead to organizational performance (christensen et al., 2013; kroll & vogel, 2013; moynihan & pandey, 2010). also, most of these studies only focus on the developed world, with a paucity of research on developing countries, where contextual factors are extremely different from that of the developed world. 2.4. psm and performance management practices (pmps) psm research is multidisciplinary and cuts across all organizational forms that seek to manage employee and organizational performance (gabris & simo, 1995; houston, 2000; moynihan & pandey, 2007; perry, 1996; steijn, 2008). current trends in the literature on organizational systems suggest that psm influences the management practices of organizations (ritz et al., 2016). the main assumption of psm is that individual employees are predisposed to motives that focus on public service values, and employees are driven to work extra hard because they perceive that their work will have a performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 61 social impact on the larger society (bullock et al., 2015; moynihan et al., 2012). one fundamental gap in psm research is whether or not the concept has a relationship with the internal business practices of organizations. while there have been few studies to this effect, the findings have been inconclusive and contextual (moynihan et al., 2012). for instance, some scholars have found links between psm and public managers' use of pm in a sample of executive agencies of the us and the german local governments, respectively (moynihan & pandey, 2010; moynihan et al., 2012; kroll & vogel, 2013). moynihan and pandey's (2010) study indicates that psm is an individual driver of managers' use of performance data for organizational decision-making. the study used a multi-method survey of 1538 senior managers in the us local government system and found that psm is positively associated with performance information use which is one of the best pm practices. the findings support the notion that psm is significantly related to behaviours that contribute to high individual and organizational performance (belle, 2013; christensen et al., 2013; kroll & vogel, 2013). in another study, moynihan et al. (2012) find that the perceived social impact of employees' work on the public is related to their use of performance information, especially with purposeful and political uses of the pm cycle. the implication is that public managers with high psm levels tend to use performance data for decision-making, such as promotion, program funding, etc. the study further observed that a unit increase in the perceived social impact of work corresponds with a unit increase of 0.42 on the type of performance data used: purposeful and political (moynihan et al., 2012, p. 470). similarly, several studies have found evidence to support the psmperformance link. other studies have also found that public sector employees with higher levels of psm correlated with employee performance, meaningful work, person-job fit, and the desire to serve the public cause (houston, 2000; perry, 1996; steijn, 2008). the evidence supporting psm and pmps is inconclusive. for example, studies that attempt to link psm with pmps find that employees' perception of the social impact of their work may lead to their extra-role behaviour to use performance information for decision-making (moynihan & pandey, 2010). these studies merely look at only information use, which is part of the performance review process, thereby offering little understanding of how psm affects pmps, a set of bundles implemented by top management to enhance individual and organizational performance. pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 62 2.5. the context of public service motivation in local government in ghana this study examines four (4) pm dimensions: strategic planning (sp), performance monitoring & evaluation (pme), performance review (pereview), and performance improvement (perimp) of metropolitan and municipal assemblies, and the links between these dimensions and employees’ psm levels in lgs. perry and hondegehem (2008) argue that testing the effect of psm across different cultures is important in contributing to the reliability and theory-building of the psm construct globally. at the same time, it will help public organisations explore its benefits to increase performance outcomes and productivity. the test of the psm construct in ghana is less known. hence, its evidence among local-level public managers is equally unknown. however, few studies have found evidence to support that psm exists in the civil service in ghana. however, there is no relationship between psm levels and civil service employees’ performance or output (brenya, adu-gamfi, kyei, tariah, nmerukini, boateng & angmor, 2017). the study found that employees profess to have a sense of social justice, compassion, commitment to the public interest, self-sacrifice, and civic duty. however, they were unwilling to commit to the course of public service because of the poor conditions of services. however, several studies on public sector motivation in the ghanaian experience exist. recent studies suggest that motivation in public sector organisations has largely been ineffective, and this accounts for the low productivity levels in the public service (annan-prah, & ohemeng, 2015). this is because the government has been unable to develop a strong motivational system for lg workers (ayee, 2001; antwi, 2009). the result of this failure has led to several industrial actions, thereby affecting productivity at the local level (akudugu, 2013; dodoo, 1997). the low morale among lg employees may be due to the poor compensation and reward systems found in the public service. the consequential effect is that many public programs have failed at the implementation stage, constraining local-level development (ahenkan, tenakwah & bawole, 2018; ohemeng, 2009). many of the problems associated with pm practices in ghana are the lack of technical competencies and an understanding of the pm system (bawole et al., 2013; biron et al., 2011). however, the mechanical aspects of the pm systems are too technical, and the information is often too detailed and not user-friendly (biron et al., 2011). performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 63 also, research reveals that financial or external rewards have often failed to meet the demands of workers (jacobsen et al., 2014; koike, 2013), and relying heavily on extrinsic rewards systems may not be enough to bring about changes in employee and organisational performance (jacobsen et al., 2014). consequently, psm is the framework that predicts a higher level of employee motivation and performance outcomes in the rapidly changing environment of public organisations in managing results at the local level (moynihan & pandey, 2005). suppose local government employees with higher levels of psm adapt to these kinds of rational, norm-based and affective motives in their task performance. in that case, greater attention will be given to individual and organisational kpis. for this study, examining how individual psm levels are measured by the five sub-scales: attraction to policymaking, commitment to the public interest, civic duty, compassion and self-sacrifice may influence pmbps: sp, pme, pereview, and perimp. the study recognises that psm is rational, normative, and affective based (perry, 1996) and investigates the combined connection between these three motives and the four dimensions of metropolitan and municipal assemblies’ pmps. from the above discussions, the study proposes the following hypotheses: h1: employees with higher psm levels will positively influence their lgs' pmps. h2: the combined psm construct will be significantly associated with total pmp. 3. methodology 3.1. sample and study setting a total of 850 lg employees in the greater accra region (gar)1 were part of this study. out of the 850 questionnaires administered, only 725 responses were received, representing an 85.29% response rate. however, after screening and cleaning the data for missing values, only 441 responses were usable. participation in the survey was voluntary, and respondents’ confidentiality was protected. respondents for the survey were current employees of local government service (lgs) who were either full-time or part-time employees located in the gar. the sample consisted of 178 females (40.4 per cent) and 263 (59.6 per cent). 1 greater accra region is the national capital of ghana located in the coastal zone pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 64 3.2. data collection procedure this study is a cross-sectional survey in which the data was collected at one time. the survey questionnaire was self-administered between july and august 2017. participants were contacted for this study through the office of the head of local government service (ohlgs) 2. an introductory letter was sent to the 11 metropolitans and municipal assemblies (mmas) in the national capital of ghana. the respondents were personally contacted in their respective offices. the respondents consisted of senior local government officers who have served between 1 and 20 years and above. eight hundred and fifty (850) survey questionnaires were randomly distributed to officers with the salary grade level 15 level 213 in the 11 mmas. the established warrant levels in the controller and accountant general’s integrated personnel payroll unit of the ohlgs were used to ensure that each element in the sample had an equal chance of being included in the study. a list of the 850 officers and their workplaces was written and further contacted directly to respond to the survey. all data were collected with the guidelines of the local government service ethics and protocol4. the study recognizes that psm comprises rational, normative, and affective motives, using perry's (1996) classification to test the connection between these three motives and the four bundles of metropolitan and municipal assemblies (mmas) pmb practices. the study measured individual psm levels using the five sub-scales for the motives above: attraction to policymaking, commitment to the public interest, civic duty, compassion, and self-sacrifice, while pmbps bundles included sp, pme, pereview, and perimp. the dependent variable, pmbp, was measured by four bundles: strategic planning, performance monitoring & evaluation, performance review, and performance improvement. first, sp was measured using nine (9) items that were developed to capture the processes and activities of the pm process using previous studies (ammons & roenigk, 2015). respondents were asked to indicate whether their organizations engaged in the sp process before designing their performance indicators. a sample item on the sp scale 2 the office of the head of local government service can be located along the gamel abdul nasser road adjacent efua sutherland children’s park in accra. 3 levels 15-21 are senior entry grades for professional and non-professional classes in the local government service in ghana. these levels are considered as middle and managerial levels in practice. 4 the local government service ethics and protocol can be found on www.lgs.gov.gh under service protocol menu. http://www.lgs.gov.gh/ performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 65 is (my assembly conducts strategic planning). items for the pme scale included four (4) items (my assembly has a routine monitoring plan). the pereview scale had three (3) items, which included (during performance reviews, my supervisor focuses on the results i should obtain). eight (8) items were measured on the perimp scale, and a sample item is (my assembly has a routine performance improvement program for staff). all four scales were measured using a 7-point likert scale (1 strongly disagree to 7 strongly agree). to measure the pmbp, the four bundles were combined for this purpose, making a total of twenty-four (24) items. the cronbach alpha reliability result for pmbp for the 24 items was 0.94, which suggested high reliability for all the items (see table 1). the psm construct was measured using perry's (1996) three-based motives: rational, norm-based, and affective. these three motives were further divided into sub-indicators, namely: attraction to policymaking (attract), commitment to the public interest (comm), (rational motives), civic duty (cid) (norm-based motive), and compassion (comp) and self-sacrifice (ss) (affective motives). for the \attract scale, all five (5) items from the original scale were used, and a sample item included psm11 (politics is a good word). the comm scale was measured using four (4) items, including psm30 (meaningful public service is essential to me). also, the cid scale was measured by five items, and a sample item included psm21 (i am willing to go to great lengths to fulfil my obligations to my country). in contrast, comp was measured using all eight items from the original scale, and a sample item included psm2 (the plight of the underprivileged often moves me). the ss scale was measured with five items, including psm1 (making a difference in society means more to me than personal achievements). for total psm, a combined 27 items from the five scales were used to observe the total effect of psm on the dependent variable. all five scales were measured on a 7-point likert-type scale ranging from 1(strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). except for the (attraction to policymaking) scale which had a cronbach alpha of 0.68, the rest had a reliability test above 0.7. the cronbach alpha for the psm scale in this sample was 0.94 which is robust compared with previous studies (moynihan & pandey, 2010). table 1 depicts the individual reliability test for all the scales in this study. pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 66 table 1. results of individual scales reliability test variable cronbach alpha (α) no. of items n pmbp subscales sp pme pereview perimp pmps psm sub-scales attract comm cid comp ss psm 0.90 0.82 0.83 0.93 0.94 0.68 0.89 0.85 0.89 0.88 0.94 9 4 3 8 24 5 4 5 8 5 27 425 437 438 429 407 427 440 440 428 435 411 4. results and discussions the results of the descriptive statistics include means, standard deviations, and bivariate correlations for all the variables provided in table 2. 4.1. bivariate correlations the first hypothesized relationship was between the four bundles of pmbps of lgs: sp, pme, pereview, and perimp, and their employees' psm levels. as predicted, there were significant correlations between sp and employees' psm levels, r = 0.51 (p < 0.01), pme, r = 0.43 (p < 0.01), pereview, r = 0.21 (p < 0.01), and perimp, r = 0.32 (p < 0.01). employees with high psm scores were significantly more likely to report that their organizations engaged in sp, pme, pereview, and perimp. except for sp, which correlated at 0.3, the other three had moderate correlations. while these results seem to support the bivariate relationships between these variables, further analysis through collinearity diagnoses using spss revealed that the degree of collinearity evident in the data was not detrimental to the findings (hair et al., 1998; pallant, 2011). the largest variance inflation factor (vif) was not greater than ten, and the tolerance statistics were greater than 0.2, suggesting that no strong linear relationship exists between the variables and, accordingly, no major violations of the assumptions of the inferential statistics used. for the multicollinearity test in this study, the variables were not affected because most of the variables correlated lower than 0.70 (tabachink & fidell, 2014). also, the psm scales are highly correlated with total psm, performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 67 which further validates perry's (1996) construct reliability since all the five indicators measure the same thing, thus, employees' psm levels. nonetheless, except for cid & comp; and comp & ss, which had correlations above 0.7 (0.77 and 0.79, respectively), no major multicollinearity was present in the data. additionally, the results showed that the correlations between the four bundles of pmbps suggest no significant collinearity. hence, hypothesis 1 is supported. table 2. descriptive and bivariate analysis variable mean sd 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 sp 47.23 7.62 1 pme 18.10 3.47 0.69** 1 . perview 11.70 3.27 0.37** 0.54** 1 perimp 37.59 9.76 0.46** 0.51** 0.64** 1 psm 112.35 16.63 0.51** 0.43** 0.21** 0.32** 1 attract 22.33 4.08 0.34** 0.32** 0.14** 0.14** 0.67** 1 comm 19.37 3.33 0.49** 0.36** 0.11* 0.26** 0.78** 0.59** 1 cid 24.57 4.43 0.47** 0.39** 0.18** .294** 0.88** 0.44** 0.64** 1 comp 41.24 7.37 0.41** 0.35** 0.23** .305** 0.89** 0.37** 0.54** 0.77** 1 ss 24.21 4.84 0.41** 0.36** 0.17** 0.29** 0.81** 0.404** 0.59** 0.71** 0.79**1 total pmbp 86.42 13.81 0.89** 0.86** 0.69** 0.71** 0.51** 0.32** 0.43** 0.45** 0.42**0.41** 1 ** correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); *. correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2tailed), n = 381 (listwise), sp = strategic planning; pme = performance monitoring & evaluation; pereview = performance review; perimp = performance improvement; psm = public service motivation; attract = attraction to policymaking; comm = commitment to the public interest, cid = civic duty, comp = compassion, ss = self sacrifice, pmbp = performance management best practice the second hypothesized relationship in the model was between the total psm and pmbp of lgs. however, as table 2 indicates, there are significant variations in each of the effects of the five scales of psm on the pmbp of lgs and their employees' psm levels. there were significant relationships between employees' scores on attract and total pm best practices of lgs,r = 0.32 (p < 0.01), comm, r = 0.43 (p < 0.01), cid, r = 0.45 (p < 0.01), comp, r = 0.42 (p < 0.01), and ss, r = 0.41 (p < 0.01). this implies that employees rating themselves higher on the five subscales of psm were more likely to report that their organization's performance management practices were effective, providing significant support for hypothesis 2. pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 68 4.2. regression analyses based on the significant bivariate relationships indicated in table 2 above, multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the combined effect of the univariate effect of the five scales of the psm construct as independent variables on the outcome variable pmp (tabachnick & fidell, 2014) as the first model, and to test the combined effect of the total psm on the four individual bundles of the pmp scales as the second model. multiple regression analysis also accounts for the inter-correlations between the five psm scales in table 2 above (tabachnick & fidell, 2014). the results showed that the hypothesized relationships in the first model indicate that employees' scores on attract, comm, cid, comp, and ss should all predict 'pmp'. all five psm scales were entered into the regression equation as independent variables in the first model. combined pmbp was included in the model as a dependent variable. in table 3, the combined relationship between the five indicators of psm on pmp was statistically significant f (5,375) = 25.607, p < 0.0005, and contributed 25.5 per cent of the variation in the pmp. the beta weight for the following variables was not statistically significant: attract (r = 0.07, ns), comp (r = 0.12, ns), and ss (r = 0.05, ns), suggesting that only comm (r = 0.19, p < 0.005) and cid (r = 0.18, p < 0.05) contributed to the variation in combined pmp (see table 3). table 3. regression results for pmps as a single dependent variable b std. error β sig (constant) attract 0.236 0.187 0.070 0.209 comm 0.770 0.270 0.186 0.005*** cid 0.560 0.240 0.179 0.021* comp 0.220 0.150 0.120 0.150 ss 0.142 0.220 0.050 0.520 n=380; f=25.607*** r2=0.255; adjusted r2=0.245 * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; dependent: pmps = performance management practices source: prepared by authors, based on spss v.22 output the study further examined the combined effect of the psm construct as a single independent variable on the four bundles of pmbp: sp, pme, pereview, and perimp as separate dependent variables. the hypothesized relationships, attract, comm, cid, comp, and ss, were entered in the first model as independent variables, and sp was included as the dependent variable. the results from table 4 show that the combined performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 69 relationship between attract, comm, cid, comm, and ss on sp was statistically significant f (5, 390) =31.354, p < 0.001 and accounted for 28.7 per cent of the variance in sp. the beta coefficients for attract (r = 0.05, ns), comp (r = 0.05, ns) and ss (0.04, ns) were not statistically significant, indicating that only comm (r = 0.28, p < 0.001) and cid (r = 0.20, p <0.001), contributed most to explain the total variance in sp. additionally, to observe the effect of the five scales of the psm construct on pme, the regression results in the second model showed that the five scales were statistically significant f(5, 402)=16.549, p < 0.001 and could only explain 17.1 per cent of the variance in the dependent variable (pme). the standardized beta coefficients for the two of the scales: attract (r = 0.16) and cid (r =0.16), were statistically significant, while comm (r = 0.04, ns), comp (r = 0.07, ns), and ss (r = 0.09, ns) were not significant. also, the third model showed that the beta weights for three indicators of psm: comm (r = -0.08, ns), cid (r = 0.05, ns), and ss (r = -0.04) were not significant, whereas attract (r = 0.11, p < 0.01) and comp (r = 0.23, p < 0.01) were statistically significant at 10%. the total variance explained in the dependent variable, perimp was only 6.5 per cent. the fourth regression model shows that the hypothesized relationships for all five scales were not statistically significant. employees who rated themselves higher on the five scales of the psm construct were more likely to report that their lgs were not engaged in performance improvement practices. although this finding confirms previous studies on lg pm practices (moynihan et al., 2012), the finding must be interpreted cautiously because other contextual factors may account for this. the five scales contributed about 11.8 per cent of the variance in perimp as the dependent variable. however, the overall model was significant f (5, 394) =10.578, p < 0.001. furthermore, the hypothesized relationship that total psm levels of employees should predict employees’ lgs pmbps was supported in this study. table 4 shows that the effect of total psm on combined pmps was statistically significant f (1, 379) = 124.427, p < 0.001, contributing 24.7 per cent of the variance. the standardized beta weight for total psm was statistically significant (r = 0.49, p < 0.001), thus explaining the changes in combined pmps. pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 70 table 4. regression results of the relationship between psm sub-measures and pmbp submeasures model variable b se b β r2 adj.r2 f n dependent variable 1 attract comm cid comp ss 0.10 0.63 0.35 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.14 0.13 0.08 0.12 0.05 0.28*** 0.20*** 0.05 0.04 0.287 0.278 31.354*** 395 sp 2 attract comm cid comp ss 0.14 0.04 0.12 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.16*** 0.04 0.16*** 0.07 0.09 0.171 0.160 16.549*** 407 pme 3 attract comm cid comp ss 0.08 -0.08 0.04 0.11 -0.03 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.11** -0.08 0.05 0.23** -0.04 0.065 0.054 5.643** 408 pereview 4 attract comm cid comp ss -0.10 0.32 0.21 0.17 0.20 0.14 0.20 0.18 0.12 0.16 -0.04 0.11 0.09 0.13 0.08 0.118 0.107 10.578*** 399 perimp 5 total psm 0.41 0.37 0.49 0.247 0.245 124.427*** 380 pmbp *** = p < 0.001 ** = p < 0.05 the hypotheses were developed to show that lgs' pm best practices are partly influenced by their employees' psm levels measured by three main motives that compel them to join lgs. the first motive that compels and explains why employees choose to work with public institutions is based on rationality. with this motive, employees are attracted to the policymaking processes of lgs and view their presence there as a contribution to protecting the public interest. the second motive involves normative assumptions of institutions. the norm-based motive is premised on the assumption that organizations exist to perform a communal duty to society. therefore, employees help their lgs achieve their core mandate and mission by fulfilling this motive. moreover, the third motive is that lgs employees' behaviours are influenced by affective feelings where employees see their service to the larger social system as above their interests. lg employees believe that this 'call to service' and the perceived impact of their work transcend beyond their immediate environment. the focus of affective motives measured by compassion and self-sacrifice is for employees to see the social benefits of their work to minorities and the less privileged at the performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 71 local level. this study examined psm at five levels to give a clearer picture of the unique contributions of each of the scales on pmbps, and how employees' psm levels can influence these bundles. h1 examined the relationship between employees' scores on the individual scales of the psm construct and the combined pmps of their lgs, and the results showed that they were correlated. although this relationship has been empirically demonstrated in many studies (andersen et al., 2014; christensen et al., 2017; homberg & mccarthy, 2015; moynihan & pandey, 2007) the results demonstrate that the mixed findings identified in previous studies of the psm construct might have been due to factors specific to the context or the setting (kim et al., 2012; perry & hondeghem, 2008; vandenabeele, 2008). in the ghanaian lg system, we found that attract, comm, cid, comp, and ss correlate with the four pmp scales. further regression analysis revealed that compassion and self-sacrifice did not contribute any unique variance to the prediction of combined pmp in our lg sample. this finding provides further evidence to support cun (2012), perry & hondeghem (2008), and kim et al. (2012) findings that employees' psm levels are influenced by organizational setting, socialization process, and culture and hence, this finding may require further testing in different organizational settings in the ghanaian experience to conclude. h2 indicated a positive and significant effect on total employees' psm levels and the combined pmp of lgs. overall, the results support the findings of moynihan et al. (2012) and kroll & vogel (2013), who found that public managers' psm levels were significantly associated with performance information used by federal governments. performance information use is a key component of a pm system. hence, the combined effect of the psm construct was significant, contributing about 24.7 per cent to explain the variance in pmp of lgs in this sample. this study may suggest that the psm scores of employees are important in determining the effectiveness of lgs pm best practices. for example, lgs may vary the pm process by relying on employees with higher levels of psm to encourage and lead the change process, especially in new performance regimes in developing country contexts. however, the absence of the significant contributions of compassion and self-sacrifice as separate variables on pmp in this sample may require further analysis. the two scales constitute the highest scores on the psm construct (perry, 1996). however, this sample showed no significant effect of the two on pmp. the implication is that psm is suitable for predicting relationships when used as a single construct (perry et al., 2010). nonetheless, this finding may require further research with different samples and in a pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 72 different organizational setting to conclude (cun, 2012; kim et al., 2012). the implications of this research for practitioners in lgs indicate that management practices should be rational and normative to elicit positive employee behaviour in public organizations. subsequently, increasing lg activities that encourage and release employees' rational and norm-based motives through attract, comm, and cid is associated with positive outcomes of their pmbps which is important for overall organizational performance (vandenabeele, 2009). lgs should seek to reinforce their employees' comp and ss behaviour that will lead to effective outcomes on management practices such as strategic planning, pme, pereview, and perimp. further, lgs should develop frameworks that allow every employee the opportunity to take part in the strategic formulation of organizational goals and allow them to participate in the policymaking and implementation process at the local level. 5. conclusion this study was limited to using a cross-sectional design with data collected only from one lg administrative region involving 11 mmas in the national capital. to compensate for this shortfall and avoid common response bias, the sample size was randomly distributed among the 11 mmas. using a single geographical region of lg employees has the potential limitation of common source bias. since this is an exploratory study, there is a need to expand the cases to other regions to see whether the same results will be attained. however, in particular, lg in the gar appears to have different incentives than those in other regions or even poor lgs, which forestalls any deficiency. our study contributes to the literature on the relationship between psm and pmps by finding that higher psm levels are significantly associated with increases in lg pmps. the findings also confirmed that psm is more related to the rational motives of employees than affective motives in most cultures (christensen et al., 2017; cun, 2012; kim et al., 2012). while previous studies have provided evidence to support that psm is positively related to performance information use (moynihan et al., 2012), our research is one of its kind to test the psm variable on the four bundles of pmbp. hence, this finding requires further studies in similar and different settings to test the relationship between psm and the pmp bundles of lgs. of particular interest will be to test the relationship between national culture and employee psms levels on the pmp of lgs. this study suggested that psm plays an important role in the study of pmbp. while the results may hold brief for the ghanaian experience, they performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 73 may have different implications for different contexts. further studies should be conducted on the psm construct on the four bundles of pmp as a single independent variable to support theory building, as the individual treatment of the construct has yielded no significant impact on the dependent variable. while we believe that future research should be undertaken on the psm as a single construct (perry & hondeghem, 2008; christensen et al. 2017), the cultural component of psm should be addressed to strengthen theory building by including a cultural dimension of both pmps and the psm construct, since some cultures may support higher organizational management practices than others. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. references abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. (2017). performance management as an alternative tool for local governance: evidence from ghanaian local government sector. international journal of human resource management studies, 7(3), 188–209. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v7i3.11532 ahenkan, a., tenakwah, e.s. & bawole, j. n. (2018). performance management implementation challenges in ghana’s local government system: evidence from a municipal assembly. international journal of productivity and performance management, 67(3), 519-535. https://doi.org/: https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-062016-0124 akudugu, j. a. (2013). inducing local government performance in ghana: the case of the district development facility. international journal of asian social science, 3(6), 1402–1417. amirkhanyan, a. a., kim, h. j. &, & lambright, k. t. (2013). the performance puzzle: understanding the factors influencing alternative dimensions and views of performance. journal of public administration research and theory, 24(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut021 ammons, d n, & rivenbark, w. c. (2008). factors influencing the use of performance data to improve municipal services: evidence from the north carolina benchmarking project. public administration review, 68(2), 304–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15406210.2007.00864.x ammons, david n, & roenigk, d. j. (2015). performance management in local government: is practice influenced by doctrine? public performance & management review, 38(3), 514–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2015.1006461 andersen, l. b., heinesen, e., & holmpedersen, l. (2014). how does public service motivation among teachers affect student performance in schools? journal of public https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v7i3.11532 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-06-2016-0124 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-06-2016-0124 https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut021 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00864.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00864.x https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2015.1006461 pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 74 administration research and theory, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut082 annan-prah, e. & ohemeng, f. l. k. (2015). improving productivity through performance management in public sector organizations in ghana: is change management the answer? lecturer and phd. candidate department of management studies school of business college of humanities and legal studies univer. april 2015. antwi, b. k. (2009). renewing the holy grail of human motivation in the delivery of public service. journal of management development, 28(6), 504–512. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710910959666 armstrong, m., & baron, a. (2007). managing performance: performance management in action (3rd ed.). charted institute of personnel & development. ayee, j. r. a. (2001). civil service reform in ghana: a case study of contemporary reform problems in africa. african journal of political science, 6(1), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajps.v6i1.27319 baird, k., schoch, h. & chen, q. j. (2012). performance management system effectiveness in australian local government. pacific accounting review, 24(2), 161–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/01140581211258461 belle, n. (2013). experimental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance. public administration review, 73(1), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02621.x biron, m., farndale, e., & paauwe, j. (2011). performance management effectiveness: lessons from world-leading firms. the international journal of human resource management, 22(6), 1294–1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.559100 boyne, g. a. (2002). concepts and indicators of local authority performance: an evaluation of the statutory frameworks in england and wales. public money & management, 22(2), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9302.00303 bozeman, b., & su, x. (2015). public service motivation concepts and theory: a critique. public administration review,75(5), 700–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12248 brenya, e., adu-gyamfi, s., kyei, e. y., tariah, f. p., nmerukini, a., boateng, e. k. & angmor, r. y. (2017). public service motivation in ghanaian civil service: a case study of ejusi-juabebg municipality. international journal of public administration, 40(2), 164-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1089443 brief, a. p. & motowildlo, s. j. m. (1986). prosocial organizational behaviors. academy of management review, 11(4), 710–725. https://doi.org/10.2307/258391 bullock, j. b., stritch, j. m., & rainey, h. g. (2015). international comparison of public and private employees’ work motives, attitudes, and perceived rewards. public administration review, 75(3), 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12356 campbell, j. w., lee, h., & im, t. (2016). at the expense of others: altruistic helping behavior, performance management and transformational leadership. public management review, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1045018 cavalluzzo, k. s., & ittner, c. d. (2004). implementing performance measurement innovations: evidence from government. accounting, organizations and society, 29(3–4), 243–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-3682(03)00013-8 christensen, r. k., paarlsberg, l., & perry, j. l. (2017). public service motivation research: lessons for practice. public administration review, 77(4), 529–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut082 https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710910959666 https://doi.org/10.4314/ajps.v6i1.27319 https://doi.org/10.1108/01140581211258461 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02621.x https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.559100 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9302.00303 https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12248 https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1089443 https://doi.org/10.2307/258391 https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12356 https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1045018 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-3682(03)00013-8 performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 75 https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12796 christensen, r. k., whiting, s. w., im, t., rho, e., stritch, j. m., & park, j. (2013). public service motivation, task, and non-task behavior: a performance appraisal experiment with korean mpa and mba students. international public management journal, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.796257 cun, x. (2012). public service motivation and job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior. chinese management studies, 6(2), 330–340. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506141211236758 dahling, j. j., & o’malley, a. l. (2011). supportive feedback: environments can mend broken performance management systems: the college of new jersey. industrial and organizational psychology, 4, 201–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17549434.2011.01327.x dewettinck, k., & van dijk, h. (2013). linking belgian employee performance management system characteristics with performance management system effectiveness: exploring the mediating role of fairness. the international journal of human resource management, 24(4), 806–825. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.700169 dodoo, r. (1997). performance standards and measuring performance in ghana. public administration and development, 17(1), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-162x(199702)17:1%3c115::aidpad908%3e3.0.co;2-p favero, n., meier, k. j., & o’toole, l. j. (2016). goals, trust, participation, and feedback: linking internal management with performance outcomes. journal of public administration research and theory, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muu044 finkelstein, m. a., penner, l. a., & brannick, m. t. (2005). motive, role identity, and prosocial personality as predictors of volunteer activity. social behavior and personality: an international journal, 33(4), 403–418. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.4.403 francois, p. (2000). public service motivation’ as an argument for government provision. journal of public economics, 78(3), 275–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/s00472727(00)00075-x gabris, g. t., & simo, g. (1995). psm as a variable in employment decision. public personnel management, 24, 33–51. george, j. m., & bettenhausen, k. (1990). understanding prosocial behavior, sales performance, and turnover: a group-level analysis in a service context. journal of applied psychology, 75(6), 698–709. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.698 gill, p. j. & carter, s. l. (2016). graphic feedback, performance feedback, and goal setting increased staff compliance with a data collection task at a large residential facility. journal of organizational behavior management, 36(1), 56–70. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2016.1152207 gould-williams, j. s., mostafa, a. m. s., & bottomley, p. (2015). public service motivation and employee outcomes in the egyptian public sector: testing the mediating effect of person-organization fit. journal of public administration research and theory, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut053 grant, a. m. (2008a). does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? motivational synergy https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12796 https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.796257 https://doi.org/10.1108/17506141211236758 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01327.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01327.x https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-162x(199702)17:1%3c115::aid-pad908%3e3.0.co;2-p https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-162x(199702)17:1%3c115::aid-pad908%3e3.0.co;2-p https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.4.403 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(00)00075-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(00)00075-x https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.698 https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2016.1152207 https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut053 pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 76 in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. journal of applied psychology, 93(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48 grant, a. m. (2008b). does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. the journal of applied psychology, 93(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48 grant, a. m. (2012). leading with meaning: beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. academy of management journal, 55(2), 458–476. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0588 hair, j., jr., rolph, e., anderson, tatham, r. & black, w. (1998). multivariate data analysis. prentice-hall. halachmi, a. (2002). performance measurement, accountability, and improved performance. public performance and management review, 25(4), 370–374. https://doi.org/10.2307/3381131 hawke, l. (2012). australian public sector performance management: success or stagnation? international journal of productivity and performance management, 61, 310–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410401211205669 homberg, f., & mccarthy, d. (2015). a meta-analysis of the relationship between public service motivation and job satisfaction. public administration review, 75(5), 711–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12423 hoontis, p., & kim, t. (2012). antecedents to municipal performance measurement implementation. public performance & management review, 36(1), 158–173. https://doi.org/10.2753/pmr1530-9576360108 houston, d. j. (2000). public service motivation: a multivariate test. journal of public administration research and theory, (4), 713–728. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024288 jacobsen, c. b., hvitved, j., & andersen, l. b. (2014). command and motivation: how the perception of external interventions relates to intrinsic motivation and public service motivation. public administration, 92(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12024 kim, y. & kang, m. (2016). the performance management system of the korean healthcare sector: development, challenges, and future tasks. public performance & management review, 24(1), 297–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2015.1108771 kim, s. (2006). public service motivation and organizational citizenship behavior in korea. international journal of manpower, 27(8), 722–740. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610713521 kim, s., vandenabeele, w., wright, b. e., andersen, l. b., cerase, f. p., christensen, r. k., desmarais, c., koumenta, m., leisink, p., liu, b., palidauskaite, j., pedersen, l. h., perry, j. l., ritz, a., taylor, j., & de vivo, p. (2012). investigating the structure and meaning of public service motivation across populations: developing an international instrument and addressing issues of measurement invariance. journal of public administration research and theory, 23(1), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mus027 koike, o. (2013). institutionalizing performance management in asia: looking east or west? international journal of public sector management, 26(5), 347–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48 https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0588 https://doi.org/10.2307/3381131 https://doi.org/10.1108/17410401211205669 https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12423 https://doi.org/10.2753/pmr1530-9576360108 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024288 https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2015.1108771 https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610713521 https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mus027 performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 77 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-05-2013-0066 kroll, a., & vogel, d. (2013). the psm-leadership fit: a model of performance information use. public administration, 92(4), 974–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12014 lee, c. d. (2005). rethinking the goals of your performance-management system. employment relations today wiley, 32(3), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/ert.20075 lee, g., & choi, d. l. (2013). does public service motivation influence the college students’ intention to work in the public sector? evidence from korea. review of public personnel administration, 36(2), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x13511974 lynggaard, m., pedersen, m. j., & andersen, l. b. (2018). exploring the context dependency of the psm–performance relationship. review of public personnel administration, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x16671371 maley, j. (2014). sustainability: the missing element in performance management. asiapacific journal of business administration, 6(3), 190–205. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjba-03-2014-0040 mmieh, f., mordi, c., singh, s., & asiedu-appiah, f. (2011). performance management in public sector enterprises: a case analysis of employees’ perceptions in the electricity company of ghana (ecg). journal of african business, 12(july 2014), 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2011.621847 moynihan, d. p., pandey, s. k., & wright, b. e. (2012). prosocial values and performance management theory: linking perceived social impact and performance information use. governance-an international journal of policy administration and institutions, 25(3), 463–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2012.01583.x moynihan, donald p., & pandey, s. k. (2010). the big question for performance management: why do managers use performance information? journal of public administration research and theory, 20(4), 849–866. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq004 moynihan, donald p, & pandey, s. k. (2007). the role of organizations in fostering public service motivation. public administration review, 67(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00695.x moynihan, donald p. & pandey, s.k. (2005). why and how do state governments adopt and implement “managing for results” reforms? journal of public administration research and theory, 15(2), 219–243. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui012 nielsen, p. a. (2014). learning from performance feedback: performance information, aspiration levels, and managerial priorities. public administration, 92(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12050 nurkholis, mohamad, s. h. m. &, & ismail, s. (2014). the effect of regulation and goal orientation on performance measurement utilization: evidence from indonesian local governments. asian journal of business and accounting, 7(1), 81–105. ohemeng, f. l. (2011). institutionalizing the performance management system in public organizations in ghana. public performance & management review, 34(4), 467–488. https://doi.org/10.2753/pmr1530-9576340402 ohemeng, f. l. k. (2009). constraints in the implementation of performance management https://doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-05-2013-0066 https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12014 https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x13511974 https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x16671371 https://doi.org/10.1108/apjba-03-2014-0040 https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2011.621847 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2012.01583.x https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00695.x https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui012 https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12050 https://doi.org/10.2753/pmr1530-9576340402 pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 78 systems in developing countries: the ghanaian case. international journal of crosscultural management, 9(1), 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595808101158 otley, d. (1999). performance management: a framework for management control systems research. management accounting research, 10(4), 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1006/mare.1999.0115 pallant, j. (2011). spss survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using spss (4th ed.). allen & unwin. pandey, s. k. (2015). performance information use: making progress but a long way to go. public performance & management review, 39(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2016.1071158 penner, l. a, dovidio, j. f., piliavin, j. a, & schroeder, d. a. (2005). prosocial behavior: multilevel perspectives. annual review of psychology, 56, 365–392. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141 perry, james l, hondeghem, a., & wise, l. r. (2010). revisiting the motivational bases of public service motivation: twenty years of research and an agenda for the future. public administration review, 70(5), 681–690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15406210.2010.02196.x perry, james l, & hondeghem, a. (2008). building theory and empirical evidence about public service motivation. international public management journal, 11(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887673 perry, j. l. (1996). measuring public service motivation: an assessment of construct reliability and validity. journal of public administration research and theory, 6(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303 perry, j.l. & wise, l. r. (1990). the motivational bases of public service. public administration review, 50, 367–373. https://doi.org/10.2307/976618 piliavin, j. a. & charng, h. w. (1990). altruism: a review of recent theory and research. annual review of sociology, 16, 27–65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.000331 public services commission. (2012). performance management policy for the public services of ghana. ritz, a. (2009). public service motivation and organizational performance in swiss federal government. international review of administrative sciences, 75(1), 53–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099506 ritz, a., brewer, g. a., & neumann, o. (2016). public service motivation: a systematic literature review and outlook. public administration review, 76(3), 414–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12505 sanderson, i. (2001). performance management, evaluation and learning in ‘modern’ local government. public administration, 79(2), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/14679299.00257 schott, c., van kleef, d. d., & steen, t. (2015). what does it mean and imply to be public service motivated? american review of public administration, 45(6), 689–707. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074014533589 shahmehr, f. s., safari, n., jamshidi, m. j., & yaghoobi, n.-m. (2014). the impact of performance management on mission statement and operational goal setting. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595808101158 https://doi.org/10.1006/mare.1999.0115 https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2016.1071158 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02196.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02196.x https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887673 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303 https://doi.org/10.2307/976618 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.000331 https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099506 https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12505 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00257 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00257 https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074014533589 performance management practices and motivation in developing countries: a further validation of the public service motivation construct in ghana abane, j. a., & phinaitrup, b. 79 international journal of business and management, 9(11), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v9n11p189 steijn, b. (2008). person-environment fit and public service motivation. international public management journal, 11(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887863 tabachink, b. g & fidell, l. s. (2014). using multivariate statistics. pearson education. http://www.pearsoncustomlibrary.com/isbn/0205849571 vandenabeele, w. (2007). towards a theory of public service motivation: an institutional approach. public management review, 9(4), 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030701726697 vandenabeele, w. (2008). development of a public service motivation scale: corroboration and extending perry’s measurement instrument. international public management journal, 11(1), 143–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887970 vandenabeele, w. (2009). the mediating effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on self-reported performance: more robust evidence of the psmperformance relationship. international review of administrative sciences, 75, 11–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099504 vandenabeele, w. (2014). explaining public service motivation: the role of leadership and basic needs satisfaction. review of public personnel administration, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x14521458 waal, a. a. de, & counet, h. (2009). lessons learned from performance management systems implementations. international journal of productivity and performance management, 58(4), 367–390. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410400910951026 wright, b. e., & christensen, r. k. (2010). public service motivation: a test of the job attraction-selection-attrition model. international public management journal, 13(2), 155–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967491003752012 wright, b. e., christensen, r. k., & pandey, s. k. (2013). measuring public service motivation: exploring the equivalence of existing global measures. international public management journal, 16(2), 197–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.817242 wright, b. e., moynihan, d. p., & pandey, s. k. (2012). pulling the levers: transformational leadership, public service motivation, and mission valence. public administration review, 72(2), 206–215 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02496.x yang, k. & hsieh, j. y. (2007). managerial effectiveness of government performance measurement: testing a middle-range model. public administration review, 861– 879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00774.x https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v9n11p189 https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887863 https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030701726697 https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887970 https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099504 https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x14521458 https://doi.org/10.1108/17410400910951026 https://doi.org/10.1080/10967491003752012 https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.817242 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02496.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00774.x pp. 54-80 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 80 appendix a abbreviations attractattraction to policymaking cid civic duty commcommitment to the public interest compcompassion gar greater accra region lg local government lgs local governments mmasmetropolitan and municipal assemblies lgs local government service pm performance management pmps performance management practices pme performance monitoring and evaluation perimpperformance improvement pereviewperformance review psm public service motivation ss self-sacrifice sp strategic planning vif variance inflation factor 1. introduction 2. literature review 2.1. performance management practices (pmps) 2.2. public service motivation (psm) 2.3. empirical research on the psm construct 2.4. psm and performance management practices (pmps) 2.5. the context of public service motivation in local government in ghana 3. methodology 3.1. sample and study setting 3.2. data collection procedure 4. results and discussions 4.1. bivariate correlations 4.2. regression analyses 5. conclusion declaration of conflicting interests references appendix a abbreviations management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 3 no. 2 (2021), pp. 104-134 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.161 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, zianeachour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 104 www.mer-j.com debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa bashir olayinka kolawole1 1 senior lecturer, department of economics, lagos state university (nigeria)  kolawolebashir@gmail.com published: 01 -09 -2021 available online: 03 -05-2021 accepted: 01 -05 -2021 received: 20 -03 -2021 how to cite: kolawole, b. o. (2021). debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in subsaharan africa. management & economics research journal, 3(2), 104-134, https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.161 abstract: the socio-economic crisis associated with covid-19 is threatening progress towards attaining sustainable development goals. in this regard, global gdp is to contract in 2020 by 5.2% as against 2.8% in ssa. in addition, as the global recession is imminent, developing countries stand to accommodate about 60 million people into extreme poverty amid rising debt. however, as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, united nations and african union resolve to eradicate extreme poverty through aspirations for inclusive growth by 2030 and 2063, respectively. it is on this background this paper examines the impact of debt and covid-19, as well as the effectiveness of growth inclusiveness for sustainable development in ssa. imperatively, using a panel of 43 countries over the period 2016-2019, it is established that the level of employment increases, just as life expectancy improves, in tandem with inclusive growth. corresponding author: department of economics, lagos state university (nigeria). [ kolawolebashir@gmail.com] ©2021 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. mailto:kolawolebashir@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.161 mailto:salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk mailto:kolawolebashir@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.161 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2021.161&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-09-01 http://www.mer-j.com/ debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 105 also, the timeline analysis of the covid-19 period reveals that the unemployment rate, as well as public debt, is increasing substantially above the levels before the outbreak; thereby portending a setback on the gains so far achieved towards sustainable development in the region. as such, total debt cancellation is suggested along with more financial assistance to economies in the region. keywords: covid-19, debt, employment, inclusive growth, sustainable development. jel codes: e60, h50, o10, o47, r11, r58. 1. introduction the devastating impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) on the global economy is evident in the spate of job loss, trade restrictions, and deaths across countries. imperatively, global gross domestic product (gdp) is envisioned to contract by 5.2% in 2020; and by 8% in the same year if businesses could not service debt; while sub-saharan africa (ssa) is to experience 2.8%1 slow growth.2 thus, considering the likely long duration of the crisis, coupled with spill-over effects from tighter global financial restrictions and recession, vulnerable developing countries stand to confront years of economic hardship.3 in effect, an estimated 60 million people in developing countries are expected to be pushed into extreme poverty, while years of progress towards development goals might be reversed (mahler, lakner, aguilar & wu, 2020; world bank, 2020a). but then, african union [au] (2014) recognises eradication of extreme poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, and thus, aspires for a prosperous africa based on inclusive growth by 2063. moreover, au (2014) foresees an africa where development is people-driven, and youth potentials are unleashed. to this end, au aspires that by 2063, african youth will be engaged and empowered; as youth will have the guarantee of full access to education, training, and economic opportunities; and will contribute 1 also, by envisioning substantial growth downgrade of 0.5% in east asia and the pacific, 2.7% in south asia, 4.2% in the middle east and north africa, 4.7% in europe and central asia, and 7.2% in latin america, the deepest recession in decades is imminent (world bank, 2020a). 2 see world bank (2020a). meanwhile, african development bank [afdb] (2020) projects africa’s real gdp to accelerate from an estimated 3.4% in 2019, to 3.9% in 2020 and further to 4.1% in 2021 with benin, cote d’ivoire, ghana, ethiopia, rwanda, and tanzania leading the way among the world’s 10 fastest growers. 3see goldberg and reed (2020) and international monetary fund [imf] (2020a) for shocks to activities. pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 106 significantly to innovation and entrepreneurship. meanwhile, the united nations [un] (2015) is on the verge of achieving its resolutions4 following a modest improvement in growth as necessitated by the mild rise in commodity prices,5 external demand, and increased agricultural production across countries in ssa. also, there is relatively improved stability in social and political activities with a commendable reduction in security threats across countries; thereby setting the ground for a promising business environment. but then, a high annual population growth rate of 3% appears threatening given the slow gdp growth of 2.37% in 2018 from 2.52% in 2017 (world bank, 2019) as the average debt-to-gdp ratio set to rise to 64.8% of gdp in 2020 (imf, 2020c). this, in effect, spells a negative per capita growth and a drag on the developmental efforts in the region. moreover, growth has been less than inclusive in africa6 as world economic forum [wef] (2018) frowns at the poor performance of ssa countries in the inclusive development index (idi) ranking where among emerging economies, tanzania ranks 48 and coming top in the region with idi score of 3.43. the next in ssa is ghana with an overall rank of 52 while nigeria ranks 63, south africa, 69 and mozambique, 74. thus, given au’s aspirations and un resolutions for inclusive growth, employment, and life expectancy, what then drives inclusive growth in ssa? and is growth inclusiveness effective for extending life expectancy, and productive employment, in the region? nonetheless, is inclusive sustainable development feasible beyond covid19 as debt levels stand to increase across the board in ssa? it is on this premise this paper examines the impacts of debt and covid-19 on, as well as the effectiveness of inclusive growth for, sustainable development in ssa. imperatively, there have been discussions on inclusive growth. substantial aspects of the discussions, however, focus on attaining inclusiveness as an end in itself through certain theoretical determinants of 4 the resolutions include creating conditions for sustainable, inclusive and sustained economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all; to end poverty and hunger, combat inequalities, build peaceful, just and inclusive societies, protect human rights and promote gender equality by empowering women and girls, ensure the protection of the planet and its natural resources, and create conditions for shared prosperity and decent work for all. 5 the rise in commodity prices favours angola, nigeria and south africa who contribute about 60% of ssa’s economic output. however, economies such as benin, cote d’ivoire, kenya, rwanda, and uganda that are not dependent on commodities grow steadily and strongly (toussaint, 2019). 6 this, according to afdb (2020), is despite solid growth performance in which only about a third of countries on the continent achieved inclusive growth. debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 107 growth. for example, while whajah, bokpin and kuttu (2019) affirm that public debt exerts a negative effect on inclusive growth in africa, oyinlola, adedeji, bolarinwa and olabisi (2020) assert that growth inclusiveness would be a reality in ssa provided there is a reliable tax reform alongside quality governance. but then, achieving growth inclusiveness is one thing, the other thing is whether such growth can lead to sustainable development. this follows from the fact that growth by itself is not necessarily sufficient for raising living standards (collier, 2007; wef, 2018). thus, further research on the potential of inclusive growth leading to sustainable development is necessitated. ideally, the furthering of research on the potential of inclusive growth in bringing about sustainable development will incidentally reveal the extent to which life expectancy can be lifted, and the level to which productive employment can be generated in ssa. moreover, extant discussions are raging on the devastating impact of covid-19 on global economies. a considerable part of the discussions, however, concentrate on ssa among which mahler, lakner, aguilar and wu (2020) suggest that the region might be hit hardest as the economic commission for africa [eca] (2020) holds that the economic damage is unavoidable even if the spread of the pandemic is suppressed in africa. this submission incidentally follows from the fact that the covid-19 effect has caused a drop in africa’s exports as, apart from major products which include textiles, the international price of oil has crashed by half while tourism and the airline sector have suspended operations. as such, considering the desire for african countries to be among the best performers in the globally best quality of life measures, as well as end all preventable deaths, it is pertinent to contribute to the discussions on the threat covid19 poses to achieving sustainable development in ssa. essentially, the contribution of this paper will to a large extent proffer policy response to mitigating the impact of covid-19 on sustainable development in the region. the remaining aspect of the paper is structured as follows. section two presents efforts toward sustainable development and a pre-covid-19 environment in ssa. section three reviews relevant literature and section four provides the methodology. while empirical results are presented and discussed in section five, section six rather wraps the paper with conclusion and policy implications. pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 108 2. efforts towards sustainable development and pre-covid-19 environment in ssa in the attempt to build upon the achievements, and address unfinished business, of the millennium development goals (mdgs), the heads of state and government and high representatives at its 70thanniversary meeting in september 2015 decided on the new global sustainable development goals (sdgs).7 amongst the resolutions of the meeting is to create, between the day of the meeting and 2030, conditions for sustainable, inclusive and sustained economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. in effect, per capita, economic growth is to be sustained with at least 7% gdp growth per annum and promoting entrepreneurship, among others. table 1. pre-covid-19 macroeconomic environment in selected ssa countries. country gdp growth (%) population growth (%) employment to population ratio (%) life expectancy export (%) impor t (%) angola -1.4 3.3 72 60.2 34.5 24.8 benin 5.7 2.7 69 61 28 33.6 burkina faso 6.2 2.9 62.4 61 27 32.3 cape verde 4.7 1.2 53 72.4 47.6 65.2 chad -0.9 3.1 69.5 53.5 33.3 38.1 comoros 3.3 2.3 41.2 64 12.2 28.4 congo rep -0.9 2.6 63 64 83.1 60.2 equatorial guinea -6.6 3.7 58 58 56.1 45.7 eswatini 1.9 0.9 40.4 58.4 41.8 43.3 gambia 4.8 3 54 61.3 20.5 39.1 guinea bissau 5.2 2.5 70.1 57.8 25.8 32.6 lesotho 1.2 0.8 51.6 53 46 90.7 liberia -0.1 2.5 74.2 63.2 25.1 98 mali 5.2 3 65.7 58.3 23.3 36.4 mozambique 3.3 3 75.8 59.4 39.5 73 namibia -0.2 1.9 47 63 35.3 50.5 niger 5.9 3.8 72 61.7 12 26.3 rwanda 7 2.6 82.8 68.2 18.2 30.4 sao tome & principe 3.3 1.9 50.5 70 78.5 60.3 sierra leone 4.8 2.1 55.4 54 21.5 45.2 tanzania 6.2 3 82 64.6 15.4 17.5 togo 5 2.5 76.2 60.5 32.3 45.3 uganda 5.3 3.7 69.2 62.4 15.9 21.9 zimbabwe 0.6 1.5 78.9 60.8 19.4 40 source: author’s collation from world bank (2020b) 7 according to the un (2015), the integrated and indivisible sdgs are 17 with 169 associated targets. debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 109 also, in an earlier resolution, the au, through agenda 2063, aspires for a prosperous africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development.8 the resolution seeks that, by 2063, through strategies for inclusive growth, job creation, youth empowerment and education, african countries will be amongst the best performers in global quality of life measures. furthermore, in order to achieve universal health coverage and access to quality health care, the un's (2015) agenda is to promote physical and mental health and well-being, as well as extend life expectancy for all and end all preventable deaths by 2030. in so doing, it looks at accelerating the pace of progress made in fighting malaria, ebola and other communicable diseases and epidemics affecting developing countries. in effect, the efforts impressed several economies in the region such that gdp growth averaged 7% in rwanda while life expectancy reached around 72% in sao tome & principe as presented in table 1. however, in a sudden twist to the progress made so far in the course of achieving the development goals, the novel covid-19 crisis surfaced as a huge threat to the global economy. meanwhile, through its strategy on inclusive and sustainable growth, united nations development programme [undp] (2017) recognizes the ambitious and collective efforts put into the idea of sustainable development. otherwise referred to as an expanded vision of development, the idea is a vision and, according to undp, it captivates both the citizens and politicians. essentially, the vision is balanced with regard to economic, social, and environmental dimensions. accordingly, it requires fundamental changes in the pattern of economic growth in many economies where growth has never been social and environmentally inclusive. as such, in the attempt to make the unprecedented vision a reality, undp identifies and offers three critical priorities to countries. the priorities include integrated planning for inclusive and sustainable growth; supporting employment creation, decent work and distributive programmes to address poverty, inequality and exclusion; and mobilizing and scaling up financing for enabling the transition to sustainable inclusive growth. the agency, 8 according to au (2014), this is the first of the seven aspirations of agenda 2063. other aspirations are: an integrated continent, politically united and based on the ideals of pan africanism and the vision of africa renaissance; an africa of good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, justice and the rule of law; a peaceful and secure africa; an africa with a strong cultural identity, common heritage, values and ethics; an africa where development is people-driven, unleashing the potential of its women and youth; and africa as strong, united and influential global player and partner. pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 110 however, notes that given countries’ different capacities and national priorities, the strategy might not provide a one-size-fits-all solution. nonetheless, through its policy action on inclusive growth, organization for economic co-operation and development [oecd] (2018) also shows concern by recommending three principles to governments on how to sustain and ensure equitable distribution of the benefits from economic growth. the broad area of recommendations includes investing in people and places, supporting business dynamism and inclusive labour markets, and building efficient and responsive governments. 3. literature review 3.1 theoretical framework and conceptual underpinning the theoretical framework stems from the fact that economic growth, and its sustainability, is a precursor to inclusive growth; as growth inclusiveness is fundamental to development. but then, an essential factor required in the development process is the stock of capital which comprises facilities like schools, hospitals, and other public works that are necessary for societies to function (srinivasu & rao, 2013). imperatively, the stock of these facilities helps improve economic growth, per capita productivity, individual well-being, and are important drivers of sustainable development (ncube, lufumpa & kararach, 2017). thus, as sustainable development implies meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of the future generation, the stock of overall capital assets must remain constant or rise over time. therefore, besides increased growth and provision of basic needs, lifting the standard of living also involves better health and education opportunities for the people, participation in public life in a clean environment, as well as advocating intergenerational parity. more so, where economic growth is achieved, it should be followed by productive employment. as such, in a basic cobb-douglas production function of the form y = f(k, l), in which y is output or economic growth, k is physical capital stock, and l is human capital/labour or employment, the framework toes the line of thorbecke (2014) and vellala, madala and chhattopadhyay (2014), such that, if y is sustained then its benefits can be distributed to the people. however, in order to increase y, other drivers of growth can be included altogether or in a one-after-the-other fashion. imperatively, the future growth and overall quality of life are critically dependent on the quality of the environment. therefore, as an agenda that focuses on the strong institution, the strategy of robust inclusive growth is pro-labour, as well as pro-business, and is meant to boost debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 111 economic efficiency and social inclusion (wef, 2017). accordingly, as a concept, undp (2017) asserts that inclusive growth has broadened discussion beyond only extreme poverty. thus, afdb (2013) refers to inclusive growth as economic growth that results in wider access to sustainable socio-economic opportunities for a broader number of people, regions or countries with protection for the vulnerable in an environment of fairness, equal justice, and political plurality. also, it connotes improvement in production, income generation and distribution (suryanarayana, 2013). that is, the process leading to inclusive growth involves getting employed, receiving income and engaging in consumption expenditure. however, being different from the standard and approaches to economic growth, the catholic agency for overseas development [cafod] (2014)sees inclusive growth to be more than outcome and income, but participation in economic activities with a beneficial reduction in poverty and inequality. in effect, it requires strong institutions, human capital development and employment generation, enhanced productivity through modern technology, welfareimproving redistributive policies, indiscriminative participation and social protection (kolawole, 2016). similarly, duraiappah (2015) affirms that inclusive growth is a growth that leads to reductions in income inequality. 3.2 empirics on inclusive growth the literature is vast on growth empirics, however, the relevant ones are scanty. thus, in a country-based study, kolawole (2016) investigates the relationship between inclusive growth and government spending in nigeria over the period 1995-2014. while growth inclusiveness is measured by gdp per capita, the autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) technique reveals that as real gdp growth propels inclusion in both the shortand long-run, government spending rather causes inclusion only in the long run. the study thus concludes that government redistributive spending on health has a significant positive relationship with inclusive growth in the country. however, oostuizen and cassim (2016) explore the relationship between informality and inclusive growth in ssa. on the assumption that south africa has relatively high levels of unemployment with low informal employment, the study hypothesises whether, or not, the informal labour market promotes or constrains inclusive growth. findings reveal that where unemployed people are self-employed and not in a precarious situation of ill-health and insecurity, the informal sector promotes inclusive growth, though at the expense of the agricultural sector. as such, for being a significant employer of labour, as well as a contributor to economies in ssa, firms in the informal sector should be provided with access to credit, pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 112 energy and space in order to grow and prosper. moreover, in a study that examines the relationship linking government size, public debt and inclusive growth in africa, whajah, bokpin and kuttu (2019) employ a fixed-effect method to estimate a panel of 54 countries for the period 2000-2016. while finding a positive relationship between government size and inclusive growth, the result further establishes that public debt impacts negatively on inclusive growth. thus, the study suggests necessary steps to making growth more inclusive, as well as the need for government to maintain the optimal level of public debt. more so, in another study that explores the difference generalized method of moments (gmm), oyinlola, et al (2020) investigate the role of governance in the resource mobilization-inclusive growth relationship in 27 ssa countries over the period from 1995 to 2015. using both aggregate and disaggregated taxes as indicators of domestic resource mobilization, the result shows that growth inclusiveness is determined largely by the persistence level of inclusive growth. however, as both taxes have no significant effect, all dimensions of governance rather impact positively on inclusive growth. it is therefore suggested that for growth inclusiveness to be a reality in ssa, reliable tax reform should be developed along with quality governance. 3.3 empirics on covid-19 as the u.s. economy sets for reopening following the confirmation of decline in covid-19 cases and death in the north-eastern states of the country, baqaee, farhi, mina and stock (2020) examine the policies to avert death-related economic consequences in the second wave. thus, using the five-age epidemiological model and 66-sector economic accounting, the study finds that shutdown is not potent enough to stop a second wave. rather, while hoping for economic recovery, a second wave can be averted if social restrictions are reintroduced along with personal distancing, wearing of masks, protecting old people as well as other vulnerable, and increasing testing and quarantine. furthermore, as some firms expand in response to pandemic-induced demand shifts amid the shrinking u.s. economy, barrero, bloom and davis (2020) draw on firm-level forecasts at a one-year horizon in the survey of business uncertainty (sbu) to confirm that covid-19 is also a reallocation shock. as such, by constructing new reallocation measures for jobs and sales, the study finds the measures rising sharply by 3.9 times between february and april 2020 more than the pre-covid-19 average for jobs (sales). also, the study draws on special sbu questions to test the debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 113 hypotheses that given the shock from the pandemic, for 10 layoffs, three new hires will occur. also, while some layoffs will be permanent, one out of 10 workdays will be used for residential premises after the pandemic. incidentally, across firms, the study confirms an increased vacancy, overall employment and formation of new firms, as well as an improved varying degree of stock performances. afterwards, the implications for the economic outlook and policy responses to the pandemic are considered. consequently, the study submits that unemployment benefit levels that exceed worker earnings, policies that subsidize employee retention, land-use restrictions, occupational licensing restrictions, and regulatory barriers to business formation will impede reallocation responses to the covid-19 shock. moreover, following the impact of the covid-19 crisis on lowincome families in the u.s., bitler, hoynes and schanzenbach (2020) examine the social safety net in place in the wake of the pandemic. while the study recognizes the fact that the supplemental nutrition assistance program (snap) payments could respond quickly to the increasing need, the benefits are modest. however, the study notes that the counter-cyclical impact of snap could be dampened if the policy that makes it cumbersome for immigrants to participate is not waived. in effect, the study recommends that many of the social nets be extended and adapted to the ongoing crisis. also, it is suggested that the unemployed insurance (ui) system should be redesigned to reach a larger percentage of the disadvantaged unemployed workers. in addition, more automatic stabilizers should be put in place to ameliorate the impact of the rising unemployment rate. moreover, while providing a preliminary account on the effects of the coronavirus pandemic in emerging markets and developing economies, goldberg and reed (2020) find that so far, developing countries are faring relatively well in terms of public health consequences. on the economic side, however, despite affirming encouraging signs regarding the short-term economic recovery of several countries, the study yet sounds cautious that it is premature to predict the mediumand long-term effects of the crisis. in conclusion, thus, the study holds the view that considering the heterogeneous effects of the crisis on specific countries in both the shortand long run, there is optimism that non-energy reliant and non-metal export-dependent countries could recover quickly. nonetheless, as the pattern of the result is attributed to the younger population, the study claims that most lowand middle-income countries experience significantly lower death than high-income countries. meanwhile, in the attempt to address the economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic, han, meyer and sullivan (2020) provide timely pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 114 information on the impact of the pandemic on income and poverty to inform the targeting of resources to those most affected and assess the success of current efforts. by using high-frequency data on the income of a large representative sample of u.s. families, the study constructs measures of income distribution and poverty with a lag of only a few weeks. the results show that at the start of the pandemic, government policy effectively mitigates its effects on incomes, leading poverty to fall and low percentiles of income to rise across a range of demographic groups and geographies. thus, it is concluded that the entire decline in poverty could be ascribed to the rise in government assistance which includes unemployment insurance benefits and the economic impact payments. 3.4 covid-19 experience in ssa following the report of its spread from person to person in the latter part of november 2019, the disease was declared a pandemic in march 2020 (secon, 2020). in effect, the tabular presentations in appendices a, b, c and d, show that by march 31, the virus had spread across ssa with 1,380 cases and five deaths in south africa; burkina faso with 261 cases and 14 deaths; cameroon with 233 cases and six deaths; ghana with 195 cases and five deaths; mauritius recorded 158 cases and five deaths; and nigeria had 151 cases with two deaths, among others. moreover, as malawi announced a 21-day lockdown, uganda rather extended lockdown and ban on public transportation till may 5. also, guinea, kenya, south africa and zimbabwe, among other countries, announced mandatory wearing of masks in public coupled with widespread mass testing. incidentally, on april 16, the african union’s africa centre for disease control and prevention (africa cdc) planned to distribute one million testing kits across the continent. as a complementary measure, botswana and cameroon announced a commendable number of prisoners released in the form of sentence reduction and/or outright pardon. also, imf provided debt relief to 19 countries in the region thereby making it convenient for the countries to divert financial resources to fight the pandemic. in addition, aside from financial assistance provided to address unanticipated financing needs resulting from the pandemic,9 yet poorest countries in the region were considered to benefit from the one-year debt repayments suspension agreed to by the g20 forum.10 imperatively, the covid-19 crisis awakened reality 9 see golubski, kanos, and treacy (2020) as some rural somalis doubt the existence of the virus. 10 the private sector may also give debt relief; see gandhi and golubski (2020), and okonjo-iweala, debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 115 to the importance of telecommunications such that mobile money, in addition to other digital payment systems, was used and encouraged as means of the transaction while keeping social distance. in effect, governments were able to make a cash transfer to the supposedly poorest of the poor, as well as provide information on the pandemic. nonetheless, by the end of april, even while countries which included cameroon, mauritius, niger, rwanda, and south africa gradually eased restrictions (imf, 2020c), yet, as presented in appendix b, the number of covid-19 deaths in south africa increased to 103 with 5,647 cases. also, in april, cameroon recorded 1,832 cases with 61 deaths as against 1,932 cases and 58 deaths in nigeria; 719 cases with 32 deaths in niger as burkina faso showed 641 cases and 43 deaths; democratic republic of congo (drc) recorded 31 deaths with 572 cases; kenya with 411 cases and 21 deaths; with sudan having 31 deaths and 442 cases. thus, it became difficult in combatting the pandemic as access to health care were limited, most people could not access clean water to wash hands regularly, and workers kept losing their jobs while households could not obey stay-athome orders for lack of food and basic income. unfortunately, the pandemic soared significantly by may 31 as 705 deaths were recorded with 34,357 cases in south africa. in addition, the number of deaths reached 287 with 10,162 cases in nigeria; ghana had 36 deaths and 8,070 cases; cameroon recorded 6,143 cases with 197 deaths; sudan reported 286 deaths and 5,026 cases, and 69 deaths were experienced in kenya with 2,021 cases. meanwhile, as the pandemic raged, by the 30th of june, zero death was, however, recorded in namibia and uganda, among several other countries. however, death increased in certain countries which included south africa with 2,657 deaths and 151,209 cases, followed by nigeria with 590 deaths and 25,694 cases; cameroon with 12,592 cases and 313 deaths; and sudan with 572 deaths and 9,257 cases. moreover, while countries set to reopen economies, the fear of the ‘second wave’ became obvious as response measures were reviewed. in this regard, following an additional one week to the second phase of the gradual easing of the lockdown in nigeria, kenya announced a month extension, with effect from july 27. however, at the lapse of the week-long extension, nigeria further extended the second phase ease of lockdown by four weeks. also, while zimbabwe extended by one month, gambia declared a national emergency on covid-19 and announced the night curfew for 21 days. et al (2020a,b). pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 116 thus, by the end of july, the number of confirmed cases rose to 493,183 in south africa with 8,005 deaths as against 879 and 107 deaths in nigeria and madagascar, respectively. nonetheless, despite increasing cases of the pandemic amid shrinking economies across the region, the first week of september saw countries opening for international flights. incidentally, by december, south africa recorded over one million cases with more than 28,000 deaths. 4. methodology in the attempt to examine the impact of covid-19, and the effectiveness of inclusive growth for sustainable development in the ssa, two periods are considered. the first period, 2016-2019, is the era before covid-19 in which the starting year coincides with the commencement of the sdgs. the period is important in order to appraise economic performance that results from the introduction and implementation of the sdgs, as well as evaluate the economic situation before the advent of covid-19. the second period is the pandemic era in which the economic crisis resulting from the virus emerges. thus, the second period is necessary for the appraisal and analysis of the impact of debt and covid-19 on per capita economic growth and the need to fashion ways to revamp economies towards achieving the sdgs after the pandemic. as such, in the attempt to address the objectives of the first period, the panel data econometric technique is adopted to estimate three different equations; the first equation expresses the relationship linking inclusive growth and its determinants prior to covid-19, the second equation specifies the effect of inclusive growth on life expectancy, while the third equation assesses the effect of inclusive growth on productive employment. on the other hand, the timeline or situation analysis method is used to analyse the macroeconomic environment in the second period. meanwhile, because ssa countries are the least ranked on the inclusion index among emerging economies, coupled with data constraints, 43 countries11 are considered in the region. very imperative is the fact that policymakers appraise economic success by gdp growth, however, reality 11 the countries are angola, benin, botswana, burkina faso, burundi, cameroon, cape verde, central africa republic, chad, comoros, congo dc, congo republic, cote d’ivoire, equatorial guinea, ethiopia, eswatini, gabon, gambia, ghana, guinea, guinea bissau, kenya, lesotho, liberia, madagascar, malawi, mali, mauritius, mozambique, namibia, niger, nigeria, rwanda, sao tome & principe, senegal, sierra leone, south africa, sudan, tanzania, togo, uganda, zambia, and zimbabwe. debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 117 has it that most households do not evaluate economic progress by the rate of growth of gdp but by changes in their standard of living (wef, 2018). as such, as an alternative to gdp for evaluating countries’ economic progress, the idi suffices as a measure. but then, due to the non-availability of idi data for the sampled countries over the period considered, and following the exposition of thorbecke (2014), as well as empirical work of oyinlola, et al (2020), gdp per person employed is used as a measure of inclusive growth. nonetheless, for the reason to obtain a uniform scale of measurement, as well as to ease the interpretation of estimation coefficients, data for gdp per person employed, per capita income, life expectancy, the business extent of disclosure index, external debt, foreign direct investment, and official development assistance are transformed from nominal to natural logarithms. 4.1 the models imperatively, the key drivers of inclusive growth include productive employment, human development factors, socio-economic amenities, and economic growth (vellala, et al, 2014). therefore, following barro (1991), thorbecke (2014), and vellala, et al (2014), the functional specification of the relationship linking inclusive growth with per capita income, pci, population growth rate, popg, employment, emp, life expectancy, lfx, economic growth, grt, capital formation, gfcf, entrepreneurship, ent, and other macroeconomic determinants, x, is stated as, = ( , , , , , , , ) (1) and follows baltagi (2008) in a general form as, = + + + i = 1, . . .,43;t = 2016, . . . , 2019. (2) where, for country i at time t, ing is inclusive growth proxy by the natural logarithm of gdp per person employed and measured in constant 2017 purchasing power parity (ppp) dollar, is the constant intercept, is kx 1 as is 1 xk, a vector of time-variant independent variables, u is a time-invariant unobservable country-specific fixed effect, and v represents other time-variant disturbances that are independently and identically distributed. moreover, as the principal goal of development policy, sustainable development aims at the creation of sustainable improvements in the quality of life for all people. therefore, growth inclusiveness should improve life expectancy and productive employment respectively as follows, pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 118 = + + + + (3) = + + + + (4) where lfxis life expectancy at birth and empis employment to population ratio measured as the proportion (%) of a country’s population that is employed. 4.2 estimation technique the estimation of each of the static models in (2), (3) and (4), is possible by applying ordinary least squares (ols), fixed effects (fe), random effects (re), and gmm estimators (olubusoye, salisu & olofin, 2016). however, where the time dimension of the panel is small and fixed, olsregression may result in heterogeneity bias and lead to biased and inconsistent estimates (nickell, 1981; judson & owen, 1999). consequently, the coefficients of the explanatory variables would likely be subject to a downward bias towards zero in absolute terms. also, given the potential to solve the endogeneity problem that might occur in this situation where t is small and n is large, green (2011) suggests the use of arellano and bover (1995) gmm, as well as blundell and bond (1998) systemgmm estimators. however, given the requirement of many instruments, the system-gmm is not applicable in this case. but then, the results from the hausman fixed and the breusch and pagan lm diagnostic tests can tell whether, or not, the generalised least squares (gls) technique is suitable. essentially, the gls allows for the country-specific intercept (that is, fe). 5. results and discussion 5.1 descriptive statistics the descriptive statistics of all variables employed for estimation are presented in table 2. in the table, the average per capita income, pci, of us2286.9 dollars is encouraging given a minimum value of us208.1 dollars in the region. this portends the fact that the majority of countries across the continent are doing fairly well. debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 119 table 2. descriptive statistics variable obs mean std. dev min max pci 172 2286.9 2755.5 208.1 12358.3 ing 172 14313.5 15159.5 1764.5 68487.3 grt 172 3.4 3.32 -8.82 10.2 popg 172 2.5 0.8 0.03 3.9 emp 172 62.2 13.1 39.9 84.4 lfx 172 62.1 4.9 51.6 74.5 gfcf 172 23.6 8.9 7.8 52.6 ent 172 1.6 0.5 0 2.3 xpt 172 30.2 16.5 6.7 97.8 imp 172 39.8 19 11.5 100.3 mchtrd 172 49.8 23.8 17 144.8 xdbt 172 1.29 x 1010 2.69 x 1010 1.69 x 108 1.80 x 1011 tdbtsv 172 2.6 3.1 0.2 20.6 fdi 172 6.82 x 108 1.44 x 109 -7.40 x 109 5.57 x 109 oda 172 61.7 43.6 4 231.5 agrva 172 20.9 13.5 1.9 60.3 indva 172 24 11.2 5.2 58.3 servva 172 47.5 9.70 26.9 71.8 source: author’s computation although the average gdp per person employed, as a proxy for inclusive growth, ing, at about us14313 ppp dollars is mild, it is promising given the level of development across economies. the two interesting factors that deserve special consideration are the annual gdp growth rate and population growth rate in ssa. as shown in the table, while the maximum gdp growth reached 10.2%, population growth settles at an exploding level of 3.9%. nonetheless, the threat to sustainable development becomes obvious when the average values of the factors are considered given that both are close at 3.4 and 2.5% for gdp growth and population growth, respectively. another threat for worry is the value for export and import in the region; while export averaged 30.2%, import rather shows a higher value at 39.8%. this shows that the majority of countries in ssa import more than they export. yet, another concern is the value addition, in terms of average, pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 120 minimum and maximum, wherein, the service sector has the highest figures, followed by industry. the fact that agriculture value-added is relatively the least may be explained by the performance in merchandise trade as compared to export and import in the region. more so, the average of 62.1% for life expectancy can be improved upon if development efforts are further geared towards sustainability across economies in ssa. imperatively, the ratio of employment to the population gives a maximum of 84.4% as against roughly 40% for minimum, with an average of 62.2%. the average value shows that the majority of the population across ssa are employed. 5.2 correlation matrix the pattern of the relationships subsisting among the variables is presented in the correlation matrix in table 3. the table, imperatively, shows a general case of a fairly strong correlation among the exogenous variables. table 3. abridged correlation matrix pci ing grt popg emp lfx gfcf xpt imp mchtrd xdbt pci 1 ing 0.976 1 grt 0.414 0.398 1 popg 0.521 0.284 0.048 1 emp 0.463 0.573 0.204 0.321 1 lfx 0.324 0.292 0.183 0.191 0.076 1 gfcf 0.127 0.109 0.304 0.125 0.012 0.207 1 xpt 0.413 0.381 0.309 0.223 0.289 -0.214 0.186 1 imp 0.028 0.026 0.184 0.326 0.074 -0.005 0.299 0.539 1 mchtrd 0.306 0.267 0.319 0.304 0.274 -0.069 0.143 0.651 0.641 1 xdbt 0.284 0.306 0.111 0.173 0.229 -0.049 0.053 0.101 0.224 0.051 1 source: author’s computation. however, the matrix presents a situation where the majority of the variables are positively correlated with each other; that is, they move in the same direction and are appropriate when brought together in the respective models. specifically, however, a negative correlation is represented between life expectancy and each of entrepreneurship, exports, imports, merchandise trade, and external debt in the region. the situation notwithstanding, there appears to be no threat to the analysis as the affected variables are not employed together in the life expectancy model. debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 121 5.3 estimation results following the probability values of 0.002 and 0.000 from the hausman fixed and the breusch and pagan lm diagnostic tests result respectively, the gls technique is adopted for estimation. thus, the results of the estimations of models (2), (3), and (4) are presented together in table 4. as such, in model (2), the inclusive growth model, per capita income drives inclusive growth such that a 10%-point rise in per capita income leads to 9.6% inclusiveness in growth. however, population growth is a drag as growth inclusiveness slows by 0.07% from a 10%-point increase in population. this essentially corroborates the world bank’s 2019 forecast that economic growth will lag population growth and remain below the 2015 rate of 3% (toussaint, 2019). but the higher the level of employment, the higher the inclusiveness of growth as 0.2% growth appears inclusive given 10%-point additional employment in the region. also, as life expectancy from birth improves by 10%, growth becomes inclusive substantially by 2.2%. more so, as expected, additional stock of capital by 10% point generates inclusive growth mildly by 0.6% and buttresses the view of balogun (2016) that an improved capital formation spurs socioeconomic growth and enhances the development process. further, in conformity to expectation, growth becomes more inclusive by 1.9% point as entrepreneurial activities increase by 10%. imperatively, the role of entrepreneurship as the driving force of economic growth is rooted in schumpeter's theory of long waves (unctad, 2005). moreover, there are suggestions that countries with high levels of entrepreneurship do not suffer low levels of economic growth, and although the association is significant, a unidirectional causal relationship runs from entrepreneurship to economic growth (reynolds, william, bygrave, larry & michael, 2000, 2002; harbi, grolleau & bekir, 2011). nonetheless, from empirical studies, stam (2008) affirms mixed findings on the role entrepreneurship plays in economic growth. unfortunately, import of goods and services drags growth inclusiveness backward by a mild 0.1% despite a 10% point increase in import. however, growth inclusiveness is propelled by 0.3% as a result of a 10% point improvement in merchandise trade. not surprisingly, external debt drags inclusive growth backward by 0.2% due to a 10% point rise in foreign debt liability. accordingly, the negative effect of debt corroborates cecchetti, mohanty and zampolli (2010) and kumar and woo (2010) that in the period of declining revenue and rising expenditure, debt increases by setting back growth. the situation buttresses the world bank’s position that by the end of 2018, almost 50% of ssa countries covered by the lowpp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 122 income country debt sustainability framework are as debt-distressed as more than twice the figure in 2013 (toussaint, 2019). this corroborates imf (2020b) that the high debt reflects borrowing by countries like ethiopia and kenya to finance investment in infrastructure, as the average debt ratio in low-income developing countries reached 43% of gdp over the period 2017-2019. meanwhile, a 10% point increase in agriculture value-added causes inclusiveness in growth by 1.1%. incidentally, a convincing case is made that agriculture is the only engine of growth in most countries in ssa (world bank, 2007; oecd/fao, 2016). furthermore, in the model (3), the life expectancy model, per capita income is positively impactful on life expectancy as a 10% point rise in income causes a 2.8% improvement in life expectancy. also, as growth becomes more inclusive by a 10% point, life expectancy improves by 3.2%. however, life expectancy is threatened by an increase in the rate at which the population grows given that a mild 0.2% drop in life expectancy from birth results from a 10% point addition to the population. this invariably supports todaro and smith (2003) that the problem of population growth is not simply of numbers, but human welfare and development. notwithstanding, as more percentage of the population gets employed, a further boost occurs to life expectancy. this situation follows from the fact that a 10% point increase in employment adds a 0.2% improvement to life expectancy. moreover, as the stock of capital increases by 10% point, life expectancy rises by 0.6%. this probably reflects the mild contribution of medical facilities like hospitals, health centres, and the rest that provide basic health services to pregnant women and newly born children in ssa. the availability of basic health facilities, as well as the provision of services, goes a long way in helping cub both infant and maternal mortality in the region. meanwhile, in the model (4), the employment model, employment level rises by 3.9% from a 10% point in addition to per capita income. a rise in population growth brings about a reduction in the ratio of employed persons to the population. the situation is described by a 10% point increase in population growth leading to a 0.4% fall in employment. this, no doubt, shows the effect of high and increasing population growth in the region where most economies are not expanding in tandem with the population explosion. by and large, going by the figures released by the national bureau of statistics (2020) and trading economics (2020), the impact of the bulging youth population, as well as youth unemployment, cannot be overlooked in this finding. meanwhile, the finding buttresses the claim by yalnizyan and johal (2018) that the ageing population and demographic debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 123 uncertainty cause economies to slow such that in the future, economic growth is expected to be half the rate of what it used to be 50 years back. table 4. pre-covid-19 inclusive growth, life expectancy, and employment in ssa. variable inclusive growth model (2) life expectancy model (3) employment model (4) per capita income (0.96)*** (0.29)** (0.39)*** inclusive growth (0.32)*** 0.11 growth rate (0.02) (-0.01) (0.02) population growth rate (-0.07)** (-0.02)** (-0.04)** employment (0.02)*** (0.04)** life expectancy (0.22)*** 0.05 capital formation (0.06)** (0.06)** entrepreneurship (0.19)*** (0.41)** export (0.08)* (0.22) import (-0.01)** (-0.02)*** merchandise trade (0.03)** (0.06)*** external debt (-0.02)*** (0.01)** total debt service (-0.03) (-0.31) fdi inflow (net) (-0.01) (0.28) (0.02) oda (net) (0.01) (0.03) (0.33) agric value-added (0.11)** (0.44) (0.12)** industry value-added (-0.02) (0.15) (-0.03)* service value-added (0.01) (0.02) (0.01) adj. r2 0.86 0.71 0.77 f-statistic 460.2 374.4 0.401 values in parentheses are coefficients, while ***, **, and * imply 1%, 5%, and 10% level of significance, respectively. statistical decisions are, however, based on a 5% level. source: author’s computation. meanwhile, the import of goods and services reduces employment given a 0.2% drop in employment due to a 10%-point increase in import. on the contrary, however, merchandise trade helps lift the level of employment as 0.6% additional employment is created from a 10%-point expansion in merchandise trade. furthermore, agriculture value-added propels employment by 1.2% from a 10%-point rise. the result to a large extent supports previous findings which affirm that productivity in agriculture reflects a rise in the agricultural share of employment leading to higher gdp per capita as experienced in ghana, botswana, and liberia (thorbecke, 2014). also, the efficacy of agriculture for employment is emphasised by filmer and fox (2014) who suggest agriculture targeting as a policy priority pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 124 for addressing youth unemployment in ssa. in addition, oecd/fao (2016) have noted that the contributory role of agriculture to food security reflects in its prioritisation in the development agenda. more importantly, entrepreneurship generates more employment as a 10%-point increase in entrepreneurial activities creates a further 4.1% addition to employment. this affirms the notion that entrepreneurship is a sustainable tool for job creation in africa such that without adequate entrepreneurship development, the continent faces an uncertain future (obonyo, 2016; adegboye, 2018). very instructive, though mild, is the positive impact of external debt on employment in the region given that 0.1% employment is generated from a 10%-point increase in foreign debt obligation. essentially, the positive impact of debt largely supports the view of delong and summers (2012) that a debt-driven expansionary policy propels growth, and eventually employment, in the short run. as such, debt-driven employment in ssa could be ascribed probably to activities in economies that do not depend on commodities in the region. 6. conclusion and policy implications this paper examines the impacts of debt and covid-19, and the effectiveness of inclusive growth for sustainable development in ssa using the gls technique. the pre-covid-19 analyses reveal that the road to sustainable development is not rough, but not very smooth either. this follows from the fact that although per capita income, entrepreneurship and agriculture, among others, can bring about inclusive growth, yet, debt appears to be a formidable threat to sustainable development in the region. more so, sustainable development is feasible considering the roles of per capita income, employment, and growth inclusiveness in necessitating higher life expectancy. furthermore, additional employment can be created effectively through entrepreneurship, agriculture, and merchandise trade. meanwhile, as confirmed cases of covid-19 climb, revenue loss grows substantially amid rising public spending while the tax-to-gdp ratio increases across countries by an average of 3.7% of gdp. in this regard, interest on expenditure increases thereby resulting in high debt, currency depreciation, and a growing percentage of non-concessional borrowing. more so, the unemployment rate increased across ssa countries. for example, the rate increased in angola and south africa from 31.8 and 29.1% in the fourth quarter of 2019 to 32 and 30.1% in the first quarter of 2020, respectively. also, in nigeria, reports show that the unemployment rate increased from 23.1% in the third quarter of 2018 to 27.1%, as against 34.9% among youth in the age bracket 15-34, in the second quarter of 2020. debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 125 nonetheless, the average headline deficit has been projected to expand by 1.6% points of gdp in oil-exporting countries. therefore, in conclusion, while debt is increasing and covid-19 is threatening, sustainable development is feasible through inclusive growth, improved life expectancy and more jobs (employment) in ssa. the findings, however, bear some policy implications. one, given that capital formation propels growth inclusiveness and life expectancy, it follows that governments across countries in ssa should strive more to build the sock of basic facilities like hospitals, schools, bridges, rails, airports, and roads. if these facilities are made available, economic activities will be facilitated while enhanced output expansion will result in the gains accruing to everyone, including the poor, in the society. two, as entrepreneurship causes inclusive growth, it implies that the more entrepreneurs that are raised in ssa, the more inclusive will the growth. as such, ssa countries should prioritise the fostering of new entrepreneurship, as well as support the existing ones through business-enhancing policies in order to make growth more inclusive in the region. three, regarding merchandise trade boosting growth inclusiveness and employment, it implies that export of merchandise overwhelms import. therefore, efforts should be geared towards facilitating the export of goods and services to generate more employment and make growth to be inclusive in the region. four, as agriculture value added is found to drive growth inclusiveness and employment, it points to the fact that agriculture is still the major employer of labour in ssa. thus, relevant authorities should promote agricultural activities by supporting farmers and as well encouraging unemployed people, especially youths, to embrace setting up households farms and small and medium scale enterprises for self-employment and food production across countries in the region. five, given that import setbacks growth inclusiveness and employment, it, therefore, follows that governments in the region should formulate policies that will encourage domestic production of certain goods that constitute part of the country's imports. for example, in the form of import substitution strategy, countries can start the production of light manufactures like shoes, furniture, wire cables, and food such as rice that take a large share of import bills. if countries do these, more jobs will be created with growth inclusiveness. six, external debt is reported to impact negatively on growth inclusiveness. this implies that the more the foreign debt liabilities, the less inclusive is growth in ssa. as such, to achieve growth inclusion, economies in the region should reduce the stock of their external debts by calling for outright debt cancellation or forgiveness. if debts are cancelled, it pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 126 will afford ssa countries the leverage to commit financial resources to growth-enhancing activities rather than on debt repayments. seven, and lastly, as population growth affects growth inclusiveness, life expectancy, and employment negatively, it reflects the challenge confronting ssa countries in improving the living standard of people in the region. although some schools of thought assert that population growth is desirable in many developing countries and regions, however, the issue of low per capita income, food insecurity and poverty make a rethink worthwhile. accordingly, policies that can help control and empower population growth are in daring need across ssa countries. for example, the rising population can be made productive through skills training and acquisition, apprenticeship, and farming. when a significant percentage of the ssa population is empowered through skill acquisition and financial support, the region will be better off with more employed people, increased output, and improved welfare. references adegboye, e. (2018). entrepreneurship – a pathway to sustainable development in africa. in the andela way. https://medium.com/the-andela-way/entrepreneurship-apathway-to-sustainabledevelopment-in-africa-971b6498fd4 african development bank. (2013). recognizing africa’s informal sector. https://blogs.afdb.org/afdb-championing-inclusive-growth-acrossafrica/post/recognizing-africas-informal-sector-11645 african development bank. (2020). african economic outlook 2020: developing africa’s workforce for the future.https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/african-economicoutlook-2020 african union. (2014). agenda 2063: the africa we want. second edition, popular version. http://archive.au.int/assets/images/agenda2063.pdf arellano, m., & bover, o. (1995). another look at the instrumental variables estimation of error-components models. journal of econometrics,68, 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d balogun, a. (2016). infrastructure development in nigeria: better late than never. advisory outlook: pricewaterhousecoopers ltd. https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/assets/pdf/infrastructure-development-in-nigeria.pdf baltagi, b. h. (2008). econometric analysis of panel data. 6th edition, chichester: wiley. baqaee, d., farhi, e., mina, m., & stock, j. h. (2020). policies for a second wave. bpea conference draft, june 25, brooking papers on economic activity. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/baqaee-et-al-conferencedraft.pdf barrero, j.m., bloom, n., & davis, s.j. (2020). covid-19 is also a reallocation shock. brookings papers on economic activity2020(2), 329–383. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstractid=3592953 barro, r.j. (1991). economic growth in a cross section of countries. the quarterly journal of economics, 106(2), 407–443. https://medium.com/the-andela-way/entrepreneurship-a-pathway-to-sustainabledevelopment-in-africa-971b6498fd4 https://medium.com/the-andela-way/entrepreneurship-a-pathway-to-sustainabledevelopment-in-africa-971b6498fd4 https://blogs.afdb.org/afdb-championing-inclusive-growth-across-africa/post/recognizing-africas-informal-sector-11645 https://blogs.afdb.org/afdb-championing-inclusive-growth-across-africa/post/recognizing-africas-informal-sector-11645 https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/african-economic-outlook-2020 https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/african-economic-outlook-2020 http://archive.au.int/assets/images/agenda2063.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/assets/pdf/infrastructure-development-in-nigeria.pdf https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/baqaee-et-al-conference-draft.pdf https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/baqaee-et-al-conference-draft.pdf https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstractid=3592953 debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 127 bitler, m.p., hoynes, h.w., & schanzenbach, d.w. (2020). the social safety net in the wake of covid-19. brookings papers on economic activity2020(2), 119–158. https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2020.0008 blundell, r., & bond, s. (1998). initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. journal of econometrics,87, 115– 143.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00009-8 catholic agency for overseas development [cafod]. (2014). what is “inclusive growth”? cafod discussion paper (full version). www.cafod.org.uk/inclusive cecchetti, s. g., mohanty, m. s., & zampolli, f. (2010). the future of public debt: prospects and implications.bis working papers no. 300, basel: bank for international settlements. collier, p. (2007). the bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. oxford: oxford university press. delong, j.b., &summers, l.h. (2012). fiscal policy in a depressed economy. brookings papers on economic activity,2012(1), 233–297. https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2012.0000 duraiappah, a.k. (2015). sustained inclusive growth re-examined. a contribution of ihdp, the international human dimension programme on global environmental change of icsu, the international council for science, and unu, the united nations university. economic commission for africa (2017). inclusive and sustainable development in arica: institutional arrangements for implementing the 2030 agenda and 2063 agenda. addis ababa: economic commission for africa. economic commission for africa. (2020). covid-19 in africa: protecting lives and economies. addis ababa: eca printing and publishing unit. https://doi.org/10.18356/77f486e5-en filmer, d., & fox, l. (2014). youth employment in sub-saharan africa. africa developmentseries.washington, dc: world bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-14648-0107-5. gandhi, d., & golubski, c. (2020). africa in the news: african governments, multilaterals address covid-19 emergency, debt relief.https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-infocus/2020/04/18/africa-in-the-news-african-governments-and-multilateralsaddress-covid-19-emergency-debt-relief/ goldberg, p.k., & reed t. (2020). the effects of the coronavirus pandemic in emerging markets and developing economies: an optimistic preliminary account. bpea conference draft, june 25, brooking papers on economic activity. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/su20_s3_goldbergreed_-final-paper.pdf golubski, c., kanos, d., & treacy, m. (2020). africa in the news: covid-19, financial assistance, and political updates from malawi, burundi, and rwanda. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/06/27/africa-in-the-newscovid-19-financial-assistance-and-political-updates-from-malawi-burundi-andrwanda/ greene, w. h. (2011). econometric analysis. 7th edition. pearson education: new york university. han, j., meyer, b. d., & sullivan, j. x. (2020). income and poverty in the covid-19 pandemic. brookings papers on economic activity2020(2). https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2020.0008 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00009-8 http://www.cafod.org.uk/inclusive https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2012.0000 https://doi.org/10.18356/77f486e5-en https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0107-5 https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0107-5 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/04/18/africa-in-the-news-african-governments-and-multilaterals-address-covid-19-emergency-debt-relief/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/04/18/africa-in-the-news-african-governments-and-multilaterals-address-covid-19-emergency-debt-relief/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/04/18/africa-in-the-news-african-governments-and-multilaterals-address-covid-19-emergency-debt-relief/ https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/su20_s3_goldberg-reed_-final-paper.pdf https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/su20_s3_goldberg-reed_-final-paper.pdf https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/06/27/africa-in-the-news-covid-19-%09financial-assistance-and-political-updates-from-malawi-burundi-and-rwanda/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/06/27/africa-in-the-news-covid-19-%09financial-assistance-and-political-updates-from-malawi-burundi-and-rwanda/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/06/27/africa-in-the-news-covid-19-%09financial-assistance-and-political-updates-from-malawi-burundi-and-rwanda/ pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 128 https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2020.0007 harbi, s. e., grolleau, g., & bekir, i. (2011). entrepreneurship and growth: what causes what? advances in the study of entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth, 22, 73–91. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1048-4736(2011)0000022007 international monetary fund [imf]. (2020a). regional economic outlook: sub-saharan africa: covid-19: an unprecedented threat to development. washington dc: imf. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513536835.086 international monetary fund. (2020b). fiscal monitor: policies to support people during the covid-19 pandemic. washington dc: imf. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781616352486.089 international monetary fund. (2020c). regional economic outlook june 2020 update: subsaharan africa: a cautious reopening. washington dc: imf. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513536835.086 judson, r. a., & owen. a. l. (1999). estimating dynamic panel data models: a guide for macroeconomists. economic letters, 65, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/s01651765(99)00130-5 kolawole, b.o. (2016). government spending and inclusive-growth relationship in nigeria: an empirical investigation. zagreb international review of economics & business, 9(2), 33–56. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/248913 kumar, m.s., & woo, j. (2010). public debt and growth. imf working paper 10/174, washington, dc: imf. mahler, d.g., lakner, c., aguilar, r.a.c., & wu, h. (2020). updated estimates of the impact of covid-19 on global poverty. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/updated-estimates-impact-covid-19-globalpoverty national bureau of statistics (2020). key statistics: unemployment.www.nigerianstat.gov.ng ncube, m., lufumpa, c.l., & kararach, g. (2017). introduction: infrastructure in african development. in ncube, m. & lufumpa, c.l. (eds.), infrastructure in africa: lessons for future development, pp. 1–22. university of bristol, uk: policy press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t88xmm.9 nickell, s. j. (1981). biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. econometrica, 49, 1417–1426. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911408 obonyo, r. (2016). africa looks to its entrepreneurs. africa renewal, 30(1), 16–17. https://doi.org/10.18356/1f87a356-en okonjo-iweala, n., coulibaly, b.s., thiam, t., kaberuka, d., songwa, v., masiyiwa, s., mushikiwabo, l., & duarte, c. (2020a). africa needs debt relief to fight covid-19. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/africa-needs-debt-relief-to-fightcovid-19/. okonjo-iweala, n., coulibaly, b. s., thiam, t., kaberuka, d., songwa, v., masiyiwa, s., mushikiwabo, l., & manual, t. (2020b). covid-19 and debt standstill for africa: the g20’s action is an important first step that must be complemented, scaled up, and broadenedhttps://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-infocus/2020/04/18/covid-19-and-debt-standstill-for-africa-the-g-20s-action-is-animportant-first-step-that-must-be-complemented-scaled-up-and-broadened/. olubusoye, o. e., salisu, a. a., & olofin, s.o. (2016). applied panel data analysis, (vol.1). centre for econometric and allied research (cear), ibadan: ibadan university press. https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2020.0007 https://doi.org/10.1108/s1048-4736(2011)0000022007 https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513536835.086 https://doi.org/10.5089/9781616352486.089 https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513536835.086 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(99)00130-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(99)00130-5 https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/248913 https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/updated-estimates-impact-covid-19-global-poverty https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/updated-estimates-impact-covid-19-global-poverty http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/ https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t88xmm.9 https://doi.org/10.2307/1911408 https://doi.org/10.18356/1f87a356-en https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/africa-needs-debt-relief-to-fight-%09covid-19/ https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/africa-needs-debt-relief-to-fight-%09covid-19/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-%09focus/2020/04/18/covid-19-and-debt-standstill-for-africa-the-g-20s-action-is-an-%09important-first-step-that-must-be-complemented-scaled-up-and-broadened/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-%09focus/2020/04/18/covid-19-and-debt-standstill-for-africa-the-g-20s-action-is-an-%09important-first-step-that-must-be-complemented-scaled-up-and-broadened/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-%09focus/2020/04/18/covid-19-and-debt-standstill-for-africa-the-g-20s-action-is-an-%09important-first-step-that-must-be-complemented-scaled-up-and-broadened/ debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 129 oostuizen, m., & cassim, a. (2016). informality and inclusive growth in sub-saharan africa. ella regional evidence papers, development policy research unit, university of cape town, south africa. http://ella.practicalaction.org/knowledgeregional/informality-and-inclusive-growth-in-sub-saharan-africa/ organization for economic co-operation and development [oecd]/food and agriculture organization [fao] (2016). agriculture in sub-saharan africa: prospects and challenges for the next decade. in oecd-fao agricultural outlook 2016-2025. https://doi.org/10.1787/agr_outlook-2016-5-en organization for economic co-operation and development [oecd] (2018). the framework for policy action on inclusive growth. meeting of the oecd council at ministerial level. http://www.oecd.org/mcm/documents/c-min-2018-5-en.pdf oyinlola, m. a., adedeji, a. a., bolarinwa, m.o., & olabisi, n. (2020). governance, domestic resource mobilization, and inclusive growth in sub-saharan africa. economic analysis and policy,65, 68–88.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.11.006 reynolds, p. d., william, d., bygrave, e.a., larry, w.c., & michael, h. (2000). global entrepreneurship monitor: 2000 executive report. wellesley, ma/london: babson college/london business school. reynolds, p. d., william, d., bygrave, e. a., larry, w.c., & michael, h. (2002). global entrepreneurship monitor: 2002 executive report. wellesley, ma/london: babson college/london business school. secon, h. (2020). a comprehensive timeline of the new coronavirus pandemic, from china’s first covid-19 case to the present. https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/tech/a comprehensive-timeline-of-the-new-coronavirus-pandemic-from-chinasfirst-covid-19/sbb9e4z. srinivasu, b., & rao, s. (2013). infrastructure development and economic growth: prospects and perspective. journal of business management & social sciences research, 2(1), 81–91. stam, e. (2008). entrepreneurship and innovation policy. in nooteboom, b., & stam, e. (eds.), micro-foundations for innovation policy. amsterdam and chicago: amsterdam university press and chicago university press .https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048501304 suryanarayana, m. h. (2013). inclusive growth: a sustainable perspective. indira gandhi institute of development research, united nations development programme, india. thorbecke, e. (2014). the structural anatomy and institutional architecture of inclusive growth in sub-saharan africa. wider working paper, 041, united nations university, unu-wider. https://doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2014/762-2 todaro, m. p., & smith, s. c. (2003). economic development. eight edition. delhi: pearson education. toussaint, b. (2019). world bank: sub-saharan economic growth remains slower than expected.https://africa.cgtn.com/2019/04/08/world-bank-sub-saharan-economicgrowth-remains-slower-than-expected/ trading economics. (2020). angola/south africa unemployment rate. https://tradingeconomics.com/angola/south-africa/unemployment-rate united nations. (2015). transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainabledevelopment.https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826190123.ap02 united nations conference on trade and development [unctad]. (2005). entrepreneurship and economic development: the empretec showcase. english http://ella.practicalaction.org/knowledge-%09regional/informality-and-inclusive-growth-in-sub-saharan-africa/ http://ella.practicalaction.org/knowledge-%09regional/informality-and-inclusive-growth-in-sub-saharan-africa/ https://doi.org/10.1787/agr_outlook-2016-5-en http://www.oecd.org/mcm/documents/c-min-2018-5-en.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.11.006 https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/tech/a-%09comprehensive-timeline-of-the-new-coronavirus-pandemic-from-chinas-first-covid-%0919/sbb9e4z https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/tech/a-%09comprehensive-timeline-of-the-new-coronavirus-pandemic-from-chinas-first-covid-%0919/sbb9e4z https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/tech/a-%09comprehensive-timeline-of-the-new-coronavirus-pandemic-from-chinas-first-covid-%0919/sbb9e4z https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048501304 https://doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2014/762-2 https://africa.cgtn.com/2019/04/08/world-bank-sub-saharan-economic-%09growth-remains-slower-than-expected/ https://africa.cgtn.com/2019/04/08/world-bank-sub-saharan-economic-%09growth-remains-slower-than-expected/ https://tradingeconomics.com/angola/south-africa/unemployment-rate https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826190123.ap02 pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 130 only. https://unctad.org/en/docs/webiteteb20043_en.pdf united nations development programme [undp] (2017). strategy for inclusive and sustainable growth.http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/poverty%20reduction/un dps%20inclusive%20and%20sustainable%20growth-final.pdf vellala, p. s., madala, m. k., & chhattopadhyay. (2014). a theoretical model for inclusive economic growth in india context. international journal of humanities and social science, 4(13), 229-235. whajah, j., bokpin, g.a., & kuttu, s. (2019). government size, public debt, and inclusive growth in africa. research in international business and finance, 49, 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2019.03.008 world bank. (2007). world development report 2008: agriculture and development. washington dc: world bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7297-5. world bank. (2019). growth in sub-saharan africa remains below three percent three years after crisis. press release. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/pressrelease/2019/04/08/growth-in-sub-saharan-africa-remains-below-three-percentthree-years-after-crisis world bank. (2020a). the global economic outlook during the covid-19 pandemic: a changed world. washington dc: world bank.https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/08/the-globaleconomic-outlook-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-changed-world world bank. (2020b). world development indicators. washington dc: world bank.https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/africa-human-capitalplan world economic forum. (2017). the inclusive growth and development report 2017.http://www3.weforum.org/docs/wef_forum_incgrwth_2017.pdf world economic forum. (2018). the inclusive development index 2018 summary and datahighlights.http://www3.weforum.org/docs/wef_forum_incgrwth_2018.pdf yalnizyan, a., & johal, s. (2018). race to the top: inclusive growth is the new growth model.https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/commentary/article-race-to-thetop-inclusive-growth-is-the-new-growth-model/ https://unctad.org/en/docs/webiteteb20043_en.pdf http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/poverty reduction/undps inclusive and sustainable growth-final.pdf http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/poverty reduction/undps inclusive and sustainable growth-final.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2019.03.008 https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7297-5 https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/04/08/growth-in-sub-saharan-africa-remains-below-three-percent-three-years-after-crisis https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/04/08/growth-in-sub-saharan-africa-remains-below-three-percent-three-years-after-crisis https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/04/08/growth-in-sub-saharan-africa-remains-below-three-percent-three-years-after-crisis https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/08/the-%09global-economic-%09outlook-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-changed-world https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/08/the-%09global-economic-%09outlook-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-changed-world https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/africa-human-capital-plan https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/africa-human-capital-plan http://www3.weforum.org/docs/wef_forum_incgrwth_2017.pdf http://www3.weforum.org/docs/wef_forum_incgrwth_2018.pdf https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/commentary/article-race-to-%09the-top-inclusive-growth-is-the-new-growth-model/ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/commentary/article-race-to-%09the-top-inclusive-growth-is-the-new-growth-model/ debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 131 appendix a: covid-19 confirmed cases and deaths in selected countries in ssa, march-august, 2020. march april may june july august country cases death cases death cases death cases death cases death cases death angola 7 2 27 2 86 4 284 13 1148 52 2654 108 benin 9 0 64 1 232 3 1199 21 1805 36 2145 40 botswana 4 1 23 1 38 1 227 1 804 2 1724 6 burkina faso 261 14 645 43 847 53 962 53 1106 53 1370 55 burundi 2 0 11 1 63 1 170 1 395 1 445 1 cameroon 233 6 1832 61 6143 197 12592 313 17255 391 14409 414 cape verde 6 1 122 1 458 4 1267 15 2451 23 3884 40 car 3 0 64 0 1011 2 3745 47 4608 59 4711 62 chad 7 0 73 5 778 65 866 74 936 75 1013 77 comoros 1 0 106 2 303 7 378 7 423 7 dr congo 109 9 572 31 3195 72 7122 175 9084 215 10104 259 congo rep 19 0 220 9 611 20 1087 37 3200 54 3979 78 cote d'ivoire 179 1 1275 14 2833 33 9499 68 16047 102 18067 117 eq. guinea 15 0 315 1 1306 12 2001 32 4821 83 4941 83 ethiopia 29 0 133 3 1257 12 5846 103 17999 284 52131 809 eswatini 9 0 106 1 285 2 812 11 2648 41 4577 91 gabon 18 1 276 3 2655 17 5394 42 7352 49 8533 53 gambia 4 1 12 1 25 1 49 2 498 9 3029 96 ghana 195 5 2074 17 8070 36 17741 112 35501 182 44298 276 guinea 30 0 1405 7 3706 23 5391 33 7308 46 9409 59 guinea bissau 8 0 205 1 1256 8 1654 24 1981 26 2205 34 kenya 81 1 411 21 2021 69 6673 149 21363 364 34201 577 lisotho 2 0 27 0 702 14 1085 31 liberia 6 0 152 18 296 27 804 37 1189 75 1304 82 source: author’s compilation from www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 132 appendix b: covid-19 confirmed cases and deaths in selected countries in ssa, march-august, 2020. march april may june july august country cases death cases deathcases death cases death cases death cases death madagascar 57 0 132 0 826 6 2303 22 11273 107 14957 195 malawi 37 3 284 4 1265 16 4078 114 5566 175 mali 31 3 508 26 1315 78 2181 116 2535 124 2776 126 mauritius 158 5 332 10 335 10 341 10 344 10 356 10 mozambique 10 0 76 0 254 2 903 6 1864 12 4039 23 namibia 14 0 16 0 25 0 257 0 2129 10 7692 81 niger 34 3 719 32 958 64 1075 67 1134 69 1176 69 nigeria 151 2 1932 58 10162 287 25694 590 43151 879 54008 1013 rwanda 75 0 243 0 370 1 1025 2 2022 5 4063 16 sao tome 16 1 483 12 714 13 871 15 896 15 senegal 190 1 1024 9 3739 42 6925 116 10284 209 13655 284 sierra leone 1 0 136 7 865 46 1462 60 1823 67 2022 70 south africa 1380 5 5647 103 34357 705 151209 2657 493183 8005 627041 14149 sudan 7 2 442 31 5026 286 9257 572 11644 746 13189 823 tanzania 20 1 480 16 509 21 509 21 509 21 509 21 togo 36 2 123 9 442 13 650 14 941 19 1400 28 uganda 7 2 83 0 457 0 893 0 1176 4 3037 32 zambia 36 0 109 3 1089 7 1632 30 6228 165 12097 288 zimbabwe 8 1 40 4 178 4 591 7 3169 67 6497 202 source: author’s compilation from www.worldometers.info/coronavirus http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ debt, covid-19 and inclusive growth for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa kolawole, b. o. 133 appendix c: covid-19 confirmed cases and deaths in selected countries in ssa, september-december, 2020. september october november december country cases death cases death cases death cases death angola 4972 183 10805 284 15139 348 17553 405 benin 2357 41 2683 41 3015 43 3251 44 botswana 3172 16 6642 24 10742 34 14805 42 burkina faso 2056 58 2500 67 2886 68 6707 85 burundi 508 1 589 1 689 1 818 10 cameroon 20838 418 21793 426 24445 437 26277 448 cape verde 6024 60 8793 95 10761 105 11840 113 car 4829 62 4866 62 4913 63 4963 63 chad 1200 85 1498 98 1688 101 2113 104 comoros 479 7 545 7 613 7 823 10 dr congo 10685 272 11306 307 12772 333 17658 591 congo rep 5089 89 5290 92 5774 94 7107 108 cote d'ivoire 19724 120 20716 126 21331 132 22490 137 eq. guinea 5030 83 5088 83 5153 85 5277 86 ethiopia 75368 1198 96169 1469 110074 1706 124269 1923 eswatini 5482 109 5917 117 6419 122 9358 205 gabon 8766 54 9868 55 9214 60 9571 64 gambia 3584 113 3672 119 3742 123 3797 124 ghana 46656 301 48124 320 51667 323 54771 335 guinea 10652 66 12150 73 13199 76 13738 81 guinea bissau 2324 39 2413 41 2441 44 2452 45 kenya 38713 711 55877 1013 84169 1474 96614 1681 lisotho 1639 38 1953 44 2137 44 3206 51 liberia 1343 82 1426 82 1595 83 1779 83 source: author’s compilation from www.worldometers.info/coronavirus http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ pp. 104-134 vol. 3 no. 2 (2021) management & economics research journal 134 appendix d: covid-19 confirmed cases and deaths in selected countries in ssa, septemberdecember, 2020. september october november december country cases death cases death cases death cases death madagascar 16454 232 17111 244 17341 251 17714 261 malawi 5773 179 5932 184 6028 185 6583 189 mali 3118 131 3565 136 4710 156 7090 269 mauritius 381 10 441 10 504 10 527 10 mozambique 8728 61 12988 93 15770 131 18794 167 namibia 11373 123 12988 133 14380 151 23941 205 niger 1197 69 1220 69 1548 72 3323 104 nigeria 58848 1112 62853 1144 67557 1173 87607 1289 rwanda 4840 29 5137 35 5934 49 8383 92 sao tome 911 15 945 16 996 17 1022 17 senegal 15019 311 15630 325 16107 333 19364 410 sierra leone 2231 72 2366 74 2412 74 2635 76 south africa 674339 16734 725452 19276 790004 21535 1057161 28469 sudan 13640 836 13804 837 17810 1249 23316 1468 tanzania 509 21 509 21 509 21 509 21 togo 1784 48 2331 57 2974 64 3633 68 uganda 8287 75 12743 112 20459 205 35511 265 zambia 14802 333 16480 349 17665 357 20997 390 zimbabwe 7838 228 8367 243 10034 277 13867 363 source: author’s compilation from www.worldometers.info/coronavirus http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march مارس): 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 174 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.21 زائر ا قتصادي النمو ع السيا القطاع قياسية: أثر تحليلية -1990(دراسة 2014( مناصر رابح 1 شراير، عمران 2 دكتوراه، 1 الوطنية طالب قتصاد لإلحصاء لياالع املدرسة القليعةالتطبيقي و زائر(، )ا r.menacer.enssea@gmail.com: يميل 2 التعليم ، أستاذ التطبيقي لإلحصاء العليا الوطنية املدرسة العا قتصاد القليعةو زائر(، )ا obecherair.enssea@gmail.com : يميل the impact of the tourism sector on economic growth in algeria: an analytical and econometric study (1990-2014) rabeh menacer 1 amrane becherair1 national high school of statistics and applied economics, kolea (algeria) خ خ 201903-10: رسالتار شر 20190327: القبول تار ال خ 201903-31: تار ص :م ا يمك ال عمل فرص وكذا ة، وكب عة سر مالية بتدفقات السيا القطاع يتم التنميـــة لتحقيـــق وذلـــك املجتمعـــات ـــ شـــر املن البطالـــة ل مشـــ تحـــل أثـــر. أن املقـــال عـــا نمــــوذج باســـتخدام زائــــر ا ـــ قتصــــادي النمــــو ـــ ع الســــياحية واختبــــارvarيـــرادات ة ـ الف ية زائـر2014-1997السب ل السـيا شـاط ال تقيـيم ـو نا دراسـ مـن ـدف ال ، بـالنمو املرتبطــة ات ـ املتغ عــض ن ـ و نــھ ب العالقـة وجــود. وتحليـل عـدم ــ ا تـو نتائجنــا جانــــــب مـــــال إل نظـــــرا ـــــذا و ، ــــــ املح بالنـــــاتج عنـــــھ ـــــ واملع النمــــــو ـــــ ع للقطـــــاع معنـــــوي أثـــــر قتصا يبقى بحيث بالسياحة اصة ا ثمارات املحروقاتس قطاع ن ر زائري ا .د السيا: فتاحيةامللماتال قتصادي، القطاع varنموذج،النمو يف .jel: o11،c22 تص abstract: the tourism sector is characterized by rapid and large financial flows, as  املر مناصر: سلااملؤلف r.menacer.enssea@gmail.com: يميل،رابح https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.21&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 189 -174 :ص 175 well as job opportunities that can solve the problem of unemployment prevalent in societies to achieve development. the article addresses the impact of tourism revenues on economic growth in algeria using the var model and causation test in 1997-2014. the objective of our study is to evaluate the tourism activity of algeria and analyze the relationship between it and some variables related to growth. our results suggest that there is no significant effect on the growth and expressed by the local product, due to the neglect of the investments side of the tourism so that the algerian economy remains dependent on the hydrocarbons sector. keywords: tourism sector, economic growth, algeria, var model. jel classification: o11 ،c22 :مقدمة. 1 الســـــياحة قطـــــاع ــــ التنميـــــةعت ـــــ بـــــارزا دورا تــــؤدي ـــــ ال ـــــة يو ا القطاعـــــات مــــن ثـــــق تن فبفضــــلھ العـــــالم، دول مــــن العديـــــد ــــ قتصـــــادية املــــوارد ـــــم أ ومــــن قتصــــادية مـــن الدوليـــة الســـياحية يـــرادات النتقـــال حصـــائيات شـــ حيـــث ة ـــ كب ماليـــة تـــدفقات عام264.1 دوالر عـام1245إ1990مليار دوالر مثـل2014 مليـار و عمـل فـرص ـق خلَ وتُ ، ــــــ جن ثمار لالســــــ فعــــــال مــــــع. بــــــديل ات شــــــاب ال ومتعــــــددة متطــــــورة صــــــناعة بالتــــــا ــــــو ف والثقافية جتماعية قتصادية، القطاعات .مختلف خطـــط ــ ع فيــھ ثمار ســ خـــالل مــن الســيا بالقطــاع ـــوض ال ــ ا زائــر ا ســ الــوط املخطـــط ــا آخر اتيجيات آفــاقواســ ــ الســـياحية يئــة أجـــل2025لل مــن وذلـــك ول، ـــ الب أســـعار ـــ االنخفـــاض ، والـــدو ـــ املح املســـتوى ـــ ع نـــة الرا ات ـــ التغ مواكبـــة ـــع الر ـــ ع عتمــد ـــ ال البلــدان ـــ ع خصوصــا التنمـــوي املســـار ــ ع ـــ كب ضــرر خلـــق الــذي زائـــر وا ال و ـــ كف ـــ و قطـــاع. الب ـــ ع ة ـــ خ صـــادرات ســـبةعتمـــد ب % 97املحروقـــات النفطية ا عائدا ل ش ـ% 47و ال مـال حالـة يؤكـد مـا ـو و ـام، ا ـ املح النـاتج من خرى القطاعات ا ش .ع زائــر، ا ــ النمــو لــة ــ ع الســياحة قطــاع ثــر تقيــيم ــو الدراســة مــن ــدف ال دراسة : االقتصادي يف اجلزائرأثر القطاع السياحي على النمو عمران بشراير / د.، أرابح مناصر )2014-1990(حتليلية قياسية 176 ة الف بحثنا غّط و . 2014-1997لقد ـ التحلي املن ثـر،واستخدمنا لدراسـة ـ القيا قتصادي والنمو السيا القطاع ن ب أثر وجود واملتمثلة الدراسة فرضية اختيار مع البحث1.1 الية :إش زائر؟ ا قتصادي النمو ع وتطوراتھ السيا القطاع أثر ما السابقة .2 والدراسات السياحة ف عر ـــــــة ج فمــــــن العامليــــــة، واملنظمــــــات ن املفكــــــر عنــــــد ــــــ كب تمــــــام با الســــــياحة حظيــــــت القرن بداية قتصادي انب ا ع ك وال السياحة ف عر محاوالت بدأت ن الباحث ن20 شـــول طـــرف ـــ1910عـــام )(schullard hمـــن الســـياحة ان نـــوه حيـــث ـــل"م، قت العمليــات وخصوصــا املتداخلــة مالعمليــات واقــام جانــب بــدخول املتعلقــة صــادية معينـــة دولـــة أو واليـــة أو منطقـــة داخـــل م شـــار وان س"(املؤقتـــة دعـــ ). 14ص,2002,ســـرى املتحــــــدة مــــــم املنظمــــــة نجــــــد الدوليــــــة، املنظمــــــات ــــــة ج مــــــؤتمرonuومــــــن ــــــامش ــــــ ع ـا أ ع السياحة عرفت ال الدو والسفر سـان" السياحة وإ اجتماعيـة رة تقـومظـا ية عـــن تقـــل ال مؤقتـــة ة ـــ لف آخـــر ـــان م ـــ إ الدائمـــة اقامتـــھ ـــان م مـــن الفـــرد انتقـــال ـــ 24ع عـــن ـــد تز وال خيـــة12ســاعة، والتار العالجيـــة يــة، ف ال الســـياحة ـــدف ر والســـياحة. شــ ارجيــــــــــة ا والســــــــــياحة الداخليــــــــــة الســــــــــياحة مــــــــــا جناحــــــــــان ــــــــــا ل الــــــــــدين" (الطــــــــــائر ــــــــــ م أنــ)61ص,مســعد ــت بي افقــد ال وأشــ الســياحة للســياحة. واع العامليــة ــ wtoاملنظمــة ــــا أ ــــ ع الســــياحة عرفــــت خــــالل"أيضــــا فــــراد ــــا يقــــوم ــــ ال شــــاطات ال مــــن مجموعــــة أخــرى ألغــراض أو الراحــة غــرض املعتــاد م محــيط خــارج مــاكن ــ إ نتقــال و "(الســفر j.pierre & m.balfet,2007,p4) ال ات النظر أمثـالعمال قتصادية للتنمية ,rostov و solowكالسيكية lewis and sontosر املظا ا تأث عن أو بالسياحة، مرتبطة عالقة أي عن تتحدث لم واســـع،. قتصـــادية نطـــاق ـــ ع للســـياحة عتبـــار أخـــذ مـــن ن البـــاحث يوقـــف لـــم لكنـــذلك والتبعية قتصادية التنمية ع ا بتأث املجتمعـات،(mihalic 2002)سواء تطور ع يــة ن،(hall and brown)والرفا وتحســ والثقافيــة جتماعيــة التنميــة ــ ع ــا بتأث أو ـــ املع ـــذه, mowforth & munt 2015،shapely 2012،(tefer.2002(املســتوى ب قتصـادية والتنميـة السـياحة ن بـ العالقة عن ناجمة مة م قضايا عن مـابحاث و جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 189 -174 :ص 177 أن بذلك ين معت ية توج ية تأث عالقة ما ل أن حيث الطبيعة، ة املعيار ات املتغ من موجود التنمية ع السياحة .أثر ن ابطت ـــ م ن ت نظــــر مـــع قــــوي أســـاس قتصــــادي للنمـــو خــــر، انـــب ا ــــة: ـــ نظر صــــــادرات ــــــز بتعز ــــــ و ، الــــــداخ النمــــــو ــــــة ونظر النيوكالســــــيكية ــــــرة،النمــــــو ا ســــــواق الكفـاءة لتحقيـق وذلك جن ثمار س و التجاري أمـا )nafziger.1997(والنمـونفتاح ثمار ســـ خـــالل مـــن قتصـــادي النمـــو ـــز لتعز للدولـــة الناشـــط الـــدور تـــدعم ـــا فإ ة ـــ خ شري ال املال رأس مباشر والغ ).todaro et al.2009(املباشر النمــو، ســياق ــــ ف ، التــا و التنميــة، ــ ع مــؤثرة تصــدير كقيمــة الســياحة ــ عت السياحة تقوده ال النمو ة نظر من .تدعم زائر. 3 ا السيا القطاع ومؤشرات :مقومات الســيما العامليــة، املنــاطق أجمــل مــن ــا المتالك جانــب للســياح قبلــة زائــر ا ــ عت ي اآل ا عرض ال .مقومات ة. 1.3 زائر ا :املقومات املتوســـط،: املوقــع. أ بـــيض والبحـــر ــا أورو ـــ ع الســـاطعة قيـــة فر البوابــة زائـــر ا عـــد ـي العر للمغــرب النـابض القلــب ا. وكـذا بـــ²كــم2381741مســاح يقــدر سـاح ط شــر مـع والشواطئ1200 املناظر أروع مع .كم واملناخ. ب ثالث: قاليم إ زائر ا طتنقسم شـر سـم ي الـذي الساحل إقليم أقاليم، دا الساحل مناخ ان، وا ورملية عالية ة ر شواطئ ھ و الساحل بمحاذاة ضيق ة الرطو ة ك مع شتاء وممطر صيفاً عدد. معتدل من ون يت الذي التل و ي الثا قليم ـذه ـ تتم املرتفعة، الداخلية ول والس واملنخفضة الساحلية ول ةالس بخصـو ول السـ للزراعة ة الصا ا العليـا. أراض ضـاب ال منـاطق ـ خاصـة قـاري، شـبھ التل إقليم مناخ صيفاً جاف وحار شتاء رطب بارد بموسم يتم .حيث ـــة زائر ا ـــ را ـــ مســـاحة ـــ أك ل شـــ الـــذي راء ـــ ال إقلـــيم ـــو الثالـــث قلـــيم أمـــا املناطق%)80( أحر من و راء ال مناخ الشديد، فاف وا اح الر عن .فضال املعدنية. ت مامات زائر :ا ا وفية200يوجد ا ة يو ا للمياه غ% 60منبع ا م ،7مســـــــتغل، ـــــــ وط ع طـــــــا ذات معدنيـــــــة قـــــــة50حمامـــــــات بطر مســـــــتغلة ـــــــة حمو محطـــــــة البحر بمياه للعالج واحد ومركز .تقليدية دراسة : االقتصادي يف اجلزائرأثر القطاع السياحي على النمو عمران بشراير / د.، أرابح مناصر )2014-1990(حتليلية قياسية 178 خية. ث التار بحاث: املواقع حـواكشفت زائـر ا ـ ع ياة ا ور فقـد7000ظ م، ق بــــــدءاً ضــــــارات ا خلــــــيط ـــــا جعل مــــــا ــــــات، اطور وام مماليــــــك عـــــدة ل عــــــة وتا محتلــــــة انـــــت أثـــرى مـــا ســـالمية، ضـــارة ا ـــ ا ووصـــوال غ، مـــاز و ـــا ل قرطـــاج بحكـــم مـــرورا يقيـــة بالفي ا املســــيلة، ــــ حمــــاد ــــ ب كقلعــــة قــــالع مــــن ضــــارات ا مخلفــــات ةمخــــزون ــــ كحظ ظــــائر ـ ع العاصمة زائر با والقصبة بازة وت سطيف جميلة كمدينة مدن است، وتم ي إيل إسالمي ي عر طراز ذات املساجد وكذا الفاخرة واملنازل القصور national tourism) غرار office,p11). ـا: املواصالت. ج طول اوح ـ ي والقـرى املدن ط تر ة بر طرق زائر ـاألـف104ل م 25كـم شــرق% السـيار ـق والطر قيــة فر الوحـدة ـق طر مــا ن سـي رئ ن ق طـر ــا و وطنيـة طـرق مــن. غــرب مؤلــف جــوي أســطول أيضــا زائــر ا و63تمتلــك ــا55طــائرة م ،12مطــار ــ دو من مؤلف بحري أسطول ا74وكذلك م ع4سفينة والبضا فراد .لنقل زائـر: تصاالت. ح ا سم ـت ع ومنفـتح متحـرر والالسـلكية السـلكية تصـاالت بقطـاع تصاالت نوعية وظ م تطور ة خ السنوات د ش لذا الدولية، .سواق زائر. 2.3 ا السياحية ااملؤشرات بزوغ فان شأة، ال حديثة رة ظا السياحة باعتبار سية الفر ة ستعمار قبة ا ا عود زائر الوطا الديوان ِ اُ ستقالل عد و ، للســـياحة زائـــري أنـــذاك (onat(ا واملطـــاعم الفنـــادق ســـي ـــام م لـــھ ســـِندَ اُ مـــر. الـــذي عـــــد ة ـــــ ف مـــــن البلـــــد ـــــروج نظـــــرا الســـــياحية ـــــدمات وا ـــــل يا لل غيـــــاب بحالـــــة القطـــــاع ــ لكـــن للميثـــاق1966ســتقالل، الســياحة وزارة عـــرض بالقطــاع ـــوض ال بــوادر بـــدأت الصن لتدعيم اتيجيات س و طط ا تداولت ومنھ ، االسيا أنواع ل ب السياحية اعة ـ التنميـة وتحقيـق العمـل فـرص ـز لتعز وذلـك السوداء، ة العشر مطبات من الرغم ع القطــــــاع آفــــــاق. ــــــذا الســــــياحية يئــــــة ال الــــــوط املخطــــــط اتيجيات ســــــ 2025آخــــــر snatالســــياحيةوالــــذي يئـــــة لل التــــوجي املخطـــــط منــــھ َق ـــــتٌ املؤشـــــرات. ِاشْ ــــم أ عـــــرض يالسياحية :اآل الفندقيـة . أ حيــث:الطاقـات السـياحية بالصـناعة البلــد تمـام ا مـدى املؤشـر ــذا عكـس السياح يعاب اس ع انية م س .يق جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 189 -174 :ص 179 رقم ة): 01(جدول الف يعاب س وقدرة الفنادق عدد 2014-2007تطور 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 السنة الفنادق 1185 1176 1191 1184 1152 1151 1147 1140 عدد قدرة يعاب س 85000 85876 86383 92377 94021 96497 98804 99605 السياحة :املصدر وزارة مــا خصوصــا ــ معت ل شــ تطــور الفنـادق عــدد أن ن تبــ الســابق ــدول ا خــالل مـن ن الفنادق) فندق32(+ 2011و2010ب ع مركزة بقيت ادة الز ذه مصنفةلكن الغ عام الفنادق عدد تقلص يفسر ما وذلك ا إغالق تم ِسرة،. 2013ال عدد تطور كذلك وار ا دول لدى املتوفرة الطاقات مستوى مع عيدا يبقى التطور ذا .لكن السياحية. ب السيا :يرادات القطاع من املحصلة املالية التدفقات م عن ع رقم ةالع): 20(جدول الف ة زائر ا السياحية 2014-2008ائدات 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 السنة السياحية مليون(العائدات )دوالر 300 102 324 300 295 326 347 الناتج من العائدات سبة جما 2.05 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.7 العال :املصدر البنك بيانات دول ا من عاميت تراجعت ال السياحية يرادات م نظرا2009أعاله املخطط تطيق بداية مع تزامنا رتفاع ا عادت ا أ إال العاملية، زمة لتداعيات ضعيفة العائدات ذه سبة فتبقى ذلك من الرغم وع السياحية، يئة لل التوجي ولية الب العائدات ا سبة بال ملة ى. وم املعس السيا شاط ال أثر تية الفروع زائر با قتصادي النمو ع بإيراداتھ .عنھ البحث. 4 ية :من عـــدة ـــ ع طـــالع خــالل مـــن البحـــث ــذا إنجـــاز ـــ ــ القيا ـــ التحلي املـــن خِدم اســتُ نمـــــــاذج اســـــــتخدام تناولـــــــت ـــــــ ال تحليـــــــل) var )vectorial autoreressiveمراجــــــع ـــــــ الزمنية و ومن .السالسل املستخدمة ات املتغ بيانات ع صول ا تم :ثم ام ا املح بـ :الناتج عنھ pibاملع دراسة : االقتصادي يف اجلزائرأثر القطاع السياحي على النمو عمران بشراير / د.، أرابح مناصر )2014-1990(حتليلية قياسية 180 جما ثمار الداخلية: س جمالية، ثمارات س واملع قيمة ارجية وا بـ ا invع التجاري ان درجة: امل يمثل الذي التجاري ان امل صا قتصاديو نفتاح ، الواردات قيمة و الصادرات قيمة ن ب بالفرق يقاس الذي و ار ا العالم ع بـ عنھ املع bexو السياحية `: يرادات varنموذج. 1.4 طــرف مـن النمــوذج ـذا ِح ـ ق ــا1981عـامsimsأُ جميع ات ـ املتغ معاملــة باعتبـار مســــــــبقة شــــــــروط أي دون ا نفســــــــ قــــــــة خارجيــــــــة( بالطر ا عــــــــد أو ا بعاد ــــــــا)اســــــــ وإدخال ، النموذج ھ استقرار حسب ع الزم بطاء مدد عدد املعادالت ا .جميع التا النموذج كتابة :يمكن مع = , , ⋮ , ; = ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎡ … … ⋮ ⋮ … … ⋮ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎤ ; = ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎡ ⋮ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎤ ; = ⋮ لعنصر انحدار معادلة عن عبارة معادلة ل أن ة خ الكتابة جلياً لنا ر يظ الشعاع الشـعاع من مـن خـرى العناصر وما ماضيھ املعـادالت. ع ـذه ـ نـرى ات التـــــــــأث أخـــــــــذ خـــــــــاص ل شـــــــــ و ات، ـــــــــ املتغ إدخـــــــــال ـــــــــ ي حصـــــــــا نتظـــــــــام مـــــــــن نوعـــــــــاً سبان با ات املتغ ذه ن ب املتبادلة .الديناميكية الصـــــغرى عـــــات املر قـــــة طر باســـــتخدام يـــــتم أن يمكـــــن الســـــابق النمـــــوذج تقـــــدير إن ـامطبق عل نحصـل أن يمكـن ـ ال للمقـدرات ية التقار صائص ا حدة معادلة ل ع ة ي العشوا السياق ان إذا املعتادة، صائص الثانية ا املرتبة من .مستقراً اتنـــــا، متغ ة إســـــتقرار إختبـــــار أوال، علينـــــا، الزمنيـــــة لـــــذا السالســـــل ـــــون ت أن يجـــــب بحيـــــث تحـوي ال أي مسـتقرة، الوحـدةاملسـتخدمة الــذي. جـذر ـ الزم بطـاء مـدد عـدد نحـدد ثــم جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 189 -174 :ص 181 ات املتغ ن ب ية السب عالقة ندرس خ و النموذج، دْ عتمَ .سيُ ة . أ stationnarityستقرار ي العشوا املتغ عن اx نقول الر التوقع ان إذا الثانية املرتبة من مستقر أنھ ـــلx وx لـــــ أجـــل مـــن نفســـھ يحtـــو ـــ عـــدد ـــل ســـبةhو بال مـــر كـــذلك و ، v[x : للتبـاين ] = v[x لــ[ ك املشـ التبـاين ـان إذا عـنxوx و مسـتقال .الزمن ةستقرار إختبار وقد الوحدة، جذر وجود إ غالبا يرجع الزمنية السالسل ستقرار عدم ل مش إن ح عدمھdickey & fullerإق من الوحدة جذر وجود يكشف .إختبار )dickey & fuller(إختباري العشوا املتغ لدينا بأن التانفرض نحدار بحساب نقوم ،: اختبار قيمة.d.fيقوم اختبار ان ع إذا =فيما الفرضيات1 أن أي الوحــــــــــــدة جــــــــــــذر ووجــــــــــــود ســــــــــــتقرار عـــــــــــدم قبــــــــــــول ــــــــــــ ع املنعدمــــــــــــة الفرضــــــــــــية قبـــــــــــول : = 1 الوحدة جذر وجود وعدم ستقرار قبول ع البديلة الفرضية :قبول < 1 ختبار إحصائية مع∗نحسب ا نقار اثم قدم ال .dickey & fullerاملجدولة الســــابقة املعادلــــة ــــ إ نضــــيف أن خطيـــــاًيمكــــن وانحــــداراً ثابتــــاً حــــداً أو ، ثابتــــاً حـــــداً دولية ا القيم ون ت الة ا ذه و املدروسة، الزمنية السلسلة طبيعة بحسب بالزمن املستخدمة املعادلة بحسب .مختلفة var نموذج الزم التباطؤ مدد عدد تحديد . ب للنمو الزم التباطؤ مدد تحديد ال كم ا تجنب أجل حتمن اق ذج، املعلومات معياري ا م كمية معاي bicوaicعدة املعلومات aic (akaike information criterion)معيار التالية بالعالقة :يحسب دراسة : االقتصادي يف اجلزائرأثر القطاع السياحي على النمو عمران بشراير / د.، أرابح مناصر )2014-1990(حتليلية قياسية 182 aic (p)= log[ ( )] + :حيث للبوا: املقدرة ات والتغ التباينات .مصفوفة k :النموذج املقدرة ات املتغ .عدد n :لية ال دات املشا .عدد ملعيارpنختار قيمة أصغر يحقق .aicالذي ةالبايز املعلومات bic (bayesian information criterion)معيار التالية بالعالقة :يحسب bic (p)= log[ ( )] + ـ املع نفس ا ل ونختـارالرموز ، سـابقاً إليـھ ملعيـارp املشـار قيمـة أصـغر يحقـق الـذي bic. يةإختبار . ت السب عــامgrangerأدخــل ــ القيا قتصــاد ــ ية الســب ــوم ــوم1960مف املف ــذا و ، ـــــ املتغ عـــــن نقـــــول بحيــــث ارجيـــــة، ا ات ـــــ واملتغ الداخليـــــة ات ــــ املتغ ن بـــــ بـــــالتمي ســــمح ي يxالعشـوا العشــوا ــ املتغ ب ســ ــyأنــھ ما ــ معلومــات نــاك انــت مفيــدةxإذا بـ بؤ متوفرةyالت غ املعلومات ذه .yو بــؤgrangerعتمــد الت خطــأ تبــاين ــ ــذا v(e) ع ــان لمــا ف ية الســب لدراســة جيدا ا تفس مفسر املتغ ان ضعيفا، التباين ا .5 ومناقش :النتائج اتنا متغ بتحليل سنقوم سابقا، أشرنا ة t وpib،inv، bexكما ـ -1997(الف نموذج) 2014 ستخرج ي ناvarل لدراس .املالئم الوحـــدة جــذر اختبــار تطبيــق نتحصـــل(dickey&fuller)عــد السالســل مــن ــل مــن التالية النتائج ع جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 189 -174 :ص 183 رقم ات): 30(جدول املتغ ھ استقرار dickey & fullerاختبار /السالسل النموذج 3النموذج عام ثابت+ اتجاه حد 2النموذج ثابت حد 3النموذج يوجد ال pib -2.982378 3.0780 -0.55568 1.102726 1.947785 inv -1.492825 2.658255 2.120197 0.851103 3.219929 bex -0.438770 -0.168436 -1.520771 1.258467 -0.850931 t -6.713021 0.00000 -0.203893 0.2225 2.123472 نامج :املصدر ال نتائج من مستخلص eviews. جدول ــ خ ــذا الوحــدة، جــذر ــ ع تحتــوي اتنـا متغ ــل أن لنــا نَ بــ تَ أعــاله ــدول ا مـن ين ـ للمتغ سـبة بال عـام باتجـاه وب ـ م ـون ثابـتinvو pibي حـد أو عـام اتجـاه بـال أو ، ين ــ للمتغ ســبة ــ. tوbexبال ع ــ و الفــروق ــ مر نطبــق الوحــدة جــذر مــن للــتخلص .السالسل يمكننا التا و مستقرة املعدلة اتنا متغ أن ن تب و الفروق مر تطبيق عد بنموذج اص ا الزم بطاء مدد var . (henin p.y ,1989)تحديد رقم ات): 30(جدول املتغ ھ استقرار dickey & fullerاختبار p aic bic 1 54.97989 55.84905 2 51.71958 53.28406 3 -185.2376 -182.9780 نامج: املصدر ال نتائج من بط .eviewsمست معياري أن دول ا من زمنيةbicوaicنجد فجوات ثالث أخذ ضرورة إ ان ش تجةvarنموذج املسـت بطـاء مـدد عتبـار ن عـ بأخـذ ية السـب اختبـار يمكننـا ومنھ ، النموذج .من دراسة : االقتصادي يف اجلزائرأثر القطاع السياحي على النمو عمران بشراير / د.، أرابح مناصر )2014-1990(حتليلية قياسية 184 ل ات: 01الش للمتغ ية السب اختبار نامج: املصدر ال نتائج من عليھ .eviewsمتحصل جما ثمار س ب س املح الناتج أن القول يمكننا أعاله، ل الش معطيات من ع يؤثر زائري ا املح الناتج أن بحيث الواقع يتج ما و و السياحية، العائدات و السياحية ع املشار كذا و ثمارات املح. س الناتج ب س ات املتغ اتھ من أحد ال لكن ف التجاري بما ان امل . ا ذا و السياحية يرادات ب س ثمارات س أن نرى ية السب اختبار نتائج من خ ذا العائدات قيمة من ترفع السيا القطاع ثمارات س ألن .طبي أجل ومن الزم التباطؤ مدد تحديد معاي وقيم ية، السب اختبار نتائج مجمل من فيم نموذجالتوفيق ھ استقرار من والتحقق ما بي عدvarا واحدة زمنية فجوة نختار ع فتحصلنا ذاتيا، مرتبطة غ ا وأ الطبي ع للتوز البوا خضوع من التأكد التالية :املعادالت dpib = -0.714593652712*dpib(-1) + 50.3249086045*dt(-1) + 0.416825899634*dinv(-1) + 415.071917053*dbex(-1) + 14348.5903989 جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 189 -174 :ص 185 dt = 6.73226t422805e-05*dpib(-1) 0.348915890605*dt(-1) 0.00404497769786*dinv(-1) 3.70915065887*dbex(-1) + 51.1177572596 dinv = 0.0522033620844*dpib(-1) 14.2079173066*dt(-1) + 0.756044620783*dinv(-1) + 120.669962098*dbex(-1) + 716.263169419 dbex = -0.00141999683863*dpib(-1) 0.00991088151653*dt(-1) 0.000575961344077*dinv(-1) + 1.73452800722*dbex(-1) + 12.3918008241 ــــ غ املقـــدرات بـــا أمــــا ـــة معنو ثمار ســـ معادلــــة ـــ إبطـــاء ة ــــ بف ثمار ســـ معلمـــة صلة وجود عدم يتج ما و و ة نمعنو املحب والناتج السياحية .يرادات خالصة. 6 تمـــام با الســـيا القطــاع حظـــي حيــث العـــالم دول ــ مرموقـــة انــة م الســـياحة تحتــل خالل من ذلك ت و ، السياحيةكب سياحية(املؤشرات إيرادات إيواء، ....).طاقات ة ـــ الف ـــ زائـــر ا ـــ قتصـــادي النمـــو ـــ ع الســـيا القطـــاع أثـــر نا دراســـ ـــ نـــا عا نموذج1997-2014 ادراج خالل القطاعvarمن أن وجدنا حيث ية، السب اختبار وكذا النفطيـة الـدول مـن زائـر ا اعتبـار ـ ع زائـر ا ـ قتصـادي النمـو ـ ع يـؤثر ال السيا عــدم ــ زائــر ا عيــوب كشـفت ة ــ خ ــذه وليــة، الب يـرادات ــ ع أساســا عتمــد ـ ال خرى للقطاعات ا والسياحة(موافق الفالحة ول) الصناعة، الب أسعار ور تد عد ة خ .عوام مثــــل يــــة العر الســــياحة تــــھ ومجا زائــــري ا الســــيا القطــــاع تطــــور عــــدم عوائــــق مــــن وجود لعدم راجع ذا و القطاع، ذا ثمار س ضعف يتجسد ومصر املغرب س، تو املخططـــات خـــالل ع املشـــار تـــأخر وكـــذلك ثمار، ســـ يع ـــ ل مالئـــم ـــذامنـــاح و الوطنيـــة سي ال سوء إ أساسا .راجع التــــوجي املخطــــط حــــالل مــــن مســــتدامة، ســــياحية تنميــــة تحقيــــق ــــ إ زائــــر ا تطمــــع ثمار سـ ادة وز سواق جلب ع عمل الذي السياحية يئة نا، .لل دراسـ خالصـة مـن تية التوصيات ح :نق ا دمات وا التحتية ية الب وكفاءة جودة ن بالسياحةتحس .ملتعلقة دراسة : االقتصادي يف اجلزائرأثر القطاع السياحي على النمو عمران بشراير / د.، أرابح مناصر )2014-1990(حتليلية قياسية 186 املنتجـــات ـــ ع ة ار وإشـــ ـــة تجار عالمـــات وضـــع ـــ ع ـــة، زائر ا للســـياحة ج و ـــ ال املصدرة .التقليدية املستدامة السياحة بدعم وذلك ئة، الب ع املفرط الضغط عن .بتعاد ثمار س و الشراكة يع )references( املراجع. 7 abdel-wahab, s. (1991). "tourism development", zahran press, cairo. [in arabic] al hoshan, h. b (n.d). "the dynamics of non-oil output in the kingdom of saudi arabia: a vector analysis of self-regression", journal of the college of business, saudi arabia. [in arabic] aslan. a, (2015). « does tourism cause growth? evidence from turkey », current issues in tourism, london. badache, b. (2014). “the tourism industry in algeria between qualifications and policies: an exploratory and statistical vision”, journal of arab economic research, 66. [in arabic] bourbounnais.r, (2011). « econométrie : manuel et excercices corrigés », 9e édition, dunod, belgique, p274-293. daabs, y. (2002). “tourist consumer behavior in light of the reality of developed and developing countries”, al-batash publishing and distribution, egypt. [in arabic] dickey d. and fuller w. (1981). « the likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root», econometrica,n49, n.p. ding. d, a. lew, t. pin, (2014). « tourism and economic growth», journal of travel research, vol 55, n.p. elewa, z. t. a. (2014). “assessment of the impact of tourism activity on economic growth in egypt,” arab economic research journal, 65. [in arabic] gourieroux c. et monfort a., (1990)« séries temporelles et modèles dynamiques » ed.economica-paris. hamidatou, n. (2015). “the impact of tourism activity in algeria on economic growth: an econometric study for the period 1997-2013.” roa iqttissadia review, 9. [in arabic] hanitra. r & louisa. a, (2016)« multivariate granger causality among جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 189 -174 :ص 187 tourism, poverty and growth in madagascar », journal of tourism management perspectives, vol 20, n.p. henin p.y (1989). « bilans et essais sur la non-stationnarité des séries macroéconomiques », revue d’économie politique, n°5, p 661-691. isabel. p et al, (2014). « quality and endogenous tourism: an empirical approach », journal of tourism management perspectives, vol 41, n.p. kouache, k. (n.d.). "constituents and indicators of tourism in algeria", journal of north african economics, issue 1. [in arabic] kumar .r. r et al, (2015). «nexus between tourism earnings and economic growth: a study of malaysia », qual quant journal, vol 49, n.p. massad, m. (n.d). “the legal framework for tourism and hotel activities”, modern arab office, egypt. [in arabic] mihalic. t et al., (2002). «tourism and economic development issues», channel views publications, pp.81-111. mowforth. m, munt. i,( 2015). «tourism and sustainability: development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world», routledge. nagar, o. (2012). “using var models in predicting and studying the causal relationship between gdp and total capital formation in syria,” damascus university journal of economic and legal sciences, 2. [in arabic] pierre.p & balfet.m, (2007). « management du tourisme », 2e édition, pearson education. rivera. m, (2016). « the synergies between human development, economic growth, and tourism within a developing country: an empirical model for ecuador », journal of destination marketing & management, usa. saidi, y. (2013). “the contribution of the tourism sector to achieving economic development / the case of algeria”, journal of baghdad college of economic sciences, 36. [in arabic] shapely. p, (2012). «civic pride and redevelopment in post-war british city», urban history review, vol 39(02),, pp 310-328. sims. c.a. (1981). « macroeconomics and reality), econometrica, n°48. solow. r. (1957). « technical change and the aggregate production function», the review of economics and statistics, n.p. tefer. d, sharpley. r, (2002). «tourism: a vehicle for development?», channel view publications,. todaro. m, smith. sc, (2009). «economic development». world developemnt indicators (wdi). world bank, link : http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-developmentدراسة : االقتصادي يف اجلزائرأثر القطاع السياحي على النمو عمران بشراير / د.، أرابح مناصر )2014-1990(حتليلية قياسية 188 indicators. world development indicators (wdi), world bank. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-developmentindicators. جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 189 -174 :ص 189 الحقامل. 7 نموذج تقدير نامج varجدول ال eviewsع management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 2 (2019): june جوان): 2019( 2العدد 1المجلد issn : 2676-184x 61 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i2.30 حالة دراسة الت بتعطل املتعلقة اليف الت تخفيض الصيانة : دور سطيف سانياك مؤسسة باون بو مسعود 1 1 يدي م بن ي العر جامعة ، البوا،ماجست bouibam@yahoo.fr : يميل ،)زائرا( أم the role of maintenance in reducing costs related to machine failure: a case study of saniak company setif messaoud bouiban1 1larbi ben m'hidi university, oum el bouaghi (algeria) خ القبول 2019-03-20: رسالتار خ شرتار 2019-06-20: تار ال 2019-06-30: خ ص : م صــــــالح و املراقبــــــة خــــــالل مــــــن لــــــآلالت املســــــتمرة الصــــــيانة دور إبــــــراز ــــــ إ الدراســــــة ــــــذه ــــــدف ـــــا، ــــــ والعنايـــــة ع املحافظـــــة ـــــدف وذلــــــك الت، بتعطـــــل املتعلقـــــة ــــــاليف الت مختلـــــف تخفـــــيض ــــــ خـــالل مــــن ـــائن الز ـــ ع فــــاظ وا نتاجيـــة امإمســـتوى ــــ ســـأح ال املناســــبة،جـــال الكميـــات وتــــوف ليم ينعكس ذا ر إو ع املؤسسةيجابا وسمعة .حية الصــــيان أن ـــ إ الدراســــة ـــةوتوصـــلت عت لــــآلالت املؤسســــةأمــــرأاملســـتمرة ــــ ضـــروري مــــن ـــ ك ومـن ـة، ج مـن نتاجيـة نقـص ل مشـ ـ الوقـوع لتفـادي ا ع تج ي وما الت عطل اليف ت لتخفيض ة فالصأج شراءخرى متمثلة ة كب مالية مبالغ تحمل املؤسسة تجنب املستمرة جديدةآالتيانة ائنإ الز ضياع خطر . جانب مفتاحية اليف، : لمات الت الت، سطيفنتاجية،صيانة سانياك .مؤسسة يف jel :h21، l11، .m11تص abstract: the objective of this study is to display the role of continuous maintenance of the machines in reducing the various costs associated with machine failure in order to maintain the level of productivity by respecting the delivery times and providing the appropriate quantities, and this is reflected positively on the profitability and reputation of the institution. the study concluded that the continuous maintenance of machines is considered more than necessary in the institution to reduce the cost of machine failure and their consequences to avoid falling into the problem of lack of productivity on the one hand, and on the other hand, continuous maintenance avoids the institution to bear large sums of money in the purchase of new machines and the risk of loss of customers. keywords: machine maintenance, costs, productivity, saniak company setif. jel classification: h21 ، l11، m11  املر باون،: سلااملؤلف بو bouibam@yahoo.fr: يميلمسعود https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i2.30&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-06-30 : ر الصيانة يف ختفيض التكاليف املتعلقة بتعطل اآلالت دراسة حالةدو مسعود بويباون مؤسسة سانياك بسطيف 62 : مقدمة.1 ة زائر ا املؤسسات من الكث د مستوى إش ةنخفاضا املعيار الكمية مع مقارنة نتاجية ل املش عود و مسبقا، ا ل ومنأعدةإاملخطط التوقفأسباب ب س ال الصيانة نقص ا م نقص عنھ تج ي التا و لآلالت فإباإلضافة،نتاجيةاملستمر ملصار املؤسسة ضافيةإتحمل الت بتعطل املتمثلة،متعلقة ائن الز اوى ش عن عدمأفضال ب س سليم ال التأخر ساسا ا عل املتفق املنتجات كمية .توفر البحث1.1 الية :إش ساؤل ال طرح خالل من ا ع لإلجابة الدراسة ذه س ال لة املش معالم برزت سبق ومما : تاال الت صيانة دور و التما بتعطل املتعلقة اليف الت ؟تخفيض البحث2.1 :أسئلة منإ وضع إنطالقا يمكن البحث الية التاليةش :سئلة للمؤسسة لفة ت الت صيانة ل ش اليفأمأل ت تحمل الوقوع ا تجن .؟كأا مستوى رفع ادل بز عالقة لھ املؤسسةنتاجية حية ر .؟ة الدراسة محل املؤسسة الت صيانة واقع و .؟ما البحث3.1 :فرضيات التالية الفرضيات لوضع بالضرورة يقودنا ساؤل ال ذا عن جابة :إن نتاج عن الت توقف لتجنب مة امل جراءات من الت صيانة .عت ستلز إ نتاجية مستوى ع فاظ ا لآلالتن ة الدور بالصيانة القيام .م املعياري نتاجية مستوى ع فاظ ل بالصيانة الدراسة محل املؤسسة .تقوم البحثأ 4.1 :مية يالبحثميةأيكمن :ما املجالإ ذا املؤسسة بھ تقوم الذي تمام مستوى بمدى الت صيانة دور .براز ال نحرافات لة مش ة مستوى معا قياس عند ر تظ ال .نتاجيةسلبية النظرإ و أعادة الت توقف لتحديدإسباب ام امل ع توز كيفية النظر عادة املؤسسة .املسؤوليات البحثأ 5.1 :داف البحث يإدف :ما لرفع الت بتعطل املتعلقة اليف الت تخفيض الت صيانة دور بمدى س التحس .نتاجيةستوى م البحث ادة إس ز عالقة املؤسسةيجاد حية ر ادة بز .نتاجية املؤسسات معظم منھ ي عا الذي الت عطل ل مش ع الضوء سليط ة زائر ا .قتصادية البحث6.1 ية :من ذ البحثإعتمدنا موضوعا بدراسة وذلك ، التحلي الوصفي املن التصياع نة حية بالر ا وعالق نتاجية ومستوى الت بتعطل املتعلقة اليف وتحليلوالت متعددة زوايا من ) 2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 72 -61 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 63 محل املؤسسة ع ة النظر يم املفا إسقاط دف وذلك حالة دراسة إ باإلضافة املعطيات، .الدراسة الت. 2 :صيانة ت ال ديثة ا ل املشا ن ب من الت عطل ذاتعت ألالت ا إستخدام ب س املؤسسة واجھ عالية مستمرة،تكنولوجية وأعطال توقفات ل ش مما ا إلستخدام ن ل املؤ العمال نقص املقابل و .لآلالت الصيانة1.2 ف :عر ةعت ضرور الصيانة وتنقسموظيفة نالصيانةاملؤسسة نوع ،2019ايمن،(: ماإ )02صفحة الو او :قائيةالصيانة أ ع الصيانة،ةمجموع عرف إدارة ا تتخذ ال جراءات و شطة من وتج شغيل ال جيدة ظروف واملعدات الت ع فاظ ل مننوذلك ، املفا لل وا عطال ب خفاق أو التعطل من حالة إ وصولھ قبل قصور أي ة معا برنامج،خالل نجاح يتوقف حيث الوقائيةالصيانة الصيانة م سا ف صالح، اليف ت أقل وكذلك عطال أقل تحقيق ع الوقائية و عطال حدوث اإمنع حدو قبل ا شاف أك،ك نتاج يجعل لفةجودةمما ت .وأقل صالحية بالتدخل : الصيانة القيام بعملية س العمل عن لة توقف يجة ن ضطراري أ أحد جزاءعطل غي أو لة تصليح ع الة ا ذه و ا، ل سن ا الس خلل أو ا جزا لة .املتآ يو فيما الصيانة لفة ت عناصر تحديد مكن و لفة، م ا أ إال ة ضرور الصيانة ,evgrafoff): عت 1970, p. 67)  املص سي بالصيانةةأعباء .املؤسسةاملختصة  قطع التأعباء وإصالح بالتنظيف اصة ا واللوازم .الغيار  الصيانة مات م .أعباء بالرغم أنھ الباحث رى املؤسسةو ا تتحمل ال الصيانة اليف ت فقد،من ة ضرور ا أ إال أك اليف ت الوقوع املؤسسة . تجنب ف2.2 التعر :عطل نتا العمل ض ع ال ل املشا ن ب نتا"من شاط ال خالل تحدث ال التعطالت وإنما نتاج بآلة فقط يرتبط ال ل املش إذ املساعدة، قسام أو نتاجية باألقسام يتعلق ما سواء املؤسسة املستخدمة الوسائل ل منأ( ب الطاقة وسائل يد، الت واملناولة، النقل وسائل إنتاج، الت عال زة أج وغاز، اء ر املعلوماتيةك ات والشب عض) ا...م ا نجد العناصر ذه ل ، من امة سبة ا م ل ل ش نتاجية،املؤسسات العمليات ة كب مية أ وذات ثمارات س إل يجة تؤديون وقد مختلفة ألسباب ات التج تلك عطالت حدوث العادي من فإنھ ا ستعمال ردة ا إ ن باآللة ع تؤخذ وأن البد الصيانة سياسة فإن لذلك سي، اتيجية إس عتبار ا ديموم ع فاظ وا ات التج وصيانة وحماية سي ع تبة امل املرتفعة اليف للت نظرا املؤسسة، ثار إ باإلضافة النظري، نتا ا عمر خالل قل ع برنامجالسلبيةنتاجية، نتاجع ائن الز مع ة التجار للمصا ل مشا حصول أو ة تجار فرص ضياع التا ية،( ."و ،2003طواي )19صفحة تخفيض 3.2 الصيانة التدور بتعطل املتعلقة اليف :الت : ر الصيانة يف ختفيض التكاليف املتعلقة بتعطل اآلالت دراسة حالةدو مسعود بويباون مؤسسة سانياك بسطيف 64 تخفيض ع ساعد ذلك فإن ة، ضرور عملية الصيانة اليف بإعتبار بزمن املتعلقة الت اعطال جانب إ مجموع، ن تحس خالل من املؤسسة أداء ن تحس ع ة الدور بالصيانة لقيام كمية س يق والذي لألالت جما املردود ا بي ومن املختلفة، نتاجية العملية املستخدمة املوارد أي نتاج عملية إنقطاع أي دون ا تحقيق يمكن ال نتاج كمية إ سبة بال يد ا نتاج التالية بالعالقة وتحسب ة، املعيار الصفحات2008بودحوش،( :الكمية ،94-95( أن : حيث trg :لآلالتمعدل جما .املردود p : املنتجة الوحدات .عدد def :املعيبة الوحدات .عدد n : املمكن ة املعيار الوحدات اإعدد .نتاج املؤ سباب مختلف عرض ال املؤشر ذا سيطةو محددات من يتألف ألنھ الفعالية، ع ثرة ات ومتغ محددات عدة ع عتمد الذي املوا دول ا ع سنعتمد .لذا رقم لأللة): 01(جدول الفعال شغيل ال زمن حساب نموذج ن يب الالزم to" temps d’ouverture de l’équipement ou temps requis" الزمن جمازمن شغيل tbfال املعلومة التوقفات زمن نتاج عطال خط غ شغيل ال زمن tnfصا ل التم زمن التوقفات ة القص التوقف العادي زمن شغيل ال الفعال إنتاج زمن وحدات معيبة صفحة2008بودحوش،( :املصدر ،95( وقات مختلف نالحظ أعاله دول ا خالل دقةمن زادت لما ف ن، مع منتوج بإنتاج املتعلقة تخفيض إ ذلك أدى لما ة، الدور بالصيانة والقيام ة ج من لة اليفالتحكم املتعلقة الت مااملعيبة والوحدات عطال بزمن ذا و ، افية ات خ تمتلك املؤسسة انت إذا إال ذلك يتحقق وال عdrury colinيؤكده أكد بوجودعندما من"أنھ أك أداء ع القدرة م ل ارات امل متعددي عماال باإلضافة العمال ب تدر املؤسسة ع ب ي لذا مختلفة، وظائف إنجاز ع القدرة ا ل وأالت وظيفة، مثل الصيانة بأعمال القيام ة: إ ملعا ا، يئ و ا ضبط الت، تنظيف ة، الصغ التصليحات التعطال (colin, 2001, pp. 471-472) ".توتفادي ) 2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 72 -61 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 65 :نتاجية. 3 بمثابةنتاجية عت ا ستخدامإ املؤسسة كفاءة مدى لقياس امعيار " املؤسسة موارد ع ا و سبة ع ن بال سية داف من عت نتاجية رفعالتاو واملدخالت، املخرجات ب الرئ نتاجللمؤسسة نقص أخرى ة ج حومن الر لفرص املؤسسة يع تض ع فقد نتاجية لمة أما،ية أل f.queenay "(sumanth, 1984, p. 03) الفر قتصاديلإل بحث 1766 عام مرة ول إستعملت نتاجية 1.3 ف :عر عرف ا عنتاجيةو شغيل مقياس" أ كيم،( ".املتاحة للطاقات قتصادي لل عبدا صفحة1990 ،22( عرف أيضاو ا عنتاجية " أ ن العالقة نتاجية العملية املستخدمة" inputs " املوارد ب ن) خدمة أو سلعة إلنتاج( ،(" .العملية تلك من" outputs " الناتج و صفحة1994السل ،20( نتاجية 2.3 مؤشر :حساب نتاجيةحسبو صفحة1998عليان،( :ي كما مؤشر ،558( ة املدخالت/ املحققة املخرجات= نتاجية املستغلّ التاملو دول ا ھ يو كما املؤسسة عديدة قياسات نتاجية :ؤشر رقم قياسي): 02(جدول مؤشرات ن نتاجية ب ،( :املصدر صفحة2005شنو ،182( نتاجيةكفاءةال عالقة 3.3 مستوى ن وتحس الت عطل اليف ت بتخفيض ن مقارنة أداة و املوارد، ستخدامإ عند الفعالية قياس مؤشر نتاجية ات ب املستو ات ،ا...آللة لقسم، ملؤسسة، نتاجية مقارنة أو أخرى مؤسسات مع ذلك مقارنة أو فةمختل لف ذلكمسبقا، معتمدة بمعاي يتحقق التإالإوال بتعطل املرتبطة اليف الت تخفيض تم فإن ،ذا ن الكفاءة تم نتاجية، العملية املختلفة املوارد ا ستخدم ال املثالية درجة تب ا و ق عن حسا طر صفحة1995اوي،الشرق(: التالية العالقة ،24( العامة الفعلية=الكفاءة ة/ املخرجات املعيار أو املتوقعة املخرجات نتاجية 4.3 مستوى ن وتحس الت عطل اليف ت بتخفيض داء :عالقة باألداءأداءيرتبط قصد و الت، بتعطل املتعلقة اليف الت مختلف تخفيض بمدى " يضا ا والفعالية االكفاءة سطر ال داف املركز ذا ا يحقق (khemakhem, 1993, p. 311) ."ل التالية بالعالقة داء عن التعب مكن صفحة2001خطاب،( :و ،434( الكفاءة×الفعالية = داء نتاجية حساب نتاجية طرق معادالت نتاج كمية قة العملطر إنتاجية نتاج= متوسط العمال/كمية عدد متوسط قة نتاجطر العمل قيمة إنتاجية نتاج= متوسط قيمة العمال/إجما عدد متوسط املضافة القيمة قة العمل طر إنتاجية املضافة= متوسط العمال/القيمة عدد متوسط جور قة جور طر من الدينار ة= إنتاجية الف إنتاج ة/قيمة الف لنفس جور قيمة : ر الصيانة يف ختفيض التكاليف املتعلقة بتعطل اآلالت دراسة حالةدو مسعود بويباون مؤسسة سانياك بسطيف 66 الفعالية أي العمل املوارد من قدر بأقل املسطرة داف تحقيق ع املرتفع فاألداء لذلوالكفاءة الت، بتعطل املتعلقة اليف الت تخفيض ا بي ومن آنكمعا ن رت الظا جم ي و ف و :واحد  املحددة داف أو دف ال بلوغ ).الفعالية( درجة  النتائج تحقيق ا تم ال قة ).الكفاءة(الطر ا وقدرا ارجية ا ئة بالب املنظمة عالقة أك تتأثر الفعالية أن واستغاللإال التكيف ع ع أك فتعتمد الكفاءة أما والبقاء، النمو لتحقيق ديدات ال وتجنب املنظمةالفرص إستغالل مدى البعدين شمل داء أن ما و برشادة، والفعالية(للموارد ن) الكفاءة التحي املنظمة ع يجب فإنھ نتاجية ن لتحس مدروسة اتجيات إس لوضع .املستمر حالة.4 سطيف سانياكمؤسسة:دراسة باملؤسسة1.4 مختصر ف : عر املؤسسة تواجد 2002 جانفي01 : تأسست ن مقره و ة ع وذلكسطيف الكب إطار ، لة إعادة مخطط إكمال ي منال الرئ 2000 إ 1996املمتد شاطھ تمثل ر: و والتطو نتاج الصناب منتجات ق سو إجماليةدج 806.500.000,00 :ب الفرعرأسمالبلغووال مساحة ع ع و ، م330000:بتقدر 2 تقدر ية مب مساحة ا م55000 :بم 2 تمثل، شكيلة منتوجو ساسيةال و نفيات، ا منتوج نتاجية تبلغاملتمثل لتغطية1500الطاقة افية كمية و السنة، طن السنةألف120إحتياجات .مسكن كزو نا س ت والذي " mélangeur douche a main" منتوج ع دراس شكيلةال فئة إ ي محلأكما ،collection prima ساسية املنتوج ا عل يمر ال الورشات ع نا دراس كز س ننا انالدراسة، ب و ذ ختيارناإ س ه دون املنتوج ال :التالية لألسباب غ الكباإل يتم الذي املنتوج نوع طبيعة ن الشرائية القدرة مع التناسب( الواسع س لك ،)للمس حوا يمثل رقم% 32والذي املؤسسةمن .أعمال ولة ب املعلومة إ الوصول س يد التعاون س س طرف من لتمستاهإ الذي ا .الورشة رئ الت دراسة عتمدناإ قدلو عطل ع الصيانة قة ع تأث قةإو s.o.f طر للطر ختصار اإ ال ح د )(social; organisation; financier سافال ي ق قة هذو ،iseor مع الشاملة الطر ع س ثالثة ترتكز :و مقاي جتما ون :املقياس صول مصدر و ق عن حالة دراسة عند اعل ا وأسلوب املالحظة طر ن إ باإلضافة ،ستقصاء املسؤول مع .املقابلة التنظي ون :املقياس ر ،إحصائيات( املعطيات تحليل مصدره و وانب ملعرفة) ا...تقار ا .الدراسة محل ؤسسةامل الوظيفي ختالللإل الكمية املا ون :املقياس ة بضبط املتعلقة املالية املبالغ حساب اللخ من مصدره و لل ومعا ا ضافية ،نتاج نقص ،الوقت ضياع :مثل الوظيفي .ا...الساعات باإلضافة الصيانة نقص إ عود الت عطل ب س ون ي ما سبإوعادة ة شر أسباب نقص التا و الوقت، ضياع عن عنھ تج ي وما والكفاءة ة ا يضيعقلة بدوره الذي نتاج كمية أن املنطقي فمن املؤسسة ة ضرور املستمرة الصيانة أن اعتبار و ح، الر فرص املؤسسة ع ممكن مستوى ى أد إ الت عطل عن الناتجة لفة الت .تنخفض ) 2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 72 -61 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 67 الت2.4 عطل عن الناتجة اليف الت : دراسة ال املشار الثالثة املعاي ع التنظيوسنعتمد واملقياس جتما املقياس و سابقا ا املا .واملقياس جتما املقياس: أوال الت من كب عدد الحظنا املالحظة أسلوب ع االعتماد و التطبيقية نا دراس خالل من الورشات داخل املختلفة .املتعطلة للتعطالت-أ عرضة ك الت إ يصل لألألت جما العدد عض،ألة167إن شمل والتوقفات التعطالت معظم لكن املوا دول ا ھ يو ما حسب ة كب بصورة .الت رقم ن): 03(جدول املؤسسة ي عطال ك الت م أ ن الورشة الرمز التعي perceuse almo d6234011 350a presse à découper type:ghp40,400kn d6415031 380e machine à fabriquer les noyaux ( h 2,5 co ) d6592014 450a machine à couler en coquilles d6585015 machine hydrolique de coulee imr c55h d6585033 grenailleuse tambro 1000 exk d6533011 450c tronçonneuse manuelle diam 400 d6283031 meuleuse à bande smf 350 d6331029 grenalleuse turbotecnica d6533065 emerisseuse à bande sm-f 350 d6331051 tour revolver herbert d6210021 451a machine à briqueter 300kn 1000kgs/h d6423011 scie circulaire automatique rykart (rka 53s-600) d6282015 machine spéc. à 4 broches 4 a-11.2 + (rénovation) d6373015 470b perceuse verticale varia 23 d6234022 fraiseuse universelle f 7-pnl-z sv d6264045 tour revolver 149x152 flashcap 2 d6216012 tour automatique 102 hp d6229011 daf 6.4 d6373030 470f zaf 6.4 d6373031 tour automatique multi-broches ks 25 + rénovation d6224035 emerisseuse à bande sm-f 350 d6331025 meuleuse à bande l 60 d6331027 polisseuse à bande stahl smf 35o d6331071 appareil de marquage:td412-12w yag d6146055 490a perceuse 6 k d6232013 banc de montage fab 6-4 bav fe d7101010 املؤسسة وثائق ع باالعتماد الباحث إعداد من: املصدر : ر الصيانة يف ختفيض التكاليف املتعلقة بتعطل اآلالت دراسة حالةدو مسعود بويباون مؤسسة سانياك بسطيف 68 ة كب خسائر املؤسسة تكبد ال املعطلة الت من ائل ال العدد دول ا خالل من نالحظ نتاجي نقص ب س عة الضا الفرصة لفة ت .ةتتمثل املؤسسةإ-ب الت عطل حصائيات حصائيات ذه وحسب عدد ومعرفة حساب ساعدنا مختلفة ألسباب املتعطلة الت يص مكنو السنوات، دول ات .املوا ا رقم ن ):04(جدول ب يب س عة الضا .الت عطل الساعات ب الرمز 2015 2016 % التغ 2017 % التغ الس -25,66 4 107,78 -22,69 4 271,64 5 525,65 imp 05 الغيار قطع نقص 17,46 20 206,27 -24,30 13 022,70 17 202,47 imp 10 الغيار قطع مطابقة عدم -13,34 7 653,20 26,14 11 140,06 8 831,55 imp 11 انيكية مي أسباب املجموع 815,29 38 652,36 41 7,31 388,34 45 16,93 املؤسسة وثائق ع باالعتماد الباحث إعداد من: صدرامل ع سلبا يؤثر مما عة ضا عمل ساعات عنھ تج ي الت عطل دول ا خالل من نالحظ الصيانة نقص وتمثل اإسبابم أنتاجية مطابق وعدم الغيار قطع نقص .جانب بإ-ج س عة الضا الساعات ا عطل حصائيات حسب لسنواتالت خالل من بيانية أعمدة ل ش ع حصائيات تمثيل يمكننا أك وللتوضيح دول ا خالل من املوا ل .الش ل ب ):01(رقمش س عة الضا الساعات السنوات عطل يو حسب الت املؤسسة وثائق ع باالعتماد الباحث إعداد من: املصدر ) 2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 72 -61 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 69 خال نالحظمن ي البيا ل الش بأنل س عة الضا مستمرة عطل الساعات ادة ز الت سنة ات،2017خاصة والتج الت قدم ب س ذا مدة،و ن ب العكسية العالقة يفسر مما عطل ب س عة الضا والساعات . الت ستخدام بإد س عة الضا الساعات ا عطل حصائيات حسب بالت لس خالل من بيانية أعمدة ل ش ع حصائيات تمثيل يمكننا السابق، دول ا خالل ومن املوا ل .الش ل ب):02(رقمش س عة الضا الساعات ب عطل يو الس حسب الت املؤسسة وثائق ع باالعتماد الباحث إعداد من: املصدر ا ل الش خالل نالحظمن ي بأنلبيا س عة الضا الساعات ب بالدرجة عطل س عود الت سنة زادت ا أ نالحظ كما الغيار، قطع وصالحية مطابقة عدم إ قطع،2017و ب س ذا و مما الت عض قدم أخرى ة ج ومن ة ج من نة الص املنتوجات خاصة واملقلدة املغشوشة الت مستم غي ائيةع ر الك سباب أن أيضا نجد نما ب ا، غيار لقطع تالمس(ر ائية، ر ك شرارات ائية) ا...سالك ر الك الشبكة يت تث قدم ب س ذا و مستمرة ادة ز و الثانية املرتبة تحتل . املؤسسة التنظيمي املقياس: ثانيا تمثل ة اأش من وال املتخذة جراءات مختلف و لل معا فاظ ا العادي ع ل نتاج املؤسسة،للمؤسسة املطبقة التنظيمية جراءات ن ب يومن : ما التعطالت أسباب لتحديد املعلومات مختلف ا ف يدون ألة ل ل تقنية بطاقات وضع ا عطل ب س .وامل ا م القديمة خاصة لآلالت ة الدور .الصيانة د ا العمال ب ةتدر خ وذو ل مؤ عامل إشراف وتحت باأللة العمل قبل .د الت ب وترت وضع إعادة .النظر املناسب ي ا الفز املناخ .توف معتمدون موردون مع والتعامل الضمان و صلية الغيار قطع توف ع .العمل بقطع اص ا مخزن ا ووضع اجة ا حسب مسبقا الغيار قطع توف ع الغيارالعمل الوقت ح .لر : ر الصيانة يف ختفيض التكاليف املتعلقة بتعطل اآلالت دراسة حالةدو مسعود بويباون مؤسسة سانياك بسطيف 70 املا املقياس: اثالث التعطالت بمختلف املتعلق الوظيفي لل ا ة معا إلجراءات النقدية جمة ال مثل وحسبو فإن املؤسسة طرف من املقدمة نما% 90املعلومات ب الصيانة لنقص عود التعطالت ذه % 10من السيطرة وخارج رة قا ألسباب يمك ،عود التا حسابو بن س عة الضا الت عطل الساعات ي2017لسنة :كما الدراسة محل املنتوج إنتاج ورشات املؤسسة08عدد لورشات جما العدد نما ب ورشات تمثل39 الدراسة محل املنتوج إنتاج ورشات التا و املؤسسة% 20.51 ورشة، ورشات مجموع .من عةعدد الضا نقصالساعات ب جمالية= الصيانةس عة الضا x 90 % xالساعات 20.51% عةعدد الضا الصيانةالساعات نقص ب x 45 388,34 90 % x20.51 % = 8378.23=س عمل ساعة الت لعمل العادية الت= الساعات يومياx 8عدد رx 22ساعات الش خالل x 12 يوم ر ش لع جمالية العادية الساعات منتوجعدد تج ت ال بالورشات اصة ا الت مل "mélangeur douche a main " الدراسة العلمساعةx 8 x 22 x 12 =114048 لةأ 54=محل بإنتاجأمع لف م عامل ل ن يوميا10 . وحدات زمن التا الواحدةإو الوحدة واحدة0.8= وحدات10/ ساعات8= نتاج وحدة ل ل .ساعة مكن املواو دول ا مالية مبالغ ل ش ع ا وترجم السابقة املعطيات يص .ت رقم اليف نيب ):05(جدول الت الناتجة الت عطل لفة صراعن دجاملبلغ الت ة السنو الت صيانة بانتاج % 20.51(مبالغ املعنية للورشات تحميل سبة الدراسة محل ،)منتوج التا % x20.51 دج 8400000.00: و دج1722840.00 التعطالت= نتاج كميةنقص ب س عة الضا ساعات الوحدة xعدد إنتاج زمن الواحدة سابقا( x 0.8 ساعة8378.23= نتاج كميةنقص ة وحدة6702.58= ) محسو الصنع تامة عة الضا الفرصة لفة عة= ت الضا نتاج حال امشxكمية قدرواملوحدوي ال ر دج223.14ب عة الضا الفرصة لفة الصنع6702.58= ت تامة دجx 223.14 وحدة دج1495614.59 اليف مجموع الت عن الناتجة االت 3.218.454‚59 عطل املؤسسة وثائق ع باالعتماد الباحث إعداد من: املصدر دج ب س املؤسسة ا تتحمل ال املبالغ نالحظ دول ا خالل امن بدور ال الصيانة نقص التإتؤدي ح،عطل الر فرص يع وتض نتاجية نقص التا خالل،و من الفكرة توضيح مكن و املوا ل .الش ) 2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 72 -61 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 71 ل نتاجية نيب ):03(رقمش ع الصيانة نقص تأث الباحث إعداد من: املصدر النتائج. 5 :تحليل القول يمكن سبق ادةأ مما ز الصيانة نقص تأث مدى عكس السابقة املعطيات ن املتمثلة املؤسسة ا تتحمل ال املختلفة اليف الت خالل من الت بتعطل املتعلقة اليف الت ع سلبا ينعكس مما عة، الضا الفرصة لفة وت الت صيانة اليف وت عة الضا العمل ساعات املؤسسإانخفاض ورنتاجية وظ نإة و مسبقا ا ل املخطط نتاجية مستوى ن ب سلبية نحرافات ا حي ر ع سلبا يؤثر مما قيقي ا نتاجية حيثإمستوى ائن، الز ضياع مخاطر نأجانب قيمتھ ما تتحمل فقط،3218454.59املؤسسة واحد منتوج خص و الصيانة نقص ب س ا سنو دج ع الدراسة عميم تم لتحصلنا56 فلو املعطيات س تجا اض اف مع املؤسسة تجھ ت :عمنتوج ودجx 56 =04‚180.233.457دج3.218.454‚59 خاصة و املؤسسة ع سلبا يؤثر جدا معت مبلغ والتنافسية والتوسع النمو فرص ونقص السيولة توصلنا...جانب سبق ما ع ناءا و ، النتائجإا :التالية املتعلقةأالصيانةعت اليف الت مختلف لتخفيض ذا و مؤسسة، ل ضروري مر ما و و نتاج عن ا توقف ولتجنب الت الفرضية بتعطل ة ت .ويث عدةإ القيام ستد مسبقا، لھ املخطط نتاجية مستوى ع فاظ ا ومنإن جراءات النظ الزمن ع فاظ ا دف الصيانة ا اراتبي م ذوي عمال ليف ت مع الت لعمل ري ما و و يحة، ال قة بالطر الصيانة بأعمال الثانيةللقيام الفرضية ة ت .يث ضياع عنھ نتج مما اف، غ ل ش لكن لآلالت ة دور بصيانة تقوم الدراسة محل املؤسسة ت كما ظة با اليف لت املؤسسة وتحملت الصيانة نقص ب س العمل اليھساعات شارة م عنھ نتج مما ماإسابقا، و و نتاجية، مقدار سل الثالثةنحراف الفرضية ة .ينفي الصة .6 :ا س ال داف ن ب من دفا ا باعتبار ا تحسي مية وأ نتاجية وم مف نا أو لقد نت تلك محددات أو العوامل نا ب ذلك وقبل ا، تحقيق إ مناملؤسسات بمجموعة ا وحددنا اجية تخفيض دف املستمرة الصيانة املباشرة العوامل ن ب من أن ورأينا املباشرة وغ املباشرة العوامل الت بتعطل املتعلقة اليف ومنأإالت ة ج من نتاجية مستوى ع فاظ ل ممكن مستوى ى د ة بتخفيضأج ترتبط ا أل املؤسسة تنافسية ن تحس العالمخرى حسب ة كب بدرجة اليف الت يمكن ة كب سيولة بتوف للمؤسسة سمح الت بتعطل املتعلقة اليف الت فتخفيض بورتر، اليف ت ة مواج ا التوسعأخرىأاستعمال عمليات ا استعمال إال،ا...و ذلك يتحقق وال عما ع تحتوي املؤسسة بالصيانة خاصة ة مص مراقبةبوجود عمليات يقومون ن متخصص ل الصيا نةنقص الت عطل عة ضا عمل ساعات نتاجية نقص ح الر فرص يع تض : ر الصيانة يف ختفيض التكاليف املتعلقة بتعطل اآلالت دراسة حالةدو مسعود بويباون مؤسسة سانياك بسطيف 72 الباال إو مختلف ع مستمرة لإمعتشراف وحالة عة واملتا بالصيانة خاصة بطاقات عأعداد لة املناسب الوقت و املناسبة جراءات اتخاذ عملية يل س ل .حدى القول يمكن لماأكما بالصيانةإنھ املؤسسة لماأتمت سإإدىأك العملنخفاض اعات الت عطل ب س عة م،الضا سا باآلالتأكما املتعلقة العمل حوادث تخفيض الصيانة يضا عودأحيث العمل حوادث معظم الصيانةأوجودإن نقص ب س ائية ر وك انيكية مي عطال الت،املؤسسة بتعطل املتعلقة اليف الت تخفيض يتم الصيانة فبفضل التا، إالوصولو لھ املخطط نتاجية تحتاج،مستوى ا ذا حد املؤسسةإفالصيانة تجنب املقابل لكن لفة ت اليف ت بكثأتحمل .ك املراجع. 7 colin, d. (2001). management accounting for business decisions. london: thomson learning. evgrafoff, b. (1970). systèmes de gestion de la production. france: édition paris sirey. khemakhem, a. (1993). la dynamique de contrôle de gestion. paris: édition dunod. sumanth, d. j. (1984). productivity engineering and management. new york: mcgraw mill book company. .9مجلة التنمیة الصناعیة العربیة، . الكفایة اإلنتاجیة في الصناعة العربیة). 1990. (حكیمإبراھیم عبدال .جامعة الجزائر. المحاسبة التحلیلیة كأداة لتخطیط ومراقبة اإلنتاج، مذكرة ماجستیر). 2003. (أحمد طوایبیة المؤسسات الصناعیة الجزائریة، مذكرة ماجستیر في تخفیض التكالیف كمدخل لدعم المیزة التنافسیة في .(2008) .عثمان ,بودحوش .جامعة سكیكدة .علوم التسییر .دار الفكر العربي : القاھرة .العولمة وإدارة الموارد البشریة .(2001) .,عایدة خطاب .العلوم اإلقتصادیةتفعیل نظام تقییم أداء العامل في المؤسسة العمومیة اإلقتصادیة دكتوراه دولة في .(2005) .شنوفي نور الدین .3جامعة الجزائر .مكتبة اإلدارة الجدیدة: القاھرة. اإلدارة اإلنتاجیة). 1994. (علي السلمي .الدار الجامعیة: بیروت، لبنان، . إدارة النشاط اإلنتاجي). 1995. (علي الشرقاوي .مكتبة عین شمس :القاھرة .ةرفع الكفاءة اإلنتاجیة في ظل المتغیرات العالمی .(1998) .,عبد الرحمان علیان references: colin, d. (2001). management accounting for business decisions. london: thomson learning. evgrafoff, b. (1970). systèmes de gestion de la production. france: édition paris sirey. khemakhem, a. (1993). la dynamique de contrôle de gestion. paris: édition dunod. sumanth, d. j. (1984). productivity engineering and management. new york: mcgraw mill book company. abdelhakim, i. (1990). productive efficiency in the arab industry. arab industrial development journal, 9. [in arabic] tawabeya, a. (2003). analytical accounting as a tool for production planning and control, (master thesis. algiers university). [in arabic] bodhouch, o. (2008). cost reduction as an input to support the competitive advantage in algerian industrial enterprises, (master thesis. skikda university). [in arabic] aida speech. (2001). globalization and human resource management. cairo: dar al-fikr alarabi. [in arabic] shenoufi, n. (2005). activating the employee performance evaluation system in the economic public corporation. (phd in economic sciences. algiers3 university). [in arabic] al-soullami, a. (1994). productive management. cairo: library of the new administration. [in arabic] al-sharqawi, a. (1995). managing productive activity. beirut, lebanon: university house. [in arabic] alyan, a. (1998). raise production efficiency in light of global changes. cairo: ain shams library. [in arabic] management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 2 (2019): june جوان): 2019( 2العدد 1المجلد issn : 2676-184x 11 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i2.35 deficit budgetaire et financement non conventionnel en algerie budget deficit and unconventional financing in algeria hadjer ould hennia 1 1 phd, monetary and financial economics, oran 2 university (algerie) e-mail : hadjer.ouldhennia@gmail.com publié: 30-06-2019 accepté: 26-06-2019 reçu: 12-05-2019 résumé: l’objet de cette étude est d’analyser la relation entre le déficit budgétaire et le financement non conventionnel en algérie. les résultats de notre analyse indiquent que la chute des prix du pétrole à la mi-2014, entraînant une baisse des recettes pétrolières et gazières, qui est la principale source de financement de l'économie, a provoqué des déficits budgétaires, suite à cela les responsables ont essayé de trouver de nouvel instrument de financement alternatif. donc face à cette crise financière, le gouvernement a décidé de recourir au financement non conventionnel interne. mots clés: déficit budgétaire, planche à billet, algérie. classification jel: h61, h62, h72. abstract: the purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the budget deficit and unconventional financing in algeria. the results of our analysis indicate that the drop in oil prices in mid-2014, resulting in lower oil and gas revenues, which is the main source of financing for the economy, has led to budget deficits, following which officials have tried to find a new alternative financing instrument. so in the face of this financial crisis, the government decided to resort to unconventional internal financing. keywords: budget deficit, billboard, algeria. jel classification: h61,h62, h72.  auteur correspondant : dr. hadjer ould hennia, e-mail : hadjer.ouldhennia@gmail.com https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i2.35&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-06-30 deficit budgetaire et financement non conventionnel en algerie hadjer ould hennia 12 1. introduction : la politique budgétaire est la stratégie que met en œuvre un gouvernement pour agir sur l'économie du pays en utilisant son pouvoir de fixer les recettes de l'etat et les priorités dans la répartition des dépenses publiques. l'effet principal du budget se situe au niveau de la demande, qu'il s'agisse de l'importance et de la nature des dépenses, des recettes et du déficit ou l'excédent. mais il influe aussi sur l'offre et sur les circuits de financement (dictionnaire d'économie et des sciences sociales, 1992). la politique budgétaire nationale demeure le principal instrument pour faire face à des chocs économiques ponctuels, car les gouvernements nationaux ne peuvent pas recourir à la politique monétaire pour influencer les variations de la conjoncture économique. la politique budgétaire comprend deux postes : les recettes publiques et les dépenses publiques sont financées par : les recettes fiscales, non fiscales, les dons et les prêts. pour la collecte des ressources, l'etat accorde une importance particulière aux normes fiscales, à une gestion rationnelles des dépenses publiques. l’algérie, ces trois dernières années a enregistré de faibles recettes, suite à la chute libre des prix du baril, où elle se trouvé dans une situation de crise de ses finances publics. afin de faire face à ce déficit budgétaire, un nouvel instrument a été introduit qui est « le crédit non conventionnel », ce travail vient répondre aux questions suivantes : qu’est ce qu’un déficit budgétaire et comment a été financer en algérie 2.cadre conceptuel cette partie, revue de littérature s'attachera à présenter les concepts de la politique budgétaire ainsi que les modes de financement du déficit du trésor. 2.1 le trésor public : 2.1.1 définition : c’est un établissement financier non doté de la personnalité juridique ou morale. le trésor public administrativement est rattaché au ministère des finances, ses fonctions et ses taches sont d’ordres financiers, économiques et comptables. les fonctions financières ont pour objet de garantir l’équilibre financier pour subvenir aux besoins financiers de l’etat et dans ce cadre le trésor public est chargé de : gérer l’équilibre de la trésorerie, par le biais des dépôts de fonds des administrations et collectivités publique ainsi que les déports de fonds des particuliers. gérer les ressources financières de l’etat. les fonctions économiques du trésor public servent comme un outil a la politique économique a travers une extension de la politique monétaire et dans ce cadre il jouit le rôle de banquier de l’etat et participe au financement de l’etat. 2.1.2 rôle du trésor public : (saddiki, décembre 2014) i. exécution des dépenses publiques et recouvrement des recettes en matière d’exécution des dépenses publiques et recouvrement des recettes, le trésor public est chargé p: 11-19 volume (01) issue: (02) ( juin 2019) management & economics research journal 13 de la mission de contrôle sur l’exécution des budgets public en tant qu’organe de contrôle préalable. les opérations de contrôle s’applique dans l’exécution des budgets de l’etat, des institutions et administrations publiques, des collectivités locales et des établissements publics a caractère administratif. ii. banquier de l’etat : le rôle banquier du trésor en effet étendu de façon considérable pour le développement des opérations financières qui concernent le secteur public et privé. par le canal de ses correspondants le trésor public manié les fonds d’une clientèle diversifiées et dont il a le rôle d’une banque de dépôt, et également il joue ce rôle sur le marché des capitaux. iii. caissier de l’etat : il gère le compte de l’etat auprès de la banque d’algérie ; principe de l’unité de caisse, il a assure le recouvrement de toutes les recettes publiques et paie les dépenses ordonnancées sur les budgets publics. la politique budgétaire et la politique monétaire constituent les principaux leviers de la politique économique. 2.2 la politique budgétaire : la politique budgétaire est l'ensemble des mesures ayant des conséquences sur les ressources ou les dépenses inscrites au budget de l'etat et visant directement à agir sur la conjoncture (gerard thoris, 2000, p. 11). par politique budgétaire, nous entendons une politique mise en œuvre par le gouvernement pour agir sur l'économie du pays en utilisant son pouvoir de fixer les recettes de l'état et les priorités dans la répartition des dépenses publiques. elle recouvre ainsi l'utilisation des dépenses et des recettes des administrations publiques par le gouvernement pour réguler le rythme de l'activité économique afin d'atteindre ses objectifs que ce soit dans le domaine social ou économique (tourev. p, 2015). cette politique consiste à utiliser certains instruments tels que les dépenses publiques, l'endettement public et les prélèvements fiscaux pour influer sur la conjoncture économique. elle s'appuie sur l'élaboration du budget de l'etat qui n'est autre que la prévision de l'ensemble des recettes et dépenses de l'etat pour l'année. de cette présentation succincte de la politique budgétaire, il ressort deux notions principales et importantes, que sont les recettes et les dépenses publiques. la règle veut que les recettes et les dépenses s'égalisent afin que le budget soit équilibré, un excédent ou un déficit selon les courants de pensée est applaudi ou décrié. ces différentes conceptions ont donné naissance à une politique budgétaire qui utilise le solde budgétaire comme un instrument de politique économique en ce sens qu'il donne un reflet de l'activité économique. jusqu'à la crise de 1930, la gestion des finances publiques a eu pour principal objectif d'assurer le financement des services publics. le volume des dépenses de l'etat n'était considéré comme une variable susceptible d'influencer le niveau d'activité de l'économie. deficit budgetaire et financement non conventionnel en algerie hadjer ould hennia 14 l'analyse de l'économiste britannique j. m. keynes a modifié cette conception en soulignant l'impact de la politique budgétaire sur le niveau d'activité économique d'un pays. les recettes publiques proviennent de la politique fiscale. la fonction de la fiscalité est d'assurer le financement de la production des services traditionnels. elle sert également à la redistribution du revenu. elle est utilisée pour réduire les disparités sociales grâce au recours à la progressivité des taux d'imposition, à divers abattements et déductions pour les charges personnelles et familiales. ainsi, l'etat doit utiliser son pouvoir de taxation, de dépense et d'endettement pour réaliser une allocation des ressources. les recettes publiques financent les dépenses de l'etat, qui sont les dépenses du secteur public engagées en vue d'un intérêt public. les dépenses publiques sont les dépenses effectuées par l'etat pour son fonctionnement et celles orientées vers les secteurs prioritaires (sociaux, sécurité) pour l'amélioration du bien-être des populations. de janvry et al. (1991), d et l. demery (1992), lipton et ravalton (1993) et aho et al. (1997) ont tous montré l'impact social des dépenses publiques. ils ont montré que les dépenses publiques permettent d'accroître la productivité et les profits des facteurs et par conséquent d'augmenter les revenus des ménages. ainsi, nous pouvons dire que la dépense publique dépend de la politique budgétaire (de janvry, 2017). 2.3 le budget : c’est l’un des mots qui a avoir traversé deux fois la manche. signifiant au moyen âge, la bougette désignait « le porte monnaie » ; après, les anglais l’ont repris et l'ont transformé en « budget », en 1789, et pendant la révolution française, les français l’ont repris. le budget de l'etat est une loi (la loi de finance) votée chaque année et autorisant l'etat à prélever certaines ressources (impôts et taxes) et à dépenser ces ressources d'une manière prévue précisément par la loi (matthieu, 1998). alors, le budget est un élément comptable comportant l'ensemble des recettes et des dépenses prévisionnelles d'un agent économique (un ménage, l'etat...) au cours d'un exercice comptable 2.3.1 le budget révisé : les prévisions doivent être révisées au cours de l’exercice comptable si on constate que le budget prévisionnel n'est pas conforme aux réalisations. le budget est inutile si y’aura pas de suivi s'assurant de son respect, et sans mesures correctrices. ces mesures peuvent porter sur le budget lui-même, sur le fonctionnement de l'agent économique, ou sur l'enregistrement comptable. signalons que le budget bien qu'il soit, par définition un état comptable de prévision de dépenses ou de recettes, nous constatons dans tous les textes législatifs l'emploi systématique de l'expression budget prévisionnel. 2.4. les recettes et les dépenses du budget de l'etat : le budget englobe les dépenses et les recettes annuelles de l'etat, il sert comme instrument pour agir sur la conjoncture. p: 11-19 volume (01) issue: (02) ( juin 2019) management & economics research journal 15 2.4.1 les recettes de l'etat : l’etat a énormément besoin de ressources afin de couvrir ses dépenses multiples, ces ressources constituent l'argent de l'etat. il existe une variété de moyens pour qu’il se procure cet argent : fiscalités pétrolière, les recettes fiscales tirées de l'impôt ;  impôt sur le capital,  impôt sur le revenu,  et impôt sur la dépense. les ressources non fiscales ;  les taxes administratives ;  les ressources domaniales ;  les ressources parafiscales ; contribution au budget de l’etat, et les ressources du trésor provenant du financement monétaire (moyen de trésorerie) ;  les emprunts publics ;  les capitaux extérieurs et ;  le financement monétaire. pour financer ses dépenses publiques, l'etat peut en plus des ressources déjà cités en haut recourir à ces trois autres sources des revenus « extra fiscaux », mais il ne recourt à ces moyens que dans le cas d'une impasse budgétaire (décaissement supérieur aux encaissements). l'importance de ces méthodes varie suivant la conjoncture et la structure économique, et leurs effets sont très différents au regard des objectifs assignés à la politique des finances publiques. 2.4.2 les dépenses de l'etat : les dépenses sont impératives et obligatoires, ils comprennent les dépenses de fonctionnement, les transferts et les dépenses en capital...etc., ils représentent les consommations des revenus par l'etat. ce dernier établie ses recettes en fonction de ses dépenses et non ses dépenses en fonction de ses recettes où les besoins de l'etat sont financés par les citoyens à travers les charges que ceux-ci doivent supporter. nous pouvons classés les dépenses de l’etat sous deux catégories : les dépenses courantes  les dépenses de fonctionnement,  le service de la dette publique (intérêt à verser aux créanciers de l'etat),  les subventions et transferts courants. les dépenses en capital : deficit budgetaire et financement non conventionnel en algerie hadjer ould hennia 16  les investissements directs  les investissements indirects. 2.4.3 le déficit du budget : c’est la situation budgétaire d’un etat souverain qui voit les dépenses publiques annuelles dépasser les recettes publiques annuelles. le cumul des déficits budgétaires constitue le stock de dette publique : c’est donc la somme des déficits budgétaires annuels qui forme la dette souveraine (lexique boursier). le déficit budgétaire est, pour une année donnée, le solde négatif du budget d'un etat lorsque ses dépenses (hors remboursement d'emprunt) excèdent ses recettes (hors emprunt). l'etat ne pouvant être en cessation de paiement, un déficit budgétaire nécessite que celui-ci contracte de nouveaux emprunts qui ont pour conséquence d'augmenter la dette publique (topictionnaire). donc, on ne peut parler de déficit budgétaire « un solde négatif » que dans la situation où les recettes de l'etat (impôts et charges sociales) sont inférieures à ses dépenses (administration, éducation, dépenses sociales...) au cours d'une année ou bien les dépenses publiques pour une année sont supérieures aux recettes publiques, tout cela est exprimé par l’insuffisance des recettes où « l'etat dépense d'abord ». 2.5 les financements du déficit : les dépenses et les recettes ne s'égalisent pratiquement pas. en règle générale, l'etat ordonne des dépenses (emplois) qui ont toujours été supérieures aux ressources dont il dispose. alors, tout agent économique « etat,… », dépensant plus que ses recettes doit trouver une source de financement pour combler son déficit budgétaire.celà peut se faire soit, par voie d’endettement c'est-à-dire suite a un emprunt auprès des agents qui ont un excédent « l’épargne », ou bien suivant l’approche de « la création monétaire ». afin que les comptes soient équilibrés, le déficit peut être financé par plusieurs méthodes : les réserves préalablement accumulées à partir d'excédents budgétaires réalisés les années antérieures ; la hausse des impôts et taxes ; l'emprunt ; ou bien l’émission monétaire « la planche à billet ». « le crédit non conventionnel » faisant l’objet du présent colloque, sur lequel doit être mise l’accent, est appelée aussi « la planche à billet » ou bien la création de la monnaie. donc, l’etat peut emprunter auprès de créanciers privés (emprunt qui crée de la dette) ou auprès de la banque centrale en ayant recours à la création monétaire (la fameuse planche à billets qui crée de l’inflation) cela veut dire qu’il émet de la monnaie en fonction de la demande du trésor. le financement monétaire (ou monétisation de dette) consiste pour une banque centrale à financer directement le budget du gouvernement central. ce processus est parfois p: 11-19 volume (01) issue: (02) ( juin 2019) management & economics research journal 17 appelé péjorativement la « planche à billets ». elle fait référence aux processus de production de monnaie physique, mais en pratique il s'agit aujourd'hui plus d'écriture comptable. pour financer son déficit budgétaire, l'état peut aussi recourir au financement monétaire, c'est à dire à la création monétaire. dans ce cas, la banque centrale consent une avance à l'état en créditant le compte du trésor public ce qui provoque l’accroissement de la masse monétaire. ce mode de financement du déficit budgétaire est un outil économique puissant, qui peut contribuer à stimuler l'économie, cependant il est risqué dans le cas où la masse monétaire s’accroit plus rapidement que la production, ce qui pousse le rythme de l'inflation à s'accélérer. 3. le financement non conventionnel en algérie : l’algérie souffre d’une crise financière qui dure depuis 3 ans, suite à une libre chute des prix du pétrole, ce qui l’a poussé à introduire ce nouvel instrument afin de financer le déficit budgétaire. le nouvelle loi (loi n° 17-10, 2003) portant amendement de l’ordonnance relative à la monnaie et au crédit modifie et complète l’ordonnance de 2003, en introduisant un article 45bis qui stipule que « la banque d’algérie procède, dés l’entrée en vigueur de la présente disposition, à titre exceptionnel et durant une période de cinq (5) années, à l’achat directement auprès du trésor, de titres émis par celui-ci, à l’effet de participer, notamment : à la couverture des besoins de financement du trésor ; au financement de la dette publique interne ; au financement du fonds national d’investissement (fni). en outre, l’article 45bis note que « ce dispositif est mis en œuvre pour accompagner la réalisation d’un programme de réformes structurelles économiques et budgétaires devant aboutir, au plus tard, à l’issue de la période susvisée, notamment, au rétablissement : des équilibres de la trésorerie de l’etat ; de l’équilibre de la balance des paiements. » pour rappel, les pouvoirs publics avaient annoncé les montants (abderrahmane raouia, 2017) qu’ils prévoyaient de tirer pour financer le déficit du trésor, à savoir 570 milliards de dinars pour boucler l’exercice 2017, 1815 milliards de dinars pour celui en cours et enfin 580 milliards pour 2019. alors, en vue d'introduire ce nouvel instrument, le gouvernement a élaboré ce projet de loi portant amendement de la loi sur la monnaie et le crédit dont l'objectif est d'autoriser la banque d'algérie, à titre exceptionnel et durant une période de cinq années, à procéder à l'achat direct de titres émis par le trésor. il permettra de couvrir les besoins de financement du trésor : de financer le remboursement de la dette publique interne, les titres de l'emprunt national pour la croissance levé en 2016, deficit budgetaire et financement non conventionnel en algerie hadjer ould hennia 18 les titres du trésor émis en contrepartie du rachat de la dette bancaire de sonelgaz et les titres du trésor émis au profit de la sonatrach en compensation du différentiel sur les prix des carburants importés et de l'eau dessalée ; de permettre au trésor de doter en ressources le fonds national d'investissement (fni), au titre des prises de participation de l'etat dans des investissements ou de financements à long terme de programmes publics d'investissements. cet instrument non conventionnel dont l'objet est de permettre la mobilisation par le trésor de financement exceptionnel revêt un caractère transitoire, limité dans le temps à cinq années. le recours à cet instrument est accompagné par le programme de réformes structurelles économiques et budgétaires suivant : la rationalisation de la dépense publique, l’optimisation des recettes fiscales en d’autre termes, recourir à la planche à billet et tenter de réduire les dépenses d’un etat qui n’a pas pu équilibrer son budget, donc cela doit être respecter pour aboutir, au plus tard à l'issue de la période considérée, a restaurer des équilibres macroéconomiques et financiers (les équilibres de la trésorerie de l'etat et l'équilibre de la balance des paiements). nous pensons que le recours à la planche à billet en algérie élaborer afin de combler le déficit budgétaire, et qui ne sera pas destiner à la consommation, selon les responsable, mais plutôt vers le budget d’investissement exclusivement afin de relancer la machine économique du pays, conduira certainement à l’explosion des prix, aussi l’inflation sera alimentée par la consommation, vu qu’en algérie, la production est encouragée mais la quasi-totalité des entreprises ne sont pas exportatrices, cela implique que cette production sera destinée au marché interne. cette monétisation de dette mènera à des conséquences néfaste sur l’ensemble des agrégats macroéconomique, tel que, la dévaluation du dinar et une perte du pouvoir d’achat des algériens qui sont déjà affectés par une dépréciation continue du dinar, comme le souligne l’économiste christofer dembik responsable de la recherche macroéconomique chez saxo bank, paris « ce processus n’est ni plus ni moins qu’un recours à la ‘planche à billets‘, c’est une fuite en avant qui ne permettra pas de résoudre la situation. d’autant que les expériences dans plusieurs pays ont révélé que le recours à la planche à billets a un effet pervers avec une augmentation des dépenses publiques. l’augmentation de la masse monétaire va engendrer une hyperinflation, faire perdre de la valeur à la monnaie nationale et rendre les importations, dont dépend le pays, beaucoup plus onéreuses». 4. conclusion : un déficit budgétaire à un impact économique qui peut selon certains économistes, être un stimulant pour l'activité économique par l'intermédiaire d'une politique de relance selon les principes du keynésianisme, ou simplement être un moindre mal dans certaines situations de récession. pour d'autres économistes, un déficit budgétaire est toujours le signe p: 11-19 volume (01) issue: (02) ( juin 2019) management & economics research journal 19 d'une mauvaise gestion des fonds publics et de l'argent du contribuable et à ce titre, il doit être évité. le financement de ce déficit par le mécanisme du crédit non conventionnel « l’émission de la monnaie par la banque centrale » peut servir au développement économique si les fonds sont bien placés et bien contrôlé comme titre d’exemple la planche à billets aux pays développés comme les etats-unis, qui ont imprimé une énorme somme d'argent au cours des dernières années, qui est entré dans des instruments financiers, ce qui augmente les prix des obligations et des stocks, cependant, se n’est pas le cas de notre économie, où l’argent est destiné à la consommation ce qui cause l’augmentation des prix. donc, il faut donc éviter de comparer l’incomparable comme le souligne dr mebtoul (abderrahmane mebtoul, 2017) « evitons de fonder une politique économique sur des modèles économétriques appliqués aux pays développés déconnectés des réalités nationales ». 5. bibliographie : (s.d.). récupéré sur http://.www.toupie.org/dictionnaire/politique_budgetaire.htm abderrahmane mebtoul, p. d. (2017, octobre 02). financement non conventionnel : comparaisons internationales et contradiction sur le montant de la sphère informelle. abderrahmane raouia. ( 2017, octobre 12). dificit budgetaire. de janvry. (2017, avril 10). « module 3 : les instruments de protection et leurs conséquences »,consulté le janvier 12, 2019, sur :http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x7352f/x7352f03.htm dictionnaire d'économie et des sciences sociales. (1992). paris: edition nathan. gerard thoris. (2000). « la politique budgétaire ». paris : caisse des dépôts et consignation, service de la recherche. lexique boursier. (s.d.). récupéré sur: https://www.tradingsat.com/lexiqueboursier/definition-deficit-budgetaire-486.html loi n° 17-10, r. à. (2003, août 26). loi n° 17-10 du 20 moharram 1439 correspondant au 11 octobre 2017 complétant l’ordonnance n° 03-11 du 27 joumada ethania 1424 correspondant au 26 août 2003 relative à la monnaie et au crédit. loi n° 17-10 du 20 moharram 1439 correspondant au 11 octobre 2017 complétant l’ordonnance n° 03-11 . matthieu, l. (1998). « la politique budgétaire de la gestion de la demande », . paris: puf-. saddiki, s. (décembre 2014). « le trésor public », . algérie. topictionnaire. (s.d.). dictionnaire la topie. consulté le janvier 12, 2019, sur: http://www.toupie.org/divers/recherche_resultat.php?mot=deficit%20budge taire tourev. p. ( 2015, octobre 27 ). définition de la politique budgétaire», 27 octobre 2015,. consulté le janvier 12, 2019, sur : http://.www.toupie.org/dictionnaire/politique_budgetaire.htm management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 2 (2019): june جوان): 2019( 2العدد 1المجلد issn : 2676-184x 28 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i2.28 الفساد افحتھو املاو داري أسباب م اتيجية إس حسناوي بلبال 1 الدين، ضياء زواو  2 1 أ، قسم مساعد عباس أستاذ فرحات زائر( 1سطيف،جامعة balbalh.mgt@gmail.com: يميل،)ا 2 ب، قسم مساعد عباس أستاذ فرحات زائر( 1سطيف،جامعة zouaou.dhiaeddine@gmail.com: إليميل،)ا the causes of administrative and financial corruption and the strategy to combat it hasnaoui balbal 1 1 farhat abbas setif university (algeria) dhiaeddine zouaou 2 2 farhat abbas setif 1 university (algeria) رسال خ القبول 2019-06-01: تار خ شر 2019-06-29: تار ال خ 2019-06-30: تار ص :امل ال ذه واملادف داري والفساد عامة بصفة الفساد موضوع إ للتطرق البحثية ورقة ا شار وان رة الظا ذه بروز إ املؤدية سباب م أ يان ت ع ك ال خالل من خاصـة، بصفة أع بدرجة والنامية مة املتقدّ املجتمعات مختلف عة سر بات. بصفة مس ع الضوء سليط إن الظا اذه افح مل اتيجيات اس بناء كب ل ش م سا ا مجاال وتحديد ا تمحيص خالل من رة السلبية ات والسلو املمارسات ذه من خالية مجتمعات تحقيق .غية ناول ي حيث أساسية، محاور ثالثة إ البحث ذا تقسيم خالل من ذلك دراسة تم وس وأنو خصائصھ الفساد، وم مف ول ،املحور واملا داري الفساد ع ي الثا املحور يركز فيما اعھ، ، واملا داري الفساد أسباب إ التطرق الثالث املحور تم س نما ب قتصاديـة، وآثاره الھ أش افحتھ مل املمكنة اتيجيات س م .وأ املفتاحية لمات الفساد : ال أسباب ، واملا داري الفساد اتيجياتالفساد، اس ، واملا داري واملا داري الفساد افحة .م يف .jel: d73تص abstract: this article is designed to touch on the subject of corruption in general and administrative and financial corruption in particular, focusing on identifying the most important reasons leading to the emergence and spread of this phenomenon fast in various developed and developing societies, especially in the latter to a higher degree. highlighting the causes of this phenomenon through the examination and identification of fields contribute significantly to building strategies to combat it, in order to reach out to communities without these practices and negative behaviours. this will be studied by organizing it into three main axes, where the first axis deals  املر الدين: سلااملؤلف ضياء zouaou.dhiaeddine@gmail.com: يميل، زواو https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i2.28&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-06-30 ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 40 -28 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 29 with the concept of corruption, its characteristics and types and the second focuses on administrative and financial corruption, its forms and its economic effects while the third will highlight the causes of administrative and financial corruption and the most important strategies to combat it. keywords: corruption, administrative and financial corruption, causes of administrative and financial corruption, strategies to combat administrative and financial corruption. jel classification: d73. مقدمة. 1 وع جتماعية و قتصادية و السياسية ئة الب اصلة ا عة السر التطورات ظل واملنظمات املجتمعات ساعدت ال يجابية ر املظا من العديد برزت ي، ز وا الك ن املستو سلبي ر مظا أيضا رت ظ ذلك مع املوازاة و ا، داف أ تحقيق وفعالية كفاءة من االرفع أبرز من ة، واملنظمات املجتمعات ذه جسد تنخر تزال ال ال الفساد رة .ظا شارا ان ك عد الذي ، واملا داري الفساد نجد الفساد أنواع م أ ن ب من ناميـة أو متقدمة املجتمعات ذه انت سواء متفاوتة، سب ب من. املجتمعات العديد دفع ما ذا واملنظمات والطرقالدول الوسائل ش رة الظا ذه افحة وم ة محار أجل من املتواصل الس إ ا عل القضاء ال وملا ا اسا ع إ من د ل .املمكنة، البحث1.1 الية إش قيقية ا سباب وتحديد معرفة أوال يتطلب الفساد رة ظا ة ملحار وطرق آليات وضع إن بصفة ا شار وان ا بروز وراء امنة محكمةال اتيجيات اس وضع ع العمل ثّم ومن عة، سر ا م د ل مختلفة السؤال. مجاالت ص تت وال البحث، ذا الية إش معالم لنا تت سبق مما : التا افحتــھ؟ م اتيجيات اس تتمثل وفيما ؟ واملا داري الفساد أسباب ما البحث2.1 مية أ بص الفساد موضوع ل العديدش تمام ا مجال خاصة بصفة واملا داري والفساد عامة فة واملنظمات املجتمعات ع سلبية اسات ع وا آثار من رة الظا ذه ل ملا ن، واملفكر ن الباحث أن. من كما ا عل القضاء ال وملا ا، م د ل اتيجيات اس ل ش وآليات حلول وضع يتطلب ا ل ع السر شار ن قيقيةائيا ا سباب معرفة من البد اتيجيات س وصياغة تحديد وض ا قبل ولكن ، املنحرف السلوك ذا ل واملجتمعات فراد لتب . الدافعة البحث 3.1 داف أ إ البحث ذا : دف الفساد؛ وم مف عن الغموض رفع امل وأنواعھ خصائصھ ، واملا داري الفساد وم مف إ ختلفة؛التطرق رة؛ الظا ذه شار وان ور ظ وراء امنة ال سباب م أ تحديد واملا داري الفساد رة ظا استفحال من د ل املمكنة اتجيات س .تحديد البحث 4.1 تقسيمات أساسية محاور ثالثة إ البحث ذا تقسيم تم الية، ش ع : لإلجابة زواو ضياء الدين بلبال حسناوي أسباب الفساد املايل واإلداري إسرتاتيجية مكافحته 30 ول ا: املحور حول أساسية يم لفسادمفا ي الثا واملا: املحور داري الفساد الثالث افحتھ: املحور م اتيجيات واس داري الفساد وأسباب دوافع الفساد .2 حول أساسية يم مفا ف1.2 الفساد عر من العديد نجد بل للفساد، شامل واحد ف عر حول اء والفق ن الباحث ن ب اتفاق يوجد ال ف، االتعار أبرز من :وال الفساد1.1.2 ملصط اللغوي ف التعر و ف ا، ُسودً وفُ ا، َسادً فَ ُسدَ وفَ ِسدُ ُوفْ ُسدُ فْ يَ َسدَ وفَ الصالح، نقيض ية العر اللغة الفساد ما ف ِسيدٌ وفَ اِسدٌ رحام... فَ وقطعوا تدابروا أي القوم اَسد فَ تَ ة... ونقول املص خالف َسدة فْ َ وامل ستصالحو خالف َسادُ عبدو،( ...ْسِتفْ و مرزوق صفحة2009بن ،15( ا وم مرادف، عشرة عة أر الفساد لمة فل سة، الفر اللغة وتدل) pourrissement(لمة: أما لمة وضاع، وسوء ور تد لمة;)avilissement(ع وكذا واء، وال والذل بوط ال ع و )immoralité ( الفسو ع نو املوظف ورشوة خالق إفساد ب، التخر أيضا ع و والفجور، ق ر و عبدو،( وال و مرزوق صفحة2009بن ،18(. أحد أو الفساد مع ع للداللة ات ومصط لمات عدة نجد ية، نجل اللغة ن ح مثل إال...) decomposition ; degeneration ; disintegration ; putrefaction ; putridity: (خصائصھ ، لمة ع) corruption(أن للداللة استخداما ك لمة فساد ال الرشوة، ومي، ا الفساد ا وانحالل .)www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-en( خالق اصطالحا2.2.2 الفساد وم مف تحديد عّرفھ ُwarlth r.و e.simpikinsأنھ ه: "ع عت فعل فاعلھل شعر و فاسدا، املجتمع يرتكبھ و و خديري،( "بالذنب و صفحة2016قوتال ن. )251، الباحث حاول ف التعر ذا خالل فمن ذاتھ الفرد مقتھ و املجتمع، يرفضھ عمل أو فعل ل ب الفساد ط .ر الذي ألولئك للسلوك متوقع معيار عن نحراف بأنھ جتماعية العلوم موسوعة عرفھ مو ن إساءة بأنھ الدولية الشفافية ومنظمة الدو البنك عرفھ كما خاصة، منفعة ألجل العامة السلطة خاص مكسب لتحقيق مباشر وغ مباشر ل ش العامة السلطة لول،( استخدام م و الطيب بن صفحة2018 ،311(. . وال بالسلطة طھ ر تم الفساد بأن نرى ن ف التعر ذين خالل قفمن ا عت العامة املنفعة حساب ع خاصة منفعة تحقيق غرض وذلك ن للمرؤوس وامر .إصدار منو أك م الكر القراآن الفساد لمة وردت ي50لقد ومعا متعددة بدالالت موضعا إن ضرورة جانب إ الفرد، حياة ع أخطار من لھ ملا منھ التحذير ا ل كت اش ارمختلفة، عا قولھ ح صر بنص املفسدين جزاء وتحديد مھ تحر تم لذلك املفسدين، فراد ات سلو البقرة33ية سورة وا: " من لُ تَّ قَ يُ ن أَ ا َسادً فَ ِض رْ َ ْ ِ نَ وْ ْسعَ َ وَ ھُ ُسولَ رَ وَ ھَ اللَّ ونَ َحاِرُ يُ ِذيَن الَّ اءُ َجزَ ا مَ نَّ إِ طَّ قَ تُ وْ أَ وا بُ َصلَّ يُ وْ ِأَ ْم ُ لَ وَ ۖ ا يَ نْ الدُّ ِ ٌي ِخزْ ْم ُ لَ ِلَك ٰ ذَ ۚ ِض رْ َ ْ ِمَن ا وْ نفَ يُ وْ أَ ٍف ِخالَ ْن ِ مّ م ُ ُجلُ رْ أَ وَ ْم ِ ِد يْ أَ عَ ِظيٌم عَ اٌب ذَ عَ ِخَرِة صبة،( " ْ صفحة2009ا ،141(. وأسبابھ الفساد عن تن ة النبو السنة جاءت فقد م الكر القرآن إ ودوافعھوإضافة وسلم عليھ هللا ص هللا رسول قول ا م نذكر ة كث أحاديث وردت حيث واعثھ، با"و غر سالم بدأ قالوا اء للغر ى فطو بدأ كما با غر أفسد يا: وسيعود ما ون يص الذين قال اء الغر ومن هللا رسول عبدو،( "الناس و مرزوق صفحة2009بن ،16(. ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 40 -28 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 31 الفساد2.2 خصائص اللفس م أ من نذكر صائص، ا من العديد عقون،( اد و الصفحات2018بوسعيود ،306307(: الرقابة؛ شديدة الدول خاصة فعال، و عمال التامة ة السر كة؛ املش واملصا املنافع بادل ت مجموعات أو فرق ل ش ع جما أو فردي ل ش ون ي القو عن ة وملتو تحايلية بطرق نظمة؛يمارس و ن ان حقيقية؛ وغ مية و ندات ومس أوراق شاء وإ ر و ال ھ، التمو داع، ا أساسھ التكنولوجيا؛ تطور مع تتطور ال ساليب من بالعديد يمارس العامة ة املص حساب ع اصة ا ة املص لتحقيق واملنصب السلطة .استغالل الفساد 2.2 أنواع إ الفساد ذهمن جملةينقسم أبرز ومن ، املعاي من العديد حسب وذلك نواعنواع، )، ف الدين الصفحات1994صالح ،46-48(: خال1.2.2 و املادي الفساد ــدار إ الســرقة، ــر، و ال خــتالس الرشــوة، ــ تمثــل و العامــة، لــآلداب مخــالف ســلوك ــل ــو و الغـــــــش، العـــــــام، يـــــــفاملـــــــال البضـــــــاتز ـــــــب ر املخـــــــدراتالعملـــــــة، ـــــــب ر مانـــــــة، خيانـــــــة مـــــــوال، و ع العامة لألخالق املنافية فالم ج وترو ب ر .واملسكرات، الوظيفي2.2.2 الفساد غليـب الرسـمية، العمـل مواقيـت ام ـ اح عـدم مـال، ية، املحسو ن، القوان مخالفة يتمثل ا يرتبط وعموما العامة، ة املص ع صية ال ة الوظيفياملص املا) داري (لفساد . بالفساد السيا3.2.2 الفساد تمركــز خـــالل مــن شــأ نالســـلطاتي التعيـــ النفــوذ، اســـتغالل ر مظــا داد ـــ ف محــددة، فئــة يـــد ــ ع ـــ الــذي ــومي ا البنــاء طبيعــة عــن فضـــال والتعــاليم، عــراف و ن القــوان مخالفــة الت، مــؤ بــدون وق الب شـــــار ان ـــــ ســـــاعد ــــــاتو حر وســـــلب ـــــ السيا ســـــتقرار عـــــدم ـــــ إ يــــــؤدي ممـــــا الســـــلبية، راطيـــــة صية ألغراض ة تنمو سياسات وتطبيق ن .املواطن قتصادي4.2.2 الفساد ماديــــة منــــافع ــــ ع صــــول ا ــــاحــــو والقــــانون،وأر خــــالق و للقــــيم منافيــــة أعمــــال ــــق طر عــــن الف يتجســد حيــث ســعار، ــ التالعــب التجــاري، الشــأنــالغش ــ القــرارات اتخــاذ ــ قتصــادي ســاد ـــ قتصـــادي والنـــاتج العوائـــد ـــع وتوز قتصـــادية واملنـــافع املـــوارد بتخصـــيص املتعلقـــة خاصـــة العـــام، العامــــة ة املصــــ حســــاب ــــ ع اصــــة ا ة املصــــ العتبــــارات وفقــــا عــــزوز،( املجتمــــع صــــفحة2018بــــن ، 361(. جتما5.2.2 الفساد ان ـــــ ييتمثـــــل معـــــا عـــــدام ا أو وجـــــود نـــــدرة ـــــ ـــــ يتج كمـــــا ة، ســـــر و جتماعيـــــة القـــــيم حـــــالل عــــدام وا الالمبــــاالة صــــفات ــــا محل حــــل و أدائــــھ، ــــ ي والتفــــا العمــــل وحــــب خــــالص و والــــوالء الوطنيــــة وكذا يانةخالق، املجتمعا ع سلبا يؤثر مما ،. نجد أيضا أنواعھ ن،( ومن مسك و يم صفحة2018لي ، 179(: الثقا ا: الفساد و تفكك عنھ ينجر مما لألمة، العامة الثوابت عن روج ا يتمثل الثقا ا . وترا زواو ضياء الدين بلبال حسناوي أسباب الفساد املايل واإلداري إسرتاتيجية مكافحته 32 ي القضا ا،: الفساد مصداقي ا يفقد مما القضائية ات ا يمس الذي نحراف و م حقوق ن املتقاض فقد .و واملا. 3 داري الفساد دا1.3 الفساد ف واملاعر ري املوظف عن تصدر ال باالنحرافات خاص(يتعلق أو عام سواء) قطاع امھ، مل تأديتھ أثناء من القرار صناع ع الضغط بدل القانونية، الثغرات عض من ستفادة أو ن القوان تطبيق عدم الثغرات ذه يح وت مراجعة واملا. أجل داري الفساد تمثل ام: و اح العمل،عدم مواقيت استقبال ، جتما التواصل مواقع وتصفح اتف ال واستعمال ف ال قراءة الوقت تمضية الوظيفة أسرار إفشاء اسل، الت ، ا ال العمل، أداء عن متناع العمل، إطار خارج السر(الزوار ما) امل ا العمل عن روج لول،( وا م و الطيب صفحة2018بن سراف)312، إ باإلضافة ، موال يض وتب الضر رب ال ختالس، ه، سي سوء أو العام املال .استخدام التالية العناصر خالل من واملا داري الفعل أو العمل فساد ع ستدالل مكن و صبة،( صفحة2009ا ،142(: ال دفھ و مساره عن والوظيفي داري از ا ذاإنحراف جراء خاصة داف أ تحقيق غية رس مال؛ لإل يجة ن أو قصد عن العمل أو الفعل ن؛ والقوان لألنظمة مخالف ل ش مالية وغ مالية امتيازات ع صول ا اب أ من ن خر حساب وع عائلية أو صية لعالقة يجة ن العمل أو الفعل ون ي أن قوق؛ ا ا مانة و بالواجب العمل؛خالل أخالقيات ا تفرض ل املجتمع؛ السائدة عراف و القيم مع الفعل أو العمل تنا العامة ة باملص مضرا الفعل ون ي أن عامة .بصفة واملا2.3 داري الفساد خصائص ا أبرز من صائص، ا من بالعديد وتنظيمية اجتماعية رة كظا واملا داري الفساد يتم بوقرة،بوروح( الصفحات2018و ،259-260(: ة1.2.3 السر ستخدم و والتحفظ، ة السر غاية وإجراءاتھ باتھ وترت الفساد ممارسات ون ت ما عادة م، ممارسا ع س ال أجل من اتيجيات واس أساليب عدة واملا داري للفساد املمارسة ات ا م وأفعال م ممارسا غليف إ ؤون نفيذفي ب يقومون م بأ ر والتظا العامة، ة املص باسم ن العادي ن املوظف أمام خاصة ا، ع الكشف يتعذر وسياسات وأوامر ات .توج الفساد2.2.3 ممارسة املشاركة طراف عدد واملصا التبادلية للعالقات يجة ن ص، من أك واملا داري الفساد ممارسة ك ش ناملش ت ج ن ب واملا داري الفساد عملية تتم أي املمارسات، تلك الفاعلة طراف ن ب كة خار وطرف عملھ .املوظف شار3.2.3 ن سرعة ام اح وعدم داري ب س فال لذلك، املالئمة ئة الب وجد لما أك شر ن و الفساد ينمو واملساءل الرقابة وضعف والالمباالة عضالوقت ما تتمتع الذين والنفوذ السلطة بحكم وأحيانا ة، إ إضافة ، واملا داري الفساد شار الن مالئمة ئة ب عد السلبيات من ا وغ الفاعلة، طراف ما حد إ ر ت ال النامية، املجتمعات من العديد السائدة السلبية عراف و العادات عض ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 40 -28 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 33 السلوكية والوساطة(نحرافات ية املحسو العالقات) املحاباة، ورة س ع فاظ وا التعاون بدافع جتماعية .والروابط وقراطية4.2.3 الب يم ومفا قيم ترسيخ واللوائح القواعد غياب ا مقدم السلبية ثار من العديد واملا داري الفساد عن تج ت مم صية، ال ادات ج وسيطرة جتماعيةالرسمية واملسؤولية نتماء روح إضعاف إ يؤدي ا سية الرئ داف عن نحراف التا و الوظيفة، .وأخالقيات واملا3.3 داري الفساد أنواع ي فيما ا نوجز ، املعاي من للعديد وفقا يفات تص عدة داري و املا الفساد و( يتخذ بوروح الصفحات2018بوقرة، ،257-259(: م1.3.3 ا حيث من الصغ الدنيا(الفساد الوظيفية الدرجات وعوائد: )فساد منافع دف س ممارسات تمثل و مادي بمقابل ن املوظف صغار من يرتكب و و الدنيا، الوظيفية ات املستو شر ن و ا، قيم محدودة خر مع سيق ت دون أك أو فرد قبل من مارس و ن؛سيط، الكب العليا(الفساد الوظيفية الدرجات الدرجات: )فساد ن املسؤول كبار بھ يقوم فساد و و ا، شاف اك يصعب ال كيبات وال واملصا العالقات من معقدة شبكة ع قوم و العليا، الوظيفية ى الك بالقضايا تصل .و ساق2.3.3 و نتظام حيث من املنتظم نوال: الفساد املتعامل مختلف أو فيھ ن املشارك فراد قبل من ومعروفا را ظا ون ي ذي إليھ أ و املختلفة الھ بأش مقبوال ا سلو يصبح التا و معروفة، وأنماطھ قواعده ون وت م، بي فيما معينة؛ غاية لھ من ل املنتظم غ وإجراءا: الفساد ممارساتھ ألن املنتظم، الفساد من أخطر و وغو غامضة تھ الفساد لفة ت ادة ز التا و املساومات ادة ز إ يؤدي مما .معروفة، العام3.3.3 للرأي وفقا أسود مرتكبيھ؛: فساد معاقبة تطلب و إدانتھ، ع يتفق أبيض مرتكبيھ؛: فساد معاقبة إ العام الرأي يميل وال عنھ التغا يمكن رمادي ال: فساد الرأي من جزء إدانتھيدينھ خر زء ا دد و .عام، الغرض4.3.3 حيث من صية، ومصا داف أ لتحقيق العامة املوارد واستغالل استخدام عن الناتج الفساد مية و مشروعات إقامة ر، و ؛....ال إ املتبعة الرسمية جراءات اك ان خالل من وذلك صدقاء، و قارب خدمة عن الناتج الفساد غل يالت س وتقديم م لصا القانونية غ شطة عن والتغا صية ة مص تحقيق غرض مشروعة؛ وافز ا نظم وكذا جور الرواتب، باألسعار، التالعب العامة، السرقة عن الناتج الفساد افآت .وامل واملا4.3 داري الفساد ال أش ال أش عدة واملا داري الفساد ايتخذ م أ خديري،( من و صفحات2016قوتال ،252ن،253 مسك و يم لي صفحة2018؛ ،180(: زواو ضياء الدين بلبال حسناوي أسباب الفساد املايل واإلداري إسرتاتيجية مكافحته 34 التنظيمي1.4.3 املجال مثل دارات، و املؤسسات داخل العام بالتنظيم املخلة املمارسات شمل :و العمل؛ مواقيت ام اح وعدم ا ال منھ؛ املطلوب العمل أداء عن املوظف امتناع سرا نية؛إفشاء امل ر السلمية؛ السلطة عليمات و بأوامر ام ل عدم املسؤولية تحمل .عدم ي2.4.3 السلو املجال مثل املجتمع، طبقية خلق إ تؤدي ال السلوكية نحرافات شمل :و املوظف؛ كرامة ع املحافظة عدم السلطة؛ استعمال سوء ية؛ املحسو الوساطة؛ .املحاباة املااملجا3.4.3 ل مثل املالية، القواعد ام ألح لية ال أو زئية ا املخالفة خالل من ون :وت بالقانون؛ ا عل املنصوص املالية ام ح و القواعد مخالفة املنظمة؛ داخل ا عل املنصوص املالية ام ح و القواعد مخالفة املالية؛ الرقابة زة بأج اصة ا التعليمات مخالفة د و العامسراف املال .ر ي4.4.3 نا ا املجال مثل املفسدين، ع س وال املنافع ع صول ا إ تؤدي ال باملمارسات تعلق :و العمومية؛ الصفقات مجال خاصة الرشوة، حتيال؛ و السرقة العام، املال اختالس ي؛ مر وا الضر رب ال ار؛ حت و س والتدل الغش ا ر و والعمالتال واملحررات .لوثائق داري 5.3 و املا للفساد قتصادية ثار أو جتماعية أو قتصادية سواء ياة، ا منا جميع ع واملا داري الفساد يؤثر قتصادية آثاره م أ إ تطرق وس ية، البي وح ب،( السياسية صفحة2017لش ،197(: الفساد 1.5.3 قتصاديأثر النمو ع واملا داري الفساد واملايؤدي التا داري و املباشر، جن ثمار س خاصة ثمار، س يط تث إ النمو ع سلبية آثار عنھ ينجم مما ثمار، س و واملا داري الفساد ن ب عكسية عالقة توجد املعوق الفساد شار ان عد إذ الفقرقتصادي، ة ومحار والتنمية للنمو .ول ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 40 -28 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 35 الضر2.5.3 القطاع ع واملا داري الفساد أثر تتمثل سلبية آثار الفساد شار ان عن يؤدي: تنجر مما الضر للوعاء قيقي ا غ التقدير املا السياسات ز إ يؤدي كما العامة، عباء ع توز العدالة بمبدأ خالل قتصاديةإ و لية للمجتمع ية الضر للطاقة الزائف للتحديد يجة ن ا، داف أ تحقيق .عن كومي3.5.3 ا نفاق ع واملا داري الفساد أثر ة ر املظ شطة صوب ون ي والذي ومي ا نفاق اتجاه ع داري و املا الفساد ( يؤثر رات التظا الفن، اضة، امة،....)الر ال قتصادية والقطاعات شطة ع نفاق ينخفض ن ح ، ا ومنح املناقصات التمي ق طر عن العامة ع املشار تنفيذ جانب يمس الذي الفساد ذلك إ ضف ية واملحسو الرشوة ق طر .عن واس. 4 واملا داري الفساد وأسباب افحتھدوافع م اتيجيات واملا. 1.4 داري الفساد أسباب خاصة، بصفة واملا داري والفساد عامة بصفة للفساد املؤدية سباب و الدوافع تتعدد ا أبرز نذكر باألفراد، املحيطة والسياسية جتماعية و قتصادية بالظروف وتتأثر ن،(ماي صفحات2016ايططاح صالح255-260، ،؛ ف صفحات1994الدين و48-52، بوروح ؛ صفحات2018بوقرة، ،261-265:( قتصادية1.1.4 سباب ، واملا داري الفساد رة ظا وتف ور ظ اما دورا ة املزر قتصادية الظروف تلعب التالية النقاط ا نوجز قتصادية، حوال سوء ر مظا م أ ن ب :ومن الد عتوسيع القيود ووضع القرار اتخاذ ة املركز خالل من خاصة للدولة، قتصادي ور ومي ا والدعم سعار وضبط اد ست تراخيص ون يمل من م فاملوظفون التجارة، اد ست مشروعة؛ غ اسب م لتحقيق ا ستغلو ة ار احت قوة م عط ما ذا و معينة، لصناعات ا ع توز جور؛سوء ات مستو ي وتد واملناطق، فراد ن ب وات وال لدخول تف إ يؤدي ما ذا و واص، ا لصا العامة ات الشر عن ومة ا تنازل ع و صة، ا معلومات ع صول ل سواء ن ومي ا ن املسؤول رشوة يتم حيث النامية، الدول خاصة الفساد الفعلية املواصفات حول اتامة الشر ذه ع صول ا أو صة ل ستطرح ال ات للشر الرمزي؛ بالسعر أعمال بممارسة ن املسؤول غري وة ال ذه فتوفر املجتمع، ة كب طبيعية موارد قاعدة وجود املحدودة؛ املوارد ذات املجتمعات عليھ و مما أك بصورة الفساد إشبا للدولة ة التنمو السياسة ن؛ز للمواطن ساسية اجات ا ع سعار وارتفاع ن للمواطن الشرائية القدرة م(ضعف ).الت والثقافية2.1.4 جتماعية سباب خالل من الفساد، رة ظا تف والثقافية جتماعية العوامل م :سا الرسم التنظيمية القيم مع والثقافية جتماعية القيم عض عارض و عارضتتصادم إذا ية، الرسمية التنظيمية القيم مع م وتقاليد م وعادا فراد رغبات تمثل ال والثقافية جتماعية القيم إ التعارض ذلك يؤدي ا، أفراد وسلوك أداء حول ا وتوقعا ا داف وأ املؤسسة ثقافة عن ع ال التنظيم قواعد عن قيمية وانحرافات وظيفية اختالالت املؤسسة؛حدوث وثقافة الرس زواو ضياء الدين بلبال حسناوي أسباب الفساد املايل واإلداري إسرتاتيجية مكافحته 36 واقعا أفرز الذي القيم سلم كب شرخ ور ظ خالل من املجتمعية، القيم منظومة شوه مت سا التطورات ذه ل ف الفاحش، اء وال والبذخ التبا ر مظا ز و ع جديدا مجتمعيا د؛ ج بأقل ثروة لق عة السر املصادر عن فراد بحث ا دائرة ساع الرسمية؛ا العالقات حساب ع ية واملص القرابية لعالقات املجتمع؛ ثقافة من جزءا أصبح ح املجتمعية، وساط الفساد شيوع شار ان أخرى؛ ات الوالء وإعالن للوطن، نتماء ضعف املالئم؛ للمأوى فتقار ئة؛ الس ية ال الظروف ي؛ الغذا املستوى ي تد ا امج ال ؛ضعف التعلي واملستوى لتعليمية، التوظيف عن اص وا العام ن القطاع ز وال البطالة، شار .ان السياسية3.1.4 سباب إ يؤدي الذي البلد، السائد السيا املناخ سب واملا داري الفساد يحدث عام ل ش أحداث من يجري ما اتجاه ن املواطن عند الالمباالة روح ظلعميق خاصة م، حول :سياسية ا؛ يآ و الدولة مؤسسات ضعف الفساد؛ ة محار السياسية القيادة اون أو تمام ا عدم ؛ السيا بداد س ور وظ والديمقراطية، الشورى غياب ا؛ املنوطة ام امل ممارسة عن الدولة والقضائية عية شر وال التنفيذية زة ج ز ع ومة ا ا؛ز ف ن العامل وأحوال ظروف ن تحس ن اصة؛ ا م مصا تحقيق أجل من م لنفوذ ن والسياسي ن املسؤول عض استغالل واملؤسسات فراد من للدولة جتما التأييد عدام .ا والقانونية4.1.4 ة دار سباب و واملا داري الفساد وراء الدافع أن إ الدراسات عض اش ف ساند ئة ب وجود ساعد ومي ا از ا طبيعة أن القول يمكن التا و وقراطيا، ب نظاما ومة ل العامة السياسة خالل من الفساد من النوع ذا شار :ان وجدت؛ إن ا فعالي عدم أو للفساد، رادعة ن قوان غياب القيا واملسؤوليات املناصب تقلد الكفاءة ب غي و دية؛إقصاء داري؛ رم ال أع ة دار القيادات وتخلف فساد املنحرف؛ السلوك ذا ممارسة ع م غ ع مما املفسدين، معاقبة قلة العام؛ املساءلة وم مف وغياب العامة، الوظيفة أخالقيات ضعف ة؛ دار القيادات لدى خاصة وقراطية الب ع يرتكز الذي داري التنظيم سوء ختصاصات؛ وتضارب الوظيفي از ا م ت ن؛ دار لدى والقيادية السلوكية ارات امل نقص سلوكيا؛ ن املنحرف ن دار عض ور ظ ع ع ال والفاسدة املتخلفة القيادة املسؤوليات وتضارب السلطة .تناثر ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 40 -28 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 37 نظامية5.1.4 سباب شر وال الرقابية واللوائح نظمة حمايةدف إ ن العامل ات وسلو لتصرفات املنظمة عية نظمة ذه ة ك أن إال م، مسؤول طرف من للسلطة ء ال ستعمال و التعسف من ن العامل تتمثل سلبية آثارا ا ل ون ت ما عادة :واللوائح والتجديد؛ واملبادرة بداع روح قتل ؛ املكت العمل م ت الع ن ب املساواة ن؛عدم امل الرشوة؛ ور ظ بداية إ يؤدي مما فراد ور جم ع ن دار عض يفرضھ الذي سلط ال ة؛ واملعنو املادية وافز ا عدام ا ن؛ العامل لشؤون املنظمة ن والقوان اللوائح املستمر التغي واللوائح؛ ن للقوان الصارم التطبيق عدم ؛ الدي الوازع غياب ال وم مف الذاتيةغياب .رقابة لية6.1.4 ي أسباب ات والتغ التطورات مواكبة ا ا بإم س ل ة دار زة لألج قديمة ل يا وجود إ عزى و عمل طرق عن للبحث ن العامل يدفع ما ذا و ثانية، ة ج من فراد وطموحات ة ج من التكنولوجية يا ال محدودية تجاوز غية داري، الفساد ستار القديمةتحت ب،( ل صفحة2017لش ،198(. يولوجية7.1.4 والف البيولوجية سباب ما ل و الوراثة ق طر عن الفرد سبھ اك ما و سا و و ا دافع ال سباب جميع وتصرفاتھ سلوكياتھ ع آثار من تركتھ وما حياتھ، من السابقة لفية با بوفليح،( يتعلق و و جر .)122صفحة،2018 واملا2.4 داري الفساد افحة م اتيجيات اس أساس ع تقوم اتيجيات اس وضع من البد واملا داري الفساد رة ظا ع للقضاء جتماعية، و قتصادية و السياسية الظروف ملعطيات وفقا باين ت وال امل، والت الشمولية ، والتكنولو العل التقدم ات يومستو فيما ا نوجز ة، دار ا ز ألج صبة،(والتحديث ا الصفحات2009 ،149-154(: قتصادية1.2.4 اتيجية س التالية النقاط أساس ع :وتب يدفعھ ما ن ب الرواتب الفروق وتقليل اص، وا العام ن القطاع ن املوظف أجور ن تحس ن؛ القطاع ع توز العدالة الدولة؛تحقيق مناطق جميع ع قتصادية التنمية سبات مك حياة ع إيجابا ينعكس بما للموارد ي العقال ستخدام و قتصادية التنمية برامج شيط ت ن؛ املواطن ذلك؛ يضمن الذي لألجور ى د د ا تحديد ضرورة مع م، الكر ش الع سبل توف أج ن املوظف رواتب ادة ز ط ر معادلةضرورة وفق سنة ل لة امل م الت سبة ب الدولة زة ميع ل معلنة ة .وا زواو ضياء الدين بلبال حسناوي أسباب الفساد املايل واإلداري إسرتاتيجية مكافحته 38 جتماعية2.2.4 اتيجية :س خالل من قتصادية، اتيجية س أساس ع :وتب للمجتمع؛ والثقا التعلي املستوى ن تحس ي؛ والوقا الص املستوى ن تحس الوسائ ل ب جتماعية فات ة ل؛محار الطبقية؛ الفوارق فجوة وتقليص جتماعية العدالة تحقيق املجتمع؛ ألفراد الوطنية بية وال الوطن حب غرس للمؤسسات التنظيمية الثقافة بناء عند عراف و والتقاليد العادات .مراعاة ة3.2.4 دار اتيجية س امل صالحات و ود ا من مجموعة اتيجية س ذه واملتمثلةتتضمن ا، إدار ا عل تعارف :أساسا شاره؛ ان من د وا الفساد ع منا تجفيف التنظيمية؛ ل يا ال إصالح تفس صية ال ادات لالج املجال ترك وعدم ة، وا عليمات و محددة عمل قواعد وضع ا؛ مضامي الوظيفي؛ ر التدو سياسة باعتماد ن، الروت من د ا ال إجراءات يل ة؛س دار التعقيدات عن والبعد عمل ة؛ دار الوظيفة لشغل دارة ا مبدأ تفعيل املؤسسات وحوكمة الراشد كم ا مبادئ .تطبيق السياسية4.2.4 اتيجية س ي ما تتطلب اتيجية س ذه ل وفقا الفساد افحة م :إن الت السلطة ن ب الفصل أساس ع تقوم ديمقراطية، نظم والقضائية؛إقامة عية شر وال نفيذية أداء تقييم عة بمتا عالمية و ية ز ا للتنظيمات والسماح ية ما ا املشاركة دائرة توسيع م؛ م الثقة ب و م ومحاسب ن، املسؤول الرقابة؛ مبدأ إ باإلضافة واملساءلة، الشفافية مبدأ اعتماد ذ تجاوزات أي ومنع سان، حقوق ام الشأن؛إح ا السياسية؛ الضغوط عن ي والقضا داري از ا استقالل لة؛ طو ات لف وقيادية ة إدار مواقع البقاء أو بالسلطة، والتفرد بداد س منع قوق ا ان ب س ألي ن املواطن ن ب التمي وعدم القانون، أمام املساواة مبدأ تفعيل .والواجبات اتيجية 5.2.4 عالميةس ق طر عن وذلك ، واملا داري الفساد افحة م ام دور :لإلعالم ؛ خال البعد ع ك بال رة الظا ذه ة محار عالم وسائل دور تفعيل ا؛ شر عند صانة ا ا ومنح املعلومة، إ الوصول من افة ال ن تمك برام خالل من الفساد افحة م ي ما ا وكذاالدور ا ومخاطر الفساد رة ظا حول ة توعو ج واملواطن الوطن ع ضة البا ا اليف .ت ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 40 -28 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 39 منية6.2.4 اتيجية س الفساد افحة م ا ودعم منية زة ج دور تفعيل ع أساسا .تقوم القضائية7.2.4 اتيجية س ا ا أعضاء ن ب ح الفساد فرص ودرأ ة ا ال دعم ع ازترتكز ج بناء خالل من ي القضا ز عملھ تضعف أن ا شأ من ال املؤثرات ل من ره وتحر ھ نز قوي، مستقل، ي ع. قضا يجب كما من ل ردع شأن من بدقة ام ح وتنفيذ العادل القصاص ألن امھ أح ام اح التنفيذية السلطة ذلك إ ضف الفساد، جرائم من مة جر اب ارت نفسھ لھ للممارساتسول رادعة ن قوان إصدار ا تفعيل مع الفساد ع ع .ال الصة .5 :ا واملا داري والفساد عامة، بصفة أنواعھ بمختلف الفساد وم مف ع طالع خالل من ا يقوم ة، سو وغ منحرفة وممارسات ات سلو عن عبارة رة الظا ذه أن الحظنا خاصة بصفة مجموعة أو عفرد مشروعة غ اسب م ع صول وا خاصة منفعة تحقيق دف فراد من ا ن ت من الرغم ع رة الظا ذه ل مفرخة النامية واملجتمعات الدول عت و العامة، املنفعة حساب لغياب املطلوب املستوى إ تر ال املبذولة ود ا تبقى لكن ا، م د ل صالحات من للعديد رةالنظرة الظا ذه وراء قيقية ا لألسباب يصية . ال سباب من مجموعة واملا داري الفساد رة ظا شار وان شأة وراء يكُمن عامة، صفة و النظم و ة، ج من والثقافية جتماعية و قتصادية السياسية ئة الب ات ومم بخصائص املرتبطة ثا ة ج من املطبقة والقانونيـة ة الدي. نيةدار الوازع ونقص الذاتية، الرقابة غياب يبقى أنھ إال واملا داري الفساد رة ظا استفحال إ املؤدية سباب م أ من خال .و ك بال رة الظا ذه من د ل شاملة اتيجيات اس وضع يآت وال السلطات ع يجب وعليھ، وكذا وقانونية، سياسية إصالحات إحداث معاقبةع خالل من والشفافية الرقابة آليات تفعيل الو شر ع العمل إ باإلضافة م، نفوذ ومستوى م صف انت ما م الفساد، قضايا ن املتورط ا حار و رة الظا ذه يمقت جيل شئة ت دف الوسائل مختلف يكمن. ع قيقي ا صالح ولعل املع املستوى ن تحس ع أخالالعمل مجتمع إ الوصول غية املجتمع ألفراد . والتعلي :املراجع. 6 مجلة الرسالة للدراسات والبحوث اإلنسانیة جامعة . تأصیل نظري لواقع دولي: ظاھرة الفساد). 2018. (حاتم بن عزوز .374-357، الصفحات )5( 2العربي التبسي ، ثار االقتصادیة للفساد المالي واإلداري وجھود الجزائر لمكافحتھ؛ اشارة الى اآل). 2018. (خالد لیتیم، عبد الحفیظ مسكین 4مجلة الریادة ألقتصادیات األعمال، جامعة حسیبة بن بوعلي ، . ترتیب الجزائر في مؤشر مدركات الفساد .186-176، الصفحات )7( مجلة البحوث االقتصادیة والمالیة، . تھواقع الفساد في الجزئر وآلیات مكافح). 2018. (سارة بوسعیود، شراف عقون .336-303، الصفحات )1( 5جامعة العربي بن لمھیدي ، مجلة االقتصاد . دور الحكم الراشد في الحد من ظاھرة الفساد المالي واإلداري). 2018. (سارة جریو، نبیل بوفلیح .130-120والمالیة، جامعة حسیبى بن بوعلي ، الصفحات قراءة في التجربة المالیزیة في سبیل مكافحة الفساد اإلداري واالقتصادي ). 2018. (ریاء مھلولعلى بن الطیب، زك ، )3(مجلة المنتدى للدراسات واألبحاث االقتصادیة، جامعة زیان عاشور، . ودعم الشفافیة والنزاھة .325-309الصفحات مجلة العلوم االنسانیة واالجتماعیة ). بھ ومظاھرهأنواعھ، أسا(الفساد اإلداري ). 2018. (عماد بوروح، بلقاسم بوقرة .270-249، الصفحات )38(، 1جامعة باتنة برج .والحلول معضلة الفساد في الجزائر؛ دراسة في الجذور، األسباب. (2009).مصطفى عبدو عنترة بن مرزوق، .دار جیتلي للنشر والتوزیع :بوعریریج ، الصفحات )7( 4مجلة الحكمة للدراسات االجتماعیة ، ". الجزائر نموذجا"ري الفساد اإلدا). 2016. (غانیة ایططاحین 255-260. زواو ضياء الدين بلبال حسناوي أسباب الفساد املايل واإلداري إسرتاتيجية مكافحته 40 تألیف المنظمة العربیة للتنمیة االداریة، . الفساد المالي واالداري وسبل مكافحتھ،). 2009. (محمد علي ابراھیم الخصبة " عام والحد من الفساد اإلداريآلیات حمایة المال ال"بحوث وأوراق عمل الملتقى العربي الثالث بعنوان ). 156-139الصفحات . (2008المنعقد في الرباط ماي دار : الریاض. الفساد االداري كمعوق لعملیات التنمیة االجتماعیة واالقتصادیة). 1994. (محمود صالح الدین فھمي .النشر بالمركز العربي للدراسات األمنیة والتدریب 2002ثر الفساد المالي واإلداري على اداء السیاسة المالیة في الجزائر خالل الفترة دراسة أل). 2017. (مسعود لشھب 192، الصفحات )8(، 1955أوت 20مجلة الباحث االقتصادي، جامعة . varباستخدام نموذج 2015 212. مجلة الحقوق . لجتھآثار الفساد االداري على عمل المؤسسات الحكومیة وسبل معا). 2016. (یاسین قوتال، حنان خدیري .265248، الصفحات )05(والعلوم السیاسیة، جامعة عباس لغرور، https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/aren/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af consulté le 18-04-2019. references : ben azzouz, h. (2018). the phenomenon of corruption: theoretical rooting of international reality. al-resala journal for humanitarian studies and research, 2 (5), 357-374. [in arabic] leetim, k. & meskine, a. (2018). the economic impacts of financial and administrative corruption and algeria's efforts to combat it; referring to algeria’s ranking in the corruption perceptions index. entrepreneurship for business economics, 4 (7), 176-186. [in arabic] boussaoud, s. & agoune, c. (2018). the reality of corruption in algeria and the mechanisms to combat it. journal of economic and financial research, 5 (1), 303336. [in arabic] djeriou, s., & bouflih, n. (2018). the role of good governance in reducing the phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption. journal of economics and finance, 120-130. [in arabic] bentayeb, a., & mahloul, m. (2018). a reading of the malaysian experience in combating administrative and economic corruption and supporting transparency and integrity. al-muntada journal for economic studies and research, (3), 309-325. [in arabic] bourouh, i. & bougherra, b. (2018). administrative corruption (types, causes and manifestations). journal of human and social sciences, 249-270. [in arabic] benmarzoug, a., & abdo. m. (2009). corruption dilemma in algeria; a study in roots, causes and solutions. bordj bou arreridj: jaitley publishing and distribution house. [in arabic] aitatahin., g. (2016). administrative corruption, "algeria as a model." al-hikma journal for social studies, 4 (7). [in arabic] al-kisba, m. a. i. (2009). financial and administrative corruption and ways to combat it, research and working papers for the third arab forum entitled "mechanisms for protecting public funds and curbing administrative corruption", rabat. 139-156. [in arabic] fahmy., m. s. (1994). administrative corruption as an obstacle to social and economic development processes. riyadh: publishing house of the arab center for security studies and training. [in arabic] lashheb., m. (2017). a study of the impact of financial and administrative corruption on the performance of financial policy in algeria during the period 2002-2015 using the var model. the economic researcher journal, 192-212. [in arabic] goutal, y. & khediri., k. (2016). the effects of administrative corruption on the work of government institutions and ways to address it. journal of law and political science, 5, 248-265. [in arabic] https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/aren/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af consulté le 18-04-2019. management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 4 no. 2 (2022): september, pp. 45-62 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.215 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 45 www.mer-j.com crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators? paschal b. nade1 1lecturer in entrepreneurship education, department of business studies and humanities, nelson mandela african institution of science and technology (tanzania)  pascal.nade@nm-aist.ac.tz published online: 07 -06-2022 accepted: 06-06-2022 received: 24-03-2022 how to cite: nade, p. b. (2022). crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators?. management & economics research journal, 4(2), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.215 abstract: innovation is a central determinant that contributes to entrepreneurs' pursuits of opportunities. the vehicle carries the means to concur the market and successfully establish an enterprise. this study assessed graduates' innovativeness for entrepreneurship development by employing a crosssectional research design. the study involved 124 respondents selected from a population of master's students specialising in science subjects originating from east african countries. objectives one and two were analysed descriptively via per cent and frequencies. in contrast, objective three was analysed through inferential statistics where one sample t-test was employed for assessing the difference between innovation developed and innovation advanced to markets. the findings indicate that the level of innovation is relatively low for all forms of innovation since all the ratings were below 40 corresponding author: department of business studies and humanities, nelson mandela african institution of science and technology (tanzania). [ pascal.nade@nm-aist.ac.tz] ©2022 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3973-5701 mailto:pascal.nade@nm-aist.ac.tz https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.215 mailto:pascal.nade@nm-aist.ac.tz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.215 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2022.215&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2022-09-05 http://www.mer-j.com/ crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators? nade, p. b. 46 per cent. similarly, the innovation advanced to the markets was respectively low compared to the innovation developed. it is concluded that the level of innovation is limited among first-degree graduates specialising in science subjects in east african countries and the number of innovations advanced to the market for entrepreneurship development is relatively low compared to innovation developed. this calls for a review of the innovation process development in the higher learning education system. in addition, the recasting of enabling environment for innovation development is needed. keywords: innovation, graduates, higher learning institution, entrepreneurship. jel codes: l26, o30. 1. introduction innovation is a key to any successful start-up, growth and sustainability of an enterprise as it identifies new business approaches, new processes and the introduction of facilities and related creations. innovation bridges the gap in a stiff competitive business environment by providing associated social, physical, economic and market solutions. okpara (2007) argued that businesses face change, especially caused by increasing operation costs due to unstable energy and raw material prices, stiff international competition due to the opening of borders, emerging technological inventions, and self-driving machines. in this regard, the business world needs people with creative and critical thinking minds, risk-taking behaviour, opportunity-seeking, positive attitude, knowledge, and skills for doing business. all these entrepreneurship characteristics form an important part of individual innovation capabilities. this study, therefore, focused on analysing the graduates' innovative capabilities in connection with entrepreneurship development. the researcher scrutinised this research dimension to explore the environmental and process drivers of graduates' innovativeness that support entrepreneurship growth. in this case, the number of innovations developed by the graduates has been studied in their course of first-degree learning. in addition, the extent to which innovations have been commercialised for entrepreneurial development is also studied. various scholars have conceptualised the term innovation; however, the following are the selected definitions for situating this study. according to brenan et al. (2014), innovation covers newness or a slight change in objects or creations, production processes or management approaches with an additional value. clayton et al. (2011), as quoted in (swange,2016), expanded the definition of innovation by breaking it into two categories. the first pp. 45-62 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 47 category is sustaining innovation, which mainly focuses on advancing the values of existing substances for better use or change than the current form. the definition mainly focused on better outputs of creations in all development sectors. the second category is named disruptive innovation, which focuses mainly on simplified ways of doing things so that the cost involved in the production is minimised for better access. therefore, in this study, innovation involves successfully exploiting a business idea, developing a new product/service/process and adding value to an existing product or process. innovation and entrepreneurship are two important drivers of economic development. depending on the context and time, the terms correlate with each other. at one point, innovation drives entrepreneurship. once the firms or enterprises grow up, then it again drives innovation. the study specifically looks at how the graduates' innovativeness impact entrepreneurship growth. thus the review centred on that dimension. braunerhjelm (2010) characterised the firms with innovation elements and those with not; the findings indicate that the firms that engaged in patenting had more skilled labour, a large profit margin and better bank loans. in addition, those firms have links with multination enterprises, unlike nonpatenting firms. the analysis of the impact of innovation as per the development stage indicates that in the factor-driven economy dominated by the informal sector, with high rates of startups and resource-based production, innovation accounts only for five per cent. in the efficiency stage of economic development, characterised by large economies of scale and the decline of a startup, innovation accounts for ten per cent of economic activities. the final stage (innovation stage) of economic development is where knowledge becomes the driver of growth; innovation accounts for thirty per cent of economic activities (naude, szirmai and goedhuys, 2011). according to dabic and potocan (2012), innovation involving technology and competencies is among the key forces forming an enterprise's competition structure. these characteristics help an enterprise to have a competitive advantage which fosters sustainability and growth momentum. similarly, it has been found that innovation influences business operations, increase productivity and brings under-utilised resources into use, contributing to small and medium enterprises' growth and job creation. it empowers small and medium enterprises to utilise internal resources and leverage the external sources of ideas and paths to the market (padoan et al., 2010). crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators? nade, p. b. 48 further, innovation supports organisational improvement and reconfiguring resources, thus enhancing a portfolio for entrepreneurial opportunity. in addition, it determines political intermediation where fixed capital requirements are substantial and provides room for credit networks, thereby forming an important trait for entrepreneurial opportunity (toms, wilson and wright, 2020). furthermore, innovation capabilities have been correlated with small and medium performance and are considered the basis for advancing the small and medium financial indicators. for instance, the study by adam and alarif (2021) indicated that innovation practices such as small and medium enterprises' work information sharing among workers increase the chances of enterprise growth in a difficult situation. nevertheless, findings indicate that the firms that consider new creations and employ new ways of work undertakings place themselves in the position of achieving their goals of development.). in addition, they found that introducing novel products and market innovations appears to be associated with using more or less freely accessible information sources (varis & littunen, 2010). carvalho and madeira (2021) noted that innovation help entrepreneurs exploit change as a business opportunity, apply the idea and make it successful in the market. innovation contributes to entrepreneurship development depending on the level of development, forms of innovation, size of the enterprise and environment where enterprises operate or are set up. 2. literature review 2.1. theoretical framework schumpeter's theory of economic development, as cited in (śledzik,2015), is employed to guide the assessment of the forms of innovation because it provides the foundations of the forms of innovation. it explains key forces of development whereby among other factors, innovation is a central factor that pushes development. there are various forms of innovation which are clearly stated in it as follows:  launch of a new product or a new species of an already-known product  application of new methods of production or sales of a product  opening a new market (the market for which a branch of the industry was not yet represented)  acquiring new sources of supply of raw materials or semi-finished goods pp. 45-62 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 49 entrepreneurship is among the drivers of economic development, driven by innovation, as explained in the theory mentioned above, thus making fitness of the theory for this study. the forms of innovation categorised in theory need re-assessment in the context of higher learning institutions by the graduates and how innovations are turned into business via commercialisation. in situating the theory to this study, various reviews have been made, especially those that employed a similar theory. it has been generally found that the innovative process of an individual or enterprise is determined by several factors, including the context or environment where the entity exists. pachura (2012), for instance, noted endogenous (a close environment where the firm is located) and exogenous (global economic and technological development) as key determinants for innovation growth. this implies that the enterprise may require innovation through interaction with close individuals or institutions that produce inventions, such as academic institutions or research centres. alternatively, an enterprise may require innovation by importing products or services driven by their market demands. darroch and miles (2015) analysed demand and supply sources of innovation. they noted that innovations occur when enterprise owners or managers identify emerging tests and preferences due to social, technological and regulatory changes. the test and preferences manifest as unmet needs where managers and owners develop new products or services. in the case of a supply-side source, a new product or service is first developed, and then the consumers are guided to use them. in most cases, this happens when the existing products are modified or improved. ideas coming from workers, customers, and universities have been found by demircioglu, audretsch and slaper (2019) as a critical source of innovation as it is positively associated with the product, process marketing and innovation activities. this finding does not clearly state how products and services can be generated from those ideas. this study will theoretically contribute because the current (fourth industrial revolution) frame of innovation is not well established to the extent that it does not capture the contextual dynamics of the innovation processes with its forward and backward linkage to enterprise development. the link between graduate innovation and enterprise development concerns scholars since most graduates focus on employment and not commercialising innovations. therefore, studying higher learning institution graduates helps to provide a picture of the role played by these institutions in innovation development and entrepreneurship growth. in addition, the study will help crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators? nade, p. b. 50 develop the key policy issue which will support the enabling environment for graduates to make innovations and the commercialisation of innovation. 2.2. graduate environment for higher education and innovation development higher education systems, including universities and colleges, are acknowledged globally to nurture innovative behaviours among students. tierney and lanford (2016) stated that universities and related institutions are forced to change their teaching and research methodologies that will provide solutions to the present world's technological and knowledge demands. according to them, scholarly-based innovations significantly contribute to the field of medicine and related sectors of development. thus it helps improve the lives of many people residing in underdeveloped nations and the world. this means that graduates from these higher learning institutions are expected to possess innovative entrepreneurial behaviours that may help to solve work-related problems, including unemployment. there are several channels through which higher learning contributes to innovation processes. it has been found that integrating teaching and learning activities with business activities, academic commercialization of innovations, participation in hands-on business-based programs, and participation in research and public business-based events or exhibitions contribute to innovative behaviour. other channels are higher learning– industry collaborations, higher learning institution-centred clusters and higher learning -industry research centres (kaloudis et al., 2019). similarly, it has been found that higher learning institutions contribute to innovation through assigned key-based activities such as teaching and learning, participation in development projects and sharing potential opportunities with the respective society. however, it has been further found that patents and licenses emerging from higher learning institutions have more contributions than other core activities undertaken by those institutions (vidican, 2009). in addition, higher learning institutions stimulate innovative behaviour through a partnership with local and international networks. reichert (2019) noted that with the development dynamics in the business sector driven by technological change, most firms had changed their innovation approaches by attracting collaborations with research-based institutions and related higher-learning institutions to produce more innovations that support development. the collaboration with such institutions focused mainly on activities that intend to produce innovations. for instance, the university of columbia made a partnership with some taiwanese companies whereby they both participate in innovation processes pp. 45-62 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 51 and their outcomes (commercialization patents/licensing technological solutions). this higher learning institution has generated income from this partnership apart from generating innovative behaviour. similarly, the imperial college of london, through its technology transfer office, has generated over 60 start-ups companies and over 74 active technology licensing (lundqvist & williams, 2006) moreover, higher learning institutions have continued changing the available campus spaces for innovative research and commercialization of the innovation that supports graduates' innovative development. graduates are involved in the management and running of the incubator, science, and innovation parks, not just in the role of the landlord but as active partners in activities (taylor, 2016). according to kaloudis et al. (2019), higher learning institution graduates represent an important part of the population that drives innovation via teaching and learning activities or their business endeavours. however, all those innovation outcomes depend on how strong the university is, as noted by pogodaeva et al. (2015) econometric analysis, which indicated that the presence of a strong higher learning institution as an anchor increases the influence of innovation factors on the region's socio-economic development. since higher learning institutions are not equal in terms of investment in infrastructure, human resources, level of technology, program structure, quality of curricula and geographical location, it is anticipated that the quality of the graduates in terms of innovation will vary, respectively. similarly, the stimulus for innovation varies depending on local or regional spatial characteristics with respective individual and organizational attributes. next is the review of the tracer study in higher learning (universities) with regard to graduates' innovative behaviours for enterprise development. given the limited studies on graduates' innovation, the researcher has selected studies from different regions. avvisati et al. 2013 assessed the contribution of higher education graduates to innovative economies based in europe, asia, and latin america. their findings were categorized into professional participation by sector (manufacturing industry and service industry whereby more than fifty per cent of workers with higher education degrees involved in innovation in the manufacturing industry have an engineering field of education, forty-two per cent in other social-related professional backgrounds and seven per cent have a science degree. the situation was different in the case of service industries, whereby the sector was dominated by non-engineering and science workforces. the findings reflect innovation as a context-based phenomenon where every profession seems to dominate the inventions in their respective crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators? nade, p. b. 52 fields. this further indicates that the kind of innovation graduates make depends on the production sector and the graduates' profession. the tracer study by gines (2014), which indirectly affect graduates' innovation, identified the graduates' application of what they learnt in classes during the pursuit of their studies as useful in their life as per sector of development. the ratings of applications vary depending on their respective career and employment. generally, they found that the study domain was applied in their life course. the less-graded domains received gradings of below fifty per cent. since the study does not specify the innovation made by the graduates, the application of that knowledge and skills may potentially impact innovations. similarly, the study by winters (2014) found that students who graduated in science, technology, engineering and maths have higher innovations than those who graduated in other subjects. the innovation levels were measured in terms of the patents number acquired. the study was conducted around the united states' major urban areas. the findings further indicated the positive relationship between the patents produced and economic growth for both united states and non-united state-born students. the difference in innovation by subject studied is not detailed by the study, thus leaving questions unanswered as to why the difference exists. a study by diamond et al. (2014) on the impact of doctoral careers on innovation with a sample size of 1839 in england and wales indicated that ninety per cent of them are engaging in competencies relating to inventions during their studies. nevertheless, after completing their studies, over seventy-one per cent have made inventions, including products and processes. the produced inventions were mainly in the health sector, human management sector, electronic facilities, information sector, agriculture sector, mechanics entertainment and related sectors. all the innovations were significant in the growth of individuals and respective countries. the study by thomas (2011) conducted in dar es salaam revealed that enterprises owned by veta entrepreneurs and those owned by nonveta entrepreneurs had no new product innovation. however, a slight difference exists in adopting new products and their respective modifications where veta entrepreneurs were better than non-veta entrepreneurs. kenya and tanzania are ranked second and third, respectively, after south africa for sub-saharan countries with regard to regional innovation levels (wipo, 2021). with regard to commercialized innovation in east africa, the study by ayisi et al. (2016) found that the higher learning institutions in the region have basic soft and hard infrastructures that support innovations. soft pp. 45-62 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 53 infrastructure noted includes guidelines such as policies and manuals. the hard infrastructure includes spaces such as offices, stores and information facilities like the internet. some higher learning institutions have established programs that deal with innovation. some students went far by producing notable innovations recognized by responsible authorities by giving them awards and certificates. most of those innovations were centred on agriculture and related sectors. this implies the contextual opportunities in most developing nations where economies rely on those sectors. a similar study conducted in ghana, kenya, and uganda by otieno (2013) shows that universities and related institutions are far behind in terms of innovation infrastructures attributed to little investment by governments and stakeholders in such domains accompanied by a shortage of workforce responsible for bringing forward useful innovations for regional development. the reviewed studies indicated that graduate innovation varies with the field of profession attained (type of degree admitted) in higher learning institutions. the forms of innovation made also vary by sector of production. for instance, those with a science background seemed more innovative than those with other subject backgrounds. graduates from developed countries seem to be more innovative, unlike developing countries. this is attributed to innovation-enabling infrastructure and related financial investment. also, graduates with phd seem to be more innovative, unlike lower-level graduates. despite the huge investment of the government and private sector in higher learning institutions in east african countries, it is not clear to what extent these graduates contribute to innovation and how the innovations developed have been commercialized or advanced to the markets. the study will involve three specific objectives: first, identify the innovations developed by graduates. second, assess the status of innovation advanced to the markets. third, assess the difference between the innovations developed and those advanced to the market. this study dimension is embarked on because entrepreneurship and innovation complement each other and form an integral part of a successful business addressing graduate employment. 3. methodology the time convenience, type of data collected and descriptive analysis were used to select a cross-sectional design to guide this research work. nelson mandela african institution of science and technology (nm-aist) has been purposively selected because, over the years, it has experience in enrolling students from east african countries on its master's and phd programs specialising in science and information technology. crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators? nade, p. b. 54 the target population was all graduate students currently at nm-aist whose nationality is in selected east african countries. four (tanzania, kenya, uganda, and rwanda.) countries were purposefully selected based on the number of students at the institution, where the number of admitted students was consecutively higher than in other east african countries. a total of 181 master's students from four selected countries of east africa was obtained from the admission book for the year 2018/2019, 2019/2020 and 2021/2022 (masters students). a sample size of 124 was selected by a formula developed by cochran, as quoted in israel (2013): n =n/ (1+n (e2)) (1) where n is the sample size, n population size e is the level of precision. the formula assumes that p=.05 (maximum variability). the desired confidence level is 95%, and the degree of precision/sampling error accepted is ± 5%. therefore n = 181/ [1+181(0.0052)] =124. having determined the sample size, to ensure equal representation, 69% of master's students in each country for the selected years were selected proportionately, as presented in table 1. table 1. sample size distribution by east african countries sn name of the country masters population selected sample 1 tanzania 123 84 2 kenya 29 20 3 uganda 17 11 4 rwanda 12 9 total 181 124 questionnaires were developed to collect data from the respondents. the content of the questionnaire covered the basic information that answered specific objectives. pretesting of the questionnaire was done before actual data collection. no major changes were made except that the difficult terms were replaced with the simple ones. one hundred twenty-four questionnaire copies were administered to the respondents, and 94 were properly filled and utilised for data analysis. the content of the questionnaire involved a section with a question that assessed forms of innovation made and innovations advanced to markets. pp. 45-62 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 55 specific objectives one and two were analysed descriptively, where percentages and frequencies were employed to analyse the forms of innovation made by graduates and the innovations advanced to the markets. the difference between innovations advanced to the markets and those not advanced were analysed using inferential statistics whereby one sample ttest was employed. the findings were presented in informed tables. the discussion and implication of the findings were thematically presented. the reliability of the data was ensured by assessing the internal consistency of the items through the cronbach test, whereby the items with an alpha coefficient greater than 0.5 were utilised for further analysis. content validity was employed to ensure the questionnaire covered what was supposed to be collected from the respondents by reviewing the theories and similar studies. also, permission for collecting data was obtained from the institutional authority for ethical clearance. each consent of the respondents was first requested before administering the questionnaire. 4. results and discussion graduates' innovations during the first degree were assessed through four forms. the findings indicate a slight difference as performs of innovation made by graduates. the bases of the four forms were derived from the theoretical framework that guides the study. the forms range from products, methods and activities, such as developing new methods of producing goods and services and introducing new or improved support activities. the findings are presented in table 2 below. table 2. innovation made during first-degree studies type of innovation respondents' response with innovation % with no % n development of new or improved product 28.7 71.3 94 development of new or improved service 35.1 64.9 94 development of new methods of producing goods and service 14.9 85.1 94 introduction of new or improved support activities 7.4 92.6 94 the findings in table 2 indicate that graduates did more in the service innovation category. some of the service items innovated include customer alert apps, new teaching techniques, food services training, online reporting of garbage piles up and the introduction of new businesses such as tourism camping sites and the establishment of educational conferences. the service innovation category is followed by product innovation which was rated 28.7 per cent by the respondents. some of the products innovated by the graduates crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators? nade, p. b. 56 during their first degree were mostly the application of information and communication technologies in different sectors, for instance, house security systems, product monitoring systems, automated inhaler deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) selection systems and billing tax systems. some graduates developed new or improved methods of production. some of the production methods include the introduction of improved teaching aids such as animation used in online training, early detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) in sodium samples and electronic fabrication. some graduates introduced or improved support activities as part of their innovation. some of the support activities introduced include quick assembling procedures in mechanical hardware and quality control systems used in the industry. the findings concur with the study by avvisati et al. (2013), who found that graduates based on their respective fields of study, thus contributing to the current technological change. this entails innovations made by graduates bringing positive change from individual to respective countries' development. in addition, the forms of innovation concur with the study done by diamond et al. (2014); however, the only difference is in the extent of innovation, whereby graduates with higher levels of degree have more inventions or creations. this difference is supported by the fact that learning objectives differ as the hierarchy of learning increases. for instance, doctor of philosophy students learning is mainly research-intensive, bringing more innovations than first-degree students. the findings in table 2 have several implications. first, considering the rating score, the level of innovation among graduates during the firstdegree study is low. this raises the question that their training programs lack some important aspects of innovation. first-degree graduates need to add value to the development of society via innovation. second, the majority of innovations were done in service. this may imply a service gap in the surrounding society that necessitated the graduates to have more innovation in that sector. it has further implications that the environment is not favourable for products and other forms of innovation. assessment of innovation made by graduates during the first-degree studies was followed by the assessment that aimed at identifying the innovation that was advanced to the market for commercialization. the benefits of innovation are gained when the innovation is advanced to the market for commercialization. the findings are presented in table 3 below. pp. 45-62 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 57 table 3. innovations introduced to the market, enterprise, or organization type of innovation respondents’ response introduced innovation % innovations not introduced % n introduction of new goods to enterprise or organization or market 13.8 86.2 94 introduction of new service to the organization or enterprise or market 25.5 74.5 94 introduction of new or significantly improved logistics, delivery and distribution 4.3 95.7 94 introduction of new or improved support activities to the organization or enterprise or market 25.5 75.5 94 the findings in table 3 indicate that service innovation was further introduced to the market for commercialization. this indicates that the higher the innovation, the higher the number of innovations advanced to the market for commercialization. the next category of innovation that advanced to markets for commercialization was the introduction of support activities, as indicated by the findings. the support and innovation activities seem to tally with service activities in ratings; this can be attributed to the understanding of the two types of innovation with the interpretation that the graduates consider the two terms interchangeably. the fact is that the two terms used in innovations refer to different meanings. the findings also show that the product innovation advanced to the market for commercialization was only 13.8 per cent. in contrast, innovation advanced to the market in the logistics, delivery and distribution category was only 4.3 per cent. this may be attributed to the level of social-economic development of the graduates because this form of innovation requires economic investment and time. also, it may be attributed to stiff external competition for innovation introduced to the market. some products introduced to markets include a delivery system for retail stores, a biometric system for quality control, a tax billing system, a human management system and mobile up services. the finding concurs with the studies by ayisi et al. (2016), who found the success stories of graduates' certification of products whereby several products have been certified by respective authorities such as the kenya bureau of standards. they also found that the start-ups for the innovative products were concentrated on low-hanging fruits such as agro-based or from the biological/physical sciences to serve small to medium-scale firms producing for local markets and require low technology application. the findings in table 3 imply the following. first, not all innovations made by graduates during their first-year studies reach the market for crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators? nade, p. b. 58 application or commercialization. that means the innovation that did not reach the market did not gain any economic benefit. some reasons innovation does not reach the market include less value to the end-users, incomplete development of the innovation, lack of funds to market the innovation and innovators' perception and awareness of the viable and available commercial opportunities. second, product innovation lags compared to other forms of innovation. this may be attributed to enabling environment for product innovation development since it requires a joint effort from stakeholders for the product innovation to reach the market—for instance, supportive intellectual property rights and related supportive policies. the difference between product innovations made and introduced or advanced products to the market was analyzed using one sample t-test. the assessment aims to understand if the innovation made by graduates reaches the market for commercialization. the results of the analysis are presented in table 4. the findings in table 4 indicate that there is a significant difference between product innovation made by graduates and innovations advanced to the market. this suggests that there exists a gap between innovation made by graduates and innovation which is commercialized. this implies that the graduates befit less from their innovation, and the impact of their innovation can help society's development. table 4. the difference between product innovation made and product innovation advanced to the market test value = 0 t df sig. (2tailed) mean difference 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper development of new or improved product 36.505 93 0.000 1.713 1.620 1.806 introduction of new goods to the enterprise, organization, or market 52.007 93 0.000 1.862 1.791 1.933 furthermore, the difference between service innovation made and service innovation advanced to the market was analysed using a one-sample t-test. the purpose is to understand if this form of innovation reaches the commercialisation market. the results are presented in table 5 below. pp. 45-62 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 59 table 5. the difference in service innovation made and advanced innovation service to the market test value = 0 t df sig. (2tailed) mean difference 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper development of new or improved service 33.316 93 0.000 1.649 1.551 1.747 introduction of new service to the organization, enterprise, or market 38.586 93 0.000 1.745 1.6549 1.835 the findings in table 5 indicate a significant difference between service innovation made and advanced service innovation to the market. this implies that most of our graduates' service innovations do not reach the market for commercialization. this means their innovation has less impact on them and their society's social-economic development. generally, the findings in tables 4 and 5 imply that most of the innovations done by graduates do not reach the market for commercialization. in other words, the invested efforts in their training program have less impact on society and respective countries' development. thorough program evaluation and impact assessment are needed to identify the existing gaps in their programs and associated innovation-enabling environments. 5. conclusion and recommendations it is concluded that the graduates developed some innovations during their first-degree studies. the extent of innovation varies by the form of innovation. most innovations were made in the service form, followed by the product form of innovation. the overall level or extent of innovation is low since all forms of innovation range below 40 per cent. similarly, the extent of innovation advanced to the markets for entrepreneurship is low compared to innovation-developed graduates since the results displayed a significant difference. an urgent review of the graduate crafting innovation process is needed in higher learning institutions based in east africa. the review should consider the relevancy and capacity of the training programs offered by those institutions. this should seek to assess the presence of competency and solution-based curricula with the respective research undertaking capacities. in addition, an innovation-enabling environment needs recasting in eastern africa especially industry-based collaborations with higher learning crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators? nade, p. b. 60 institutions and government and private-based innovation support stakeholders. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. references adam, n. a., & alarifi, g. (2021). innovation practices for survival of small and medium enterprises (smes) in the covid-19 times: the role of external support. j innov entrep, 10(15). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-021-00156-6 avvisati, f. et al. (2013). educating higher education students for innovative economies: what international data tell us? tuning journal for higher education, 1(1), 223240. https://doi.org/10.18543/tjhe-1(1)-2013pp223-240 ayisi, j.g, kivengea, g .m & ombakho, g.a (2016). initiatives to promote commercialization of research outputs by kenyan universities. elixir edu. tech. 43517-43529 braunerhjelm, p. (2010). entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth past experiences, current knowledge and policy implications (cesis electronic working paper series. paper no. 224). brennan, j. et al. (2014). study on innovation in higher education. european commission directorate for education and training study on innovation in higher education. lse research online. luxembourg. carvalho, l. c. & madeira, m. j. (2021). innovation management and entrepreneurship— introduction. journal of administrative sciences, 11(3), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11030073 dabic, m. potocan, v. [editors]. (2012). entrepreneurship and innovation. maribor; zagreb: faculty of economics and business. darroch, f. & miles, m. p. (2015). sources of innovation. in encyclopedia of technology and innovation management. wiley blackwell imprint. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785317.weom130014 de jong, j. p. & brouwer, e. (1999). determinants of the innovative ability of smes literature review. zoetermeer. demircioglu, m. a., audretsch, d.b & slaper, t. f. (2019). sources of innovation and innovation type: firm-level evidence from the united states. industrial and corporate change, 28(6), 1365–1379. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtz010 diamond, a. et al. (2014). the impact of doctoral careers. final report, 130. doloreux, d. & parto, s. (2005). regional innovation systems: a critical review. québec university, québec, canada. israel, d. g. (2013). determining sample size. the university of florida. greenacr, p. et al. (2012). innovation theory: a review of the literature. icept working paper, imperial college centre for energy policy and technology. gines, a. c (2014). tracer study of pnu graduates. american international journal of contemporary research. (4)3, 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-021-00156-6 https://doi.org/10.18543/tjhe-1(1)-2013pp223-240 https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11030073 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785317.weom130014 https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtz010 pp. 45-62 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 61 kaloudis, a. et al. (2019). how universities contribute to innovation: a literature reviewbased analysis. norwegian higher institution of science and technology. oslo, norway. lundqvist, m., & williams, k. (2006). promoting and measuring university-based innovation and entrepreneurship. regional frontiers of entrepreneurship research. chalmers higher institution of technology, sweden. naudé, w. szirmai, a., & goedhuys, m. (2011). innovation and entrepreneurship in developing countries. policy brief no.1. united nations university. okpara, f. o. (2007). the value of creativity and innovation in entrepreneurship. journal of asia entrepreneurship and sustainability. 3(2), 1-14. otieno, j. j & anie, m. o. (2013). research and innovation management. comparative analysis, ghana, kenya, and uganda: programme on innovation, higher education and research for development report. pachura, a. (2012). innovation theory – an epistemological aspects. polish journal of management studies. 5, 128-135. padoan, c. et al. (2010). smes, entrepreneurship and innovation. organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd). paris. pogodaeva, t, et al., (2015). changing role of the higher learning institution in innovation development: new challenges for russian regions. sciencedirect. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 214, 359 – 367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.659 popa, a. l et al. (2005). a theoretical approach of the concept of innovation. cluj-napoca: babes bolyai university. reichert, s. (2019). the role of universities in regional innovation ecosystems. european higher institution association. geneva 3, switzerland. śledzik, k. (2013). schumpeter’s view on innovation and entrepreneurship. in hittmar, s. (ed.). management trends in theory and practice, faculty of management science and informatics, university of zilina & institute of management by the university of zilina. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2257783 swanger, d. (2016). innovation in higher education: can colleges really change? taylor, f. (2016). creating innovative regions: the role of universities in local growth and productivity. higher learning institution alliance. london. thomas, h. (2011). the role of vocational education and training in promoting technological innovation among small scale enterprises in tanzania. (unpublished master's thesis). university of dar es salaam, tanzania. tierney, w. g, & lanford, m. (2016). conceptualizing innovation in higher education. higher education: handbook of theory and research. springer international publishing. switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26829-3_1 toms, s., wilson, n., & wright, m. (2020). innovation, intermediation, and the nature of entrepreneurship: a historical perspective. strategic entrepreneurship journal, 14(1), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1310 varis, m. & littunen, h. (2010). types of innovation, sources of information and performance in entrepreneurial smes. european journal of innovation management, 13 (2), 128 – 154. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601061011040221 vidican, g. (2009). the role of universities in innovation and sustainable development. sustainable development and planning iv, 1, 131-139. https://doi.org/10.2495/sdp090131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.659 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2257783 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26829-3_1 https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1310 https://doi.org/10.1108/14601061011040221 https://doi.org/10.2495/sdp090131 crafting innovativeness for graduate entrepreneurship development in east africa: are graduates innovators or imitators? nade, p. b. 62 winters, j. v. (2014). foreign and native-born stem graduates and innovation intensity in the united states (discussion paper no. 8575). oklahoma state higher learning institution and iza. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2514768 world intellectual property organization. (2021). global innovation index for 2021. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2514768 1. introduction 2. literature review 2.1. theoretical framework 2.2. graduate environment for higher education and innovation development 3. methodology 4. results and discussion 5. conclusion and recommendations declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 2 (2019): june جوان): 2019( 2العدد 1المجلد issn : 2676-184x 12 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i2.27 ة الف س وتو زائر ل السيا القطاع وتقييم ) 2014-1990(تحليل يمينة مفاتيح 1 1 اح دكتوراه، مر قاصدي زائر(ورقلة،جامعة yamina136@gmail.com : يميل،)ا analysis and evaluation of the tourism sector in algeria and tunisia during the period (1990-2014) mefatih yamina1 1kasdi merbah university, ouargla (algeria) خ القبول 2019-05-14: رسالتار خ شر 2019-06-25: تار ال خ 2019-06-30: تار ص : م الدر ــذه ـــدف التو الســيا بالقطـاع زائــر ا ــ السـيا القطــاع ومقارنـة تحليــل ــ إ اسـة ـــ املتمثلــة الســـياحية املؤشــرات خـــالل مــن الطاقـــةوذلــك الســياحية، الليـــا عــدد ة، شـــر ال التــدفقات املختـــارة ة ـــ الف خـــالل البلـــدين، مـــن ـــل ل ـــب)2014-1990( الفندقيـــة، ت ال حيـــث مـــن املقارنـــة وأيضـــا ، ــــر الالعــــ العـــــالللتقر قتصــــادي املنتـــــدى عــــن الســـــفرو)wef(الصـــــادر و الســــياحة مجلـــــس ــــر تقر الزالــت)wttc(العــال زائــر ا نمــا ب ا تنافســي ن تحســ مــن س تــو تمكــن ــ إ الدراســة خلصــت حيــث ، ــــا واعتماد ــــة، زائر ا الدولــــة طــــرف مــــن املعتمــــدة ش مــــ ال سياســــة ــــ ا راجــــع ــــذا و ــــا ا م ــــتـــراوح ع القطاع ذا وض لل حقيقية نية وجود وعدم النفطية، وة .ال ة،تــــــدفقات: فتاحيــــــةامللمــــــاتال طاقــــــة شــــــر ســــــياحية، عــــــالالقتصــــــادينتــــــدىامل،فندقيــــــةليــــــا )wef(،والمجلس ).wttc(عالالسفرالسياحة يف .jel : m31, z33تص abstract: this study aims to analyze and compare the tourism sector in algeria with the tourism sector in tunisia through tourist indicators (human influx, number of tourist nights, hotel capacity for both countries during the period selected “1990-2014”, and also the comparison in terms of the global ranking of the report issued by the world economic forum “wef” and the report of the world tourism and travel board “wttc”). the study concluded that tunisia can improve its competitiveness while algeria is still in place, this is due to the policy of marginalization adopted by the algerian state and its dependence on the oil wealth and there is no real intention to advance this sector. keywords: number of tourists, number of tourist nights, hotel capacity, world economic forum (wef), world travel and tourism board (wttc). jel classification: m31, z33.  املر يمينة.د: سلااملؤلف yamina136@gmail.com: يميل،مفاتيح https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i2.27&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-06-30 )2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 27 -12 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 13 : مقدمة.1 العــــالم، دول مــــن للعديــــد الــــوط قتصـــاد ــــ الــــدخل مصــــادر ـــم أ مــــن واحــــدة الســــياحة عـــد املــدفوعات ان ــ م ــ ــ الكب التـأث ذات دميــة ا الصــادرات ونــات م ــم أ أحــد تمثــل مــن.حيـث ــا أ كمــا ال إيــــرادات ـــادة وز جمــــا ــــ املح النــــاتج ــــادة ز ـــ بفعاليــــة م ســــا ــــ ال وتمثــــلشـــطة ، ــــ جن نقــــد و قتصـــــــادية شـــــــطة مجمـــــــل مـــــــع ات شـــــــاب ال و ـــــــات تجا متعـــــــددة و متطـــــــورة صـــــــناعة الســـــــياحة مباشر وغ مباشر ل ش سواء .جتماعية ســـبة ب م ســــا إذ جتماعيـــة، و قتصـــادية للتنميــــة قـــاطرة الســـياحة ـــ مجمــــوع%12عت مـــن و ، العــال ا%7نتـاج ثمارات سـ ومــن يبلــغ%11.8لعامليــة، أن املتوقــع ومـن ــا، ف ن العــامل عـدد مــن نحــو العـالم ــ الســياح ســنة1.6عـدد بحلـول ســائح مــن2020مليــار ـ أك ينفقــوا ــذا2000م و دوالر مليــار سنة الصادر للسياحة العاملية املنطمة ر تقر .2015حسب نــادرا جــدا ة ــ كب ســياحية مقومــات مــن تمتلكــھ مــا رغــم زائــر واحــدوا بلــد ــ مجتمعــة ــون ت مــا طول ع يمتد ساح ط شر ـ1200من ع قادرتـا العـالم، اري ـ أجمـل مـن مصـنفة اري و لم، ـــ وال ة راو ـــ ال الســياحة صـــناعة ـــ إ العــال التوجـــھ مــع وخاصـــة قتصـــادية التنميــة لـــة ــا جعل سبة ب م سا إذ ، غنياء سياحة عرف عائدات%70أصبحت الـدولمن عـض ـ السيا القطاع مــــا إذا املطلــــوب املســــتوى ــــ إ ترتقــــي لــــم ــــة زائر ا الســــياحة لكــــن املتحــــدة، يــــة العر اإلمــــارات يــــة العر تمثـل حيــث املجـاورة بالبلـدان مقابـل%1.1قورنـت قـي فر الســوق سـبة قيــا،%20.8مـن إفر نـوب و19% س، .للمغرب%14.9لتو البحث1.1 الية إش عــدةتتج ــ إ راجــع ــذا و زائــري، ا قتصــاد ــ الســياحة صــناعة ضــعف ــ البحــث لة مشــ ــ الســياحة ــ ع ا بإســقاط ــذا و زائر بــا الســياحة واقــع تحليــل ــ إ ارتأينــا الورقــة اتــھ ــ حيــث عوامــل، ماتقـدم خـالل ومـن طـار ـذا ـ و املجـال، ـذا ـ علينـا متقدمة ة خ ذه أن علما سية، يمكـنالتو التـــا ـــ الرئ ســـاؤل ال طـــرح ـــ تتمحـــور ـــ وال التاليـــة، الية شـــ الســـيا: طـــرح القطـــاع واقـــع و مـــا للسياحة؟ العاملية يئات ال ر تقار ع بناء ا وتنافسي البحث2.1 فرضيات وار )1 ا دول مع مقارنة املطلوب املستوى إ زائر ا السيا القطاع يرتقي س(لم ؛)تو العامليـــة) 2 واملنظمـــات يئـــات ال حســـب ــذا و الســـيا القطـــاع ـــ س وتــو زائـــر ا ن بـــ إخـــتالف يوجــد ال للسياحة؛ الدراسة 3.1 مية ي :أ ما خالل من ا مي أ الدراسة ذه :تك الســـــياحة صـــــناعة عـــــرف باتـــــت حيـــــث العـــــالم ـــــ الســـــياحة قطـــــاع ا د شـــــ ـــــ ال ة ـــــ الكب التطـــــورات الوا القرن مناصببصناعة وتوف املدفوعات، ان م ع عود عائدات من يحققھ مما والعشرون، حد شغل؛ ـــــم أ أحـــــد الســـــياحة قطـــــاع عـــــد حيـــــث املحروقـــــات، بخـــــالف اقتصـــــادي بـــــديل إليجـــــاد زائـــــر ا ســـــ إليھ؛ تطرق س ما ذا و البدائل، الدراسة4.1 امل: من الفرضيات ة وإختبار البحث، الية إش ع نـاولإلجابة اخ ا، عـدم من ناة ت مــــع ن معــــ موقــــف أو رة ظــــا عــــن البيانــــات و قــــائق ا جمــــع ــــ إ ــــدف الــــذي ، ــــ التحلي الوصــــفي املــــن احات ق و التوصيات إبداء إ للوصول ا تحليل و قائق ا ذه تفس .محاولة -1990(حتليل وتقييم القطاع السياحي للجزائر وتونس يف الفرتة مفاتيح ميينة .د )2014 14 السياحة-2 ية :ما الســـياحة.2-1 ـــف لفظـــة :عر ـــ" الســـياحة"شـــ إ ـــا قـــاللغو املـــاء، ـــان وجر رض ـــ ســـاح(الضـــرب عا) املاء قولھ ورد وقد ب، ذ أي رض وساح اري، ا أيضا السيح و رض، ع جرى :أي ر" أشـــــ عـــــة أر رض ـــــ فســـــيحوا ن املشـــــرك مـــــن ـــــدتم عا الـــــذين ـــــ إ ورســـــولھ هللا مـــــن بـــــراءة افر ال مخزي هللا وأن هللا زي م غ أنكم رقم" (نواعلموا ية ة التو ).1,2سورة السـياحة الفعـل) (tourismeولفظـة مـن مشـتقة ـ ف يـة، الالتي اللغـات ـ مسـتحدثة to)عـد tour)الفعــل مـن مشـتقة ـ ف ســية الفر اللغـة ـ أمــا يـة، نجل اللغـة ــ(tourner)ـ سـواء ـ واملع ، يجول أو يدور بمع سية والفر ية نجل ن ،ص(. اللغت مر ازي حافظ .) 3حمد ســنة املتحــدة مــم عصــبة ــف مــن:" 1937عر ــ أك مــا بلــد ــ مكــث مــا إذا يــا أجن املســافر ــ عت ا24 من أو جو ص ال عت خالفھ و ي،(" ساعة، الطا الن عبد ص2006حميد .)23م، السياحة دون السائح ف عر ع ف التعر ذا ركز .وقد املنظ ف للسياحةعر العاملية ن: مة أساسي ن وم مف ع السياحة gerard) تنطوي guibilats, 1983,p10): ملــدة:الســائح يــزوره الــذي البلــد ــ يقــيم مؤقــت زائــر أســباب24ــل أن حيــث قــل، ــ ع ســاعة القيــا أجـل مــن أو اضـة، الر الدراسـة، العطــل، قضـاء ة، ـ ال الراحــة، فيـھ، ال أجـل مــن ـون ت مالسـفر وسياسية ثقافية علمية، ندوات مؤتمرات، حضور أو عائلية .بأعمال ه إقامتھ:املت مدة تتجاوز ال مؤقت زائر املعتاد24ل إقامتھ مقر خارج ك ع .ساعة السياحة.2-2 مية :أ  نموا؛ العاملية الصناعات أسرع من السياحة عت  ا ـــــا آلثار نظـــــرا أساســـــيا شـــــاطا الســـــياحة قتصـــــاديةتمثـــــل جتماعيـــــة، القطاعـــــات ـــــ ع ملباشـــــرة ن العـامل عـدد أن ـ إ شـ فاإلحصـائيات شـغيل ال بفـرص ـا ثر شـاطا ـ عت حيـث للـدول، والثقافية يمثل مباشرة غ أو مباشرة بصورة السيا العالم؛11القطاع العاملة اليد قوى من باملئة  ا مداخيل يجلب السيا القطاع ة؛إن قو سياحية بصناعة تتمتع ال للدولة مة ضــارات ا ن بــ التبــادل ج تــرو خــالل مــن العــالم حــول ضــارات ا نمــو ــ الســياحة م ســا كمــا املختلفـــة املنـــاطق ـــ ماعـــات وا فـــراد ن بـــ س والتجـــا م بالتفـــا رتقـــاء و املختلفـــة خالـــد( .والثقافــات .)8صم،2010،مقابلة السياحية-3 ساملؤشرات وتو زائر ا من ل ل ا شــأ مــن ــ ال الطبيعيــة املقومــات غــرار ــ ع ماديــة ات ــ تج ــ ع زائــر وا س تــو مــن ــل تتــوفر ـــ و الســـياحية، املؤشـــرات عـــض ـــ ع الفصـــل ـــذا ـــ ـــ ك ال تم وســـ الســـياح، عـــدد ـــادة التـــدفقات: ز البلـــدين مـــن ـــل ل الفندقيــة، الطاقـــة الســـياحية، الليـــا عـــدد ة، شــر املختـــارةال ة ــ الف خـــالل ، )19902014. ( )2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 27 -12 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 15 زائر. 3-1 ل السياحية املؤشرات السياح: أوال عدد رقم ل ة: 1ش الف خالل زائر ا السياح عدد )2014-1990(تطور التالية : املصدر املعطيات ع باالعتماد الباحثة إعداد :من -unwto, 2013, compendium of tourism statistics data 2007-2011, spain, edition, p06. eurostat, euro-méditerranean statistics, 10/19/2015, 12,31h, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/7053328/ks-gr-15-001-enn.pdf/08db83d1-966c-4b4d-869a-4a5dc2a9538d التقليديةوالصناعة والسياحة العمرانية يئة ال السياحة،)19/10/2016( وزارة ،احصائيات سا،12:59 http://www.matta.gov.dz/images/statourisme.pdf office national des statistique (06/06/2015), tourisme, 15:30h, http://www.ons.dz/tourisme-.html ة ـــ الف خـــالل ة شـــر ال التـــدفقات دت شـــ أن) م2014-1990(لقـــد حيـــث ايـــد، م تطـــور مســـتوى بــ قـدر سـالب نمـو بمعـدل أي منخفضـا، ـان سعينات ال ت ف السياح ـذا%23.83توافد ـو إ راجـع ة ــــ الف ــــ منخفضــــة ة بــــوت الســــواح توافــــد عــــودة نالحــــظ ثــــم ة، ــــ الف تلــــك ــــ الســــائد منيــــة وضــــاع سـنة)2000-2013( ـان حيـث السـياح2001، عـدد م901416م عـدد ليصـبح ســائح2732731سـائح، ســـنة2013ســـنة انخفـــض ثـــم ـــ2014م، بــــ2301373إ قـــدر ســـالب نمـــو بمعـــدل ـــذ%15.78ســـائح و ا، املجـــاورة الـــدول ــ منيـــة وضــاع ـــ إ مــا(راجــع س، تـــو يــا، أي)لي العكســـية للســـياحة ســبة بال أمـــا ، ســنة بلــغ فقــد خــرى الســياحية ــات الوج ــ إ ن املــواطن ســنة2839104م2014خــروج باملقارنــة ســائح أخـــــرى2013 ـــــات وج ـــــ إ ن ـــــ املتج الســـــياح عـــــدد بلـــــغ مو 2135523حيـــــث نمـــــو بمعـــــدل قـــــدرســـــائح جـــــب قــوة%32.95بـــ أقــل، بأســعار أفضــل جــودة ذات املقدمــة ــدمات ا ــا؛ م أ أســباب عــدة ــ إ راجــع ــذا و ، الفرد دخل قوة ات، للوج ق سو . ا...ال -1990(حتليل وتقييم القطاع السياحي للجزائر وتونس يف الفرتة مفاتيح ميينة .د )2014 16 السياحية: ثانيا الليا مدة تختلف وقد املضيف البلد السائح ا يقض ال قامة مدة عكس السياحية الليا إن مــــن نوعيـــــةقامــــة ــــ إ باإلضـــــافة الدوليــــة و املحليـــــة ــــا م املـــــؤثرة الظــــروف حســـــب وذلــــك آخـــــر ــــ إ بلـــــد املغـادرة، خ وتـار الوصـول خ تـار ن بـ الفـرق بمعرفـة ا حسـا ـتم و ـارة، الز مـن دف ال و املقدمة دمات ا التا ل الش ا توضيح فيمكن زائر ا السياحية الليا عن :أما رقم ل ةتطو : 2ش الف خالل زائر ا السياحية الليا )2014-1990(ر التالية :املصدر املعطيات ع باالعتماد الباحثة إعداد :من eurostat (10/19/2015), euro-méditerranean statistics, 12,31h, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/7053328/ks-gr-15-001-enn.pdf/08db83d1-966c-4b4d-869a-4a5dc2a9538d التقليديةالصناعة و السياحة و العمرانية يئة ال السياحة،)19/10/2016( وزارة ،احصائيات سا،12:59 http://www.matta.gov.dz/images/statourisme.pdf office national des statistique (06/06/2015), tourisme, 15:30h, http://www.ons.dz/tourisme-.html رقـم ل الش من مـن) 2.1(نالحظ املمتـدة ة ـ الف خـالل السـياحية الليـا عـدد ـ ـادة ـ1990ز إ الســـــــياحية2014 لليـــــــا جمـــــــا العـــــــدد ـــــــان ســـــــنة7053744أصـــــــبح1990ســـــــنة370113فبعـــــــدما قـــــدرت2014 ـــــادة بز أي بــــــ6683631م قـــــدر موجـــــب نمـــــو بمعـــــدل التطـــــو %1.91ليلـــــة ـــــذا ـــــان وإن ر، الليــــــا غالبيــــــة انــــــت حيــــــث الســــــواح، وعــــــدد يعابية ســــــ القــــــدرة و الســــــنوات عــــــدد باملقارنــــــة ضـــــعيف ن للمقيمــ انــت6215932الســياحية فقــد ن املقيمــ ــ لغ الســياحية الليــا نمــا ،2014ســنة837812ب ســنة بلغــت2013باملقارنــة ــ املقــدر944266وال و ســالب نمــو بمعــدل ســياحية ــذا%). 15,74-(ليلــة و ، ـ م الوضـع أو القاعديـة شـآت امل جانـب ـ سـواء السـوداء ة العشر خلفتھ ما ا قدرة عدم إ راجع زائر ا م عطل قضاء ع الداخل أو ارج با ن املقيم سواء ن زائر ا ام إ إ .وأيضا الفندقية: ثالثا الطاقة ــ ال املؤشــرات أحــد الفندقيــة الطاقــة الســياعـد القطــاع تقــدم مــدى قيــاس يمكــن ا بواسـط الســــياح الســــتقبال املعــــدة املؤسســــات ملختلــــف يعابية ســــ القـــدرة عــــن ــــ ع ــــا أل وذلــــك ن، معــــ بلــــد ـــ )2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 27 -12 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 17 وكـــذلك املضــــيفة، الســــياحية الدولــــة ــــ ا ن الســــياح القـــادم امتصــــاص ــــ ع املنطقــــة قــــدرة تمثـــل ــــا ألم والش ا، ل املصاحبة السياحية زائروالتطورات ا يعابية س الطاقة يو التا :ل رقم ل ة: 3ش الف خالل زائر ا الفندقية الطاقة )2014-1990(تطور التالية:املصدر املعطيات ع باإلعتماد الباحثة إعداد :من eurostat (10/19/2015), euro-méditerranean statistics, 12,31h, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/7053328/ks-gr-15-001-enn.pdf/08db83d1-966c-4b4d-869a-4a5dc2a9538d السو العمرانية يئة ال التقليديةوزارة الصناعة و السياحة،)19/10/2016( ياحة ،احصائيات سا،12:59 http://www.matta.gov.dz/images/statourisme.pdf office national des statistique (06/06/2015), tourisme, 15:30h, http://www.ons.dz/tourisme-.html رقـــم ل الشـــ مـــن الدراســـة،) 3.1(نالحــظ ة ـــ ف خـــالل ا ـــ معت تطـــورا عرفــت الفندقيـــة الطاقـــة أن سنة لوحظ سرة1990حيث عدد سنة53812م لغت و ر، غالبيـة99605م،2014سر انـت و ر سـر لغ الفنادق بـسرة املقدرة و ا156مصنفة سرة عدد ان قـدرت8406وال ـادة بز أي ر، سـر عـــدد45793 ـــ انخفـــاض نـــاك ـــان و الســـنوات، عـــدد باملقارنـــة ضـــعيف التطـــور ـــذا ـــان وإن ر، ســـر لســـــنة بــــــ2001ســـــرة قـــــدر حيـــــث ـــــ72485م إ راجـــــع ـــــذا و ا عـــــد و ـــــا قبل ـــــ ال بالســـــنة باملقارنـــــة ر ســـــر وصص ا الدنياسياسات الدرجات إ الفنادق درجات تخفيض وإ . ة س. 3-2 بتو السياحية املؤشرات للنقـــــد ومصـــــدرا ـــــ التو قتصــــاد ـــــ امـــــة ال القطاعــــات مـــــن واحـــــدة ــــ س تـــــو ـــــ الســــياحة للبالد تصـاالت،. جن و النقـل، مثـل خـرى قتصـادية القطاعـات ع مضاعف تأث ا ل السياحة ر والبناءوا والتجارة .ف ة: أوال شر ال التدفقات عة، ـ م عوامـل لعـدة نظـرا للسـياح اسـتقباال املتوسـط البحـر بلـدان ـم أ مـن س تـو إعتبـار ع ذلك يو ي البيا :والرسم -1990(حتليل وتقييم القطاع السياحي للجزائر وتونس يف الفرتة مفاتيح ميينة .د )2014 18 رقم ل ة: 4الش الف خالل س تو السياح عدد )2015-1990(تطور ع: املصدر باإلعتماد الباحثة إعداد التاليةمن :املعطيات ية العر الدول السياحة،)2007( جامعة قطاع ي العر للسياحةالتعاون حصائية شرة ال ، العدد ي، العر الوط ص12دول ،215. unwto, tourism highlights, edition 2014, p11. office national du tourisme tunisien (07/10/2016), tourisme en chiffres, 09 :00h, http://www.tourisme.gov.tn/ar/realisations-et-perspectives/tourisme-en-chiffres.html statistiques tunisie (10/16/2016), principaux indicateurs touristiques, , 19 :49h, http://www.ins.tn/ar/themes/tourism الســــنوي املتوســــط ــــان حيــــث والســــبعينات نات الســــت ــــ مســــتمر تزايــــد ــــ الســــواح توافــــد ــــان للسـياح29% السـنوي املتوسط بلغ حيث ور وتد تخلف نالحظ ة الف لكن سـعينات،5%، ال خـالل العقــــــد مــــــن ول النصــــــف ــــــ لــــــغ ــــــاء%4) 2004-1999(2000و ان غايــــــة ــــــ ا نخفــــــاض ــــــ واســــــتمر ، ال بلغالنصف حيث العقد من ي السواح3% ثا لتوافد السنوي املتوسط .من ألن املجموعــــات ســـياحة ــــ ع س تـــو ل80عتمـــد شــــ ـــ ع يــــأتون س تـــو ــــ إ الوافـــدين مــــن باملئـــة متطــورة تحتيــة يــة ب ــ تج تتطلــب صوصــية ا ــذه فنــادق(مجموعــات، بنــاء برنــامج اعتمــاد ثــم حيــث ى ـــــ جعلـــــت)1980-1970ك صوصــــــية ا اتـــــھ للســـــياحة، نمــــــوا العـــــالم دول أســـــرع مــــــن س بقــــــدرة(تـــــو يعاب ســـــنة34000اســـــ ر ســـــنة1970،160000ســـــر ر ســـــنة1995،226000ســـــر ر وأغلبيـــــة) 2004ســـــر ـــــة جر بالســـــاحل ي الثــــا واملركـــــز مامـــــات، وا بنابــــل ول فـــــاملركز ســـــية، الرئ ــــات الوج ـــــ كـــــز ت ســــرة س . وقا ســـــــنة ا2006ـــــــ الســـــــياحة قطـــــــاع ـــــــاســـــــتحوذ ـــــــوفر6.5لتو و جمـــــــا ـــــــ املح النـــــــاتج باملئـــــــة ذلـك340.000 ـ بمـا عمـل مباشـر،85.000منصـب عمــل العمالــة11.5منصـب ـ ن العـامل مـن باملئـة س تو لت السنة نفس عام%2.7(+سائح6549549املوسمية،وخالل ).2005مقارنة عــام وان2009ــ العامليــة قتصــادية زمــة ظــل ــ وس، ــ ف بــوادر (ah1n1) شــار تواصــلت ســنة مـن ــ و ر أشـ ســعة ال خـالل الســيا القطـاع العــالم2009تراجـع ـ الســياح عـدد ل ــ حيـث ســـــنة مـــــن والثالـــــث ي والثـــــا ول ـــــي الثال بــــــ2009خـــــالل التـــــوا ـــــ ع و%7،% 10تراجعـــــا بـــــدأ%. 2، ثـــــم ــ خ ــي الثال خــالل تــھ حيو ســتعيد الســيا العــالمالقطــاع ــ الســياح عــدد ل ــ حيــث الســنة مــن )2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 27 -12 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 19 بــ العــالم%. 2نمـوا ـ السـياح عــدد تراجـع إذ املتوقـع مــن أفضـل للسـنة جماليــة النتـائج انـت وقــد ـذا سبة .2009سنة% 4ب ن بـــ اوح ـــ ي تراجعـــا لت ـــ ـــ ال املنافســـة الســـياحية ـــات الوج بـــبعض ـــ% 30و20ومقارنـــة ع فـــإن املـــداخيل، ـــم ســـنةمســـتوى حققـــت املــــداخيل2009بالدنــــا مســـتوى ـــ ع يا ســـ إيجابيــــة نتـــائج الليلة%) 2,1(+ حسب مـن-%) 11,2(+واملداخيل بـالرغم وذلـك القطـاع، مردوديـة تحسـن يؤكـد مـا و و املقّضاة الليا مستوى ع ل امل اجع دود%) 8,2 -(ال ا ع جانب )%2,1-(وعدد عــــــام انخفا2011ـــــ الســـــياحنالحـــــظ عــــــدد بلـــــغ حيــــــث الســـــياح عــــــدد ـــــ ســــــائح،4785119ضــــــا و40وفقـدان م، وظـائف الســياحة عمــال مـن ــ42.9باملئــة ك املوســم ـذا ــان الســياح، عـدد مــن باملئــة السيا للقطاع ة . صعو ليج ا حرب أزمة مات2002-2001منذ و تم11، ـ2001س س تـو ثورة إ راجع ذا و ، سم17 .2010د عــــــــــــام الســــــــــــياح2015ــــــــــــ عــــــــــــدد وصــــــــــــل الســــــــــــياح،حيث عــــــــــــدد ــــــــــــ انخفــــــــــــاض ايضــــــــــــا نالحــــــــــــظ ـــ5350000 ا ن يــ ورو الســياح عـــدد إنخفــض و ســبة1.3ســائح، ب أي ســـنة53.6مليــون مقارنــة باملئـــة الســـــــياح2014 عـــــــدد بلـــــــغ ـــــــ2.8حيـــــــث ا يـــــــرادات انخفـــــــاض املســـــــتحقة)%45-(مليـــــــون، امـــــــات ل ، ونصــ4 دينــار ــمليــارات إ نخفــاض ــذا رجــع و ، جمــا ــ املح النــاتج ــ مة املســا انخفــاض جــراء ف الكنتاوي ميناء شاطئ ع مات وفـاة2015جـوان26(ال ـ ا بـاردو)سـائح38أدى مـات و مـارس18(، وفاة2015 إ ). سائح24أدى السياحية: ثانيا الليا عدد تطور رقم ل ال: 5الش الليا عدد ةتطور الف خالل س تو )2015-1990(سياحية التالية:املصدر املعطيات ع باإلعتماد الباحثة إعداد :من géotourisme, 10/09/2016, 02.12h, http://geotourweb.com/nouvelle_page_90.htm#des_chiffres office national du tourisme tunisien (10/09/2016), tourisme en chiffres, 15 :00h, http://www.tourisme.gov.tn/ar/realisations-et-perspectives/tourisme-en-chiffres.html -1990(حتليل وتقييم القطاع السياحي للجزائر وتونس يف الفرتة مفاتيح ميينة .د )2014 20 statistiques tunisie (11/09/2016), principaux indicateurs touristiques, 12 :30h, http://www.ins.tn/ar/themes/tourism مــن س تــو عليــھ عملــت ملــا وذلــك الدراســة، ة ــ ف خــالل وظــا م تطــورا الســياحية الليــا دت شـ الليـــا عــدد ـــ أك بلغــت حيـــث للســياح، قامـــة مــدة ـــادة لز وذلــك للفنـــادق ســتعابية القـــدرة ــ الرفــع سنة الدراسة مدة خالل بلغت2008السياحية .ليلةمليون38حيث ا م أ تذبذبات ة الف ذه دت ش :كما ســـنة ـــ2002ـــ إ الســـياحية الليـــا عـــدد ســـنة28انخفـــض مقارنـــة ليلـــة حيـــث2001مليـــون الســـياحية الليـــا عـــدد ـــة35بلغـــت جر أحـــداث ـــ إ راجـــع وذلـــك ليلـــة ـــ(مليـــون إ ـــودي ال املعبـــد عـــرض مقتل عن أسفر ما ن21تفج سي التو من م معظ ملانص ).و سـنة السـيا القطـاع ده شـ ور تـد ي ثـا السـياحية2009أمـا الليـا عـدد بلـغ مليــون34حيـث مقابـــل ســـنة38ليلـــة ليلـــة ســـبة2008مليـــون ب املقضـــاة الســـياحية الليـــا ـــم ـــ تراجـــع ـــ إ أذى -(،و ر)8.2% ناز ا افلونزا وس ف و قتصادية زمة تداعيات إ راجع ذا و ،. ــ ــ فقــد2011أمـا إ املقضــاة الســياحية الليــا عـدد مئــوي21انخفضــت بفــارق ليلــة -(مليــون لسنة )40.3% سبة جانفي2010بال س تو ثورة ب س وذلك ،2011. ــ2015ـ إ املقضــاة السـياحية الليــا عـدد مئــوي 16انخفضــت بفـارق ليلــة )%44.4-(مليـون لسنة سبة لسنةبال) %54.5-(،2014بال س2010سبة بتو ابية ر ومات ال إ راجع ذا و ،. الفندقية: ثالثا الطاقة رقم ل ة: 6الش الف خالل س تو الفندقية الطاقة )2015-1990(تطور التالية:املصدر املعطيات ع باالعتماد الباحثة إعداد :من office national du tourisme tunisien (06/06/2015), tourisme en chiffres, 08 :15h, http://www.tourisme.gov.tn/ar/realisations-et-perspectives/tourisme-en-chiffres.html statistiques tunisie (06/06/2015), principaux indicateurs touristiques, 02 :30h, http://www.ins.tn/ar/themes/tourism institut arabe des chefs d’entreprises (juin 2011), le tourisme en tunisie, constat du secteurs défis et perspectives, p 05. )2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 27 -12 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 21 ألن املجموعــــات ســـياحة ــــ ع س تـــو ل80عتمـــد شــــ ـــ ع يــــأتون س تـــو ــــ إ الوافـــدين مــــن باملئـــة متطــورة تحتيــة يــة ب ــ تج تتطلــب صوصــية ا ــذه بنــا(مجموعــات، برنــامج اعتمــاد تــم فنــادقحيــث ء ى ـــــ للســـــياحة)1980-1970ك نمـــــوا العـــــالم دول أســـــرع مـــــن س تـــــو جعلـــــت صوصـــــية ا اتـــــھ بقـــــدرة(، يعاب ســـــنة34000اســـــ ر ســـــنة1970،160000ســـــر ر ســـــنة1995،226000ســـــر ر وأغلبيـــــة) 2004ســـــر جر بالســـــاحل ي الثــــا واملركـــــز مامـــــات، وا بنابــــل ول فـــــاملركز ســـــية، الرئ ــــات الوج ـــــ كـــــز ت ـــــةســــرة س .وقا ســـنة إغـــالق الفنـــادق2015تـــم مـــن بمجمـــوع234(سلســـلة ر100.000فنـــدق ســـب) ســـر وذلـــك سبة ب واملقدرة تات املب املنطقة)%50-(إنخفاض منية سباب إ راجع ذا و ،. سية-4 التو بالسياحة ة زائر ا السياحة مقارنة ة زائر ا السياحة مقارنة املطلب ذا العـالتناولنا ـب ت ال حيـث مـن سـية التو بالسياحة ، العال قتصادي املنتدى عن الصادر ر لتقر العاملي. 4-1 قتصادي املنتدى عن الصادر ر لتقر العاملي ب ت ال حيث من املقارنة املســـتوى ـــ ع والســـياحة الســـفر قطـــاع تنافســـية عـــن ـــرا تقر العـــال قتصـــادي املنتـــدى أصـــدر ، عـامالعـال إصـدار أول ـان فيـھ2007حيـث وشــاركت متتاليــة،10م إصـدارات تبعتـھ ثـم يـة، عر دول إصدار أن التنافسـيةدولة141شمل،2015حيث مؤشـرات لقيـاس املتبعـة يـة املن ـ يو ي وفيما ، . للدول ــ و أساسـية محــاور عــة أر ـ ع يف التصــ يـة من عتمــد سياســات: حيـث يــة، البي عات شـر ال ــو ع مقســمة يــة، البي و الثقافيــة املــوارد التحتيــة، يــة الب والســياحة، الســفر ن تمكــ مؤشــر،14شــروط ا وقــدر تركيبــھ ــ تــدخل ات ــ متغ مؤشــر ــل مــن90ول بيانــات ــ ع ا قياســ ــ عتمــاد تــم وقــد ، ــ متغ والســـــــياحة للســـــــفر العــــــــال ـــــــاملجلس مختلفــــــــة عامليـــــــة الع)wttc(مصـــــــادر الســـــــياحة منظمــــــــة امليــــــــة، (unwto) وي ا للنقل الدو تحاد ،(iata)الطبيعة ع فاظ ل الدو تحاد ،(iucn) ...ا. -1990(حتليل وتقييم القطاع السياحي للجزائر وتونس يف الفرتة مفاتيح ميينة .د )2014 22 رقم ل والسياحة: 7ش السفر تنافسية مؤشر source: world economic forum )2015 ( , the travel & tourism competitiveness report, 2015, p:04, 24/10/2016, 20:56h, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/tt15/wef_global_travel&tourism_report_2015.pdf تنافسية ملؤشر وائل العشر الدول يف تص جاء والسياحةفقد ي2015لسنة السفر :كما ســا)1(اســبانيا فر أملانيــا)2(، املتحــدة)3(، الواليــات طانيــا)4(، بر ســرا)5(، سو اليا)6(، أســ ،)7(، اليابان)8(إيطاليا كندا)9(، ،)10.( لـ يف التص جاء فقد قيا إفر وشمال وسط الشرق عن ي16أما كما :دولة يــــــــة العر يــــــــا،1)24(مــــــــارات ن2)43(قطــــــــرعر بحــــــــر املغــــــــرب3)60(، الســــــــعودية4)62(، ،)64(5، س زائر9)79(تو ا ،)123(14. ية التحتية الب دمات ل التحتية ية الب السياحية للنقل التحتية الب وي ا للنقل التحتية الب البحري ية البي ستدامة التنافسية سعار الدوحنفتا السياحة و السفر ات اولو وشروط سياسات السفر ن تمك تكنولوجياجا ة ز تصال و املعلومات العمل وسوق ة شر ال املوارد من و السالمة عمال ئة ب عات شر ال ية البي ةالطبيعياملوارد املوارد و الثقافية الطبيعية و الثقافية املوارد السفر أعمال والسياحة السفر تنافسية مؤشر النظافة و ة ال )2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 27 -12 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 23 رقم س: 1جدول وتو زائر ا من ل ل السياحة و للسفر التنافسية مؤشرات زائر س ا تو السياحة و السفر تنافسية مؤشرات من الرتبة دولة141 نقطة )1-7( * الرتبة دولة141من نقطة )1-7( والسياحةمؤشر السفر 3.45 79 2.93 123 تنافسية ية البي عات شر 4.54 75 4.15 99 ال عمال ئة 4.42 71 3.78 121 ب من و 4.86 98 4.90 95 السالمة النظافة و ة 5.16 76 4.97 84 ال العمل سوق و ة شر ال 4.31 87 4.04 109 املوارد تصال و املعلومات تكنولوجيا ة ز 3.94 76 3.09 105جا السفر ن تمك وشروط سياسات والسياحة 135 3.32 50 4.28 والسياحة السفر ات 4.91 44 2.74 139 أولو الدو 2.38 103 1.51 137 نفتاح التنافسية 5.61 7 5.50 10 سعار ية البي 4.22 59 3.51 113 ستدامة التحتية ية 3.36 76 2.19 133 الب ا ية وي الب ا للنقل 2.53 77 1.98 113 لتحتية البحري للنقل التحتية ية 3.02 94 2.56 121 الب السياحية دمات ل التحتية ية 4.54 61 2.03 138 الب والثقافية الطبيعية 1.97 99 2.04 90 املوارد الطبيعية 2.36 105 2.04 127 املوارد السفر أعمال و الثقافية 1.58 70 2.05 50 املوارد source: world economic forum (2015), the travel & tourism competitiveness report 2015, pp: 72,328, 24/10/2016, 20:56h, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/tt15/wef_global_travel&tourism_report_2015.pdf املرتبــة ـــ زائـــر ا ن123صــنفت بـــ مــن الســـياحة و الســـفر تنافســية مؤشـــر ا141ـــ شـــمل دولـــة ع تحصلت و ر، من2.93التقر املرتبة7نقطة متأخرة زائر ا وجاءت ن14نقاط، ب دولـة16من يــــة العر الــــدول افــــة عــــد أي يــــة، تا( عر مور ا الــــيمنعــــد و املرتبــــة)نيــــا احتلــــت عــــدما ن132، بــــ مــــن بـــــ140 تقــــدمت فقــــدت الســــالمة9دولـــة مــــن كمؤشــــر املؤشــــرات عـــض تحســــن ــــ إ راجــــع ــــذا و مراتـــب، * القيمة)1-7( عطى حيث ترتي سلم قيمـة7تمثل و جيـد يف تصـ ع اصلة ا ات يف1للمتغ تصـ ذات ات ـ للمتغ التالية بالعالقة وتحسب ، : الس أنظر املعلومات من د :ملز world economic forum, the travel & tourism competitiveness report 2015, 2015, p: 30 . -1990(حتليل وتقييم القطاع السياحي للجزائر وتونس يف الفرتة مفاتيح ميينة .د )2014 24 ــان الرتبــة95أصـبح132عـدما ـ ــان عـدما النظافــة و ة ـ ال مؤشــر تحسـن أيضــا و ــ90، أصـبح املرتبطـــة84املرتبـــة فحتلـــت س تـــو أمـــا ـــعامل79، ع تحصـــلت و إحتلـــت3.94يـــا فقـــط يـــا عر أمـــا نقطـــة .9املرتبة املرتبـــة إحتلـــت فقـــد يـــة البي عات شـــر ال مؤشـــر عـــن املؤشـــرات4.15بــــ99أمـــا انـــت فقـــد نقطـــة، املرتبـــة احتلـــت عمـــال ئـــة كب متـــأخرة؛ التاليـــة احتلـــت121الفرعيـــة العمـــل ســـوق و ة شـــر ال املـــوارد و ، تكنول109املرتبــة ـــة ز جا املرتبـــة، احتلـــت تصــال و املعلومـــات ـــ105وجيـــا احتلـــت فقـــد س تــو أمـــا ، املرتبـــة املؤشـــر إال4.54بــــ75ـــذا زائـــر ا مـــن أحســـن س لتـــو الفرعيـــة املؤشـــرات ـــل انـــت فقـــد نقطـــة، بمرتبــــة ــــا م أحســــن زائــــر ا انــــت فقــــد مــــن و الســــالمة ــــ الفر ــــ98مقابــــل95املؤشــــر إ راجــــع ــــذا و م مؤخراوضاع س تو ا د ش ال .نية املرتبـــة احتلـــت فقـــد الســـياحة الســـفر ن تمكـــ وشـــروط سياســـات ـــو3.32بــــ135مؤشـــر و نقطـــة، املرتبة احتلت فقد س تو مع باملقرنة جدا ضعيف عـدم4.28بـ50مؤشر ـ إ عـدم ـ إ راجع ذا و نقطة، ألولو الفر املؤشر ا ترتي ان فقد السياحة بقطاع السياحةتمام و السفر .139ات املرتبـة احتـل ضعيفا ان التحتية ية الب مؤشر أتـت2.19بــ133أيضا الفرعيـة فاملؤشـرات نقطـة، املرتبــــــة احتــــــل فقــــــد الســــــياحية ــــــدمات ل التحتيـــــة ــــــ للب ــــــ الفر املؤشــــــر خاصــــــة ضــــــعيفة ـــــا بـــــــ138ل ا2.03 احتـل فقـد قوي املؤشر ذا ان فقد س تو مع فباملقرنة ـ76ملرتبـةنقطة، الفر املؤشـر خاصـة ، بـ جيد ان فقد السياحية دمات ل التحتية .نقطة4.54للب املرتبــة احتلــت فقــد الثقافيــة و الطبيعيــة املــوارد مؤشــر ــ90أمــا ال س تــو ــ ع متقدمــة فجــاءت املرتبة املرت99احتلت احتلـت حيـث جيـد السـفر أعمـال و الثقافيـة للمـوارد ـ الفر املؤشـر ـان و ،50بـة، املرتبـــة س تــــو احتلـــت ن حــــ ــــا70ـــ تجعل ثقافيـــة مقومــــات ـــ ع ســــتحوذ زائـــر ا أن ــــ إ راجـــع ــــذا و ، س تو مع باملقرنة متأخرا ان ف الطبيعة املوارد مؤشر أما ، و املراتب ع العالم دول .تنافس دول مــن ــا جار مــع باملقارنــة جــدا متــأخرة زائــر ا أن ســتخلص ــذا خــالل ــذاومــن و املغــرب، ــــ الب ن مؤشــــر خاصــــة ر تطــــو و عتنــــاء ــــا عل جــــب و ، الســــيا بالقطــــاع تمــــام عــــدم ــــ إ أوال راجــــع وجــود ــ ع دليــل ــذا و جــدا، متــأخرة جــاءت فقــد والســياحة الســفر ن تمكــ وشــروط وسياســات التحتيــة انب ا ذا حقيقية لة .مش ا.4-2 و السياحة مجلس ر تقر حيث من العاملياملقارنة لسفر العــــــال الســــــفر و الســــــياحة و) wttc(مجلــــــس قتصـــــــادية مة للمســــــا العامليــــــة الســــــلطة ـــــــو و املؤسسـات مـع والعمـل للقطـاع، املسـتدام النمـو ـز عز ـ م سـا ـ وال السفر، و للسياحة جتماعية مــن ــ ألك عمـــل، فــرص لــق الدوليــة ومــات الســن25ا ــذه ل ــر التقر شـــمل و و184ةســنة، 24بلـــدا ل الطو املدى ع السفر و السياحة توقعات عطي كما ة، ).سنوات10ملدة(ج )2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 27 -12 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 25 رقم زائر: 2جدول وا س تو من ل ل العاملي السفر و السياحة مجلس ر تقر زائر س ا تو 2015 2016)%( 2015 2016)%( والسياحة للسفر املباشرة مة gdpاملسا 1 دوال ( )رمليار 2 50 )5.9( 57)4.1( 67)2.5( 175)-1( السياحة و للسفر مة املسا gdpإجما دوالر( )مليار 59)11( 56)4( 78)5.5( 174)-0.9( السياحة و للسفر املباشرة مة املسا )ألف(العمالة 47)327.3( 16)4.8( 64)185.3( 160)-1.3( السياحة و للسفر مة املسا إجما )ألف(العمالة 54)628.3( 11)4.5( 75)400.1( 165)-1.3( ثمر املس املال دوالر(رأس )0.1-(169 )0.7(74 )6.3(46 )1.6(56 )مليار السواح من دوالر(الصادرات )4.8-(182 )1.7(84 )4.6(48 )0.3(145 )مليار الباحث:املصدر إعداد عةمن :باالعتماد -world travel & tourism council (2016), travel & tourism economic impact 2016 algeria, london, pp: 7-9. -world travel & tourism council (2016), travel & tourism economic impact 2016 tunisia, london, pp: 7-9. ماي نالحظ دول ا خالل :من ـ املح النـاتج ـ السـفر و للسياحة املباشرة مة املسا بــإن قـدر جمـا زائـر دينـار590ل أي(مليـار ا قدر ادة جما% 3.5بز املح الناتج مجموع إ2015) من سبة ال ذه ترتفع أن املتوقع ومن ، ادة4%2016 ز سبة ب و ـ3.6%، إ و ا، بقيمـة2026سـنة%3.7سنو حيـث873.7أي دينـار، مليـار املرتبــة ــ ع ــ50تحصـلت مجمــوعــ مــن الشــأن س184ذا تــو ــ ع متقدمـة املرتبــة دولــة، احتلــت ــ ال املرتبـــــة67 زائــــر ا تحتـــــل أن املتوقـــــع ومــــن املرتبـــــة2016ســـــنة57، تحتـــــل أن املتوقــــع فمـــــن س تـــــو أمــــا بـ175 قدرت انخفاض سبة ب ).%1-(اي بـ قدر جما املح الناتج السفر و لسياحة مة املسا إجما دينـار1.098.4إن ـادة(مليـار بز أي ا جمـا6.6قدر ـ املح الناتج مجموع سـبة2015ـ) من ب ترتفـع أن املتوقـع ومـن أن2016ـ4%، ، سبة ب إ%4ترتفع و ا، املرتبـة1.696.8بقيمة2026سنة%7.3سنو ـ ع تحصـلت حيـث دينار، مليار املرتبــة59 احتلـت ــ ال س تـو ــ ع متقدمـة ا78، ومــن املرتبــة، زائـر ا تحتــل أن ،2016ســنة56ملتوقـع املرتبة تحتل أن املتوقع فمن س تو انخفاض174أما سبة ).%0.9-(ب بـــــ قــــدر العمالــــة ــــ الســــياحة و لســــفر املباشــــرة مة املســــا ســــبة عمــــل327500إن ـــــادة(منصــــب بز ا العمالـــة% 3قـــدر إجمـــا ال2015ـــ) مـــن ـــذه ترتفـــع أن املتوقـــع ومـــن ـــ، إ و2016ـــ%4.8ســـبة ، 1 gdpجما املح الناتج 2 جمــــا ــــ املح النــــاتج ــــ الســــياحة و للســــفر املباشــــرة مة املســــا الســــواح= تحســــب ــــ+ ايــــرادات املح نفــــاق(نفــــاق ومي املستوردة)+ ا السلع ذلك بما السياحية املؤسسات يات مش جمــا ــ املح النــاتج ــ الســياحة و للســفر مة املســا لـــ= إجمـا املباشــرة مة خــرى+ gdpاملســا ائيــة ال رأس+ ثــار ثمر املس الك+ املال ومي ا الناجمة+ نفاق ثار -1990(حتليل وتقييم القطاع السياحي للجزائر وتونس يف الفرتة مفاتيح ميينة .د )2014 26 ـــــادة ز ســـــبة ـــــ%.3.3ب إ و ا، ـــــ475000أي2026ســـــنة%3.3ســـــنو ع تحصـــــلت حيـــــث عمـــــل، منصـــــب س47املرتبـة تــو ــ ع متقدمــة املرتبــة ، احتلــت ـ املرتبــة64ال زائــر ا تحتــل أن املتوقـع ومــن ســنة16، املرتبة2016 تحتل أن املتوقع فمن س تو انخفاض160أما سبة ب بـاي ).%1.3-(قدرت بــــ قـــدر العمالـــة ـــ الســـياحة و لســـفر جماليـــة مة املســـا ســـبة عمـــل628.500إن ـــادة(منصـــب بز ا العمالــة% 5.7قـدر إجمــا ــ2015ــ) مــن إ ســبة ال ــذه ترتفــع أن املتوقــع ومــن و2016ــ4.5%، ، ـــــادة ز ســـــبة ـــــ%.3.6ب إ و ا، عمـــــل934000أي2026ســـــنة%6.6ســـــنو ـــــمنصـــــب ع تحصـــــلت حيـــــث ، س54املرتبـة تــو ــ ع متقدمــة املرتبــة ، احتلــت ـ املرتبــة75ال زائــر ا تحتــل أن املتوقـع ومــن ســنة11، املرتبة2016 تحتل أن املتوقع فمن س تو بـ165أما قدرت انخفاض سبة ب ).%1.3-(اي بـــــ قـــدر الســـياحة و للســــفر ثمارات ســـ مة مســـا دينـــار161.2إن ــــ(مليـــار بز اأي قـــدر مــــن%2.8ادة ثمارات س ـ2015) مجموع إ سـبة ال ـذه ترتفـع أن املتوقـع ومن سـبة2016ـ6.3%، ب و ،3.9 % ـ إ و القادمـة، سـنوات العشـر مدى بقيمـة2026سـنة%3.2ع تحصـلت251.1أي حيـث دينـار، مليـار املرتبــة ــ س56ع تــو ــ ع متقدمــة املرتبــة ، احتلــت ــ ا74ال ومــن املرتبــة، زائــر ا تحتــل أن 46ملتوقــع املرتبة2016سنة تحتل أن املتوقع فمن س تو أما بـ169، قدرت انخفاض سبة ب ).%0.1-(أي بـــ قــدر الســياحة و للســفر الســواح واردات مة مســا دينــار30.2إن ا(مليــار قــدر ــادة بز مــن%0.8أي الــواردات ا2015ــ) مجمــوع ــذه ترتفــع أن املتوقــع ومـــن ــ، إ ســـبة ســبة2016ــ%4.6ل ب و ،1.6 % ــ إ و القادمــة، ســنوات العشــر مــدى ــ بقيمــة2026ســنة%0.7ع تحصــلت36.9أي حيــث دينــار، مليــار املرتبــة ـ س145ع تــو ــ ع متـأخرة املرتبـة ، احتلــت ــ املرتبــة84ال زائــر ا تحتـل أن املتوقــع ومــن ،48 تحتل2016سنة أن املتوقع فمن س تو أما بـ182املرتبة، قدرت انخفاض سبة ب ).%0.1-(أي النــاتج ـ الســياحة قطـاع مة مســا متوسـط أن ــ إ السـياحة و للســفر العـال املجلــس إحصـائيات شـ حــدود ـ إ تصـل العــال جمـا ـ يلة%10املح ضــ السـياحة قطــاع مة مسـا فـإن زائــر ل سـبة بال و ، بـ قدرت باملتوس%3.5وال ـمقارنة املح النـاتج ـ املحروقات حصة ارتفاع إ ذا فسر و ، العال ط حـداث ب سـ وذلـك السـياحة تراجـع ـ إ جمـا ـ املح النـاتج تراجـع فيفسـر س تـو عـن أما ، جما ة .خ الصة-5 :ا ا مــــد الســـياحية للتنميـــة ســــياحية اتجية إســـ اعتمـــاد ــــ س تـــو حــــددت15شـــرعت وقـــد ســـنة، ســـ حيــث ســـتدامة، املردوديــة، التنافســـية، ســية؛ رئ محــاور ثالثـــة ــ اتجية لإلســـ ى ــ الك ــداف يقــارب مــا م سـا جعلــھ ــ إ اتجية ســ ــذه خــالل حــوا595000مـن واســتقطاب شــغل، 10منصــب تحقيق مع سائح، ن طة74مالي ا اية مع سياحية ليلة . 2016مليون زا ا قامت حيـثكما ، السـيا بالقطـاع ـوض لل ـا خالل مـن دف ة تنمو اتجية إس بوضع ئر بإنجـاز قـدرت76قامـت يعاب اسـ بقــدرة وفــرت6377مشـروع، حيـث مــا2971، غـالف شـغل، منصـب ة30.38قدر التنمو طة ا من دج، . مليار وال يـة التوج املخططـات ـ املسـطرة ـداف ن بـ ـ كب فـارق ناك أن ـاكما عل املحصـل نتـائج لـــــــ يــــــة التوج املخططــــــات أن كمــــــا ، يــــــة التوج املخططــــــات خــــــالل نفــــــس2030و2013مــــــن ــــــ بــــــا تقر مغايرة قة بطر صيغة ا لك السابقة .املخططات يئـــــات ال و الســـــياحية املؤشـــــرات خـــــالل مـــــن وذلـــــك ن القطـــــاع ن بـــــ املقارنـــــة لنتـــــائج ســـــبة بال أمـــــا س تو تمكنت ، العاملية ـالسياحة ا راجـع ـذا و ا ا م تراوح الزالت زائر ا نما ب ا تنافسي ن تحس من نيـة وجود وعدم النفطية، وة ال ع ا واعتماد ة، زائر ا الدولة طرف من املعتمدة ش م ال سياسة القطاع ذا وض لل .حقيقية )2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 27 -12 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 27 :(references)املراجع-6 surah al-tawbah verses 1 and 2. [in arabic] morsi, h. h. (2007). tourism and hotel marketing department, first edition, dar al-wafaa, alexandria. [in arabic] al-tai, h. a. (2006). the origins of the tourism industry, 2nd edition, al-warraq foundation, amman, [in arabic] mkabla, k. (2010). hotel marketing, comprehensive entrance, 1st edition, wael publishing house, amman. [in arabic] guibilats. g. (1983). economie touristique, delta et seps, suisse. world economic forum (2015). the travel & tourism competitiveness report 2015. world travel & tourism council. (2016). travel & tourism economic impact 2016 algeria, london. world travel & tourism council. (2016). travel & tourism economic impact 2016 tunisia, london. world economic forum. (2015). the travel & tourism competitiveness report 2015, pp: 72,328, 24/10/2016, 20:56h: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/tt15/wef_global_travel&tourism_rep ort_2015.pdf world economic forum (2015). the travel & tourism competitiveness report 2015, 2015, p:04, 24/10/2016, 20:56h: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/tt15/wef_global_travel&tourism_rep ort_2015.pdf office national du tourisme tunisien. (06/06/2015). tourisme en chiffres, 08 :15h, http://www.tourisme.gov.tn/ar/realisations-etperspectives/tourisme-en-chiffres.html statistiques tunisie. (06/06/2015). principaux indicateurs touristiques, 02 :30h: http://www.ins.tn/ar/themes/tourism institut arabe des chefs d’entreprises. (juin 2011). le tourisme en tunisie, constat du secteurs défis et perspectives. eurostat ? (10/19/2015). euro-méditerranean statistics, 12,31h: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/7053328/ks-gr-15-001-enn.pdf/08db83d1-966c-4b4d-869a-4a5dc2a9538d ministry of urban development, tourism and handicraft. (10/19/2016). tourism statistics, 12:59 sa: http://www.matta.gov.dz/images/statourisme.pdf office national des statistique (06/06/2015). tourisme, 15:30h: http://www.ons.dz/-tourisme management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march مارس): 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 190 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.23 ي الذا نحدار نماذج باستخدام اء ر الك الك اس لتقلبات ة بؤ ت دراسة والية حالة دراسة املتحركة ةواملتوسطات للف )2017-2011(املدية ر طا شرماط 1 يوسف، شاوي بوع 2 متعاقد 1 اججامعة ،أستاذ أو محند رة،آك )زائرا( البو tahar052466@gmail.com: يميل 2 متعاقد اججامعة، أستاذ أو محند رة،آك زائر( البو )ا bouaichaoui.youcef91@gmail.com : يميل a predictive study of electricity consumption fluctuations using the autoregressivemoving-average models: wilaya of medea as a case study (2011-2017) chermat tahar 1 bouaichaoui youcef 1 1 akli mohand oulhaj university, bouira (algeria) خ القبول 201903-15: رسالتار خ شر 20190328: تار ال خ 201903-31: تار ص :م نماذج باستخدام املدية والية اء ر الك الك اس نمذجة إ الدراسة ذه دف جـــانفي مـــن ة ـــ للف املتحركـــة واملتوســـطات ي الـــذا ســـم2011نحـــدار د ـــ ـــ2017إ وال الدراسـة84شمل توصـلت وقـد ، القصـ املـدى ـ الك باالسـ بؤ الت ثم ومن ، دة مشا لكة املس اء ر الك أن بعإ لsarma(4 ,0) نموذجت عامش اتجاه ذو ي جدا نموذج ايد .م ـــــــاء: فتاحيـــــــةامللمـــــــاتال ر الك الك ي،اســــــــ الــــــــذا نحـــــــدار املتوســــــــطات،نمــــــــاذج نمـــــــاذج املدى،املتحركة قص بؤ . ت يف .jel: e21، c35، c 25، c53 تص abstract: the study aims to model the consumption of electricity in the wilaya “town” of medea by using the autoregressive–moving-average models for the  املر يوسف: سلااملؤلف شاوي bouaichaoui.youcef91@gmail.com: يميل،بوع https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.23&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 191 period from january 2011 to december 2017, which includes 84 views and then the prediction of consumption in a short term, the study found that the electricity consumed follows the model (4.0) asarma. in a form of a multiplicative model of increasing general trend. keywords: electricity consumption, autoregressive models, moving-average models, short term prediction. jel classification: e21، c35، c 25، c53. :مقدمة. 1 يجة ن ألخرى سنة ومن آلخر ر ش من اء ر الك الك اس التفاوت رة ظا عد ف رة، الظا ذه مباشر غ أو مباشر ل ش تؤثر ال العوامل من كب عدد لتفاعل القرار متخذي ع يصعب ة كث والغازعوامل اء ر الك ع لتوز الوطنية املؤسسات ذه ل ي العشوا الك س سلوك نجد العوامل ذه م أ من بدقة، ا وتقدير ا إحصاء الكث الدولة لف في ا، وغ ان الس وعدد واملناخ املناطق اختالف .الطاقة، الق ن وتحس ر تطو ا م ومسا ائية ر الك للطاقة ة الكب مية لأل طاعونظرا من ار ش و التوعية شيد، ال مية أ ي تأ صوص، ا وجھ ع جتما و قتصادي والدول البلدان من فالكث بالدنا، ا تزخر ال ائلة ال وة ال ذه ع فاظ ا أجل نادرة موارد ف والغنية، ا م املتطورة ح شاط، أي يوي ا املورد ذا ل تفتقد ت إ سبة إبال فراد من ميع ا مسؤولية اء ر الك الك اس شيد ف الدول، لك اصة وا العمومية .املؤسسات الطاقة ذه الك باس بؤ الت ثم ومن والنمذجة التكميم عملية و ذلك قبل م ولعل املستقبلية القرارات واتخاذ امج ال ووضع طط ا رسم أجل من وذلك املستقبل الك عمليةالس مساعدة كمية طرق استخدام تطلب ذا ل جدا، مة امل الطاقة ذه حالة دراسة تم سلوب ذا ولتوضيح املورد، ذا الك باس بؤ والت والتقدير النمذجة الزمنية السالسل نماذج ع باالعتماد وذلك املدية والية اء ر الك الك .اس البحث1.1 الية :إش دراسة تنبؤية لتقلبات استهالك الكهرباء باستخدام مناذج االحندار الذاتي )2017-2011(واملتوسطات املتحركة دراسة حالة والية املدية للفرتة شرماط طاهر/ د بوعيشاوي يوسف/ د 192 سبق ما ضوء يوع كما بالبحث اصة ا الية ش طرح :تم الدراسة؟ ة ف خالل املدية والية اء ر الك الك اس يمثل الذي النموذج و ما ع إ ولإلجابة تقسيمھ تم البحث الية حول: إش يم مفا عرض ثم سابقة دراسات الدراس ومن والعينة متغ عرض ثم الزمنية السالسل ونماذج الك النتائجس مناقشة ثم ة خالصة تقديم يتم ا وأخ للدراسة، ية .التجر السابقة2.1 الدراسات اء1.2.1 ر الك ع الصنا القطاع طلب محددات عباس، جعفر مجت دراسة حيث:السودان للقطاع اء ر الك ع الطلب لدالة نمذجة إ الدراسة ذه دفت من السودان ة2011 إ1990الصنا املطلو كمية ع تؤثر ال ات املتغ ودراسة مباشرة قة طر و تؤثر ع املصا وعدد السعر من ل أن إ الدراسة وخلصت اء، ر الك من ع املصا عدد ن ب ط تر ال العالقة وأن اء ر الك الطلب م ع عالية سبة و السعر مع عكسية ون ت نما ب طرديھ .)2012عباس،( والطلب أنمار2.2.1 فجوة دراسة تقدير ، يا ا جاسم حازم سري و واري ال حا ن أم عام ح نوى ن محافظة السك للقطاع ائية ر الك الطاقة ع : 2010الطلب القطاع قبل من ا الك اس تم ال الفعلية الطاقة قياس إ البحث ذا دف حيث ا ،السك السك للقطاع الفعلية حتياجات تقدير ثم ومن القطاعات، أك يمثل لذي ذه لتغطية املتاحة السبل ع ف والتعر والطلب التج ن ب الفجوة تحديد ثم والناتج،الفجوة الطاقة ع الطلب ن ب طرديھ عالقة وجود البحث استخلص حيث رت ظ نوى، ن للمحافظة جما عاملح والطلب رارة ا درجة ن ب عكسية العالقة ع لك املس يج ائية ر الك الطاقة وحدة سعر ادة الز وأن ائية، ر الك الطاقة ا الك اس من تقلل ائية ر الك الطاقة أسعار من ادة الز وأن ا، شيد حا( ل ن أم أنمار ي ا جاسم حازم سرى و واري ،ال .)2010ا استخدام3.2.1 طعمھ، م الكر عبد وسعدية املحمدي عبد هللا عبد ناظم دراسة مدينة ائية ر الك الطاقة الك باس بؤ للت املوسمية الزمنية السالسل نماذج الزمنية: الفلوجة السالسل لدراسة كفأ و فضل تحديد إ الدراسة ذه دف للت واستخدامھ وتماملوسمية فلوجھ، مدينة ائية ر الك الطاقة الك باس بؤ بديل ون ت الزمنية السالسل نماذج واملتمثلة ية السب غ النماذج أن استخالص جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 193 بيانات لتمثيل كفأ النموذج وأن املفسرة البيانات توفر عدم حالة ية السب لنماذج النموذ خالل ومن ، موس نموذج و و الزمنية ةالسلسلة للف الك باالس بؤ الت تم ج صلية،) 24(،2012و2011 السلسلة ا مثيال مع تناسقا النتائج رت أظ حيث را ش فلوجھ مدينة القص املدى الطاقة ذه الك اس عن مستقبلية صورة وقدمت طعمھ( م الكر عبد سعدية و مدي ا عبد هللا عبد .)2011،ناظم ائية4.2.1 ر الك لطاقة الوط الك الس القياسية النمذجة أحمد، أحمد بن دراسة ة الف خالل زائر قدرة):2007: 03 – 1988: 10(ا إبراز إ الدراسة ذه دف الطاقة الك اس تطور يمثل نموذج اح اق ومحاولة ائية ر الك الطاقة مجال زائر ا زائر ا ائية ر .)2008أحمد،( الك نحدار بنماذج تمثل ائية ر الك للطاقة الوط الك س رة ظا أن استخالص فتم الك اس وأن التباين، ثبات عدم مشروط ي ذا انحدار مع املتحركة واملتوسطات ي الذا السنوات خالل تفع س ائية ر الك . الالحقةطاقة الدراسة .2 أدبيات الك1.2 س حول يم تختلف:مفا ال ولكن الك باالس اصة ا ف التعار عددت الك س ف عر ناول سن نا ومن قتصادي شاط ال ع الك س وتأث مية أ ي ال س . والسلوك الك2.2 س إنفاقھعرف يتم الذي و الك الدخل من املستقطع زء ا ذلك انھ ع ألي ي ال س نفاق يتوقف و مباشرة قة بطر رغباتھ شبع ال دمات ا و السلع ع جزئية أخرى و أساسية عوامل إ ا نقسم عوامل عدة ع الرحمان( فرد عبد إسماعيل م ي حر قاب،و عر مو صفحة1999حمد ،85(. نجد3.2 ساسية العوامل الك،: ففي لالس دي ا امليل للفرد، املتاح الدخل مستوى ا مرون و السلع .أسعار ا4.2 أ نجد جزئية العوامل اتو ومث الفرد و سان لسلوك ات املث تدخل ذه من و الشراء قرار تحديد يتدخل ما ،( العوامل صفحة2003ع ،200( : املرجعية( ماعات ا نجد، وكذلك جتماعية، الطبقات زئية، ا الثقافة م،الثقافة، و م و م رأ جيح ب لك املس ع بالتأث يقومون الرأي(أفراد البيع،قادة رجل و.املرشد، دراسة تنبؤية لتقلبات استهالك الكهرباء باستخدام مناذج االحندار الذاتي )2017-2011(واملتوسطات املتحركة دراسة حالة والية املدية للفرتة شرماط طاهر/ د بوعيشاوي يوسف/ د 194 ماعة ا ذه ةتؤثر ا و املعرفة عام ع ا المتالك ي ال س السلوك مدى،ع الناس ل ا يملك أن يمكن ال سلع ناك أن العنصر ذا املقصودة السلعة ة ر مظ السيارات املحمول، اتف ال مثال ة وتفاخر جاذبية تملك ا ،.....أل العائلة أفراد ، ا قية سو ال ).املؤثرات ا5.2 مثل: ارجيةالظروف قتصادية العوامل ع البند ذا و(شمل م الت قتصادي ار زد و ود منطقة.....الر أو ئة ب ل ل والتقاليد العادات ، ).ا الكية6.2 س السلع الرغبات: أنواع و حتياجات تحقق ال دمات ا و السلع ن ب يفرق لك املس او الفرد لكن و لك منللمس و غرضھ لتحقيق حتياجات ذه ا عل عتمد ان يمكن يفات تص عدة ناك ف دمات ا و السلع ملختلف لك املس يف تص و يفات تص ع ار ا نحصر ان يمكن اذ الدراسة قيد السلعة (الباحث طبيعة حسب ستعماالت وحسب السلعة توجيھ وحسب ا تركي عوض( أو سعيد و ادي ال أموري صفحة2001املعلم، ،9(. ة7.2 الضرور ون: السلع ت لكن م ا مستو ل ب فراد جميع ا الك باس يقوم ذلك من و بدخلھ مقارنة ا الك اس ستطيع أنھ بمع الضعيف الدخل لذات مخصصة ا ع تحافظ ال الغذائية املواد مجموع ا بأ ا تحليل الطاقةيمكن من ى د د ا نتاج رات" ر بـ" ا عامليا ا ف عرف2400املع انت الكالسيكية املدرسة ة ف و رة حر ذه نكتفي ال حاليا و للفرد البدنية القدرة ع تحافظ ال غذية مجموع ا بأ مثل خرى ة الضرور السلع من ى د د ا ا ال يضاف بل ملأوى،ا: حتياجات ة ال الغاز، اء، ر قاب،( ا..الك عر مو محمد ي حر و الرحمان عبد إسماعيل صفحة1999 ،85(. الكمالية8.2 ان:السلع ما م الفرد ا ع يتخ ان ستطيع سلع عن عبارة ستعمال وحيدة للسلع بالسنة ذا ا لك س ال الدخلھ،اي معمرة،و نصف السلع و املعمرة للسلع سبة بال املتوسط و الضعيف الدخل مقدرة ون .ت ي9.2 ال س يرغب: السلوك عندما سلكھ الذي ق الطر ذلك لك املس سلوك عت لھ تحقق ا بأ العتقاده دمات وا السلع، من مجموعة أو سلعة ع دخلھ بإنفاق ش من ممكن مستوى السلع،أق ع املحدود دخلھ لك املس ع توز كيفية أو باع جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 195 ممكنة منفعة أق إ الوصول غية مختلفة ة،( وخدمات صفحة2012نص ،121( . الزمنية10.2 السالسل ة: نماذج كب مية أ تحتل الزمنية السالسل نماذج أصبحت قتص ر الظوا انمذجة م نماذج عدة فنجل املستقبل، رة الظا بقيم بؤ والت ادية النماذج ذه م أ ولعل طية ا وغ طية منgarchو archو armaا ا وغ املدروسة رة الظا تمثل ال .النماذج الدرجة: arma نماذج11.2 من املتحركة املتوسطات و ي الذا نحدار (p,q)نموذج بالرمز لھ رمز ي،( arma(p,q)و صفحة2002ال ،26( يكتب و دة مشا زمنية لسلسلة التا ل بالش صفحة2010مصطفى،( النموذج ،155(: 0,0;)()(......y 11t  qpttt q qtt p pt yy  يتمثل مستقر سياق عن القول العالقةarma(p,q) يمكن تحققت عثمان( التاليةإذا العوادة، منذر و صفحة2011نقاز ،131(: ان )()(.0;0: إذا  qy ptt  أن :حيث دود ا ي );()( لكث  املطلقة بالقيمة الواحد من أك ا جميع .جذور دود ا ي لك س tty ل  )(;)( كة مش .جذور );( السياق ztyt  تباينھ بيضاء ة سياق 2و العام تجاه ون ي فقد مستقرة غ سالسل الزمنية السالسل أعلب ولكن قد و العادي الفرق أخذ يجب الة ا ذه و السلسلة ذه عناصر من عنصر ذه العام النموذج و ة ستقرار لتحقيق معا ما ل أو املوس الفرق أخذ ستوجب بنم إليھ شار العادي الفرق أخذه الة املتحركةا املتوسطات و ي الذا نحدار وذج بالرمز لھ يرمز و املية اليأس،( arima(p,d,q) الت يم إبرا انتصار و رمضان ظافر صفحة2010 التباين.)5، س تجا عدم املشروط ي الذا نحدار نماذج arch أما التالية الصيغة  :يأخذ   t i titttt hhz 1 2 10 2/1 ;*  tzو ش أبيضشو و معياري طبي ع لتوز ورة،) 2/1th(يخضع للس املاضية بالقيم يرتبط ي عشوا متغ حركية بنمذجة النماذج من النوع ذا سمح ن) ديناميكية(حيث ب وفق و للتطاير املدروسة رة للظا يك ال والتمثيل حتمالية ركية .)2012محمد،( ا الدراسة. 3 ية من دراسة تنبؤية لتقلبات استهالك الكهرباء باستخدام مناذج االحندار الذاتي )2017-2011(واملتوسطات املتحركة دراسة حالة والية املدية للفرتة شرماط طاهر/ د بوعيشاوي يوسف/ د 196 الدراسة1.3 ومتغ وأدوات املستخدمة: عينة الزمنية السلسلة بيانات ون تت املنخفض التوتر ذات اء ر الك الك اس سلسلة من بالعائالت) bt(الدراسة اصة ا من السلسلة ون تت حيث املدية، والية العمومية بيانات96واملؤسسات و دة مشا ة ر جانفيش من سم2011واملمتدة د من2017إ البيانات ع صول ا تم وقد ، املدية لوالية والغاز اء ر الك ع لتوز الوطنية .املؤسسة التالية ختبارات ع عتماد تم الية ش :والختبار السلسلةanovaاختبار مركبات عن btللكشف العام ل الش لتحديد ي حصا btللسلسلةاختبار ة ستقرار اختبار اختبار ع باالعتماد السلسلة dickey-fullerع النتائج2.3 :مناقشة السالسلعتمد تحليل جينكي بوكس ية من ع ا ومنقش النتائج تحليل ي ية املن ذه عرض يمكن وا ا ونمذج :الزمنية رقم ل الك): 1(الش اس ةتطور الف خالل املدية والية ائية ر الك الطاقة سم2011جانفي( د )2017إ مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن رقم يو ل من) 01(الش املمتدة ة للف املدية والية اء ر الك الك اس تطور سم2011جانفي د متماثل2017إ ل ش ذات متكررة ات تذبذو وجود نالحظ حيث ؛ وجانفي ر أكتو ر ش خالل ا كب اء ر الك الك اس ون في ألخرى، سنة من ايد ب لن ن ب ي وكذا سنة، ل من ومارس جوان ر ش خالل رتفاعاتومنخفض تلك ا جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 197 سلسلة حول الفرضيات عض وضع يمكننا ومنھ خرى، ر ش خالل نخفاضات و ي اآل ا نوجز وال املدية لوالية اء ر الك الك :اس ع يدل ما و و السلسلة، ايد امل العام تجاه ومركبة املوسمية مركبة وجود خالل اء ر الك الك اس سلسلة استقرار دراسةعدم وقبل الدراسة، ة ف ا عزل ثم ن املركبت تلك عن للكشف التباين تحليل اختبار ع عتمد ة ستقرار ا تقدير .عد يمكن حيث للسلسلة؛ العام ل الش نموذج بتحديد نقوم املركبات عزل قبل ن املرسوم ن ط ا خالل من العام ل الش نموذج القيم-تحديد أع عند وأ الك للالس الش نموذج بأن كم ا يمكن ن متواز غ ن ط ا أن ما و ا، د للسلسلة قيمة) bt(العام أو ة معنو اختبار ع عتمد ولتأكد ي، جدا نموذج و ري الش الك س متوسط ع الك لالس املعياري نحراف انحدار معامل سنة ل . خالل رقم ل الش خالل فك) 1(من لنا قدم السلسلةالذي مركبات حول أولية رة تنفي او لنا تؤكذ احصائية باختبارات النتائج تلك تدعيم املفيد من أنھ غ ا، ونموذج السابق ل الش املالحظة تطورات تحليل خالل من ا ي ب ال الفرضيات . ة اء1.2.3 ر للك ري الش الك س سلسلة مركبات عن الكشف يةوال ) bt(اختبار : املدية ات الف تأث وجود عن للكشف شر لف التباين تحليل اختبار ع ر(عتمد ش أي عشر والية) n=7 ; 2011-2017(والسنوات) p=12ث اء ر الك الك اس الزمنية السلسلة عام واتجاه موسمية وجود عن الكشف أخرى عبارة و املدية، للك ري الش الك التباينلالس تحليل جدول اسمھ جدول عد ختبار ذا وللقيام اء، ر تية حصاءات حساب إ دف :الذي             )1)(1( ; 1 /05.0 ))1)(1((),1( np s v p s vf v v f rr m mnpp r m c              )1)(1( ; 1 /05.0 ))1)(1((),1( np s v p s vf v v f rr a anpn r a c  أن ع:mvحيث حسابھ عتمد والذي اء ر للك ري الش الك س تباين تمثل دراسة تنبؤية لتقلبات استهالك الكهرباء باستخدام مناذج االحندار الذاتي )2017-2011(واملتوسطات املتحركة دراسة حالة والية املدية للفرتة شرماط طاهر/ د بوعيشاوي يوسف/ د 198 ري الش الك س عات مر ة) 1p(ع) ms(مجموع حر تباين:av و. درجة تمثل السنوي الك س عات مر مجموع بقسمة قيمتھ وتحسب اء ر للك السنوي الك س اء ر ة) 1n(ع) ms(للك حر اء:rvو. درجة ر للك ي العشوا الك س تباين تمثل قيم بطر قيمتھ ايجاد يمكن الك) av(و) mv(والذي لالس الك التباين ) tv(من بالعالقة يحسب : تيةوالذي )1(   pn s v tt،و)ts (الك س عات مر مجموع اء ر للك .الك رقم دول اء): 1(ا ر الك الك اس سلسلة مركبات عن للكشف التباين تحليل اختبار املدية والية عات مر مجموع الك اس اء ر )s(الك درجة ة ر ا الك اس تباين اء ر )v(الك القيمة ة سو ا )f( ح تمال ) f( قيمة دولية ا ر 2,84743e+15 11 2,58858e+14 36,66937617 ش 0.00 0 1,93 2,36854e+15 6 3,94757e+14 55,92074673 السنوات 0.00 0 2,23 4,65909e+14 66 7,05923e+12 خطاء 5,68189e+15 83 املجموع اك: املصدر برنماج ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد لسمن رقميو دول املجدولة) 01(ا القيمة من أك شر لف ة املحسو القيمة أن نجد معنوي مستوى ما0.05عند و و السنوات وتأث ة الف تأث اختبار إ سبة بال ي ما خالل من ھ : سنو اء 2.2.3 ر الك الك اس سلسلة املوسمية مركبة وجود القيمة:اختبار أن نالحظ ة ال) 36.66(املحسو املجدولة القيمة من معنوي) 1.93(ساوي أك مستوى 5عند وجود((66),(11)) باملائة أي ر ش أو ة الف تأثر بوجود تحكم ال الفرضية نقبل وعليھ السلسلة املوسمية . مركبة 93.166.36 6610*..65.4 11 10..84.2 05.0 )66(),11(14 15    f v v f r m c  سلسلة 3.2.3 العام تجاه مركبة وجود اءاختبار ر الك الك نالجظ:اس كذلك ساوي ة املحسو القيمة أن حيث السلسلة؛ العام تجاه ملركبة معنوي أثر وجود جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 199 دولية) 55.92( ا القيمة من أك معنوي2.23و مستوى ة0.05عند حر بدرجة عام))6((66),( اتجاه وجود أي للسنوات أثر بوجود تنص ال الفرضية نقبل ومنھ ، املدية والية اء ر الك الك اس .سلسلة 23.292.55 6610*..65.4 11 10..36.2 05.0 )66(),6(14 15    f v v f r a c  طرقة باستخدام ا عزل يجب السلسلة املوسمية مركبة وجود عن الكشف عد للسلسلة العام ل الش نموذج بتحديد نقوم ذا قبل ولكن املتحركة .املتوسطات ي 4.2.3 حصا ختبار باستخدام للسلسلة العام ل الش عن الكشف :اختبار املعياري نحراف انحدار نموذج بتقدير نقوم السلسلة ل وش طبيعة ملعرفة الصغرى عات املر قة بطر سنة ل ل الك س متوسط ع اء ر للك ري الش الك لالس ي ل الش يأخذ والنموذج : العادية، 2017...2011;  tbt ttt  نحدار معامل قيمة انت إذا تجمي النموذج بأن كم ا ون من() ي ،0.05أقل ن ب محصورة للمعامل املقدرة القيمة انت إذا مختلط النموذج ون أما0.1و0.05و ، من أك قيمتھ انت عض0.1إذا ينظر نما ب ي، دا ا ل الش يأخذ النموذج فإن ل الش نموذج بأن كم ا ون ي معنوي ان فإذا نحدار معامل ة معنو إ ن حصائي ي، جدا للسلسلة تجميالعام النموذج ون ي معنوي يكن لم التقدير. وإذا عملية عد و ي التقدير جدول ع :تحصلنا رقم دول متوسط): 2(ا ع لالستالك املعياري نحراف انحدار نموذج تقدير سنة ل ل الك س دراسة تنبؤية لتقلبات استهالك الكهرباء باستخدام مناذج االحندار الذاتي )2017-2011(واملتوسطات املتحركة دراسة حالة والية املدية للفرتة شرماط طاهر/ د بوعيشاوي يوسف/ د 200 مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن رقم ل الش خالل التالية) 03(من النتائج ع : تحصلنا tt bt227213.02769510    نحدار معامل أن نالحظ القيمة) b=0.227(حيث من أك نحكم0.1و وعليھ ي ل الش يأخذ الذي ي جدا و للسلسلة العام ل ش :بأن *** sctbt  ل الش تحديد عالعامعد السلسلة قيم بقسمة املوسمية عزل نقوم للسلسلة تقدير عملية عد املتحركة، املتوسطات قة طر باستخدام للمركبة املقدرة القيم رقم دول ا ة واملو املوسمية قيم ع :ي) 04(تحصلنا مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن ييمكنوعليھ كما املوس ثر من الة ا جديدة سلسلة ف : عر ** ct sa bt btsa  ا) sa: (حيث قيم تقدير تم الدراسة ة ف طول ع ر ش ل تأث لقيمة ة دور سلسلة املتحركة املتوسطات قة طر ع .باالعتماد املوسمية5.2.3 مركبة وعة م ديدة ا السلسلة استقرار ) btsa(اختبار السلسلة استقرار ع املتحركة واملتوسطات ي الذا نحدار نماذج بناء يتوقف بؤ والت اء ر الك من لكة املس الكميات نمذجة من نتمكن وح ا، نمذج املراد الزمنية من الية ا اء ر الك الك اس سلسلة استقرار دراسة إ أ ن القص املدى ا بقيم ف خالل املوسمية ومنمركبة الوجدة، جذر ية من ع باالعتماد وذلك الدراسة ة ختبار نتائج ع تحصلنا السلسلة العام تجاه ة معنو يخت الذي النموذج خالل جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 201 رقم دول ا ة : ي) 3(واملو رقم دول السلسلة): 3(ا ة استقرار فولر) tbtsa(اختبار ي دي اختبار باستخدام ا ) 6(لنموذجاملوسع مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن رقم دول ا خالل ي) 3(من النموذج ع :نحصل 66.5,02.2;2644527.067.019549935 *)*(**)*(*(**)1 *)*(* 1   ctttt adfdwetbtsabtsabtsa ة(*) ،(**)،: (***)مالحظة املعنو مستوى عند حصائية ة املعنو إ اشارة املقدرة) 0.1(،)0.05(،)0.01( بللمعلمات ت ال ع حصاءات و .النموذج بــ قدرة فولر ي دي ختبار احصائية بأن القيمة) -5.66(نالحظ من أك و وجود عدم نحكم وعليھ املطلقة، بالقيمة ة املعنو ات مستو مختلف عند دولية ا ة معنو جائة ال العام تجاه مركبة ع تحتوي ا أ غ السلسلة، وحدة جذر الك اس سلسلة النموذج بأن نحكم وعليھ أعاله، النموذج مو و كما احصائيا نوع من املوسمية وعة م اء ر ا) ts(الك عل قة طر وأحسن مستقرة غ ا ا أي السلسلة من عزلھ ثم العم تجاه تقدير قة طر قة .ستقر طر ع االعتماد و رقم دول ا ة مو والنتائج العام تجاه تقدير تم الصغرى عات :ي) 4(املر دراسة تنبؤية لتقلبات استهالك الكهرباء باستخدام مناذج االحندار الذاتي )2017-2011(واملتوسطات املتحركة دراسة حالة والية املدية للفرتة شرماط طاهر/ د بوعيشاوي يوسف/ د 202 رقم دول للسلسلة): 4(ا العام تجاه تقدير )btsa(نتائج مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن رقمخاللمن التقدير ي) 4(جدول اآل و املقدر النموذج أن :نجد عالية، احصائية ة معنو ذات النموذج معامالت بأن التقدير نتائج خالل من ن ب ي الفعلية القيم من املقدرة القيمة بطرح نقوم العام تجاه أثر نزع من نتمكن وح نرمز) btsa(للسلسلة وال التقدير بوا سلسلة تتمثل جديدة سلسلة ع لنحصل بالرمز ا ي)tbtsa( ل كما ،: النمذجة عملية تبقى صلية، السلسلة من ا وعزل السلسلة مركبات تقدير عد مر التأكد جدا املفيد من أنھ غ ، القص املدى الك باالس بؤ منوالت أخرى ة ديدة ا السلسلة رقم() استقرار داول ا ة مو ختبار ونتائج املركبات، وعة م ي()،()،() ما ا تقدير نتائج اختصار يمكن وال ،: السلسلة3.3 العام تجاه مركبة وجود وجود):tbtsa(اختبار اثبات حالة من أع درجة ذو العام تجاه ون ي قد عزلھ عد ديدة ا السلسلة عام اتجاه ttt etbtsa  *)*(**)*(* 5.2125829113691 )5.2125829113691( tttt tbtsaetbtsa  جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 203 ا تقديره تم ال أك(الدرجة أو ثانية درجة ة). أي املو التقدير نتائج خالل ومن رقم دول :ي) 5(ا رقم دول السلسلة): 5(ا ة استقرار فولرباس) tbtsa(اختبار ي دي اختبار تخدام النموذج ) 6(املوسع مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن ي اآل بكتب املقدر النموذج أن ن ب ي اعاله دول ا التقدير نتائج خالل :من 66.5,02.2;2644527.067.033.884.2 *)*(*(**)1 *)*(* 1   cttttt adfdwettbtsatbtsatbtsa معاملھ ة معنو لعدم وذلك العام تجاه مركبة ع تحتوي ال السلسلة بأن يت ة املحسو القيمة ألن السلسلة وحدة جذر توجد ال بأن ن ب ي كذلك النموذج؛ ة، املعنو ات مستو مختلف عند دولة ا القيمة من أك املطلقة بالقيمة فولر ي لدي التقد النتائج مو و تيةكما . ير السلسلة 4.3 ثابت وجود ة معنو ): tbtsa(اختبار رقم دول السلسلة): 6(ا ة استقرار فولر) tbtsa(اختبار ي دي اختبار باستخدام النموذج )5(املوسع دراسة تنبؤية لتقلبات استهالك الكهرباء باستخدام مناذج االحندار الذاتي )2017-2011(واملتوسطات املتحركة دراسة حالة والية املدية للفرتة شرماط طاهر/ د بوعيشاوي يوسف/ د 204 مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن النموذج ن و ت يمكن أعاله النتائج خالل يمن اآل الثابت يخت :الذي 71.5,02.2;27.067.070.8315 *)*(*(**)1 *)*(* 1   ctttt adfdwetbtsatbtsatbtsa بــ معاملھ قدر الثابت بأن احصائية) 8315.7(نالحظ ة بمعنو ي يأ لم أنھ كما،غ ساوي ة املحسو فولر ي دي قيمة بأن دولية) -5.71(نالحظ ا القيم من أك و وحة جذر وجود عدم ع يدل ما و و املطلقة، . السلسلةبالقيمة السلسلة 5.3 وحدة جذر وجود خالية): tbtsa(اختبار السلسلة بأن التأكد عد نقوم الوحدة جذر ية من وحسب الثابت أثر ع التحتوي ا وأ العام تجاه مركبة من نتائج وحدة جذر وجود الختبار الثابت من وخا العام تجاه من ا ا النموذج بتقدير رقمالتقدير دول ا ة ي) 7(مو :اآل رقم دول السلسلة): 7(ا ة استقرار فولر) tbtsa(اختبار ي دي اختبار باستخدام النموذج )4(املوسع جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 205 مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن ي ل الش املقدر النموذج يأخذ اعاله التقدير نتائج خالل :من 75.5,02.2;27.067.0 *)*(*(**)1 *)*(* 1   cttttt adfdwetbtsatbtsatbtsa وعليھ املجدولة القيمة من أك ة املحسو فولر ي دي قيمة بأن أعاله نتائج تو السلسلة بأن كم ا ثم)tbtsa(يمكن ومن والتقدير للنمذجة قابلة ا وأ مستقرة بؤ .الت وتقديره. 6.3 للدراسة املالئم النموذج : تحديد السلسلةالتأكدعد أن ي)tbtsa(من الذا نحدار نموذج بع ت ان يمكن مستقرة املتحركة ),((واملتوسطات qparmatbtsa  (أن نحدار) ar :(حيث نماذج تمثل الثقة مجال خارج ي الذا رتباط دالة املعامالت خالل من وتحدد ي تمثل) ma(و. الذا ي زا ا ي الذا رتباط دالة معامالت خالل من تحدد وال املتحركة املتوسطات نماذج الثقة، مجال عن ),(خارجة qpتأخ ب) ar(و) ma(درجة ت ال خالل. ع ومن رقم ل :ي) 2(الش رقم ل للسلسلة): 2(الش ي ز ا ي الذا رتباط ودالة ي الذا رتباط دالة )tbtsa( دراسة تنبؤية لتقلبات استهالك الكهرباء باستخدام مناذج االحندار الذاتي )2017-2011(واملتوسطات املتحركة دراسة حالة والية املدية للفرتة شرماط طاهر/ د بوعيشاوي يوسف/ د 206 مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن ي ز ا ي الذا رتباط ودالة ي الذا رتباط دالة يمثل الذي أعاله ل الش خالل من اء ر الك الك اس سلسلة تمثل كنماذج ة املر النماذج من العديد تحديد من تمكنا و املركبات من الية : ا )4.4(),...,4.1(),1.1(),4(),1(),...,4(),2(),1( armaaarmaarmamamaararar حركة تراقب أن ا يمك ال النماذج ذه من االكث م أ من أسباب لعدة السلسلة واحدة ة بف املتعلقة ا واحد(ذاكر ر ما)ش ن اساسي ن شرط توفر وجوب كذلك ، : دات بيضاء شوشرة تمثل التقدير البوا ون ت وأن املقدر النموذج معامالت ة معنو الشرط توفر ختبار و التقدير عملية اجراء عد و ثابت، وتباين الصفر ساوي نمتوسط رقم دول ا املو مثل النموذج ع :ي) 8(تحصلنا رقم دول خالل): 8(ا املدية لوالية اء ر الك الك الس املمثل النموذج تقدير نتائج الدراسة ة ف جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 207 مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن جدول يالتقدير من ل الش النموذج يأخذ :اعاله ),0(;24.025.054.0 2*)*(*4 (**) 2 *)*(* 1 bbeetbtsatbtsatbtsatbtsa tttttt   بوا بأن لنا ن تب كما ي، الذا نحدار ملعامالت العالية ة املعنو التقدير نتائج تو ما و و بيضاء، شوشرة تمثل ھالتقدير رقميو ل :ي) 3(الش رقم ل لبوا): 3(الش ي ز وا ي الذا رتباط التقديردالة مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن املدية 7.3 والية اء ر الك الك باس بؤ : الت بؤ عرف داتالت مشا باستخدام مستقبلية ملعلومات حا عرض عملية أنھ ع املا ا سلوك دراسة عد خية صفحة2000حشمان،( تار بؤاتأما. )177، الت ع بذلك معتمدة ب القر املستقبل ات املتغ لتلك كمية تقديرات ف قتصادية بؤ الت أساليب وم،( أحد صفحة2009دل النقطة .)26، بأنھ بؤ الت عرف وكذالك دراسة تنبؤية لتقلبات استهالك الكهرباء باستخدام مناذج االحندار الذاتي )2017-2011(واملتوسطات املتحركة دراسة حالة والية املدية للفرتة شرماط طاهر/ د بوعيشاوي يوسف/ د 208 املستقبل عليھ ون سي ملا القراءة يمثل ألنھ سي ال وسائل ميع ة الضرور و ساسية صفحة2010مصطفى،( ات)120، ف ما رة ظا تحديد ع بؤ الت رتكز و ، تقودنا الفرضيات من جملة و دات مشا لدينا ون ت أن الواقع فرض و إمستقبلية، من د مشا غ جزء النموذج ذا باعتماد نقوم ثم املدروسة رة الطا نمذجة رة . الظا املدية والية اء ر الك الطاقة الك اس رة ظا يمثل والذي ح املق النموذج خالل تم من للسنة اء ر الك الك باس بؤ الك2018الت باالس بؤ للت ائية ال القيم ع صول ل ، ب املوسنقوم باالثر الناتج وضرب العام تجاه أثر ياضافة :كما sattbtsatbtsatbtsabt tttf *))5.2125829113691()24.025.054.0( 421   اء btfأنحيث ر الك الك الس املقدرة القيم سنة خالل ا بأ املت القيم ع صول ا تم بؤ الت عملية عد دول2018و وا بؤ الت خطاء و ا بأ املت القيم يو يالتا :كما سنة خالل قيقة وا ا بأ املت القيم يو دول 2018ا ا بأ املت ر القيم ش ا بأ املت ر القيم ش لية 54393935,8 جانفي 51906310,55 جو فيفري 46565400,13 أوت 52251340,1 تم 48460086,7 مارس 42245448,8 س ر 63620762,6 ل 55121253,51 أكتو أفر ماي 43746944,36 نوفم 49734668,3 سم 41184738,5 جوان 37976356,84 د مخرجات: املصدر ع باالعتماد ن الباحث اعداد eviwesمن ومسار حركة بع ت من تمكن املقدر النموذج بأن نالحظ التقدير جدول خالل من خاصة لكة املس الكميات ارتفاع وجود حيث ر، ش ل ل الك رس أكتو ر ش ادات ز ن ب ون فت خرى ر ش أما ، سم د ر ش لكة مس كمية أقل ون ت نما ب ر ش ل تؤثر ال العوامل طبيعة بحسب .وانخفاضات :خالصة.4 جانفيالدراسةدفت ة الف خالل اء ر الك الك اس يمثل نموذج بناء إ2011إ جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 209 سم بؤ 2017د الت ثم ومن لسنة، الك نحدار2018باالس نماذج ع باالعتماد وذلك ، ية من ع عتمد وال ، وجينكي بوكس بنماذج عرف ما أو املتحركة، واملتوسطات ي الذا مركبة ع تحتوي ال اء ر للك ري الش الك س سلسلة يد تم تم حيث ا، عل اعتماد تم املوسمية، ومركبة العام، سباب،تجاه و العوامل من العديد ا شكيل تؤثر مركبات و ا م أ خاصة: من انية الس ادة زائر,الز ا القليلة الواليات ن ب من أصبحت املدية والية أن لكة املس الكميات وا ل ش يؤثر الذي املناخ نجد كذلك سمة، املليون ا ا س فاق ال ينعكس ما و و اء ر الك آلخرمن ر ش من لكة املس ائية ر الك الطاقة من املختلف م ا ع الكميات تحديد بآخر أو ل ش م سا أخرى عوامل توجد وكذلك آلخر، فصل من أو لكة .املس انحدارعمليةعد نموذج الك لالس واملمثل املالئم النموذج تمثل والتقدير النمذجة بموسمية متبوع ي وضعsarma(4,0) ذا يمكن النموذج ذا خالل ومن ايد، م عام واتجاه أجل من الالزمة امج ال ووضع طط ا لرسم وذلك باملدية، سونالغاز ملؤسسة توصيات عدة أن حيث والتوعية، شيد :ال ر ان نالحظ ش الك س ناقص لي ر أكتو ر ش اء ر للك مرتفع الك اس بدرجات رخرى ش خالل س التحس عمليات من اكثار يجب وعليھ متفاوتة، الك س ا ف يك . ال املؤثرة العوامل لتعدد وذلك والعشوائية املوسمية العوامل الك س ع غلب ا م مسا ومدى العوامل معرفة علينا املستلكة الكميات أك وللتحكم ذالك، الكميا ادة ز أو مركبتخفيض تتمثل ال العوامل تلك خاصة لكة، املس ت العام تجاه و .املوسمية العام تجاه مركبة تأث يو ما و و ألخرى سنة من اء ر للك الك س ادة ز الك س سلسلة ان ع الس عدد ادة ز املثال يل س ع ا م عوامل عدة ا لتأثر ألخرى سنة .من ال سعارسعار من كث و أقل الطاقة ذه الك الس واملؤسسات فراد يدفعا د يز ما و و ا تج ت ال قيقية يجب من ا نا ومن اء، ر للك ي العشوا الك س ي العشوا الك س ذلك من تردع ات سع .وضع دراسة تنبؤية لتقلبات استهالك الكهرباء باستخدام مناذج االحندار الذاتي )2017-2011(واملتوسطات املتحركة دراسة حالة والية املدية للفرتة شرماط طاهر/ د بوعيشاوي يوسف/ د 210 املراجع. 5 قائمة .2007-1998النمذجة القیاسیة لالستھالك الوطني للطاقة الكھربائیة في الجزائر خالل الفترة .(2008) .أ .ب ,أحمد .إقتصاد كمي :مذكرة ماجستیر، تخصص دار وائل للطباعة .مفاھیم أساسیة في علم االقتصاد .(1999) .حربي محمد موسى عریقاب & ,إسماعیل عبد الرحمان .والنشر،الطبعة األولى .الجزء األول، جامعة السعودیة .طرق التنبؤ اإلحصائي .(2002) .م .ع ,البري .تقدیر وتحلیل نماذج االستھالك ما بین دول أنجل ومنظومات الطلب .(2001) .سعید عوض المعلم & ,أموري الھادي .دار المناھج، األردن، الطبعة األولى تقدیر فجوة الطلب على الطاقة الكھربائیة للقطاع .(2010) .یسرى حازم جاسم الحیالي & ,أنمار أمین حاجي البرواري .، جامعة الموصل، العراق99مجلة تنمیة الرافدین، العدد .2010السكني في محافظة نیتوى حتى عام .دیوان المطبوعات الجامعیة، الجزائر .نماذج التنبؤ القصیر المدى .(2000) .م ,حشمان .مذكرة ماجستیر في العلوم التجاریة، جامعة باتنة، الجزائر .اتأسالیب التنبؤ بالمبیع .(2009) .خ ,دلھوم ة إلى مدینة سل الزمنیة لتدفق المیاه الداخلتحلیل ونمذجة السال .(2010) .ساار إبراھیم الیانتص & ,ظافر رمضان .18مجلة العراقیة للعلوم االحصائیة، العدد .الموصل دراسة مقارنة .2010إلى 1990محددات طلب القطاع الصناعي على الكھرباء في السودان في الفترة من .(2012) .ج .ب ,عباس .إقتصاد تطبیقي، السودان :مذكرة ماجستیر، تخصص منھجیة بوكس جینكنز في تحلیل السالسل الزمنیة دراسة تطبیقیة على أعداد .(2011) .منذر العوادة & ,عثمان نقاز مجلة جامعیة، دمشق للعلوم االقتصادیة والقانونیة، .م األساسي في سوریا التالمیذ الصف األول من التعلی .، العدد الثالث27المجلد دیوان المطبوعات الجامعیة، الجزء األول .سلوك المستھلك وعوامل التأثیر البیئیة .(2003) .ع ,عیسى .ردن، الطبعة األولىدار الحامد للنشر والتوزیع، اال .طرق االقتصاد القیاسي .(2012) .ش ,محمد الجودة والتخطیط اإلجمالي لإلنتاج في المؤسسات المصرفیة بإستخدام النماذج الریاضیة .(2010) .ط ,مصطفى .مذكرة ماجستیر في بحوث العملیات، جامعة تلمسان، الجزائر .واإلحصائیة للقرض الشعبي الجزائري استخدام نماذج السالسل الزمنیة الموسمیة للتنبؤ .(2011) .طعمھسعدیة عبد الكریم & ,ناظم عبد هللا عبد الحمدي ، 4مجلة جامعة األنبار للعلوم االقتصادیة واالداریة، المجلد .باستھالك الطاقة الكھربائیة في مدینة الفلوجة .7العدد العلوم االقتصادیة، مذكرة ماجستیر في .دراسة قیاسیة لنماذج إستھالك العائالت في الجزائر .(2012) .ع ,نصیرة .3جامعة الجزائر references ahmed, b. a. (2008). econometric modelling of national electricity consumption in algeria during the period 1998-2007. master thesis in quantitative economics. [in arabic] ismail a., & harbi, m. m. a. (1999). basic concepts in economics. wael house for printing and publishing, 1st edition. [in arabic] beri, p. m. (2002). statistical prediction methods. part one, university of saudi arabia. [in arabic] amori, h., & saeed a. a. (2001). estimating and analyzing consumption patterns between angle countries and demand systems. dar almanahej, 1st edition. [in arabic] anmar, a. h. a, & y. h. j. a. (2010). estimating the demand gap for electrical energy for the residential sector in nitwa governorate until 2010. journal of tanmiyat alrafidain, 99. [in arabic] hashman, m. (2000). short-term forecast models. opu, algeria. [in arabic] dalhoum, k. (2009). sales forecasting methods. master thesis, university of batna, algeria. [in arabic] zafer r., & intissar, i. e. (2010). analysis and modelling of time series of water entering the city of mosul, a comparative study. iraqi journal of statistical sciences, 18. [in جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 211 -190 :ص 211 arabic] abbas, b. c. (2012). determinants of the industrial sector demand for electricity in sudan during the period from 1990 to 2010. master thesis in applied economics, sudan. [in arabic] othman, nagaz., & munther, a. (2011). box jenkins' methodology in time series analysis an applied study on the number of first-grade students of basic education in syria. university journal, damascus for economic and legal sciences, 27 (3). [in arabic] issa, p. (2003). consumer behaviour and environmental impact factors. part one. opu. [in arabic] muhammad, c. (2012). econometrics methods. dar al-hamid for publishing and distribution, jordan, 1st edition. [in arabic] mustafa, t. (2010). quality and overall planning of production in banking institutions using mathematical and statistical models of the algerian popular credit. master thesis, university of tlemcen, algeria. [in arabic] nazem, a. a., & saadia, a. t. (2011). using seasonal time series models to predict electrical energy consumption in fallujah. anbar university journal of economic and management sciences, 4 (7). [in arabic] nasira, p. (2012). an econometric study of household consumption models in algeria. master thesis, university of algiers 3. [in arabic] management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 3 (2019): september سبتمبر): 2019( 3العدد 1المجلد issn : 2676-184x 27 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i3.40 the constraints of leasing in algeria: the case of sofinance (joint stock company) mustapha elagag 1, imene berrefas 2 1 phd student, university of tlemcen (algeria) e-mail : elagag_mustapha@hotmail.fr 2 phd student, university of tlemcen (algeria) e-mail : berrefasimene@hotmail.fr published: 30-09-2019 accepted: 30-09-2019 received: 20-09-2019 abstract: algeria seeks to develop small and medium enterprises to reduce its dependence on hydrocarbons revenue. but the funding problem drags down sme success at all steps. one of the reliable funding solutions is leasing as it seems to be an investment financing solution and offers many advantages. however, we cannot ignore the fact that no miracle solution exists, and that like all things leasing also has its fair part of obstacles, which is the main subject of this article, that aims to identify the source of the obstacles restraining the development of the leasing among algerian smes. keywords: leasing, smes, financing, obstacles, algeria. jel classification: g2, g20, g24. ص :م عائـــــــدات ـــــــ ع ـــــــا اعتماد مـــــــن ـــــــد ل واملتوســـــــطة ة الصـــــــغ املؤسســـــــات ر لتطـــــــو زائـــــــر ا ســـــــ ليـةاملحر التمو لـول ا ن بـ مـن التـأج ـ عت املراحل. ل ع ا نجاح عيق ل التمو ل مش لكن وقات، املزايا من العديد وفر و ا ثمار اس ماليا حال يمثل إذ ل أن يمكنناذلك،ال ومعاملعتمدة أنھ حقيقة نتجا ــزة، حــل يوجــد ال ء ــل مثــل وأنــھ م بھلـھأيضــاالتــأج ،ــ ــو والــذيالعقبــات،مــنالعــادلنصــ ـــــاملوضـــــوع املقـــــالالرئ ـــــذا ـــــدف،ل ـــــالعقبـــــاتمصـــــدر تحديــــــدـــــو وال لــــــدىالتـــــأج تطـــــور تقيـــــدال ةاملؤسسات ةواملتوسطةالصغ زائر .ا زائر:فتاحيةامللماتال ا العقبات، ل، التمو واملتوسطة، ة الصغ ات الشر ، .التأج يف jel:g2, g20, g24تص  corresponding author : mustapha elagag, e-mail : elagag_mustapha@hotmail.fr https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i3.40&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-09-30 the constraints of leasing in algeria: the case of sofinance (joint stock company) mustapha elagag imene berrefas 28 1. introduction: small and medium enterprises are seen as the engine of the development of an entire nation, fuel that boosts the country's economic sphere. according to p. to julien and marchesney «small enterprise is at the heart of the transformation of our economies... » (julien & marchesney, 1988, p. 56) in this context, the algerian state has thought of setting up organisations, structures and reforms, going in the direction of encouraging the creation of enterprises and developing through the various structures of support and aid to sme (andi, ansej), even going as far as tax exemption and various subsidies. however, the algerian sme, like its fellows around the world, suffers from a major problem that greatly holds down its development: this is the problem of financing. indeed, according to a survey conducted by the world bank in 2001 on the size of companies and their environment, (schiffer & weder, 2001, p. 16) the subject of business constraints were addressed and the financing problem is at the top of the rankings, unanimity, and on a global scale. according to the results of the survey, financing would be the number one obstacle facing smes, and would also be the main cause of their mortality, followed by the country's fiscal policy, inflation, corruption, judicial system etc. nearly twenty years after this survey, the financing problem persists, especially in algeria, despite all the structures made available to entrepreneurs. in general, any company of all sizes has the choice of financing itself in two distinct ways; it may opt for internal funding or external funding. among the financing methods, leasing; which is considered as a real financing solution for the sme and especially in algeria, given the many advantages that give it. however, this last statement leads us to raise certain points; as long as leasing is considered an investment financing solution for smes, why is the use of leasing not so widespread in algeria? more explicitly what is holding back the development of leasing in algeria, especially among algerian smes? it cannot be ignored that the company must have its part of obstacles and difficulties in its application that the company must face; this is why the main topic of our work will be the nature of the obstacles faced by the algerian sme during leasing financing. the methodological approach used is arranged as follows: the basic definitions and notions for sme and its financing in general; then the leasing from its history to its current form, its characteristics, and its relationship with the sme. finally, we will strive to answer the problem, highlighted by our research and experience with the company sofinance (joint stock company). 2. generality on sme: 2.1. definition: the term sme refers to an acronym meaning small and medium enterprises, which are defined by the number of employees, the balance sheet or the turnover. the main criterion used is the number of employees. smes are considered to be companies with between 20 and 249 employees. below 20 employees, we will talk about vse (very small p: 27-37 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 29 enterprises). with more than 249 employees and up to 4999, we will talk about ise: intermediate size enterprise. according to the french institute insee "the category of small and medium enterprises (sme) consists of companies with fewer than 250 employees, with an annual turnover of fewer than 50 million euros."(insee, 2016) sme are, according to the european commission's (ec.europa) definition, companies with fewer than 250 people. in addition, there are two other criteria to choose from: annual turnover must not exceed 50 million euros, or the total balance sheet must not exceed 43 million euros (commission recommendation of 6 may 2003). in the algerian context, the sme is a company producing goods and/or services employing one (1) to 250 people and whose annual turnover does not exceed 4 billion dinars or whose total annual balance sheet does not exceed 1 billion da. the number of smes has increased significantly over the past few years, according to statistics collected by the official newsletter of the ministry of industry and mines for the first half of 2017, the results are quite satisfactory. indeed, it has been reported that at the end of the first half of 2017, the overall population of sme stands at 1060289 entities, of which almost 57% are incorporated, of which there are 264 public economic enterprises (epe). the rest are made up of individuals (44%), 21% of whom are professionals and 23% are crafts. fig1: a diagram illustrating the components of the sme in algeria. source: a diagram by the authors of this article, using data collected by the ministry of industry and mines. 2.2. sme breakdown by industry: algerian smes operate in five main sectors: agriculture, hydrocarbons, energy mines and related services, buildings public and hydraulic works, manufacturing and finally the services sector. the following table recounts the numbers of the sme statistics bulletin collected for the year 2017 concerning the sectors of sme activity in algeria and their distributions as a percentage. the constraints of leasing in algeria: the case of sofinance (joint stock company) mustapha elagag imene berrefas 30 table 1: breakdown of smes by industry and percentages for the first half of 2017. sector 1st half 2017 percentage agriculture 6392 1.07% hydrocarbons, energy mines and related services 2843 0.48% bphw 177727 29.83% manufacturing 92804 15.58% services 316044 53.04% total 595810 100% source: table produced by the authors of this article, using data collected by the ministry of industry and mines. analysis of the figures from the distribution table of the sectors where smes operate in the first half of 2017 shows a strong concentration on services activities, which represent 53.04% of all enterprises followed by the bphw sector. 29.83% and the industry by 15.58%. the use of financing in any form is a necessity for the company's activity, in order to achieve its objectives, it benefits from several sources of financing all adapted depending on the nature of the need for financing that it is on the short-term, medium-term, or long-term. the company has the choice to self-finance through the non-distribution of its profits, or the sale of its assets, just as it can turn to an external financing method which may be direct, via issuance in the financial markets, or indirect, requiring some form of intermediation, between the company and the capital-raising companies. by a credit in exchange for interest, the task remains to determine what type of credit is best suited to meet the financing needs of the company, whether they are from the investment cycle or the operating cycle. the company also has the choice to turn to leasing as a means of financing its investments which is the main topic of this article, we will develop deeper in the following pages fig2: company funding sources source: by the authors. p: 27-37 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 31 3. general on leasing: 3.1. history of leasing: leasing is an anglicism describing a transaction allowing the acquisition of property in exchange for royalties and the option of a property right at maturity. born in the united states in the 1950s, "leasing" was introduced in europe and especially in france only in the 1960s under the name of leasing. however this operation will not be the most recent, it would be just as old as the era of trading and exchange, renting property is an ancestral practice. 3.1.1. leasing in the age of ancient civilizations: according to historians and economists, leasing goes back much longer in history, in fact, it was possible to trace transactions similar to the leasing dating from the sumerian era or 2000 years before jesus christ, this was even found written on clay tablets found in the ancient sumerian city of ur, containing information on the rental of agricultural equipment, land, irrigation systems, cattle and other animals. the great philosopher aristotle also refers to the idea of leasing, arguing that true wealth lies in the fact of use, not in property. other evidence of the existence of a principle similar to leasing could be reported from the roman era as well as evidence written in the code of hammurabi, dating from 1760 bc. many other ancient civilizations have used this type of financing tools, such as the greek, egyptian, and even phoenician civilizations. according to the manuscripts and papyrus found, leasing was the only affordable way to procure and finance equipment, land, animals, and even boats including, the crew as a bonus. during the medieval era, in addition to the rented production and agricultural equipment, weapons of war and armadas were added. with the industrial revolution the development of metallurgy and the textile industry, the intense mining activity and the considerable growth of transport and the invention and start-up of the steam engine thus creating new opportunities for expansion for the leasing market which experienced first a meteoric rise in the united states, canada and subsequently europe. 3.1.2. development of leasing worldwide: as it has been mentioned previously, historically leasing is not a recent practice, but goes back to antiquity, it is only during the last fifty years that it has experienced a development of its principle and the form that we know about him right now. the united states presumed to be the birth country of the current leasing, is also considered to be globally, largely the first market with a significant propensity for leasing in investments, in the order of 30%, a figure that europe only reaches at half currently. (gervais, 2004, p. 11) according to the european leasing federation, the european leasing federation is a very widespread method of financing in all four corners of europe and is experiencing a real boom, in france in particular, this tool was introduced there in 1962, then formalized in the constraints of leasing in algeria: the case of sofinance (joint stock company) mustapha elagag imene berrefas 32 1966, it has known since then a very quick development. (nicolas & trogan, 1970, pp. 3342) the federation is responsible for writing annual reports on the leasing market based on the figures and statistics collected from its 47 member countries. the reports are then classified as dissected and schemed in the form of graphs and figures. here are the figures reported by the federation for 2016: fig 3: leasing expansion volume in europe in 2016 source: (www.leaseurope.org) we notice on the map that leasing financing is expanding in eastern european countries with a 20% increase in the volume of investment acquired in this way. according to reports from the leaseurope federation in 2016, 49% of the investments acquired by leasing in europe were passenger vehicles, compared to 28% of all types of equipment, the percentage of commercial vehicles is 18% in real estate, they represent only 5%. 3.2. descriptive leasing study: this section will focus on the exact definition of leasing, how the transaction is going and how it works. 3.2.1. definition of leasing: by definition, leasing is a contract by which a person, the lender credit (financing company, bank...) buys a property and makes it available to another person, the lessee, for the payment of rent. the lessee is therefore not legally the owner of the property made available to him. according to insee leasing is a financial transaction that allows you to acquire a property through a monthly lump sum payment called a royalty and to claim an option to purchase at the end of the lease agreement. (insee, definition) 3.2.2. how does a leasing operation work? people wishing to finance their investments by leasing must, after determining the property to be acquired and have reached an agreement with the seller, approach a leasing company p: 27-37 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 33 (or banks, financial institution). after a review of the financial situation of the person concerned and the agreement on the financed property between the lessor and lessee, the file is accepted by the leasing company. a lease agreement is then signed between the leasing company and the company, with a promise to sell at an agreed price. the rental starts at the reception of the equipment. terms of contract by this contract, the owner transfers the right to use the property against the payment of rent for a fixed period, after which the lessee has three options: lift the option to purchase by acquiring the property at a rate that takes into account payments already made. return the property to the lessor. extend the rental period. when signing a leasing agreement, each of the two parties, the lessor and the lessee must meet obligations end of contract : at the end of the contract, the lessee has the choice between three options:  the option to purchase: the lessee acquires the property at the agreed price at the signing of the contract. more often than not, the price paid is reduced from the security deposit paid at the signing.  restitution of the property: the security deposit is then refunded to it.  signing a new lease agreement for the same property but, usually with royalties lower than the previous ones or for a new property. lessor's obligations  yielding property in good condition.  receive payments. lessee’s obligations  make payments.  choose whether or not to acquire ownership of the asset at the end of the contract. the operation, therefore, involves three players: the user (lessee), the lessor (renter financing the investment) and the supplier of the asset. the constraints of leasing in algeria: the case of sofinance (joint stock company) mustapha elagag imene berrefas 34 fig 4: the triangular relationship between the three parties source: by the authors. for smes, leasing presents itself as an interesting opportunity to acquire the material properties necessary for the production of goods and services. investments in real estate and furniture may be too large for small and medium enterprises. the capital contribution may be too high relative to the available capital or it may force the company to forego other projects. leasing then allows the company to keep capital intact, allowing it to take out other credit just as necessary for its development without adding to its debt. it is a flexible solution because it can adjust to the needs of the company. for example, for a small business that is starting with little acquired capital, it may be more convenient to rent a specific machine or tooling rather than buy it. with this service, the company's budget for the acquisition of personal property and real estate is established until the end of the lease. thus, this investment is perfectly controlled since the amount of invoices is known for the duration of the contract. the leasing market in algeria is considered relatively new and has only really developed in recent years, it has a total of twelve entities offering this method of financing, divided into two main categories, on the one hand, the companies specialized in leasing, on the other the banks or financial institution with a department offering leasing. among the financial institutions offering leasing, sofinance (joint stock company), placement, participation and investment finance corporation, is a public financial institution approved by the bank of algeria on january 09, 2001, with a share capital of 5, 000, 000,000 da. in 2017 its social capital rose to 10, 000, 000,000 da. sofinance jsc was created on the initiative of the national council of state participations (cnpe) with the main tasks of support in the modernization of the national production tool and the development of new financial products. its social purpose includes all occupations developed by the universal bank excluding customer deposits and the management of means of payment. p: 27-37 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 35 4. the sofinance (jsc) in numbers: table 2: sofinance review from 2014 to 2016in kda 2014 2015 2016 social capital 5.000.000 5.000.000 5.000.000 clean background 7 866 000 8 265 000 8 639 000 total balance sheet 9 974 124 9 974 124 12 029 000 source: www.sofinance.dz, accessed on 20/04/18. fig 5: sofinance commitments over the past three years. source: (www.sofinance.dz) accessed on 20/04/18. there was a clear increase in equity with stable share capital during the three years from 2014 to 2016, resulting in an increase in the total balance sheet from 9,974,000 da in 2014 to 12,029,000 da in 2016. noted that the social capital rose to 10.000.000.000 in 2017. according to the figures published on the official website of sofinance, we note stability in fixed income securities, and fluctuations in equity holdings and longand medium-term loans. we also note an increase in leasing activity as well as signature commitments over the three years from 2014 to 2016. sofinance jsc's obstacles to the application of leasing: it was found that at the application of leasing, the sme of all its nature of activity (bphw, production, industry or services) faced a number of obstacles and problems, relatively embarrassing or even disabling, delaying the operation, until the sme's absorption of the problem, or in some cases the sme was even categorically denied the request for funding. these barriers can take different forms, whether at the time of the file being set up, which may even extend to the payment of royalties. among these obstacles are the most the constraints of leasing in algeria: the case of sofinance (joint stock company) mustapha elagag imene berrefas 36 relevant: as the file is set up, sofinance requires a technical and economic study of the company wishing to finance itself, as well as a forecast balance sheet for the next five years. however, even if the figures provided by that company are very optimistic, this is not a criterion for granting leasing, other criteria are much more taken into account and in particular the seniority of the company; which must be at least two years of age or older in order to qualify for a leasing-type credit. the company must also be irreproachable towards tax and social security agencies. another condition and not the least; the company must in no way be reported to the risk centre, if this is the case, the company’s application will be systematically refused. sofinance is perceived to be quite flexible in terms of payment, as the company has the choice to pay quarterly or bi-monthly, however, the company may run out of liquidity and funds unable to meet its debts. companies in direct contact with state-owned enterprises, also suffer from the payment constraint operating by the rate of progress situations thereby delaying the payment of the due amount, once the deadlines are overpassed, sofinance has no choice but to send notices and clamp down consequently. 5. conclusion: there is no doubt that algeria, through its efforts, seeks to increase the development of the sme, and the local production in order to gradually free itself from the influence of hydrocarbons on its overall income. however, despite all that has been committed, the algerian sme is still far from having reached the desired level, and algeria still suffers as much from its dependence on hydrocarbons. what is most delaying this development of smes is not the lack of ideas in itself but above all the lack of funds. this financing problem that it faces can be solved in theory through the use of third parties outside the company, the issuance in the financial markets of bank loans, leasing. leasing is thus one of the investment financing solutions used by the company, however, we have been able to see that the company also had its share of obstacles hindering its proper deployment in the world of smes. thanks to our experience in sofinance, we have seen that these so-called obstacles can come from the financial institution proposing leasing, for example, given the bureaucratic heaviness faced by the concerned company. to acquire an investment in that way. these constraints can take the form of a multitude of legal documents to be presented as well as a good number of guarantees to support the funding application. the company, on the other hand, may find itself ineligible for such a method of financing, if it does not present certain irreproachability in all respects at the risk of displeasing its potential borrower and therefore its application will be denied. the institution offering leasing may be less accommodating, and insensitive, in front of the various difficulties that the company that has acquired an investment in this way may encounter, especially if it struggles to meet its due amounts. it may find herself cornered, in addition to that, by late penalties pushing her further to the brink of the abyss even in some p: 27-37 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 37 cases until the seizure of her property, despite convincing proof of late payment. the institution offering leasing cannot wait indefinitely for its payment. what we can recommend, would certainly be to lighten the procedures for applying for leasing, by giving more importance to the purpose of financing the project itself and the impact of its creation in the algerian economy, rather than to the administrative solidity of its case. in addition, state intervention in the form of an advisory and management agency for smes would be of great help, especially to start-up entrepreneurs, in order to ensure better management of their resources and therefore a repayment on time regarding the loan given. in conclusion, indeed, the implementation of leasing in algeria dates back to almost twenty years, however, it is still in its infancy and its potential has not been fully exploited. a lot of entrepreneurs use it only by chance, via the internet, or by word of mouth, without measuring all the advantages that it presents, the state will seek to promote it increasing its popularity by informing young entrepreneurs because it will certainly help with its deployment and success with the algerian sme. 6. bibliography : gervais, j. f. (2004). les clés du leasing. éditions d'organisation. http: //ec.europa.eu/eurostat/fr/web/structural-business-statistics/structural-businessstatistics/sme. http: //www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/definition/c1962. http://www.leaseurope.org/index.php?page=key-facts-figures julien, p. a., &marchesnay, m. (1988). la petite enterprise : principes d'économie et de gestion. [boucherville, québec]: éditions g. vermette. nicolas, b., &trogan, p. (1970). développement du crédit-bail. economie et statistique, vol 11, n(1). schiffer, m., &weder, b. (2001), firm size and the business environment, worldwide survey results (vol. 43) world bank publications. how to cite this article by the apa method: elagag, m., & berrefas, i. (2019). the constraints of leasing in algeria: the case of sofinance (joint stock company). management & economics research journal, 1(3), 2737. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i3.40 the copyrights of all papers published in this journal are retained by the respective authors as per the creative commons license. management & economics research journal is licensed under a creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0). management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march مارس): 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 11 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.26 l’audit formation un outil d’evaluation au service du systeme de management de la qualite (smq) training audit an evaluation tool in the service of the quality management system (qms) ania dahlab 1 1 phd, mouloud mammeri university of tizi ouzou, tizi ouzou (algeria) e-mail : dahlab.ania@yahoo.fr publié: 31 -03 -2019 accepté: 29 -03-2019 reçu: 16 -03 -2019 resumé: il n’est nul besoin de prouver ou d’argumenter que l’entreprise continue à être le pilier d’une économie durable en représentant l’unique rempart de l’économie de marché. dans le contexte mondial actuel la concurrence mondiale exacerbée, la démanche qualité au sein de l’entreprise algérienne est devenue un impératif de compétitivité, de pérennité et du développement .cette dernière crée un cadre certain qui permet d’améliorer la productivité et le succès organisationnel et managérial. et sa parfaite maîtrise, par sa bonne transmission et intégration grâce a la formation et développement des compétences, peut favoriser de meilleure performance. vue la place importante qu’occupe la formation dans le sucées du smq mis en place. plusieurs entreprises ont pris des dispositions concernant son suivi par la mise en place d’une structure d’audit. la pratique d’un audit est indispensable à une entreprise qui s’inscrit dans une dynamique d’amélioration  auteur correspondant : ania dahlab, e-mail : dahlab.ania@yahoo.fr https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.26&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 12 continue. cet article est le résultat d’un travail de terrain, pour cette contribution, nous avons pu reprendre les éléments collectés, lors d’une enquête effectuée au sein de l’entreprise eniem (entreprise nationale des industries de l’electroménager). celle-ci est une entreprise publique économique algérienne. l’enquête, en tant outil de recherche, nous a permis non seulement de comprendre la place de la formation dans la grh, mais de saisir l’occasion de faire valoir les étapes qui ont servi a mené un audit formation mot-clé : smq, amélioration continue, formation, audit formation, eniem. classification jel : d02 ; d8 ; m42 ; l15 abstract: there is no need to prove or argue that the company continues to be the pillar of a sustainable economy by representing the only rampart of the market economy. in the current global context of fierce global competition, the lack of quality within the algerian company has become an imperative for competitiveness, sustainability and development, which creates a certain framework for improving productivity and organizational and managerial success. and its perfect mastery, through its good transmission and integration through training and skills development, can promote better performance. given the importance of training in the success of the qms set-up. several companies have taken steps to monitor it by setting up an audit structure. the practice of an audit is essential for a company that is part of a continuous improvement process. this article is the result of fieldwork, for this contribution, we were able to take the elements collected during a survey carried out within the company eniem (national company of the household appliances industries). this is an algerian public economic company. the survey, as a research tool, not only p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 13 allowed us to understand the place of training in hrm but also to take the opportunity to highlight the steps that were used to conduct a training audit. keywords: qms, continuous improvement, training, training audit, eniem. jel classification: d02 ; d8 ; m42 ; l15 1. introduction dans le contexte mondial actuel la concurrence mondiale exacerbée, la qualité au sein de l’entreprise algérienne est devenue un impératif de compétitivité, de pérennité et du développement. si la qualité a connu un tel succès, et si elle reste encore une préoccupation majeure des responsables d'entreprises industrielles ou de services, c'est qu'il ne s'agit pas d'un mode, mais bien d'un système de management qui permet d'améliorer les performances globales de l'entreprise. il donne des résultats significatifs. car il encourage toutes les fonctions et tous les employés à participer au processus d’amélioration continue de la qualité. en même temps que les données socioéconomiques, les métiers et les compétences nécessaires à leur exercice évoluent continuellement, posant aux organisations le problème de l’adéquation des ressources humaines disponibles avec les besoins suscités par les nécessités d’adaptation aux normes qualité. en réponse à cette turbulence, l’entreprise doit trouver les moyens d’une flexibilité. elle dispose pour ce faire, de deux solutions principales : chercher sur le marché du travail des compétences dont elle a besoin ; faire évoluer les compétences de son personnel par la formation. si la première solution est peu pratique, aucune entreprise ne pouvant se permettre de recruter indéfiniment. la seconde se pose véritablement comme moyen de palier aux difficultés d’adéquation. dés lors, la formation doit être considérée par les entreprises comme un véritable investissement et doit être l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 14 menée avec professionnalisme de sorte à ce que les attentes de développement des compétences puissent être comblées au mieux. de ce fait, il est de plus en plus demandé à la formation, à la fois de préparer ou participer à un changement et de rendre des comptes. dans les deux cas, une démarche d’analyse de l’organisation et de son rapport à la formation est nécessaire en vue de rechercher les modalités d’action adéquate, c’est la démarche d’audit. notre réflexion a démarré à partir d’un simple constat portant sur ces observations ; par conséquent, nous nous sommes interrogés sur : l’audit de la formation est-il un outil au service du smq? pour cette contribution, nous avons pu reprendre les éléments collectés, lors d’une enquête effectuée au sein de l’entreprise eniem (entreprise nationale des industries de l’electroménager). celle-ci est une entreprise publique économique dont le manager est un président directeur général.  pour répondre à cette problématique, il est nécessaire d’émettre deux hypothèses : hypothèse 01 : la place qu’occupe la formation dans le smq. hypothèse 02 : l’audit, comme un outil de mesure de la pertinence, conformité et efficacité dans un processus de formation aux exigences qualité.  les raisons qui nous ont poussées à choisir ce thème de recherche sont comme suit: la formation constitue en une source pour traiter les problèmes rencontrés par l’entreprise dans l’élaboration de sa démarche qualité et la mise en œuvre de son smq. de ce fait, nous essayerons de cerner les pratiques de formation, en l’occurrence l’unité cuisson de l’eniem. p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 15 en outre, nous avons jugé nécessaire d’évaluer les pratiques de formation interne de cette spa afin de déceler la pertinence, conformité et efficacité dans un processus de formation a travers un audit formation  les objectifs poursuivis : au travers de cette mission, précisée plus haut, qui peut servir d’objectif principal, des objectifs spécifiques ont été définis : vérifier la conformité des pratiques de formation avec d’une part les règles d’entreprise et d’autre part la réglementation institutionnelle ; et la norme. identifier de probables facteurs d’inefficacité dans l’organisation de la formation proposer des instruments et des pratiques permettant à l’entreprise d’améliorer la valeur ajoutée de la formation.  la méthodologie de recherche adoptée est une approche descriptive analytique: pour mener à bien ce travail et répondre à la question fondamentale évoquée précédemment, nous orienterons notre recherche sur deux étapes : la première consiste en une recherche et une prospection bibliographique et la deuxième concerne la collecte d’informations. à cet effet, nous avons procédé a : la revue documentaire (normes, procédures, enregistrements, règlements…) ; entretiens avec les responsables de l’eniem ; observations sur site. 2. la formation dans l’organisation : aspect conceptuelle le smq est un dispositif essentiel et puissant de la compétitivité et de l’efficacité des entreprises. les collaborateurs et managers des services rh doivent maitriser les principales activités rattachées à leur fonction et être en phase avec les enjeux actuels de l’entreprise, à un contexte instable et incertain. l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 16 cette maîtrise passe par l’acquisition des fondamentaux de la fonction rh, par une bonne connaissance du cadre juridique, des différentes activités de la grh et leur insertion, par une identification du rôle de la fonction rh à la performance de l’entreprise. parmi les activités fondamentales de la grh ont trouve la formation qui est le processus d'apprentissage qui permet à un individu d'acquérir le savoir et les savoir-faire (capacité et aptitude) nécessaires à l'exercice d'un métier ou d'une activité professionnelle l’iso (l’organisation internationale de normalisation) a consacré une norme à la formation, l’iso 10015 parue en 1999, intitulée management de la qualitélignes directrices pour la formation. cette même norme définit la formation comme étant un : « processus visant à fournir et de développer les connaissances, les compétences et les comportements pour répondre aux exigences » (norme internationale iso 10015 : 1999). 2.1 démarche de formation, objectifs et ses liens avec le smq 2.1.1 la démarche de la formation la formation, est l’outil qui permet de réduire les écarts de compétences, tant au niveau quantitatif que qualitatif, et cela tant à court qu’à moyen et long termes. l’émergence de nouveaux marchés, l’obsolescence de certaines technologies, la transformation de certaines entreprises, l’apparition de nouveaux concurrents: tous ces événements stratégiques doivent, nécessairement, avoir un impact sur l’offre de formation qui doit accompagner les ressources humaines dans leur nouvel environnement de travail. le processus de formation implique la réalisation de cinq étapes d’activité. ces étapes sont respectivement : l’identification et analyse des besoins, l’élaboration d’un plan de formation, la conceptualisation de la formation, la diffusion de la formation et enfin, l’évaluation de la formation. la figure ci dessous résume les cinq étapes de la démarche formation p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 17 figure 01: le processus de formation source : rivard.p et al, (2010), gestion de la formation et développement des ressources humaines, edition presse université du québec, p, 26. 2.1.2 place de la formation dans le smq à travers le pdca la démarche qualité a été illustrée selon deming (shoji shiba, alan graham, david walden, 2003) , à travers une roue qui donne une vision d’ensemble sur le cycle des actions devant aboutir à un produit de qualité. les principales phases de ce processus sont démontrées dans le sigle « pdca » avec la signification de chaque lettre démontrée dans la figure suivante : figure 02 : la roue de deming (amélioration continue) source : etabli à partir de guy le boterf, serge barzucchetti, (1995)francine vincent, comment, manager la qualité de la formation, 2ème édition, les éditions d’organisation, france, p 139. l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 18 toutes fois, la roue de deming peut être appliquée a tout processus nécessitant une amélioration. de la sorte, on peut alors parler du caractère fractal du pdca, applicable à tous les niveaux de l’entreprise où chacun devrait se considérer comme une petite roue motrice et se sentir porteur d’un tout de l’entreprise pour la mise en œuvre des objectifs majeurs de l’entreprise. ainsi, on fera dans ce qui suit une déclinaison fractale de chacune des phases pdca : cas d’une action de formation (plan : préparer la formation, do : réaliser la formation, check : évaluer la formation, act : combler les écarts, modifiés….) figure 03 : phases pdca : cas d’une action de formation source : andré chardonnet – dominique thibaudon, (2003) le guide du pdca de deming : progrés continu et management, édition d’organisation, isbn : 27081-2839-6, p56.  plan (planifier ou préparer) : cette phase débute par caractériser le système client et positionner le prescripteur de formation. dans ce sens, les individus apprennent volontiers quand ils ont clairement pris connaissance des désirs du client. ce concept est p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 19 appelé « market-in », basé sur le fait que le travail consiste à satisfaire les exigences du client, il éloigne de l’esprit des individus la perception de devoir s’acquitter simplement de leurs tâches (shoji shiba, alan graham, david walden, 2003). aussi, la formation doit apparaître par l’expression claire des objectifs généraux, en identifiant la contribution de la formation puis en définissant les objectifs opérationnels et pédagogiques. ensuite, la direction doit définir les besoins de formation en référence aux compétences acquises, rédiger les cahiers des charges, recruter et préparer les formateurs, construire les dossiers pédagogiques et enfin réunir et confectionner les outils et matériels pédagogiques (guy le boterf, serge barzucchetti, francine vincent,1995).  do (réaliser ou exécuter) : cette deuxième phase consiste à assurer les sessions et séances de formation. les formateurs donnent une place importante aux exercices pédagogiques dans toute conception de formation en confrontant les apprenants à des conditions réelles dans le cadre d’un environnement artificiel. en effet, les expériences vécues à travers les exercices apportent à l’apprenant un acquis réel et un enrichissement certain lui permettant de s’affirmer vis-à-vis des difficultés lors de l’accomplissement de son travail (abdallah seddiki, 2004).  check (vérifier ou contrôler ) : l’évaluation de la formation s’effectue en deux temps. tout d’abord les actions de formation en elles-mêmes qui doivent prendre en compte l’évaluation en termes de compétences accrue des rh, puis l’évaluation du processus de formation lui-même. ainsi, l’évaluation de la formation débute par la validation des connaissances et savoir-faire acquis (ceci peut aller de l’estimation imprécise à une note chiffrée) lors de la formation et s’assurer qu’ils ont bien été transformés en compétences mises en œuvre (benjamin l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 20 chaminade, 2005).  action (améliorer) : l’amélioration de la formation se fait elle aussi en deux temps. tout d’abord les actions de formation en elles-mêmes doivent être améliorées. suivant ce principe, la mission des rh consiste à effectuer à la fois le travail quotidien et le travail d’amélioration shoji shiba, alan graham, david walden, 2003).en deuxième lieu, l’amélioration doit toucher le processus de formation lui-même. ainsi, le fait de compléter les objectifs généraux de la formation engage leur amélioration. les objectifs généraux de la formation décrivent des comportements, concrets et observables au niveau opérationnel, des apprenants à l’issue de la formation. ainsi, l’impact de la formation doit être immédiatement visible à travers la diminution des conflits, la résorption continue de l’absentéisme et la remise en cause des coûts de la non qualité et leur amélioration doit se faire de manière continue (abdallah seddiki, 2004). 3. l’audit formation: l’aspect théorique 3.1 définition de l’audit formation l’audit social, faisant son entrée dans les entreprises, il cherche à interroger et comprendre les différentes dimensions des fonctions ressources humaines et sociales de l’entreprise. depuis, selon l’usage qui en est fait, il peut être un simple instrument de mesure ou un véritable outil stratégique des entreprises. d’après raymond vatier et alain meignant : « l’audit de formation est issu de l’audit social :d’une part, la méthodologie de l’audit social peut se transférer à l’audit de formation : on retrouvera facilement dans les pratiques de formation les trois niveaux décrit, (conformité, efficacité, pertinence) ; d’autre part, si la formation est considérée comme l’un des éléments de la gestion du personnel dans l’entreprise, il est évident que l’étude de sa cohérence avec les autres éléments de cette gestion est tout à fait p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 21 indispensable.» (ardouin thierry et lacaille sylvain, 2005). selon ardouin. t et lacaille .s l’audit de formation est « une mesure d’écart entre un référentiel négocié avec le commanditaire et une observation affinée par une méthodologie maîtrisés, etc. l’audit de formation s’inscrit, bien sûr, dans une démarche centrée sur la formation mais que la formation ne peut se comprendre qu’intégrée au contexte, à la culture de l’organisation et à la participation des différents niveaux d’acteurs » (kolb françois, 2002). 3.2 indicateurs de l’audit de formation les indicateurs nous renseignent sur la qualité du processus de formation et nous permet, en cas de dysfonctionnement, d’apporter les améliorations nécessaires, où il est important de connaître l'état réel d’une situation et de la comparer avec les objectifs fixé faire l’audit d’un système de formation, c’est en grande partie, confronter à des critères de référence, sa conception, son fonctionnement et ses effets. quarts indicateurs peuvent être mis en jeu :  la conformité : cet indicateur nous renseigne sur la bonne application des règles et des procédures imposées par les normes et les procédures de formation. la conformité visera l’adéquation entre ce qui prescrit et ce qui a été réalisé en matière de formation ;  la pertinence : f. kolb mentionne que « l’existence et l’application des procédures sont assurées, mais que leur pertinence l’est moins » (kolb françois, 2002). en effet, nous pouvons aligner et appliquer les procédures, mais la pertinence dans ce cadre serait de vérifier le bien fondé des référentielles forations et leur contribution aux prises de décision dans l’entreprise ;  l’efficacité : mener un audit d’efficacité c’est faire « l’évaluation ou la mesure des résultats par rapport aux objectifs, permettant ainsi de vérifier, au l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 22 regard de leur potentialité, l’utilisation maximale des moyens mis en œuvre » (ardouin thierry et lacaille sylvain, 2005) ;  la cohérence : il est visé, par cet audit, de mener des mesures qualitatives et quantitatives en vérifiant l’adéquation des moyens mis en œuvre par rapport aux objectifs généraux et opérationnels. elle consiste à choisir des moyens matériels et humains qui sont posés au regard du référentiel que constitue le projet de formation. 4. audit formation: cas eniem notre étude porte sur l’entreprise nationale des industries de l’electroménager (eniem). au cours de cette étude, nous allons : premièrement procéder à une présentation générale de l’entreprise ; ensuite les pratiques de formation au sein du smq de l’organisme ; et enfin on traitera des activités d’audit proprement dites à l’issue desquelles nous rédigerons un rapport d’audit interne au niveau de l’unité cuisson . 4.1 présentation générale de l’eniem le complexe d’appareils ménagers (cam) ressort d’un contrat établi le 21 août 1971 avec un groupe d’entreprises allemandes (diag) .le 08 octobre 1989, l’eniem a été transformée en société par action, régie par une assemblée générale, un conseil d’administration et un capital social de 40.000.000 ,00 da. l’entreprise eniem est devenue une société par action au capital sociale de 40.000.000 da en 1989. actuellement le capitale sociale s’élève à 10.279.800.000 da, est détenue en totalité (100%) par la société de gestion de participation « industries electrodomestique » (indelec). son effectif (hors filampe et eims) est de 1 530 agents en 2018. (organigramme de eniem voir annexe 01). p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 23 4.2 laconique aperçu sur l’audit et la formation au niveau du smq de l’eniem l’eniem est une entreprise qui a mis en place un smq/ système de management qualité certifiée: iso9001/2015 (norme qualité) et un sme/ système de management environnemental certifié iso 14001/2004 (norme environnementale). elle a créé une structure d’audit interne qui lui permet de contrôler ses activités pour déceler les dysfonctionnements dans l’entreprise. 4.2.1 position hiérarchique de la fonction audit l’audit était relié à la direction générale, vu son l’importance, il a été annexé à la direction de planification et de contrôle de gestion d’audit (dpcga), les domaines d’application s’étalant au niveau des groupes et des filiales (filamp et emis). l’auditeur a l’obligation de rapporter ses missions à ses supérieurs hiérarchiques. le responsable d’audit réalise les tâches qui lui sont assignées par la direction générale de l’eniem, au niveau des unités et filiales. celles-ci, étant en général, décidées et mises en place par cette dernière. sa mission principale est d’observer, discuter avec les rh qui travaillent et ainsi tenter d’évaluer les méthodes de travail des rh. il peut, sur le terrain, décider de changements éventuels qui pourraient améliorer la productivité ou, tout simplement, veiller au bon respect des différentes procédures mises en place. il est dans l’obligation de rendre compte à la direction générale de ses résultats (bons ou mauvais). au niveau de l’eniem, l’audit prend une place importante par rapport au contrôle de gestion. l’eniem fait appel à un bureau international chaque fin de période pour l’évaluation et le maintien de la certification. 4.2.2 le cadre réglementaire de la formation le droit du travail a connu une réforme par rapport à la nouvelle politique et la réforme du système institutionnel. dans cette évolution, les conventions et les accords collectifs de travail, les contrats de travail et les l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 24 règlements intérieurs d’entreprise sont devenus une source importante du droit du travail qui ne se limite plus aux règlements et textes législatifs. selon le règlement intérieur de l’eniem, la formation est prise en charge par l’article 45 qui stipule : « tout travailleur est tenu de suivre les cours cycles ou actions de formation ou de perfectionnement organisés par l’employeur en vue d’actualiser, d’approfondir, d’accroitre ses connaissances générales professionnelles ou techniques, sans pour autant prétendre à une promotion automatique à l’issue de la dite formation ». 4.2.3 la formation professionnelle au niveau de l’unité cuisson l’unité cuisson est tenue d’initier des actions de formation, de recyclage, de perfectionnement et de spécialisation au bénéfice des rh et l’entreprise. ces actions visent : la satisfaction des besoins en rh qualifiée dans les métiers de l’entreprise. accroitre le niveau de connaissance des rh. en outre, l’entreprise cherche à réaliser ces actions de formation, en mettant en œuvre des règles et des conditions. 4.2.4 les conditions de mise en formation à l’unité cuisson chaque décision de formation n’est prise qu’au vue d’un rapport d’opportunité établi par le responsable hiérarchique direct et analysé par le responsable de la structure. ce rapport reflétera les conclusions de l’évaluation des compétences des rh suite à l’entretien annuel d’évaluation. la hiérarchie précisera les objectifs de la formation envisagée et leur adéquation avec les objectifs assignés à l’employé. après cette analyse par le niveau hiérarchique, l’action est inscrite dans le plan de formation des structures concernées. ce processus de formation doit être sélectif sur les critères suivants : p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 25 les rh doivent avoir un potentiel convenable ; la formation doit s’inscrire dans la stratégie globale de l’unité cuisson (filière et domaine en cohérence avec les besoins et les objectifs de l’unité cuisson) ; les rh doivent avoir une bonne appréciation de leur hiérarchie ; les rh, bénéficiant d’une formation de longue durée, s’engageant contractuellement à servir pendant une durée égale ou double de la durée de formation. 4.2.5 les objectifs de la formation à l’unité cuisson les objectifs de la formation au sein de l’unité cuisson se résument comme suit : le maintien et développement du niveau de compétences des rh ; la réduction des risques d’accidents lors de l’intervention dans les ateliers; l’amélioration des connaissances pour améliorer la qualité des produits existants ; l’augmentation de la productivité ; la maitrise des tâches pour accroitre la production ; la réduction des coûts de production ; l’amélioration du chiffre d’affaire. 4.3 notre démarche d’audit formation au sein de l’eniem (unité cuisson) vu l’importance et la diversité des activités au niveau de l’eniem, notre travail s’est focalisée sur l’unité cuisson pour des raisons particulières telles qu’elle engendre des activités susceptibles de générer de nombreux impacts sur l’environnement. c’est donc l’échantillon représentatif pour notre étude dans le but de répondre à notre problématique et afin d’éclaircir les hypothèses de départ. de ce fait, nous suivrons la méthodologie suivante : l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 26 figure 04: étapes de la démarche d’audit interne au sein d’enap (unité cuisson) source : conçue par nos soins 4.3.1 déclenchement de l’audit nature d’audit : de conformité, cohérence, efficience, pertinence, (audit formation de l’unité cuisson) objectifs : conformité aux exigences de la norme iso9001; conformité aux exigences légales et règlementaires ; apporter nos recommandations d’amélioration. critères d’audit : référentiel iso, lois et règlements applicables. méthodes d’audit : interviews, observations sur les lieux equipe d’audit : dahlab ania. 4.3.2 préparation des activités d’audit revue de documents : la revue documentaire est réalisée sur les documents suivants : manuel des procédures d’eniem ; liste des lois et règlements applicables à l’eniem ; référentiel normatif iso9001; manuel qualité 2015 ; rapport d’audit précédent. préparation du plan d’audit : les activités à auditer : ressources humaines/organisation ; 1. déclanchement de l’audit 2. préparation des activités d’audit 3. réalisation des activités d’audit 4. clôture de l’audit p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 27 préparation des documents de travail  le plan d’audit : le plan d’audit interne est établi suivant le programme d’audit interne en tenant compte du nombre de jours réservés à l’audit, les chapitres à auditer et les structures concernées de l’unité cuisson. l’organigramme de l’unité cuisson est représenté par la figure ci-après (voir annexe n°03) :  etablissement d’une check-list d’audit la check-list été élaborée suivant le plan d’audit précédent, toutefois on a limité l’audit aux structures suivantes : dqe, ressources humaines, et département commercial (achat et magasinage). 4.3.3 réalisation des activités d’audit : constatations et recommandations (bilan de formation) nous avons parlé d’audit, car nous pensons que c’est une opportunité de vérifier le réel et la procédure de formation et de faire un bilan de formation. à la suite de ces écarts, en découlent des mesures d’amélioration à prendre. dans ce travail, notre objectif n’était pas de critiquer le processus ou les pratiques de formation dans l’unité cuisson, mais d’observer les faits, ce qui nous a permis de dégager les écarts. la formation, dans cette unité, s’est heurtée essentiellement, à des problèmes d’organisation qui font de la formation une obligation plus qu’un atout et une motivation pour ses rh. en effet, l’absence d’implication de la direction dans le processus et la faiblesse du budget comparé, aux activités qu’elle assure, la lenteur des procédures de formation qui retarde l’activité de formation et un manque d’organismes de formation spécialisée dans certains domaines qui empêche le 4.3.4 déroulement correcte de la formation. 4.3.4.1 pertinence de la procédure de formation à l’unité cuisson les critères de pertinence concernent le bien fondé des décisions prises, il l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 28 permet de savoir si le système de formation de l’entreprise utilise des moyens adéquats au regard des objectifs poursuivis. la présente procédure décrit les règles de gestion et les dispositions à appliquer pour toute action de formation et de sensibilisation et délimite les responsabilités de chaque intervenant. cette procédure s’applique à l’ensemble des rh (permanent, stagiaire et nouvelle recrue) et à toute activité de l’entreprise. la procédure de formation est suivie par les différentes parties prenantes. mais, ces dernières éprouvent des difficultés pour l’utilisation des outils mentionnés dans la procédure qui ne sont pas adaptés à l’entreprise. 4.3.4.2 la conformité du système de formation appliquée à l’unité cuisson la conformité recherchée, au niveau de cette approche, l’adéquation prescrit/réalisation au regard des procédures de formation, de métier et de respect ainsi que le processus de formation. l’audit de conformité a pour objectif d’examiner le système de formation de façon à vérifier la bonne application de la procédure, de règlement, de convention ou de dispositions convenues dans le fonctionnement du système de formation de l’eniem. tableau 01 : les dépenses de formation de l’exercice 2018 coûts masse salariale 2018 pourcentage obligation légale formation agrée par l’eniem 1349653.75 da 141610510 da 1 % 1% autres formation 463216.92 da total 1812870.67 da source : document interne de l’eniem. les observations de dépenses consacrées à la formation il ressort de l’examen que le système de formation de l’unité cuisson est p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 29 conforme aux dispositions légales, notamment en termes de respect du taux légal de 1% de la masse salariale affecté à la formation. l’unité cuisson, pour le premier semestre de l’exercice 2018, a consacré 1% qui s’élève à 1 812 000 da de la masse salariale à la formation. le constat des résultats les dépenses de formation de l’exercice 2018 représentent 1% de la masse salariale de l’eniem unités cuisson. le coût total des actions de formation réalisées, au courant de l’exercice 2018 est de 1.812.000 da, compte tenu des salaires et charges des participants, ce montant est de 952.000 da. les frais et charges salariales sont calculés sur la base suivante (document interne eniem, unité cuisson, service ressource humaines, 2018) :  cadre : 2000.00 da/jour  maitrise : 1438.00 da/jour  exécution : 1000.00 da/jour la cohérence du système de formation à l’unité cuisson à ce niveau, l’auditeur se préoccupe du savoir si le système de formation est en rapport harmonieux avec les autres systèmes de l’entreprise ? si les besoins des différents services sont pris en compte de façon équitable ? la cohérence traduit le degré d’harmonie et de logique, selon lequel sont organisés les divers éléments d’un dispositif de contrôle interne (mission, objectifs, moyens politiques, organisations, procédures et supervision). les critères exploités cherchent à vérifier plus ou moins les adéquations existantes : entre les décisions internes et processus même de la formation (objectif, moyens, structures) ; entre les pratiques de formation et les autres éléments du système social ou du contexte, où elles s’insèrent (stratégie et politique de l’entreprise, politique de formation). l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 30  le constat les statistiques de la formation à l’unité cuisson sont présentées par le service selon la catégorie professionnelle. on mesure la cohérence d’une action de formation par l’indicateur suivant : é é × tableau 2 : les statistiques de la politique formation de l’unité cuisson statut des stagiaires effectif des forms différentes catégories formés/total formé cadres 105 41.84% agents de maitrises 75 29.88% employés 71 28.28% total formé 251 100% source : réalisé par nos soins à partir des documents interne. figure 05 : répartition du total des effectifs formés sous forme d’un secteur source : établi à partir des résultats de l’excel-stat compte tenu des informations acquises, nous avons constaté pour l’année 2018, que l’eniem a formé 251 agents sur une prévision de 60 agents soit un écart de 191 agents qui représentent un taux de 418%. les détails sont les suivants : 42% 30% 28% différentes catégories formés/total formé cadre agents de maitrise employés p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 31 pour les cadres supérieurs : sur un nombre total de 251 agents formés, ils représentent 105 agents soit 41.84% ; pour les agents de maitrises : sur un effectif total de 251 agents ayant subit une formation, les agents de maitrise représentent 73 agents soit 29.08% ; pour les employés : sur 251 agents en formation dans l’entreprise, les cadres supérieurs représentent 73 agents soit un taux de 29.08%.  les observations de cohérence dans l’application des statistiques de formation, nous notons que les différentes catégories professionnelles ne sont pas équitablement formées : sur 251 agents formés 105 sont des cadres soit 41.82 %, contre 73 agents de maîtrise et employés qui représente 29.08% chacun. l’efficacité du système de formation dans l’unité cuisson l’organisation du système de formation atteint-elle les résultats escomptés, compte tenu des moyens et des ressources affectés ? nous allons essayer d’apporter des éléments de réponse à cette question.  le constat nous mesurons l’efficacité du système de formation par l’indicateur appliqué à l’unité cuisson qui est : nombre d′actions réussies nombre d′actions réalisées × 100 à partir du bilan qualitatifs, on constate que sur les 17 actions de formation réalisées seulement 7 d’entre elle sont réussies, soit un taux de 41.17%. à cette effet, l’unité cuisson n’a pas attient son objectifs, qui était de réaliser un taux de 100% de taux de réussite avec un écart négatif de 58.83%. selon les responsables cet écart et dû aux raisons suivantes : manque d’organisme l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 32 formateur compétent ; mauvaise sélection des rh à former par leurs responsables hiérarchiques. 4.3.5 conclusion de l’audit l’audit s’est déroulé conformément au plan et par convenance de part et d’autres, dans les bonnes conditions de collaboration et de disponibilité du personnel et de la direction. l’audit a permis d’identifier les opportunités d’amélioration et les situations préoccupantes. concernant les non-conformités, aucune nc n’a été constatée par rapport à la règlementation. 4.4 les points forts, les points faibles et recommandations au cours de notre enquête qui s’est déroulée au sein de l’unité cuisson eniem, nous avons constaté que la politique de formation, encours certaines difficultés et insuffisances auxquelles nous avons essayé d’apporter quelques recommandations, afin d’y remédier. 4.4.1 les points forts  le plan de formation est fait annuellement, ce qui permet à l’entreprise (eniem) de faire face aux changements et à toute intervention dans l’exécution des actions de formation ;  il existe un bon suivi des agents au cours de leur formation ;  les responsables accordent une grande importance pour l’évaluation des actions de formation ;  l’existence de formation et recyclage au profit des formateurs. 4.4.2 les points faibles  insuffisance des fonds alloués aux actions de formation (1% de la masse salariale) ;  se sont les cadres qui bénéficient de la formation au détriment des autres groupes socio professionnels ;  la restriction des méthodes d’identification des besoins en formation p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 33 procède, seulement, à une consultation informelle faite par les responsables des structures ;  l’unité cuisson accorde plus d’importance pour la formation en séminaire ;  la formation à l’étranger n’est pas vraiment favorisée par l’unité cuisson ;  les prérogatives de l’action de formation au sein de l’unité cuisson sont assumées par une seule personne (responsable de formation), ce qui engendre une surcharge de responsabilités. 4.4.3 recommandations  la direction générale doit prendre effectivement la formation dans la stratégie de l’entreprise.  le drh doit veiller à l’exécution régulière du plan de formation, conformément au programme arrêté, afin de mieux réaliser les objectifs de formation.  l’élaboration d’un véritable tableau bord de la formation avec des indicateurs explicités et variés, présentant, entre autres, les statistiques de la formation des différents services et unités, pourrait contribuer ç une meilleure analyse des résultats de formation. la cohérence sera alors mieux appréciée. 5. conclusion les ressources humaines sont considérées comme une richesse renouvelable et comme le principal avantage compétitif pour les entreprises industrielles. elles ont mis l’accent sur la formation pour développer les compétences, motiver les rh continuellement afin de disposer de ressources humaines nécessaires pour faire face aux évolutions socio-économiques et d’avoir une marge d’avance sur ses concurrents. de la sorte, la formation est un véritable outil au service du smq mis en place. en raison de la place stratégique ou elle se situe dans la grh, elle est le l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 34 moyen adéquat pour le développement des compétences. vu l’importance accordée à la formation par les entreprises, plusieurs d’entre elles ont pris des dispositions concernant le suivi de cette dernière par la mise en place d’une structure d’audit. la pratique d’un audit est indispensable à une entreprise qui s’inscrit dans une dynamique d’amélioration continue. dans cette optique, nous avons choisi de réaliser un audit de formation, comme cadre de référence, nous avons pris en considération la procédure formation au sein de l’entreprise nationale des industries de l'electroménager. cette étude de la réalisation d’un audit de formation au sein de l’unité cuisson de l’eniem, nous a permis, non seulement, de prendre connaissance de l’organisation de l’entreprise, de ses activités et pratiques en matière d’audit, mais aussi d’analyser ses procédures et de formuler quelques recommandations. nous avons eu comme objectif de présenter la procédure formation de l’eniem et de les analyser afin de mettre en exergue leurs forces et leurs faiblesses. l’utilisation des outils d’analyses nous a permis de le faire et aussi de formuler des pistes de réflexion, non seulement, à l’endroit de la direction opérationnelle, mais aussi à l’endroit de la direction générale. les résultats de notre recherche théorique et pratique, ont aboutis a vérifier nos deux hypothèses et a confirmer que : la formation occupe une place importante dans le sucées du smq mis en place et assure son amélioration. l’audit est réellement un outil de mesure de la pertinence, conformité, efficacité et cohérence dans un processus de formation. 6.bibliographies:  ouvrages abdallah seddiki, (2004) , management de la qualité, opu, alger, p373. p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 35 andré chardonnet – dominique thibaudon, (2003), le guide du pdca de deming : progrés continu et management , édition d’organisation , (2003), isbn : 2-7081-2839-6, p56. ardouin thierry et lacaille sylvain,(2005), l’audit de formation, edition dunod, paris, p, 33. benjamin chaminade , (2005), rh&compétences dans une démarche qualité , éd afnor, france, p 460-p461. guy le boterf, serge barzucchetti, francine vincent , (1995) , comment, manager la qualité de la formation, 2ème édition, les éditions d’organisation, france, p 139. kolb françois, (2002) , la qualité, essai sur l’évolution des pratiques de management, editions vuibertp, 138. rivard.p et al, (2010) , gestion de la formation et développement des ressources humaines, edition presse université du québec, p, 26. shoji shiba, alan graham, david walden, (2003), tqm : 4 révolutions du management, éd dunod, paris, 2003, p478.  normes international norme internationale iso 10015 : 1999, « management de la qualité lignes directrices pour la formation », afnor, 1999. iso 19011 : 2011: « système de management de la qualité lignes directrices pour l'audit des systèmes de management ». édition, afnor, france 2011 iso 9001 : 2008 : «système de management de la qualité – exigences ».édition, afnor, france 2008. iso 9001 : 2015 : «système de management de la qualité – exigences ».édition, afnor, france 2015 iso 9004 : 2009: « système de management de la qualitélignes l’audit formation un outil d’évaluation au service du système de management de la qualité (smq) ania dahlab 36 directrices pour l’amélioration des performances ». édition, afnor, france 2009  documents interne : document interne de l’eniem. document interne eniem, unité cuisson, service ressource humaines, 2018.  webographie « audit de la formation a filtisac sa » mémoire en pdf, disponible sur : http://bibliotheque.cesag.sn/gestion/documents_numeriques/m0015g rh04.pdf consulté le 21/04/2018 à 14h15mn . www.google.com 7. annexes: p:11-37 volume (01) issue: (01) / march 2019 management & economics research journal 37 annexe 01 : l'organigramme général de l'eniem source : manuel qualité de l’eniem. president directeur general (pdg) direction des ressources direction finances et comptabilite direction developpement et partenariat direction gestion industrielle direction marketing et direction planification et controle gestion et audit direction qualite et environnement departement juridique contentieux unite commerciale unite froid unite cuisson unite climatisation unite prestations techniques secrétaire principale assistant dg hse service administration siège filiale filamp filiale e i m s management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 4 no. 2 (2022): september, pp. 25-44 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.213 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 25 www.mer-j.com trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries kunle bankole osinusi1 , nurudeen abiodun lawal2 , sodiq olaide bisiriyu3 1senior lecturer, tai solarin university of education, ogun state (nigeria)  bank_kunle77@yahoo.com 2senior lecturer, tai solarin university of education, ogun state (nigeria)  naf_lawal@yahoo.com 3graduate student, tai solarin university of education, ogun state (nigeria)  bisiriyusodiqolaide@gmail.com published online: 24 -04-2022 accepted: 23-04-2022 received: 25-02-2022 how to cite: osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. (2022). trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries. management & economics research journal, 4(2), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.213 abstract: the significance of trade in developing nations made this study examine the impact of trade balance, exchange rate, and money supply on economic growth with reference to nigeria's economy and serve as a lesson for other african countries. the study relies on the mundell-fleming bop model for its framework with the use of secondary time-series data extracted from the statistical bulletin of the central bank of nigeria from 1981 to 2020. the ardl cointegration of the least square was adopted. the result showed a long-term relationship among trade balance, exchange rate, broad money supply, interest rate, inflation rate, and economic growth in nigeria. our corresponding author: tai solarin university of education, ogun state (nigeria). [ bisiriyusodiqolaide@gmail.com] ©2022 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-2692 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-4233 mailto:bank_kunle77@yahoo.com mailto:naf_lawal@yahoo.com mailto:bisiriyusodiqolaide@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.213 mailto:bisiriyusodiqolaide@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.213 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2022.213&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2022-09-05 http://www.mer-j.com/ trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. 26 study thus concludes that the oil trade balance is the fundamental driver of nigeria's economic growth, and appropriately, we suggested that to ensure economic growth in nigeria and other african countries, the government should strategize on policies to develop trade in the non-oil sector; also the monetary authorities should design frameworks towards making money supply growth enhancer, and stabilization of the exchange rate for domestic countries to gain more from trade by intensifying the flux of credit to the real and exporting sector towards setting the economies on the track of expansion. keywords: trade balance, exchange rate, money supply, economic growth, autoregressive distributed lag (ardl), mundell-fleming model. jel codes: c19, e52, f31, f43. 1. introduction in recent decades, the focus of researchers has been centred around economic growth and issues relating to it, such as persistent inflation, fluctuating exchange rates and interest rates, uncertainty in the forex market, mismanagement, corruption, and terrorism in all its forms in african countries, including nigeria. these issues are key macroeconomic variables to achieving government economic growth objectives (amassoma, sunday & onyedikachi, 2018). for example, nigeria's economy, which has remained the largest on the african continent over the last 30 years, has been witnessing fluctuations since her independence in 1960, with a recent recession in the last quarter of the year 2020 towards 2021 following the recovery from that of the year 2016 majorly as a result of unstable economic policies, unstable prices, and monetary issues among others. however, the economic theory posits that the growth of a country's money supply triggers inflation; and achieving economic growth requires maintaining relatively low or singledigit inflation. the expansion in the volume of money supply has the probability of rapidly depreciating the value of monetary units, resulting in a high cost of living for the country's population, destabilising businesses, and discouraging medium-term investment due to the increased cost of doing business. the long-run effect is capital flight and leakage in the economy, with the aftermath effect of shrinking economic growth (mbongo, mutasa & msigwa, 2014). similarly, the money supply and economic growth are mutually correlated as they greatly influence economic activities. a rise in the money supply will make more money available to producers and consumers to generate more consumption and investment. however, the continuous rise in money supply spurs inflation, especially when the growth of output attains full capacity (bello & saulawa, 2013). pp. 25-44 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 27 the monetarist economists argued that the money supply serves as an instrument to amplify economic growth based on the abrupt increase impact it has on the stock of money (jawaid, qadri & ali, 2011), while the keynesian school of thought argued that the money supply has a restricted influence on the growth of nations (twinoburyo & odhiambo, 2017). this argument has remained ambiguous for years as scholars found mixed empirical results; some found money supply to exert an insignificant impact on growth, such as chipote and pelesa (2014), kanaan (2014), and inam & ime (2017) which are in line with the keynesian economists' argument while some such as nouri & samimi (2011), onyewu (2012), havi & enu (2014), osasohan (2014), prasert et al. (2015) and mohamed & aslam (2016), proved that money supply enhances economic growth of nations supporting the monetarist. however, monetarists argue that alterations in money supply impact output in the near term and price level in the long run. as a result, monetary policy objectives can be easily attained by focusing on the money supply. contradictorily, according to the structuralists, devaluation policy by the monetary authority tends to harm the economy of developing countries like nigeria and other african nations whose manufacturing sectors are importdependent on raw materials (karahan, 2020). as a result, an increase in the exchange rate will increase the cost of imported inputs like machinery and intermediate items utilised in the manufacturing process. for this reason, rising production costs due to the home currency's depreciation will harm output, firm competitiveness, and administration performance. thus, increasing production costs due to the depreciation of the domestic currency harm output level and firms' performance. these facts are evident recently in some developing countries as companies are moving part of their investment to countries/regions with low business costs. in addition, for example, in nigeria, the increasing preference and demand for intercontinental goods have created undesired hardship for african countries resulting in the depreciation of currencies over time. among the major consequences of this practice, aside from currency depreciation, are trade diversion, job loss in the home country, low per capita income, and relatively low living standards among africans (onakoya, aworinde & yinusa, 2019). the above-discussed problems can hamper the growth and achievement of development in nigeria and other african countries. however, several policies had been put in place by governments, such as increased money supply and currency devaluation to attract export trade, efforts to stabilise the exchange rate and various trade policies. however, these seem not to have yielded the desired developmental objective. in this regard, the question becomes: are trade balance, exchange rate, and trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. 28 money supply capable of controlling economic growth in nigeria? existing literature on the relationship between economic growth and monetary variables such as exchange rate, money supply, interest rate, and inflation rate in nigeria and across african countries has given various and divergent results with a summation of conclusions that seems misleading for decision making, probably as a result of a deficiency in methodology, data, scope, or theoretical interpretations. the uniqueness of nigeria in terms of resource endowment, trade components, and the irregular pattern of economic wellbeing justifies a detailed study of this nature that incorporates cogent monetary and macroeconomic variables that the theory postulates to have a significant relationship with economic growth. especially in an open developing nation with the intent of providing policy recommendations for other african countries. in addition, literature exploration revealed existing empirical evidence from nigeria and other african countries that has not combined monetary variables to clarify their impact and relationship with economic growth. however, the individual link between economic growth and these variables has gained the attention of researchers from nigeria and on the african continent with mixed empirical results. as such, this study explores how trade balances, exchange rates, and money supply have impacted the growth of nigeria's economy over the years. therefore, we believe this study will be among the front-line studies to provide empirical evidence on the trade balance, exchange rate, money supply, and economic growth. our findings and recommendations will guide monetary authorities and economic policy planners across africa to develop frameworks and policies for achieving economic growth. finally, due to the timeless property of growth analysis, our work will provide information for future researchers on the relationship between trade balances, exchange rates, money supply, and economic growth. 2. stylized facts this sub-section provides stylized facts on major variables of our study interest (trade balance, exchange rate, money supply, and gross domestic product). 2.1. trade balance the below figure presents an overview of the trade balance in nigeria over the past four decades. as shown in the graphical trend, nigeria's trade balance was negative in 1981, 1982, and 1983 while it turned positive until 1998, when the import value again exceeded imports to have a negative trade pp. 25-44 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 29 balance. following this year, the country experienced a favourable trade balance from 1999 to 2014, meaning the value of its exports during these years exceeded the imports' value. this favourable trade balance during this period resulted from export promotion policies put in place when the democratic government came into power in 1999 to ensure rapid economic growth and development. unfortunately, the country witnessed another unfavourable balance in trade after decades of trade surplus. the trade balance value was negative in 2015 and 2016 successively, while the country was able to export more in 2017 and 2018 to have a positive value. surprisingly, in 2020 the country suffered a large trade deficit after the one suffered in 2019. the unfavourable trade balance experienced in 2020 is attributed to the global coronavirus pandemic. nigeria, an oil-dependent economy whose export commodity is mainly crude oil, could not sell its product as global demand reduced drastically from the country's trading partners. figure 1. overview of trade balance in nigeria from 1981 to 2020 2.2. exchange rate the overview of the exchange rate, as presented in figure 2, showed that the nigeria exchange rate was stable from the early 1980s to 1990 before it started to depreciate. the value depreciated from n0.61/$1 in 1980 to n9.91/$1 in 1991, majorly due to the adoption of the world bank structural -10,000,000.00 -8,000,000.00 -6,000,000.00 -4,000,000.00 -2,000,000.00 0.00 2,000,000.00 4,000,000.00 6,000,000.00 8,000,000.00 trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. 30 adjustment programme of gen. ibrahim babangida in 1986. since then, the amount of naira exchanged for a dollar has always been increasing. in 1992, n17.30 was against a dollar, while the value increased to n21.89/$1 in 1998. after the military leadership was handed to the civilian government in 1999, the exchange rate depreciated to n92.69/$1 as a result of the deregulation policy adopted by the government in october 1999 with the establishment of the interbank foreign exchange market (ifem). the figure has since increased until it appreciated n128.65, n125.83, and n118.57 to $1, respectively, in 2006, 2007 and 2008. this appreciation was witnessed after the foreign exchange market was deregulated in 2002 by the government and the introduction of the dutch auction system (das) in 2006. however, unfortunately, the exchange rate has depreciated since its last appreciation in 2008—the rate depreciated to n158.55/$1 in 2014 while it jumped to n193.28/$1 and n253.49/$1 in 2015, respectively. furthermore, the exchange rate depreciated to n305.79/$1 in 2017 and n358.81/$1 in 2020. the recent depreciation of the currency against the dollar is attributed to various factors, including central bank devaluation policy, increasing government debt, unfavourable terms of trade, recent recessions, and political instability. figure 2. nigeria exchange rate at a glance (1981 – 2020) 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 pp. 25-44 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 31 2.3. money supply the figure below shows the narrow and broad money supply trend in nigeria from 1981 to 2019. the graphical trend shows that the broad money supply (m2) has always been increasing over the years, but a rapid increase was shown from the graph within the last decade (2009 2019). while the narrow money supply (m1), on the other hand, has also been increasing, the growth rate was not as rapid as demonstrated by the broad money supply. one important characteristic of the trend is that both narrow and broad money supply was growing slowly until early 2000 when it witnessed a rapid increase. conclusively from the trend, the money supply in nigeria has been increasing over the last four decades, with a sharp rise within the last decade. figure 3. the trend of money supply in nigeria from 1981 to 2020 2.4. economic growth nigeria is a developing country in west africa with a population of about 210 million as of the last quarter of 2021, as reported by united nations. the country was categorised and remained a lower-middle-income country by the world economic situation and prospects publication in 2014. despite this classification, the country maintained the 27th position in the world ranking based on the nominal gross domestic product (imf, 2021). its growing manufacturing sector is one of the largest on the african continent. 5,000.00 10,000.00 15,000.00 20,000.00 25,000.00 30,000.00 m1 m2 trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. 32 nigeria is a mono-product economy that depends heavily on crude oil though agriculture contributes significantly before the discovery of oil, contributing about 40% of the country's gdp. the country's agricultural production is a major employer of labour and the mainstay of nigeria's economy besides its dependence on oil. for sustainable development to be achieved in every economy, constant economic growth, i.e., economic growth, catalyses sustainable development. nigeria's economic growth has witnessed several fluctuations due to mismanagement and corruption. however, economic reforms of the past decades seem to have put the economy back on track towards achieving its full economic potential. by 2030, the economy will become one of the world's top 20 economies. the economic vibrancy was witnessed in 2010 with the increase in domestic output due to sound economic policy management and vast economic reforms. growth since 2010 was accredited mainly to the turnover in non-oil sector output which grew by 8.5 per cent and continues to rise since then, complemented by a significant increase in oil sector output. nigeria's economy is the best on its continent despite fluctuation in gdp growth in recent years due to institutional changes, recession, policy implementation, and mismanagement in the country. the country's gdp at purchasing power parity in 2011 stood at $413.4 billion, more than twice the value in 2005 ($170.7 billion). recently, before the country's 2016 recession, nigeria's economy was growing at 6.3%. after it sustained the crisis, the economy grew by 2.2% before the global pandemic (covid-19), which struck in late 2019 (world bank, 2020). the nigerian economy was recessed again in 2020, reversing three years from 2016 due to a drop in crude oil price, resulting in a drop-down in global need and containment measures to fight the spread of the global disease. these measures affected several sectors and spheres of life, like sports, aviation, trade, tourism, manufacturing, and many others. conclusively, looking at the country's real gross domestic product performance in figure 4 below, it is evident that the economy has grown its output level, especially in recent years, amidst uncertainties. the country's real gross domestic product was n54,612.26 billion in 2010; the figure almost doubled within five years to n94,144.96 in 2015, while it grew to n152,324.07 billion in 2020 which implies an over 50% increase in the value of 2015. pp. 25-44 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 33 figure 4. nigeria's gross domestic product performance from 1981 to 2020 source: researchers’ computation, 2022 3. review of literature from the theoretical perspective, the mundell-fleming model (mfm) explains the interaction among exchange rate, interest, money supply, and economic growth of a country. the model depicts the operation of a small economy that is open to foreign commerce in products and financial assets, as well as providing a framework for analysing monetary and fiscal policies. the core structure is a fixed, non-micro-founded keynesian is-lm model that has been extended. the philosophical and methodological approach, as well as the core aspects, are shared with the is-lm model (carlin & soskice, 1990). the mundell-fleming model analysis which is an extension of is-lm has been widely used by economists to claim that an economy cannot have a fixed exchange rate, unfettered capital movement, and an independent monetary policy at once. the model variables of analysis are the real gdp, consumption, real physical investment, government spending, nominal money supply, price level (inflation), nominal interest rate, real money demand, taxes, and net exports. the work of the model explains that an increase in money supply will directly reduce the local interest rate relative to the global interest rate and subsequently increase capital outflows which will lead to a decrease in the real exchange rate, and thus affects the national output. 0.00 20,000.00 40,000.00 60,000.00 80,000.00 100,000.00 120,000.00 140,000.00 160,000.00 trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. 34 from the theoretical perspective, the mundell-fleming model (mfm) explains the interaction among exchange rate, interest, money supply, and economic growth of a country. the model depicts the operation of a small economy that is open to foreign commerce in products and financial assets and provides a framework for analysing monetary and fiscal policies. the core structure is a fixed, non-micro-founded keynesian is-lm model that has been extended. the philosophical and methodological approach and core aspects are shared with the is-lm model (carlin & soskice, 1990). the mundell-fleming model analysis, which is an extension of is-lm, has been widely used by economists to claim that an economy cannot have a fixed exchange rate, unfettered capital movement, and an independent monetary policy at once. the model variables of analysis are the real gdp, consumption, real physical investment, government spending, nominal money supply, price level (inflation), nominal interest rate, real money demand, taxes, and net exports. the work of the model explains that an increase in money supply will directly reduce the local interest rate relative to the global interest rate and subsequently increase capital outflows which will lead to a decrease in the real exchange rate and thus affects the national output. on the empirical ground, the review of various scholarly works on the trade balance, exchange rate, and money supply related to economic growth showed that different variables and methodologies had been employed for data analysis, and the empirical results had been mixed and divergent. for example, on the relationship between exchange rate and economic growth in nigeria, ehikioya (2019) and obi et al. (2016) used the generalised method of the moment to find a significant negative effect, while ufoeze et al. (2018) and owolabi and adegbite (2014) both adopted ordinary least square multiple regression and found a significant positive effect. similarly, according to their findings, inam and ime (2017) found money supply and economic growth to have a minor positive link. at the same time, omodero (2019) found an insignificant negative influence. however, conventionally, the results from empirical literature informed that trade balance, exchange rate, and money supply are key factors that are capable of influencing (positive/negative) the growth of an economy depending on the monetary policy and balance of payment which is also proved by theory (see karahan, 2020; antwi et al., 2020; fatbardha, 2020; koirala, 2018; achouak et al., 2018; rasaqque et al., 2017; fassil, 2017; eze & atuma, 2017; ingebire et al., 2020; abdul et al., 2018; hussain & zafar, 2018; ditim et al., 2018; diemante et al., 2020; onakoya et al., 2019; hicham, 2018; george et al., 2018; adeyemi et al., 2020; ezeaku et al., 2018; anoke et al., 2016; sushil, 2020; abille & mpure, pp. 25-44 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 35 2020; cambodia et al., 2018; ibi et al., 2019; owolabi & adegbite, 2014). based on the afore explanations, the underlying question is how can the interdependence among these variables of interest – trade balance, exchange rate, and money supply pave the way for and translate to economic growth in nigeria, as previous empirical analysis has not considered the interdependence among these variables with respect to growth. in answering this question to confirm whether interdependence influences growth, this present empirical study becomes necessary. its empirical result with inferences will constitute a policy formulation basis for monetary economists and economic growth planners. however, the major gap identified from the exploration of literature is in terms of data. all consulted works within and outside nigeria only considered the total trade balance without considering the uniqueness of some countries, like nigeria being a mono-product economy that is oil-dependent. as such, the use of the total trade balance will not reflect the true impact of the oil and non-oil trade on the economy. in addition to this deficiency, most existing works do not simultaneously model trade balance, money supply, exchange rate, and economic growth with the intent of establishing the relationship that exists among them. as an improvement to previous studies and to fill the identified gaps, our study disaggregates trade balance into oil and non-oil trade balance considering the peculiarity of the nigerian economy. this disaggregation unveils the impact and significance of oil and non-oil trade balance on economic growth, shifting from other studies that conventionally looked at the aggregate trade balance impact on economic growth. 4. methodology the theoretical framework of our study is based on the mundellfleming model (mfm), also known as the is-lm-bop model. the economic model proposed by robert mundell and marcus fleming improves the traditional is-lm model, which analyses an economy in autarky. this model was chosen because its analysis was based on an open economy where foreign transactions occur, and nigeria is considered one. the model portrays the relationship between an economy's nominal exchange rate, interest rate, and output in the short run which contradicts the focus of the is-lm closed economy analysis based on the relationship between interest rate and output. the traditional model is based on the following equations. y = c + i + g + nx (the is curve) (1) trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. 36 where: y = gdp; c = consumption; i = investment; g = government spending, and nx = net export. = l(i, y) (the lm curve) (2) solving equations 1 and 2 to get the general equilibrium equation, it becomes: y = c(y – t) + i(y, i) + g + nx (y, y ∗, e) (3) in the mfm analysis, higher gdp leads to more spending on imports and fewer exports; higher foreign income leads to more spending on the country's exports by foreigners, resulting in higher net exports. a higher nominal exchange rate, on the other hand, leads to larger net exports. the model also claimed that in the very short run, the supply of money is determined by the history of international payment flows and that if the central bank adopts a consistent exchange rate with a balance of payment surplus, money will flow into the country over time, the money supply will rise. economic development will be facilitated (and vice versa for payment deficit). after the theoretical foundation above and in conformity with the literature of adeyemi, oseni, and tella (2020); alawattage (2009); agbola (2004), and dhilwayo (1996), our study aims at modelling the long-run association among trade balance, exchange rate, money supply and economic growth in nigeria. thus, we specify economic growth to be determined by the trade balance, exchange rate, money supply, inflation, and interest rate as given in its functional form below: gdp = f (tb, reer, ms, inf, int) (4) where: rgdp = real gross domestic product. otb = oil trade balance. notb = non-oil trade balance. reer = real effective exchange rate. ms = money supply. inf = inflation rate. int = interest rate. ∑ = error term. in estimating our model, the unit root test considered necessary but not a sufficient condition in time series analysis, especially for long-run relationship analysis, was carried out to ascertain the stationarity of our model pp. 25-44 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 37 data to avoid spurious outputs. the augmented dickey-fuller (adf) test, the most commonly adopted technique for testing unit root, was applied. the general adf model is set out as follows: ∆y = µ + δy + ∑ βi ∆y + e (5) to test the long-run connection of our specified model, the autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) cointegration technique was employed as it is applicable for non-stationary time-series and time-series with differing order of cointegration (pesaran & pesaran, 1997; pesaran & shin, 1999). the ardl version of our model is then specified as follows:: ln(gdp) = β + ∑ β ∆ln(gdp) + ∑ β ∆ln(otb) + ∑ β ∆ln(notb) + ∑ β ∆ln(reer) + ∑ β ∆ln(ms) + ∑ β ∆ln(inf) + ∑ β ∆ln(int) + λ gdp + λ otb + λ notb + λ reer + λ ms + λ inf + λ int + ɛ (6) where ∆ is a first difference operator and εt is a white noise error term identically and independently distributed. the error correction dynamics are represented by the term with the summation sign in equation (6), while the second component (the term with λs in the equation) reflects the long-term connection. the stated null hypothesis in equation (6) holds when λ1 = λ2 = λ3 = λ4 = λ5 = λ6 = λ7 = 0, which indicates the long-run relationship does not exist. our study's secondary data originated from the bulletin of the central bank of nigeria from 1981 to 2020. 5. empirical results table 1. summary of descriptive statistics rgdp otb notb m2 reer inf int mean 3.7439 0.9659 -1.1564 2.9311 2.0789 1.1626 1.0130 median 3.8445 0.8758 -1.1682 3.0154 2.0022 1.0870 1.0012 std. dev. 1.0342 0.3767 0.2742 1.1099 0.2656 0.3011 0.2095 skewness -0.2288 1.8973 -0.1283 -0.1223 0.9993 0.8756 -1.0780 kurtosis 1.6147 6.6697 1.8775 1.5913 3.0089 2.8693 5.2106 jarque-bera 3.4587 45.2818 2.1544 3.3219 6.4912 5.0111 15.4944 probability 0.1774 0.0000 0.3405 0.1899 0.0389 0.0816 0.0004 the table above shows the descriptive properties of the variables included in the model, focusing on mean, median, skewness, kurtosis, and jarque-bera probability value. the analysis reveals that the mean values of trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. 38 rgdp, otb, notb, m2, reer, infl, and int are 3.7439, 0.9659, 1.1564, 2.9311, 2.0789, 1.1626 and 1.013 respectively with the median of 3.8445, 0.8758, -1.1682, 3.0154, 2.0022, 1.0870 and 1.0012. the standard deviation of rgdp, otb, notb, m2, reer, infl, and int from their respective long-term mean values every year point stood at 1.0342, 0.3767, 0.2742, 1.1099, 0.2656, 0.3011, and 0.2095 respectively. the skewness value, which measures the asymmetry distribution of the variables from a normal distribution with an expected value of zero, shows that rgdp, notb, m2, and int are negatively skewed. at the same time, otb, reer, and inf are positively skewed. the kurtosis statistics results, which measure the peakedness or flatness of the distribution of the series, indicate otb, reer, and int are highly leptokurtic for their values are greater than three. at the same time, rgdp, notb, m2, and inf are highly platykurtic relative to the normal. conclusively from the table, it can be seen that rgdp, notb, m2, and inf have residuals that are normally distributed because their jarquebera probability values are more than 5 per cent, while the residuals of otb, reer, and int are not normally distributed (probabilities < 5%). with the augmented dickey-fuller (adf) approach, table 2 below shows the unit root test outcome. the results show that the data had a combination of order zero i(0) and one i(1) of integration. categorically, inf and otb are stationary at a 5% significance level, while int, m2, notb, reer, and rgdp are constant at the first difference of 5% critical level. based on the unit root test result, we therefore confidently engaged the autoregressive distributed lag technique (ardl) as put forward by pesaran, shin, and smith (2001) since none of the model variables is i(2). having established stationarity among the variables, we then examine the long-run relationship among the variables of our study model. table 2. summary of unit root test variables test for unit root adf statistics critical values prob inference 1% 5% 10% inf level 1st difference -4.4020 ----- -4.2268 ------ -3.5366 ------- -3.2003 ------- 0.0064 ------ stationary i(0) ------- int level 1st difference -3.4486 -5.2650 -4.2119 -4.2436 -3.5296 -3.5443 -3.1964 -3.2047 0.0596 0.0007 not stationary stationary i(1) m2 level 1st difference -0.9001 -3.8020 -4.2268 -4.2268 -3.5366 -3.5366 -3.2003 -3.2003 0.9453 0.0277 not stationary stationary i(1) notb level 1st difference -2.4794 -6.5419 -4.2119 -4.2191 -3.5296 -3.5331 -3.1964 -3.1983 0.3359 0.0000 not stationary stationary i(1) otb level 1st difference -4.4029 ------ -4.2119 ------ -3.5298 ------ -3.1964 ------ 0.0061 ------ stationary i(0) ------ reer level 1st difference -2.8276 -4.7340 -4.2191 -4.2191 -3.5331 -3.5331 -3.1983 -3.1983 0.1968 0.0026 not stationary stationary i(1) pp. 25-44 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 39 gdp level 1st difference 0.1853 -3.5360 -4.2119 -4.2191 -3.5398 -3.5331 -3.1964 -3.1983 0.9971 0.0497 not stationary stationary i(1) the findings of the ardl bounds testing were used to see if there was a long-run relationship between the variables, shown in table 3 below. the evidence of long-run co-movement among the variables is shown in the table. the f-statistics value of (8.029) presented in the ardl bound test was significantly greater than the critical bounds value of i(0) and i(1) at a 5% critical value. hence, it infers a long-run connection among the variables; on this account, they have a long-run complementary and long-run connection. table 3. ardl bound test result test statistic value k f-statistic 5.28 6 critical value bounds significance i0 bound i1 bound 10% 2.53 3.59 5% 2.87 4 2.5% 3.19 4.38 1% 3.60 4.90 the explanation of the short and long-run relationship is presented in table 4 below. the short-run coefficient of otb and inf has positive relation and was statistically significant at 5%. the positive relation shown by the coefficients of otb and inf informed that a unit increase in oil trade balance and inflation would cause a corresponding increase in nigeria's economic growth. in addition, the coefficient of the lag of gdp indicates the positive impact of past gdp on the present at a 5% significant level. the coefficients of notb and int are negative and insignificant at the 5% level, meaning both variables does not impact economic growth in the short run. by implication, these variables are growth retarding in the short run. in addition, the short-run coefficients of the reer and m2 have a positive but insignificant impact, meaning changes in both variables does not account for the expansion of nigeria's productivity. the cointegrating equation with a negative coefficient being significant means that in the short run, 26% disequilibrium in the past year is adjusted in the present. the f-statistic value of 6251.45 with a probability value of 0.0000 informed that the model variables jointly influence nigeria's economic growth. in contrast, the akaike info criterion, schwarz, and hannan-quinn negative value talk about the betterment of the model with the durbin watson statistic of 2, which reveals no problem of serial autocorrelation in the model. the long-run coefficient of otb has a significant positive impact on nigeria's economic growth, with m2, reer, and inf having an insignificant positive trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. 40 impact. in contrast, notb and int have insignificant negative impacts. the positive sign of otb tells that, in the long run, expansion in the economic growth of nigeria is influenced by changes in the oil trade balance. summarily, the result implies oil trade balance is the only growth-inspiring variable in the long run. table 4. ardl short and long-run regression results short-run long-run variables coefficients t-statistics probability coefficients t-statistics probability notb -0.0106 -0.6328 0.5318 -0.0397 -0.66450 0.5116 otb 0.1094** 3.1473 0.0038 0.4090** 2.627418 0.0136 m2 0.0912 1.2528 0.2203 0.3411 1.752052 0.0903 reer 0.0032 0.0996 0.9214 0.0118 0.102068 0.9194 int -0.0019 -0.0626 0.9505 -0.0071 -0.062524 0.9506 inf 0.0683** 3.5973 0.0012 0.2554 1.709486 0.0980 trend 0.0023 0.5438 0.5907 0.0085 0.591149 0.5590 cointeq (-1)/c -0.2675 -2.5018 0.0182 -0.4547 -0.989837 0.3304 gdp(-1) 0.7325 6.8506 0.0000 adj. r2 = 0.9993 f-stat prob. = 0.0000 dw = 2.1297 ** values are statistically significant at an alpha level of 0.05 furthermore, the table below summarises the result of the diagnostic tests to confirm the originality of the derived outcomes from the autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) estimate. the conducted tests include the normality test, linearity test, serial correlation lm test, and heteroskedasticity test. the jarque-bera value of 3.56 with a probability value of 0.168 revealed that the model data were normally distributed as the probability value is greater than 10%. therefore, the normality assumption is accepted. the breusch-godfrey statistic of the serial correlation lm test revealed that the time series data employed in the analyses had no serial correlation problem for the p-value is greater than the 10% significance level. furthermore, the breusch-pagan-godfrey heteroscedasticity probability value is greater than the 10% significance level, therefore accepting the alternate hypothesis of constant variance. the stability test result, as given by statistic and probability value of the ramsey reset test, showed that the series is free from non-linearity (p-value is greater than 10% significance level). table 5. summary of post-estimation tests test statistics value probability linearity ramsey reset 2.2466 0.1451 serial correlation lm breusch-godfrey 0.0743 0.9286 heteroscedasticity breusch-pagan-godfrey 0.7561 0.6429 normality jarque-bera 3.5697 0.1678 pp. 25-44 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 41 6. conclusion and recommendation expanding the frontier of knowledge on the relationship between trade balance, money supply, exchange rate, and economic growth by using disaggregated data has been the major research thrust of this study, considering the peculiarity of nigeria and other developing countries in africa where trade, especially in the non-oil sector has not been fully developed and institutionalised. among the selected variables of the study model, the oil trade balance is the largest contributing factor to the growth of nigeria's economy over the years in the short term. following that, the lag value of gdp with the oil trade balance influences long-run growth. another major result is that trade in the non-oil sector and money supply by monetary authority has not accounted for nigeria's national productivity expansion. this contrasts with the monetarist argument that the money supply affects output in the short run. finally, the long-run relationship among the variables informed that appropriate adoption and usage of monetary and trade policies would trigger economic growth and possibly put african countries on the path of sustainable growth. our study thus recommends that the government of nigeria and other african countries strategise on policies to develop trade in the non-oil sector; the development of the sector is necessary amidst global uncertainties (such as demand and price fluctuations as witnessed recently) affecting proceed from trade. we also advised monetary authorities to formulate frameworks for making money supply growth enhancers and stabilising the exchange rate for countries to gain more from trade by intensifying the flux of credit to the real and exporting sector toward setting the economies of africa on the track of sustainable growth and development. finally, our study recommends that efforts be made to diversify the african countries' economic base to develop manufacturing and agriculture sectors, among others, to have a favourable balance of trade that will spur growth on the continent. acknowledgement we acknowledge all the academic staff of the department of economics, the tai solarin university of education, for their immeasurable efforts in proofreading the manuscripts of our research. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. 42 references abdul, m., quratulain, s., shagufta, b., khushbakht, i., romana, s. & khalid, z. (2018). the relationship between money supply, price level and economic growth in pakistan: keynesian versus monetarist view. review of economic and business studies, 11(2), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2018-0073 abille, a. b. & mpure, d. m. (2020). effect of monetary policy on economic growth in ghana. applied economics journal, 27(2), 110-124. achouak, b., ousama, b. & mourad, z. (2018). exchange rate volatility and economic growth. journal of economic integration, 33(2), 1302–1336. https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2018.33.2.1302 adeyemi, o. j., oseni, i. o. & tella, s. a. (2020). effects of money demand on trade balance in nigeria. acta universitatis lodziensis, 6 (351), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.351.02 agbola, f. (2004). does devaluation improve trade balance of ghana? international conference on ghana’s economy at the half century, m-plaza hotel, accra, ghana, july, 18–20. alawattage, u. p. (2009). exchange rate, competitiveness and balance of payment performance. staff studies, 35(1), 63 – 91. https://doi.org/10.4038/ss.v35i1.1234 amassoma, d., sunday, k & onyedikachi, e. (2018). the influence of money supply on inflation in nigeria. journal of economics and management, 31(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2018.31.01 anoke, c. i., odo, s. i. & ogbonna, b. c. (2016). effect of exchange rate depreciation on trade balance in nigeria. journal of humanities and social science, 21(3), 72 – 81. antwi, s., issah, m., patience, a. & antwi, s. (2020). the effect of macroeconomic variables on exchange rate: evidence from ghana. cogent economics & finance, 8(1), 1821483. bello, m. z., & saulawa, m. a. (2013). relationship between inflation, money supply, interest rate and income growth in nigeria 1980-2010: an empirical investigation. journal of economics and sustainable development, 4(8), 23 – 39. carlin, wendy; soskice, david w. (1990). macroeconomics and the wage bargain. new york: oxford university press. chipote, p., & palesa, m. (2014). impact of monetary policy on economic growth: a case study of south africa. mediterranean journal of social sciences, 5(15), 76 – 84. deimante, b., lina, g. & kristina, m. (2020). trade balance effects on economic growth: evidence from european union countries. economies, 8(3), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8030054 dhliwayo, r. (1996). balance of payments as a monetary phenomenon: an econometric study of zimbabwe’s experience, african economic research consortium, nairobi. ditimi, a., keji, s. & emma-ebere, o. (2018). the influence of money supply on inflation in nigeria. journal of economics and management, 31(1), 5 – 23. ehikioya, b. i. (2019). the impact of exchange rate volatility on the nigerian economic growth: an empirical investigation. journal of economics & management, 37(3), 45 – 68. https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2019.37.03 eze, o. m. & atuma, e. (2017). an empirical analysis of the impact of exchange rate devaluation on trade balance of nigeria: vector error correction model approach. asian journal of economics, business and accounting, 3(3),1–15. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2017/33355 https://doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2018-0073 https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2018.33.2.1302 https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.351.02 https://doi.org/10.4038/ss.v35i1.1234 https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2018.31.01 https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8030054 https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2019.37.03 https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2017/33355 pp. 25-44 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 43 ezeaku, h. c., ibe, i. g., ugwuanyi, u. b., modebe, n. j. & agbaeze, e. k. (2018). monetary policy transmission and industrial sector growth: empirical evidence from nigeria. sage open, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018769369 fassil, e. (2017). birr devaluation and its effect on trade balance of ethiopia: an empirical analysis. journal of economics and international finance, 9(11), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.5897/jeif2017.0864 fatbardha, m., eglantina, h., ugur, e., mirela, p. & marian, c. v. (2020). the effect of exchange rate volatility on economic growth: case of the cee countries. j. risk financial management, 13(177),1 –13. george, c., suoyai, e., tema, l. & boloekeye, m. (2018). impact of money supply on some macroeconomic variables on the nigerian economy. journal of business management and economic research, 2(5), 32–46. havi, e. d. k., & enu, p. (2014). the effect of fiscal policy and monetary policy on ghana’s economic growth: which policy is more potent? international journal of empirical finance, 3(2), 61–75. hicham, s. (2018). the effect of exchange rates on trade balance: an empirical study of morocco. journal of business and economics review, 3(1), 1–10. hussain, m. i. & zafar, t. (2018). the interrelationship between money supply, inflation, public expenditure and economic growth. european online journal of natural and social sciences, 7(1), 1–24. ibi, e. e., eja, b. r. & ojong, c. m. (2019). effect of selected macroeconomic variables on money supply in nigeria. european journal of economic and financial research, 3(3), 61–91. imf. (2021). international monetary fund world economic outlook (october 2020). https://statisticstimes.com/economy/projected-world-gdp-ranking.php inam, u. s., & ime, b. s. (2017). monetary policy and economic growth in nigeria: evidence from nigeria. advances in social sciences research journal, 4(6), 41–59. ingabire, t., uwineza, j., benimana, m. l., musafiri, f., berimana, g., ishimwe, n. c. & nshizirungu, n. (2020). effect of money supply on economic growth in rwanda. international journal of research and innovation in social science, 4(6), 225–229. jawaid, s. t., quadri, f. s., & ali, n. (2011). monetary-fiscal-trade policy and economic growth pakistan: time series empirical investigation. international journal of economics and financial issues, 1(3), 133–138. kamaan, c. k. (2014). the effect of monetary policy on economic growth in kenya. international journal of business and commerce, 3(8), 11–24. karahan, o. (2020). influence of exchange rate on the economic growth in the turkish economy. 21-34. koirala, s. (2018). an analysis of the impact of real effective exchange rate on economic growth of nepal. pravaha journal of management, 24(1), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.3126/pravaha.v24i1.20239 mbongo, j. e., mutasa, f., & msigwa, r. e. (2014). the effects of money supply on inflation in tanzania. economics, 3(2), 19-26. mohamed & aslam, a. l. (2016). impact of money supply on sri lankan economy: an econometric analysis. international letters of social and humanistic sciences, 67, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.67.11 nouri, m., & samimi, a. j. (2011). the impact of monetary policy on economic growth in iran. middle-east journal of scientific research, 9(6), 740–743. obi, k. o., oniore, j. o. & nnadi, k. u. (2016). the impact of exchange rate regimes on https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018769369 https://statisticstimes.com/economy/projected-world-gdp-ranking.php https://doi.org/10.3126/pravaha.v24i1.20239 https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.67.11 trade balance, exchange rate and money supply in nigeria: growth implications and lesson for african countries osinusi, k. b., lawal, n. a., & bisiriyu, s. o. 44 economic growth in nigeria. journal of economics and sustainable development, 7(2), 115–127. omodero, c. o. (2019). effect of money supply on economic growth: a comparative study of nigeria and ghana. international journal of social science studies, 7(3), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i3.4137 onakoya, a. b., aworinde, o. b. & yinusa, o. g. (2019). exchange rate, trade balance and growth in nigeria: an asymmetric cointegration analysis. the journal of developing areas, 53(4), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2018.0074 onyeiwu, c. (2012). monetary policy and economic growth of nigeria. journal of economics and sustainable development, 3(7), 62–71. osasohan, a. (2014). the impact of monetary policy on the economy of the united kingdom: a vector error correction model (vecm). european scientific journal, 10(16), 19–42. owolabi, a. u. & adegbite, t. a. (2014). money supply, foreign exchange regimes and economic growth in nigeria. research journal of finance and accounting, 2(8), 121–130. pesaran, m. h. & pesaran, b. (1997). microfit 4.0, cambridge london, windows version, camfit data limited. pesaran, m. h. & shin, y. (1999). an autoregressive distributed lag modeling approach to cointegration analysis, in strom, s., holly, a., diamond, p. (eds.), centennial volume of rangar frisch, cambridge university press, cambridge. prasert, c., kanchana, c., chukiat, c., & monekeo, k. (2015). money supply influencing on economic growth – wide phenomena of aec open region. procedia economics and finance, 24, 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00626-7 razzaque, m. a., bidisha, s. h. & khondker, b. h. (2017). exchange rate and economic growth: an empirical assessment for bangladesh. journal of south asian development, 12(1), 42–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174117702712 sushil, r. (2020). effect of inflation and money supply on output growth in nepal. international journal of scientific & engineering research, 11(1), 289–296. twinoburyo, e. n., & odhiambo, n. m. (2017). monetary policy and economic growth: a review of international literature. journal of central banking theory and practice, 7(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2018-0015 ufoeze, o. odimgbe, s. ezeabalisi, v. & alajekwu, u. (2018). effect of monetary policy on economic growth in nigeria: an empirical investigation. annals of spiru university economic series, 18(1), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.26458/1815 world bank. (2020). the world bank in nigeria. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i3.4137 https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2018.0074 https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00626-7 https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174117702712 https://doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2018-0015 https://doi.org/10.26458/1815 https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview 1. introduction 2. stylized facts 2.1. trade balance 2.2. exchange rate 2.3. money supply 2.4. economic growth 3. review of literature 4. methodology 5. empirical results 6. conclusion and recommendation acknowledgement declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 4 no. 2 (2022): september, pp. 63-82 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.228 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 63 www.mer-j.com the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship adeleke. o. banwo1 , bola momoh2 1ph.d. management sciences, senior lecturer, faculty of management studies, islamic university (uganda)  lekebanwo@outlook.com 2bachelor's degree, international economics and trade department, jiangsu university (china)  otunbade@gmail.com published online: 06 -07-2022 accepted: 01-07-2022 received: 31-05-2022 how to cite: banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. (2022). the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship. management & economics research journal, 4(2), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.228 abstract: this study investigates the global dynamics of the informal economy and the need for the coexistence of both the informal and formal economy. developing and developed countries are beset with various social and economic problems, such as unemployment, poverty levels, informal jobs, and global issues. informal entrepreneurship remains a focal means to reduce unemployment and create jobs in many economies. using the institutional theory, the informal economy and entrepreneurship dynamics were investigated by drawing on a qualitative approach and secondary data from the international labour organization and women in informal employment: globalizing and organizing datasets. the findings depict the need to ensure that the informal and the formal economy coexist well rather than merge due to their interwoven nature. this calls for adopting a system and holistic corresponding author: faculty of management studies, islamic university (uganda). [ lekebanwo@outlook.com] ©2022 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1027-3972 mailto:lekebanwo@outlook.com mailto:otunbade@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.228 mailto:lekebanwo@outlook.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.228 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2022.228&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2022-09-05 http://www.mer-j.com/ the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. 64 perspective for studying facets of informal-formal entrepreneurship in different contexts. informal economy and informal entrepreneurship are essential for reducing global unemployment and developing innovation in the value chain in their contexts. globally, the informal economy and informal entrepreneurship provide safety nets, a source of livelihood, and pay informal levies that contribute to economic growth and development. the study shows how informal entrepreneurship contributes to the business environment. the contextual evidence from the literature justifies the necessity for informal entrepreneurship and the economy due to the interplay of poor market conditions, institutional voids, entrepreneurial behavior, and local business dynamics. keywords: context, entrepreneurial behavior, informal economy and entrepreneurship, informal levies, institutional theory, innovation, unemployment. jel codes: r30, d21, e26, m13, o17, d02, o31, e24. 1. introduction the informal economy is pervasive, with adaptive and resilient nature constantly changing. scholars and global institutions have continued to focus on the activities of informal entrepreneurs and dynamics in different contexts (afreh et al., 2019b; okolie et al., 2021). likewise, there are increasing calls for moving from informality to formality without a corresponding focus on the necessity for informal entrepreneurship and its evolving nature (henning & akoob, 2017; omri, 2020). in 2015, the international labour organization (ilo) adopted the standard recommendations for transiting from the informal to the formal economy, viewing the latter as an economic trap (ilo., 2015). this paper examines the importance and necessity for informal entrepreneurs in most contexts, attempts to dissuade perceptions that link the informal economy mainly to poverty, and join the discussion on the potential benefits of having a mixed economy. chen (2012) advocated for the institutionalization of a mixed economic model that allows all forms of economic agents in the traditional and modern system to co-exist, evolve, and leverage their unique complementarities. many countries are faced with monumental problems due to the negative effects of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (covid-19). this has led to a rise in global unemployment rates, the closure of many formal businesses, and attendant negative effects on livelihoods, families, and societies at both the micro and macro levels. surviving harsh economic environments, uncertainties, and waves of disruptive change is a major problem facing different economic agents. pp. 63-82 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 65 the debate on the formal-informal economy and sector gained global prominence in 1972 with the ilo kenya report publication (bromley & wilson, 2018). thus, leading to the emergence of different schools of thought and a divergence of findings and theories relating to the informal and formal sectors. according to desta (2018), unbundling the urban informal sector in africa is complex and advocates for a blend of theoretical perspectives due to the shortcomings of the dualistic labor market in ethiopia. this unending debate has existed for more than five decades. it would continue as long as academia sees each sector as independent of the other without investigating human behavior dynamics. alfers' (2018) article (informal workers and the future of work) confirms the system nature of both sectors: what happens in the formal economy impacts the informal economy and vice versa. empirical evidence from sub-saharan countries indicates that rural-urban migration, the adaptive nature of the informal sector, and the need to conform to the formal business environment create room for innovative approaches in the urban informal sector. for instance, the urban informal sector in china consists of registered self-proprietorship and private enterprises (qian & perspective, 2019). universally, social structures, social networks, social capital, and types of economic activity influence entrepreneurship behaviors. from a sociological perspective, granovetter's (2005) social embeddedness approach reveals that the social network behavior of economic agents is influenced by information quality, rewards and punishment, and level of trust. it is, therefore, plausible to assert that interactions in the social and economic dynamics shape the entrepreneurial ecosystem. for instance, in most subsaharan african countries, family structures and multi-level social networks provide avenues for the viability of informal entrepreneurship as a source of wealth creation, employment, and additional income stream. other scholars also confirmed the vital strength of social ties in africa's urban informal entrepreneurship (berrou & combarnous, 2012). they argue that in volatile contexts and developing economies, informal entrepreneurs benefit from the trust built, length of relationships, and access to informal finance, information, and patronage based on the strength of social ties developed in their social network. berrou and gondard-delcroix (2018) demonstrated that social networks could be a limiting factor where reliance is mainly on the relationship within the social network and precludes the possibility of developing additional triad relationships. realizing the wealth and opportunities in the informal economy in developing countries, micro-finance banks and other informal financial services provide customized services. these customized services, loan the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. 66 offerings, and banking services are modeled after the grameen microfinance model to capture micro-informal entrepreneurs that find it difficult to get financial support from conventional banks due to the stringent procedures. most of the bigger informal entrepreneurs enjoy financial support from informal investors, including close family members, business colleagues, relatives, friends, and other informal sources. in most contexts in africa, the informal finance mechanisms available to informal entrepreneurs is flexible and tied to cultural and collective responsibility models to reduce the incidence of default. the traditional informal financing system in sub-saharan africa has outgrown the financial crises of conventional banking and has proven to provide some level of support. it is estimated that globally, 95 percent of entrepreneurs rely on personal funds as seed capital; however, it is much lower in african countries 47% in burkina faso and senegal (dumbili & henderson, 2020) the paper is divided into three sections, the first section provides an overview and literature review of informal entrepreneurship with a focus on africa, and the second section uses institutional theory to examine the change dynamics and effect of unemployment on informal entrepreneurship using the lens of institutional theory and unemployment. the third section discusses the importance of context and rural-urban dynamics and reiterates the importance of informal entrepreneurship in africa. 2. unbundling the informal economy the informal economy (sector), informal employment, informal entrepreneurs, and micro-enterprises are all subsets of the economy. we define informal employment as comprising an ad hoc engagement; the informal and formal economy usually offers pecuniary remunerations and non-financial benefits. while the informal economy is a subset of the formal economy, it influences both economy and the livelihood of stakeholders. it encompasses all productive activities that co-exist with the economy's formal norms and institutional framework. moreover, the informal economy differs from the black market because it is a self-governed community, and its contribution to gdp is acknowledged. however, the black market is illegal in all contexts and is not accounted for in gross domestic product (gdp) estimates. empirical evidence shows that the informal economy accounts for 30 percent to 40 percent of gdp in sub-saharan africa, latin america, and south asia (medina et al., 2017). similarly, the international labor organization (ilo) asserts that the informal sector provides employment, productive engagement, and cash pp. 63-82 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 67 flows as informal entities with small-scale operations and social norms. ilo is at the forefront of research on the informal sector and stated in the 15th international conference of labour statisticians resolution that the informal sector may be broadly characterized as consisting of units engaged in the production of goods or services with the primary objective of generating employment and incomes to the persons concerned. these units typically operate at a low level of organization, with little or no division between labor and capital as factors of production and on a small scale. labor relations, where they exist, are based mostly on casual employment, kinship, or personal and social relations rather than contractual arrangements with formal guarantees. besides, they assert that informal entrepreneurs as employers and own-account workers in the informal sector, and informal employment includes workers in all employment status categories: employers, employees, own-account workers, contributing (unpaid) family workers, and members of producers' cooperatives (see figure 1) (ilo., 2013). there is non-uniformity in employment definitions in the informal sector, and this complexity reiterates the importance of adopting a contextual approach to understanding and improving the informal sector (onokala & banwo, 2015). for example, the ilo department of statistics shows variations in definitions used in some countries (ilo., 2013):  south africa (employees without a written employment contract or for whom the employer does not contribute to the pension/retirement fund or medical aid benefits).  zambia (employees not entitled to paid annual leave or for whom the employer does not contribute to any social security scheme).  india (employees not entitled to social security benefits or paid sick or annual leave (agriculture excluded).  russian federation (employees without a labor contract).  panama (employees without an employment contract, plus employees with an employment contract who are not covered by social security as directly insured persons (excluding employees who, as retired persons or pensioners, do not have to contribute any more to social security). de castro et al. (2014) used an institutional framework to confirm the boundary-spanning interactions between both systems with a clarion call to legitimize informality as a necessity. recent empirical evidence on the informal sector and informal entrepreneurs in both developed and developing countries confirm that they have an impact on the economy, contribute significantly to global employment, and account for 62 percent of total the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. 68 employment in a sample of 99 countries (aguigwe & ochinanwata, 2021; kok & berrios, 2019). it is obvious that given the poor market conditions, contexts, and rising global unemployment, calls for transiting the informal economy to the formal economy is a utopia (see figure 2). when the various ilo data are examined at the micro-level, we find a diverse concentration of informal entrepreneurs in developing and developed countries with female demography as the major stakeholders in this domain. the diffusion and complex relationship between informal and formal employment favor the emergence of different shades of informal employment, mostly in developing countries where it is a major source of income (chen, 2012). recent evidence in the 2018 report on (women and men in the informal economy: a statistical picture) presents robust insight into this sector globally (bonnet et al., 2019). they asserted that 89.7 percent of employed women are in informal employment, and a significant proportion of african (86 percent) workers are informally employed. in most developing countries, the high level of unemployment is a major factor attracting the young labor force to informality due to the ease of entry, exit, safety nets, and source of livelihood. this demography is estimated to constitute about 95 percent of informal employment in africa (ilo., 2020). globally, young people are the most vulnerable segment due to imperfections in society's institutional systems and policies. the resultant negative effect transcends developing countries to developed countries. in africa, europe, and central asia, temporary jobs and undocumented employment are predominance sources of livelihood (webb et al., 2013). also, global estimates of youth aged 15 to 24 (267 million) show they do not have access to the required skill sets and competencies that would enable them to get formal employment (ilo., 2020). informal employment occurs in both the formal and informal sectors, and ilo provides a broad guideline for key players in figure 1. pp. 63-82 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 69 figure 1. conceptual framework: informal employment components (17th icls guidelines source: author’s adaptation of measuring informality: a statistical manual on the informal sector and informal employment figure 2. trends and projections in global unemployment (1991-2021) source: (ilo, 2020) • in households producing exclusively for own final use • employees in households producing for self use who have informal employment • own-account workers,employers and members of producers cooperatives in the infomal sector • employees in the formal and informal sector who have informal employment. employees informal sector entrepreneurs own -account workers contributing family workers the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. 70 unemployment is a global issue that varies across developed and developing countries, with a sharp increase after the 2009 global economic meltdown and the 2019 covid-19 pandemic. datasets and projections from ilo spanning 1991 to 2021 indicate men have a higher level of unemployment than women, which might be a major reason women embrace informality to support their family needs and aspirations (see figure 2). women outnumber men in informal employment and entrepreneurship in most sub-saharan african countries such as nigeria and ghana and operate as domestic workers, home-based workers, and street vendors, with the highest clusters as market traders (obi, 2019). unemployment levels might be a factor in enhancing the growth of informal entrepreneurs and employment in the sector. this necessitates seeking informal employment and engaging in any economic activity within the ambit of the institutional environment. the high unemployment rate in developing countries and inequalities in human capital development are major reasons why self–employment is higher in developing countries and informal wage employment higher in emerging economies (see figure 3). figure 3. informal economy by income level source: authors adaptation of wiego counting the world’s informal workers: a global snapshot however, in most sub-saharan cities, those employed in the formal sector also take advantage of opportunities in the informal sector to reduce costs, increase profits, and pursue diverse social and political goals. tackling the global unemployment levels does not necessarily equate to moving from informality to formality. nevertheless, it can influence the choice to remain in the informal sector based on individual cost-benefit analysis. 36 21 37 51 64 79 63 49 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 world developing emerging developed pe rc en t regions wage employment self-employment pp. 63-82 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 71 entrepreneurs are risk-takers with different mindsets and may not seek formal employment and rather prefer to express their entrepreneurial skills through various productive avenues. most formal entrepreneurs started small as informal entrepreneurs during the development and testing of their business ideas and then registered in the mainstream formal economy. for example, facebook, microsoft, and alibaba nurtured and developed their ideas as informal entrepreneurs by recognizing opportunities and creating a value process. however, several intrinsic and contextual factors nurture or stifle informal entrepreneurship from dual perspectives of the risk-benefit and costopportunity continuum within formal and informal institutional settings. 3. theoretical framework david north's (1993) propositions on institutional change theory offer insight into factors in institutional dynamics that affect informal entrepreneurs and unemployment. some of the factors include the effect of positive-negative changes, incremental-disruptive changes, incentives, institutions, organizations, skills and knowledge, competition, perceptions, choices, economies of scale, and mental cognition. we propose that addressing these factors at the micro and macro level can assist in understanding why the informal sector differs across contexts. similarly, scott's (2005) institutional theory premise (regulatory, normative, and sociocultural cognitive process) is relevant in emergent informal entrepreneurship studies in all contexts. webb et al. (2009) used institutional theory to show that informal entrepreneurs use boundary-spanning instincts to identify and exploit opportunities within formal and informal sectors from the legitimate– illegitimate perspective when institutional changes occur. similarly, the blurring dichotomy of formal and informal institutions is enshrined in variations across culture, norms, values, public policies, social behavior, and cultural schema. this has resulted in scholars using many narratives in studying the connection between institutional theory and the informal economy. murithi et al. (2019) neo-institutional theory perspective shows the system nature of economic agents in institutional environments. their findings indicate the coexistence of formal and informal businesses in africa. drawing on institutional theory, welter (2005) stated that it is important to consider underlying institutional forces and pressures influencing entrepreneurial behaviors in different contexts. the global entrepreneurship monitor (gem) 2019/2020 reiterated the need to the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. 72 understand entrepreneurship behaviors. findings show increased institutional changes recognizing their contributions to society's values, welfare, and reward systems (niels bosma, 2020). the extant literature indicates that institutional settings, policymakers, multinational agencies, and corporate organizations in the formal sector benefit from the informal sector for different interests, political gains, and cost savings (meagher, 2013). for example, in most developed countries, immigrants and young adults work part-time jobs, or survival jobs, on a contract basis even though they possess the skillsets for formal employment and benefits. it is common practice for corporate and multinational organizations to use informal employment and informal entrepreneurs in their value chains mainly to save costs and reduce tax burden (meagher, 2018). this raises questions about how these employees survive with meager allowances without resorting to informal activities to sustain their basic and social needs. also, at the institutional level, there is evidence that different economic systems and schools of thought create room for informal sector dynamics based on political and social ideologies and context. however, it is improbable to assume that informal entrepreneurs and employees would cease to exist given imperfect market systems, culture, and differences in human behaviors. onokala and banwo (2015) reported that entrepreneurial activities and group dynamics in the informal sector are a function of the formal sector's poor market conditions and gaps. 4. contextual dimensions and discussion it is generally presumed that human behavior is usually influenced by rational thinking and actions in social systems and game theory analogies (colman & sciences, 2003). in reality, entrepreneurship behavior is influenced by complex factors that lead to rational and irrational societal actions. human beings are socially wired, and contextual institutional and social frameworks shape the nature of exchanges at different levels of society. this is premised on the belief that differences in cognition in the informal economy in developing countries are determined by socio-cultural and enshrined value systems and forces within the institutional environment (ogunsade & obembe, 2016). consequentially, several endogenous and exogenous factors shape the entrepreneurship business environment, including economic systems, interest groups, institutional greed, economic models, class struggles, profit motives, exploitation, cost and risk, survival, migrations, and human behavior motives. the informal economy in sub-saharan africa and southern asia is the largest, pp. 63-82 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 73 with eastern europe and central asia having the lowest informal economy (wiego, 2018) (see figure 4). figure 4. regional informal employment source: author’s adaptation recent studies show that context, culture, and institutions shape the opportunities and constraints influencing informal entrepreneurship globally (afreh et al., 2019a; breazeale & hustedde, 2017). there is also evidence of constant linkages between informal sector entrepreneurs and economic agents in the formal sector, which are driven by opportunistic wealth creation and cost-saving motives in developing countries (gurtoo & williams, 2009). for example, in a 27 european union member states survey, individuals and economic agents patronize informal entrepreneurs due to the ability to benefit from lower prices, quality of goods, and proximity (williams & martinezperez, 2014). informal entrepreneurs bring quick solutions to the people 92% 89% 88% 77% 66% 54% 37% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% sub-saharan africa (excluding southern africa) sub-saharan africa as a whole southern asia east and south-eastern asia (excluding china) middle east and north africa latin america and the caribbean eastern europe and central asia % the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. 74 locally; they appear when needed and operate with localized structures based on their contexts and market segments. inherent in all contexts are cultures, norms, and forces that support or inhibit informal entrepreneurship evolution and impact. for instance, ilo has established that informal employment and entrepreneurship are prevalent mostly in the agricultural industry in africa, southern asia, and other places. globally, informal employment is about 94 percent in the agricultural sector and about 99.3 percent in southern asia. when the demographic composition in different contexts is examined, there are different levels of engagement. for instance, women represented 50% of 54,643,676 workers engaged in informal sector business in nigeria (national bureau of statistics, 2010). in uganda, women make up 52.5 percent of the entrepreneurial labor force; in tanzania, price competition is high despite the ease of entry (mori, 2014; mugabi, 2014). however, a contrasting picture in eastern asia shows that the proportion of men is higher than women in informal employment compared to south-eastern asia, the pacific, and southern asia. some differences in informal entrepreneurship are tied to cultural practices, norms, and values in each context (onokala & banwo, 2015). these multi-layered cultural symbols shape informal and formal institutional entrepreneurship at all levels. for example, informal apprenticeship is more common in most informal enterprises in nigeria. this informal model nurtures and develops informal and formal entrepreneurs over time. scholars have continually investigated why the model is efficient and how it can be replicated in other settings (erdős, 2019; madichie et al., 2021; neuwirth, 2012). it is expedient to investigate the effect of cultural factors when examining data on the informal sector and entrepreneurship. ogunsade and obembe (2016) study affirmed cultural and normative environments as major predictors of informality in nigeria and other developing countries compared to the regulatory environment. webb et al. (2009) suggested using a system perspective incorporating the micro-level, macro-level, and meso-level for informal entrepreneurship research. this is based on how formal institutions' laws and regulations influence the norms, values, and beliefs shaping informal entrepreneurship. therefore, individuals, groups, and institutions engage in continuous boundary-spanning activities and engagements in both formal and informal settings. williams and krasniqi (2018) stressed the need for congruence between formal and informal norms and institutions since they positively and negatively impact each other. this could account for the springing up of informal entrepreneurs in all contexts where their activities are not threatened and needed. pp. 63-82 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 75 in addition, this probably accounts for mobile stalls, night market operators, local market sellers, neighborhood kiosks, and essential services in most contexts in africa, asia, and cosmopolitan cities. however, where some informal entrepreneurship norms and practices threaten or cause harm to the system, it triggers measures to enforce and align with acceptable formal and informal norms. for example, in all contexts, street hawking, unregistered cab services, drug peddlers, ponzi operators, and unregistered health facilities are more likely to face internal and external threats to limit their harmful effects. these norm-deviant behaviors could arise from institutional voids and conflicts that enable entrepreneurs to explore informal arrangements. findings from cross-cultural studies in seven developing countries, china (asia), ecuador, peru, mexico (south and north america), egypt, south africa (africa), and yemen (arab pennisula), indicate that the level of informal employment is dependent on contextual socio-demographic characteristics (başbay et al., 2018). williams and krasniqi's (2018) contextual findings showed that institutional failings (resource misuse, corruption, voids, unfair tax system, elite agenda setting), institutional asymmetry (level of alignment of formal and informal institutions), vertical and horizontal trust (between government and economic agents on the one hand and between entrepreneurs) are major predictors of informal entrepreneurship. these findings and extant literature on informal entrepreneurship show that they evolve in different shades and forms in an economy's informal and formal sectors. push and pull factors in different places contribute to the prevalence and dearth of informal entrepreneurship and employment in most contexts. rural-urban migration, business clusters, population density, and agricultural methods influence their size and activities in developing and developed countries. thus, while rural informal entrepreneurship might be synonymous with the poverty level, it is not always the case. informal entrepreneurs in most rural locations in sub-saharan africa leverage the low cost of doing business, proximity to natural resources, low labor cost, and location-based advantages (idowu, 1999). typical examples are the cocoa farmers in western nigeria, ghana, and other west african countries and the entrepreneurship and innovation hubs. consistent with chen's (2012) recommendation on the adoption of a hybrid economic model, evidence from recent informal sector tax entrepreneurship literature in most sub-saharan african countries reveals that the informal sector players pay different forms of taxes in the form of daily permits, association tax, monthly levies, and sales tax bands (dube & casale, the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. 76 2019; olabisi et al., 2020). however, though the administration of this tax collection might be fraught with corruption, their willingness and positive attitude confirm that they are willing to contribute to society. the efficacy of the informal entrepreneur's tax models in the central business districts in lagos and other sub-saharan countries confirms that the informal sector is a major source of tax revenue (grossman, 2020). the motivation to pay more taxes rises as they perceive social and physical infrastructural benefits that accrue from the tax collection in their business locations. when the informal economy tax revenue is investigated at the microlevel in african countries, the group dynamics reveal multilevel norms, strong informal organization structure, and group solidarity that gives them a voice and validates their contribution to the group and society (grossman, 2020). using an onion model perspective and system d analogy, their ingenuity and resilience are shrouded in the association structures and dynamics at all levels (osei-boateng & ampratwum, 2011). furthermore, social penetration theory identified the centrality of information exchange at the superficial, middle, and inner layers and personality levels as essential in understanding social relationship dynamics (carpenter & greene, 2015). this allows for ease of entry and exit as long as entrepreneurs abide by the code of conduct of their respective trade associations; they also benefit from support and protection without much reliance on the government. neuwirth (2012) coined the informal economy as system d and posits that it reduces the level of inequality in the world and (democratizes wealth) based on extensive ethnographic research experience in a sub-saharan context. the stakeholders in the informal economy are enlightened and versed in the respective system d models applicable to their business which sometimes defy economic reasoning or are unattractive to the stakeholders in the formal economy. for example, informal entrepreneurs in ghana, nigeria, tanzania, and senegal code and share information through an unwritten group strategy that gives them leverage over formal entrepreneurs. recognizing the strategic role they play in the global supply chain, informal entrepreneurs are sought after by global enterprises, multinationals, and conglomerates using diverse contextual mobile business models (payaud & excellence, 2014). for example, multinational companies such as unilever, coca-cola, and procter and gamble use direct and indirect supply chain models to bring their goods and services to informal entrepreneurs for distribution and sales to end users. typical micro-informal entrepreneurs understand the needs of their pp. 63-82 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 77 customers without necessarily having a formal education or degree in marketing. informal entrepreneurs understand the mathematics of business, influence purchasing choices, and effectively promote new products based on trust and customer preferences. for instance, the innovative idea of repackaging products in affordable sachets originated from neighborhood micro and small entrepreneurs; they made it possible for customers to buy their desired brand of products in small quantities whenever they needed them at convenient pricing. the novel product repackaging strategy of the informal enterprises became a competitive marketing and positioning strategy for most formal manufacturers in the milk industry, cooking oil industry, and other essential daily need industries (adeola et al., 2018). mwatsika's (2022) finding reflects a low level of entrepreneurship innovation in malawi despite the perception of its ability to contribute to economic growth. nevertheless, system d entrepreneurs face many problems and issues that researchers have investigated in all contexts. however, their global presence, cross-border trade, and employment are growing with easy access to major trade and manufacturing hubs in china, malaysia, india, vietnam, and hong kong. with the sheer size of informal trade, supply chain, and economic opportunities going on in guangzhou and yiwu, china has continued to attract informal entrepreneurs from all continents with a special unique offering of a market system that caters to all levels of needs and financial capacity (chu & critique, 2018). it is germane to emphasize that formal institutions such as embassies facilitate international exchanges for informal entrepreneurs by granting short-term business visas and hosting business fairs to grow international market share. interestingly, micro and small informal entrepreneurs disrupt markets that formal enterprises exclusively dominate through group purchases and strategic alliances with international formal and informal enterprises in asia (oyedele & firat, 2019). for instance, groups of informal entrepreneurs form informal groups, contribute capital, and appoint some members to transact bulk purchases and manufacture in international market hubs. they are usually on every flight to any business hub and use informal information sources to explore new markets, build trust, and enjoy credit for goods. the business models and strategies adopted by informal entrepreneurs in subsaharan africa are complex to outsiders but functional to all the stakeholders in the supply chain. a typical example is the computer market in lagos, alaba electronics market, aba market, central business district shopping malls in lagos island, cotonou car market, and economic community of westafrica countries (ecowas) inter-regional trade routes. the business spinoff and ancillary sectors that benefit from the activities of informal the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. 78 entrepreneurs include transport, food and hospitality, informal and formal banking services, revenue collectors, manual loaders, off-load containers, security personnel, and real estate merchants. 5. conclusion the discussion and evidence presented in this paper confirm the complexity, contextual and resilient nature of informal entrepreneurship, mainly in sub-saharan africa. it is, therefore, necessary to address and explore measures to improve informal entrepreneurship and employment using an ethnographic research approach coupled with primary data in other contexts. this approach helps policymakers understand this economy well, just as some governments and local governments have been able to harness positive social capital and revenue from the stakeholders. contrary to notions and schools of thought recommending that the informal economy and entrepreneurs be unified, we add our voice for the coexistence and improvement of institutional frameworks in both formal and informal economies. the global community and economic system will continue to rely on and benefit from the informal economy as long as inequality, disruptive changes, and diverse cultural values exist (idowu, 1999). informal entrepreneurship and employment are major sources of livelihood for millions of africans. scholars can investigate how to strengthen and improve this sector based on practicalities and the emerging african context without necessarily relying on evidence obtained in the western context. it is important to protect the cultural values and norms that have sustained the efficacy of the apprenticeship model of informal entrepreneurship and adopt policies to build this into the education system in africa. the major limitation of this study is its reliance on secondary data due to the non-availability or difficulty in obtaining primary data on informal entrepreneurs. future studies can investigate cross-cultural dynamics and behavioral factors related to the african informal economy and entrepreneurship. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. pp. 63-82 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 79 references adeola, o., & anibaba, y. (2018). bottom of the pyramid marketing: examples from selected nigerian companies. in bottom of the pyramid marketing: making, shaping and developing bop markets (pp. 200-250). https://doi.org/10.1108/9781-78714-555-920181009 afreh, b., rodgers, p., vershinina, n., & williams, c. (2019a). varieties of context and informal entrepreneurship. international journal of entrepreneurial behavior research in organizations: foundations and methods of inquiry. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0109 afreh, b., rodgers, p., vershinina, n., & williams, c. (2019b). varieties of context and informal entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial activities of migrant youths in rural ghana. 25(5), 996-1013. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0109 aguigwe, p., & ochinanwata, c. (2021). how to start african informal entrepreneurial revolution? journal of african business, 1-18. alfers, l., francie lund & rachel moussie. (2018). informal workers & the future of work: a defence of work-related social protection. wiego working paper no. 37. https://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/alfers_informal_work ers_social_protection_wiego_wp37.pdf başbay, m. m., elgin, c., & torul, o. j. e. s. (2018). socio-demographics, political attitudes and informal sector employment: a cross-country analysis. 42(4), 556-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2018.03.003 berrou, j.-p., & combarnous, f. j. r. o. s. e. (2012). the personal networks of entrepreneurs in an informal african urban economy: does the ‘strength of ties’ matter? , 70(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2011.577347 berrou, j.-p., & gondard-delcroix, c. j. r. o. s. e. (2018). dynamics of social networks of urban informal entrepreneurs in an african economy. 76(2), 167-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2017.1349330 bonnet, f., vanek, j., & chen, m. j. i. l. o., geneva. (2019). women and men in the informal economy: a statistical brief. https://www.wiego.org/publications/women-and-men-informal-economystatistical-brief breazeale, n. d., & hustedde, r. j. j. t. e. c. d. l. c. (2017). understanding the impact of culture in entrepreneurship. toward entrepreneurial community development: leaping cultural leadership boundaries, 104-125. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315677323-4 carpenter, a., & greene, k. j. t. i. e. o. i. c. (2015). social penetration theory. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic160 chen, m. a. (2012). the informal economy: definitions, theories and policies. wiego working paper no. 1. chu, n. j. c., theory, & critique. (2018). the paradoxes of creativity in guangzhou, china’s wholesale market for fast fashion. 59(2), 178-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1443020 colman, a. m. j. b., & sciences, b. (2003). cooperation, psychological game theory, and limitations of rationality in social interaction. 26(2), 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03000050 https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-555-920181009 https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-555-920181009 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0109 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0109 https://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/alfers_informal_workers_social_protection_wiego_wp37.pdf https://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/alfers_informal_workers_social_protection_wiego_wp37.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2018.03.003 https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2011.577347 https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2017.1349330 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315677323-4 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic160 https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1443020 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03000050 the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. 80 de castro, j. o., khavul, s., & bruton, g. d. j. s. e. j. (2014). shades of grey: how do informal firms navigate between macro and meso institutional environments? , 8(1), 75-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1172 desta, c. g. j. e. a. s. s. r. r. (2018). the urban informal economy in ethiopia: theory and empirical evidence. 34(1), 37-64. https://doi.org/10.1353/eas.2018.0001 dube, g., & casale, d. j. d. p. r. (2019). informal sector taxes and equity: evidence from presumptive taxation in zimbabwe. 37(1), 47-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12316 dumbili, e., & henderson, l. (2020). the challenge of plastic pollution in nigeria. in plastic waste and recycling (pp. 569-583). elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12817880-5.00022-0 erdős, l. (2019). oil is blood–the fight of ken saro-wiwa. in green heroes (pp. 177-180). springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31806-2_35 granovetter, m. j. j. o. e. p. (2005). the impact of social structure on economic outcomes. 19(1), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330053147958 grossman, s. j. w. p. (2020). the politics of order in informal markets: evidence from lagos. 72(1), 47-79. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043887119000121 gurtoo, a., & williams, c. c. j. (2009). entrepreneurship and the informal sector: some lessons from india. the international journal of entrepreneurship innovation, 10(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000009787414280 henning, s., & akoob, k. (2017). motivational factors affecting informal women entrepreneurs in north-west province. 9(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v9i1.91 idowu, a. a. (1999). human rights, environmental degradation and oil multinational companies in nigeria: the ogoniland episode. netherlands quarterly of human rights, 17(2), 161-184. https://doi.org/10.1177/092405199901700204 ilo. (2020). world employment and social outlook – trends 2020. https://www.ilo.org/wesodata/chart/0swe1jvt https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.159 ilo. (2013). measuring informality: a statistical manual on the informal sector and informal employment. international labour office. ilo. (2015). the transition from the informal to the formal economy. ilc 104/2015, report v (2b). ilo publications. ilo. (2020). world employment and social outlook trends 2020. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/--publ/documents/publication/wcms_734455.pdf meagher, k. (2013). unlocking the informal economy: a literature review on linkages between formal and informal economies in developing countries. 27. meagher, k. (2018). cannibalizing the informal economy: frugal innovation and economic inclusion in africa. the european journal of development research, 30(1), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-017-0113-4 medina, l., jonelis, m. a. w., & cangul, m. (2017). the informal economy in sub-saharan africa: size and determinants. international monetary fund. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3014086 mori, n. (2014). women’s entrepreneurship development in tanzania: insights and recommendations (women's entrepreneurship development, issue. ilo. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/--ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_360426.pdf mugabi, e. (2014). women’s entrepreneurship development in uganda: insights and recommendations (women's entrepreneurship development, issue. ilo. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1172 https://doi.org/10.1353/eas.2018.0001 https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12316 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817880-5.00022-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817880-5.00022-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31806-2_35 https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330053147958 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043887119000121 https://doi.org/10.5367/000000009787414280 https://doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v9i1.91 https://doi.org/10.1177/092405199901700204 https://www.ilo.org/wesodata/chart/0swe1jvt https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.159 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_734455.pdf https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_734455.pdf https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-017-0113-4 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3014086 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_360426.pdf https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_360426.pdf pp. 63-82 vol. 4 no. 2 (2022) management & economics research journal 81 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/--ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_360427.pdf murithi, w., vershinina, n., & rodgers, p. j. i. j. o. e. b. (2019). where less is more: institutional voids and business families in sub-saharan africa. international journal of entrepreneurial behavior research in organizations: foundations and methods of inquiry. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2017-0239 mwatsika, c. (2022). reflecting on the entrepreneurship paradox in sub-saharan africa. management & economics research journal, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.167 neuwirth, r. (2012). stealth of nations: the global rise of the informal economy. anchor. niels bosma, s. h., aileen ionescu-somers, donna kelley, jonathan levie, anna tarnawa. (2020). global entrepreneurship monitor 2019/2020 global report (global entrepreneurship monitor, issue. g. e. r. a. (gera). https://gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2019-2020-global-report north, d. (1993). five propositions about institutional change. obi, c. (2019). oil and the international politics of the african state. in oxford research encyclopedia of politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.707 ogunsade, i. a., & obembe, d. j. (2016). the influence of informal institutions on informal sector entrepreneurship: a study of nigeria's hand-woven textile industry. journal of small business entrepreneurship theory and practice, 28(6), 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2016.1202093 okolie, u. c., ehiobuche, c., igwe, p. a., agha-okoro, m. a., & onwe, c. c. (2021). women entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation: understanding the economic and socio-cultural context of the igbo women’s basket weaving enterprise in nigeria. journal of african business, 1-20. ttps://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2021.1874781 olabisi, j., afolabi, a., olagunju, a., madariola, f. a. j. e., & business. (2020). effect of informal sector tax revenue on capital development in lagos metropolis. 34(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2478/eb-2020-0001 omri, a. j. j. o. b. r. (2020). formal versus informal entrepreneurship in emerging economies: the roles of governance and the financial sector. 108, 277-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.027 onokala, u., & banwo, a. j. a. a. r. i. m. (2015). informal sector in nigeria through the lens of apprenticeship, education and unemployment. 1(1), 13-22. osei-boateng, c., & ampratwum, e. (2011). the informal sector in ghana. friedrich-ebertstiftung, ghana office accra. oyedele, a., & firat, f. j. i. m. r. (2019). institutions, small local firms’ strategies, and global alliances in sub-saharan africa emerging markets. https://doi.org/10.1108/imr-01-2019-0022 payaud, m. a. j. g. b., & excellence, o. (2014). marketing strategies at the bottom of the pyramid: examples from nestle, danone, and procter & gamble. 33(2), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21533 qian, j. j. d., & perspective, p. r. a. g. c. (2019). 13 the urban informal sector and development in china. 227. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429292125-13 scott, w. r. j. g. m. i. m. t. p. o. t. d. (2005). institutional theory: contributing to a theoretical research program. 37(2005), 460-484. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_360427.pdf https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_360427.pdf https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2017-0239 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.167 https://gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2019-2020-global-report https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.707 https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2016.1202093 https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2021.1874781 https://doi.org/10.2478/eb-2020-0001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.027 https://doi.org/10.1108/imr-01-2019-0022 https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21533 https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429292125-13 the contextual dimensions of informal economy and entrepreneurship banwo, a. o., & momoh, b. 82 webb, j. w., bruton, g. d., tihanyi, l., & ireland, r. d. j. j. o. b. v. (2013). research on entrepreneurship in the informal economy: framing a research agenda. 28(5), 598614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.05.003 webb, j. w., tihanyi, l., ireland, r. d., & sirmon, d. g. j. a. o. m. r. (2009). you say illegal, i say legitimate: entrepreneurship in the informal economy. 34(3), 492-510. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.40632826 welter, f. (2005). entrepreneurial behavior in differing environments. in local heroes in the global village (pp. 93-112). springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23475-6_6 wiego. (2018). counting the world’s informal workers: a global snapshot. https://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wiego-globalstatistics-snapshot-pamphlet-english-2019.pdf williams, c. c., & krasniqi, b. j. j. o. d. e. (2018). explaining informal sector entrepreneurship in kosovo: an institutionalist perspective. 23(02), 1850011. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946718500115 williams, c. c., & martinez-perez, a. j. j. o. b. r. (2014). why do consumers purchase goods and services in the informal economy? , 67(5), 802-806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.048 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.05.003 https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.40632826 https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23475-6_6 https://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wiego-global-statistics-snapshot-pamphlet-english-2019.pdf https://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wiego-global-statistics-snapshot-pamphlet-english-2019.pdf https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946718500115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.048 1. introduction 2. unbundling the informal economy 3. theoretical framework 4. contextual dimensions and discussion 5. conclusion declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 5 no. 1 (2023): march, pp. 45-65 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.277 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 45 www.mer-j.com managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania ukende apollo kingu1,2 , ismail j. ismail3 , stephen m. kibusi4 1phd candidate, department of business administration and management, university of dodoma, p.o.box 259, dodoma (tanzania) 2assistant lecturer, department of business management, mbeya university of science and technology, mbeya, p.o.box 131 mbeya (tanzania)  ukendekingu@yahoo.com 3phd, senior lecturer, department of business administration and management, university of dodoma, p.o.box 259, dodoma (tanzania)  ismailjismail1977@gmail.com 4phd, senior lecturer, department of public health, university of dodoma, p.o.box 259, dodoma (tanzania)  skibusi@gmail.com published online: 09 -10-2022 accepted: 07-10-2022 received: 05-09-2022 how to cite: kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. (2023). managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania. management & economics research journal, 5(1), 45-65. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.277 abstract: understanding the managerial competency of healthcare managers is very important. however, more evidence is needed on the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in lowand middleincome countries. this research aimed to examine the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania. this research is grounded on positivism philosophy, a corresponding author: department of business administration and management, university of dodoma, p.o.box 259, dodoma (tanzania) & department of business management, mbeya university of science and technology, mbeya, p.o.box 131 mbeya (tanzania) [ ukendekingu@yahoo.com] ©2022 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4908-3666 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-2912 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3577-4068 mailto:ukendekingu@yahoo.com mailto:ismailjismail1977@gmail.com mailto:skibusi@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.277 mailto:ukendekingu@yahoo.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.277 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2023.277&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2023-03-02 http://www.mer-j.com/ managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. 46 cross-sectional survey descriptive research design, a complete enumeration sampling strategy, and a survey used to collect primary data from 102 public primary healthcare facility managers located in kondoa, iramba, and sumbawanga district councils in tanzania. to examine the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers, the study adopted the mcap framework and used statistical package for social sciences (spss) version 25 to analyze the data. for the communication and relationship management domain, 74.5% were competent, while 25.5% were less than fully competent. likewise, 65.68% of them were competent, while 34.32% needed to be more competent in the knowledge of the healthcare environment domain. 62.74% and 37.26% of the primary healthcare facility managers were competent and less than competent in operations, administration, and resources management domains. correspondingly, 67.65% and 32.35% of primary healthcare facility managers needed to be more competent in evidence-informed decision-making. similarly, 74.55% and 25.45% were competent and less competent in enabling and managing change. the study used primary data and contributed recently well-worth and highly demanded knowledge on the managerial competency of healthcare managers in the lmics. keywords: managerial competency, primary healthcare facility managers, tanzania. jel codes: h1, m19. 1. introduction measuring the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in lowand middle-income countries (lmics) is very important for the continuous progress of quality in healthcare, ascertaining the best management practice, and management educations design (santrić milicevic, bjegovic-mikanovic, terzic-supić, & vasic, 2010). similarly, to enable primary care managers to provide excellent services to the public, there is a need to have extensive knowledge in their managerial competency (mohdshamsudin & chuttipattana, 2012). thus, understanding the managerial competency of healthcare professionals is considered a priority for research to improve the provision of health services in primary healthcare (dikic et al., 2020). different scholars established evidence-based management indicators for self-management, planning, organizing, directing, and managing the delivery of healthcare in light of the significance connected with evaluating the managerial competency of health managers (pillay, 2008; khadka, gurung and chaulagain, 2014; umbetzhanova et al. (2014)). most prior pp. 45-65 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 47 scholarly works evaluating health managers' management competencies used hospitals as the secondary level of healthcare delivery (pillay, 2008; kakemam, janati, mohaghegh, gholizadeh, & liang, 2021). these studies were disproportionately conducted in industrialized nations (liang et al., 2018). also, mills et al. (2020) assessed the managerial competency of healthcare facility managers using superiors and subordinates as a source of information. previous scholarly works contributed limited evidence on the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in lmics (kakemam & dargahi, 2019; dikic et al., 2020; kakemam, janati, mohaghegh, gholizadeh, & liang, 2021). similarly, other scholars reported that health facility management is among the under-researched area in many lmics (mabuchi et al., 2018; mabuchi, alonge, tsugawa, & bennett, 2020). this reveals the limited empirical research on managerial competency-related issues at the primary healthcare level in developing countries (mabuchi, sesan, & bennett, 2018; macarayan et al., 2019). as a result, the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers is less well-known, questionable, and open to discussion among researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in the lmics (moh, 2018; macarayan et al., 2019; mabuchi et al., 2020). this has led to substantial knowledge gaps on the managerial competency of health managers in the lmics that need to be investigated (bitton et al., 2019; macarayan et al., 2019; mabuchi et al., 2020). thus, reliable information is required to unveil the evidence of managerial competency among primary healthcare facility managers in the lmics, including tanzania (moh, 2018; mabuchi et al., 2020). the study intended to answer the questions on the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers and contribute to knowledge on the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the lmics. the paper is presented in the following order: starting with a literature review on measuring managerial competency, followed by methods used to conduct the study. the findings are then presented and discussed with the conclusions. after that, the implications of the results, the limitations of the study, and potential future research areas were also reported. 2. literature review 2.1. managerial competency competence is an individual's measurable behavioural feature linked to effective performance in a given job or organization. according to boyatzis managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. 48 (1982), competency is a person's cognitive (skills and knowledge), affective (values and attitude), behavioural and motivational features and dispositions that enable an individual to perform successfully in a given situation. different scholars define managerial competency based on multidimensional ideas. as defined by boyatzis (1982), managerial competency consists of skills that are necessary for workers to have in order to accomplish certain tasks at the desired degree of success. also, managerial competency is the person's requisite knowledge, skills and abilities to accomplish his or her job (quinn, faerman, thompson, & mcgrath, 1990). similarly, whiddett and hollyforde (2003) define managerial competency as individuals' behaviours that enable them to exhibit good task performance within the organization. elsewhere, krontorad and trčka (2005) define managerial competency as employees who use a combination of knowledge, skills, talents, and behaviours in their work, which is crucial in generating consistent results with the organization's strategic goals. moreover, veliu and manxhari (2017) define managerial competency as prerequisite knowledge, skills, abilities and behaviours for successful job performance in managerial occupations. these divergent views lead to difficulties in establishing the generally accepted definition of managerial competency (russo, 2016; kubeš, spillerová, & kurnický, 2004). 2.2. measuring managerial competency the concept of measuring managerial competency was initially introduced by david mcclelland (mcclelland, 1973). this is because every manager must possess several abilities that will enable him or her to work properly and successfully at various managerial levels in the organisation's daily activities (veliu & manxhari, 2017). measuring managerial competency in health care attracts the attention of different stakeholders since it is understood to be essential in improving the delivery of quality healthcare services and ascertaining the best management practices (santrić milicevic et al., 2010). the attention is based on the truth that managers in the field of healthcare management face particular difficulties since they must combine knowledge of clinical and healthcare procedures with contemporary commercial management techniques (pillay, 2008). different scholars measured managerial competency in diverse ways in response to the emphasis given by various stakeholders to measure and understand the managerial competency of health managers. a study conducted in 2008 used a self-rating technique to measure the managerial competency of hospital managers (private and public) in south africa (pillay, 2008). the respondents were asked to score their ability to plan, organize, pp. 45-65 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 49 lead and control legal, ethical and self-management issues (pillay, 2008). the ratings were given on a five-point likert scale, with the lowest rating being very low and the highest being very high. according to the study, health managers perceived themselves to be relatively capable of planning, managing and leading but least competent in specific healthcare skills. also, the general lack of managerial competency identified in the public sector, project and knowledge management are the least advanced competencies (pillay, 2008). furthermore, in a study by santrić milicevic et al. (2010), the selfrating technique was used to assess the managerial competency of fourteen management teams from belgrade primary healthcare centres. the study revealed the greatest competency gap among local health managers when evaluating staff performance. a study by khadka, gurung and chaulagain (2014), conducted in nepal using a self-rating technique, revealed that health managers were more competent in communication and knowledge and had honesty and integrity in service delivery. on the other hand, project and knowledge management was the least developed ability. moreover, umbetzhanova et al. (2014) used a questionnaire developed by the epos health management group to assess the managing abilities of various levels of healthcare managers. about 61 managers from various levels of management were interviewed. according to comments, the lowest score was 57.2% among mid-level managers in the (information and financial management) sector (umbetzhanova et al., 2014). the current study acknowledges the contributions of seminal works in measuring the managerial competency of health managers (khadka et al., 2014; pillay, 2008; santrić milicevic et al., 2010). however, the previous studies measured the managerial competency of health managers under the different educational systems, cultures, qualifications and the needed promotion procedures to the managerial position and measured at the secondary level of healthcare delivery. thus, little evidence exists, and thus more is needed to measure the managerial competency of health managers in the lmics. this is because there is no conclusive proof that primary care managers are effective and have the required skills to perform their managerial duties and responsibilities (kak, burkhalter, & cooper, 2001; mohd-shamsudin & chuttipattana, 2012). this goes with the need to establish an appropriate package of interventions to strengthen management capacity in the decentralized health context (ng’ang’a et al., 2016). that substantiated the highly needed and demanded knowledge and information on health managers, especially within the health systems in lmics (dikic et al., 2020). similarly, there is a knowledge gap in understanding the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. 50 managerial competency of the health managers in the lmics and tanzania in particular (mabuchi et al., 2018; ngowi, 2017; urt, 2018; samky, 2019). in light of this limited empirical evidence on the managerial competency of primary health managers, there is a need to examine the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the public primary health facility in the tanzanian context. 3. methods 3.1. study settings the study was conducted in kondoa, iramba and sumbawanga district councils. these district councils were purposively selected based on being in the high, middle and low star rating performance categories of health facilities in tanzania (mohcdgec, 2018). 3.2. research design the study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive research design. in the cross-sectional part, the measurable data on the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers of public primary health facilities were collected at the same time. in the descriptive part, the statistical evidence describing the current status as being perceived in a completely usual and the unchanged natural environment of the variables of interest in the current study were analyzed (aggarwal & ranganathan, 2019). the descriptive research design was selected to accurately reveal a particular group's characteristics (akhtar, 2016). 3.3. framework for measuring managerial competency in the current study, the management competency assessment project (mcap) framework was adopted to measure the managerial competency of primary health facility managers. in the mcap framework, managerial competency variables, namely; interpersonal, communication qualities and relationship management based on relationship management and teamwork, communication management and personal quality management constructs. also, knowledge of the healthcare environment is based on knowledge of the healthcare environment, knowledge of the organization and application of knowledge in legal and quality practices constructs. additionally, evidence-informed decision-making built on evidence appraisal, evidence application, decision-making, and evaluation of pp. 45-65 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 51 decision constructs were also measured. moreover, enabling and managing change established on change preparation, implementation and evaluation, and leader quality in change constructs was used to measure managerial competency. the mcap framework had close-ended questions with a seven-point likert scale, representing levels of managerial competency that ranged from (1) being not competent, interpreted as the facility managers do not understand the requirement and are not capable of applying it in their role. also, (2) being at the level of basic or novice implies that facility managers may be capable of demonstrating minor aspects of their role. furthermore, (3) is an advanced beginner, which facility managers can demonstrate in their role, but only in some required aspects. additionally, (4) is competent with occasional guidance, which facility managers can generally demonstrate, but guidance is needed occasionally. likewise, (5) falls into competent with no guidance. thus facility managers can demonstrate their role independently but have yet to gain extensive experience. similarly, (6) is proficient. that is to say, facility managers can always apply appropriately in their roles and have extensive experience. similarly, the last is (7), which is for superior expertise, meaning that facility managers can always apply appropriately in their role with extensive experience gained from diverse management roles at the executive level and can transfer this competency to others. after that, the overall scale with two levels was further categorised, and the scores from 1 to 4 (less than five) are considered less than fully competent. the scores from 5 to 7 (five or higher) are considered fully competent (liang et al., 2018). the current study selected the scale because its wide range of options provides facility managers more chances to assess themselves in a wide range of competency levels. also, the scale was successfully applied to assess health managers' managerial competency levels in iran, china and australia (kakemam & dargahi, 2019; liang et al., 2018). 3.4. pilot study before the inception of the actual data collection process, the pilot study was conducted using a questionnaire. the pilot study allowed us to pretest the questionnaire on style and approach (majid, othman, mohamad, & lim, 2017; van teijlingen & hundley, 2001). the pre-testing also gives room to assess if the research tools can collect viable and reliable data that conform to the study's objective. the questionnaire was pre-tested in ten primary health facilities. in pre-testing the questionnaire, it is adequate to use between (1% to 10%) of the sample size (mugenda & mugenda, 2012). similarly, a managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. 52 range of (5% to 10%) of the sample size was also recommended (paul & saha, 2016). 3.5. sampling and data collection the complete enumeration sampling strategy was employed to select 102 public primary health facilities in kondoa, iramba and sumbawanga district councils. phfms of public primary health facilities were contacted to participate in the study. in this study, data were collected between september and december 2020. the survey employed a questionnaire to collect primary quantitative data for the current study in achieving pre-stated objectives and answering the research question. in this study, the survey was conducted by administering the questionnaire to the primary healthcare facility managers of the public primary health facilities. the survey allowed us to collect information related to the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers. the survey research was a useful and legitimate approach to research that has clear benefits in helping to describe and explore variables and constructs of interest (ponto, 2015). 3.6. data analysis the quantitative data were descriptively analysed using statistical package for socio sciences (spss) version 25. descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations, were used to present the findings on the managerial competency of the primary health facility managers. 3.7. ethical consideration ethical permission was granted by the university of dodoma, which has been given the mandate to issue research clearance to its staff and students on behalf of the government of tanzania and the tanzania commission for science and technology. the clearance was presented to the kongwa, kondoa, iramba and sumbawanga district councils, who approved the study in their administrative areas. verbal consent was sought from the primary healthcare facility managers. respondents were informed that participation is voluntary, and they have the right to withdraw from the study at any time they wish to do so without any consequences. they were also assured of the confidentiality of any information deemed necessary to be treated, so anonymity in this study was also adhered to (fouka & mantzorou, 2011). pp. 45-65 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 53 4. results and discussion generally, the findings revealed that primary healthcare facility managers exhibited different levels of managerial competency ranging from not being competent to being competent across all investigated domains. the results for managerial competency of phfms based on interpersonal communication qualities and relationship management (icqrm), knowledge of healthcare environment (khe), operations and administration resources management (oarm), evidence-informed decision making (eidm), leading people and organization (lpo) as well as enabling and managing change (emc) were presented in (table 1). table 1. managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers statement not competent basic/ novice adv. beginner comp. guidance comp. no guidance proficient super expert m (sd) icqrm 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 6 (5.88) 20 (19.61) 32 (31.37) 38 (37.25) 6 (5.88) 5.17 (1.01) khe 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 8 (7.84) 24 (23.53) 35 (34.31) 28 (27.45) 7 (6.86) 5.02 (1.05) oarm 0 (0.00) 1 (0.98) 3 (2.94) 34 (33.33) 32 (31.37) 28 (27.45) 4 (3.92) 4.93 (0.99) eidm 0 (0.00) 1 (0.98) 9 (8.82) 23 (22.55) 39 (38.24) 26 (25.49) 4 (3.92) 4.90 (1.04) lpo 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 9 (8.82) 16 (15.69) 32 (31.37) 33 (32.35) 12 (11.76) 5.23 (1.12) emc 0 (0.00) 1 (0.98) 4 (3.92) 23 (22.55) 31 (30.39) 24 (23.53) 19 (18.63) 5.27 (1.18) overall m c 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 3 (2.94) 23 (22.55) 35 (34.31) 36 (35.29) 5 (4.90) 5.17 (0.93) source: prepared by the authors based on spss v 25 output. 4.1. interpersonal communication qualities and relationship management based on the interpersonal communication qualities and relationship management domain, 74.5% were competent, while 25.5% were less than fully competent (table 1). these findings demonstrate a high competency level of (interpersonal, communication qualities and relationship management) which can be attributed to its long-term identification as an important competency for health managers (liang & howard, 2010). comparable results are reported by lopes, narattharaksa, siripornpibul, & briggs (2019), who revealed that primary healthcare managers were competent in communicating effectively. similarly, 91% of the participating primary managers were fully competent in interpersonal communication managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. 54 qualities and relationship management (liang et al., 2018). similarly, the primary healthcare managers in timor-leste were observed as competent in communicating effectively (lopes et al., 2019). analogous results are reported among the head nurses working with specialized and primary healthcare organizations and the social care sector in finland (kantanen et al., 2017). 4.2. knowledge of the healthcare environment likewise, 65.68% of the phfms were competent, while 34.32% needed to be more competent in the knowledge of the healthcare environment domain (table 1). comparable results are reported by lopes et al. (2019), who revealed that primary healthcare managers needed to be more competent in professionalism in the workplace, entailing knowledge of the healthcare environment. likewise, health managers in iran needed to be more capable of accomplishing their managerial duties and responsibilities (kaushik & walsh, 2019; kuhlmann & von knorring, 2014). these findings are similar to those reported by kakemam and dargahi (2019), that iranian hospital managers have the highest level of competency in ethical issues, planning and service provision management. likewise, 18% of the participating primary managers positioned themselves as less than fully competent in knowledge of the healthcare environment (liang et al., 2018). similar information was presented by lopes et al. (2019), that primary healthcare managers were found to need to be more competent in knowing the organization in timorleste, which was consistent with the findings of a study by of al-momani, (2018). regarding the findings above, similar results are reported in a study by hamidi and eivazi (2010) that the level of professional skills (technical) was moderate (56%) among managers of health centres in iran. 4.3. operations administration and resources management similarly, 62.74% and 37.26% of the phfms were competent and less than competent in operations, administration and resources management domains (table 1). comparable results are reported by lopes et al. (2019), who revealed that primary healthcare managers needed to be more competent in financial management and knowing the organization, which are parts of operations management. likewise, health managers in iran were also observed as incapable of accomplishing their managerial duties and responsibilities (kaushik & walsh, 2019; kuhlmann & von knorring, 2014). similarly, the evidence revealed that between 18% and 24% of the participating primary managers positioned themselves as less than fully pp. 45-65 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 55 competent in operations, administration and resources management (liang et al., 2018). in the same regard, it was concluded that participants were less competent in managing people and finances (thus, operations) and in change management (harris, 2016). a similar observation was made about nurse managers working with the selected public hospitals in kwazulu-natal province, south africa. these were reported as not having the necessary financial management skills and competencies to manage the current healthcare financial situation, thus requiring additional training to gain more knowledge and skills (naranjee et al., 2019). similarly, findings reported that the mean score of the management competency in human resource management among managers at different levels in the general hospitals in iran was found to be 3.44 (kakemam et al., 2017). again, in finland, among both head nurses and directors of nursing, the mean competency score of human resource management was quite good at 1.95 and 1.81, respectively (kantanen et al., 2017). furthermore, the overall clinic nursing managers rated themselves as high on staff management in south africa, with a mean competency score of 8.75 (munyewende et al., 2016). likewise, a study by al-momani, (2018) revealed that health managers scored the highest ratings on (delegating some important decisions to staff) (mean = 4.24). furthermore, lopes et al. (2019) indicated that the primary healthcare managers in timor-leste were competent in managing human resources. similar findings reported that the overall operational management competence among directors of nursing was estimated as better (kantanen et al., 2017). on the other hand, other studies reported conflicting findings among hospital managers in tehran, iran, who considered themselves least proficient in managing people, with a mean competency score of 2.99 (kakemam & dargahi, 2019). this difference could be that the managerial skills between the two groups vary according to the characteristics of the respondents (almomani, 2018). similar findings were reported in a study by hamidi and eivazi (2010), indicating that the level of professional skills (human) was moderate at (56%) among managers of health centres in iran. 4.4. evidence-informed decision making equally, 67.65% and 32.35% of primary healthcare facility managers were competent and less than competent in evidence-informed decisionmaking (table 1). similarly, more than 12% of health service managers were reported as incapable of demonstrating competency in (evidence-informed decision-making) (liang et al., 2018). the findings reflected those that managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. 56 kakemam and dargahi (2019) reported that iranian hospital managers lacked management knowledge and skills in problem analysis/solving. a high proportion of primary healthcare facility managers needing assistance in evidence-informed decision-making is likely attributed to the limited use of available evidence pertinent to the management and organisational practices among health managers (kovner & rundall, 2006; liang et al., 2012). also, it could be related to the recent inclusion of evidence-informed decisionmaking managerial competency as it is believed to be an essential competency for health service managers (isouard, martins, & friedman, 2015; liang & howard, 2010). this shows that almost one-third of primary healthcare facility managers could not demonstrate competency in the indicators of evidence application and decision-making constructs. this might be caused by the actual limited use of the available evidence for organisational practices and management (kovner & rundall, 2006; liang, howard, leggat, & murphy, 2012) likewise, the newness of evidence-informed decision-making in the list of managerial competencies was thought to be essential to health managers (isouard et al., 2015; liang & howard, 2010). the other evidence reported that respondents felt they were least proficient in the category of problem-solving and analysis in iran (having a mean competency score of 3.09 (kakemam & dargahi, 2019). similarly, the incompetence of some primary health care managers in timor-leste in solving problems related to financial management in their jobs was revealed. (lopes et al., 2019). the low score in critically appraising the validity and relevance of evidence competency could be attributed to the low use of evidence in decision-making in healthcare (liang, howard, & wollersheim, 2017). this could be caused by the limited use of the available evidence to make a pertinent decision relevant to organizational practices and management (kovner & rundall, 2006; liang et al., 2018). furthermore, the newness of evidence-informed decision-making in the list of mc, although it is essential to health managers (isouard et al., 2015; liang & howard, 2010). on the other hand, contradictory findings were reported in a study by liang et al. (2018) that only around (12%) of middle-level health service managers working with public hospitals in victoria, australia needed to demonstrate competency in (evidence-informed decision-making). the possible explanation for this could be that the managerial skills of the two groups differed according to the characteristics of the respondents (almomani, 2018). pp. 45-65 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 57 4.5. leading people and organization regarding the leading people and organisation domain, 24.52% are less than competent, while 75.48% are competent (table 1). similar findings are reported by lopes et al. (2019) that primary healthcare managers were found to be incompetent in problem-solving as part of leadership management competency. these findings are consistent with the findings reported in a study by pillay (2008) that the maximum average competency was related to strategic planning. related findings were observed among the head nurses and directors working in finland with specialised primary healthcare organisations and the social care sector of nursing, whose mean competency score of leadership and management competencies was quite good at 2.11 and 1.93, respectively (kantanen et al., 2017). on the other hand, conflicting findings show that those who were educated primarily as clinical experts and healthcare managers frequently lack the core competencies of leaders (almaqbali, 2019). in iran, the mean score of management competency in leadership in general hospitals was good at 3.49 (e. kakemam et al., 2017). likewise, in south africa, the clinic nursing managers working in gauteng (an urban province) and free state (a mixed urban-rural province) overall rated themselves high on leadership and management with a mean score competency of 8.67 (munyewende et al., 2016). equally, clinic nursing managers rated themselves high in planning and priority settings (8.6) (munyewende et al., 2016). 4.6. enabling and managing change concerning enabling and managing change, 74.55% and 25.45% of the primary healthcare facility managers were observed to be competent and less than competent, respectively (table 1). a similar finding indicates that health service managers demonstrate competency in enabling and managing change (liang et al., 2018). similar findings were revealed in a study by kakemam and dargahi (2019) that hospital managers from tehran, iran, were most competent in change management. likewise, liang et al. (2018) affirmed that only around 4% of the health service managers in victoria, australia, could not demonstrate competency in (enabling and managing change). this result correlates with what was reported by kakemam et al. (2017) that, in iran, the mean score of management competency in change management at different levels in general hospitals was found to be 3.26. however, contrastive findings were reported by harris (2016) that participants had fewer competencies in change management. furthermore, liang et al. (2018) reported that only 4% of health service managers could managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. 58 not demonstrate competency in enabling and managing change. this resulted in many managers' disengagement and struggles when leading their organizations through changes (al-maqbali, 2019). this could be attributed to the reason that managerial skills between the two groups differed according to the characteristics of the respondents (al-momani, 2018). moreover, the low score in change management competency may be attributed to the reality that most mid-level healthcare managers need to be better prepared to drive results. 5. conclusion, implication, limitation, and recommendation 5.1. conclusion on the one hand, primary healthcare facility managers demonstrated being more competent, meaning they did not need assistance in performing their managerial duties and responsibilities in leading people and organizations 84.54% and interpersonal communication qualities and relationship management 76.37%. this is followed by enabling and managing change 76.01%, operations, administration and resources management 73.64%, knowledge of the healthcare environment 69.99% and the least evidence-informed decision making 69.09%. on the other hand, primary health facility managers demonstrate needing to be more competent, meaning that they needed occasional guidance in performing their managerial duties related to evidence-informed decision making 30.91%, followed by knowledge of the healthcare environment 30.01%. others included operations, administration and resources management 26.36% enabling and managing change 23.64% followed by interpersonal communication qualities and relationship management 23.63% and the least was leading people and organizations, constituted 15.46%. 5.2. implications of the study 5.2.1. practical implications primary healthcare facility managers need on-the-job training related to hospitals and healthcare management to have appropriate knowledge, skills and abilities for effectiveness and efficiency in performing their managerial duties and responsibilities. the results of this study highlight the important practical implications by initiating the apparent need for improvement to strengthen the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in all investigated domains, as confirmed by the findings from this pp. 45-65 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 59 study. this is confirmed by having primary healthcare facility managers who are less than competent and need occasional guidance in performing their managerial duties and responsibilities. 5.2.2. policy implications human resource development leaders must advocate investments in managerial competency and prioritise management development (who, 2005; united nations children’s fund, 2018). also, globally, the findings of the current study have a policy implication as part of growing evidence that demands the need to conduct more research to measure facility management. this is to inform the needed critical improvement and deliver quality primary healthcare necessary for effective universal health coverage (world health organization, 1978). 5.2.3. theoretical implications the findings of this study confirm that the mcap framework can be applied in healthcare settings in lmics. the implication is based on how the study was designed by adapting variables stipulated in the mcap framework to examine the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers. this implies that adapting the variables from the mcap framework shows that the research has taken care of the essential contributor to the managerial competency of the primary healthcare facilities management literature. 5.2.4. managerial implications from the managerial perspective, the findings imply that primary healthcare facility managers must pay considerable attention to developing and improving their managerial competency. 5.2.5. implication to academicians and researchers academicians, especially those in business and management schools, have the potential to contemplate the role they might play in improving the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers. this could be very easy for the academicians in these business schools because they are in a position to do so, and there is a gap and the need to do so. the other area that might have an opportunity is the dissemination and application of new findings in management practices. managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. 60 5.3. limitations of the study in the data collection process, specifically on access to health facilities, the study was limited by the onset of the rainy season, which was addressed by opting for the researcher to have on-and-off exercise in visiting the health facilities during the convenient weather. also, several nonoperating health facilities created a gap and lowered the total number of the proposed sample, thus lowering the statistical power of the results. this was addressed by trying to reach operating health facilities despite the geographical challenges. additionally, due to the limited time of the proposed assignment, that is, six months for data collection, it was not possible to undertake a longitudinal study. thus the cross-sectional design was employed instead, limiting the advantages that could have been gained using longitudinal research design. furthermore, the study was limited to only public-owned primary health facilities due to their availability, thus limiting the generalisability of the findings to private, faith-based, private-public owned hath facilities, thus limiting the diversity of the contributed knowledge. in addition, the availability of limited empirical evidence on the managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the lmics prevents direct comparison (mabuchi et al., 2020). thus, the study findings were mostly compared with those in a similar setting only. despite the limitations above and beyond any reasonable doubt, the study contributed to the needed empirical knowledge geared to inspire future investigation that would necessitate understanding the managerial competency of the primary healthcare facility managers in the lmics. 5.4. recommendations based on the findings, a proportion of primary healthcare facility managers were evidenced to perform their managerial duties and responsibilities at the level of being less than competent. this study recommends that primary healthcare facility managers in the lmics should be given training related to management. this is very crucial based on the truth that, on the one hand, primary healthcare facility managers in the studied areas have been performing managerial duties and responsibilities related to hospitals and healthcare management. also, they are expected to be managerially competent and perform their managerial duties and responsibilities efficiently and effectively. on the other hand, these primary healthcare facility managers are less competent in performing their pp. 45-65 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 61 managerial duties and responsibilities, which can negatively affect their performance. the empirical knowledge contributed by the current study is limited to cross-sectional data. thus the current study proposes that longitudinal studies be conducted to have additional benefits (bradley et al., 2015; macarayan et al., 2019). the longitudinal investigation is expected to have the advantage of effectively tracking and determining variable patterns over time. additionally, it is suggested that future research include health managers and health facilities from specialized hospitals, national and regional hospitals, district-designated hospitals, teaching hospitals, privately owned health facilities, and faith-based organizations to increase the study's heterogeneous population. thus, taking care of the diversity in managerial competency. the inclusion of diverse types of health facilities ought to have the advantages of understanding more and generalizing descriptive characteristics to managerial competency, thus informing different decisions in policy and programme (burchett et al., 2012). furthermore, due to the reality that the current study is limited to the primary level of healthcare delivery, thus the proposed secondary and tertiary levels of care do warrant such studies in the future. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. references aggarwal r, & ranganathan p. (2019). study designs: part 2– descriptive studies. perspective clin research. https://doi: 10.4103/picr.picr_154_1 akhtar, i. (2016). research design. research in social science: interdisciplinary perspectives. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2862445 al-maqbali, m. (2019). transdisciplinarity: what competencies do future healthcare managers need to succeed? journal of nursing research practice, 2(4), 13–18. al-momani, m. m. (2018). exploring characteristics and perceptions of private hospital physician managers regarding their management training needs. biomedical research, 29(8), 1712–1717. bitton, a., fifield, j., ratcliffe, h., karlage, a., wang, h., veillard, j. h., & hirschhorn, l. r. (2019). primary healthcare system performance in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review of the evidence from 2010 to 2017. bmj global health, 4(8), e001551. boyatzis, r. e. (1982). the competent manager: a model for effective performance. new managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. 62 jersey: john wiley & sons. bradley, e. h., taylor, l. a., & cuellar, c. j. (2015). management matters: a leverage point for health systems strengthening in global health. international journal of health policy and management, 4(7), 411–415. burchett, h. e. d., mounier-jack, s., griffiths, u. k., biellik, r., ongolo-zogo, p., chavez, e., & mills, a. (2012). new vaccine adoption: qualitative study of national decisionmaking processes in seven low-and middle-income countries. health policy and planning, 27(2), 5–16. couper, i. d., & hugo, j. m. (2005). management of district hospitalsexploring success. journal of rural and remote health, 283. https://doi.org/10.22605/rrh433 russo, d, competency measurement model, european conference in official statistics (2016), madrid, 31 may3 june 2016. dikic, m., nikolic, d., todorovic, j., terzic-supic, z., kostadinovic, m., babic, u., & santric-milicevic, m. (2020). alignment of perceived competencies and perceived job tasks among primary care managers. in healthcare (vol. 8, no. 1, p. 9). multidisciplinary digital publishing institute. fouka, g., & mantzorou, m. (2011). what are the major ethical issues in conducting research? is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing? health science journal, 5(1), 3–7. gilson, l., kilima, p., & tanner, m. (1994). local government decentralization and the health sector in tanzania. public administration and development, 14(5), 451–477. hamidi, y., & eivazi, z. (2010). the relationships among employees’ job stress, job satisfaction, and the organizational performance of hamadan urban health centers.2010.38.7.963. social behavior and personality, 38(7), 963–968. harris, j. l. (2016). national center for healthcare leadership competency model use in a midwestern healthcare organization. minneapolis, mn: walden university. isouard, g., martins, j. m., & friedman, l. h. (2015). competency in innovation, creative and innovative thinking: challenges within the health management course curriculum. the journal of health administration education, 32(3), 257–261. kak, n., burkhalter, b., & cooper, m. a. (2001). measuring the competence of healthcare providers. operations research issue paper, 2(1), 1–28. kakemam, e., & dargahi, h. (2019). the health sector evolution plan and the technical efficiency of public hospitals in iran. iranian journal of public health, 48(9), 1681– 1687. kakemam, e., dargahi, h., & rahimi forushani, a. (2017). association between managers’ competency and technical efficiency in general hospitals in iran. journal of patient safety & quality improvement, 5(3), 567–571. kakemam, edris, janati, a., mohaghegh, b., gholizadeh, m., & liang, z. (2021). developing competent public hospital managers: a qualitative study from iran. international journal of workplace health management, 14(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-07-2020-0120 kantanen, k., kaunonen, m., helminen, m., & suominen, t. (2017). leadership and management competencies of head nurses and directors of nursing in finnish social and health care. journal of research in nursing, 22(3), 228–244. kaushik, v., & walsh, c. a. (2019). pragmatism as a research paradigm and its implications for social work research. social sciences, 8(9), 255–260. khadka, d. k., gurung, m., & chaulagain, n. (2014). managerial competencies–a survey of hospital managers’ working in kathmandu valley, nepal. journal of hospital pp. 45-65 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 63 administration, 3(1), 62–72. kovner, a. r., & rundall, t. c. (2006). evidence-based management reconsidered. front health serv manage, 22(3), 3–21. krontorad, f. t., & trčka, m. (2005). manažerské standardy ve veřejné správě. praha: národní. kubeš, m., spillerová, d., & kurnický, r. (2004). managing competencies. praha: grada publishing. kuhlmann, e., & von knorring, m. (2014). management and medicine: why we need a new approach to the relationship. journal of health services research & policy, 19(3), 189–191. liang, z., blackstock, f. c., howard, p. f., briggs, d. s., leggat, s. g., wollersheim, d., & rahman, a. (2018). an evidence-based approach to understanding the competency development needs of the health service management workforce in australia. bmc health services research, 18(1), 976–980. liang, z., & howard, p. f. (2010). competencies required by senior health executives in new south wales, 1990–1999. australian health review, 34(1), 52–58. liang, z., howard, p. f., leggat, s. g., & murphy, g. (2012). a framework to improve evidence-informed decision-making in health service management. australian health review, 36(3), 284–289. liang, z., howard, p., & wollersheim, d. (2017). assessing the competence of evidenceinformed decision-making amongst health service managers. asia pacific journal of health management, 12(3), 16–23. lopes, a. g., narattharaksa, k., siripornpibul, t., & briggs, d. (2019). an assessment of management competencies for primary health care managers in timor‐leste. the international journal of health planning and management, 35(2), 520–531. lopes, s. c., guerra-arias, m., buchan, j., pozo-martin, f., & nove, a. (2017). a rapid review of the rate of attrition from the health workforce. human resources for health, 15(1), 14–19. mabuchi, s., sesan, t., & bennett, s. c. (2018). pathways to high and low performance: factors differentiating primary care facilities under performance-based financing in nigeria. health policy and planning, 33(1), 41–58. mabuchi, shunsuke, alonge, o., tsugawa, y., & bennett, s. (2020). measuring management practices in primary health care facilities – development and validation of management practices scorecard in nigeria. global health action, 13(1), 1763078. https://doi.org/1080/16549716.2020.1763078 macarayan, e. k., ratcliffe, h. l., otupiri, e., hirschhorn, l. r., miller, k., lipsitz, s. r., & bitton, a. (2019). facility management associated with improved primary health care outcomes in ghana. plos one, 14(7), e0218662. majid, m. a. a., othman, m., mohamad, s. f., & lim, s. a. h. (2017). employee satisfaction with offshore catering job: piloting for interviews. international journal of academic research in business and social sciences, 7(10), 729–737. ministry of health. (2003). national health policy of 2003. dar -es -salaam: government printer. ministry of health community development gender elderly and children. (2018). health facility performance. dar es salaam: ministry of health. retrieved from http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/fileadmin/documents/dpg_internal/dpg_working_groups_clust ers/cluster_2/health/jahsr_2018/2._health_facility_performance.pdf mohd-shamsudin, f., & chuttipattana, n. (2012). determinants of managerial competencies managerial competency of primary healthcare facility managers in the selected district councils in tanzania kingu, u. a., ismail, i. j., & kibusi, s. m. 64 for primary care managers in southern thailand. journal of health organization and management, 26(2), 258 – 280. mugenda, m., & mugenda, a. (2012). research methods dictionary. nairobi: applied research & training services press. munyewende, p. o. (2016). analysing the nature and dynamics of nursing management at primary health care clinics in two south african provinces (doctoral dissertation). university of the witwatersrand, johannesburg. munyewende, p. o., levin, j., & rispel, l. c. (2016). an evaluation of the competencies of primary health care clinic nursing managers in two south african provinces. global health action, 9(1), 32486. naranjee, n., sibiya, m. n., & ngxongo, t. s. (2019). development of a financial management competency framework for nurse managers in public health care organisations in the province of kwazulu-natal, south africa. international journal of africa nursing sciences, 11(2), 100154. ng’ang’a, n., byrne, m. w., kruk, m. e., shemdoe, a., & de pinho, h. (2016). district health manager and mid-level provider perceptions of practice environments in acute obstetric settings in tanzania: a mixed-method study. human resources for health, 14(1), 47. ngowi, f. z. (2017). assessment of administrative competencies among nurse managers in tertiary hospitals in the central and northern zones of tanzania: a cross-sectional study (doctoral dissertation). the university of dodoma. nirachon, c., mohmad-yazam, s., & faridahwati, m. s. (2007). determinants of managerial competencies in the public health sector. proceedings of the international conference in penang, malaysia, 233–241. paul, m., & saha, p. (2016). spirituality as a potential psychological capital tool to deal with academic stress among management students. iup journal of organizational behavior, 15(4), 46. pillay, r. (2008). managerial competencies of hospital managers in south africa: a survey of managers in the public and private sectors. journal of human resources for health, 6(1), 4. ponto, j. (2015). understanding and evaluating survey research. journal of the advanced practitioner in oncology, 6(2), 168–170. prime minister’s office – regional administration and local government. (2021). history of local government system in tanzania. retrieved from http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/about_us/history.php quinn, e. r., faerman, r. s., thompson, p. m., & mcgrath, r. m. (1990). becoming a master manager: a competency framework. new york: john wiley and son. samky, h. p. (2019). the influence of direct health facility financing on perceived health system responsiveness, health service satisfaction and accountability compliance among public primary health facilities in central zone of tanzania (doctoral thesis). the university of dodoma. santrić milicevic, m. m., bjegovic-mikanovic, v. m., terzic-supić, z. j., & vasic, v. (2010). competencies gap of management teams in primary health care. european journal of public health, 21(2), 247–253. supic, z. t., bjegovic, v., marinkovic, j., milicevic, m. s., & vasic, v. (2010). hospital management training and improvement in managerial skills: serbian experience. health policy, 96(1), 80–89. topp, s. m., chipukuma, j. m., & hanefeld, j. (2015). understanding the dynamic pp. 45-65 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 65 interactions driving zambian health centre performance: a case-based health systems analysis. health policy and planning, 30(4), 485–499. umbetzhanova, a., derbissalina, g., koikov, v., karsakbayeva, l., nurgaliyeva, n. akhmetova, d., & kassimova, d. (2014). review of hospital manager’s competencies in astana. cbu international conference proceedings, 293–298. the united republic of tanzania. (2018). ministry of health, community development, gender, elderly and children president’s officeregional administration and local governments: basic hospital management training for regional referral hospitals. dar -es -salaam: government printer. umbetzhanova, a., derbissalina, g., koikov, v., karsakbayeva, l., nurgaliyeva, n. akhmetova, d., & kassimova, d. (2014). review of hospital manager’s competencies in astana. cbu international conference proceedings, 293–298. van teijlingen, e. r., & hundley, v. (2001). the importance of pilot studies. social research update. veliu, l., & manxhari, m. (2017). the impact of managerial competencies on business performance: sme’s in kosovo. journal of management, 30(1), 59–65. whiddett, s., & hollyforde, s. (2003). a practical guide to competencies: how to enhance individual and organisational performance. london: cipd publishing. world health organization. (1978). declaration of alma-ata international conference on primary health care, alma-ata, ussr, 6-12 september 1978. geneva, switzerland. retrieved from http://www.who.int/publications/almaata_declaration_en.pdf world health organization. (2005). maternal mortality in 2005. geneva, switzerland. 1. introduction 2. literature review 2.1. managerial competency 2.2. measuring managerial competency 3. methods 3.1. study settings 3.2. research design 3.3. framework for measuring managerial competency 3.4. pilot study 3.5. sampling and data collection 3.6. data analysis 3.7. ethical consideration 4. results and discussion 4.1. interpersonal communication qualities and relationship management 4.2. knowledge of the healthcare environment 4.3. operations administration and resources management 4.4. evidence-informed decision making 4.5. leading people and organization 4.6. enabling and managing change 5. conclusion, implication, limitation, and recommendation 5.1. conclusion 5.2. implications of the study 5.2.1. practical implications 5.2.2. policy implications 5.2.3. theoretical implications 5.2.4. managerial implications 5.2.5. implication to academicians and researchers 5.3. limitations of the study 5.4. recommendations declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march مارس): 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 212 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.24 املستدامة التنمية منظور من زائر ا ئة الب حماية وأدوات آليات يوليد عا 1  ي، عاشوريمإبرا 2 مومن، ة سم 3 ،جامعة،محاضرأستاذ 1 الت ي سةالعر زائر( ت )ا abi.walid@yahoo.fr: يميل 2 بوالصوفاملركز،محاضرأستاذ فيظ ا عبد ام زائر( ميلة،ا )ا braachouri@gmail.com : يميل 3 دكتوراه سة،طالبة ت ، الت ي العر زائر(جامعة )ا moumenesamira947@gmail.com : يميل mechanisms and tools for environmental protection in algeria from the perspective of sustainable development walid abi1, brahim achouri 2, samira moumene 3 1 larbi tebessi university of tebessa (algeria) 2 abdelhafid boussouf university center, mila (algeria) خ القبول 20190310: رسالتار خ شر 20190317: تار ال خ 201903-31: تار ص :م ي واملؤسســــا شــــر ال طــــار تطــــور موضــــوع ــــة معا ــــ إ البحثيــــة الورقــــة ــــدفت ئـــة الب شـــر مايــة ال طـــار تطـــور مراحـــل ـــم أ ترصــد خـــالل مـــن وذلـــك زائـــر، ا ـــ ـا بحماي ـت عن ـ ال واملؤسسـات الـوزارات ـم أ وكـذا زائـر، ا ـ ئة الب وتوصـلت. ماية زائــر ا ـ ئــة الب ـا إل آلــت ـ ال الصــعبة الوضـعية ظــل ـ أنــھ ـ إ املشــرعالدراسـة جعلـت ن القـــوان مـــن مجموعـــة ســـن زائـــري ســـن ا ا ســـي ال ـــ إ ترمـــي ـــ يئـــةوال العمرانيـــةلل رقــــم القــــانون ــــ عت حيــــث يـــة، ــــ83/03والبي بحمايــــة1983فيفــــري05املــــؤرخ املتعلــــق وكـذا واملراسـيم، ن القـوان مـن مجموعـة تلتـھ ذلـك عـد و ئـة بالب يختص ع شر أول ئة الب أدوا ـــ وتّب ئــــة، الب بحمايــــة لـــف م ي مؤسســــا إطــــار كآليــــةاســـتحداث يــــة البي السياســــة ت الدولية ية البي تفاقيات من العديد ع واملصادقة ا، عل .للمحافظة يبقــى ، ئــة الب حمايــة ــ ع تــنص ــ ال ن والقــوان عات شــر ال مــن العديــد وجــود رغـم  املر ي: سلااملؤلف عا abi.walid@yahoo.fr: يميل،وليد https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.24&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 213 ن للقـوان ـ الفع التطبيـق عـدم ـ إ راجـع ذلـك مستمر، ور تد زائر ا البي الوضع الوا أرض ـــالفتقـــادهقـــعــ ع يئـــات وال الـــوزارات تنـــاوب أن كمـــا والــردع، لزاميـــة صـــفة وعــــدم ئــــة، الب حمايــــة مجــــال ــــ صــــارمة قــــرارات اتخــــاذ ــــ ع ســــلباً ــس عكــ ا ئــــة الب حمايــــة ئـــــــة الب مايــــــة ــــــا ل امللوثــــــة شــــــطة ــــــ ع املفروضــــــة يــــــة البي الرســــــوم حصــــــيلة توجيــــــھ التلوث افحة .وم املفتاحية لمات يةال: ال البي تفاقيات ية؛ البي السياسة ئة؛ الب حماية ؛ البي .تلوث يف .jel: q5 q58 تص abstract: the paper aimed to address the development of the legislative and institutional framework for the protection of the environment in algeria through monitoring the most important stages of the development of the legislative framework for the protection of the environment in algeria, as well as the most important ministries and institutions that took care of its protection. the study found that in light of the difficult situation that the environment in algeria has become, the algerian legislator has made a set of laws aimed at the good management of urban and environmental development. law no. 83/03 of february 05, 1983, on the protection of the environment is considered the first legislation related to the environment, this was followed by a series of laws and decrees, as well as the development of an institutional framework for the protection of the environment, the adoption of environmental policy instruments as a mechanism for preserving them, and the ratification of several international environmental conventions. despite the existence of many legislation and laws that provide for the protection of the environment, the environmental situation in algeria continues to deteriorate due to the lack of effective enforcement of the laws on the ground for its lack of mandatory and deterrent status. the rotation of ministries and لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 214 agencies to protect the environment has negatively affected the adoption of strict decisions in the field of environmental protection, and not to direct the proceeds of environmental charges imposed on all polluting activities to protect the environment and control pollution. keywords: environmental pollution, environmental protection, environmental policy; environmental conventions. jel classification: q5 q58 :مقدمة. 1 یاة ا بنمط ارتبطت التنمیة ر مظا بأن ة خ السنوات خالل زائر ا أدركت الطبيعية، املوارد اف است ة خط یة بی أزمات عنھ ثق ان وال ي، العقال غ ي ال س وفقدان واء وال املاء وتلوث ا، معا وعدم النفایات جمع عملیات التحكم وسوء ن احث و ساسة من ن تم امل من عدد دفع مر ذا املحیط، ور وتد البی التنوع الدعو إ یئات تحقیقو ن ب ام تحقیق ع عمل وضوابط قواعد إرساء إ ة إرساء متمثلة أخرى ة ج من ا واستدام ئة الب وحمایة ة ج من ة التنمو داف املوارد اف است ا م خاصة البي الضرر ر مظا جميع من د با كفيلة ية بي سياسة .الطبيعية إ زائر ا سعت وضاع ذه حمایةظل غرض ن القوان من مجموعة إصدار مجال متخصصة ة إدار ل یا و مؤسسات شاء وإ املستدامة التنمیة إطار ئة الب تتو ئة الب املؤسساتتنفیذحمایة أفعال توجيھ محاولة قصد ن، القوان ذه ا م أ من ولعل نة، الرا یة البی املشكالت حل الصناعية ا م خاصة قتصادية الھ، أش بمختلف التلوث معدالت وارتفاع الطبيعية للموارد الكب اف ست ارتفاع ال ور وتد الغابیة املساحات وتقلص ر الت ر مظا إ البیولوإضافة كما. تنوع العديد إصدار إ ا ا أولو ضمن ئة الب بحماية ام ل محاولة خالل من زائر ا قامت قانون أول صدور ذلك وتجسد ئة، الب حماية ع تنص ال ن والقوان عات شر ال من صراحة ئة الب بحماية القانونع حيث83/03إصدار ئة، الب بحماية عتاملتعلق لفة م يئات ال من العديد استحداث تم كما ئة، الب بحماية صراحة يختص قانون أول جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 215 ئة الب . بحماية البحث 1.1 الية :إش إليــــــھ، التطــــــرق تــــــم مــــــا خــــــالل بلــــــور مــــــن اليةت شــــــ ــــــ البحثيــــــة الورقــــــة الة إشــــــ التالية سية :الرئ زائر ا ئة الب ماية ليات و دوات م أ لتحقيقما الس ظل املستدامة؟ التنمية الفرعية. 2.1 :سئلة التاليةنوت الفرعية سئلة البحث الية إش عن :ثق ئة الب بحماية ع ال واملؤسسات عات الشر تطور مراحل م أ ما زائر؟ ا زائر؟ ا ئة الب ماية ية البي السياسة أدوات م أ ما زائر؟ ا طرف من ا عل املصادق الدولية ية البي تفاقيات م أ ما زائر .2 ا ئة الب ماية ي واملؤسسا شر ال التطور ا، عل املحافظة وإجراءات الطبيعية باملوارد اً كب تماماً ا أو زائري ا املشرع ية البي السياسة تمامات ا كأول ا إل شارة التنميةوتمت سياسة أن ذلك زائر، ا ع ية مب انت ن العشر القرن من يات والثماني يات السبعي ة ف قتصادية ما ذا و ا أنواع بمختلف الطبيعية املوارد اف است ع عتمد ال الثقيلة الصناعات ا ور تد إ إرساء. أدى حول منصباً ان ستقالل غداة زائر ا تمام ا قاعدةإن التنمية ورة املتد وضاع ع راجع ذلك ، البي انب ا إغفال مع صناعية، الوط باالقتصاد وض ال غرض سياسات تب استلزم جتماعية، و قتصادية ية، البي املشكالت من العديد ور وظ البي الوضع ع سلباً عكس ا مما املجاالت، ش تما ر ظ التا غرضو واملراسيم ن القوان صدور خالل من زائر ا ئة بالب م ئة الب بحماية لف م ي مؤسسا إطار شاء وإ ئة، الب .حماية الفع تمام وتجسد مختلفة، مراحل ثالثة وفق سار ئة بالب زائر ا تمام ا قانون صدور مع ئة السا83/03بالب تمامات أما ئة، الب بحماية ق مناملتعلّ انت بقة سنة ولم ستوك مؤتمر عقاد ا مع خاصة العال تمام تجسيد محاولة 1972أجل لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 216 ئة بالب خاصة وزارة استحداث ومع ئة، بالب متعلقة ن وقوان إدارات عدة برزت حيث زائر ا آخر من البي تمام لال ان ئة والب قليم يئة وزارة . متمثلة الب.2.1 سنةحماية قبل الصادر: 1983ئة الدستور تم10عت أول1963س بحماية املتعلقة ام ح عض بھ توجد حيث ستقالل، غداة زائر ا عرفتھ دستور تحقيق إ ماسة حاجة و ستقالل حديثة انت زائر ا أن من الرغم ع ئة الب املادة نصت فقد دستور16التنمية، ح1963من التاع و الئقة، حياة فرد ل ق ئة الب توفر ستلزم الالئقة ياة ا أن اعتبار ع ئة الب سان بحق ضمنياً فت اع بھ العمل تجسيد تم أسابيع بثالثة صدوره عد أنھ غ والنظيفة، تركية،( .السليمة بن صفحة2017 ،50( دستور ست1976أما مؤتمر عقاد ا عد صدر لسنةوالذي ولم والذي1972وك ق ا وم مف كرس الذي ول، العال ئة الب دستور عنھ ثقة املن الوثيقة عت أن غ الثالث، يل ا حقوق من حقا باعتباره سان ياة واملناسبة املالئمة ئة الب ما و ن ب س إ ذلك البعض رجع و ا،ً وا اساً ع ا لھ يجد ال ق ا م: ذا شاركةعدم لسنة ولم ستوك مؤتمر زائر الس1972ا إ ستقالل ديثة ا زائر ا ورغبة ، ال وات وال املوارد استغالل ا م ستلزم ما و و ا، صور بمختلف التنمية تحقيق نحو فإن وعليھ الشعب لرفاه وتحقيقاً املتقدمة الدول بركب اق ال غية ذا و ا، عل تتوفر ورةعتبارا املذ الغاية لتحقيق وسيلة انت إنما ا، تمام ا محور تكن لم ية البي ت تركية،( .آنفاً صفحة2017بن ،50( ولم ستوك مؤتمر عقاد ا مع انصب1972تماشيا ا نتائج وإقرار ية البي حول استحدث وقد التنمية، ات أولو ا وجعل ئة بالب زائر ا ا وم الدول، معظم تمام ا ي فيما ا م أ نذكر أن يمكن ية، البي السياسة بتجسيد تم زة ج من :مجموعة نةسنة الوطنية ال ئة ب :1974للب إداري تنظيم أول نة ال ذه يعت تم حيث املركزي، داري التنظيم مستوى ع زائر ا عرفتھ ال وفعّ امل ر، ظا رقم املرسوم بموجب ا شاؤ لية12املؤرخ74/156إ وصاية1974جو تحت عشر اثنا ا مثل و الدولة، ر واملياه،) 12(وز للتخطيط الدولة ات و وزارة، قتصاد الوط املجلس من ل ل ن وأساتذةوممثل يئة ال نة و جتما و ي جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 217 املرسوم بموجب نة ال حل وتم امعة، ،1977أوت15املؤرخ77/79ا ديد ا ومي ا التنظيم عد صافية،( .وذلك الصفحات2011بن ،15-16( سنة للغابات الدولة كتابةللغابات: 1979وال الدولة اتب لف ي حيث نفيذوال دافالسب تحقيق إطار بالغابات اصة ا الوطنية ياسة دفع مة م تحمل و الزراعية، والثورة الفالحة ميدان الوط امليثاق الواردة وحمايتھ، ذلك ومراقبة القطاع، وة ب وض وال التنمية وانحصرت لة ا ية صالحيا نجراف، ع املحافظة البي مقاومة حيث من ئة افحةالب وم ال عمليات ق طر عن ر ا. الت دور للغابات الدولة كتابة عمر لم و مة وضوح عدم أخرى مرة يؤكد مما واحدة، سنة إال وال ئة حماية م ال الب ا انت ل مختلف تتقاذف يا ة ال رقم( .املركز )263،1979-79املرسوم سنة الري املرسوم: 1980 وزارة بموجب ومي ا التعديل إثر 80/176ع أخرى،1980جوان15املؤرخ مرة الري وزارة إ ئة الب إدارة إدماج إعادة تم بموجب وزارة1980جوان21املؤرخ80/172 املرسوموذلك لصالحية واملحدد بالب مباشرة وغ مباشرة بصفة املتعلقة املسائل ا ل فأسندت ا،الري، وحماي ئة، ئة الب حماية ة مدير ق طر عن املسائل ذه )172،1980-80املرسوم( .وتتكفل سنة واستصالح للغابات الدولة كتابةكتابة: 1980را ان م استحدثت الصالحيات للغابات الدولة بنفس ا احتفاظ مع سنة. وال من مارس ر ش و ئة1981 الب ة مدير إلغاء للغاباتتم الدولة كتابة إ ا مصا ل وتحو ا وترقي الطبيعة ع املحافظة ة بمدير ا سمي تم بحيث را .واستصالح )، صفحة2016نا ،98( ة .2.2 الف خالل ئة الب 83/03قانون عت): 2002 – 1983(حماية خ بتار 05املؤرخ ئة بحماية املتعلق 1983فيفري ي طار الب ئة، ماية الوطنية للسياسة القانو وال الب وال ئة، الب ماية وطنية سياسة تنفيذ إ الطبيعية، املوارد حماية إ ترمي دف ال ل واتقاء ن واملضار التلوث أش وتحس افحتھ شة إطار وم وحماية املع ا، ونوعي فاظ الطبيعة يوان فصائل ع وا بقاء ا و البيولوجية، التوازنات ع والنبات ال أسباب جميع من الطبيعية املوارد ع واملحافظة ور ا التد ة ذات أعماال دد مص لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 218 ئة حماية ملوضوع عطي التكييف ذا وطنية، اتيجية الب س انتھ امة، م سمح مما وال ا بإعادة ات ضمن إدراج ر ال ولو ا س الوطنية عل ية البي رقم(. السياسة القانون 83-03،1983( 1983ّفيفري5املؤرخ03 -83قانون إن و من أول ئة، الب بحماية املتعلق حيث زائر، ا ية البي السياسة داف وأ وم امف اعرف أ من"ع مجموعة املوارد حماية إ ترمي ال اتيجيات س و ام ح و ن لالقوان من والوقاية الطبيعية، والنبات، يوانات ا وحماية ا ونوعي شة املع إطار ن وتحس افحتھ، وم التلوث ال أش والبحر، املياه وحماية وي، ا املحيط حماية الوطنية، ظائر وا الطبيعية املحميات ة الكيماو واملواد النفايات، فة، املصنّ شآت رقم( ".امل )03،1983-83القانون للغاباتو الدولة اتبة قامت ئة، الب حماية قانون املحددة داف لأل استجابة ن قوان عدة إصدار عية شر ال السلطات ساعدة ر تقار بإصدار را واستصالح أسست كما ئة، بالب عالقة ا ل ال القطاعات عض وتنظيم ئة، الب مجال جديدة ال ماية الوطنية الة الو اتبة املرسومال بموجب ئة لية23املؤرخ83/467ب جو ما1983 ن، ت س رئ ن مت م ا ل مسندة صافية،( ، صفحة2011بن ،19(:  تؤدي ال خطار ل وتقييم مالحظة أجل من والبحوث الدراسات ل إجراء ئة بالب املساس .إ  ئة الب حالة مراقبة أجل من وطنية شبكة .وضع حما عن تناوب يوقد فيما متمثلة دارات من مجموعة ئة الب عساسلة،( :ية صفحة2016 ،149(  الري1984 سنة بوزارة ئة الب حماية ملف اق إ تم ومي ا التعديل إثر سنة غاية إ ستقرار من نوعاً ة خ ذه عرفت حيث إال1988والغابات، ، املدة ذه طيلة ئة الب الوطنية السياسة عناصر ع حقيقة تكشف لم ا .أ  البحث1988سنة بوزارة ئة الب حماية مة م مجدداً اق إ والتكنولوجيا،تم والتق العل ع الطا إ والتكنولوجيا البحث بوزارة ئة الب اق إ ب س عود و بروتالند ر تقر صدور من سنة مرور عد املرحلة ذه أتت وقد ئة، الب ملواضيع زائر1987سنة ا فيھ شاركت .والذي جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 219  ع،1990سنة املشرع ما ف أكد حيث والوالية، البلدية قانونا صدر والثقافية جتماعية و قتصادية التنمية أعمال املحلية ماعات ا اختصاص يئة افحةو مل الالزمة التداب اتخاذ ضرورة وكذا ا، وترقي ئة الب وحماية قليم، ئة قانون. و إصدار تم يئةكما التوازنال إحداث إ دف والذي والتعم وظ ن ب را ئةسي الب ع واملحافظة والصناعة والفالحة السكن، يفة املرسوم إصدار تم كما الطبيعية، وساط التأثيالتنفيذو مدى بدراسة املتعلق ئة الب صدار،( .ع ق صفحة2018طر ،114(  بالبحث1992 سنة لفة امل الدولة كتابة إ ئة الب اختصاصات ل تحو تم ، امع ا وزارة لدى عامالعل ففي للبحث1992ات، الدولة كتابة لدى أحدثت عدما ا إل وحولت ئة، الب بحماية املتعلقة املصا ل ضمت ة مدير العل سنة ا إلغاؤ تم ذلك عد و الفالحة، ووزارة الداخلية وزارة عة تا .1993انت  امعات1993 سنة ا بوزارة ئة الب حماية اق إ تم ار،( .، صفح2016بوس ة، 209(  ا1994سنة لد سيادة ذات بوزارة أخرى مرة ئة الب حماية مة م اق إ تم ، مر علق و وجھ، أكمل ع مة امل ذه تقوم ألن ا تخول ة شر و مادية قدرات من شاء إ تم حيث داري، صالح و ئة والب املحلية ماعات وا الداخلية بوزارة دارة ضمن ئة للب عامة ة تماممدير عكس ما ذا و الوزارة، ذه ل ة املركز ئة الب قطاع بھ حظي الذي صدار،( .الكب ق صفحة2018طر ،119(  املحلية 1996 سنة ماعات وا الداخلية ر وز لدى للدولة كتابة إحداث تم نوعاً عرف حيث ئة، الب بحماية فقط خاص از ج أول و و ئة، بالب لفاً م ئة والب مخططمن اعتماد يتم مرة ألول إذ ا، فعالي ع عكس ا مما وط ستقرار سنة ئة رقم( .1996للب الرئا )01،1996-96املرسوم  حيث2000سنة قليم، يئة و العمومية شغال بوزارة ئة الب اق إ تم ، حل تصور عن ا ز ع ومة ا ن لت ر أش بضعة إال امللف ذا عمر لم ئة الب لقطاع ستقرار لتحقيق رقم( .مناسب التنفيذي ،136 00املرسوم 2000( لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 220  و2001 سنة خاصة وزارة إ ئة الب حماية مة م مرة ألول خصصت وقد ، قليم، يئة و ئة الب التالية وزارة ات واملدير يئات ال الوزارة ذه تحت نطوي : و ن س العام م شية الديوان ورئ ة العامة، واملف ة العامة واملدير ومدير ئة للب مجة ستقبال يئة العامة والدراسات وال ة قليم، ل وي العمل ومدير ا سيق والت يص ة والت ى شغال ومدير يئة الك ة قليم ل املدينة ترقية ومدير ة واملنازعات الشؤون ومدير ة القانونية ة التعاون ومدير .والوسائل دارة ومدير رقم( التنفذي )09،2001 01املرسوم ات مدير خمس من ون تت ف ئة الب بحماية واملعنية ئة للب العامة ة املدير أما و ئة الب بحماية تم السياسة: فرعية ة ومدير ة، ضر ا ية البي السياسة ة مدير الب التنوع ع املحافظة ة ومدير الصناعية، ية واملواقعالبي الطبي والوسط يولو التخطيط ة ومدير ية، البي بية وال والتوعية تصال ة ومدير الطبيعية، واملناظر البي م والتقو .والدراسات  وزارة2002 سنة مس تحت لتصبح الوزارة نفس سمية إعادة تم يئة، ال ئة والب رقم( .العمرانية الرئا )208،2002 02املرسوم ة زائر ا ومة ا طرف من ضعيفاً تماماً ا السابق ية البي موضوع لقي إ الوضع ذا أدى ا، عل ت تناو يئات و ورزات عدة ع ة ثانو بصورة ا عرض بدليل ية البي املشكالت تفاقم إ أدى الذي مر عقود، ثالثة طيلة ا شاط خاصةقصور الطبيعية املوارد اف است لة ومش ضري ا التلوث لة .مش ة. 3.2 الف خالل ئة الب بحماية): 2017 – 2003(حماية الدو تمام استمرار مع بجنوب سبورغ ا جو قمة تأكد والذي املستدامة، التنمية وم مف تر داية و ئة الب عام قيا صدر2002إفر املستدامة، رقمللتنمية القانون زائر 19املؤرخ03/10ا لية كثمرة2003جو جاء الذي املستدامة، التنمية إطار ئة الب بحماية واملتعلق من العديد ع ا مصادق وكذا دولية، محافل عدة ة زائر ا الدولة ملشاركة إيجابي تحول نقطة القانون ذا عت كما املوضوع، ذا التكفلتفاقيات إطار ة للموارد أفضل حماية تجسد داف وأ مبادئ من تضمنھ ما خالل من ئة الب بحماية ا ومباد املستدامة التنمية ومتطلبات يناسب بما رقم(. الطبيعية ،10-03القانون جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 221 2003( القانون من الثانية املادة حماية03/10تضمنت أجل من داف من مجموعة ال إطار ئة يالب يأ ما صوص ا ع املستدامة، رقم(: تنمية )10،2003-03القانون  ئة الب سي وقواعد ساسية املبادئ .تحديد  إطار ضمان ع والعمل شة املع شروط ن وتحس مستدامة وطنية تنمية ترقية سليم .مع  فاظ ا بضمان وذلك ئة بالب قة امل ضرار و التلوث ال أش ل من الوقاية ا ونا م .ع  املتضررة وساط .إصالح  وكذلك املتوفرة، الطبيعية للموارد ي العقال ولو ي ستعمال ترقية نقاء ك التكنولوجيات .استعمال  تدابمعال تدعيم ن املتدخل ومختلف ور م ا ومشاركة س والتحس ئة الب .حماية متتالية ات غي عدت زائر ا ئة،وعرفت الب بحماية لفة امل الوزارات أسماء ي اآل :و  مس2007 سنة ح واحدة، وزارة ئة والب السياحة قطاع إدماج تم ، والسياحة العمرانية يئة ال .وزارة من مجموعة بتجسيد املرحلة ذه ت تم وقد ية البي ة ولو ذات ع ملد. املشار السياحة مع متالصقة ئة الب .سنوات03ةوظلت رقم( رئا )173،2007 07مرسوم  بوزارة2010 سنة ا سمي وأعيدت السياحة، عن ئة الب فصل تم يئة، ال ئة والب رقم( . العمرانية رئا غاية. )149،2010 10مرسوم إ امتدت وال .2012سنة  لتصب،2012سنة املدينة مصط إضافة مع الوزارة سمية إعادة تحتتم ح وزارة يئةمس واملدينةال ئة والب رقم( . العمرانية رئا ،326 -12مرسوم أخرى )2012 مرة ا سمي صياغة أعيد ما سرعان ولكن ،.  السابة،2013سنة سمية ال بذلك ستعيد و أخرى مرة ا سمي إعادة تم لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 222 وزارة يئةوتصبح سنةال غاية إ سمية ال ذه واستمرت ئة، والب العمرانية رقم( . 2015 رئا )312،2013 13مرسوم  املوارد،2015سنة وزارة مس تحت املائية املوارد بوزارة ئة الب اق إ تم ئة والب رقم( . املائية رئا الوزارة)125،2015 -15مرسوم ذه عمر لم حيث ، غ ليتم ال سنةطو .2017ا  وتتكفل،2017سنة ئة الب بحماية ع ا ذا بحد مستقلة وزارة شاء إ تم املتجددة والطاقات ئة الب وزارة مس تحت املتجددة الطاقات ذه. بمجال ي وتأ لسنة الدستوري التعديل عد سمية سان2016ال ق صراحة أشار والذي سليمة ئة ب ش رئا( .الع )243،2017 -17رقممرسوم سنة منذ ستقرار عرف لم زائر ا ئة الب قطاع أن ن ب ما1974ي و و ، ستقالل، منذ والوزارات يئات ال من العديد من ئة الب حماية ع التناوب يتجسد تظافر يجة ن ا أل يئات، وال الوزارات جميع عاتق ع ئة الب حماية مة م تبقى حيث ود واملجتمعج الوزارات بمختلف .الدولة ع و ما ا م ومسميات ال أش عدة اتخذت وال يئات ال من العديد وتوجد كما ئة، الب بحماية املعنية لللوزارة عة تا ا ل و ة، حظ مرصد، الة، و مركز، ل ش املحلية يئات ال جانب إ ا، عل واملحافظة ئة الب حماية أخرى وزارات املتمثلةشارك و االت، الو ذه من عض نذكر ي وفيما والبلدية، ار،( :الوالية ،2016بوس )215-211الصفحات  االت و ل ش ع املتخذة يئات وال زة وج ،:  سنة أسست وال للنفايات الوطنية الة .2002الو  سنة أسست وال املناخية ات للتغ الوطنية الة وال2005الو إ، دف مة واملسا التنمية مخططات ل املناخية ات التغ الية إش إدماج ترقية ئة الب .حماية  سنة ت ش أ وال ئة الب ماية الوطنية الة .1991الو  ،مراكز ل ش ع املتخذة زة نجدج ا :وم  سنة أ والذي نظف، نتاج لتكنولوجيات الوط حيث2002املركز ، جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 223 بھ، والتوعية عميمھ و نقاءً أك نتاج تكنولوجيات وم مف قية ب املركز لف ي نظف نتاج تكنولوجيا ثمار س ع مشار .ومساعدة  سنة أسس ي، حيا من و البيولوجية املوارد تنمية لف2002مركز حيث ، التنوع بمعرفة املرتبطة شاطات بال املعنية القطاعات مع سيق بالت املركز وتوقيمھ عليھ واملحافظة ، .البيولو  مراصد ل ش ع املتخذة يئات وال زة ونجدج ،:  سنة شأ أ باق، وإس وتقييم مراقبة املستدامة، والتنمية البي ،2002املرصد سي بالت املرصد لف عو ية البي املعلومة مع والوطنية املؤسسات مع ق ا وإعدادا ا ومعا ي حصا و والتق العل .الصعيد  سنة شأ أ املتجددة، الطاقات قية ل الوط قية2004املركز ب واملتعلق ، ر وتطو ترقية تتو وطنية يئة و و املستدامة، التنمية إطار الطاقات الطاقات .املتجددةاستعمال  سنة أ للمدينة، الوط تم2006املرصد للمدينة وط مرصد و و ، يئةب .العمرانيةال  مختلفة مسميات وفق يئات وال زة اج م ونجد ،:  سنة ا شاؤ إ تم حيث الوطنية، ظائر ع1983ا املحافظة تتو حيث ، البي الوسط ع تحافظ كما والنباتات، يوانات التدخالتا ل من وتحميھ .صطناعية  سنة ا شاؤ إ تم ية، البي نات و للت الوط د .2002املع دور ن تب ية الب ع واملحافظة حماية غرض زائر ا شأة امل زة ج خالل من ما ظل خاصة ل، املشا من ا حماي وكذا ئة، الب نوعية ن بتحس ا تمام وا الدولة زائر ا املناخيةعانيھ ات التغ وكذا للموارد اف واست وتلوث ر ت إ. من إضافة إ دف وال ن والقوان املراسيم من العديد توجد ئة الب حماية غرض شأة امل يئات ال الدو البعد ذات ئة الب تفاقيات من العديد ع ا مصادق وكذا ئة، الب .حماية زائر .3 ا ية البي السياسة منبلغ مجموعة زائر ا ت س ذلك و حرجة، ات مستو زائر ا البي ور التد لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 224 من ية البي السياسة آليات ا اتخاذ وكذا ئة، الب حماية غرض ن والقوان عات شر ال البعد ذات الدولية تفاقيات من العديد ع ا وتصديق ئة، الب ع املحافظة أجل ية البي السياسة عت حيث ، االبي عل واملحافظة ئة الب حماية مة م وفيما. أداة زائر ا ية البي السياسة وأدوات ية البي ن والقوان عات شر ال م أ إ نتطرق . ي زائر. 1.3 ا ية البي ن والقوان عات شر عات: ال شر وال ن القوان من العديد توجد م أ ومن ا، عل واملحافظة ئة الب حماية أجل حماية من إ تطرقت ال ن القوان ئة يالب ما نذكر املتجددة،( :، والطاقات ئة الب )2018وزارة  رقم ئة1983فيفري05مم03 – 83قانون الب بحماية .يتعلق  رقم سم12مم19-01قانون ا2001د ومراقب النفايات سي ب يتعلق ا .وإزال  رقم اير05مم0202قانون وتثمينھ2002ف الساحل بحماية .يتعلق  رقم إطار2003يوليو19مم10-03قانون ئة الب بحماية يتعلق املستدامة .التنمية  رقم بلية2004يونيو23مم03-04قانون ا املناطق بحماية يتعلق املستدامة التنمية .إطار  رقم س25مم20-04قانون خطار2004مد من بالوقاية يتعلق املستدامة التنمية إطار وارث ال سي و ى .الك  رقم ضراء2007مايو13مم06-07قانون ا املساحات سي ب يتعلق ا وتنمي ا .وحماي  رقم اير17مم02-11قانون إطار2011ف املحمية باملجاالت يتعلق املستد .امةالتنمية من العديد توجد التنفيذيةكما ااملراسيم م نذكر ية، البي حماية إ دف ال املتجددة،( والطاقات ئة الب :)2018وزارة  رقم تنفيذي سم14مم409-04مرسوم نقل2004د كيفيات يحدد طرة ا اصة ا .النفايات  رقم تنفيذي اير28مم104-06مرسوم النفايات 2006ف قائمة يحدد جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 225 طرة ا اصة ا النفايات ذلك .بما  رقم تنفيذي ل15مم138-06مرسوم الغاز2006أبر انبعاث ينظم تتم ال الشروط وكذا و ا الصلبة أو السائلة ئات ز وا والبخار والدخان ا مراقب ا .ف  رقم تنفيذي ل19مم141-06مرسوم القصوىيضب2006أبر القيم ط السائلة الصناعية .للمصبات  رقم تنفيذي ر20مم336-09مرسوم ع2009أكتو بالرسم يتعلق ئة الب ع ة ط ا أو امللوثة شاطات .ال  رقم تنفيذي املواد2013مارس17مم110-13مرسوم استعمال ينظم ال واملنتجات ا وأمزج وزون لطبقة نفذة ااملس عل .تحتوي  رقم تنفيذي اير17مم87-09مرسوم ع2009ف بالرسم يتعلق محليا املصنوعة أو املستوردة يكية البالس .كياس ئة الب حماية إ دف وال ا م العديد وجود و عات شر ال خالل من املالحظ ذه نفيذ ب ام ل مدى إ يرجع ال ش لكن ة، زائر مماا ن، والقوان عات شر ال التطبيق ع ر س سياسية إرادة توفر من البد التا و والردع، لزامية صفة ا يفقد مستمر ور تد زائر ا البي الوضع ألن ن، القوان ذه ل .الفع زائر. 2.3 ا ئة الب ماية قتصادية دوات: دوات من العديد زائر ا اتخذت دواتو و والتحكم الرقابة أدوات الدولة استحدثت فقد ئة، الب حماية غرض الوسائل تم التا و يدفع، يلوث من أنھ مبدأ ع زائر ا ية البي السياسة وترتكز قتصادية، من ذا و ئة، للب ثاً تلو ك شاطات ال ع ية بي ضرائب فرض غرض ن قوان سن ي جبا نظام وضع .عمخالل لسنة املالية قانون خالل من بة ضر أول إدخال فرض1992وتم تم حيث ، طرة ا أو امللوثة شاطات بال املتعلق عد(tapd)الرسم إال يتم لم ا تجسيد لكن ، سنة من املالية ن قوان خالل من جبائية بات ترت عدة 2003 – 2000استحداث ة، زائر ا ية البي الرسوم إ والرسمباإلضافة الصلبة، بالنفايات اصة ا كذلك ة و ا نبعاثات ع اصة ا والرسوم ئة، الب ع طرة وا امللوثة شاطات بال املتعلق لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 226 السائلة)2002( الصناعية نبعاثات ع والرسم ،)2003.( )، ي صفحة2013برا ، زائر. )101 ا بائية ا الرسوم م أ يو املوا دول .وا رقم دول زائر: 01ا ا ية البي باية ا لھ والتنظيمي ي القانو ساس و الرسم ن الرسم عي ساب اح وعاء ئــة الب ــ ع ة ــ ط وا امللوثـة شــطة ــ ع الرسـم tapedعديل آخر .336 – 09املرسوم2009، رقـم117املـادة قــانون ــ91 – 25مـن 18املـؤرخ سم .1991د مـــنمجمـــوع تمـــارس ـــ ال ة ـــ ط ا أو امللوثـــة شـــطة قيمتـــــھ وتحـــــدد يف التصـــــ مختلفـــــة املؤسســـــات طـــــرف تحصــــلھ العمــــال، وعــــدد ح التصــــر نــــوع وفــــق ومعاملــــھ ئــــــــة للب الــــــــوط الصـــــــندوق لفائــــــــدة الضــــــــرائب قاضـــــــة التلوث .وإزالة املــــادة وليــــة، الب املنتجــــات ــــ ع مكــــرر28الرســــم عمال ع الرسوم قانون من مــــــن/ دج600 ــــــاص ا ين ــــــ والب املمتــــــاز ين ــــــ للب ــــــ ل الرصاص العادي/ دج500 ين الب من ل ل/ دج100 أو غا ل املسال/ دج1 ول الب غاز وقود/ ل الوقــــود ــــ ع املاليـــــة38املـــــادة: الرســــم قــــانون مــــن باملــادة2002لســنة املعــدل املاليــة55، قــانون مــن 2007لسنة بالرصــــــــــاص،/ دج0,10 ــــــــــ ـــــــــــل،/ دج0,3ل أو غــــــــــاز ــــــــــ ل بـــــــ يــــــوزع نافطــــــال، لشــــــركة املصــــــدر مــــــن %50يقتطــــــع و التلــــــــوث، وإزالـــــــة ئـــــــة للب الــــــــوط الصـــــــندوق لفائـــــــدة عة50% السر الطرق .لصندوق املـــــادة ديـــــدة، ا املطاطيـــــة طـــــر ـــــ ع 60الرســـــم لســـــنة املاليـــــة قـــــانون واملــــــتمم2006مـــــن املعـــــدل ، قـــــــــانون 46باملـــــــــادة لســـــــــنةمـــــــــن ـــــــــ التكمي املاليـــــــــة 2008. و/ دج5 فيفــة، ا للسـيارات املخصــص دج10لإلطـار اد ســــــت عنـــــد الثقيلــــــة، للســـــيارات املخصــــــص لإلطـــــار ــــــــ املح يع التصــــــــ وعنــــــــد مــــــــارك، ا مصــــــــا تحصـــــــلھ كمـــــا مداخيلـــــھ تخصـــــص الضـــــرائب، ة مصـــــ تحصـــــل :ي  10%الثقا اث لل الوط الصندوق .لفائدة  40%البلديات .لفائدة  50%وإزالـــــــــــة ئـــــــــــة للب الـــــــــــوط الصـــــــــــندوق لفائـــــــــــدة .التلوث وم، ـــ ال وتحضـــ وم ـــ وال ـــوت الز ـــ ع الرســم لســنة61املـادة املاليـة قــانون واملعــدل2006مــن ، باملـــــــادة ـــــــ46واملـــــــتمم التكمي املاليـــــــة قـــــــانون مـــــــن 2008لسنة طـــــرف/ دج12500 مـــــن يحصـــــل اد ســـــت عنـــــد طـــــن، مــــــارك، قبــــــلا مــــــن يحصــــــل ــــــ املح يع التصــــــ وعنــــــد ي كما وزع و الضرائب ة :مص  25%البلدية .لفائدة  25%نة ز ا .لفائدة  50%وإزالـــــــــــة ئـــــــــــة للب الـــــــــــوط الصـــــــــــندوق لفائـــــــــــدة .التلوث جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 227 النفايـــــــــات ن تخـــــــــز عــــــــدم ـــــــــ ع ي ـــــــــ التحف الرســــــــم شـــــــــــــــفيات املس ـــــــــــــــ العـــــــــــــــالج شـــــــــــــــطة بأ املرتبطـــــــــــــــة املــــادة الطبيــــة، املاليــــة 124والعيـــادات قــــانون مــــن باملادة2002لسنة واملتمم املعدل قـانون46، من لسنة التكمي .2008املالية تحصــــلھ/ دج2400 املخزنــــة النفايــــات ــــم مــــن طــــن ي كما ا وزع و الضرائب، :قباضة  10%البلديات .لفائدة  15%العمومية نة ز .ل  75%التلوث وإزالة ئة للب الوط الندوق .لفائدة النفايـــــــــات ن تخـــــــــز عــــــــدم ـــــــــ ع ي ـــــــــ التحف الرســــــــم املـــــــادة لســـــــنة203الصـــــــناعية، املاليـــــــة قـــــــانن مـــــــن باملــــــــــادة2002 واملــــــــــتمم املعـــــــــدل قــــــــــانون46، مــــــــــن لسنة التكمي .2008املالية تحصـلھ/ دج10500 املخزنـة، النفايـات م من طن ي كما وزع و الضرائب، :قباضة  10%البلديات .لفائدة  15%العمومية نة ز .ل  75%وإزالـــــــــــة ئـــــــــــة للب الـــــــــــوط الصـــــــــــندوق لفائـــــــــــدة التلوث الصــناعية، املســتعملة امليــاه ــ ع ــ التكمي الرســم لســنة94املــادة املاليــة قــانون املعــدلل2003مــن ، باملادة لسنة46واملتمم املالية قانون .2009من تجــاوز ــ ال صــنا مصــدر ــ املســتعملة امليــاه كميــات التنفيــــــذي املرســـــوم وفــــــق القصـــــوى القــــــيم ـــــا -06تلو ي141 كما وتزعھ الضرائب، قباضة تحصلھ ،:  20%نة ز .ل  30%للبلديات.  50%وإزالـــــــــــة ئـــــــــــة للب الـــــــــــوط الصـــــــــــندوق لفائـــــــــــدة .التلوث املصـــــدر ذي يـــــوي ا التلـــــوث ـــــ ـــــ التكمي الرســـــم املـــــــادة ، لســـــــنة205الصـــــــنا املاليـــــــة قـــــــانون مـــــــن باملــــــــــادة،2002 واملــــــــــتمم قــــــــــانون48املعـــــــــدل مــــــــــن لسنة التكمي .2008املالية القــــــــــــيم تجــــــــــــاوزت ــــــــــــ ال دخنــــــــــــة و الغــــــــــــازات ـــــات كميــــــ املرســـــــــوم ـــــــــ املحـــــــــددة تحصـــــــــلھ138 – 06القصــــــــوى ي كما وزع و الضرائب، :قباضة  25%البلدية .لفائدة  75%وإزالــــــــــة ئــــــــــة للب الــــــــــوط الصــــــــــندوق لفائــــــــــدة .التلوث املـادةرسم ، قـانون263 – 263التط مـن مكـرر املماثلــــــة والرســــــوم املباشــــــرة رفــــــع: الضــــــرائب رســــــم لية امل .القمامات مـــن البلـــدي الشـــع املجلـــس مـــداوالت دج500تحـــدد البلديات100000إ لصا وتوزع .ذج، يكية البالســــــــــــــ كيـــــــــــــاس ـــــــــــــ ع ـــــــــــــاص ا الرســـــــــــــم املـــــــــادة ، محليـــــــــاً املصـــــــــنوعة أو مـــــــــن53 املســـــــــتوردة لسنة املالية .2004قانون مصـــــــــــــــا/ دج10,5 تحصـــــــــــــــلھ اد ســـــــــــــــت عنـــــــــــــــد كـــــــــــــــغ ة مصـــــــ تحصـــــــلھ ـــــــ املح يع التصـــــــ وعنـــــــد مــــــارك، ا ئـــــة للب الــــوط للصــــندوق عائداتـــــھ وترجــــع الضــــرائب، التلوث .وإزالة خنافر: املصدر ، التنافسية: )2018( ع القدرة ع ا اسا ع وا ة الرا ية البي لالقتصادالقضايا خضر لالقتصاد وتحولھ زائري جامعةا شورة، م غ قتصادية العلوم دكتوراه أطروحة ، ص سكرة، خيضر، .225 – 224: محمد السياسةمك دعم دف س ال والتحف ل التمو آليات من العديد اعتماد تم ا خالل من املستدامة، التنمية وتحقيق ئة الب ماية منالوطنية ل ل ا شا الصندوق: إ لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 228 الصندوق وكذا نوب، ا مناطق لتنمية اص ا والصندوق التلوث، وإزالة ئة للب الوط والتنمية ئية لل الوط والصندوق الشمالية، واملناطق الساحل ماية الوط صندوق العليا، ضاب لل قتصادية بالتنمية اص ا الصندوق وكذا املستدامة، صند بل، لتنميةا الوطنية الة والو وب، الس الر وتنمية ر الت ة محار وق الشباب شغيل لدعم الوطنية الة والو ثمار، صفحة2018صيد،( . س ،72( عدة ن ب وذلك املختلفة ع املشار من العديد ل تمو ع أيضاً زائر ا وعملت النوادي ا م ية بي شطة أ ل تمو ذلك إ يضاف عمؤسسات، املتواجدة ضراء ا شر دف واملؤتمرات، امللتقيات من العديد إقامة وكذا ة، بو ال املؤسسات مستوى عمل يل س و للنفايات، التق الردم ع مشار شاء إ تم كما زائر ا البي الو النفيات ر تدو وإعادة مع سواء ، البي املجال عمل ال املؤسسات من العديد ال أو املجال...املختلفة، ذا قدماً امل ع ا ع ما و و ، خنافر،( . إ صفحة2017 ،252( دوات تفعيل ة زائر ا الدولة طرف من املبذولة ود ا من بالرغم لم ي والتحف الضر النظام أن إال امللوثة، ات السلو توجيھ أجل من قتصادية تحقيق سطع إي ذلك عود و املخططة، الصفحات2018صيد،( :داف ،73-75(  بة الضر حصيلة ع لسنةتوز املالية قانون حسب حيث لم2002، ا أ نجد عن ية البي الرسوم عاد إ التا و التلوث، افحة م ىة البي ماية املبالغ ل ا توج التلوث كميات خفض واملتثملة قيقية ا دافھ .أ  يةالنظام البي للرسوم واملنتجمتيازي لك املس سلوك ع التأث أن حيث ، ثمار س لفة ت من ب تق أو عادل الرسم حصيلة انت إذا إال حقيقياً ون ي ال ون ت ذلك يتحقق لم وإذا ية، البي لإلجراءات مة املح املؤسسة ا تتحمل ال عكسية يجة .الن  الصنادي وفعالية شفافيىة التلوثقعدم افحة وم ئة الب بحماية اصة .ا  عاقدية كآلية داء حسن لتحفيعقود الدولة ا وضع ال ليات ورغم ، واملعاي للمواصفات ديثة ا ة دار املمارسات تب نحو الصناعية املؤسسات يبقى الواصفات ذه ت نحو قتصادية املؤسسات إقبال أن إال الدولية، جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 229 .جداً ضعيف زائرتفاقيات .4 ا طرف من ا عل املصادق ية البي املشاركة خالل من الدو املستوى ع ئة الب بحماية زائر ا تمام ا يتجسد سليمة ية بي سياسة وضع أجل من وذلك ئة، بالب اصة ا الدولية دات واملعا املؤتمرات ئة الب حماية أن ون ، والدو املح انب ا اتخدم ل بل فقط املح املجال تخص ال صادقت ال دات واملعا تفاقيات أبرز إ سنطرق ي وفيما الدولية، ئة الب ع تأث دولياً زائر ا ا تركية،( :عل الصفحة2017بن ،51(  زون طبقة ماية نا في اتفاقية ع تم23املصادقة .1992س  امل شأن يال من ول عامبروتو م امل وزون لطبقة نفذة املس ،1987واد زائر ا عليھ صادقت تم23حيث .1992س  لعام املناخ غ شأن ة طار عام1992تفاقية التنفيد ح دخلت وال زائر1994 ا ا عل صادقت حيث ل21، .1993أفر  اعتم الذي املناخ بتغ املتعلق كيوتو ول عامبروتو التنفيذ1997د ح ودخل زائر2015سنة ا عليھ وصادقت .2004ماي09،  املتوسط بيض البحر حماية برشلونة(اتفاقية زائر) اتفاقية ا ا عل صادقت .1980جانفي29  وال الطبيعية واملوارد الطبيعة ع املحافظة حول قليمية تفاقية عام التنفيذودخ1986اعتمدت ح ا16لت عل صادقت وال جوان أيضا زائر .ا وال زائر، ا طرف من ا عل املصادق تفاقيات م أ يو املوا دول وا ئة الب حماية دف .س رقم دول زائر: 02ا ا ا عل صادقت ال ئة الب تفاقيات م أ ا عل املصادق التوقيع تفاقيات خ تار ح الدخول خ تار النفاذ تفاقيات اصة ا الدولية ـــة النوو ة ســ تجــارب حضــر اتفاقيــة وتحــــــت ـــــار ا الفضـــــاء ـــــ و ـــــو ا ـــــ املاء سطح 05/08/1963 10/10/1963 زون طبقة ماية نا في 22/09/1988 22/03/1985 اتفاقية لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 230 الغالف بحماية وي ا املــــــــــــــــــواد شــــــــــــــــــأن يــــــــــــــــــال من ــــــــــــــــــول بروتو زون لطبقة نفذة املس 16/02/1987 01/01/1989 زون حــــــــــــــول يــــــــــــــال مون ــــــــــــــول –بروتو اغن و عديال 25/11/1992 14/06/1994 شـــــأن ـــــة طار املتحـــــدة مـــــم اتفاقيـــــة املناخ غ 09/05/1992 21/04/1994 كيوتو ول 16/02/2005 16/02/2005 بروتو س بار املناخ) 2016(اتفاقية 04/11/2016 22/04/2016 لتغ تفاقيات اصة ا الدولية الياسبة بحماية البيولو والتنوع ـ والطبي الثقـا اث ـ ال حماية اتفاقية س( )بار 16/11/1972 17/12/1975 رامسار 1982 اتفاقية بازل 14/12/1998 15/09/1998 اتفاقية املتحدةاتفاقية لألمم البيولو 12/11/1995 13/06/1992 التنوع املتحدة لألمم ر الت افحة م 26/12/1996 14/10/1994 اتفاقية ســـــــالمة ـــــــاص ا قرطاجنـــــــة ـــــــول بروتو حيائية 29/01/2000 11/09/2003 الدولية تفاقية بحماية اصة ا ي املا الغالف اصــــة ا الدوليــــة باملســــؤوليةتفاقيــــة عـن الناشـئة ضـرار عـن تبة امل املدنية بالنفط التلوث 22/05/1969 19/06/1975 بـــيض البحـــر حمايـــة شـــأن ـــول بروتو عـــــــــــن ـــــــــــ النا التلـــــــــــوث مـــــــــــن املتوســـــــــــط الســــــــــــــــــــفن مـــــــــــــــــــن النفايـــــــــــــــــــات ف تصـــــــــــــــــــر والطائرات 16/02/1976 12/02/1978 البحار لقانون املتحدة مم 16/11/1994 10/12/1982 اتفاقية ص: املصدر سابق، مرجع خنافر ، .227: ع صادقت كما ئة، الب بحماية ع وال املؤتمرات، من العديد زائر ا شاركت املعاي تب ع املؤسسات عت كما الدولية، ية البي تفاقيات من العديد ع ت س وقد التلوث، من ئة الب ع املحافظة غرض ية عاتالبي شر ال من العديد يجة ن ور تد و زائر ا البي الوضع أن إال ئة، الب حماية غرض ن والقوان أو نفايات، انت سواء مخلفات من ا ع ينجم وما الطبيعة، للموارد املفرط ستغالل سواء زائر ا شة املع نمط ع تؤثر مناخية، ات غ من عنھ تج ي وما و، ل تلوث والنبات يوان وا سان لال سبة .بال ذكر يمكن وال تتعرض، ال ية البي ديدات ال من العديد ي عا زائر ا إن ي ا ار،( :عض الصفحات2016بوس ،183 -186( جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 231  ة الطاقو املوارد عنضوب تام ل ش الوط الطاقوي الك س عتمد ، إنتاج تم و ة، حفور الذيالطاقات الطبي الغاز من ك شبھ ل ش اء ر الك نحو لك تزايداً%40س زائر ا الطاقة الك اس عرف و ، جما م ا من .مستمراً  بية ال نظمة و بة ال ةشاشة تر الشما الفضاء اع أر ثالثة عت حيث ، ا خصو إعادة ع قادرة وغ جافة .شبھ  املا املورد وديمومتھندرة يقلي حيث املياه ندرة من زائر ا ي عا حيث ، املائية املوارد إجما من الفرد ب نص .متوسط  البيولو والتنوع الالغابات ولو ي النظام شاشة زائر ا سم ت ، اد ا الساحل ل وتآ ر، والت فاف وا ية البي ا أنظم حساسية تتمثل املائية املوارد .و  املناخية ات درجاتالتغ ارتفاع ة خ السنوات املالحظ أن حيث ، م سا سوف أنھ التوقعات ش و فاف، ا معدالت ادة ز إ باإلضافة راراة، ا خفض بدوره م سا مما ية الغر اح الر بوب موقع غ املناخ غ سبة ب مطار طول ل السنوي س%12املتوسط حلول وارتفاع2030نةمع ، ن ب ما اوح ت سبة ب الشما القطب ان ذو يجة ن البحر مياه سوب م 0,1مستوى سنة0,3إ بحلول .2050م أن إال وانب، ا من العديد زائر ا املحققة املنجزة نجازات من بالرغم البي لالقتصاد والتحول املستدامة، التنمية تحقيق نحو ا دخطوا املز بذل إ تحتاج ذلك لتحقيق والعمل د ا .من الدراسة. 5 :نتائج  صدور مع ا استقالل عد مرة ألول زائر ا ئة الب بحماية تمام تجسد ئة83/03القانون الب بحماية .املتعلق  ا م أ ان ئة، الب ع املحافظة دف س ية البي ن القوان من جملة إصدار تم بحماية03/10القانون ئة املتعلق املؤرخ التنمية إطار الب 19املستدامة لية املستدامة2003جو التنمية اتيجية إس تطبيق يجة ن جاء والذي ولكن. ، لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 232 والردع لزامية صفة يفتقد ن القوان .تطبيق  وزارة ا آخر ستقالل، منذ والوزارات يئات ال من العديد إ حماية إسناد تم سنةالب منذ املتجددة والطاقات قرارات. 2017ئة اتخاذ ع سلباً عكس إ ممل ئة الب حماية مجال .صارمة  شعار تحت ية البي السياسة أدوات زائر ا أك"اتخذت يدفع أك يلوث ،" من ثاً تلو ك شطة ع ية بي ضرائب فرض تم التا .و  ع املفروضة ية البي االرسوم ل ا حصيل توجيھ يتم لم امللوثة شطة واملتمثلة قيقية ا ا داف أ عن ا عاد إ التا و التلوث، افحة وم ئة الب ماية ئة الب حماية إ دف ال شطة ل . تمو  ع سلباً عكس ا ة، خ السنوات ية البي املشكالت من العديد بروز زائر ا ئة الب .وضعية :خالصة.6 قتصادية التنمية ومتطلبات ئة الب حماية ن ب املوازنة ضرورة زائر ا أدركت ور وتد قتصادي شاط ال مخلفات ن ب الفجوة تقليص من البد التوازن ذا لتجسيد املعالم ة وا ية بي ة تنمو اتيجية إس رسم من البد ان ذلك ولتحقيق ئة، الب التنمية سياساتلتحقيق تب ق طر عن خضر، قتصاد إ نتقال و املستدامة جملة ومن املستدامة، التنمية لتحقيق قتصادي النمو من مع م ت ية من بي أساسا التحديات تتمثل ية ي التدب البي عن املائية للموارد العقال والبحث والطاقة، ة أجل من حلول الطاق مواج املوارد افحةنضوب وم ة، ر و الغابات، وتراجع الت اق عن الناجمة نبعاثات وتقليص ة، الطاقات اح املاء قطاعات ومالءمة حفور والفالحة ة ة وال ات مع الغابو شطة عن الناجم التلوث وتقليص املناخية التغ ة الصناعية ضر ا .واملجاالت املراجع. 7 قائمة سة حالة المجمع الصناعي االمتطلبات البیئیة كأداة حمائیة في ظل تحریر التجارة الدولیة، در). 2016. (أمنة عساسلة جامعة محمد : بسكرة. أطروحة دكتوراه علوم في العلوم االقتصادیة غیر منشور. برج بوعریریج -كوندور .خیضر، بسكرة أطروحة دكتوراه علوم في العلوم االقتصادیة . مشكلة البیئة في الجزائر من منظور اقتصادي). 2016. (ربیعة بوسكار .جامعة محمد خیضر: بسكرة. غیر منشورة جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 234 -212 :ص 233 مذكرة ماجستیر في الحقوق غیر منشورة، : الجزائر. الھیئات اإلداریة المكلفة بحمایة البیئة). 2011. (سھام بن صافیة .01جامعة الجزائر 2001(صادي في ظل اإلطار االستراتیجي العشري البیئة في الجزائر من منظور اقت). 2013. (شراف براھیمي . 12. مجلة الباحث). 2011 مجلة . دور اإلدارة المحلیة في حمایة البیئة من أخطار التلوث، التجربة الجزائریة). 2016, سبتمبر. (عبد النور ناجي . 12اإلجتھاد القضائي، لبیئیة في بلدان المغرب العربي، دراسة مقارنة خالل الفترة فعالیة اآللیات االقتصادیة للسیاسة ا). 2017. (علي خنافر .03جامعة الجزائر : الجزائر. أطروحة دكتوراه علوم في العلوم االقتصادیة. 2013 1992 الجریدة : الجزائر. 43، المتعلق بحمایة البیئة في إطار التنمیة المستدامة). 2003, جویلیة 19. (10-03القانون رقم .الجزائریةالرسمیة .الجریدة الرسمیة الجزائریة: الجزائر. 06، المتعلق بحمایة البیئة). 1983, فیفري 05. (03-83القانون رقم .الجریدة الرسمیة: الجزائر. یتضمن صالحیات وزیر الري). 1980, جوان 21. (172-80المرسوم ، اإلدارة المركزیة في وزارة تھیئة االقلیم والبیئةیتضمن تنظیم ). 2001, جانفي 07. (09 01المرسوم التنفذي رقم .الجریدة الرسمیة الجزائریة: الجزائر. 04 یتضمن تنظیم اإلدارة المركزیة في وزارة األشغال العمومیة ). 2000, جوان 20. (136 00المرسوم التنفیذي رقم .الجزائریةالجریدة الرسمیة : الجزائر. 36، وتھئیة االقلیم والبیئة والعمران الجریدة الرسمیة : الجزائر. المتضمن تعیین أعضاء الحكومة). 2002, جوان 17. (208 02المرسوم الرئاسي رقم .الجزائریة الجریدة الرسمیة : الجزائر. 01، یتضمن تعیین أعضاء الحكومة). 1996, جانفي 05. (01-96المرسوم الرئاسي رقم .الجزائریة الجریدة الرسمیة : الجزائر. تحدید صالحیات كاتب الدولة والتشجیر). 1979, دیسمبر 1979. (263-79المرسوم رقم .الجزائریة الجریدة الرسمیة : الجزائر. 37، یتضمن تعیین أعضاء الحكومة). 2007, جوان 04. (173 07مرسوم رئاسي رقم .الجزائریة الجریدة الرسمیة : الجزائر. 36، یتضمن تعیین أعضاء الحكومة). 2010, ايم 28. (149 10مرسوم رئاسي رقم .الجزائریة الجریدة الرسمیة : الجزائر. 49، یتضمن تعیین أعضاء الحكومة). 2012, سبتمبر 04. (326 -12مرسوم رئاسي رقم .الجزائریة الجریدة الرسمیة : الجزائر. 44، حكومةیتضمن تعیین أعضاء ال). 2013, سبتمبر 11. (312 13مرسوم رئاسي رقم .الجزائریة .25، یتضمن تعیین أعضاء الحكومة). 2015, ماي 14. (125 -15مرسوم رئاسي رقم الجریدة الرسمیة : الجزائر. 48، یتضمن تعیین أعضاء الحكومة). 2017, أوت 17. (243 -17مرسوم رئاسي رقم .الجزائریة اسة البیئیة على المؤسسة االقتصادیة، دراسة میدانیة لمجموعة من المؤسسات الصناعیة أثر السی). 2018. (مریم صید جامعة باجي : عنابة. أطروحة دكتوراه علوم في العلوم االقتصادیة غیر منشورة. على مستوى الشرق .مختار أطروحة دكتوراه . ائرتفعیل السیاسات االقتصادیة لمواجھة التلوث البیئي في الجز). 2018. (مسعودة طریق صدار .3جامعة الجزائر : الجزائر. علوم في العلوم االقتصادیة غیر منشورة مجلة . 16/01بموجب القانون 2016تكریس الدستور للحق في البیئة في تعدیل ). 2017, جوان. (نصیرة بن تركیة .18. المعیار :، من2018. دیسمبر 14تاریخ المعاینة .قوانین البیئة). 2018. (وزارة البیئة والطاقات المتجددة http://www.meer.gov.dz/ar/?page_id=246 لبيئة يف اجلزائر من منظور التنمية آليات وأدوات محاية ا املستدامة إبراهيم عاشوري/ د، عابي وليد/ د مسرية مومن 234 references : asasleh, a. (2016). environmental requirements as a protection tool in light of the liberalization of international trade, a case study of the condor-bordj bou arreridj industrial complex. phd thesis in economic sciences. mohamed khaider university, biskra. [in arabic] rabia bouskar. (2016). the environmental problem in algeria from an economic perspective. phd thesis in economic sciences. the university of muhammad khaider. ben safia, s. (2011). administrative bodies in charge of protecting the environment. master thesis in laws, university of algiers1. [in arabic] brahimi, b. (2013). the environment in algeria from an economic perspective in light of the ten-year strategic framework (2001-2011). researcher journal. 12. [in arabic] nagy, a. (september 2016). the role of local administration in protecting the environment from the dangers of pollution, the algerian experience. jurisprudence journal, 12. [in arabic] khanafer, a. (2017). the effectiveness of economic mechanisms for environmental policy in the arab maghreb countries, a comparative study during the period 1992 2013. phd thesis in economic sciences. algeria: university of algiers 03. [in arabic] law no. 10-03. (july 19, 2003). on environmental protection in the context of sustainable development, 43. algeria: the algerian official gazette. [in arabic] law no. 03-83. (february 05, 1983) concerning environmental protection, 06. algeria: algerian official gazette. [in arabic] decree 80-172. (june 21, 1980). includes the powers of the minister of irrigation. algeria: the official gazette. [in arabic] executive decree no. 01-09 (january 7, 2001). includes the organization of the central administration in the ministry of regional and environmental planning, 04. algeria: the algerian official gazette. executive decree no. 00-136. (june 20, 2000). it includes the organization of the central administration in the ministry of public works, regional planning, environment and urbanism, 36. algeria: the algerian official gazette. presidential decree no. 02-208. (june 17, 2002). including appointing members of the government. algeria: algerian official gazette. presidential decree no. 96-01. (january 05, 1996) includes appointing government members, 01. algeria: the algerian official gazette. decree no. 79-263. (december 1979, 1979). determine the powers of the state secretary and afforestation. algeria: algerian official gazette. presidential decree no. 07-173. (june 4, 2007). includes appointing members of the government, 37. algeria: the algerian official gazette. presidential decree no. 10 149 (may 28, 2010). includes appointing members of the government, 36. algeria: the algerian official gazette. presidential decree no. 12-326. (september 4, 2012). includes appointing members of the government, 49. algeria: the algerian official gazette. presidential decree no. 13-312. (september 11, 2013). includes appointing government members, 44. algeria: the algerian official gazette. presidential decree no. 15-125 (may 14, 2015). includes appointing government members, 25. presidential decree no. 17-243. (august 17, 2017). includes appointing government members, 48. algeria: the algerian official gazette. sid, m. (2018). the impact of environmental policy on the economic institution, a field study of a group of industrial institutions at the eastern level. phd thesis in economic sciences. badji mokhtar university. sedar, t. m. (2018). activating economic policies to confront environmental pollution in algeria. phd thesis in economic sciences. university of algiers 3. [in arabic] ben turkiya, n. (june 2017) the constitution's devotion to the right to the environment in the 2016 amendment by law 1/16. al-miyar journal. 18. [in arabic] ministry of environment and renewable energies. (2018). environmental laws. the date of the inspection is december 14. 2018, from:http://www.meer.gov.dz/en/?page_id=246 management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 5 no. 1 (2023): march, pp. 127-147 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.303 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 127 www.mer-j.com training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development richard jaffu 1♦ 1 lecturer, department of business administration and management, college of business and economics, the university of dodoma, p.o. box 1208, dodoma (tanzania)  richardjaffu2@gmail.com published online: 02 -03-2023 accepted: 28 -02 -2023 received: 11-01-2023 how to cite: jaffu, r. (2023). training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development. management & economics research journal, 5(1), 127147. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.303 abstract: training and career development have been considered to improve employee performance because better-quality human capital is vital in enhancing employee performance. this study analysed the influence of training on the performance of public procurement professionals when mediated by career development in tanzania. the study used a crosssectional research design involving 204 public procurement professionals from dodoma city in tanzania. the study applied confirmatory factor analysis (cfa) as a part of covariance based-structural equation modelling (cb-sem) and hayes' process macro to analyse the data and determine the relationship between the training and performance of public procurement professionals when mediated by career development in tanzania. the results show that training and career development determine the performance of ♦corresponding author: department of business administration and management, college of business and economics, the university of dodoma, tanzania, p.o. box 1208 dodom (tanzania). [ richardjaffu2@gmail.com] ©2023 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.303 http://www.mer-j.com/ https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2023.303&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2023-03-02 mailto:richardjaffu2@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.303 mailto:richardjaffu2@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0316-572x training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development jaffu, r. 128 public procurement professionals. training facilitates the career development of public procurement professionals, whereas career development mediates the relationship between training and the performance of public procurement professionals. this study only considers training and career development, among other aspects of human resource development practices. this excludes the other human resource development practices in public organisations. this study brings together human resource development concepts (training and career development) and the performance of public procurement professionals. thus, it adds value to the literature on human resource management concerning the performance of public procurement professionals. keywords: career development, employee performance, public procurement professionals, training. jel codes: c83, h57, j24, m12. 1. introduction employee performance concerns all managers because it is central to the survival and success of organisations of all types. the performance of public procurement professionals is even more important because it deals with a function which takes a large part of government expenditure for purchasing goods, works, and services required for public programmes and projects (disdier, fontagné, & tresa, 2021). for example, in organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd) countries, the expenditure on public procurement increased to 12.6% in 2019 from 11.8% in 2008 (oecd, 2021), while in ethiopia, it takes 64% of the government budget (dorasamy, 2021). in tanzania, public procurement costs more than 70% of the government's annual budget (kajimbwa, 2018). therefore, it is imperative for public procurement professionals in both developed and developing economies to produce high levels of performance as a way of pursuing national development goals. the effectiveness of public procurement reflects the performance of procurement professionals (changalima, mushi, & mwaiseje, 2021). the effectiveness of public procurement has been an area of research in both developed and developing economies (kakwezi & nyeko, 2019; patrucco, luzzini, & ronchi, 2016). nevertheless, the literature from tanzania shows that the public procurement function does not deliver to the expectations due to the existence of situations which hinder the timely delivery of quality goods at lower costs. following this, reforms have been made to reduce the hindrances and foster the performance of public procurement professionals and the effectiveness of the public procurement function in general (kihamba, pp. 127-147 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 129 2021). the most widely recognised reforms include the public procurement act no. 7 of 2011 and its amendments (mwagike & changalima, 2022). in analysing the factors that affect the performance of public procurement professionals and public procurement operations, special attention has been given to the factors associated with public procurement practitioners' professionalism. as a result, several types of research have been done to link professionalism in procurement and the effectiveness of public procurement functions in tanzania (mrope, 2017; mwasikili, 2020). despite their valued contribution to public organisations and public procurement professionals, the current ppra and controller and auditor general (cag) reports still present issues about the mismanagements of public procurement functions that affect the results of procurement in public organisations in tanzania (national audit office of tanzania [naot], 2020, 2021, 2022; public procurement regulatory authority [ppra], 2020; public procurement regulatory authority [ppra], 2021). it is recognised that professionalism enhances the performance of procurement professionals, enhancing the general performance of public procurement functions. however, one's level of professionalism is a function of acquiring and enhancing the necessary knowledge, skills and job-related attributes obtained through training (bals, schulze, kelly, & stek, 2019). hence, a literature stream links training and employee performance (ameyaw, peprah, & anowuo, 2019; okumu, kiflemariam, & mang'unyi, 2018; rodriguez & walters, 2017). training is considered in items of the adequacy of knowledge, skills and attributes acquired, quality of the aids used in the training programme, dimensions of quality in the training programme, training needs of employees and availability of sponsorship for training programmes (otoo & mishra, 2018; otoo, otoo, abledu, & bhardwaj, 2019; singh, 2004). despite the existing link between training and employee performance (arubayi et al., 2020; otoo and mishra, 2018; suwanto et al., 2021), there is scanty literature on the influence of training on employee performance in the context of public procurement, and the mechanism through which training influences the performance of public procurement professionals. training influences career development because it involves learning (niati, siregar, & prayoga, 2021). on the other hand, career development enables employees to effectively undertake their responsibilities (niati et al., 2021). career development is conceived about improved confidence, attitudes on the job and ability to deal with job challenges and opportunities for advancement (ntadom, chidi, & jacobs, 2021; ratemo, makhamara, & bula, 2021; saleem & amin, 2013). this understanding attracts the idea that career development training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development jaffu, r. 130 provides the mechanism through which training influences employee performance. on this basis, this study is guided by the intention to determine the influence of training on the performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania and to establish if career development is the mechanism through which training influences the performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania. thus, the study has contributed to tanzania's human resource management and public procurement literature. 2. literature review and hypotheses this section presents the study's assumptions regarding human capital, which guide the current research. additionally, it discusses the development of the study's hypotheses. 2.1. the human capital theory the human capital theory assumes people can increase their productive capacity with improved knowledge, skills and attributes. therefore, the theory suggests that acquired knowledge, skills and attributes through training are key to improving employee performance (becker, 1962). this is because; training is used for refining, polishing, and upgrading human capital so that they can meet the demand of their job from time to time (zaki, ali, bakar, & sarwar, 2019). according to the chartered institute of personnel and development (cipd, 2017), employee training is a foundation of employee career development. career development is an ongoing improvement of employees' knowledge, skills and attributes through training (saleem & amin, 2013). thus, career development is characterised by human capital of improved quality due to training practices. in this view, all start with having human capital (employees' knowledge, skills and attributes), which can be upgraded through training. employee career development occurs with training programmes (niati et al., 2021). on the other hand, career development is viewed as a vital element in intensifying employee performance (saleem & amin, 2013). in this perspective, therefore, training does two things to human capital. firstly, it improves their performance by enhancing their capabilities. this perspective has long been the focus of researchers applying human capital theory in linking training and employee performance (suwanto et al., 2021; arubayi et al., 2020). secondly, training brings about career development, intensifying employee performance. however, this perspective has received less attention from researchers on this topic. pp. 127-147 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 131 in the context of this study, public procurement professionals' knowledge, skills and attributes are regarded as the human capital of the organisation responsible for public procurement activities. thus, this theory is appropriate to this study because upgrading public procurement professionals' knowledge, skills and attributes through training may foster their immediate performance and career development. public procurement professionals who undergo career development may manifest enhanced job performance. also, training and career development for human resources are important functions in organisations as they ensure that employees' knowledge, skills and attributes are continuously aligned with the current and future demands of jobs (hernita, surya, perwira, abubakar, & idris, 2021). thus, training and career development improve organisations' human capital abilities, boosting general productivity (becker, 1964). therefore, the human capital theory presents vital insights into human resource training and career development regarding the performance of public procurement professionals. therefore, organisations use training through career development to enhance effectiveness in the organisations (teimouri, hosseini, imani, & bagheri, 2018). 2.2. training and public procurement professionals' career development training is intended to upgrade human capital (employees) in knowledge, skills and attributes. it involves numerous activities to develop employees' careers by enhancing their technical and personal abilities (ntadom et al., 2021). bakar et al. (2016) argue that training creates selfbelief in employees as it provides mastery of human and technical abilities required on the job. they add that training offers an experience which improves employees' judgements about themselves. in practical terms, training delivers real-life approaches for the development of skills and attributes which bring about confidence and reduce mistakes. thus, employee training is responsible for improving occupational qualities. according to zaki et al. (2019), self-belief indicates that an employee is undergoing career development. additionally, serbes and albay (2017) argue that career development is manifested through employee newness due to improved decisions and judgement. omotayo et al. (2014) conclude that organisations with good career development programmes possess capable human resources. in this sense, training programmes are used as tools for career development. thus, training for procurement professionals is a way of enhancing their career development. hence, this study hypothesises that: training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development jaffu, r. 132 h1: employee training is positively associated with the career development of public procurement professionals. 2.3. training and public procurement professionals' performance employee training aims to equip employees with knowledge, skills and attributes to handle their current job demands. it fosters consciousness of job-related policies, rules and procedures (rodriguez & walters, 2017). according to human capital theory, investment in employee training makes them more productive (cipd, 2017). thus, public procurement professionals' performance will improve if they undergo relevant training programmes. therefore, given the current dynamic nature of the work environment, employees' performance problems can be addressed through proper and timely training (kuruppu et al., 2021). on the same, ameyaw et al. (2019) add that the major components of human capital (knowledge, skills and abilities) can be improved or upheld to increase employee performance. therefore, employee training for procurement professionals is necessary to improve their job performance. hence, this study hypothesises that: h2: employee training is positively associated with the performance of public procurement professionals. 2.4. career development and public procurement professionals' performance career development develops employees' abilities to match the organisation's requirements (dialoke & wabara, 2017). improving employees' abilities in light of the future organisation's needs is a lifelong effort. career development practices include undertakings like mentorship, guidance and counselling. therefore, it is an approach to uplifting human capital (skills, knowledge and attributes) as suggested by the human capital theory (wuttaphan, 2017). moreover, career development is a source of relevant experience influencing job performance (niati et al., 2021). in this sense, it improves the organisation's and its employees' development. thus, to attain improved performance from public procurement professionals, public organisations should make deliberate efforts to define and develop the knowledge, skills and attributes of public procurement professionals following the current and future demands of the organisations. concerning this study, career development improves the performance of public procurement professionals. based on this conclusion, the following hypothesis is formulated: pp. 127-147 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 133 h3: career development is positively associated with the performance of public procurement professionals. 2.5. training, career development and public procurement professionals' performance career development positively influences employee performance (niati et al., 2021). the existence of career development in an organisation is exhibited through ongoing improvement in human capital characteristics concerning improved self-belief, decision-making, judgement capacity, and power and capability (serbes & albay, 2017; zaki et al., 2019). since training is concerned with improving human capital by equipping employees with the relevant knowledge, skills, and attributes to keep their occupational qualities updated (omotayo et al., 2014), it is a predictor of career development. concerning this study, if public procurement professionals are well trained, they will advance in such qualities as self-belief, decision-making and judgement capacity, power and capability, improving their job performance. thus, training can influence the performance of public procurement professionals through career development. thus, this study is based on the hypothesis that: h4: the relationship between training and performance of public procurement professionals is mediated by career development. nb: denotes mediation effect figure 1. conceptual model performance career development training training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development jaffu, r. 134 3. method and data 3.1. study area and research design the study was conducted in dodoma, the capital of the united republic of tanzania. the city was selected due to the increased volume of public procuring organisations following the shift of the government offices from dar es salaam in 2017. also, the city hosts public procuring organisations, which are considered to have varying procurement activities. the study applied a cross-sectional research design as it examined the phenomenon as it was at that specific time (saunders, lewis, & thornhill, 2019). in this regard, the study intended to obtain a snapshot of the relationship between employee training and the performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania when mediated by employee career development. 3.2. sampling and data collection a priori sample size calculator for determining sample size was applied in this study, as proposed by soper (2020). thus, with three latent variables, 11 observed variables, an anticipated effect size of 0.3, desired statistical power of 0.8 and a p-value of 0.05, the commended minimum sample size was 123. since the calculator proposes the minimum sample size, a larger sample size is considered suitable. thus, the sample size of 204 used in this study is sufficient. the study involved 204 public procurement professionals from different public organisations in dodoma, tanzania. a random sampling technique was used to select the respondents who participated in this study. data collection occurred from november 2021 to january 2022, when 220 questionnaires were distributed, and 204 questionnaires were completed for analysis. thus, the response rate was 92.7%, which is acceptable. a structured self-administered questionnaire was developed to collect data from the respondents (public procurement professionals). the questionnaire was developed based on the main variables: training, career development, and employee performance (public procurement professionals) adapted from the literature (goshie, 2020; otoo & mishra, 2018; otoo et al., 2019; singh, 2004; sturges, guest, conway, & davey, 2002) (see the next section). pp. 127-147 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 135 3.3. measurements of variables in measuring the variables, the study utilised items from previous studies. the items used are based on the validated constructs from previous studies (appendix a). the training was measured by using items which were previously applied by otoo et al. (2019), otoo and mishra (2018) and singh (2004). the items for measuring career development were adapted from the literature (otoo et al. 2019), otoo and mishra (2018) and sturges et al. (2002). in measuring the performance of the public procurement professionals (employee performance), three items previously used by (ramos-villagrasa, barrada, fernández-del-río, & koopmans, 2019) were adopted. this study revised these items to fit the tanzanian context of the public procurement function. 3.4. reliability and validity according to kazungu (2020), pre-testing questionnaires improve the tool's reliability. before the data collection, the questionnaire was pre-tested by two academicians and two procurement professionals. the inputs from the pre-tested questionnaire were used in tool revising in light of the context of the study. in ensuring internal consistency, cronbach's alpha coefficients were used, as shown in table 1. reliability is ensured when the value of cronbach's alpha coefficients is at least 0.7 (cronbach, 1951; vaske, beaman, & sponarski, 2017). in table 1, the results show that the values of cronbach's alpha coefficients are within acceptable limits. also, a value of at least 0.7 indicates that construct reliability is attained. table 1 indicates that all construct reliability values have at least 0.7. moreover, convergent validity was analysed by establishing the average variance extracted (ave) of each construct using the factor loadings of the indicators (ab hamid, sami, & mohmad sidek, 2017; hair, black, babin, & anderson, 2010). table 1 presents that each ave value is within the acceptable limits (0.5). finally, the fornell-larcker criterion was used to conduct discriminant validity. the results in table 2 show that the value of ave is greater than the square of the intercorrelations (fornell & larcker, 1981). it was further determined that the values of ave obtained for all constructs are larger than their corresponding squared inter-construct correlations. therefore, discriminant validity was attained. training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development jaffu, r. 136 table 1. measurements, standardised factor loadings, cronbach's alpha, and construct reliability variables/items factor loadings ave cronbach's alpha construct reliability training 0.618 0.865 0.866 tra1 0.833 tra2 0.749 tra3 0.765 tra4 0.795 career development 0.555 0.832 0.833 cdv1 0.757 cdv2 0.783 cdv3 0.737 cdv4 0.700 employee performance 0.694 0.852 0.869 epf1 0.838 epf2 0.670 epf3 0.965 source: data analysis table 2. discriminant validity cr ave tra cdv epf tra 0.866 0.618 0.786 cdv 0.833 0.555 0.283 0.745 epf 0.869 0.694 0.391 0.304 0.833 source: data analysis 3.5. data analysis procedures the collected data was analysed using cfa, a crucial part of cbsem, along with hayes' process for mediation analysis. cfa is essential in ensuring that the study provides reliable and valid results, as it produces crucial outputs for evaluating factor loadings, ave, construct reliability, and measurement model fit indices (hair et al., 2010). for that case, cfa was performed before analysing the path analysis. on the other hand, hayes' process mediation analysis was conducted to analyse the relationship between study variables. this statistical technique was considered a cuttingedge and effective tool for conducting regression analysis with additional variables such as mediators, confounders, and moderators by bootstrapping confidence intervals (hayes, 2022). therefore, the relationship between training and employee performance and the mediating effect of career pp. 127-147 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 137 development on the relationship between training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania. 4. results and discussion 4.1. model measurements results cfa was conducted in the first step to confirm the study's variables. the results show that all factor loadings are greater than 0.5. this indicates that the items adequately explain the latent constructs of the study (truong & mccoll, 2011). the model fit indices are gfi = 0.937, nfi = 0.928, rfi = 0.903, ifi = 0.963, tli = 0.950, cfi = 0.963, rmsea = 0.069, x2 = 81.057, df = 41 and x2/df = 1.977 at p < 0.05. all measurements of the model fit indices are within the recommended range (hu & bentler, 1999). figure 2. the measurement model (cfa) training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development jaffu, r. 138 4.2. structural model and hypotheses testing hayes' process mediation analysis was conducted in the second step to test the hypothesised relationships. the study examined the relationships between training, career development and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania. also, the study tried to establish if career development mediates the relationship between the training and performance of public procurement professionals. the results are presented in table 3. 4.3. training and public procurement professionals' career development regarding the relationship between training and career development, the results reveal that training has a significant positive relationship with career development among public procurement professionals (β = 0.2854, p = 0.0005). thus, the results support h1 that employee training is positively associated with the career development of public procurement professionals. according to the results, training for public procurement professionals explains about 28.54% of their career development. in this case, enhancing training for public procurement professionals fosters their career development in terms of improved confidence, attitudes on the job and ability to deal with job challenges. the findings align with the argument by bakar et al. (2016) and ntadom et al. (2021) that training practices are directed towards developing employees in their careers by improving their technical and personal abilities because it enhances judgment, confidence and self-belief in the job. despite these studies being based on other contexts, they support the tanzanian context of the public procurement professionals used in the current study. 4.4. training and procurement professionals' performance for the relationship between training and the performance of public procurement professionals, the results are consistent with h2 that employee training is positively associated with the performance of public procurement professionals. (β = 0.3717, p = 0.000). the results thus show that training explains the performance of public procurement professionals by 37.17%. the results suggest that public procurement professionals' performance concerning delivering quality goods and services in time and at reasonable costs can be enhanced by improving their knowledge, skills and job-related attributes through training. the available literature widely recognises the influence of training on the organisation's performance (amoah-mensah & pp. 127-147 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 139 darkwa, 2016; kuruppu, kavirathne, & karunarathna, 2021; otoo & mishra, 2018). however, this study examined how training practices influence public procurement professionals' performance. the results support the human capital theory that the productive capacity of human capital can be upgraded through training. this point of view is in line with the assertion by patarai and ahmad (2015), rodriguez and walters (2017) and (okumu et al., 2018) that employee performance is a function of employees' capability to carry out their tasks efficiently due to the level of knowledge, flexibility and pro-activeness they obtain through training. 4.5. career development and procurement professionals' performance the results show a significant positive relationship between career development and the performance of public procurement professionals (β = 0.2790, p = 0.0003). these results align with h3 that career development is positively associated with the performance of public procurement professionals. based on the results, career development explains 27.9% of the performance of public procurement professionals. these results suggest that public organisations can advance the performance of public procurement professionals in terms of the timely delivery of quality goods and services at reasonable costs because career development upgrades human capital (wuttaphan, 2017). the influence of career development on employee performance has been studied (niati et al., 2021), but this study focused particularly on its role in the performance of public procurement professionals. these findings are consistent with the arguments by nami nasution et al. (2018) and niati et al. (2021) that career development is a vital tool for improving employee job experience and competencies. 4.6. the mediating role of career development the last hypothesis in h4 is that the relationship between training and the performance of public procurement professionals is mediated by career development. in testing the mediation effect of career development on the relationship between training and performance of public procurement professionals, the process macro mediation test was conducted. a simple mediation model was analysed to determine the direct and indirect effects, and the results are presented in table 3. the results from the simple regression model (see table 3) show that training, being an independent variable, has a positive and significant relationship with career development. (mediator variable) (β = 0.2854, p = 0.0005). also, training and career development have a positive and significant relationship with the performance of public training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development jaffu, r. 140 procurement professionals (β = 0.3717, p = 0.000 and β = 0.2790, p = 0.0003), respectively. on the other hand, the bootstrap confidence intervals at 95% range between 0.0242 and 0.1503. as there are non-zero values between the ranges, the study's results confirm h4. furthermore, the indirect effect can be obtained by taking the coefficients of training to career development and the coefficients of career development and performance of public procurement professionals. therefore, career development positively and significantly mediates the relationship between the training and performance of public procurement professionals. the results are consistent with saranani's (2015) findings, conducted in a study among the inspectorate of kendari city employees in indonesia. in the case of the present study, training influences the performance of procurement professionals through career development. so, the current study successfully established the mechanism which assists procurement professionals in performing better through training practices. table 3. the direct and indirect effects (bootstrapping confidence intervals) variables direct effect s.e. t p llci upci tracdv 0.2854 0.0807 3.5381 0.0005 0.1264 0.4445 traepf 0.3717 0.0894 4.1556 **** 0.1953 0.5481 cdvepf 0.2790 0.0757 3.6861 0.0003 0.1298 0.4283 indirect effect bootse bootllci bootupci cdv 0.0796 0.0321 0.0242 0.1503 note: ****p < 0.01, tra – training, cdv – career development and epf – employee performance. source: data analysis 5. theoretical and practical implications firstly, the present study empirically established the link between human resource development practices (training and career development) and employee performance in the setting of public procurement professionals, which was mainly scarce in the human resource development and employee performance literature. secondly, the results of this study support the human capital theory as the findings imply that training and career development influence the performance of procurement professionals. the theory is based on the belief that training and career development upgrade the ability of employees to undertake their jobs effectively. previous studies examined the relationship between training and career development with employee performance in other contexts. the current study examined this relationship in the context of public procurement professionals in tanzania. therefore, the performance of public procurement professionals can be improved by enhancing their ability through training and career development programmes. pp. 127-147 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 141 lastly, the present study tested theoretically and empirically the mediating role of role career development in the relationship between training and the performance of public procurement professionals. based on the study findings, public procurement professionals should strive to upgrade their ability to perform their professional duties by searching and participating in relevant training programs. the management of public organisations is also supposed to make sure that training programs for public procurement professionals are improved in their organisations to enhance the effectiveness of public procurement professionals and the public procurement function at large. therefore, the management has to ensure that suitable training programs are available to public procurement professionals to inspire them to participate in such training to enhance their capabilities. moreover, based on the present study's findings, public procurement professionals should seek and make themselves available for career development activities and programs in their organisations. also, public organisations' managers should improve career development programs to facilitate public procurement professionals' involvement in advancing their careers. by so doing, procurement professionals can improve their job performance. additionally, public organisations are supposed to provide public procurement professionals with the financial resources and time to meet their needs for training and career development timely. 7. conclusions and areas for further studies staff training and career development are common themes in the literature on human resource development, but previous researchers attempted to link them with organisational and employee performance. thus, there is limited evidence on the relationship between training and career development, specifically, the performance of public procurement professionals and the mechanism through which training is related to the performance of public procurement professionals. thus, the current study focused on the influence of training and career development on public procurement professionals' performance and career development's role in the relationship between training and the performance of public procurement professionals. based on the results, the study concludes that training and career development determine the performance of public procurement professionals. furthermore, the study concludes that the relationship between training and the performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania is mediated by career development. as for other categories of employees, public procurement professionals also require training and career development programs to training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development jaffu, r. 142 improve their performance. these conclusions support the conclusions of previous research in different settings. therefore, this study establishes a relationship between training, career development and employee performance in the context of public procurement professionals in tanzania. in this sense, the performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania can be enhanced through improving training and career development programs. despite accomplishing its objective, the study has several limitations. it examined the relationship between training, career development and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania, where career development was also treated as a mediator. the study considered two aspects of human resource development practices: training and career development. further studies can involve other aspects of human resource development practices. moreover, other studies in this area can involve professionalism as a mediator in the relationship between the performance of public procurement professionals and human resource development practices. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. references ab hamid, m. r., sami, w., & mohmad sidek, m. h. (2017). discriminant validity assessment: use of fornell & larcker criterion versus htmt criterion. journal of physics: conference series, 890(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1088/17426596/890/1/012163 ameyaw, d. a. k., peprah, w. k., & anowuo, i. (2019). human capital development and organizational performance: a conceptual review. international journal of innovative research and development, 8(10). https://doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2019/v8/i1/dec18038 amoah-mensah, a., & darkwa, p. (2016). training and development process and employees' performance in the "chop bar" industry. journal of research and development, 3(1), 34–57. arubayi, d. o., eromafuru, e. d., & egbule, a. c. s. (2020). human resource development and employee performance: the role of individual absorptive capacity in the nigerian oil sector. journal of management information and decision sciences, 23(2), 1–15. bakar, a., ali, a., & zaki, w. (2016). employee training as a predictor of self-efficacy in financial institutions of pakistan: a note. paradigms, 10(02), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.24312/paradigms100209 bals, l., schulze, h., kelly, s., & stek, k. (2019). purchasing and supply management (psm) competencies: current and future requirements. journal of purchasing and supply management, 25(5), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2019.100572 pp. 127-147 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 143 becker, g. s. (1962). investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. journal of political economy, 70(5), 9–49. https://doi.org/10.1086/258724 becker, g. s. (1964). human capital. new york, united states: columbia university press for the national bureau of economic research. changalima, i. a., mushi, g. o., & mwaiseje, s. s. (2021). procurement planning as a strategic tool for public procurement effectiveness: experience from selected public procuring entities in dodoma city, tanzania. journal of public procurement, 21(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/jopp-05-2020-0047 cipd. (2017). human capital theory: assessing the evidence for the value and importance of people to organisational success. донну, (may), 1–67. cronbach, l. j. (1951). coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02310555 dialoke, i., & wabara, a. (2017). career development and employee commitment: a study of selected higher institutions in abia state. iosr journal of business and management, 19(2), 22–27. disdier, a. c., fontagné, l., & tresa, e. (2021). economic drivers of public procurementrelated protection. world economy, 44(11), 3072–3090. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13193 dorasamy, n. (2021). an overview of public procurement, corruption, and governance in africa. in n. dorasamy & o. fagbadebo (eds.), public procurement, corruption and the crisis of governance in africa (1st ed., pp. 21–34). palgrave macmillan, cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63857-3_2 fornell, c., & larcker, d. f. (1981). evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 goshie, g. y. (2020). the influence of contract management practices in the effectiveness of procurement of goods: the case of ministry of revenues, bahir dar branch. bahir dar university, ethiopia. hair, j. f., black, w. c., babin, b. j., & anderson, r. e. (2010). multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). new york: pearson. hernita, h., surya, b., perwira, i., abubakar, h., & idris, m. (2021). economic business sustainability and strengthening human resource capacity based on increasing the productivity of small and medium enterprises (smes) in makassar city, indonesia. sustainability (switzerland), 13(6), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063177 hu, l. t., & bentler, p. m. (1999). cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. structural equation modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 kajimbwa, m. g. a. (2018). benchmarking accountability of local government authorities in public procurement in tanzania: a methodological approach. benchmarking, 25(6), 1829–1843. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-08-2016-0120 kakwezi, p., & nyeko, s. (2019). procurement processes and performance: efficiency and effectiveness of the procurement function. international journal of social sciences management and entrepreneurship, 3(1), 172–182. kazungu, i. (2020). network linkages and performance of exporting micro and small enterprises in dar es salaam, tanzania: perspectives in the handicraft industry. global business review, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920934433 kihamba, j. s. (2021). public procurement reforms in tanzania: dispersion of corruption and governance. in n. dorasamy & o. fagbadebo (eds.), public procurement, training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development jaffu, r. 144 corruption and the crisis of governance in africa (pp. 185–204). springer international publishing. kuruppu, c. l., kavirathne, c. s., & karunarathna, n. (2021). the impact of training on employee performance in a selected apparel sector organization in sri lanka. global journal of management and business research, 21(2), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.34257/gjmbravol21is2pg13 mrope, n. p. (2017). the effect of professionalism on performance of procurement function in the public sector: experience from the tanzanian public entities. international journal of business and management review, 5(6), 48–59. mwagike, l. r., & changalima, i. a. (2022). procurement professionals' perceptions of skills and attributes of procurement negotiators: a cross-sectional survey in tanzania. international journal of public sector management, 35(1), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-12-2020-0331 mwasikili, n. (2020). assessment of the factors influencing procurement performance of goods in public sector. mzumbe university. morogoro, tanzania. nami nasution, f., mariatin, e., & zahreni, s. (2018). the influence of career development and organizational culture on employee performance. international journal of scientific research and management, 6(01), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v6i1.el09 national audit office of tanzania (naot). (2020). the annual general report of the controller and auditor general on the audit of financial statements of the central government for the financial year ended 30th june 2019. dodoma, tanzania. national audit office of tanzania (naot). (2021). the annual general report of the controller and auditor general on the audit of financial statements of the central government for the financial year ended 30th june 2020. dodoma, tanzania. national audit office of tanzania (naot). (2022). the annual general report of the controller and auditor general on the audit of financial statements of the central government for the financial year ended 30th june 2018. dodoma, tanzania. niati, d. r., siregar, z. m. e., & prayoga, y. (2021). the effect of training on work performance and career development: the role of motivation as intervening variable. budapest international research and critics institute (birci-journal): humanities and social sciences, 4(2), 2385–2393. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1940 ntadom, g., chidi, a. l., & jacobs, c. (2021). effect of career development on organisational performance a study of selected higher institution in anambra state, nigeria. international journal of business & law research, 9(2), 1–10. okumu, e. l., kiflemariam, a., & mang’unyi, e. (2018). effects of employee training on employee performance : a case of the judiciary of kenya. international journal of research in management, economics and commerce, 8(9), 39–47. omotayo, a., esther, a., & ibiyinka, s. (2014). career development as a determinant of organizational growth modelling the. american international journal of social science, 3(7), 67–76. organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd). (2021). government at a glance 2021. paris: oecd publishing. otoo, f. n. k., & mishra, m. (2018). measuring the impact of human resource development (hrd) practices on employee performance in small and medium scale enterprises. european journal of training and development, 42(7–8), 517–534. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-07-2017-0061 pp. 127-147 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 145 otoo, f. n. k., otoo, e. a., abledu, g. k., & bhardwaj, a. (2019). impact of human resource development (hrd) practices on pharmaceutical industry's performance: the mediating role of employee performance. european journal of training and development, 43(1/2), 188–210. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-09-2018-0096 patarai, l., & ahmad, j. (2015). effect of working ability and motivation performance of employees the parks department and hygiene makassar in south sulawesi province. international journal of academic research, 7(4). patrucco, a. s., luzzini, d., & ronchi, s. (2016). evaluating the effectiveness of public procurement performance management systems in local governments. local government studies, 42(5), 739–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2016.1181059 public procurement regulatory authority (ppra). (2020). annual performance evaluation report for financial year 2019/2020. dodoma, tanzania. public procurement regulatory authority, & public procurement regulatory authority (ppra). (2021). annual performance evaluation report for financial year 2019/2020. dodoma, tanzania. ramos-villagrasa, p. j., barrada, j. r., fernández-del-río, e., & koopmans, l. (2019). assessing job performance using brief self-report scales: the case of the individual work performance questionnaire. journal of work and organizational psychology, 35(3), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a21 ratemo, v., makhamara, f., & bula, h. (2021). career development and employee performance in kenya forestry research institute headquarter in muguga, kiambu county. international journal of economics, commerce and management, 9(4), 123– 137. rodriguez, j., & walters, k. (2017). the importance of training and development in employee performance and evaluation. international journal peer reviewed journal refereed journal indexed journal ugc approved journal impact factor, 3(10), 206– 212. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332537797%0awww.wwjmrd.com saleem, s., & amin, s. (2013). the impact of organizational support for career development and supervisory support on employee performance : an empirical study from pakistani academic sector. european journal of business and management, 5(5), 194–207. saunders, m., lewis, p., & thornhill, a. (2019). research methods for business students (8th ed.). harlow, united kingdom: pearson education limited. serbes, m., & albay, m. (2017). importance of career planning and development in education. international journal of social sciences & educational studies, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v4i2sip149 singh, k. (2004). impact of h.r. practices on perceived firm performance in india. asia pacific journal of human resources, 42(3), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038411104048170 soper, d. s. (2020). a-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models [software]. sturges, j., guest, d., conway, n., & davey, k. m. (2002). a longitudinal study of the relationship between career management and organisational commitment among graduates in the first ten years at work. journal of organizational behavior, 23(6), 731–748. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.164 suwanto, eka, p. d., nofiar, hasudungan, agusentoso, r., gandung, m., … agrasadya. (2021). effect of human resource development on employee performance of indonesian manufacturing. annals of the romanian society for cell biology, 25(4), training and performance of public procurement professionals in tanzania: the mediating role of career development jaffu, r. 146 12711–12722. teimouri, h., hosseini, s. h., imani, m., & bagheri, e. (2018). the effect of human resource management practices on organisational effectiveness (case study: isfahan petrochemical company). international journal of business excellence, 15(1), 114– 128. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijbex.2018.091283 truong, y., & mccoll, r. (2011). intrinsic motivations, self-esteem, and luxury goods consumption. journal of retailing and consumer services, 18(6), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2011.08.004 vaske, j. j., beaman, j., & sponarski, c. c. (2017). rethinking internal consistency in cronbach's alpha. leisure sciences, 39(2), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1127189 wuttaphan, n. (2017). human capital theory: the theory of human resource development, implications, and future. 18(2), 240–253. zaki, w., ali, a., bakar, a., & sarwar, b. (2019). role of self-efficacy in the relationship of training and employee performance. paradigms, 13(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.24312/1800077130111 pp. 127-147 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 147 appendix a: variables and measurements training adequate and relevant knowledge and skills are acquired through training programs. the knowledge and skills associated with aids used in the training programs are available. the activities of the training programs meet my needs. i am sponsored by training programs based on relevant training needs. career development my organisation provides opportunities for advancement. my organisation helps me to increase my confidence on the job. my organisation prepares me to deal with the challenges of my job. my organisation helps me to improve my attitude on the job. performance of procurement professionals (employee performance) i managed to plan my work so that i finished it on time. i was able to carry out my work efficiently. i came up with creative solutions for new problems. note: all items were measured on a five-point scale ranging from strongly disagree, disagree, neither agree nor disagree, agree and strongly agreed. 1. introduction 2. literature review and hypotheses 2.1. the human capital theory 2.2. training and public procurement professionals' career development 2.3. training and public procurement professionals' performance 2.4. career development and public procurement professionals' performance 2.5. training, career development and public procurement professionals' performance 3. method and data 3.1. study area and research design 3.2. sampling and data collection 3.3. measurements of variables 3.4. reliability and validity 3.5. data analysis procedures 4. results and discussion 4.1. model measurements results 4.2. structural model and hypotheses testing 4.3. training and public procurement professionals' career development 4.4. training and procurement professionals' performance 4.5. career development and procurement professionals' performance 4.6. the mediating role of career development 5. theoretical and practical implications 7. conclusions and areas for further studies declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 3 (2019): september سبتمبر): 2019( 3العدد 1المجلد issn : 2676-184x 12 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i3.38 how nestle applied shared value creation in agriculture sector to achieve sustainable agriculture and make more profit «nestle model» ishak kherchi 1, mohamed fellague 2, samira ahlem haddou 3 1 doctor, associate professor b, hasiba benbouali university of chlef (algeria) e-mail: i.kherchi@univ-chlef.dz 2 doctor, associate professor a, hasiba benbouali university of chlef (algeria) e-mail: mohamed.fellag@gmail.com 3 doctor, associate professor b, hasiba benbouali university of chlef (algeria) e-mail: ahlamhaddou@gmail.com published: 30-09-2019 accepted: 16-09-2019 received: 17-06-2019 abstract: this paper explains how nestlé used the shared value concept to make agriculture more sustainable and achieve more profit by creating business value. based on qualitative research, we use a case study approach to investigate the idea of shared value in achieving sustainable agriculture. we analyzed nestlé programs in three areas: rural development, environmental sustainability and the water field. we found that applying the shared value concept by nestle make agriculture more sustainable and leads to business value. keywords: sustainable agriculture, shared value creation, business value, environmental value, social value. jel classification: m14, q01, q56. ص :م ــــــ أك الزراعــــــة عــــــل كة املشــــــ القيمــــــة ــــــوم مف ســــــتلھ اســــــتخدمت كيــــــف الورقــــــة ــــــذه شــــــرح ، النو البحث إ ا نادً اس أعمال. قيمة خلق خالل من اح ر من د املز وتحقيق اسـتخدمنااستدامة قمنـــا املســـتدامة. الزراعـــة تحقيـــق ـــ كة املشـــ القيمـــة فكـــرة الستكشـــاف الـــة ا دراســـة قـــة بتحليـــلطر تطبيــــق أن وجــــدنا امليــــاه. ومجــــال يــــة البي ســــتدامة و فيــــة الر التنميــــة مجــــاالت: ثالثــــة ــــ ســــتلھ بــــرامج ة. تجار قيمة إ ؤدي و استدامة أك الزراعة يجعل ستلھ شركة بواسطة كة املش القيمة وم مف  corresponding author : ishak kherchi, e-mail : i.kherchi@univ-chlef.dz https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i3.38&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-09-30 p: 12-26 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 13 املفتاحيـة: لمـات املسـتدامةال خلـقالزراعـة قيمـة ، كة، املشـ يـةالقيمــة البي القيمـة القيمــةعمـال، ، جتماعية. يف .jel:m14, q01, q56تص 1. introduction nestlé has been providing food and nutrition products for over one hundred and thirty years, however, its agriculture sector business all over the world is characterized by a growing demand for food, an increase in scarcity of water and poor farmers especially in rear areas, so there is a need for nestle to improve farmers living standers environmental protection and water use. to solve these problems and make agriculture more sustainable nestlé need to make sure that agriculture sustainability is profitable, based on the fact that most companies invest in an area that yields profit. we wondering if there is any role for nestle to solve these problems by using the shared value concept, in other terms making the agriculture sector more sustainable and achieving more profit and business value for nestle. the fundamental problem of this study is related to the way nestlé achieved sustainable agriculture and business value using shared value concept, so the question is: how does nestlé apply the shared value concept to make agriculture more sustainable and make more profit? 2. shared value creation and sustainable agriculture: 2.1. sustainability and sustainable agriculture: sustainability is “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” ( wced, 1987, p43) while sustainable agriculture has been described as an umbrella term encompassing several ideological approaches to agriculture (gips, 1988) including organic farming, biological agriculture, alternative agriculture, ecological agriculture, low-input agriculture, biodynamic agriculture, regenerative agriculture, permaculture and agroecology (hansen.j. w 1996, p120) 2.2. sustainable agriculture and environmental sustainability: environmental sustainability “seeks to improve human welfare by protecting the sources of raw materials used for human needs and ensuring that the sinks for human wastes are not exceeded, in order to prevent harm to humans” (moldan, ˇsková. & hák, 2012, p5). sustainable agriculture is considered as a set of management strategies addressing the main societal concerns about food quality or environment protection (francis, sander & martin, 1987, p12). 2.3. sustainable agriculture and shared value: how nestle applied shared value creation in agriculture sector to achieve sustainable agriculture and make more profit «nestle model» kherchi ishak mohamed fellague samira ahlem haddou 14 the goal of sustainable agriculture is to meet society’s food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (http://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/sarep/about/what-is-sustainable-agriculture, 01/02/2018). while shared value according to porter and kramer can be defined as policies and operating practices that enhance the competitiveness of a company while simultaneously advancing the economic and social conditions in the communities in which it operates (porter & kramer, 2011, p6). we considered shared value as an umbrella for all previous related concepts; sustainability, sustainable agriculture and environmental sustainability. we also consider creating shared value as a new concept to invest in environmental and social needs to achieve sustainability and at the same time make business and social value. 3. three steps to create shared value: shared value can be created by reconceiving products and services to meet societal demands, by redefining productivity in the value chain and by enabling local cluster development: 3.1. reconceiving products and markets. reconceiving value-propositions and markets requires companies to view their offerings as value propositions in the context of the marketplace, as opposed to standalone goods and services (mcintosh, sheppy & zuliani jd,2016). this also refers to identifying the growing unmet need in society, needs for improvements in help for the ageing, healthcare, housing, nutrition, financial opportunities and the environment. these needs can be a source of opportunities that businesses today with confidence can pursue in search of growth. the main reasons for this are that after decades of work revolving around analyzing, manufacturing and meeting demand, many businesses have lost focus, losing track of what customers needs (goitom, 2015). 3.2. redefining productivity in the value chain redefining performance measures across the value chain involves identifying, measuring and tracking those key performance indicators (kpis), which are relevant to csv. moreover, this step is about shifting priorities in terms of how to measure success, so that the business concentrates on measuring what really matters in order to create shared value. specific kpis will vary depending on the nature of the business, but in essence, they will focus on measuring parameters across the triple bottom line: people, planet and profit (mcintosh, sheppy & zuliani, 2016). the value chain is affected by externalities, such as water use, working conditions and fair treatment, which can enhance the costs of production. taking into account societal issues permits companies to redefine their concept of productivity from a shared value perspective. for instance, rethinking logistics systems in the shared value perspective means improving energy utilization through technology investments, such as reducing shipping distances, recycling. all these practices help companies transform the value chain, cutting p: 12-26 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 15 costs and reinforcing the mutual relationships with partners and stakeholders (brønn, romantis & zerfass, 2016). 3.3. enabling local cluster development shared value can be created by enabling local cluster development. clusters are geographical concentrations of actors (suppliers, logistical infrastructures, institutions, universities, service providers, trade associations and so on), which support a company and its processes. firms can create shared value and improve their productivity, by building local clusters and addressing their gaps in specific areas such as logistics, training or market organization. managerial practices driven by transparency and openness principles create favourable conditions for building clusters, which enhance the benefits for companies and their competitiveness (brønn, romantis & zerfass.a2016). we see that reconceiving products and markets allows developing products regard to society’s needs and this is what rise the demand for these products, in the same time redefining productivity in the value chain allows to save energy, water, cost and create value for both society and business, then, enabling local cluster development which help to provide infrastructure around creating shared value. 4research methodology we used qualitative research, that is can be defined as an approach that seeks to describe, decode and translate phenomena in terms of meaning rather than frequency. qualitative research allows the researcher to gather information and do an in-depth exploration of issues and therefore follows a less structured format with fewer respondents than quantitative methods (bellenger, bernhardt & goldtucker, 1989, p13). furthermore, qualitative research uses words, sentences and paragraphs rather than numbers. unlike the quantitative methods used to test a theory and make generalizations about populations, qualitative methods are used for gathering deep and rich information. summarized the advantages of qualitative research as follows: (sen, 2011, p4) a method enabling the researcher to understand and explain the personal experiences of individuals. emphasizes people’s understanding and interpretations, and can be used for very narrow studies as well as holistic studies that examine the totality of a situation. allows the researcher to experience research issues from a participant’s perspective. uses a combination of techniques and may even invent methods to provide a broad understanding of a social situation and tends to focus on human interest issues that are meaningful to everyday managers. this qualitative research approach is appropriate for our study because this kind of study required a lot of information and a high understanding of the situations, initiatives in sustainable agriculture and social activities of nestle company. in addition to that, there is a lack of studies and research on this topic when it comes to creating social, environmental and business impacts. how nestle applied shared value creation in agriculture sector to achieve sustainable agriculture and make more profit «nestle model» kherchi ishak mohamed fellague samira ahlem haddou 16 within the qualitative research, we use a case study approach to investigate the idea of shared value in achieving sustainable agriculture. we aim to provide a theoretical and practical contribution to enhance the understanding of the concept of shared value creation in sustainable agriculture. we collect data and information based on nestle reports, online meetings through skype with nestle managers, and observations; the authors analyze a single case study of nestlé company. the objective is to show how the shared value concept is applied to reach sustainable agriculture. 4creating shared value in the agriculture sector (nestlé model) 4-1 who is nestlé? nestlé is a swiss transnational food and drink company headquartered in vevey, vaud, switzerland. it has been the largest food company in the world, measured by revenues and other metrics, for 2014, 2015, and 2016. it ranked no. 33 on the 2016 edition of the forbes global 2000 list of largest public companies. nestlé's products include baby food, medical food, bottled water, breakfast cereals, coffee and tea, confectionery, dairy products, ice cream, frozen food, pet foods, and snacks. twenty-nine of nestlé's brands have annual sales of over 1.1 us$ billion including nespresso, nescafé, kit kat, smarties, nesquik, stouffer's, vittel, and maggi. nestlé has 447 factories, operates in 194 countries, and employs around 339,000 people. it is one of the main shareholders of l'oreal, the world's largest cosmetics company http://www.nestle.com/aboutus (16/02/2019). 4-2 nestlé approaches to create shared value: 4-2-1 reconceiving products and markets: at a global level, nestlé has prioritized product innovation for improved health and nutrition, reformulating over 6,500 products over the past decade. over 75% of nestlé’s product portfolio now exceeds the company’s world health organization-inspired nutrition criteria. product reformulations range from fortifying products to meet geographic-specific nutritional deficiencies, such as iodine, iron, calcium, and vitamins in latin america, to reducing sodium or fat content. furthermore, nestlé’s ceo announced in 2012 that the company would accelerate its plan to meet its public nutritional commitments. these commitments establish plans to increase the nutritional value of all of nestlé’s products, comply with high nutritional standards for all infant products, and promote children’s nutritional education and healthy living at the global level (www.sharedvalue.org/ 18/02/2019) 4-2-2 redefining productivity in the value chain: nestlé helped more than 63,000 farmers in coffee-producing countries to improve the quality of their produce, boost productivity. working with farmers to increase productivity through loans, technology and knowledge transfer, the support of agronomists, and improving and focusing our industrial capacity to produce higher value-added food products locally helps the region’s communities realize their growth potential and in the p: 12-26 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 17 same time increase nestle productivity in the value chain and help ensure access to highquality crops for nestlé business (nestlé report, 2014, p6). 4-2-3 enabling local cluster development: nestle built clusters in which its new procurement practices were far more effective. nestle set out to build agricultural, technical, financial, and logistical firms and capabilities in each region, to further support efficiency and high-quality local production. nestle led efforts to increase access to agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation equipment. it also strengthens regional coops by providing financing facilities, shared wet milling facilities for producing higher quality beans, and educating farmers with the latest farming techniques. nestle also worked in partnership with rainforest alliance, a leading international ngo, to teach farmers more sustainable practices (nestlé creating shared value report, 2011, p124). we see that nestlé followed the three steps to create shared value by reconceiving 75% of nestlé’s product portfolio; it also redefined productivity in the value chain by helping more than 63,000 farmers in coffee-producing countries and by doing that; nestlé improve its own productivity. nestlé also enabled local cluster development through partnerships leading international ngos, to teach farmers more sustainable practices. 4-3 nestlé programs to create shared value 4-3-1 creating shared value in the water field: nestlé followed 31programs in the field of water; clean drinking water project, clean drinking water project, watershed conservation and biodiversity protection, safe drinking water facilities, investing in water-efficient factories, treating wastewater, promoting water stewardship (skype and telephone calls with nestlé responsible 22/01/2019). responsible water stewardship is critical to the future of nestlé business and we’re helping to facilitate the sustainable management of water catchments, to make it clearer nestlé provide three programs in the united kingdom and spain as follows: 4-3-1-1 promoting water stewardship at nestlé’s douala factory -program description: the business sector operates across a wide value chain, and it is uniquely positioned to both respect and promote the need for safe water and adequate sanitation. members of the world business council for sustainable development (wbcsd) have developed a public pledge where participating companies agree to deliver access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) for all employees working in premises under direct company control within three years in 2014, we completed a water resources review (wrr) at our douala factory in cameroon where we produce maggi soup bases nestlé (full report 2015, p4). nestlé used the world business council for sustainable development’s wash self-assessment tool to examine access to water, sanitation and hygiene for more than 500 employees, vendors and visitors to the site the factory satisfactorily met the pledge’s overall compliance levels, and how nestle applied shared value creation in agriculture sector to achieve sustainable agriculture and make more profit «nestle model» kherchi ishak mohamed fellague samira ahlem haddou 18 we have developed an action plan to tackle the few improvement issues it highlighted (www.nestle.com, 22/02/2019). value to society and the environment: to date, 25 signatories (including nestlé) have adopted the wash pledge, and interest has accelerated over the past 12 months. existing signatories are from 15 business sectors, and they represent operations in western europe, eastern europe, the united states, asia and the middle east. over the past year, we have helped to promote the value of the pledge to the business community through public platforms and participation in peer to peer dialogues, including on world toilet day and at the wash session of the un-water annual zaragoza conference in january 2015(www.nestle.com, 23/02/2019). value to nestlé nestlé was one of the first signatories to sign up for the pledge, as we believe that it demonstrates how we deliver on our corporate business principles and on putting our people first. through the wash pledge, 339 456 employees from nestlé are ensured access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene (www.nestle.com, 24/02/2019). 4-3-1-2 treating wastewater with bio-digestion in the united kingdom nestlé’s fawdon confectionery factory in the uk invested chf 4.9 million in an anaerobic digestion system, which was completed in september 2014. the system converts solid and liquid sewage waste into clean water and methane gas using natural biological digestion processes. the facility will save 1000 tonnes of carbon dioxide every year, cut solid waste by 4000 kg per day, and reduce effluent discharges by 95% (nestlé full report, 2014, p4). -value to nestlé nestle has achieved strong water efficiency performance across nestlé’s operations over recent years. in addition to saving and using water more efficiently, in the case of nestle factory in fawdon, this represents financial savings of 380 000 chf in effluent charges and 600 000 chf in electricity charges (nestlé report, 2014, p1). improving water efficiency at la penilla in spain the project began in 2011 when nestlé’s factory manager brought together a multidisciplinary team of employees to identify opportunities for reducing water use. since then, nestle has modified the regulation of water flow through our milk evaporators and it now uses 1 million m3 less water every year, the equivalent of 400 olympic swimming pools. the factory has installed three new cooling towers with a more efficient closed refrigeration loop system that recycles water, which delivered a 25% reduction in water use during the first half of 2013 (full report, 2013, p184). p: 12-26 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 19 -value to society the project has also improved awareness of the benefits of water stewardship among our employees, creating positive behavioural change for the long term (www.nestle.com 25/02/2019). -value to nestlé nestle has achieved substantial improvements in water efficiency in recent years, against many competing priorities, and will continue to do so. despite a steady increase in nestle manufacturing production over the past 10 years, we’ve steadily decreased our water use. in 2013, nestle implemented 171 programs in its factories to reduce and reuse water sources, which have saved 3.6 million m3 of water. nestle has reduced direct water withdrawals in every product category and achieved an overall reduction per tone of the product of 33.3% since 2005. nestle want to go further and have targeted a 40% reduction of direct water withdrawals by 2015 (full report, 2013, p185). 4-3-2 creating shared value in rural development: the raw ingredients and materials we need for our products are sourced from millions of farmers across the globe. we work with them and other suppliers to support sustainable development in the rural areas where their farms are located. nestlé followed 62 programs to create shared value in rural development; we only provide two programs in china and venezuela as follows: (nestlé summary report, p17). 4-3-2-1 developing the dairy farming sector in china nestlé built its factory in shuangcheng, china, in 1987. in 2012, having recognized a need to improve the sustainability of our milk supply chain, we committed to establishing the nestlé dairy farming institute (www.nestle.com, 27/02/2019). helping farmers to increase their knowledge and skills is a key focus area of nestle rural development strategy. by adopting best practices, farmers can improve productivity, trading relations and cost control. the institute consists of three demonstration dairy farms, where farm owners and workers attend training sessions to improve farm management skills, learn how to use the latest technology and gain practical experience in expanding their businesses (skype and telephone calls with nestlé responsible 22/02/2019). in 2014, the institute launched training programs covering dairy farm management and dairy cow breeding. 4-3-2-2 agriculture sustainability and value creation for society as more people than ever move away to urban areas, nestle facing an ageing global farming population. we would like to see rural areas that are attractive to live, work and invest in, so nestle put the farmer at the centre of what we do, by supporting farming as a business and as a livelihood of choice that offers an attractive income and opportunities for societal advancement (storage .nestle.com, 27/02/2019). how nestle applied shared value creation in agriculture sector to achieve sustainable agriculture and make more profit «nestle model» kherchi ishak mohamed fellague samira ahlem haddou 20 4-3-2-3 value to nestlé nestlé has a huge stake in rural communities around the world, sourcing agricultural raw materials from millions of farmers globally. these farmers are essential to the ongoing success of our business, but the global farming population is ageing and more people are moving away to urban areas(www.nestle.com, 27/02/2019). the nestlé rural development framework helps align business activities with local development priorities. in addition to helping farmers access financial assistance, our agripreneurship model provides a training pipeline for farmers to develop their skills (www.nestle.com, 27/02/2019). nestlé is one of the world’s biggest chocolate producers, operating in more than 32 countries, and it has always been important to help tackle challenges facing the cocoa industry. these include poor living and working conditions, poor quality cocoa harvests and declining cocoa production (www.nestle.com, 27/02/2019). 4-3-3 nestlé cocoa plan in venezuela in venezuela, nestlé has faced several challenges in securing a reliable supply of some of the world’s finest cocoa; these range from a decline in the quality of native cocoa plants to the limited appeal of agricultural work to the younger generation. but through the nestlé cocoa plan, we are helping to make cocoa production a livelihood of choice – one that leads to higher incomes and improved social conditions (www.nestle.com, 07/03/2019). six hundred farmers across the country’s three main cocoa-producing regions are currently involved in the nestlé cocoa plan. and since 2008, nestlé venezuela staff has made almost 6130 visits to their farms, distributing high-quality plantlets and organic fertilizers, offering technical assistance and providing training in good agricultural practices such as pruning (nestlé summary report, 2014, p18). 4-3-3-1 sustainable agricultural and value creation: through training in better agricultural and environmental practices, distributing highyield plants and supply chain traceability, we can improve the profitability of nestle suppliers and help secure a long-term supply of high-quality cocoa for our business, while addressing the issues surrounding children and women in the supply chain leads to better social conditions. globally, against an objective to train 25 000 cocoa farmers, we actually trained 45 833 cocoa farmers in better agricultural practices in 2014, using a variety of methods – including farmer field schools and farmer business training – to help improve farm profitability (www.nestle.com, 07/03/2019). 4-3-3-2 value to nestlé through the nestlé cocoa plan, we aim to help cocoa farmers operate productive and profitable farms that respect the environment and provide a good quality of life. this in turn ensures a sustainable supply of good-quality cocoa for nestlé (www.nestle.com, 07/03/2019). 4-4 environmental sustainability by applying shared value creation: p: 12-26 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 21 nestlé is committed to environmentally sustainable business practices at all stages – making the right choices to protect the future and also to help nestlé optimize the environmental performance, nestlé applies a life-cycle assessment approach. nestlé followed 56 programs in the field of environmental sustainability in order to commit to environmentally sustainable business practices at all stages – making the right choices to protect the future and also to help nestlé optimize the environmental performance, nestlé applies a life-cycle assessment approach. we only provide two programs in switzerland and united kingdom as follows: (www.nestle.com, 07/03/2019) 4-4-1 etrucks help green urban deliveries in switzerland: to help reduce its co2emissions and environmental footprint, in 2012, nestlé launched the world's first 100% electric vehicles for frozen distribution across switzerland. the two groundbreaking e-trucks are used by nestlé switzerland to deliver its frozen products and significantly lower co2 emissions (by 95%) while maintaining the highest standards of food quality using green electricity will also be part of the equation. nestlé has installed several thousand square meters of photovoltaic panels on a number of its swiss administrative buildings, providing enough energy to run the equivalent of 30 electric trucks for a whole year (www.nestle.com, 07/03/2019). creation of sustainable value for the environment and society: by investing in the latest technologies to reduce the environmental impact of product transportation and optimize delivery routes, nestlé is using fewer resources and significantly lowering its co2 emissions. this helps keep the environment cleaner for everyone. using etrucks is also lowering noise pollution (www.nestle.com, 07/03/2019). value to nestlé the reduction in resources required to safely deliver its products, helps nestlé save time, energy and costs. by involving employees in the solution, nestlé is also creating a more rewarding workplace environment for its people (www.nestle.com, 07/03/2019). 4-4-2 achieving zero waste to landfill in the united kingdom by the end of 2012, half of our 14 uk factories had been externally verified as sending zero waste to landfills, starting with girvan, in scotland, and dalston, in cumbria, which both achieved this status in 2010, five years ahead of target. in other factories, waste has already been significantly reduced, bringing with it reductions in energy consumption and transportation requirements note: ‘zero waste’ excludes a minimum amount of hazardous waste that is sent to specialist processing sites that ensure its safest disposal (www.nestle.com, 07/03/2019). -value to nestle, society and the environment: as a result of our zero waste initiative: (www.nestle.com, 07/03/2019). nestlé now taking fewer resources and energy from nature, protecting the environment less waste, means a cleaner environment for everyone how nestle applied shared value creation in agriculture sector to achieve sustainable agriculture and make more profit «nestle model» kherchi ishak mohamed fellague samira ahlem haddou 22 donating fit-for-consumption food to fare share from our surplus helps feed homeless, disadvantaged and vulnerable people across the uk value to nestlé in reducing our waste we have improved efficiency and lowered costs all staff has been trained in our waste strategy – skills that will bring business benefits for many years to come using recovered materials has helped lower costs, as well as reduce our resource and energy consumption. 4-4-3 nespresso aaa sustainable quality program worldwide demand for coffee continues to grow, and our coffee businesses are focused on ensuring that supplies in the long term are able to meet increasing consumption on a sustainable footing. however, the challenges we face include volatile prices, declining yields and strong competition for raw materials – with coffee-growing being challenged by alternative crops considered by growers as better commercial prospects (nestlé full report, 2013, p151). launched in 2003, in collaboration with the rainforest alliance, the nespresso aaa sustainable quality™ program seeks to protect the highest quality coffees required for nespresso grands crus, while improving sustainable farming practices and enhancing farmer welfare (www.nespresso.com, 27/02/2019). -agricultural value creation: by establishing long-term relationships with more than 62,500 farmers in eight countries, a network of 248 dedicated sourcing staff work closely with farmers on the ground, encouraging sustainable farming practices, improving quality, optimising farm productivity and, as a result, securing farmers’ livelihoods through higher net incomes (www.nestle.com, 27/02/2019). by the end of 2013, 290,000 hectares of farmland were under our active sustainable management program, helping nespresso successfully meet its commitment to source 80% of its coffee through its aaa sustainable quality™ program. having reached 84%, nespresso is now looking to source 100% of coffee through the aaa program (nestlé full report, 2013, p155). as a result, the program has been extended to include economic and social development projects for farming families and communities in ethiopia and kenya, with the aim of doubling the amount of coffee sourced from the two countries by 2020. nespresso is also planning to revive coffee production in south sudan, through a partnership with the ngo techno serve, which specializes in developing business solutions to poverty (www.nestle-nespresso.com, 27/02/2019). p: 12-26 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 23 4-4-4 improving the environmental performance of packaging in thailand: in order to create shared value nestle followed a program called “improving the environmental performance of packaging “in thailand, this program achieved environmental sustainability leads to business value. -programme description: we have renovated the packaging for our maggi dipping sauce bottles in thailand, by reducing the amount of plastic used in the bottles and caps, optimizing shipping cases and replacing the paper label with pet shrink film. this has generated an annual net saving of 64 tones of plastic and 43 tons of paper and board ( nestle full report, 2014, p166). -value to society and the environment: packaging design can make an important contribution to environmental performance across the product life cycle. over-packing can result in waste, while not packaging a product adequately exposes it to damage or contamination, resulting in food waste. finding the right balance can, therefore, be a challenging exercise, but with impactful results (www.nestle.com, 27/02/2019). -value to nestlé towards our global commitment to improving the environmental performance of our packaging, we avoided the use of 45 805 tones of packaging material by weight in 2014. this is equivalent to a cost saving of chf 77.4 million, in 2014. we have committed to avoid the use of at least 100 000 tones of packaging material over the next three years to 2017. overall, the cumulative amount of packaging we have avoided since 1991 is more than 710 000 tones, saving chf 1 261 million in packaging costs. the environmental benefits are also significant: over the last five years, we have avoided over 481 000 tonnes of co2eq – equivalent to taking more than 104 000 cars off the road for a year (nestle full report, 2014, p166). 4-4-5 cocoa farm school in mexico: in order to create shared value nestle followed a program called “cocoa farm school in mexico “, this program achieved environmental sustainability leads to business value (www.nestle.com, 12/03/2019). program description in 2010, nestlé méxico started the cocoa plan, which included a component called the farm school model. farm schools are a training scheme for farmers where the classroom is the cocoa plantation and farmers can learn by practising the different technical aspects of cultivating the crop. the model consists of more than 10 subjects with sessions every 15 days(www.nestle.com, 12/03/2019). -sustainable value for agriculture and farmers: so far more than 130 farmers have participated in the farm schools in the areas of tabasco and chiapas. as a result of their participation farmers have learned how to control how nestle applied shared value creation in agriculture sector to achieve sustainable agriculture and make more profit «nestle model» kherchi ishak mohamed fellague samira ahlem haddou 24 the monilia disease and some of them have even doubled their production (www.nestle.com, 12/03/2019). -value to nestlé local cocoa production has started to increase gradually. farmers participating in the farm school model have formed more than 5 cooperatives that they supply directly to nestlé under the cocoa plan (www.nestle.com, 12/03/2019). 4-4-6 sustainable agriculture coffee initiative program description a key step in post-harvesting is the transformation from freshly harvested cherries into dry beans. this can be achieved by drying the cherries in the sun or by wet processing, but wet processing often consumes unnecessary amounts of water. to improve water management in local coffee production, nestlé mexico’s “ecological milling” initiative works with the government, coffee exporters, mills, local farmers and coffee equipment companies to reduce water use (skype and telephone calls with nestlé responsible 26/03/2019). the initiative has also been promoted by the mexican government to others in the mexican coffee milling industry. sustainable agriculture and value to society under the sustainable agriculture initiative of nestlé (sain), our approach to promoting the principles and practice of sustainable agriculture among suppliers and producers, we have also collaborated with the national forest and agricultural research institute (inifap) for more than 25 years. with the installation of an experimental laboratory for somatic embryogenesis an effective propagation technique – in rosario izapa, chiapas, our partnership has resulted in the production of high-quality coffee beans and attracted international sponsorship (skype and telephone calls with nestlé responsible 26/03/2019). nestlé program of assistance also includes support for the micro-region supporting program, a government initiative that helps the poorest 250 municipalities in the country, by focusing our training program on 1,500 coffee growers from 60 communities in tezonapa, one of the country’s poorest locations establishing the centro comunitario nestlé, in alliance with the fondopara niños de méxico, to offer complimentary education, health and dentistry services to more than 1,000 children of local farmers (skype and telephone calls with nestlé responsible 26/03/2019). 5. conclusion: this paper has clearly shown that creating shared value is an umbrella for terms of; sustainability, environmental sustainability and agriculture sustainability. shared value creation allows achieving agriculture sustainability through, environmental sustainability, rural development and water field. it is evident that this study has shown the way nestlé applied the shared value concept; by reconceiving products and services to meet societal demands, by redefining p: 12-26 volume (01) issue: (03) (september 2019) management & economics research journal 25 productivity in the value chain and by enabling local cluster development, these activities and initiatives lead to sustainable agriculture. in addition to that nestlé followed a set of programs and worked with farmers to improve their input, output and incomes, this lead to higher production and sustainable agriculture and in the same time create more business value for nestlé, in other terms value is gained by nestlé, farmers and environment. 6. references bellenger, d. n., bernhardt, k. l., & goldtucker, j. l. (1989). qualitative research techniques: focus group interviews. in t. j. hayes, & c. b. tathum (eds.), focus group interviews: a reader (pp. 7-28). chicago: american marketing association. brønn.p.s, romantis,zerfass.a (2016): book series: advances in public relations and communication management, emerald group publishing limited, p 189. full report (2013) creating shared value. francis c.a., sander d., martin a. (1987) search for sustainable agriculture: reduced inputs and increased profits, crops soils mag. 39, 12–14 hansen.j. w ( 1996). is agricultural sustainability a useful concept? agricultural systems 50,117143. moldan. b, ˇsková.s.g, hák.t(2012) how to understand and measure environmental sustainability: indicators and targets, ecological indicators 17,4–13 mcintosh b, sheppy b and zuliani jd (2016): the emperors' clothes – corporate social responsibility creating shared value and sustainability. international journal of business performance management. 18 (3): 307-326. nestlé report (2014): the nestlé concept of corporate social responsibility as implemented in latin america. nestlé creating shared value report (2011): rural development. nestlé full report (2014) nestlé in society creating shared value and meeting our commitments. nestlé report (2014): nestlé commitment on water stewardship, appendix to the nestlé policy on environmental sustainability. nestlé summary report (2014): nestlé in society creating shared value and meeting our commitments. p 17-21. nestlé summary report (2014): nestlé in society creating shared value and meeting our commitments. p 19. nestlé full report (2013) creating shared value. nespresso aaa sustainable quality tm program protecting the future of our highest quality coffees nestlé full report (2013) creating shared value. how nestle applied shared value creation in agriculture sector to achieve sustainable agriculture and make more profit «nestle model» kherchi ishak mohamed fellague samira ahlem haddou 26 nestlé full report (2014) nestlé in society creating shared value and meeting our commitments. nestlé full report (2014) nestlé in society creating shared value and meeting our commitments. porter. m.e & kramer. m (2011): creating shared value, harvard business review, p6. sen, s ( 2011): corporate social responsibility in small and medium enterprises: application of stakeholder theory and social capital theory, dba thesis, southern cross university, lismore, nsw. copyright s sen. storage.nestle.com/nestle-society-full-2014/files/assets/basic-html/page-82.html , wced (world commission on environment and development). 1987. our common future, oxford, uk: oxford university press. www.nestle.com/csv/case-studies www.nestle-nespresso.com/newsandfeatures/the-nine-firsts-achieved-by-nespresso-andtechnoserve-in-south-sudan-in-their-efforts-to-revive-high-quality-coffee. www.sharedvalue.org/groups/nestl%c3%a9-reformulates-products-improvenutrition#_edn2 how to cite this article by the apa method: kherchi , i., fellague, m., & haddou, s. a. (2019). how nestle applied shared value creation in agriculture sector to achieve sustainable agriculture and make more profit «nestle model». management & economics research journal, 1(3), 12-26. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i3.38 the copyrights of all papers published in this journal are retained by the respective authors as per the creative commons license. management & economics research journal is licensed under a creative commons attribution-non commercial license (cc by-nc 4.0). management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 2 (2019): june جوان): 2019( 2عدد ال 1المجلد issn : 2676-184x 73 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i2.31 البيا تحليل أسلوب باستخدام دمية ا املؤسسات داء املغلفةتقييم جامعة: نات نموذجا الشلف رة ي ز ا ز 1 فاطمة بودية ، 2 1 بة حس جامعة اقتصادية، علوم بوعماجست زائر( الشلف،بن z.ziani@univ-chlef.dz :يميل،)ا 2 بوع بن بة حس جامعة اقتصادية، علوم زائر( الشلف،دكتوراه f.boudia@univ-chlef.dz :يميل،)ا performance evaluation in service institutions using data envelopment analysis method: chlef university as a model zahra ziani1 , fatma boudia1 1 hassiba ben bouali university, chlef (algeria) خ القبول 2019-04-01: رسالتار خ شر 2019-06-27: تار ال خ 2019-06-30: تار ص : م واملؤسسات عامة بصفة املنظمات داء تقييم عملية مية أ إبراز إ الدراسة ذه دف ا شاطا إنجاز املنظمة كفاء مدى ملعرفة وسيلة العملية ذه تمثل حيث خاصة، بصفة دمية ا املغلفة البيانات تحليل أسلوب واستخدمنا ا، داف أ تحقيق ا مال(dea)وفعالي أ من عت ذي ا كفاء مستوى قياس ع بناء املتماثلة، الوحدات من مجموعة أداء تقييم الكمية ساليب عن كنموذج الشلف جامعة ع التطبيق تم وقد واملخرجات، املدخالت من مجموعة باستعمال املوسم بيانات واستعملت دمية، ا .2018-2017املؤسسات أسلوب نموذ توظيف ن بالتوجھ)bccوdea)ccr تم ب من أن النتائج ت ي و ، 10املخر ما و التام الكفاءة مستوى تحقيق فقط ن ليت استطاعت الشلف بجامعة ندسة: ليات ال لية جتماعية و سانية العلوم لية و ة واملعمار ما املدنية ذا و ما، يد ا داء مستوى عكس مما مرج ونا لت ما ل واستغالليؤ ا أدا مستوى ن لتحس ليات ال بقية طرف من بھ قتداء يتم عا استغالل أحسن ا . موارد مفتاحية الشلف: لمات جامعة املغلفة، البيانات تحليل أسلوب دمية، ا داء،املؤسسات .تقييم يف jel :l25, a30, c61تص abstract: the target of this study is to illustrate how the process of evaluating performance in the organizations in general and the service organizations in particular, where this process represents a means of knowing the efficiency of the organization in carrying out its activities and its effectiveness in achieving its goals. in addition, we used the data envelopment  املر رة،: سلااملؤلف ز ي ا z.ziani@univ-chlef.dz: يميلز https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i2.31&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-06-30 تقييم األداء يف املؤسسات اخلدمية باستخدام أسلوب حتليل البيانات جامعة الشلف منوذجا: املغلفة زياني زهرة بودية فاطمة .د 74 analysis method (dea), which is one of the most important quantitative methods in evaluating how a set of similar units performed, based on quantifying their level of efficiency using a set of inputs and outputs. this study applied to the university of chlef as a model for a service institution and used the data for the season 2017-2018. two dea models (ccr & bcc) have been employed with output orientation; the results showed that out of 10 faculties in the university of chlef, only two (the faculty of civil and architectural engineering and faculty of humanities and social sciences) were able to make the full efficiency level, which reflects their good performance this qualifies them to be a reference for the rest of the faculties as a reference to improve the level of performance and the best use of its resources. keywords: performance evaluation, service organizations, data envelopment analysis method, university of chlef. jel classification: l25, a30, c61 :مقدمة. 1 إدارة طرف من ناة املت اتيجيات س مجموع نجاح يتمثل مؤسسة أي يد ا داء إن القرارات اتخاذ ع املؤسسة قدرة خالل من إال ذلك يتم وال املحددة، داف لتحقيق املؤسسة ذه ا عظيم و املدخالت تخفيض من ا تمك مدى وع املناسبة، وقات يحة دونال ملخرجات لتحقيق عمال إنجاز قة طر أفضل و داء ون ي وعليھ نتاجية؛ العملية ر بجو املساس داف، شاط أحسن لل قيقي ا املستوى معرفة من القرار متخذي داء تقييم عملية ن ِ وتمكّ الضعف مواطن شاف واك ا، ز عز و القوة مواطن وتحديد م منظما بھ تقوم منالذي وجدت إن ال؛ أو ة املطلو بالكفاءة انت ل و املرسومة داف تحقيق مدي ع والوقوف لول، ا اح اق أجل ساعد مما الدقيقة، الكمية النتائج توفر ال اضية الر ساليب استخدام خالل من إال يتم ال ذا و القرارات .ترشيد املعتمدة س املقاي م أ من الكفاءة معرفةعت يتم ا خالل من ألن املنظمات، أداء تقييم إ دمية ا املؤسسات وتحتاج املخرجات، أق لتحقيق املتاحة املوارد استخدام الرشد مدى مالية، أو مادية انت سواء املدخالت من ا كب كما ا الستعمال نظرا باستمرار ا أدا ات مستو تقييم كث بمجاالت ا مخرجا انوارتباط وما أنجز ما ن ب املقارنة ع داء تقييم يقتصر وال املجتمع، ة أو شاط ال بنفس تقوم وال املتماثلة الوحدات ن ب املقارنة ع عتماد يمكن بل فقط، لھ مخطط ذوات من ا مثيال اة محا املنخفض داء ذات الوحدات ستطيع ح أمثال، فيھ داء ون ي بنموذج مثل .داء املغلفة البيانات تحليل أسلوب عت مdata envelopment analysis (dea)و أ ن ب من ذه ل ية س ال الكفاءة قياس خالل من ا، ا نظ أداء مع الوحدات أداء بمقارنة سمح ال ساليب ع يتفوق تجعلھ سلوب ذا ا يقدم ال املختلفة املؤشرات أن أخرىالوحدات،كما كمية أساليب متخذ ن ِ يمكّ الكفاءة ات مستو تحديد ع قدرتھ إ باإلضافة و ف املتماثلة، الوحدات كفاءة قياس للمدخالت دفة املس القيم تحديد خالل من ا تحسي وكيفية الكفاءة عدم ب س معرفة من القرار ا قتداء يمكن ال املرجعية الوحدات وكذلك .واملخرجات، ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 87 -73 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 75 البحث 1.1 الية :إش توصيف خالل من النظام مستوى ن تحس ع دمية ا املؤسسات داء تقييم عمل مستقبال ا لتفاد خطاء يح ت ع والعمل شاطاتھ، ل قيقي ا املستوى ع والوقوف واقعھ امع وا عامة بصفة التعليمية املؤسسات عت و ا، ز عز و القوة نقاط من ستفادة بصفةو ات داء تقييم عملية يجعل مما طلبا ك ا وخدما شارا، ان ك دمية ا املؤسسات ن ب من خاصة البحثية الورقة ذه جاءت املنطلق ذا ومن تركھ، أو بھ خذ يمكن خيارا س ول ا ضرور أمرا ا عن كنموذج الشلف جامعة ليات أداء تقييم خالل من الفكرة ذه دميةلتوضيح ا املؤسسات املغلفة البيانات تحليل أسلوب باستخدام زائر .ا البحث2.1 :أسئلة التا الرئ السؤال خالل من البحث الية إش طرح يمكن سبق ما ع :بناء تحليل أسلوب نتائج ع بناء الشلف جامعة داء مستوى نقيم أن يمكن كيف املغلفة؟ البيانات ضمن التاليةوتندرج الفرعية سئلة السؤال :ذا دمية؟ ا املؤسسات داء بتقييم نقصد ماذا املغلفة؟ البيانات تحليل أسلوب و ما الشلف؟ جامعة ليات داء مستوى ما لألداء؟ املنخفضة ات املستو ن تحس يمكن كيف البحث3.1 :فرضيات ا ن ت الفرض ح نق البحث أسئلة ع نلإلجابة :لتاليت دمية؛deaأسلوب ا املؤسسات داء لتقييم افية ال املؤشرات يوفر الشلف جامعة ليات ن ب داء ات مستو تباين يوجد .ال البحث4.1 داف :أ التالية داف لتحقيق البحث :س دمية؛ ا املؤسسات داء تقييم عن ة نظر خلفية تقديم أسلوب ع املغلفةالتعرف البيانات ؛deaتحليل الشلف؛ جامعة ليات ب داء مستوى تحديد نھأتوضيح تحس ا يمك وكيف ليات ال ببعض داء ضعف .سباب البحث5.1 :من عامة فكرة إلعطاء الوصفي ھ بأسلو باطي ست املن استخدام تم البحث داف أ لتحقيق داء لتقييم ة النظر لفية ا املغلفةعن البيانات تحليل أسلوب وعن دمية ا ،deaاملؤسسات أسلوب تطبيق خالل من الك ھ بأسلو ي ستقرا لتحديدdeaواملن الشلف جامعة ع املختلفة ا ليا ب داء ات .مستو دمية.2 ا املؤسسات داء :تقييم ان ما م منظمة ل ل ة ضرور عملية و داء تقييم مستوىإن ع إما ون ي و و ا، نوع ن(فراد التنظيمية)العامل الوحدات مستوى ع أو ذا) قسام(، و ل، ك املنظمة مستوى ع أو ي فيما ميتھ أ وتكمن ن، السابق ن للنوع مكمال أو يجة ن ون ي شرف(خ محمود ع ي ع ص2007الدين، ،18:( تقييم األداء يف املؤسسات اخلدمية باستخدام أسلوب حتليل البيانات جامعة الشلف منوذجا: املغلفة زياني زهرة بودية فاطمة .د 76 ع صول ا من املنظمة ياتيمكن الب لتالئم عديالت بإجراء سمح مرتدة معلومات التنظيمية والعمليات ماعات وا فراد و تصال(التنظيمية و القرارات اتخاذ ذلك ؛)بما التنظيمية؛ القرارات من الكث ا ضو ع تتخذ ال املعلومات واستخالص ومراقبة مراجعة مأساس من وذلك منظمة أي وتطور امتقدم ح إصدار س ل التقييم من دف ال أن نظور ر والتطو ن التحس .وإنما داء1.2 تقييم وم :مف ع خ ذه عرف حيث داء، ف عر من أوال بد ال داء تقييم ف عر إ التطرق قبل س: "أنھ برصد املحدد، الوقت و لفة ت بأقل يحة ال قة بالطر داف تحقيق العملمفتاح املراحل مختلف نجاز نوعية من والتأكد املجاالت كما،)vivien martin, 2006, p151("مختلف أنھ ع بالشمولية":عرف يتصف والذي تنجز، أن يجب كما عمال إنجاز إ يقود الذي الفعل ذلك و املؤسسة لنجاح املحدد عت املع ذا و ف ثم ومن ستمرار، كماو دفة، املس ا أسواق ا قا التكيف تحقيق ا فشل أو ا ئ ب مع التكيف ع املؤسسة قدرة مدى نفسھ الوقت عكس الكفاءة ما سي ال ن ام ن بمصط ن يق داء وم مف أن إ شارة تجدر كما املطلوب، الشيخ،( "والفعالية ص2010الداوي ،217.( التعار ذه دافمن إ الوصول غية يحة قة بطر مة م أو عمل تنفيذ و داء أن يت ف البقاء ع املؤسسة قدرة مدى عكس و النظام أجزاء جميع يمس و و سابقا، واملعلنة املرجوة املؤسسة فشل أو نجاح عكس شامل وم مف و عامة صفة و والنمو، ستمرار .و داءأما عمومتقييم أنھفيعرف ع وتحليل: "ا دفة املس باملعاي الفع داء مقارنة عملية املوضوعية واملعاي الفع داء ن ب املجيد" (نحرافات عبد محمد والسيد فلية هللا عبد ،فاروق ص2005 بھ)265، يقصد كما داف: "، لأل املنظمة تحقيق مدى معرفة خاللھ من يمكن مقياس إيجاد أقيمت نحرافاتال مقدار وتحديد ومعرفة املحققة، داف باأل داف تلك ومقارنة ا، أجل من ا معا وأساليب نحرافات تلك أسباب تحديد مع مسبقا لھ التخطيط تم علوان" (عما نايف قاسم ص2006املحياوي، ،358.( ا ما م املنظمات مة امل العمليات من داء تقييم عملية عت عنو فكرة عطي ا أل ا، نوع ن ر والتطو ن التحس ا أساس ع يتم معلومات يوفر مما املؤسسات شاط والقوة الضعف نقاط ا القيام يجب ة دور عملية ا أ كما عدمھ؛ من ا شاط استمرار شأن الالزمة القرارات واتخاذ داء ع تطرأ ال العديدة ات للتغ نظرا منتظم ل يجبش وال ارجية وا الداخلية املنظمات ئة ب ا مع والتأقلم ا مجارا ا . عل داء2.2 تقييم داف :أ ي ما ا تحقيق داء تقييم عملية س ال داف راح،( من ا أحمد صديق أسماء ص1990 ص ):بتصرف35-38: ، املتا خالل من املرسومة طة ا تحقيق مدى ع والوظائفالرقابة شاطات ال ملختلف عة ة؛ املطلو بالكفاءة ائية ال النتائج تحقق مدى ع والوقوف باملؤسسة، والزمن؛ د وا الطاقة الضياع بتجنب وذلك نتاجية من ع د ا إ الوصول واستغالل متوازنة بصورة الوحدات شطة أ مختلف ن ب ما التفاعل مدى ع الوقوف مثل؛الطاقات ل بالش املتاحة والتخطيط؛ التنفيذ والقوة الضعف نقاط تحديد املؤسسة طراف ل ن ب تصال كفاءة ادة .ز ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 87 -73 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 77 دمية3.2 ا املؤسسات داء تقييم مية :أ ا أ ع دمية ا املؤسسات والوسائل: "عرف اص من مجموعة من ون يت نظام فيم واملتفاعلة ون املنظمة الز ورغبات حاجات إلشباع مادية غ قيمة إلنتاج ا بي شاكر"(ا أحمد ص2000العسكري، ن)15، املتعامل ملختلف دمات ا ق سو ب تقوم متنوعة منظمات عت كما ، ملموس غ أداء أو عمل أي ا أ ع فتعرف دمة ا أما ح، للر ادفة غ أو ح للر ادفة انت سواء إ طرف مايقدمھ ء ملكية ذلك عن تج ي أن دون من آخر فطيمة،(طرف ص2011ا ،33 .( حيث من قتصادية املؤسسات با ا ع تختلف ال دمية ا املؤسسات داء تقييم وعملية ذات خدمات تقديم و املؤسسات ذه دف أن اعتبار ع مية حيث من د تز ولكن ف، التعر ت جيدة التاليةنوعية النقاط مية ذه ر وتظ املستفيد، يتوقعھ ما تفوق أو محمود(ناسب ن أي ، ص2008املرجو ،21:( سراف من قالل ق طر عن املنظمات ا تقدم ال دمات ا مستوى عظيم محاولة ممكنة؛ جودة وأع لفة ت بأقل دمة ا وتقديم ال ة دار املشكالت ع داءالوقوف انخفاض إ تؤدي وال دمة، ا قطاع تتواجد داء؛ بمستوى رتقاء ع املساعدة ا شأ من ال لول ا ووضع داخل داء جودة ع ا كم ا يمكن ال واملعاي املؤشرات من مجموعة ع الوقوف ع والعمل داء ذا انخفاض أسباب إ والوصول املنظمات، زة علأج بأسلوب تھ معا سليم؛ يمكنتحديد ال والظروف داء قياس مؤشرات من مؤشر ل ل ية س ال مية دمية ا املنظمات داخل داء نوعيات اختالفات لوجود نظرا ا، ف .استخدامھ داء4.2 لتقييم كأسلوب املرجعية املقارنة ا أ ع املرجعية املقارنة املنظماتقيا: "عرف مع الداخلية ا عمليا أو ا شاطا ومقارنة س املنظمة تلك ا ف عمل ال الصناعة مجال خارج أو داخل من العا داء علك" (ذات الناصر عبد عباس، ن حس وليد ن وحس ص2015حافظ املعنية)253، املنظمة ألداء مقارنة عملية ا أ ع مما ، مع شابھ ت أخرى منظمات صائصمع ا .ا ا أ ع عرف أداء: "كما لتقييم ومستمرة منظمة داء عملية ذا جوانب أحد أو املنظمة والعمل الفجوة أسباب ع للتعرف املنظمة ذه خارج أو داخل سواء بنموذج، املقارنة خالل من فضل داء إ والوصول ا معاجل عتم" (ع و ودة ا ضمان ،عمادة ادي ص2014اد ،41(، متفوقة بمنظمات قتداء و يد ا لألداء اة محا عملية املرجعية املقارنة ون ت ف التعر ذا خالل من النقاط ا نو وال ا، تحقق ال املنافع خالل من ا مي أ ز وت املستمر، ن التحس دف ،(التالية ادي عتماد و ودة ا ضمان ص2014عمادة ،46(: النفقات؛ ترشيد املستمر؛ التعلم فرص إتاحة للتوجھ للمنظمة الفرصة وخارجياً-إتاحة فضل؛-داخليا النماذج نحو العمل؛ ق لفر والتجديدية بداعية القدرات ن تحس املحلية؛ الوحدات أو املنظمات ن ب التعاون فرص توف مج عن جابة من العليا دارة ن سئلة؛تمك من موعة ل؛ت املشا ل ة موج تنظيمية ثقافة ب تقييم األداء يف املؤسسات اخلدمية باستخدام أسلوب حتليل البيانات جامعة الشلف منوذجا: املغلفة زياني زهرة بودية فاطمة .د 78 مجال الرائدة املؤسسات وأداء ا أدا ب للفجوة الدقيق التحديد املؤسسة ساعد ا؛ عمل تب ع ا ف ن والعامل املؤسسة قيادة لدى الرغبة ز عز و املالئم، املناخ توف ع ساعد و ما ل نحو التغي وجديد؛سياسة أفضل م س التنفيذو ة ولو و الالزم تمام ا وإعطا رجة، ا العمليات تحديد ع ساعد ؛ ما وا الفردي بداع ر تطو فاعل ل ش للمؤسسة؛ إضافية منافع تحقيق احتماالت ادة ز فاعل ل ش م س مقاي يوجد املرجعية املقارنة ألسلوب ار ا ك ال بالضرورةإن تؤدي خارجية تنافسية س كفاية ادة ز تنافسيةإ أك ا وتجعل الداخلية، داء جودة س مقاي .وفاعلية ألنھ الدراسة، ذه املعتمد املغلفة البيانات تحليل أسلوب أساس املرجعية املقارنة عت و ا مستو مقارنة تم و شاط ال املتماثلة الوحدات من مجموعة ع قياسيقوم خالل من ا داء ت ا اصة ا الكفاءة .معدالت املغلفة تقديم. 3 البيانات تحليل :deaأسلوب املغلفة بداية انت لقد البيانات تحليل edwardo rhodesالدكتوراه طالب مع deaأسلوب كية carmegie mellonجامعة للدكتوراه أطروحتھ عمل ان الذي وفسور إشراف تحت مر ال cooperين) سبان و السود(قليات طالب من مجموعة أداء ملقارنة علي برنامج ،ع دراسياً املتع ان املتماثلة، التعليمية فياملناطق ھ الذي التحدي و ال للمدارس الفنية الكفاءة تقدير مايتمثل واج ا؛ عن توفرمعلومات بدون املخرجات من ومجموعة املدخالت من مجموعة شمل ع وللتغلب أسعار لة ذه ن قام املش وفسور مع بالتعاون الباحث فيما عرف نموذج صياغة من ليتمكنوا ،charnes ال إccr عدبنموذج أسلوب)cooper-charnes-rhodes(سبة أساس عت والذي ،dea(hollas and all, 2002, p4). البيان1.3 تحليل أسلوب ف املغلفةعر :ات أسلوب أنھdeaعرف مجموعة":ع أداء م تقو أجل من ستخدم ة املوج للبيانات قة طر مخرجات إ عديدة مدخالت تحول وال القرار صنع وحدات تد وال املتماثلة الوحدات من أنھ،(cooper and all, 2011, p1)"عديدة ع عرف أفضل":كما لتحديد ستخدم ك أسلوب املمارساتا بأفضل باملقارنة الكفاءة ناقصة الوحدات أي وتحديد الوحدات، من ملجموعة ملمارسات أي وموضوعية بوضوح ية املن ذه تحدد ثم ومن الكفاءة، نقص من ا ا املقدار وتحديد ع ال املخرجات أو ا توف يمكن ال املوارد ومقدار ا، إنتاجي ن تحس املطلوب ذهالوحدات حيث من فضل الوحدات كفاءة مستوى لتصبح ا تحقق أن الكفاءة قليلة الوحدات .(sherman and zho, 2006, p38)"املمارسة أسلوب دراسةdeaعتمد مخرج) farrell )1957ع ن ب الكفاءة تحديد انية إم ت بي وال ى أ ثم نتاج، لدالة فرضيات أي وضع دون واحد ومدخل سنةrhodesواحد وقاموا1978ومشرفيھ تحليل باسم سلوب ذه سمية عود و مخرجات، وعدة مدخالت عدة شمل ل الدراسة ذه بتعميم غلف و املقدمة ون ت التامة الكفاءة ذات الوحدات ون إ املغلفة غ) تطوق (البيانات الوحدات امل ا غلف ال البيانات تحليل يتم التا و ،(قدمةالكفؤة الشعي منصور بن ص2004خالد ،316(، ا، متوسط أساس ع س ول النتائج أفضل إ سبة العينة الكفؤة الوحدات تحديد يتم حيث أداءً الوحدات أفضل أن حيث املحققة، الكفاءة ات مستو أساس ع ون ي الوحدات ذه يف وتص كفا قل والوحدات للواحد ة مساو ا كفاء ون أقلت قيم ع تحصل . ءة ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 87 -73 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 79 املغلفة2.3 البيانات تحليل أسلوب :مزايا أسلوب سم يdeaي فيما ا نوجز املزايا من السقا،(بمجموعة يم إبرا ص2008محمد ، ):43-42ص للكفاءة؛ واحد أداء مؤشر صورة وحدة ل أداء يص ت من يمكن إنھ املتعدد واملخرجات املدخالت إدخال من يمكن عإنھ الفنية الكفاءة حساب ثم ومن ة ع بالقدرة سم ي ثم ومن ا، قيم س ول فقط واملخرجات املدخالت كمية بيانات أساس ذا يجعل الذي مر مختلفة، قياس بوحدات ا ع املع املدخالت من العديد مع التعامل يصع خدمات تقدم ال الوحدات كفاءة لتحليل مناسبا التحليل من عالنوع ا، تقييم ب تحديد ستحيل مخرجات تقدم ال الوحدات أو ومية ا دمات ا وحدات املثال يل س ا؛ أسعار وضع تحديد خالل من الوحدات من وحدة ل ل الكفاءة ن تحس سبل تحديد ع ساعد إنھ الكفاءة؛ منح ع الكفؤة غ الوحدات أداء أفضل منح ع يركز عات)best practice(إنھ ال أساس ع يقوم مجتمع من بدال من توليفة أو وحدة بأكفأ إنتاج وحدة ل مقارنة يتم حيث التقليدي، التحليل مثل ة املركز ع تقع ال للوحدات الكفاءة عدم مصادر ع التعرف إ املقارنة وتؤدي الكفؤة؛ الوحدات الكفاءة؛ منح نتا لدالة محددة صياغة يتطلب الداال ل الش حول قيود توجد ال حيث اليف، الت أو ج )functional form (ثم ومن دالة من أك تقييم يتم حيث باملخرجات، املدخالت ط ير الذي وحدات ن ب نتاج دالة الفروق إبراز مرونة أك بأنھ سم ي قي التطو التحليل فإن القرار؛ صناعة مناظرة وحدات يوفر ن) peer units(إنھ لتحس ا إل النظر خرى للوحدات يمكن وال التنفيذ، برامج عديل و للتقييم مفيدة أداة البيانات ق تطو تحليل يجعل ما و و ا، عمليا ال ال شغي ال املناخ الفروق إدخال ع التحليل ذا قدرة الدور ذا مية أ من د ز و عتبار شأة امل سيطرة تحت إجراءتقع عند متماثلة الوحدات جعل من يمكن مما ، من وحدة ل ل العامة الصورة حول تاج ست عملية من ل س ثم ومن املقارنة، عمليات .الوحدات أسلوب3.3 نموذج املغلفة عرض البيانات :تحليل ألسلوب العام النموذج يdeaعطى :(cooper and all, 2007, p23)كما    i iji r rjr xv yu maxh 0 0 0 s/c : ir vu , 1 0 0    i iji r rjr xv yu و ل حدةل :حيث yrj :املخرج الوحدةrكمية املدخل: jxijمن الوحدةiكمية jمن تقييم األداء يف املؤسسات اخلدمية باستخدام أسلوب حتليل البيانات جامعة الشلف منوذجا: املغلفة زياني زهرة بودية فاطمة .د 80 ur :للمخرج املخصص للمدخل: r viالوزن املخصص iالوزن  :صغ موجب للوحدة: h0عدد الكفاءة jقيمة أي وحدة، ل ل ية س ال الكفاءة قيمة إليجاد نامج ال ذا حل تم ھ أن و عظيم املطلو سبة و ال ن املدخالت إ املوزونة املخرجات مجموع ب شرط)j0(التقييم محل للوحدة املوزونة مجموع ون أن ، ت سبة ن ال ساوي من أقل املركبة للوحدة املوزونة املدخالت مجموع إ املوزونة املخرجات مجموع ب أو ونالحظ يح ال ات املث القيم أن الواحد تختلفviوurللمتغ وتتحددأوزان ألخرى، وحدة من تحليل أسلوب مزايا م أ من اصية ا ذه عت و ا الر النموذج حل خالل من تلقائيا وزان ذه القرار اتخاذ وحدة عت و املغلفة؛ والداخلة)j0(البيانات املماثلة خرى الوحدات ببقية مقارنة كفء ال ساوي دف ال دالة قيمة انت إذا الراكدة)٪100(واحدالتقييم ات املتغ قيمة انت وإذا ، صفر ساوي .والفائضة ن اتجا وفق الكفاءة قياس مكن املدخ: و املدخالت(إما تعرف) input-orientedجانب حي أو املخرجات، كمية تقليص املوارددون من ا تخفيض يمكن ال بالكمية املدخالت جانب من الكفاءة املخر (املخر تعر ) output-orientedجاتجانب الحي بالكمية املخرجات جانب من الكفاءة ف املخرجات كمية تقليص بدون يا تناس املخرجات ادة ز ا درجة.يمكن ع اعتمادا ما بي ختيار تم و نماذج ل ن تجا كال توظيف تم وقد واملخرجات، املدخالت تحديد الوحدة إدارة تحكم املغلفة البيانات تحليل . أسلوب النموذجdeaبأسلو و و الثابتة، م ا اقتصاديات نموذج ع عتمد بدايتھ ان طرف من صياغتھ تم الذي نموذج1978سنةcharnes, cooper, rhodesص ccrوس ا ستخدم ال املدخالت كمية التغ أن فكرة ع ب الثالثة،والذي ن املؤلف ألسماء اختصارا الكف غ الكفؤةالوحدة دود ا إ ا تحرك وقت ا تقدم ال املخرجات كمية ثابتا ا تأث يؤثر ء frontierم ا ع العائد ثبات بخاصية عرف ما ذا و ،constant return to scale (srs)عت و ، ا ام أ مستوى عمل املقارنة محل الوحدات جميع ون ت عندما فقط مناسبة اصية ا ذه املثاليةاملث ام ذه تحقيق من الوحدات تمنع العقبات من كث توجد قد الواقع لكن ، ا وغ ل التمو وقيود الدين،(املنافسة صالح محمد ن سر و فت ص2013ياسر ،297.( الثابتة م ا اقتصاديات لنموذج العام ل الش عطى املدخccr modelو ن التوج حسب ا املواواملخر .دول ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 87 -73 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 81 رقم الثابتة): 1(جدول م ا اقتصاديات نموذج املدخccrنموذج التوجھ املخرccrنموذج )ccr-i(حسب التوجھ )ccr-o(حسب 0, 1 0 :/ max 1 11 1 0 0          ir m i ii ij m i irj s r r r s r vu xv xvyu cs yuz 0,..., 0,..., 1 0 :/ min 1 1 11 1 0          r m i rjr ij m i irj s r r i s i vv uu yu xvyu cs xv source : (cooper and all, 2011, p p 8,11) اف واقعية لعدم أسلوبونظرا دعم فقد م ا ع العائد ثبات منdeaاض آخر بنموذج ة املتغ م ا غلة فرضية بإضافة ص النموذج ر تطو وتم(variable returns-to-scale)خالل ، ن الباحث طرف من نموذج1984سنة(banker, charnes, cooper)ذلك باسم النموذج ذا وس ، املتغ م ا نموذجاقتصاديات ان ف شفيھ مك ألسماء واختصارا .bccة ة املتغ م ا اقتصاديات لنموذج العام ل الش عطى املدخbcc modelو ن التوج حسب املوا دول ا .واملخر رقم ة): 2(جدول املتغ م ا اقتصاديات نموذج املدخbccنموذج التوجھ املbccنموذج )bcc-i(حسب التوجھ )bcc-o(خرحسب nj yy xx cs n j j r n j rjj iij n j j ,...,1:0 1 :/ min 1 1 0 1 0 0 0                nj yy xx cs n j j r n j rjj iij n j j ,...,1:0 1 :/ max 1 0 1 1 0 0 0                source : (lawrence and all, 1999, p2) &(cheng g, 2014, p33) تقييم األداء يف املؤسسات اخلدمية باستخدام أسلوب حتليل البيانات جامعة الشلف منوذجا: املغلفة زياني زهرة بودية فاطمة .د 82 أسلوب. 4 باستخدام الشلف جامعة أداء تقييم نتائج :deaتحليل لتوف املجال يفتح النماذج من العديد ع املغلفة البيانات تحليل أسلوب توفر معلوماتإن ع التطبيق تم فس ذه نا لدراس سبة ال و التقييم، الداخلة القرار اتخاذ وحدات أداء حول أك تضم وال الشلف القرار10جامعة اتخاذ وحدات ستمثل اdmusليات أدا تقييم تم س ال ام ا للموسم املختارة واملخرجات املدخالت مجموعة ع .2018-2017باالعتماد الدراسة1.4 ونموذج ات متغ تقديم ا أل واملخرجات للمدخالت مثل ختيار و املغلفة البيانات تحليل أسلوب تطبيق أساس إن مستوى ع ا لالستدالل التالية ات املتغ اختيار تم ذه نا دراس و ا، تفس و النتائج تؤثر الشلف بجامعة :داء التعليمية :املدخالت العملية ين متغ م أ ماتمثلت ن: و ل امل الطلبة عدد سوالتدرج التدر يئة .عدد و:املخرجات و واحد متغ نتمثلت ج ر ا .عدد ســبة بال املعتمــدأمــا اســتخدامللنمـــوذج تـــم فقــد الدراســـة ــذه نـــ ســـي الرئ ن النمــوذج كـــال املغلفــــة البيانــــات تحليــــل نمــــوذج،ألســــلوب مــــا ــــم،ccrو ا غلــــة ثبــــات فرضــــية ــــ إ ند ســــ والــــذي اختيـــارbccونمــوذج وتــم ـــم، ا غلـــة ـــ غ فرضــية ـــ إ ند ســـ ــوالـــذي املخر الكفـــاءة ألنالتوجـــھ ا باملستوى حتفاظ ادة للمدخالت ا العا يناسب اختيار املخرجات وز التعليم ـة مؤسسات زائر ا فاظ تاملدخال تخفيض من أك ـون مستوى ع وا ل فقـط، ـ ـا تـرتبط ال املـدخالت املخرجات،نظرا ن فعـدد ل ـ ب تخفيضـھ اليمكـن التـدرج ـ امل ايـد الطلـب سـ ـ امل ، التعلـيم ع يئـة عـدد أن كمـا العـا س ون لن التدر ة ي و الطالب مص الدراسة نموذج ون فسي وعليھ :تخفيضھ، ااقتصاديات املخرنموذج بالتوجھ الثابتة ccr-oم املخرنموذج بالتوجھ ة املتغ م ا bcc-oاقتصاديات شارة تجدر كما الدراسة، دف و يتوافق بما ا وتحليل عض مع ن النموذج نتائج دمج تم وس نامج ب باالستعانة ا تحصيل تم الدراسة نتائج أن data envelopment analysis programإ (deap)املغلفة البيانات تحليل أسلوب نماذج حل .املتخصص الشلف2.4 جامعة ليات ب داء تقييم نتائج التالية النقاط ا نو النتائج من مجموعة يح ي املغلفة البيانات تحليل أسلوب :إن املرجعية1.2.4 والوحدات الكفاءة ات مستو ن النموذج نتائج يص ت والوحداتbcc-oوccr-oيمكن الكفاءة ات مستو يخص فيما التا دول ا الكفء غ للوحدات :املرجعية رقم الدراسة): 3(جدول نموذ حسب الكفاءة ات مستو القرار اتخاذ وحدات مستوى -ccrالكفاءة o الكفاءة -bccمستوى o غلة نوع م ا املرجعية الوحدات الكفاءة الفنية الكفاءة مية ا التكنولوجيا متناقصة 0.959 0.559 0.536 لية ليـــة ليـــة و ندســـة ال سانية العلوم املدنيــــــــــــة ندســــــــــــة ال ليــــــــــــة ة واملعمار 1.000 1.000 1.000 ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 87 -73 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 83 الطبيعـــــــــــــــــة علــــــــــــــــوم ليــــــــــــــــة ياة وا ايدة 0.981 0.962 0.944 سانية م العلوم لية الدقيقـــــــــــــة العلـــــــــــــوم ليـــــــــــــة عالم و متناقصة 0.974 0.792 0.771 ليـــــــــــة و ندســـــــــــة ليةال سانية العلوم قتصـــــادية العلـــــوم ليــــة سي ال وعلوم ة التجار ايدة 0.991 0.876 0.868 سانية م العلوم لية والفنون داب ايدة 0.947 1.000 0.947 لية سانية م العلوم لية ية جن اللغات ايدةم 0.831 1.000 0.831 لية ليـــــــــــة و ندســـــــــــة ليةال سانية العلوم ســــــــــانية العلــــــــــوم ليــــــــــة جتماعية و 1.000 1.000 1.000 والعلـــــــــــوم قـــــــــــوق ا ليـــــــــــة السياسية ايدة 0.924 0.590 0.545 سانية م العلوم لية البدنيــــــــــــــة بيــــــــــــــة ال ـــــــــــــد مع اضية والر ايدة 0.705 1.000 0.705 م ليـــــــــــة و ندســـــــــــة ليةال سانيةالع لوم 0.931 0.878 0.815 املتوسط برنامج: املصدر deapمخرجات املخر التوجھ ذو الثابتة م ا اقتصاديات نموذج حسب أن دول ا خالل من يت ccr-oي كما النتائج :انت بـمتو قدر الشلف بجامعة الكفاءة ان0.815سط ليات بال داء مستوى أن ع يدل مما منمت مستوى أع إ للوصول استغالل أحسن املتاحة املدخالت استغالل يتم ولم وسطا، املخرجات؛ أصل من فقط ن ليت نظرا10يوجد وذلك داء ات مستو أع تحقيق من تمكنت ليات التام الكفاءة مستوى ا ما)٪100(لتحقيق و العلوم: ، لية و ة واملعمار املدنية ندسة ال لية تحقيق ستطع لم ال ليات ال لبقية مرجعا ونا لي ما ل يؤ ما ذا و جتماعية، و سانية داء؛ من عالية ات مستو أداء ات مستو تحقيق من ياة وا الطبيعة علوم لية و والفنون داب لية من ل تمكنت عن زادت ا الكفاءة درجة ألن ٪؛90حسنة أدا مستوى ان ال ليات نال ب ما كفاءة درجة ا لتحقيق نظرا متوسطا و70ا ٪90٪ : الدقيقة العلوم لية ية، جن اللغات لية ، سي ال وعلوم ة والتجار قتصادية العلوم لية اضية؛ والر البدنية بية ال د ومع عالم و مستو أضعف لتا التكنولوجيا لية و السياسية والعلوم قوق ا ألنلية نظرا داء ات من أقل انت ما الكفاءة .٪60درجة املخر التوجھ ذو ة املتغ م ا اقتصاديات نموذج يbcc-oحسب كما النتائج :انت التوفيق مدى عن و ع مية، وكفاءة فنية كفاءة إ النموذج ذا الكفاءة تنقسم مخرجات، إ املدخالت ل تحو ععملية الوحدات قدرة مدى عن فتع الثانية أما و الشلف جامعة الفنية الكفاءة متوسط ونجد ا، ام أ ع0.878استغالل يدل مما تقييم األداء يف املؤسسات اخلدمية باستخدام أسلوب حتليل البيانات جامعة الشلف منوذجا: املغلفة زياني زهرة بودية فاطمة .د 84 و ف مية ا الكفاءة متوسط أما متوسط، أداء ستغالل0.931مستوى ع يدل مما ليات؛ ال ام أل يد ا أن ن تب الفنية الكفاءة مؤشر أصلل5حسب من التام10يات املستوى حققت ليات و مخرجات، إ املدخالت ل تحو عملية ا ل يد ا داء ع يدل مما لية: للكفاءة سانية العلوم لية ية، جن اللغات لية والفنون، داب لية ة، واملعمار املدنية ندسة ال اض والر البدنية بية ال د ومع جتماعية ستغاللو من تمكنتا فقط ن ليت ا بي من ية، حققتا ال ن ليت ال نفس ما و مية ا الكفاءة مؤشر نھ ب ما حسب ما ام أل مثل نموذج للكفاءة التام :ألنccr-oمستوى الفنية الكفاءة مية×مؤشر ا الكفاءة نموذج= مؤشر حسب الكفاءة ccrمؤشر تب م ا غلة نوع ليةحسب ما متناقصة م غلة تا تم فقط ن ليت أن ن ينجر املدخالت ادة ز أي أن ع يدل مما ، عالم و الدقيقة العلوم لية و التكنولوجيا ايدة م م غلة ت فتم ميا الكفء غ ليات ال بقية أما املخرجات، أقل ادة ز ا ع املدخ ادة ز أي أن ع يدل املخرجاتالتمما أك ادة ز ا ع .ينجر الكفء2.2.4 غ ليات لل ة املطلو نات التحس أسلوب مزايا الداخلةdeaمن القرار اتخاذ لوحدات الكفاءة ات مستو تحديد عد أنھ التامة ات املستو إ الوصول غية دفة املس القيم وما الكفاءة عدم مصادر لنا يقدم التقييم، ةللكف واملتغ الثابتة م ا اقتصاديات نموذ استخدمنا أننا ما و داء، ات مستو أع التا و اءة املوجود، املدخالت مستوى استخدام خالل من املخرجات لتعظيم دف الذي املخر التوجھ ذوا ر ا عدد نا لدراس سبة بال و فقط، املخرجات تخص دفة املس القيم ون ست التاوعليھ و ن، ج دفة املس والقيم ن رج ا لعدد قيقية ا القيم املوا دول ا خالل من القيم-سنو أي استغالل أحسن املدخالت استغالل تم لو ا إل الوصول الكفء-املفروض غ ليات ال ل .ل رقم الكفء): 4(جدول غ ليات ال للمخرجات دفة واملس الفعلية القيم ليات الكفءال غ الفعلية القيم ن ج ر ا لعدد حسب دفة املس القيم ccr-oنموذج حسب دفة املس القيم bcc-oنموذج التكنولوجيا 1036 1080 579 لية ياة وا الطبيعة علوم 1174 1197 1129 لية عالم و الدقيقة العلوم لية 611 793 772 قتصادية العلوم لية و ة سيالتجار ال علوم 1152 1327 1315 والفنون داب 897 850 لية ية جن اللغات 714 594 لية والعلوم قوق ا لية السياسية 545 1000 924 اضية والر البدنية بية ال د 346 244 مع برنامج: املصدر deapمخرجات ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 87 -73 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 85 ل استغالل وعدم كب در ناك أن يت دول ا خالل ألنمن املوجودة، لمدخالت مستوى نفس ع فاظ ا مع ة كب بقيم ا مخرجا ادة ز الكفء غ ليات ال ل باستطاعة ج تخر ا ا بإم السياسية والعلوم قوق ا لية فمثال عوض1000املدخالت، طالب545طالب نموذج نموذج924وccr-oحسب حسب جا الbcc-oخر لبقية سبة بال ء ال ونفس غ، ليات نموذج حسب أن الكفاءةbcc-oالكفء،ونالحظ عدم مصدر ألن الكفء غ ليات ال عدد انخفض ال وغالبا فقط، الوحدات ام بأ علق وإنما مخرجات إ املدخالت ل تحو عملية يتعلق يكن لم بھ تتدخل وإنما ا لوحد ا يخص ال التوسع أمر ألن مر ذا التحكم ليات ال أخرى ستطيع ات .ج تحليل أسلوب ا قدم ال بالشلف بوع بن بة حس جامعة ليات ب داء تقييم نتائج إن املغلفة داءdeaالبيانات مستوى عن شاملة صورة بإعطاء كفيلة سلوب ذا مؤشرات أن ن تب تحديد عملية أن كما ا، إل التوصل تم ال الكفاءة ات مستو خالل من املنظمة دفةذه املس القيم داء ات مستو غ للوصول ا عل العمل يجب ال نات التحس لنا ن تب لية ل ب ن ج ر ا لعدد ة ت تث النتائج ذه ف وعليھ ا، قتداء و الكفء ليات لل اة محا خالل من يتم ذا و ، املث واملتمثلة ا طرح تم ال و املdeaأسلوب: الفرضية داءيوفر لتقييم افية ال ؤشرات دمية ا .املؤسسات انت وال الثانية الفرضية نفي أكدت أيضا النتائج ذه أن ات:كما مستو تباين يوجد ال الشلف جامعة ليات ن ب استطاعتداء حيث داء، ات مستو وا تباين ناك ان ألنھ ، التام الكفاءة مستوي تحقيق فقط ن انليت ال ليات ال ببا مقارنة ا، مثل داء ع داللة يد وا الضعيف ن ب ما ا . أداؤ :الصةا .5 ون ي أن جب و ا، أنواع اختالف ع املنظمات مة امل العمليات من عت داء تقييم إن وتزد املرجوة، نتائجھ عطي ح شاطات ال بقية عن منفصل وغ ة دور املنظماتبصفة ميتھ أ اد لتعدد نظرا ا، وكفاء ا جود مدى ع كم وا ا مخرجا تحديد ة بصعو تتم وال دمية ا جوانب شاف اك ساعد ال الكمية باألساليب ستعانة من البد ذا ول ا، م املستفيدين واختالف ا مواطن وتحديد ا، ز عز أجل من املنظمات أداء نالتم ب ومن ا، م وتقو ا عالج أجل من لل املغلفة البيانات تحليل قة طر ساليب . deaذه من ال دمية ا املؤسسات ن ب من التعليمية املؤسسات ل غرار ع الشلف جامعة عت د تزو عد م ج تخر ع والعمل املدخالت ادة ز ع مما ا، ل ن سب املن عدد ادة ز ا داف أ م مأ أمرا ا ف داء تقييم عملية يجعل مر ذا و املخرجات، ادة ز أيضا ع مما ا، يحتجو ال باملعارف العشرة ليات ال ع املغلفة البيانات تحليل أسلوب بتطبيق قمنا ذلك أجل ومن وحتميا، ا ضرور النت ونو ا، داء مستوى ع الوقوف أجل من امعة ا ذه ل عة التاليةالتا النقاط . ائج البحث 1.5 :نتائج ي فيما ا عل املتحصل النتائج ل نجمل أن :يمكن ع ساعد ا أل املؤسسات مختلف ة الضرور العمليات من عت داء تقييم عملية داف؛ أحسن وتحقيق ستخدام ترشيد خاصة أساليب استخدام إ دمية ا املؤسسات وتنوعتحتاج الختالف نظرا ا أدا تقييم ا؛ مخرجا املغلفة البيانات تحليل أسلوب املتماثلةdeaعت الوحدات داء لتقييم مناسبة ك شاط؛ ال تقييم األداء يف املؤسسات اخلدمية باستخدام أسلوب حتليل البيانات جامعة الشلف منوذجا: املغلفة زياني زهرة بودية فاطمة .د 86 ان الفنية الكفاءة مؤشر متوسط ألن متوسط أداء بمستوى الشلف جامعة ٪87.8تتم ان مية ا الكفاءة مؤشر أما93.1ومتوسط ان٪، ف الك الكفاءة مؤشر ٪؛81.5متوسط ن ب كفاءة10من بمؤشر مثل داء مستوى فقط ن ليت حققت الشلف بجامعة ليات ما100 و ن، النموذج كال سانية: ٪ العلوم لية و ة واملعمار املدنية ندسة ال لية جتماعية؛ و ية، جن اللغات لية والفنون، داب مستوىلية اضيةحققتا والر البدنية بية ال د مع التوفيق ع يدل مما ة، املتغ م ا اقتصاديات نموذج حسب التام الفنية الكفاءة الكفاءة تحقيق من ليات ال ذه تتمكن لم ولكن مخرجات، إ املدخالت ل تحو عملية مث م ا إ للوصول أك توسعا يتطلب مما املث مية غلةا تتم ا وأ خاصة ل، ايدة؛ م م من ا تمك لعدم نظرا ضعيفة، نقل لم إن متوسطة أداء ات بمستو ت تم ليات ال بقية مية؛ ا الكفاءة أو الفنية الكفاءة سواء مقبولة ات مستو تحقيق الكفء غ ليات ال اةستطيع ا،محا أدا ن لتحس ا قتداء و املرجعية ذهالوحدات و املرجعية جتماعية؛:الوحدات و سانية العلوم لية و ة واملعمار املدنية ندسة ال لية أسلوبإن نتائج ا ن ب ال دفة املس انdeaالقيم بإم ال ادة الز أو التوسع مقدار تو مثل داء مستوى إ للوصول ا تحقيق الكفء غ ليات .ال البحث2.5 :توصيات التالية التوصيات تقديم يمكن البحث ذا من ا إل املتوصل النتائج :ضوء تب خاصة بصفة التعليمية واملؤسسات عامة بصفة دمية ا املؤسسات ع يجب ا؛ أدا تقييم الكمية ساليب با قتداء ومحاولة ا شاطا و ا عمليا النظر إعادة الكفء غ ليات ال ع لياتيجب ل الكفء؛ لل ا امن م ومعرفة عامليا ة النا امعات ا أو ليات ال مع مقارنة إجراء محاولة ة زائر ا امعات وإعادةا ا يح ت ع والعمل العاملية، يفات التص من ا أخرج ال ا ان م إ امعة .ا (references) املراجع. 6 al-askari, a. c. (2000). marketing (strategic approach), dar al-shorouk, amman, jordan. [in arabic] al-jarrah, a. s. a. (1990). evaluating the efficiency of performance in light of the structural changes of the tourism sector an applied study on the tourist island of baghdad, (master thesis, al-mustansiriya university, baghdad, iraq). [in arabic] daoui, c. (2010). analysis of the theoretical foundations of the concept of performance, al-bahith review, 7. [in arabic] al-margouchi, a. m. (2008). evaluation of institutional performance in international public organizations, dar al-nasher li-aljamiaat, egypt. [in arabic] al-shaabi, k. b. (2004). the use of data envelope analysis method in measuring the relative efficiency of administrative units applying to chemical industries and plastic products in jeddah governorate -kingdom of saudi arabia, journal of administrative sciences. 2. [in arabic] ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 87 -73 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 87 hafez a. a., & abbas, h. w. h. (2015). academic accreditation and quality applications in educational institutions, ghaidaa house, amman, jordan. [in arabic] sharaf al-din, a. y. a, m. (2007). evaluating the effectiveness of the performance of faculty deans at sana'a university from the viewpoint of faculty members, (master thesis, university of sanaa, yemen). [in arabic] deanship of quality assurance and academic accreditation. (2014). performance indicators and benchmarks, handbook no. 4, saudi arabia. [in arabic] falih, f. a. & abdulmajeed, a. m. (2005). organizational behaviour in the management of educational institutions, maisarah house for publishing, distribution and printing, 1st edition, amman, jordan. [in arabic] al-mahyawi, q. n. a. (2006). quality management in services, dar al shorouk, amman, jordan. [in arabic] kahi, f. (2011). towards an effective management of marketing competencies in the service economic establishment, the case of the algerian mobile phone operator – mobilis, algerian journal of globalization and economic policies, 2. [in arabic] al-sakka, m. i. (2008). is kuwait turning into a regional financial center: an analysis of technical efficiency and profitability of commercial banks in the state of kuwait compared to banks of the gulf cooperation council countries, journal of economics and management, king abdulaziz university, saudi arabia, 22 (2). [in arabic] al-mahdi, y. f. a., & salahal-din, n. m. (2013). methodology for analyzing data envelopment method and its use in educational administration studies: an applied model on decision-making units at ain shams university, journal of the faculty of education, 37, part 2. [in arabic] cheng, g. (2014), data envelopment analysis: methods and maxdea software, intellectual property publishing house co.ltd, beijing. cooper & all. (2007). data envelopment analysis: a comprehensive text with models, applications, references and dea-solver software, springer sciences & business media, usa. cooper & all. (2011). data envelopment analysis: history, models and interpretations, in handbook data envelopment analysis, 2nd edition, springer sciences & businessmedia, usa. hollas & all. (2002). a data envelopment analysis of gas utilities efficiency, journal of economics and finance, volume 26, n0 2. lawrence & all. (1999). an investigation of returns to scale in data envelopment analysis, omega the international journal of management science, n0 27. sherman, & zho, (2006). service productivity management: improving service performance using data envelopment analysis (dea), springer science & business media, usa. vivien, m. (2006). managing projects in human resources, training and development, kogan page, london. management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march مارس): 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 147 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.20 كومة ا خدمات د تجو ال فعّ كأسلوب ي و لك ونيةالدفع تقنية: لك أنموذجا" سديد" ت بالكو ي و لك د زواو اري لز 1 اج، سة نف 2 متعاقد 1 ة ،أستاذ دار التنمية قتصاديةمخ باملؤسسات غرداية،لالرتقاء زائر( جامعة )ا zou.lazhar@yahoo.fr :يميل 2 متعاقد، احأستاذ مر قاصدي زائر( ورقلة،جامعة )ا nafissa19561@gmail.com : يميل the electronic payment as an effective way to improve the electronic government services: electronic "tasdeed" technology in kuwait as a model lazhar zouaouid 1, nafissa hajej 2 laboratory of administrative development for the promotion of economic institutions, 1university of ghardaia (algeria) 2 kasdi merbah university, ouargla (algeria) خ القبول 201903-13: رسالتار خ شر 20190326: تار ال خ 201903-31: تار ص :م ـدف خــاللال مـن امعـات ا ـ خر بطالـة رة ظـا ـ ع التعـرف ـو املقـال ـذا مـن تــم كمــا رة، الظــا ــذه ــة ملواج املتــوفرة ــزة ج و ــا ونتائج ا وخصائصــ ا ألســبا التعــرض عــدة ــ إ البحــث ــذا خلــص وقــد ســكرة، بواليــة العمــل ســوق رة الظــا ــذه واقــع عــرض ســـوق امعـــات ا ـــ خر بطالـــة أن ـــا م النمـــونتـــائج الرتفـــاع يرجـــع ســـكرة بواليـــة العمـــل ن ج ــر ا مــن ائـل ال العــدد عنــھ ـتج ي الــذي العـا التعلــيم ــ ع ايـد امل والطلــب ي ا السـ العمــــل ســــوق احتياجــــات مــــع العــــا التعلــــيم مخرجــــات مالئمــــة عــــدم ــــ إ باإلضــــافة ا ســــنو ال القطــاع ــ عمــل فــرص تــوف ــ الدولــة تــدخل وتراجــع ســكرة، القطــاعبواليــة أمــا عــام، ـ وال نيـة امل ة ـ ا مثـل امعـات ا ـ خر ـ تتوفر ال الت ومؤ شروط فيفرض اص ا سوق د تزو ز ا وغ سباب ذه عن تج ي مما سنوات، خمس ون ت املتوسط العمل سوق متطلبات مع يتالءم بما قتصادي النمو لدعم الالزمة بالكفاءات .العمل ا ذه ومةدفت ا خدمات د تجو ي و لك الدفع فعالية إبراز إ لدراسة  املر د: سلااملؤلف زواو اري zou.lazhar@yahoo.fr: يميل،لز https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.20&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 148 ن واملقيم العمالء لدى الر مستوى من ترفع أن يمكن امة أداة باعتباره ونية، لك ومــة ا قبــل مــن ــا وجود ــدمات ا أداء ــ ع ات الوصــفي. والشــر املــن اســتخدام وتــم ســ باعتبـــاره الدراســة ـــ ــ حـــولالتحلي أساســا تتمحـــور ــ ال ا الي إشـــ ــ ع لإلجابـــة ب تـم كما ونية، لك ومة ا خدمات د تجو ي و لك الدفع أسلوب مة مسا مدى تقنيــة مشــروع خـالل مــن ــت و ال دولــة ـة تجر ــ ع املوضــوع ــذا للــدفع" ســديد"إسـقاط املم ي و لك سلوب ذلك يمثل الذي ومي ا ي و والرسوميراداتدفعلك ومية ا ات ل متطورة ونية الك خدمات تقديم خالل من ومية .ا ــــــي و لك الـــــدفع نظـــــام أن ـــــا أبرز النتـــــائج، مـــــن مجموعـــــة ـــــ إ الدراســـــة توصـــــلت ومي وإرسـاء" سديد"ا تجسـيد ـ ـال فعّ ل شـ و م سـا طموحا نموذجا ت و ال بدولة وذل ونية لك ومة اا د وتجو دمات ا ن بتحس .ك املفتاحية لمات تقنيـة: ال ونيـة، لك ومة ا ومية، ا دمات ا ي، و لك الدفع .سديد يف jel: e42, h11,o33, o38 تص abstract: this study aimed to highlight the effectiveness of electronic payment in improving electronic government services, as an important tool that can raise the level of satisfaction of clients and businesses on the performance and quality of services by the government. the analytical descriptive approach was used in the study as the most appropriate to answer its problem, which is mainly focused on the contribution of the electronic payment method to improving egovernment services, this topic was also dropped on the experience of the state of kuwait through the project "tasdeed" to push the government which represents the distinctive electronic payment of government fees and income through the provision of advanced electronic services to the government. the study reached a set of results, most notably that the government electronic payment system "tasdeed" in kuwait is an ambitious model that جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 149 contributed effectively to the embodiment and establishment of e-government by improving and improving the services. keywords: electronic payment, government services, e-government, tasdeed technology. jel classification: e42, h11,o33, o38 :مقدمة. 1 ا طرح ال الفكرة إ ا ا ل بالش ونية لك ومة ا وم مف ور ظ آل"عود ـــي" جــور مر س الــرئ تــون "نائـــب لي ســـنة" بيـــل كيـــة،1992ـــ مر املتحـــدة بالواليــات شــــــبكة ـــــم ط ر خـــــالل مــــــن ن كي مـــــر ن للمـــــواطن ـــــدمات ا تقــــــديم الفكـــــرة ـــــذه ومفـــــاد عتمــد آخــر جانــب ومــن ومــة، أداءا ـــ تصــال و املعلومــات تكنولوجيــا ــ ع ومــة ا اليف الت وخفض الوقت ح لر ا شط . أ الضـــروري مـــن صـــار العـــالم، ـــ تصــال و املعلومـــات تكنولوجيـــا ثـــورة شـــار ان عــد و أن ســــتطيع ـــ ح ــــا إدارا ـــ ا واســــتخدام التقنيـــة ــــذه ســـتقطب أن الــــدول جميـــع ـــ ع ــــة، ج مــــن العـــالم مــــع ـــ ــــا،تتما ا مم مــــن ســـتفيد أن ســــتطيع ــــ ح أخـــرى ــــة ج ومـــن وقراطيــة الب وكــذا وراق ة ــ ك اســتخدام ـ ع القائمــة التقليديــة املعلومــات عــن تعـد وت دوات ــــ ع ــــا معامال ســــي ــــ عتمــــد ــــ ال الــــدول معظــــم ــــا م ي عــــا ــــ ال ية واملحســــو أدوات مــن ــي و لك الــدفع خاصــية عــد و يـــتمالتقليديــة، أن أي ونيــة، لك ومــة ا الـــدفع نمـــاذج أبـــرز أحـــد ـــذه البحثيــة ورقتنـــا ـــ ناول وســـن ونيـــة، إلك قـــة بطر ســديد ال تقنيــة ـــو و ونيـــة لك ومــة ل يـــد ا ـــوم املف يجســد الـــذي ــي و الـــذي" ســـديد"لك لتحصــــيل ونيــــة لك ســــاليب اســــتخدام ر لتطــــو يــــة و ال ومــــة ا يــــراداتأطلقتــــھ العامة . والرسوم البحث1.1 الية :إش ــ ال العمليـات تلــك ـ ع يقتصـر ال الواســع ومـھ بمف ــي و لك الـدفع مصـط إن ســــتفيد أن يمكــــن أيــــن آخــــر، بوجــــھ العمليــــة ــــون ت فقــــد فقــــط، ن املــــواطن ــــا م ســــتفيد خ مــــن ـــــدف بحيــــث ديثـــــة، ا ـــــي و لك الــــدفع أســـــاليب مــــن ـــــا يئا و ـــــالدولــــة إ اللـــــھ مــــن ن املــــواطن ــــ ع العــــبء تخفــــف ة عصــــر قــــة بطر العامــــة والرســــوم يــــرادات تحصـــيل ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 150 ـذه وفـق ل سـ التـا و أخـرى، ة ج من ة دار زة ج وفعالية كفاءة من وترفع ة، ج عــة املتا ولة وســـ بالدقــة تمتــاز ــا وتجعل ا لـــد التحصــيل إجــراءات قــة مـــا. الطر ضــوء ــ ع نا دراس جاءت التاسبق الرئ ساؤل ال ع لتجيب :ذه ــي و لك الــدفع أســلوب مة مســا مــدى ومــة" ســديد"مــا ا خــدمات ــد تجو ــ ونية؟ لك البحث2.1 :أسئلة غيــــــة الفرعيـــــة ســــــاؤالت ال مـــــن مجموعــــــة بطـــــرح قمنــــــا ســـــاؤل ال ــــــذا ـــــ ع لإلجابـــــة باملوضوع :حاطة ومةا تنفيذ ومراحل ال أش ونية؟ما لك للتطبيق؟ي و لك الدفع نظام مالئمة مدى ما ـــيو لك الــدفع نظـــام ا يقــدم ـــ ال املزايــا ـــ ن" ســديد"مــا واملـــواطن ومـــة ل ت؟ و ال بدولة البحث3.1 :فرضيات املقدمةدمات ا د تجو إ يؤدي ا امل وت متعددة ال أش ونية لك ومة ل ن، يحللمتعامل ت ومنظمة متعاقبة بمراحل يمر ونية لك ومة ا إ الوصول أن كما واملتطورة؛ ديثة ا التكنولوجيا ع عتمد نوعية خدمات إ الولوج اية ال ونية،لك ومة ل أساسية ة ورك كتقنية ي و لك الدفع نظام تطبيق إن واملـــــ ومــــة ا ن بـــــ التعــــامالت فجـــــوة يضـــــعيقلــــص أنـــــھ كمــــا مـــــا، بي الثقــــة عـــــزز و ن، واطن ؛ التكنولو التقدم مسار ومات ا وميا ي و لك الدفع ن" سديد"نظام واملواطن ومة ل يح ي مثا نموذج التعامــــل بإلغــــاء والتــــدرج والتحصــــيل الــــدفع طــــرق ن تحســــ ــــا وأبرز املزايــــا عديــــد ــــت و بال مسـ دفـع س وت يل س وكـذابالنقد، ات، والشـر ن واملقيمـ ن املـواطن ـ ع الدولـة تحقات النقدية التدفقات إدارة ن .تحس داف 4.1 :البحثأ ا؛تطبيق من دوى وا ونية لك ومة ا ال أش ع الوقوف للتطبيق؛مالءمتھ ومدى ي و لك الدفع نظام ع الوقوف جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 151 مجــــالــــ ــــت و ال ومــــة ح نمــــوذج ــــ ع ــــيالتعـــرف و لك الــــدفع(الــــدفع نظــــام ومي ).ا البحث5.1 مية :أ ي ما شمل اعتبارات عدة من الدراسة ذه مية أ بع :ت لـدىـي و لك الـدفع نظـام ـ تب أسس نحو تمام توجيھ الدراسة م سا املقدمــــــة ــــــدمات ا تحســـــن أن ا شــــــأ مــــــن ـــــ ال امج ــــــ ال وضــــــع وكـــــذا وميــــــة، ا يئـــــات ال ا؛لل ام م بمختلف ومية ا زة ج مع افة ن واملتعامل ن مواطن ـيو لك الـدفع نظـام معرفـة ع الضوء الدراسة تـھ" سـديد"سلط تب الـذي يمكــن مثـا نمــوذج ـ عت ــو و ا لـد ــدمات ا ن تحسـ ــ إ أدى والـذي يــة، و ال ومـة ا ت ومـــــــة ا عـــــــزم ظـــــــل ـــــــ خاصـــــــة بـــــــھ، تحـــــــذوا أن زائـــــــر ـــــــال ز أج مختلـــــــف عصـــــــرنة ـــــــ ب مســاعدة ــ الدراســة ــذه ميــة أ ز ــ وت ديثــة، ا دوات و الوســائل بمختلــف ا وتــدعيم مستقبال منھ ستفادة انية وإم النموذج ذا ع التعرف البالد ومية ا يئات .ال البحث6.1 :من ـذا الية إشـ ـة معا التحلي الوصفي املن ع البحث ذا اعتمدنا لقد التالية املحاور غطية خالل من ذا و لذلك، سب باعتباره : املوضوع، ول ونية: املحور لك ومة ل النظري .طار ي الثا ي: املحور و لك الدفع ية .ما الثالــــث ا: املحــــور ــــة تجر خــــدماتعــــرض ن تحســــ ــــ يــــة و ال ونيــــة لك ومــــة ي و لك ومي(الدفع ا ع الطا ).سديد-مشروع ونية. 2 لك كومة ل النظري طار وســــــــائل ســــــــتخدم الــــــــذي ــــــــومي ا الــــــــن ذلــــــــك عــــــــن ونيــــــــة لك ومــــــــة ا ــــــــ ع الــــــــــــــــداخ داء ــــــــــــــــز عز غيــــــــــــــــة نــــــــــــــــت ن ــةً وخاصــــــــــــــ واملعلومــــــــــــــــات تصــــــــــــــــال تكنولوجيــــــــــــــــا داء ز لتعز التكنولوجيا ع ية مب ومات ا ن ب فالعالقات ومية، ا وقراطيات للب نطــــــوي و وميــــــة، ا وقراطيــــــات للب يلالـــــداخ ســــــ ــــــ ع الدولــــــة ــــــ التكنولوجيــــــا دور من املختلفة ومات ا ن ب والتفاعل االت، والو دارات ن ب للمعلومات ع السر التبادل بيع أمور خاصةً ومة ا ا تتحمل ال اليف الت من للتقليل نت ن استخدام خالل ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 152 املتعـــددة ات الشـــر مـــن ـــدمات وا الســـلع ـــذا).2018زمـــاري،(وشـــراء خـــالل مـــن نحـــاول وكـــــــذا ا، تنفيـــــــذ ومراحـــــــل ا ال أشــــــ ونيـــــــة، لك ومـــــــة ا ــــــوم مف ـــــــ ع التعـــــــرف املحــــــور ا تطبيق .معوقات ونية1.2 لك كومة ا وم :مف وتطور التق للتقدم يجة ن ر ظ حديثا وما مف ونية لك ومة ا وم مف عد و املعلومـــات ثـــورة ر بتطـــو ة ـــ خ الســـنوات ــــــ ع ايـــد امل قبـــال مقابـــل ـــ تصـــاالت أداء ـــــــ ونيـــــــة لك ومـــــــة ا وتتمثـــــــل املتعـــــــددة، بتطبيقاتـــــــھ ـــــــ اســـــــب ا اســـــــتخدام للمنظمــات فقــط س لــ ــذا و ونيــة، لك الوســائل خــالل مــن املعلومــات وتبــادل عمــال وجم أفـــراد وشـــرائحھ املجتمـــع فئـــات جميـــع ـــ إ يمتـــد وإنمـــا عمـــال عتمـــدوعـــالم و اعـــات، ـــزة أج اســـتخدام مثـــل ديثـــة ا التقنيـــة وســـائل مـــن مجموعـــة ـــ ع ونيـــة لك ومـــة ا سـاعد ـ ال ونيـة لك الوسـائل مـن ا وغ ي و لك يد وال ات والشب اسب ا عمال تنفيذ ي،(ع صفحة2010القحطا ،26.( فق ونية، لك ومة ل فات عر عدة ناك عامو املتحدة مم ا عرف 2002د ا ومـة"بأ ا وخـدمات معلومـات لتقـديم ضـة العر العامليـة والشبكة نت ن استخدام ن قتصـــادية". للمـــواطن والتنميـــة التعــــاون منظمـــة ـــا عرف عــــام) oecd(كمـــا ،2003ـــ أن تصـاال " ع و املعلومـات تكنولوجيـا اسـتخدام ـ ونيـة لك ومة وخصوصـاًا ت أفضل ومات ح إ للوصول نت صفحة2010البدر،" (ن ،08.( ا أ ع ن الباحث عض ا عرف تـوف"و ـ ع املختلفـة وميـة ا القطاعات قدرة ســــرعة نـــت ن شــــبكة ـــ ع املعـــامالت وإنجــــاز ن للمـــواطن التقليديــــة وميـــة ا ـــدمات ا و أقل ود ومج اليف ت و ن، يت متنا الشـبكةودقة ـ ع واحد موقع خالل سـليمان،" (من صفحة2010 ،18.( ــــــا أ ــــــ ع ي القحطــــــا ــــــا عرف ــــــ" كمــــــا ع وميــــــة ا ــــــزة ج و القطاعــــــات قــــــدرة ـة دار شـطة لتنفيـذ ديثـة ا والتقنيات تصاالت و املعلومات تكنولوجيا استخدام وتقــد ليــة، اســبات ا ات وشــب نــت ن ــ ع ونيــا زمــانإلك ــل ــ ليــة ــدمات ا يم وخفـــــض التنفيــــذ وســـــرعة جــــراءات وتوحيـــــد داء ن وتحســــ ـــــودة يــــؤدي ممـــــا ــــان، وم بأقل ة دار املنظمات داف أ تحقيق دف الالزمة، واملعلومات البيانات وتوف لفة الت جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 153 ة دار العمليات ر وتطو لفة وت د وج ي،" (وقت صفحة2010القحطا ،28( ومــــــةو ا ــــــوم مف عــــــن ــــــ ع كمــــــدلول الرقميــــــة ومــــــة ا مصــــــط أيضــــــا طلــــــق ــــــــ واملعلومــــــــات تصــــــــال تكنولوجيــــــــات جميــــــــع اســــــــتخدام شــــــــمولية ــــــــ ع و ونيــــــــة، لك العام القطاع ).union, 2008, p. 09(منظمات ـــا أ ـــ ع ونيـــة لك ومـــة ا عـــرف أن يمكننـــا الســـابقة فـــات التعر خـــالل مـــن خــــاللاســــتخدام " ومــــن ــــا عمليا ــــ تصــــال و املعلومــــات لتكنولوجيــــا وميــــة ا ــــزة ج ــــ ع أساســـا ندة املســـ التقليديــــة املعـــامالت مـــن نتقــــال و ن، للمـــواطن ـــدمات ا تقـــديم تكنولوجيـــــــــــا أدوات اســـــــــــتخدام ــــــــــ ع قائمـــــــــــة ونيـــــــــــة إلك وخــــــــــدمات معـــــــــــامالت ــــــــــ إ وراق ب املعامالت إنجاز غية تصال و والزمناملعلومات املسافة واختصار عالية ودقة ".كفاءة ونية2.2 لك كومة ا ال :أش معـــــــامالت ــــــا خالل مـــــــن تــــــتم أن يمكـــــــن ونيــــــة لك ومـــــــة ل ال ـــــ أشـ ثالثـــــــة نــــــاك و ونية لك ومة د: (ا طي، صفحة.ت.السو ،09 ( &)fang, 2002, p. 06( ول 1.2.2 ل ـدمات: الشـ وا املعـامالت ـو رمــزو و ومـة ا ـ إ ومـة ا مـن تــتم ـ ال ا لدائرتـھ) g2g(ل موظـف اتصـال أي الدولـة، ـزة أج داخـل ي و لك التعامل ل ش أي تقــديم أو معلومــة ــ ع صــول ل وميــة ح وأخــرى وميــة ح دائــرة ن بــ اتصــال أو وميــة ا املعلومات تكنولوجيا ق طر عن خدمة أو .معلومة ي2.2.2 الثـــا ل بـــالرمز: الشـــ ـــا ل رمـــز و عمـــال ووحـــدة ومـــة ا ن بـــ تـــتم ـــ ال املعـــامالت )g2b (ومــة ا ن بــ اتصــال أي التجــاري، والقطــاع ومــة ا ن بــ ــي و لك التعامــل أي املعلومات تكنولوجيا ق طر عن خدمة أو معلومة لتقديم .وشركة الثالــــث3.2.2 ل ومــــة: الشــــ ا ن بــــ تـــــتم ــــ ال ــــدمات وا ـــــااملعـــــامالت ل رمــــز و فـــــراد و واملـــــواطن) g2c(بـــــالرمز ومـــــة ا ن بـــــ اتصـــــال أي فـــــراد، مـــــع ـــــي و لك التعامـــــل ـــــ ف املعلومات تكنولوجيا ق طر عن خدمة أو معلومة .لتقديم التا ل الش ونية لك ومة ا ال أش تجسيد مكن : و رقم ل ونية): 01(الش لك كومة ا ال أش ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 154 ذكره: املصدر سبق ما ع اعتمادا ن الباحث إعداد .من ونية3.2 لك كومة ا تنفيذ :مراحل ـــ و مراحــل ـــع أر ـــ إ ونيــة لك ومـــة ا تنفيـــذ مراحــل تقســـيم ،: (يمكــن ـــ العتي 2007( ــــــولحمر 1.3.2 التحــ ــــــات(لـــــــة بــــــــإعالن): املعلومــ ــــــــ أو كمرحلــــــــة طــــــــوة ا ـــــــذه ي تــــــــأ حيــــــــث املعلومـات تقاسـم لكـن سـيطا، فنيـا تحـديا تبـدي ـ و الشبكة ع دمات وا املعلومات خطوات عدة ومة ا تقوم املرحلة ذه و الثقة من ن مع مستوى توفر تتطلب مة امل مة : م وعادة ومية ا زة ج و ات ل ي و إلك منفذ موحـدايئة ـون ي ما فيــــھ يـــوفر بحيــــث نـــت، ن شـــبكة ــــ ع الرقميـــة ــــب الو تقنيـــة باســـتخدام ـــــــــدمات ا حـــــــــول املســـــــــتخدم ـــــــــا يحتاج أن يتوقـــــــــع ـــــــــ ال املعلومـــــــــات افـــــــــة ا؛ يرغ ال واملعلومات عـالم وسـائل خـالل مـن ـدمات ا تلـك تـوف بـدء عـن املجتم عالم املتخصصة .والندوات ـــذه فـــإن ـــذلك بـــاملوقعو دف املســـ ـــور م ا ـــف عر ـــ ع عمـــل املرحلـــة ـــدمات ا حـــول تصـــورا ـــوا نُ ِ ّو يَُ ــي ل الفرصـــة م إعطـــاؤ التـــا و ــومي، ا املوقع ا يقدم أن يتوقعون .ال التفاعــــــل2.3.2 عمليــــــة:مرحلــــــة ــــــ و ا، ســــــبق ــــــ ال للمرحلــــــة مكملــــــة املرحلــــــة ــــــذه ي تــــــأ واملست ومية ا زة ج ن ب إنجـازالتفاعل التـا و املتوفرة، تصال ات شب ع فيدين املرحلــة ــذه ــ و ــا، بي قيقــي ا التفاعــل حصــول التــا و عاليــة وكفــاءة ســرعة مــات امل مة م عناصر عدة : تتم حكـــــــــــــــــــــــــــومة ومـــــــــــــــــة فـــــــراد عمال وحدة ح ) g 2g ( )g2b( (g2c) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 155 شـــــــبكة ـــــــ ع لة ـــــــ امل وميـــــــة ا ـــــــدمات ل الصـــــــوتية ـــــــدمات ا يئـــــــة لذلك؛ مخصص اتفي خط خالل من نت ن وت ســــــيط ــــــدماتت ا لتقــــــديم املســــــتخدمة ونيــــــة لك النمــــــاذج نمــــــيط املستفيدين .ميع التعامـل3.3.2 العمــل:مرحلـة حيـث ن، السـابقت ن للمــرحلت اسـتكماال املرحلـة ــذه ي وتـأ املعـــــامالت إنجـــــاز ـــــ والدقـــــة الســـــرعة ـــــ ع عتمـــــد الـــــذي ونيـــــة لك ومـــــة ل قيقـــــي ا الوقـــ مـــن ـــ الكث وتـــوف جـــراءات، شــــبكةو ـــ ع املخصصـــة املواقـــع ـــ ع واملـــال ـــد وا ت شــــبكة خــــالل مــــن املعــــامالت وإتمــــام تنفيــــذ يمكــــن حيــــث الداخليــــة، ات الشــــب أو نــــت ن القــــــرارات واستصــــــدار دمـــــة ا تأديــــــة ــــــات ج مـــــع باالتفــــــاق ــــــي جز أو ـــــ ك ل شــــــ نـــــت ن ا خاصـــة ـــي جز أو ـــ ك ل شـــ ـــاتف ال شـــبكة خـــالل مـــن أو لـــذالك، ـــاملنظمـــة ال ـــدمات مـــــن ســـــتفادة عتبـــــار ن عـــــ آخـــــذين املصـــــرفية العمليـــــات الرقميـــــة البيانـــــات ســـــتخدم خطاء وتقليل ا ر تطو س لي املرحلة ذه ة .التجر امــل4.3.2 الت يـــتم: مرحلــة ــا وف ونيـــة، لك ومــة ا يخـــص فيمــا الـــذروة مرحلــة ـــ و ي ن : تأم ع فورا املعلومات الشبكة؛إتاحة ا؛ ل م واستجاب ونية لك ومة ا مع الناس تفاعل الشبكة؛ ع فورا املعامالت إكمال ع املقدرة أو العميل ان بإم أنھ ع ذا و مالئمة، ئة ب ل ش داف تلك جميع وتوحيد ا، متطلبا جميع ستو وأن ا، يحتاج ال املعلومات جميع ع يحصل أن وأناملواطن ذه نوع ان أيا واحد مصدر من ا بتلق مخوال ون ي ال دمات ا جميع يتلقى أو يطلب العامــة ــدمات ا جميـع تقــديم ــ أساسـيا ــدفا امــل الت ـون ي أن يجــب نــا و ـدمات، ا نت ن التا. ع ل الش ونية لك ومة ا تنفيذ مراحل تجسيد مكن :و رقم ل ونية): 02(الش لك كومة ا تنفيذ مراحل ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 156 ،: املصدر صفحة2014الصب ،09 ونية4.2 لك كومة ا تطبيق من دوى :ا أنّ ـون دقيـق ل شـ ونية لك ومة ا تطبيق من الفوائد نح أن يمكن ال ـ ع واملـال الوقـت تـوف عـدا زمنيـة ة ـ ف ـ م عد ا تطبيق من تج سوف فوائد ناك الفوائد ذه وتتمثل واملواطن، د: (الدولة طي، صفحة.ت.السو ،11( ممكن؛حد ى ألد ومة ا زة أج در ال تخفيف ومة؛وا الدولة زة ألج بالعمل داء درجة رفع املعامالت؛إنجاز ع ن العامل ن املوظف عدد تقليل فيماالتعامل الدولة مؤسسات عمل أداء ا؛رفع بي أوسع؛ل ش املجتمع املعلوماتية الثقافة شر فقط؛لك مس إ س ول ومنتج متفاعل بلد إ البلد تحول والفساد؛وقراطية والب ن الروت ع القضاء نالقوان وتجاوز الواسطة من د وا والثقة .الشفافية نوالعــــامل املؤسســــات ألداء يح ــــ ال التقيــــيم انيــــة والعقــــابإم الثــــواب وعدالــــة املعلومات ا إل الوصول أساليب أو دمات ا حول ساسية املعلومات تقديم التفاعل املوقع مع والتفاعل املباشر ط ا ع تصال ع النماذج(القدرة يل ت مثل التعامل ع ية الروتي العمليات إتمام ع املباشرالقدرة ط إجازات(ا ع صول ا طلب مثل امل الت خالل من واحدة، إتاحة نقطة من ومية ا دمات ا جميع إ الوصول ع القدرة جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 157 املناسب ان بامل املناسب الرجل .ووضع ومـــة ا تطبيقـــات عـــن ناجمـــة عديـــدة مخـــاطر ثمـــة أنـــھ عتقـــد مـــن نـــاك أن كمـــا ـــو العكـــس أن عتقـــدون ن البـــاحث مـــن العديـــد أنّ ـــ غ العاملـــة، يـــدي ـــ ع ـــة وني لك ا تطبيــق أنّ ــ ات العامليــة التجــارب خــالل فمــن يح، ــ لال شــ ال ونيــة لك ومــة ــ إ ســتؤدي ــا أل ــا، ل ي و ــا ع توز إعــادة ــ ع عمــل مــا بقــدر العاملــة يــدي ــ ع خطــرا عمليـــة ـــ و العـــام للموظـــف ـــ والف داري ـــوم املف ـــ ـــة ر وجو ـــة جذر ات ـــ غي إحـــداث إعــا يتطلـب ونيــة لك ومـة ا نحــو التوجـھ أنّ كمــا م، عييـ و ن املــوظف رســماختيـار دة ة شـر ال ـوادر ال ر تطـو ـدف املعلومـات تقانـة نحـو املجتمـع وثقافـة التعليمية السياسات توجيــــھ خــــالل مــــن املتقدمــــة الــــدول مــــن العديــــد لــــدى بــــھ املعمــــول التوجــــھ ــــو و املناســــبة، ــذه أنّ ــ بمع ونيــة، لك ومــة وا املعلومــات تقانــة نحــو واملجتمــع والتعلــيم الدراســة عمـــل نفــــاقالـــدول تقلـــيص ــــ إ ســـيؤدي التـــا و الدولــــة ـــ لــــإلدارة ليـــة ي إعـــادة ــــ ع ــ ع ن والتعيـ وقراطيـة الب مــن يـة العر الـدول ـ وخاصــة داري ـاز ا وتخلـيص العـام ا وم ذلك حول عديدة عاملية نماذج ناك و القرابة، وصلة والواسطة ية املحسو أساس الدو اسـتعانت حيـث مـثال، نـد ـةال ملعا التصـدي ـ ي معلومـا ن خـز مـن ا لـد بمـا لـة ا ف البطالة لة ،(مش الصفحات2013العرا ،28-29.( ونية5.2 لك كومة ا تطبيق :معوقات ام ـــ ل يـــتم لـــو تحقيقـــھ ممكـــن مســـ ونيـــة لك ومـــة ا ـــوم مف تطبيـــق إن التأكيــــد مــــن البــــد ذلــــك ولضــــمان ومتطلباتــــھ، شــــروطھ املعوقــــاتبمجمــــل مــــن جملــــة ــــ ع ا م أ تحقيقھ ق طر ض ع أن ا يمك شاوي،: (والعقبات صفحة2010ع ،290( ي1.5.2 القــــــانو انــــــب الشــــــأن: ا ــــــذا ــــــ متخصصــــــة عات شــــــر إصــــــدار يتطلــــــب والــــــذي الرق التعامل يتطلبھ ما وفق ن واملحام القضاة من مناسبة مجموعة ب .وتدر املـــا2.5.2 ــــو: العامـــل افيــــةو ال املخصصـــات تــــوف يـــتم لـــم إذا حاســــمة، عقبـــة ل شـــ املشروع ذا ل ساسية ية الب ل .لتمو الثقــة3.5.2 الــذي: عامــل ونيــة لك ومــة ا ــوم مف تطبيــق إلنجــاح ضــروري جــد ــو و سواء حد ع املؤسسات وأفراد ن املواطن نيات د ي أن .يجب جتما4.5.2 ع: العامل ن يلھيتع وتأ عام ل ش املواطن بتعليم عتناء ومة ا ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 158 خاص ل ش ديثة ا التقنيات استخدامات مع .للتعامل املعرفة5.5.2 ـ: إدارة ال املعلومـة تـوف خالل من التحليل ذا ضمن ا مي أ ز ت حيث بتحقـق يخـل ذلـك وعكس املحدد الوقت ن املعني افة ل ا وتوصيل بالكفاءة ـذاتتمتع .املشروع ي. 3 و لك للدفع يمي املفا طار ومـــــــــــة ا خـــــــــــدمات ــــــــــد تجو عناصـــــــــــر ــــــــــم أ مـــــــــــن الـــــــــــدفع وســــــــــائل تحـــــــــــديث ــــــــــ عت إال يمــــر ال ومـــة ل ـــي و لك ل الشـــ ـــ إ التقليــــدي ل الشـــ مـــن فاالنتقـــال ونيـــة، لك و يئـــــات ال عمـــــل ل ســـــ و ن املــــواطن طموحـــــات ـــــ تل ــــ ال الـــــدفع وســـــائل داراتبتحــــديث داة و التقنية باعتباره ي و لك بالدفع املتعلقة يم املفا املحور ذا ناول ن العامة، ا خدما د ولتجو ونية لك ومة ل ديث ا وم املف لتجسيد الة .الفعّ ي1.3 و لك الدفع ف : عر أنـــــھ ـــــ ع ـــــي و لك الـــــدفع ـــــ "عـــــرف ـــــ أمـــــوال ـــــل تحو ثمـــــنعمليـــــة ســـــاس خط ع البيانات وإرسال كمبيوتر، زة أج باستخدام أي رقمية قة بطر خدمة أو السلعة البيانات إلرسال قة طر أي أو ما شبكة أو ي صفحة2013سلطان،" (تلفو ،379 .( أنــــھ ــــ ع ــــي و لك الــــدفع ــــ الفر قتصــــادي املجلــــس عــــرف مجموعــــة"كمــــا عالمية، ونيةالتقنيات لك أو سية دعامة.... املغناط دون موال ل بتحو سمح ، ا لك واملســــ ع البــــا البنــــك، ن بــــ مــــن ثالثيــــة عالقــــة ــــا ع ــــتج ي ــــ وال ،2011واقــــد،" (ورقيــــة )20صفحة يمثل ي و لك الدفع أن القول يمكننا ن السابق ن ف التعر خالل استخدام"من و املعلومـــات تكنولوجيـــا أوأدوات دمـــة ا مقابـــل تـــتم ـــ ال ســـديد ال عمليـــات ـــ تصـــال ـــ ع عتمـــاد أي باملســدد، اصـــة ا البيانــات إرســـال غيــة كـــذلك ــا، م املســـتفاد الســلعة الدفع عملية ونية لك ".دوات ي2.3 و لك الدفع : أدوات للــد الواســع ــوم املف ضــمن تنــدرج ــ ال دوات مــن مجموعــة ــي،نــاك و لك فع ي ا م أ ن،: (نوجز الصفحات2010شا ،519-523( ي1.2.3 الـــذا الصــرف عـــام: آالت ي الـــذا الصـــرف آالت اســـتخدام فـــروع1967بـــدأ بأحـــد جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 159 لز"بنـك وعقــب" بـار النقـدي، ب ـ ال بخدمــة فقـط سـمح انــت حيـث املتحـدة باململكــة ــــــ البــــــدء تــــــم الت تلــــــك حققتــــــھ الــــــذي كيــــــةالنجــــــاح مر املتحــــــدة بالواليــــــات التطبيــــــق بنك ناشيونال"بواسطة ست ـذا"ف العـالم، أنحـاء مختلـف شـمل ل ا تطبيق شر ان ثم ، الصــرف وآلـة للبنــك ـ الرئ اســب ا ن بـ اتصـال وجــود ـ ع الت ــذه ـوم مف عتمـد و البطاقة بإدخال العميل قيام بمجرد العميل بيانات استقبال يمكن لتقومبحيث لة كمــــا ـــة، املطلو املصــــرفية ـــدمات ا ــــ تتمثـــل ــــة فور اســـتجابات بإعطــــاء ذلـــك عــــد لـــة ونيا إلك موال ل تحو مثل املتطورة خرى دمات ا من العديد مؤخرا ا إل .أضيفت لية2.2.3 امل طـھ: البنوك ور للعميـل ـ ال ـ اسـب ا اسـتخدام عـن عبـارة و ا نظام للبنكمع .اسب البيـــع3.2.3 نقـــاط عنـــد الطرفيـــة ـــ: الوحـــدات موجـــودة آليـــة حاســـبات عـــن عبـــارة ـــ و للبنك اسب با مباشر اتصال ع ون ت وال ى الك واملتاجر سواق و .املحالت املصرفية4.2.3 ئتمان ـتم: بطاقات و ـا لعمال البنـوك ـا تمنح بالسـتكية بطاقـات و لـــھاســـتخد الســـماح مـــع الحقـــا، ســـديد ال ثـــم الشـــراء ألغـــراض البنـــك عمـــالء قبـــل مـــن ا ام فائدة مقابل معينة ة لف املدين الرصيد سداد .بتأجيل التلفونية5.2.3 وخدمة: البنوك تصاالت مراكز شغيل خالل من العمليات إجراء يتم خاص سري رقم باستخدام التليفون بواسطة .العمالء أيضــــــــــا نـــــــــاك املــــــــــدفوعاتو تــــــــــدعم ــــــــــ وال ــــــــــي و لك الـــــــــدفع أدوات مــــــــــن العديــــــــــد ونيـــة، لك املحـــافظ اضـــية، ف ئتمـــان بطاقـــات غـــرار ـــ ع عـــام، ل شـــ ونيـــة لك كـــــروت نــــة، املخزّ القيمـــــة بطاقــــات مـــــدفوعات الالســــلكية، املـــــدفوعات الذكيــــة، البطاقــــات ).koponen.a, 2006, p. 03(ا...الوالء، ـــيخصـــ3.3 و لك الـــدفع الـــدفع: ائص ـــا يمتـــاز ـــ ال صـــائص ا مـــن مجموعـــة نـــاك و ي، و الصفحات2011واقد،: (لك ،23-25 ( ــي1.3.3 و لك الــدفع تقنيــة ــ إ ــي و لك العقــد دوليــة صــفة صــفة: امتـداد تضــفي أطرافـــــھ تباعـــــد ض ـــــ يف الـــــذي نـــــت ن ـــــ ع يـــــتم الـــــذي العقـــــد ـــــ ع غيـــــبالدوليـــــة حيـــــث الــــــدفع فوســــــيلة العقــــــد، بمجلــــــس ســــــ مــــــا أو املفاوضــــــات مائــــــدة ــــــ ع املــــــادي ضــــــور ا السمة ذه ل ستجيب ي و .لك ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 160 ــي2.3.3 و لك الــدفع بخدمــة تقــوم ــ ال ــة ا حيــث الطبيعــة:مــن ــذه ــ ع تــب ي توفر أي الوسيلة، ذه الدفع يح ي التعامل طر لدى مسبق مصر نظام زةتواجد أج ن للمتعــامل الثقــة تــوفر أن ا شــأ ومــن عــد عــن تــتم ــ ال العمليــات ــذه مثــل بــإدارة تقــوم تقوم ال املؤسسات من ا وغ بالبنوك أصلية بصفة الدور ذا تبط ف الوسيلة، ذه الغرض ذا .ل الفنيـة3.3.3 مـان وسـائل حيـث ي: مـن معلومــا فضـاء خـالل مـن ـي و لك الـدفع يــتم ـــذام داد ــ ف قــائم، ــي و لك الـــدفع أثنــاء الكــروت أرقــام ـــ ع الســطو خطــر فــإنّ فتــوح، جميـــع ســـتقبل فضـــاء ـــا باعتبار ات الشـــب مـــن ـــا غ عـــن نـــت ن ـــ ع الـــدفع ـــ طـــر ا ــــــون ي أن يجــــــب لــــــذلك م، ونوايــــــا م مقاصــــــد بمختلــــــف البلــــــدان جميــــــع مــــــن اص ــــــ ت أن ا شأ من فنية أمان بوسائل ا و والـدائنم بالـدفع يقـوم الـذي املـدين ـة و حـدد ر يظ ال حيث الغرض ذا ل معدة خاصة رامج و مشفرة قة بطر فتتم منھ، ستفيد الذي ب الو شبكة ع ي البن .الرقم ــــي4.3 و لك الــــدفع نظــــام ــــداف خــــالل: أ مــــن ــــي و لك الــــدفع ــــداف أ إبــــراز يمكــــن التالية )2014املعلومات،: (النقاط التقليـــــــــــــديال املســـــــــــــار مـــــــــــــن وميــــــــــــة ا عمـــــــــــــال تحـــــــــــــول إدارة ـــــــــــــ ع عمــــــــــــل خالل من التكنولو التق املسار إ املالية الرسوم دفع وقراطي الب ؛ ونياً الك ا دفع ونية لك ومة ا مشروع إنجاح ساعد ي و الك دفع وسيلة توف م د ج بأقل معامالتھ افة املواطن بإنجاز اصة مكن؛ا ــا عل املنصــوص الرســوم تحصــيل عميلــة ــ ومــة ل املــا داء ن تحســ القانون؛ وفق سـ جديدة نقود ونيـة"خلق إلك العملـة" نقـودا فئـات اليات إشـ وحـل الورقية؛ العملة دون قبـــــل مــــن حبـــــار و وراق ــــ ع املنفقــــة واملصـــــروفات ــــاليف الت تخفــــيض ت املعامالت انجاز ع ومة قليديا؛ا ن؛ املواطن قبل من ومة ل املباشر غ اض لالق آلية توف جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 161 ومة ا قبل من ا وجود دمة ا أداء ع املواطن ر مستوى .رفع و ي و لك الدفع عملية أطراف خمسة وجود إ شارة وتجدر :ذا دمة؛ ل املقدمة الوزارة العميل؛ الدفع إدارة ي؛مركز و لك البنك؛/ البنك وكيل املالية .وزارة ســـديد. 4 ال تقنيــة وفــق ونيــة لك كومــة ا خـــدمات ــد تجو ــ ــت الكو دولــة ــة تجر ي و لك مواكبـــــة ـــــ ع ونيـــــة لك ومـــــة ا ملشـــــروع ـــــا ن ت ظـــــل ـــــ ـــــت و ال دولـــــة حرصـــــت ت خـالل مــن وميـة ا والرســوم يـرادات دفــع ـ ــ التق ونيــةالتطـور الك خـدمات قــديم كة املش لية املصرفية دمات ا شركة باالستعانة ومية ا ات ل كيھ(متطورة ). knet/ نت– خدمـــة تنفيـــذ خـــالل مـــن ـــت و ال بدولـــة املاليـــة وزارة يـــتمكن" ســـديد"وتطمـــح بـــأن ا املاليـة والرسـوم يـرادات سديد من ات والشر ن واملقيم ن املواطن مـنجميع وميـة نت ن ع وقت أي و ان م سـديد. أي تقنيـة ـ إ التطرق املحور ذا خالل من ونحاول ا) مشروع( شـأ مـن ـ ال ـي و لك الـدفع صور تجسد ال املثالية النماذج من باعتباره ونية لك ومة ا خدمات د .تجو ونية1.4 لك دمات ا مؤشر ت الكو دولة ب ترت سـنة املتحدة لألمم ر تقر وظـا2016أو م تطـورا دت شـ ـت و ال دولـة أن ـــا ترتي وجـــاء ونيـــة لك املشـــاركة مؤشـــر ـــ55ـــ ـــا ترتي وصـــل ـــت و ال أن كمـــا ، عامليـــاً ـــ إ ونيـــة لك ـــدمات ا ســـنة40مؤشـــر ـــ ا يل ـــ ب مقارنـــة ـــب2014عامليـــاً ت 49ال .عامليا د ب ترت د ش ونيـةوقد لك ـة وز ا مجـال ـ ـت و ال يئـة-ولة عـده والـذي املتحدة لعام-مم ت و ال ب ترت بلغ حيث وظا، م والثامنة2006تقدما يا عر الثالثة بدولـــــة الرســـــمية ونيـــــة لك البوابــــة حـــــازت كمـــــا عامليـــــا، ن عــــ ر و ا، آســـــيو ـــــا ترتي حــــول ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 162 ع ت و عام3ال خالل الرسمية،2016جوائز ونية لك البوابة تطبيق حصل حيث ع املحمول اتف ال ع ومية ح خدمة أفضل جائزة ع الذكية زة لألج ت و ال لدولة أقيمـت ـ وال ومـات ل العامليـة القمـة وذلك الشامل التطبيق فئة ي العر املستوى فيفــــــري در 2016ــــــ ـــــــ ع التطبيــــــق حصــــــل كمـــــــا مــــــارات، دولــــــة ممارســـــــاتـــــــ أفضــــــل ع عــام يــة العر الذكيــة ومــة ا درع جــائزة ضــمن ومــات ل ي الــذ الــدورة2016التطبيــق ــق طر عــن ومعلومــات خــدمات مــن املسـتفيدين عــدد ــادة لز يجــة ن ــت و ال دولــة عة السـا ــــائزة ا ــــ ع الرســــمية ونيــــة لك البوابــــة موقــــع حصــــل كمــــا الذكيــــة، املحمولــــة ــــزة ج فئــــة ــــة ونز الدوليــــةال عمــــال ــــع توز حفــــل ضــــمن وذلــــك حيــــة الر ــــ غ 2016املنظمــــات يفي"املعروفة . الدولية" س عـام ـ ـت و ال لدولة ونية لك البوابة موقع أن ذكر خدمـة1755قـدم2016يُ من مقدمة ومعلوماتية ونية عام57الك للدولة البوابة إحصائيات ووفق ومية، ح ة ج الز 2016 عـــــدد بلغــــتفــــإن الرســـــمية البوابــــة موقـــــع ـــــ ع تمــــت ـــــ ال ـــــارة6ــــارات ز ن ماليـــــ املوقع ا د ،. (شا )2017مو ي2.4 و لك الدفع تطبيق ت الكو دولة داف أ اســتخدام ر وتطــو ونيـة لك ومــة ل التحـول ــ ـت و ال دولــة توجـھ مــع تماشـيا والرسو يرادات لتحصيل ونية لك يـةساليب و ال املاليـة وزارة حرصت العامة، م سـية والرئ امـة ال املبـادرات مـن ـ عت ا و ل ومي ا ي و لك الدفع مبادرة تنفيذ ع ـداف تحقيـق خـالل مـن للدولـة العامـة املاليـة أداء ن تحسـ الوزارة ة رؤ تحقق ال د: (التالية .)ت.املالية، الوتقليص جراءات سيط داري؛ت ن روت بالنقد؛التعامل بإلغاء والتدرج والتحصيل الدفع طرق ن تحس قــــةطر و وقــــت أي ــــ و ــــان م أي مــــن ــــي و لك الــــدفع خــــدمات ــــ ع صــــول ا آمنة؛ ات؛والشر ن واملقيم ن املواطن ع الدولة مستحقات دفع س وت يل س النقدية؛التدفقات إدارة ن تحس شاءالنفطية؛إ غ يرادات لبيانات إحصائية بيانات قاعدة جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 163 الدولةإليرادات .الدفع كومي3.4 ا ي و لك الدفع تنفيذه" سديد"مشروع املتبعة جراءات و كومي1.3.4 ا ي و لك الدفع "سديد"مشروع دفـــع ـــ ـــ التق التطـــور مواكبـــة ـــ ع الـــوزارة مـــن املاليـــةحرصـــا والرســـوم يـــرادات ــــ ــــومي ا ــــي و لك الــــدفع مشــــروع بــــإطالق يــــة و ال املاليــــة وزارة قامــــت وميـــة، ا جــــانفي2010مــــارس ـــــ ــــومي ا ـــــي و لك ع الطــــا مشـــــروع أطلقــــت كمـــــا كـــــال2013، ، ما شعار و سديد خدمة ضمن ن ومي: املشروع ا ي و لك الدفع ".سديد"نظام ـــاصوتقن وا العـــام القطـــاع ن بـــ كة املشـــ ع املشـــار مـــن ســـديد العـــام. يـــة القطـــاع شـركة ممثـل اص ا والقطاع املعلومات لتكنولوجيا املركزي از وا املالية بوزارة ممثل كة املش لية املصرفية دمات ".knet"ا املــــوا جميــــع يــــتمكن بــــأن ســــديد تقنيــــة تنفيــــذ خــــالل مــــن املاليــــة وزارة نتطمــــح طن ســـنة خــالل ات والشـــر ن وميـــة2016واملقيمــ ا املاليـــة والرســوم يـــرادات ســديد مـــن وإصـــدار للــدفع ونيــة الك قنــوات عــدة خــالل ومـــن نــت ن ــ ع وقــت بــأي و ــان م أي مــن ن واملقيم ن املواطن تحميل ودون مان و والسرعة ولة الس ا ف يتوفر ي و لك ع الطا ت أي ات سديدوالشر دمة م استخدام عند إضافية ن،. (لفة )2014السليط والرسوم يرادات لدفع ساسية ية الب ومي ا ي و لك الدفع مشروع عت املشروع ذا خالل تم حيث ومية ا ات ل ن،: (املالية )2014السليط يو لك للدفع ومية ا البوابة شاء .إ قنواعدة وميةتوف ا ات ا لدى ي و لك للدفع .ت ـاتل م عل ال املستحقات سديد من ات والشر ن واملقيم ن املواطن ن تمك البنكية البطاقات افة بواسطة ومية .ا ــــاتا حســــابات ــــ إ للعمـــالء البنكيــــة ســــابات ا مـــن املحصــــلة مــــوال ـــل تحو خالل املركزي البنك ومية .ساعة24ا تقنية2.3.4 كومي ا ي و لك الدفع مشروع تنفيذ املتبعة "سديد"جراءات ن تمكــ ــي و لك الــدفع لتقنيــة ــا تطبيق خــالل مــن يــة و ال ومــة ا تأمــل انــت عـــــــام ايـــــــة ب ومـــــــة ا مـــــــع ن املتعـــــــامل الـــــــدفع2011جميـــــــع خـــــــدمات ـــــــ ع صـــــــول ا مـــــــن ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 164 قنــ خــالل مــن ــومي ا ـي و آمنــةلك قــة طر و وقــت أي ــ و ــان م أي مــن متعــددة وات التاليـــة بـــاإلجراءات قامــــت ـــذا ل ـــاص، ا القطـــاع مــــع التعـــاون و عاليـــة كفـــاءة املاليــــة،: (و .)ت.د خشــركة2002/02بتـار مـع التعـاون انيــة إم مـدى دراسـة عمـل ــق فر شـكيل تـم إل ــي و لك التحصــيل مشــروع مزايــدة لطــرح العامــة ــدمات رقــما املاليــة وزارة يــرادات ؛2003-/20026 خشـــــاء2002/06/16بتــــار إ ــــ ع لإلشــــراف املركــــزي شــــراف ــــق فر شــــكيل تــــم املالية لوزارة تفاع موقع شاء إ مناقصة لطرح نت ن ع املالية لوزارة تفاع موقع رقم نت ن ؛2003-2002/15ع خمتا/ 2003/1015بتـــار نـــة املرتبطـــةشـــكيل التقنيـــة املشـــروعات تنفيـــذ عـــة وطــرح املناقصــة ــ و املزايــدة ــ الــوزارة متطلبــات لتوحيــد املاليــة لــوزارة التفــاع بــاملوقع واحدة؛ مناقصة خالعروض؛2004/08/29بتار وتقييم املناقصة كراسة إعداد ق فر شكيل تم املعلومــاتألمانــة املســاعد العــام ن مــ الســيد بمجلــسأســند القــرار اتخــاذ ودعــم خ بتــار وذلــك املاليــة لــوزارة والتحصــيل لــدفع الوطنيــة ونيــة لك البوابــة مبــادرة الــوزارة 2006/06/19. مــــنة ســــنغافورة15/11/2006-11بــــالف ــــة ور م املاليــــة وزارة وفــــد ــــارة ز تــــم لك الدفع بوابة بتطبيق اص ا السنغافوري النموذج ع ي؛لإلطالع و خي؛27/09/2007بتار و لك الدفع برنامج إدارة ق فر شكيل تم خشــــــــركة06/02/2008بتــــــــار مــــــــع التعاقــــــــد ــــــــ ع الفتــــــــوى شــــــــركةknetموافقــــــــة لية؛ املصرفية دمات ا شركةمع التعاقد ع املناقصات نة املصرفيةknetموافقة دمات ا شركة لية؛ شركةمع التعاقد ع املحاسبة ديوان املصرفيةknetموافقة دمات ا شركة خ بتار وذلك .21/04/2008لية وشـــــركةاملاليـــــة وزارة ن بــــ ـــــي و لك الــــدفع خـــــدمات تقـــــديم اتفــــاق عقـــــد توقيــــع جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 165 knetخ بتــــار ثــــالث08/05/2008وذلــــك ــــل العقــــد توقيــــع تكــــرر و ســــنوات ثــــالث وملــــدة ، حيث خسنوات بتار عقد آخر توقيع م؛2018ماي8تم خبتار ومي ا ي و لك ع الطا .2013جوان16دخول كومي4.4 ا ي و لك الدفع برنامج إدارة ق فر لة ":سديد"ي للمعلومــات املركــزي ــاز وا املاليــة وزارة مـن ــون امل ك املشــ ــق الفر ــود ج تتظـافر املصـــــــــرفية ـــــــــدمات ا كةوشـــــــــركة املشـــــــــ ـــــــــيknetليـــــــــة و لك الـــــــــدفع برنـــــــــامج إلدارة حدى ع ة ج ل أدوار املتضمن ومي : ا املالية1.4.4 وزارة :دور والتحصيل؛الدفع خدمات لتنظيم الالزمة املالية التعليمات إصدار ومية؛ا ات ل والتحصيل الدفع نماذج وتمثيل تصميم إطار وضع تفاقية؛توقيع الدفع خدمات لتوف الدفع خدمات مزودي مع سية الرئ ســيقبالت وميــة ا ــات ل ــ الــدفع خــدمات لتطبيــق العامــة طــة ا إعــداد الشأن؛ ذا املعنية ات وا املعلومات لتكنولوجيا املركزي از ا مع استخدامھ؛والتوسع ومي ا ي و لك الدفع برنامج إدارة جديدة؛دفع وسائط أو قنوات أو حلول أي واعتماد دراسة خــــــدماتلتطبيــــــق وميــــــة ا ــــــات ا ـــــة ز جا مــــــدى يانات اســــــت وتحليــــــل إعـــــداد ي؛ و لك الدفع للشــــــــرائحوفقــــــــا ــــــــي و لك الــــــــدفع لعمليــــــــات جماليــــــــة لفــــــــة الت ــــــــ ع التــــــــدقيق .املعتمدة املعل2.4.4 لتكنولوجيا املركزي از ا :وماتدور ونية؛لك ومة ا ألعمال املنظمة والسياسات اتيجيات س وضع رلتطـــو الفنيــة املعــاي وإصــدار املعلومــات وأمــن لالتصــاالت التحتيــة يــة الب يئــة ونية؛ لك دمات ا يو لك الدفع خدمات ر تطو ع ومية ا ات ا وحث .دعم ات3.4.4 ا كوميةدور :ا ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 166 الــــــــدفعخــــــــدمات لتطبيـــــــق وميــــــــة ا ـــــــات ا ــــــــة ز جا مـــــــدى يانات اســــــــت عبئـــــــة ي؛ و لك ؛الدفع دمات التحتية ية الب ر تطو سـيةالرئ لالتفاقيـة وفقـا والبنـوك ـي و لك الـدفع خـدمات مـزودي مـع التعاقـد املالية؛ وزارة مع عـةومتا العمــالء دمـة دور تطبيــقاسـتحداث عـن شــأ ت قـد ـ ال املنازعــات حـل ؛ والتحصيل الدفع خدمة املركزي؛البنك تحصيلھ تم ما مع دفعھ تم ما مطابقة دمةا مزود قبل من تقديمھ تم ما مع الفعلية العمليات عدد .مطابقة والبنوك4.4.4 ي و لك الدفع خدمات مزود ):knet(دور أحدث شغيل و يتركيب و لك الدفع بقنوات اصة ا مجيات وال زة .ج تقنيــــة وفـــــق ــــي و لك الــــدفع عمليــــة إبــــراز مكــــن خـــــالل" ســــديد"و مــــن ــــومي ا التا ل :الش رقم ل كومي): 03(الش ا ع الطا ملشروع ي و لك الدفع –سديد–عملية ت الكو بدولة د: املصدر .ت.املالية، ـي و لك الـدفع عمليـة تنفيـذ كيفيـة لنا يت أعاله ل الش خالل " سـديد"من الرســـــــوم ســــــديد و دفــــــع قنــــــوات مــــــن قنـــــــاة أي العمــــــالء ســــــتخدم بحيــــــث ــــــت، و ال بدولــــــة وميـة ا ـات ا لـدى ونيـة لك ـدمات ا وفـق املالية يرادات البيـع(و نقـاط ـزة أج جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 167 نــت ن ــ ع الــدفع املــة، املت البيــع نقــاط ــزة أج ــزة: الفرديــة، أج ونيــة، لك كشــاك النقالة واتف ال زة أج واملحمولة، العادية صية ال اسبات مسـتحقات)ا دفـع ـتم و ، إيــــر مـــن ومـــة اا عــــد يـــتم وميــــة، ا ـــات ا لــــدى التحصـــيل مراكـــز ــــ ورســـوم ادات خدمــة بوابــةطلــب خــالل مــن املاليــة يــرادات و الرســوم قيمــة ودفــع ــي و لك ســديد ال ومي ا ي و لك مـع)knet(الدفع العمليـات سـيق وت عـة بمتا املالية وزارة تقوم كما ، دمـــة ا يتأكـــد)knet(مـــزود ـــ خ ـــذا البنـــك، ـــ العميـــل لـــدى رصـــيد وجـــود مـــن بـــدوره خـــاص ســري رقـــم بإصــدار قــوم بيانـــاتو قــراءة ا عـــد مــن يـــتم للعميــل، ســـديد ال عمليــة ــــ إ ـــل مفعّ مــــن دمـــة ا حالــــة ـــ غي و البيانــــات قاعـــدة ــــ إ املعاملـــة رقــــم وإدخـــال ســـديد ال املتحصــــ إيـــداع يـــتم ثــــم ومـــن آليــــا، املعاملـــة نمـــوذج ــــ ع وطباعتـــھ ــــمســـتخدم يوميـــا الت ـــ ال العمليـــات عـــدد تحديـــد ي يـــأ ثـــم ومـــن املركـــزي، البنـــك ـــ وميـــة ا ـــات ا حســـاب ـــــات ا ميــــع ة ر الشــــ العمليـــــات عــــدد إجمــــا وتحديـــــد وميــــة ح ــــة ج ـــــل لــــدى تمــــت باملطالــــــب ـــــات ا ـــــد تزو يـــــتم ـــــ خ ــــــ و املناســـــبة، حة الشـــــر ـــــ ع ا ســـــكي و وميـــــة ا املستحقا لدفع ة ر دمةالش ا مزودة للشركة ا عل ال .ت كومي5.4 ا ي و لك الدفع مشروع ات " سديد"مم تقنية ا" سديد"ملشروع م نذكر املزايا، من ن،: (العديد )2014السليط ةســــــــر عالمــــــــات إلضــــــــافة جــــــــدا عاليــــــــة ونيــــــــة لك العمليــــــــة ــــــــ مــــــــن و ة الســــــــر مرئية؛ غ ونية إلك الصــــــعبعمليــــــاتمــــــن مــــــن العديــــــد إلضــــــافة ــــــي و لك ســــــديد ال خدمــــــة ــــــر تزو ا؛ غ عن ا تم العملية داخل ي و لك شف ال ـــــــةا لـــــــدى ــــــا تفعيل عنـــــــد أخـــــــرى مــــــرة دمـــــــة ا اســـــــتخدام إعــــــادة الصـــــــعب مــــــن ا؛ تم مشفرة ونية إلك إشارات ا ل سديد خدمة ل ون ل ومية ا ســـــــديدال اســـــــتخدام يمكـــــــن لـــــــدىال املتـــــــوفرة ـــــــزة ج خـــــــالل مـــــــن إال ـــــــي و لك فقط؛ ومية ا ات ا عـةر ماية ا عناصر تتوفر دمة ا تفعيل و إصدار ض،: عند التفـو التـدقيق، واملحاسبة؛ املصادقة ـتو ال نت ن ومزودي تصاالت ات شر افة مع بالتعاون دمة ا تقديم ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 168 الب دائما يتوفر التا نت؛و ن خطوط أو تصال شبكة خلل وجود حال ديل ســـــديدال خـــــدمات افـــــة إتاحـــــة ـــــ ع قـــــادر الطـــــوارئ موقـــــع ـــــ بـــــديل نظـــــام وجـــــود الطوارئ عند ي و .لك املشروع6.4 من املستفادة :الدروس مشــــروع ــــ تب حالـــة ــــ ــــا م ســـتفادة يمكــــن ــــ ال الـــدروس مــــن مجموعــــة نـــاك ز با امماثل م نذكر ن،: (ائر، )2014السليط لتوقيـعحاجـة وال دمـة ا مـزودة الشـركة مـع مركزي اتفاق عقد بتوقيع كتفاء ــ وأســرع وميــة ا ــات ل أفضــل وميــة ا ــات وا دمــة ا مــزود ن بــ فرعيــة عقــود ي؛ و لك سديد مشروع تطبيق عميم أفضــدمــة ا مــزود ملســتحقات املركــزي تحاســبالــدفع مــن وميــة ا ــات ل ل حدى؛ ع ومية ح ة ج ل مع دمة ا مزود لعــــــدمأفضــــــل املاليــــــة وزارة حســــــاب ــــــ ونيــــــة لك الرســــــوم إيــــــرادات تصـــــبح أن ومية؛ ا ات وا املالية وزارة ن ب ات سو ال إجراءات الدخول وز ــــ ونيــــة لك ــــدمات ا إلصــــدار املركــــزي النظــــام ــــون ي أفضــــلأن املاليــــة ارة دمة؛ ا مزود لدى وجوده من بكث العمليةمبلغ قل لما العمليات زادت لما الشركة مع للتحاسب شرائح وجود ـل مستوى ع املقبولة العمليات عدد إجما مقابل الشركة مستحقات ودفع الشرائح العام؛ املال الكث وفر ومية ا ات ا ســـتالعمـــللتحقيــق إجــراءات ندســـة إعــادة يجـــب املشــروع مـــن القصــوى فادة ـــــي و لك ســــديد ال نظـــــام تطبيــــق مـــــع وميــــة ا ـــــة ا لــــدى داري ن الـــــروت وتقلــــيص ا؛ لد ومي ا ـــاتا بأنظمـــة ـــط ر تتطلـــب ال ـــ ال القنـــوات البيـــع(تطبيـــق نقـــاط قنـــاة تطبيـــق ي الــــــذا الـــــدفع ـــــزة وأج ع) الفرديـــــة عمليـــــة ــــــســـــرع ع ـــــي و لك ســـــديد ال تطبيــــــق مـــــيم ؛ الور سديد بال التعامل وإيقاف ومية ا ات ا مثــلشـــركة نــت"وجــود ـــل) knet" (ـــي مـــع وتتعامــل البنـــوك شــبكة تـــدير ـــة مركز حسـاب ـ إ البنـوك ـل مـن سديد ال عمليات من املحصلة موال ل بتحو وتقوم البنوك جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 169 ل س املركزي البنك ة ج املشروع؛ل لفة ت من الكث وتوفر املشروع تنفيذ ا كث أيلــدى ــا مركز ماليــة رسـوم تتطلــب ــ ال وميـة ا ونيــة لك ــدمات ا ر تطـو ونية لك دمات ا نظم ر تطو ومية ا ات ا بطء عا مختصة ومية ح ة ج نظام مع امل الت عمل و ا اصة ا ونية لك يوالنماذج و لك سديد .ال ت7.4 بالكو ونية لك كومة ل قيقي ا التفعيل :معوقات وميــــة ا ــــدمات ا مؤشــــر ــــ ــــت و ال دولــــة أحرزتــــھ الــــذي املتقــــدم ــــب ت ال رغــــم ناك مازالت أنھ إال ا، وتنوع ومي ا ي و لك الدفع وسائل توفر ورغم ونية، لك ا التفعيـل دون حائلـة ــرمعوقـات تقر أشـار بحيـث ـت، و بال ونيـة لك ومــة ل قيقـي ــ إ ــت، و ال ــ ونيــة لك ومــة ا واقــع عــن والتنميــة للتخطــيط العامــة مانــة شــرتھ ـ ع ـت، و بال ونيـة لك ومـة ل مثـل التطبيق عرقل سية رئ تحديات سبعة وجود ا الشــأن ــذا ل العاليــة انيــات امل تــوافر مــن التحــديات. يــوي الــرغم ــذه أن ــر التقر وذكــر ل،: (تصب و )2017ا ي؛و لك التعامل متطلبات ملواكبة شر ال طار ضعف ومي؛ا شابك ال ادة ز ومية؛ا ات ا ن ب سيق الت ضعف ا؛واختالف ات ا املستخدمة التقنيات عدد عملفرق كفاءات ومية؛اختالف ا املعلومات تكنولوجيا ع؛املشار تنفيذ ع ات ا قدرات ضعف ـــــاتا قبـــــل مـــــن جتمـــــا التواصـــــل لوســـــائل متواضـــــع اســـــتخدام ـــــ إ إضـــــافة ور م ا مع للتواصل قديمة لتقنيات أع استخدام مقابل ومية .ا :خالصة. 5 مية أ إبراز البحثية الورقة ذه خالل من ـوميحاولنا ا ـي و لك الـدفع ـ تب مــن بــرز ــدف ال ــان و ونيــة، لك ومــة ا خــدمات ــد لتجو مثــل ســلوب باعتبــاره مشروع ع الضوء تطبيقـھ" سديد"سليط انيـة إم ـو لـذلك، كنمـوذج ـت و ال بدولـة و ا مشـــروع ـــ إ نتقـــال ومـــة ا عـــزم ظـــل ـــ خاصـــة زائـــر، ا ـــ بفكرتـــھ خـــذ مـــةو مــــازال ذلــــك رغــــم لكــــن القطاعــــات، عديــــد ــــ و قليلــــة ســــنوات منــــذ بــــدأ الــــذي ونيــــة لك ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 170 يتطلب حيث املالية، وزارة باألخص ات، والشر ن املواطن تطلعات عن عيد و شما مح التحصــــــيل عمليــــــات ن للمــــــواطن ل ســــــ ــــــدمات ا متعــــــددة ونيــــــة إلك بوابــــــة شــــــاء إ مـــــر ا ز ع عمل و ة، ج من منوالدفع دمات ا تقديم ة دار زة ج وفعالية كفاءة دة أخــرى ــة والتوصــيات. ج تاجات ســت مــن جملــة ــ إ التطــرق يمكننــا ســبق مــا ضــوء ــ وع الشأن ذا ة وضرور مفيدة ا نرا .ال تاجات1.5 :ست املعلومــــــاتلتكنولوجيــــــا ــــــان و عديــــــدة لتحــــــوالت نتــــــاج ــــــ ونيــــــة لك ومــــــة ا املقدمـــــةو ـــــدمات ا ن لتحســـــ مثـــــا نمـــــط ـــــ و ا، تجســـــيد ـــــ وفـــــر ب النصـــــ تصــــال ن؛ للمتعامل ودعـمـة دار التعقيـدات مـن التقليـل ـو ونيـة لك ومـة ل سا دف ال املعامالت؛ ولة والس والسرعة الشفافية صـــور ن وتحســــ قتصـــاد رفــــع ـــ م ســــا ل ســـ ونيــــة لك ومـــة الدولــــةا ة ات؛ والشر ن املقيم ن، املواطن خدمة إ دف ا أ كما عام، ل ش ــــــــايجر ــــــــ ال ــــــــة دار جــــــــراءات ــــــــومي ا ــــــــي و لك الــــــــدفع عمليــــــــات ل ســــــــ ومة؛ ا قبل من ا وجود دمة ا أداء ع رضاه مستوى وترفع املتعامل، ـوميا ـي و لك الـدفع ا" سـديد"نظـام مبدولـة ســا طموحـا نموذجـا ـت و ل ـــــــــدمات ا ن بتحســـــــــ وذلـــــــــك ونيـــــــــة لك ومـــــــــة ا وإرســـــــــاء تجســـــــــيد ـــــــــ ـــــــــال فعّ ل شـــــــــ و ا؛ د وتجو لــدىونيــة لك ــدمات ا وفــق املاليــة يــرادات و الرســوم ســديد و دفــع قنــوات تقنيــــــة ا تتضــــــم ــــــ وال وميــــــة، ا ــــــات مثــــــل" ســــــديد"ا البيــــــع: متعــــــددة نقــــــاط ــــــزة أج نــتالفرديــة ن ــ ع الــدفع املــة، املت البيــع نقــاط ــزة أج ــزة: ، أج ونيــة، لك كشــاك النقالة واتف ال زة أج واملحمولة، العادية صية ال اسبات .ا :التوصيات2.5 ـــــوميا ـــــي و لك الـــــدفع نظـــــام ـــــة تجر ـــــ ع طـــــالع بدولـــــة" ســـــديد"ضـــــرورة نظام ر تطو منھ ستفادة و ت و زائر؛ال با ومي ا ي و لك الدفع ـــــاط ور ومـــــة، ا قطاعـــــات جميـــــع لــــدى املعلومـــــات وتحـــــديث جمـــــع ـــــ ع العمــــل جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 171 املعلومات؛ تبادل سرعة ضمان أجل من نت، ن شبكة ـــديثــة ا التكنولوجيـــا اســتخدام ــ جديـــدة ووســائل آليــات إيجـــاد ــ ع العمــل وزارة قبــــل مــــن ــــا ن وت املــــا ـــــزةالقطــــاع أج مختلــــف عصــــرنة ــــ إ التوجــــھ ظــــل ــــ املاليــــة ومة؛ ا ـــــدفزائــــر ا ـــــ ــــي و لك الــــدفع نظـــــام خــــدمات ر تطــــو بحـــــوث دعــــم ضــــرورة مضطرد؛ ل ش و دمات ا تلك شار وان توسيع تصـــــــــاالتلشـــــــــبكة ساســـــــــية يـــــــــة الب وتـــــــــوف ـــــــــومي ا الـــــــــدعم تـــــــــوف ضــــــــرورة داعمة سياسات تطبيق إ دمات؛باإلضافة ا تلك شار الن بمســــــــتوىلالرتقـــــــاء ن العـــــــامل ب وتــــــــدر الـــــــوظيفي ـــــــادر ال أداء ر تطــــــــو ـــــــ ع العمـــــــل ي؛ و لك الدفع مجال السيما ومية ا دمات ا ـومي،ا ي و لك الدفع ومزايا بفوائد ن املواطن س تحس ع العمل ضرورة بخصـــــوص ــــم ل ة الضــــرور يالت ســــ ال تخفـــــيضوتقــــديم ــــ ع غفــــال وعــــدم ــــاليف، الت املالية م ومقدر يتوافق الذي ل بالش اك ش .رسوم املراجع. 6 fang, z. (2002). e-government in digital era: concept, practice, and development. international journal of the computer, 10 (02), 06. koponen.a. (2006). e-commerce, electronic payments. telecommunications software and multimedia laboratory. helsinki university of technology. union, i. t. (2008). electronic government for developing countries. ict applications and cybersecurity division (cyb), switzerland . .دار یافا العلمیة للنشر والتوزیع: األردن. الحكومة اإللكترونیة). 2010. (إبراھیم سلیمان 24تاریخ االسترداد ". الذكیة... "الحكومة اإللكترونیة خطوة مھمة نحو": التخطیط). "2017, 01 19. (إبراھیم موسى :alraimedia ، من2018, 12 http://www.alraimedia.com/home/details?id=9fd3e600-d658-481b-8663-8516a2d6a7c0 ة ). 2010. (أحمد بن عیشاوي ة اإللكترونی ق الحكوم ر تطبی ال) e.g(أث ات األعم ى مؤسس ث . عل ة الباح ، )09(مجل 290. تاریخ . وني الحكومي بدولة الكویتورقة عمل وزارة المالیة حول مشروع الطابع اإللكتر). 2014. (بدر راشد السلیطین :slideserve، من 2019, 01 21االسترداد https://www.slideserve.com/william-osborn/6346451 دراسة تاریخیة حتى : دور الحكومة اإللكترونیة في التنمیة العربیة المستدامة). 2013. (ذاكر محي الدین عبد هللا العراقي .29-28، )29( 09إقلیمیة ، دراسات . 2008عام لطان اض س وبیة). 2013. (ری ات الحاس م المعلوم ة: نظ ركات الرقمی ي الش ة ف ات عملی ات وتطبیق دار : األردن. نظری .زھران للنشر ویطي ماعیل الس بلي اس ا.). ت.د. (ش ا ومعوقاتھ ة ومتطلباتھ ة اإللكترونی ق الحكوم ن تطبی ة م ا المأمول ة : المزای دراس .جامعة القدس المفتوحة: فلسطین. جھة نظر موظفي وزارة الداخلیة الفلسطینیةاستطالعیة من و دفاع ). 2010. (صالح بن محمد القحطاني تطبیق الحكومة االلكترونیة ودورھا في التطویر اإلداري بالمدیریة العامة لل .یة السعودیةكلیة الدراسات العلیا، المملكة العرب. رسالة ماجستیر في العلوم اإلداریة . المدني ال يف جتويد خدمات احلكومة اإللكرتونية ّ " تسديد"تقنية : الدفع اإللكرتوني كأسلوب فع اإللكرتوني بالكويت أمنوذجا لزهاري زواويد / د حجاج نفيسة/ د 172 ل ادل الحوی اري ع ة). 2017, 04 12. (ض ة اإللكترونی ترداد . الحكوم اریخ االس بس2019, 01 19ت ن الق : ، م https://alqabas.com/381837/ مدى إمكانیة تطبیق مفھوم الحكومة اإللكترونیة في القوات الجویة بالمملكة العربیة ). 2007. (عبد هللا بن صغیر العتیبي .جامعة الملك سعود: كلیة إدارة األعمال، الریاض. رسالة ماجستیر . السعودیة اھین د هللا ش ي عب ا). 2010. (عل ة علیھ ائل الرقاب ا ووس ة ومخاطرھ دفع اإللكترونی م ال ك : نظ ى بن ة عل ة تطبیقی دراس .523-519، )01( 12مجلة جامعة األزھر ، . فلسطین ة في بوابة الحكومة اإللكترونیة لدول مجلس التعاون لدول الخلیج إدارة المعرف). 2014. (محمد إبراھیم حسن الصبحي .مركز اإلمارات للدراسات والبحوث االستراتیجیة: أبوظبي. العربیة .كلیة االقتصاد، دمشق. رسالة ماجستیر . متطلبات نجاح الحكومة اإللكترونیة في سوریا). 2010. (محمد البدر :، من2019, 01 02تاریخ االسترداد . mawdoo3). 2018, 03 07. (محمد زماري https://mawdoo3.com/%d9%85%d8%a7_%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%86%d9%89 _%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9_%d8%a7 %d9%84%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86% d9%8a%d8%a9 ، 2019, 01 12تاریخ االسترداد . نظام الدفع اإللكتروني الحكومي). 2014. (وزارة االتصاالت وتكنولوجیا المعلومات http://eapp.gov.ps/maineapp/c_dashboard/epaidمن ة ومي.). ت.د. (وزارة المالی ي الحك دفع اإللكترون ام ال ترداد . نظ اریخ االس ن 2019, 01 20ت ، م http://www.mof.gov.kw/tasdeed/tasded.aspx د ف واق ي). 2011. (یوس دفع اإللكترون انوني لل ام الق تیر . النظ الة ماجس ر. رس وق، الجزائ ة الحق ود : كلی ة مول جامع .معمري، تیزي وزو references : fang, z. (2002). e-government in digital era: concept, practice, and development. international journal of the computer, 10 (02), 06. koponen.a. (2006). e-commerce, electronic payments. telecommunications software and multimedia laboratory. helsinki university of technology. union, i. t. (2008). electronic government for developing countries. ict applications and cybersecurity division (cyb), switzerland. ibrahim,. (2010). the electronic government. jordan: dar yava for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] ibrahim, m. (19 01, 2017). “planning”: e-government is an important step towards… “smart”. redemption date 24 12, 2018, from: http://www.alraimedia.com/home/details?id=9fd3e600-d658-481b-86638516a2d6a7c0[in arabic] benaichaoui, a. (2010). the impact of implementing e-government (e.g) on business enterprises. researcher journal 9, 290. [in arabic] al-sulaitin. b. r. (2014). ministry of finance working paper on the government electronic stamp project in the state of kuwait. redemption date 21 01, 2019, from: https://www.slideserve.com/william-osborn/6346451[in arabic] al-iraqi, z. m. a. (2013). the role of e-government in sustainable arab development: a historical study until 2008. regional studies, 9 (29), 28-29. [in arabic] sultan, r. (2013). computer information systems: practical theories and applications in digital enterprises. jordan: zahran publishing house. [in arabic] al-sweiti, s. i. (n.d). the advantages, requirements, and constraints of e-government implementation: a survey from the viewpoint of the palestinian ministry of interior employees. palestine: al-quds open university. [in arabic] جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 173 -147 :ص 173 al-qahtani, s. b. (2010). application of e-government and its role in administrative development at the general directorate of civil defense. (master thesis. college of graduate studies, kingdom of saudi arabia). [in arabic] al-hwail, d. a. (12 04, 2017). the electronic government. 19 01, 2019, from al qabas: https://alqabas.com/381837/[in arabic] al-otaibi, a. b. (2007). the extent to which the e-government concept can be applied in the air force of the kingdom of saudi arabia. (master thesis. king saud university). [in arabic] shaheen, a. (2010). electronic payment systems, their risks and means of control: an empirical study on bank of palestine. al-azhar university journal, 12 (1), 519523. [in arabic] al-subhi, m. i. h. (2014). knowledge management in the e-government portal of the cooperation council for the arab states of the gulf. abu dhabi: the emirates center for strategic studies and research. [in arabic] al-badr, m. (2010). requirements for the success of e-government in syria. (master thesis, faculty of economics, damascus). [in arabic] ministry of communications and information technology. (2014). government electronic payment system. redemption date 12 01, 2019, from http://eapp.gov.ps/maineapp/c_dashboard/epaid[in arabic] ministry of finance. (n.d). government electronic payment system. 20 01, 2019, from http://www.mof.gov.kw/tasdeed/tasded.aspx[in arabic] waked, y. (2011). the legal system for electronic payment. (master thesis, university of mouloud mamari, tizi ouzou). [in arabic] management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march مارس): 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 34 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.7 ع وتطوره املؤسسة والتنظيميمدارستصال داري الفكر ةجمادي من 1 )الجزائر( عنابةباجي مختار، جامعة ،ب ةمحاضر ةأستاذ 1 djedidmina@yahoo.fr :اإلیمیل communication in the institution and its development through administrative and organizational thought schools djemadi mounira1 badji mokhtar university, annaba (algeria) 1 خ القبول 201903-12: رسالتار خ شر 20190329: تار ال خ 201903-31: تار ص : م ــ تصـال ــ إ ثـم عامـة تصــال ـوم ملف التعــرض ـ إ البحثيـة الورقــة ـذه ـدف تصال وم مف تطور إ ومنھ خاصة، بصفة ةاملؤسسة دار املدارس ع املؤسسة مدرســـــة ـــــ إ الرســـــ تصـــــال ـــــ ع ـــــا تمام ا انصـــــب ـــــ وال الكالســـــيكية، باملدرســـــة بـــــدءا الرســـمية ـــ غ تصـــال قنـــوات فتحـــت ـــ ال ســـانية ـــة. العالقـــات النظر ـــ إ نتقـــال ثـــم عمليـــ مـــن بـــھ تمـــام زاد بحيـــث تصـــال قنـــوات مـــن وســـعت ـــ وال لالتصـــال ديثـــة ةا ارجية ا ئة الب ع انفتاحھ إ .داخلية املؤسســـــة: فتاحيـــــةامللمــــاتال ــــ تصـــــال الكالســـــيكية،تصـــــال، العالقـــــات،املدرســـــة ديثة،سانية ا ة . النظر يف .jel :d83،d23 ،l22تص abstract: this research paper aims to explore the concept of communication in general and then to communication in the institution in particular, and from it to the development of the concept of communication in the institution through schools of management thought starting with the classical school, which  املر ة: سلااملؤلف ،من djedidmina@yahoo.fr: يميلجمادي https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.7&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 50 -34 :ص 35 focused its attention on formal communication to the school of human relations, which opened informal channels of communication. then the transition to the modern theory of communication, which expanded the channels of communication so that interest in it increased from an internal process to its openness to the external environment. keywords: communication, communication in institution, classic school, human relations, modern theory. jel classification: d83, d23, l22. :مقدمة.1 تصال يم مفا ااختلفت نا يت ال ات تجا و ة الفكر املنطلقات بحسب لھ النظرة ا مع وتطورت مدارس عدة ع وم املف ذا تطور فقد ن واملفكر ن الباحث أن باعتبار ار ا إ الداخ تصال ومن الرسمية، غ إ الرسمية من انطالقا ديثة ا ات تجا حسب ذا و مفتوح نظام .املنظمة تص املؤسسةو داخل العالقات ناء و التفاعل إلحداث ضروري املؤسسة ال ار ا ا ومحيط املؤسسة ن ب العالقات ذه أواصر ومد ة ج يتضمن. من البحث ذا و ي الكالسي الفكر من بداية املدارس ع وتطوره املؤسسة تصال و تصال، ف عر ديث ا الفكر .إ ب تمام ازداد تطوراوقد ة خ ذه عرفت أن عد املنظمات االتصال ال التا و العمل، ميدان عن ا مس وابتعاد ا، عقيد و ا م ادة لز نظرا وظا م ا ع بطا سواء تصاالت، من مستمرة حلقات ع إال ا داف أ تحقيق املنظمات ستطيع الرس غ أو وجود. الرس تصال عملية ستلزم عو واملتلقي املرسل ن ب تفاعل ف تحر أو ھ شو دون كما الرسالة توصيل دف تصالية .القناة البحث1.1 الية :إش من إليھ النظرة وتطور تصال موضوع من البحث ذا الية إش تتمحور و ديثة، ا املدارس إ الكالسيكية املحورياملدرسة السؤال بحثنا الية إش تتج ؟: لتاا والتنظي داري الفكر مدارس ع املؤسسة تصال وم مف ما مجادي منرية الفكر اإلداري والتنظيمي مدارساالتصال يف املؤسسة وتطوره عرب 36 البحث2.1 :أسئلة التالية ساؤالت ال طرح تم البحث الية إش ة :ملعا املؤسسة؟ تصال وم مف ما املؤسسة؟ تصال أنواع تتمثل فيما داري؟ الفكر مدارس لدى تصال وم مف ما ف. 2 :تصالعر التواصل:لغة1.2 لمة من مشتقة اتصال فاعل" واصل"لمة وزن تواصل. ع لمة و حدود إ تواصل لمة ش و مواصلة، وصال ا ومصدر تفاعل، صيغة ع جاءت ن الطرف ن ب ما الفعل وتقاطع. املشاركة وتنافر اجر تواصل نقيض ون أما. و و و لالتصال ي الثال الفعل من جاء بمع" وصل"تصال أي وصلت ل ش ع وجاءت اتصل بمع ووصل بلغ أي وصوال إليھ ووصل أيضا، وصلة وعد باب من ء ال صفحة2011املشاقبة،( ،21(. تصال لمة يةcommunicationو الالتي اللغة من مشتقة communisلمة املشاركة ع وفقااsharingو تصال و القرار، اتخاذ عند واملشورة والرأي ديث مة املسا أو القرارات اتخاذ ا وتبادل املعلومات املشاركة ع وم املف ذا ل ن ب التواصل مية ذات عتبارات من ا وغ ات تجا و س حاس أو املشاعر واملجتمع ماعة وا اتص. الفرد لمة وردت نقلوقد ا بأ أوكسفورد قاموس ال شارات أو الكتابة أو بالكالم واملعلومات ار ف تبادل أو مختار. وتوصيل قاموس أما وقد وتحقيقھ الغرض بلوغ أي الوصل لمة من مأخوذة تصال لمة فإن اح ال إليھ وانت بلغھ أي وصوال فالن يصل وصل مادة الوسيط م م حمود،( وردت صفحة2010 ،31( . ما: اصطالحا2.2 ا م نورد ال لالتصال ف التعار عددت :ي لقد وآخرون ليليان دومون من ل أنھ et autres demont lilianeعرفھ :" ع ، العام واملستقبل باملع املرسل ن ب الرسائل تبادل و جملة .ف و ف الدقيق، املع و مستوى غي دف املستقبلة ات ا ملختلف الرسائل إرسال إ ترمي ال العمليات جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 50 -34 :ص 37 م ا سلو أو م ا اتجا م، demont liliane, kempf alain,rapidel) "معارف martine,scibetta charles, 2000, p. 32). ن حس يأما كما لالتصال فا عر فيعطي ف املركب:"خر ذلك و تصال ضمن مناسبة بوسائل ات وحر وإشارات رموز استخدام عن الناتج للسلوك املتضمن شمل اجتماعية نفسانية غايات تحقيق إ دف ي و اجتما بيولو تفاعل شبكة وال ان امل ع والتنقل ي املعلوما والتبادل اك الوسائلش ش ف،( "زمان ،2003خر .)9-8الصفحات ن اتر ي روا و فيليب ي دي من ل عرفھ détrie philippe et broyerكما catherineأن ،" ع مع الرسائل تصال تبادل détrie philippe, boyer) ..." ع catherine, 2001, p. 24). املؤسسة.3 :تصال ركزت وال سانية العالقات حركة بروز مع خاصة تصال مية أ رت ظ ذلك ومنذ عمال، إلنجاز فراد ن ب والتعاون ، الرس غ تصال ع ا ر جو تمام ازداد حيث آخر، من يأخذ تصال و عالقاتھالوقت و شري ال باملورد املنظمة تحدث ال العمليات ل ل الدافع املحرك ذا. باعتباره كز س ذا ول ع إليھ النظرة تطور ا وأخ أنواعھ، ومھ، مف حيث من املؤسسة اتصال ع العنصر ة الفكر ة دار املدارس .مختلف املؤسسة1.3 تصال وم :مف شاط و ن،تصال الرا الوقت ميتھ أ ازدادت وقد املؤسسة حديث تتجاوز ا سنو لھ املخصصة انية امل أصبحت تحتل5حيث وال عمال، رقم من ٪ املتطورة الدول املؤسسات نتاج اليف ت عد الثانية .philippe, 2007, p) املرتبة 11). تدفقإن من انطالقا ا، ل ك نظام ضمن حلقة عت املؤسسة تصال والعالئقي ي املعلوما التوازن لتحقيق فراد ن ب والتبادل أقل. للمعلومات يتجسد وتفرده أجل من املؤسسة لعمال سبة بال ذا و شود، امل دف ال من املستخدمة التقنيات املسطرة داف عت. تحقيق بلواملعلومة متاحة غ ف القرارات التخاذ ام ا املادة مجادي منرية الفكر اإلداري والتنظيمي مدارساالتصال يف املؤسسة وتطوره عرب 38 ا شاؤ إ الداخ. يتم ن املستو ع للمعلومات إنتاج إال و ما املؤسسة واتصال ار .(d'almeida nicole, libaert thierry, 2007, p. 9) وا أنھ ع تصال عرف بضم" و املع شاط البياناتال تدفق سيابية ا ان ن ب سيابية ذه وضمان ة ج من املختلفة الداخلية املنظمة نوا ن ب واملعلومات أخرى ة ج من ارجية ا ا ئ و عبد( "املنظمة أثمار ، ي العدوا الستار عبد ع محمد حازم، رضا محمد ، محمد صفحة2008الرزاق ،83(. فاسك لوسادا عرفھ أنھlosada vasquezو الشاملة:" ع العالقات مجموع للمؤسسة ومقصود رس عب ل ش تتم وال ، التنظي التفاعل مجاالت ل –ل عمليا القائمة ا تصالبصف يل-ت س غية ا، بحوز ال الوسائل ل بإدماج وذلك مع م ت محددة صية شر عن تج ت عامة صورة ن و ت س وت الداخ ا عمل ا محيط وطلبات ا أعضا س وأحاس ا داف وأ ا وانتظارا ا رماش،( "واقع ينة ،2009ص .)20صفحة ي دراكركما بي للمؤسسة، peter druckerرى ي الدينامي سي ال لتنظيم أنھ ذا و ا، ل العام دف ال تحقيق جزئيا م سا بحيث مستوى ل داف أ تحديد يجب ع توقف و اركية، ال ات املستو مختلف ن ب سيق الت من عالية درجة يتطلب ما فاال املؤسسة، جيدة اتصالية قنوات جتماوجود والصمغ الغراء بمثابة تصال ا مستوا ن وتحس املنظمة أجزاء ن ب التماسك لتحقيق ستخدم ،( الذي ،2014بلقا .)71-70الصفحات أنھ ع ثانية ة ج من عرف ذا:" و نما و املؤسسات، ن ب يتم الذي تصال ا خصائص سب يك شرتصال ب ع و التنظي تصال ا ف يتم ال ملؤسسات ا داف أ تحقيق أجل من املنظمة معينة حدود إطار ماعة ا ن ب "املعلومات صفحة2016برقية،( ،217(. تدفق إال و ما املؤسسة تصال أن القول يمكن ذكره سبق ما ع بناء أولل رس ل ش ا بي فيما التفاعل لتحقيق الداخلية طراف ن ب ار ف و معلومات ن ب ط الر لتحقيق أخرى ة ج ومن ة، ج من ذا ات اتجا عدة وع رس غ للمؤسسة الداخ طار خارج ارجية ا ا ئ و . املؤسسة جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 50 -34 :ص 39 املؤسسة2.3 تصال داف وأ مية :أ تصال -أ مية :أ تبادل ع دائما عمل ف دائمة، اتصالية حركة يوم ل املنظمات إن تصال أن القول ستطيع التا و نفسھ، املستوى أو ا ا مستو ن ب فيما الرسائل املنظمة الرئ العصب تصال. عت وظيفة ا عل تنطوي ال مية إيجاز مكن و ي فيما صفحة2010حمود،(: املنظمة ،36( م س ا أ حيث املنظمة، داخل ونف واجتما إداري شاط تصاالت ن ب التماسك لق الرسمية القنوات ع ار ف و راء و يم املفا نقل ا داف أ تحقيق التا و املنظمة ونات .م أساس ضرورة عد تصال عملية الفرديإن السلوك غي و توجيھ ية املنظمة ن للعامل ما .وا املختلفة والفعاليات مات وامل عمال إلنجاز أساسية وسيلة تصال .املنظمة شطة لأل ك املش والتبادل التفاعل لتحقيق ادفة وسيلة تصال للمنظمة .املختلفة س الرئ ستطيع تصال عملية خالل منمن مرؤوسيھ عمل ع طالع وآرائھ، اره ألف م تقبل مدى ع التعرف أخرى ة ج من ستطيع كما ة، ج مرؤوسيھ مع س للرئ وإرشادية رقابية وسيلة و ف التا .و املنظمة وتطور نجاح وتحقيق ة دار القرارات اتخذا تصال م سا ح و واملعلومات البيانات نقل خالل من القنواتوذلك ع صاءات .املختلفة تصال-ب داف الصفحات2003نوار،( : أ ،87-88( والتصرفات فعال ن ب سيق الت :تحقيق يؤدي تصال غياب ألن املختلفة، املؤسسة أقسام ن ب ط الر خالل من وذلك التا و البعض، ا عض عن مستقلة ام م ألداء عض عن م عض ن املوظف انفصال إ مجادي منرية الفكر اإلداري والتنظيمي مدارساالتصال يف املؤسسة وتطوره عرب 40 دف ال تحقيق من أو صية ال داف وتصبح العمال ن ب سيق ت ناك ون ي ال للمؤسسة .العام املعلومات ع: املشاركة املعلومات ساعد :حيث داف تحقيق باتجاه فراد سلوك .توجيھ ا أداؤ املطلوب الواجبات بدقة وتحديد م ام م أداء عند فراد .توجيھ م أدا تائج ب فراد ف .عر القرارات :اتخاذ وتقييم ل املشا لتحديد الالزمة املعلومات توفر يجب ن مع قرار اتخاذ عند و تقييمالبدائل ثم القرار ذا وتنفيذ املتاحة البدائل ن ب من املناسب القرار اتخاذ املتخذ القرار ع بناء .النتائج الوجدانية املشاعر عن :التعب حيث ن، باآلخر م ثق ومدى م مشاعر عن التعب ع العمال قدرة خالل من خوف أو حرج دون ن مع موقف رأيھ إبداء العامل عك. ستطيع تصال عمل ما ات املستو جميع ن املوظف مع التفاعل من تمكينھ حيث من املدير عمل يل س املنظمة شطة وأ وظائف جميع موجودا تصال يصبح ذا و ة، .دار العمال وسط لإلشاعة السل الدور من :التقليل للمنظ سبة بال وخيمة عواقب إ يؤدي ا شار ان أن لباعتبار ك .مة تصال3.3 :أنواع لالتصال أنواع نضع أن مكن و ا، م ل طبيعة حسب عديدة أنواع لالتصال إن ا م أ ات اتجا عدة :حسب تصال أ اتجاه تجاه/ حسب أساس ع :التقسيم ابطة ال :تصاالت ي املعا أن باعتبار شيوعا ك عد العمودي أو الرأ تصاالت من النوع ذا ات، توج عليمات، أوامر، ل ش العليا ة دار ات املستو من ساب ت والرسائل الدنيا...مالحظات ات املستو إ داف. ا كتنفيذ عديدة أنواع الرسائل وتأخذ عليمات و اتيجيات، س التغذيةو العمل، قواعد عمال، إنجاز كيفية ملعرفة العمل جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 50 -34 :ص 41 أيضا العامل، طرف من املقدم لألداء العليا ات املستو تقييم خالل من لألداء العكسية م وتحف م عليم و ن العامل ن تلق ا...نجد العالق،( ش ي، الطا ،2009حميد .)59-58الصفحات الصاعدة :تصاالت املتعلقة املعلومات افة إرسال يتضمن حيث لألول، مكمال النوع ذا عت و املختلفة ات تجا و راء و العمل، تنفيذ قة بمثابة. بطر الصاعدة تصاالت عت و تم قد ة املطلو املعلومات أن من التأكد من دارة يمكن الذي الوحيد يل االس إيصال ا ل ستجابة و ا م ف وتم ن دارة. للعامل عطي تصاالت من النوع ذا أن كما غض ذا و م يا اس أو م رضا خالل من ن العامل أفعال ردود عن ة الوا الصورة واملقابالت اوي والش ر التقار املستخدمة الوسائل عن ى،( ا...النظر ،2001الطنو .)25-24الصفحات فقية :تصاالت املماثل التنظي املستوى املعلومات تبادل إ فقي تصال ،( ش جمي صفحة2003 عمال.)147، و دارات ن ب سيق الت إ تصال من النوع ذا دف و يتحصل ال قد ال والعناصر املعلومات من الكث و و داء، و نتاجية ن لتحس الرأ تصال بواسطة ا النازل (عل أو صفحة2004عدون،( ) الصاعد ،38(. ع-ب الرسميةالتقسيم الرسمية/ أساس حيث ن:من نوع إ صنف :و الرسمي :تصال من النوع ذا تم و ا، ل واملستقبل الرسالة مرسل ن ب مباشر اتصال و البناء ا يحدد ال املسارات بع وت املنظمة، تحكم ال القواعد إطار تصال الرس .التنظي الرسمي غ :تصال تصال محددةو قواعد بدون عادة ون و ماعات وا فراد ن ب يتم الذي الرسمية باالتصاالت قياسا سرعتھ متاز و ة، ان،( .ووا الصفحات2011بر ،216 217( مجادي منرية الفكر اإلداري والتنظيمي مدارساالتصال يف املؤسسة وتطوره عرب 42 املستوى-ت أساس ع ن/ التقسيم ك املش وطبيعة :عدد ي الذا :تصال من ل يرى كما اتصالية، وحدة أصغر عت وال ة شر ال الذات نا ع و ر ومال س مستوحاة)mains & meltzer )1967ما ذواتنا اتجاه سية ا اتنا مدر فإن ، سان لدى الذات وم مف شكيل أن ع الذي مر ن، باآلخر عالقاتنا خالل من تصا ر وتطو تنمية خالل من ثق نين باآلخر ف،( .ل صفحة2003خر ،17( ال :تصال تتجسد عموما ياة وا عمال و املنظمات شيوعا ك الصورة إن ن خر مع التفاعل يحدث أين وقت ل يتم الذي و ف ، ال قة. تصال والطر نجاح إ تؤدي ا يتم أنھال ع عرف ال تصال فإن لذا فشلھ، أو التعامل أك أو ن ص ن ب ار ف و املعلومات شر،(تبادل وال ب للتدر ية العر املجموعة اء خ صفحة2012 ،26(. ما ا :تصال املعلومات توصيل خالل من تصاالت من النوع ذا ر ظ إو فراد و العمال ب بتدر اصة ا لسات وا ة دار جتماعات و الندوات ق طر عن مجموعة محددة خدمة تقديم أو جديد منتوج شر،( .إلنتاج وال ب للتدر ية العر املجموعة اء خ صفحة2012 ،46( ي ما ا :تصال خالل من النوع ذا تم منو ة كب أعداد إ وجھ و ية جما اتصال وسيلة رد ع التعرف معھ يصعب بحيث واسع، جغرا ح وموزعة بالتنوع تمتاز شر ال ي ا وم ي زما حاجز لوجود نظرا ما ا ع الرسالة كھ ت الذي ثر أو تم. الفعل و ، والتلفاز الراديو، وسائل عدة ع ي ما ا إتصال واملجالت ،والكتب ف وال الوسائل من ا العال،( .غ أبو ع الصفحات2013محمد ،28-29( تصال-ث املستخدمة الرسائل نوع حسب ى،( : التقسيم الصفحات2001الطنو ، 27-28( جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 50 -34 :ص 43 :اللفظيتصال املذكرات، ة مكتو غ أو ة مكتو لمات من أساسا ون يت الذي تصال و و واملؤتمرات والندوات والكتب، ر والتقار طابات، ع. ا...وا و بالدرجة عتمد و ف املع أو الفكرة توصيل لمة .ال اللفظي غ :تصال الصورة أساسھ تصال من النوع والعيناتذا النماذج طة، ر وا والرسم لمة ال فيھ ستعمل وال لفظي غ أسلوب و ف الوجھ ات عب و شارات .كذلك والتنظيمي. 4 داري الفكر :تصال وم مف تطور اتصالتصاللقد ونھ من انطالقا ات النظر من مجموعة ع وأوتوقراطي العليا دارة تصلب مدى عكس اعتبارنازل أي دون وامر إعطاء ا حدود يتعدى ال مغلق داخ إطار وضمن التنفيذية، الدنيا ات املستو أفعال لردود املؤسسة وحدود الرسمية يتعدى ات تجا ل و شبكيا أصبح أن إ املؤسسة، ارجية ا ئة الب ع مفتوحا نظاما ا ا. باعتبار م أ مات مسا ع بناء ملدارسوسنحاول باختصار ا م أ إ التطرق تصال وم مف من طورت ال ة :الفكر الكالسيكية1.4 :املدرسة متلقد فسا تصال، وم مف تطور محدود ل ش الكالسيكية املدرسة الرسمية القنوات فقط ينحصر دوره ت واعت وم املف ذا ا كث تم م. لم أ ومن نجد مات املسا :ذه للعمل . أ العلمي التنظيم ة :نظر تايلورالفضلعود سلو و ك دير فر ندس امل ألعمال ة النظر 1856(ذه القرن) 1915 اية العل انب با متأثرا ان جتما19والذي بالواقع ومأخوذا ي .(bournonville carole, 1998, p. 18) عصره ما ا عل ارتكز ال املبادئ م أ : ومن (les memos, 2007, p. 18) للعمل العمودي واملنفذين؛: التقسيم الرؤساء ن ب ا مم للعمل فقي لتحقيق: التقسيم دف والعمل ومتخصصة محددة ام " امل العمل ألداء قة طر ؛" one best way" " أحسن مجادي منرية الفكر اإلداري والتنظيمي مدارساالتصال يف املؤسسة وتطوره عرب 44 مراقب ن؛: العمل املراقب وضع ق طر عن املردودية حسب أك: جر إنتاجية ولضمان العامل .لتحف وضع إ باإلضافة الشديد، التخصص ع للورشات إدارتھ يركز تايلور ان القيادة وحدة مبدأ مال إ التا و واحد لعامل رؤساء ,jean claude scheid, 1980) عدة p. 83) .ظل املرؤوس إ س الرئ من واحد اتجاه ذا قا طر أساسا يمثل تصال و العلمية دارة مدرسة العامل. مبادئ جانب من املطلوب التعاون أن تايلور حدد وقد ممكنا ا تحديد مادام لھ املحددة والتعليمات وامر طيع و ستجيب د( سوف فر ورتل بوغليطة، ام صفحة2011،إل ،30(. ة . ب دار املبادئ ة :نظر ع املرتكز ديث ا داري الفكر عمود عت شركة، ومدير ندس م فايول ي القرار باتخاذ مرورا الرقابة إ بؤ الت من داري العمل .omar actouf, 1994, p) تنظيم ما. (65 تصال وم بمف يتصل ما ا م نذكر لإلدارة، مبدأ عشر عة أر فايول وضع وقد :ي والتوجيھ القيادة :وحدة ناك ون ي أن يجب وال واحد س رئ طرف من إال وامر يتلقى ال عامل ل عامل ل ل ن س الت. رئ منأما ملجموعة واحد رنامج و واحد س رئ وجود من فالبد وجيھ ود ا سيق وت لتوحيد سا الشرط و و واحد، دف م ل kennedy) املنفذين carol, 2003, p. 103).تصدر ا أ باعتبار وامر فعالية كب ل ش م سا املبدأ ذا واحد س رئ الصعبمن من يجعل والذي اص أ عدة من وامر تلقي بدل فقط صعب موقف العامل ووضع ا عارض الحتمالية نظرا ا .تنفيذ رمي ال والتدرج ة املركز :مبدأ يقول ة املركز يخص فيما لفايول سبة اجتما" بال أو ي حيوا تنظيم، ل خ ذه و دارة، أو العقل إ عود أواملشاعر طراف ل تحرك ال وامر تضع ة للتنظيم ونة امل حسب. (omar actouf, 1994, p. 71) "العناصر رمي ال للتدرج سبة ال و القيادة، وحدة إ اجة ل مفروضا قا طر عت وال رمية سلسلة توجد فإنھ فايول فوق من ي تأ ال السلسلةفاألوامر ل ش ل ة دار ات املستو من مجموعة ع ساب .ت جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 50 -34 :ص 45 املع :مبدأ املستوى نفس ن املرؤوس ن ب مباشرة عالقات وجود انية بإم املبدأ ذا يقر بذلك م رؤسا علم شرط الفعالية ن تحس أجل من ذا و ، رماش،( السل ينة ص صفحة2009 ى.)33، د املستوى اص أحد حاول لو أنھ فايول يو حيث إ ل ي ثم بالتدرج العليا ات املستو إ يصعد ان بدل املستوى نفس بزميلھ تصال ال طو وقتا يأخذ تصال يجعل املناسب، ص ال إ ليصل خرى ات املستو فعالية عدم إ يؤدي مما معقدة املمكنوإجراءات من أنھ فايول ح يق وعليھ تصال، الرأسية بدل ية ان ا تصاالت أي سر ا أو باملع س ما أحمد،( بناء ر ،2006ما .)34صفحة وقراطية . ت الب ة :نظر الرشـيدة السـلطة ة، النظر ذه صاحب في ماكس عمـاد) القانونيـة(حسب ـ أســـ مـــنأو حتميـــا ب ـــ تق وقراطيـــة الب لـــإلدارة ساســـية صـــائص وا يـــدة ا دارة اس الرشـــيدة القانونيـــة الســـلطة ذات املثاليـــة .jean michel plane, 2003, p) املنظمـــة لنموذجــــھ .(33 خاصــــية ــــم أ ــــ ــــ التنظي لالتصــــال ــــ التنظ ــــ ــــ في امات إســــ ص وتــــت الرســـــمية البـــــد: "ملثـــــاا والقـــــرارات ـــــة دار جـــــراءات ـــــل وتوثيـــــق ن تـــــدو وعليـــــھ". مـــــن فقـــــط املكتـــــوب اللفظـــــي تصـــــال دعـــــائم ـــــ ع يرتكـــــز حســـــبھ رمـــــاش،( فاالتصـــــال ينة صـــــ الصفحات2009 ن.)34-35، املرؤوس فعل رد معرفة الة ا ذه يمكن موال تلق عند ة املكتو والتعليمات وامر ذه .ل ومحدودا ضيقا عا طا أخذ تصال وم مف الكالسيكية املدرسة مة مسا إن دارة من تصدر أوامر ل ش العمودي تصال ع ركزت املدرسة ذه أن باعتبار اض اع أو مناقشة أي دون كما وتنفذ مك. العليا انت وامر ذه لفظية،و أو ة تو العكسية التغذية ودور تصالية الرسالة تدفق وطرق تصال عناصر إغفال مع تصال .ومعوقات سانية2.4 العالقات :مدرسة محور و سان أن سانية العالقات ركة سا املنطلق ان لقد نتاجية تحديد ام ال العنصر وأنھ داري ملة. العمل املدرسة ذه روجت كذلك مجادي منرية الفكر اإلداري والتنظيمي مدارساالتصال يف املؤسسة وتطوره عرب 46 ا م أ يم املفا ع: من للعمل جتما و وا العمل جماعات أثر ة، املعنو الة ا ان ع ثم ومن فراد ات ممعنو .تاجي املعاملة أساس ع ن واملشرف الرؤساء ب تدر ع ك ال ا نتائج م أ ومن ن للعامل ،( سانية السل صفحة1995ع ،8(. لشركة اوثورن بتجارب س ما املدرسة ذه ات والنظر التجارب م أ ومن ذه انت وقد يك، الك ال ضاءةج كثافة ن ب العالقة اختبار إ ترمي التجارب مغايرة نتائج إ توصلت ا أ إال ن، للعامل نتاجية .والكفاية العمل جماعات ن ب باالتصال أك تمام زاد ا وغ ة النظر ذه من انطالقا الع مشـاركة أخــرى ـة ج ومــن ـة ج مـن ــذا ، الرسـ ــ غ باالتصـال ســ مـا مــالوخاصـة التا و الدنيا ات املستو من الفعل رد وم مف ور وظ القرار اتخاذ الدنيا ات املستو املدرســـــــــة ـــــــــ ســـــــــائدا ـــــــــان مـــــــــا عكـــــــــس ـــــــــ ع ســـــــــفل مـــــــــن العمـــــــــودي باالتصـــــــــال تمـــــــــام .الكالسيكية التنظيم3.4 ديثة ا ة :النظر من العديد تقدم والتنظيم دارة ديثة ا ة النظر والبحوثإن مات املسا حلقة وم مف عن ليكرت س س ر ا قام ال الدراسة ا ر أش ومن باالتصاالت، اصة ا م linking pinالوصل أعمال ن دور يلعبون ن العامل من ا كث أن ع يرتكز : ،والذي فرد ا يرأس جماعة كعضو ي الثا ،والدور ن املرؤوس من ملجموعة كقادة ول الدور ن املجموعت ن ب وصل كحلقة الفرد ون ي ذا وع الفرد.آخر ذا أن وم املف ذا ن ب و يمكنھ تصاالت والكثافة التنوع ذا ،و ألسفل أخرى ومرة ألع مرة معلومات ينقل املجموعة ن ب ابط ال وأيضا املعلومات شار وان تبادل ي ي ر ( أن ،2006أحمد،ما .)36صفحة برتالنفاي فون غ لودو ا مفكر يد ع النظم ة نظر نجد خرى مات املسا ومن وعمليات مدخالت داخلھ يحوي مفتوحا اجتماعيا نظاما املؤسسة اعت والذي ار ا تصال ور ظ أمام املجال فتحت ة النظر ذه التا و ، ومخرجات ل التحو ل أساسيةكضرورة طاقة مورد املعلومات ا ف عت مفتوحة أنظمة ا باعتبار لمؤسسات بقاء ع حفاظا ا، ف والتأث التأثر خالل من ئة الب املستجدات مع التأقلم من ا تمك جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 50 -34 :ص 47 ا واستمرار بوغليطة،( املؤسسة ام ،إل د فر الصفحات2011ورتل امتداد.)3433، و الداخلية والعوامل ية البي العوامل لدراسة املوقفية ة النظر جاءت ة النظر ذه ل الظرف أو املوقف تأث تحت دائمة حركية ل وال .للمؤسسات ة نظر عت مع) z(و بالعامل كب ل ش تمت ا ال ات النظر من أو لوليام اليابانية ات الشر تمام ا ادة دافز أ امل ت خالل من ر ظ والذي شري ال املورد بإدارة والعمال دارة ن ب وثيقا اتصاال يخلق مما ا، ف ن العامل داف أ مع عتماد. املؤسسة و تنوع إ باإلضافة لإلدارة، لول ا وتقديم ل املشا لتحليل ودة ا حلقات ع ت من أك بدرجة أفقية إ ة قطر من وامرتصاالت ودبلوماسية العمودية صاالت التعليمات ا تحمل ال املعلومات ونوعية بجودة تمام بمع ا، سلمي من بدل التوجي ا مسار عن النظر غض ا تحقيق ير ال داف و ر فاالتصال. والتقار اتخا ن كمشارك ن العامل من يجعل تفاع ي شب اتصال و ة النظر ذه ذحسب املؤسسة تخص ال رماش،( القرارات ينة الصفحات2009ص ،55-56(. :خالصة.5 من توصلنا تقتصرخالللقد وال معقدة عملية تصال بأن البحث ذا ل عرضنا الرسالة أن باعتبار بكث ذلك من أصعب بل ا وتلق املعلومات إرسال ع فقط إ كما تصل ال قد ال ار ف و ي املعا من الكث ا طيا تحمل ما غالبا تصالية الرسالة .متلقي ع يختلف املؤسسة تصال داخلو املعلومات تبادل ع يقتصر و ف العام معناه ن مما املعاي من مجموعة ع بناء أنواع عدة ولھ ا ومحيط املؤسسة ن ب أو املؤسسة املنظمة حياة ما وم متنوعا .يجعلھ ة الفكر املدارس مختلف ع املؤسسة تصال إ النظرة تطورت وقد ا ا ودوره ميتھ أ إ نليصل املرؤوس إطاعة ع عتمد الذي باألوتوقراطي بدءا م ومرؤوس املنظمة ي مس ن ب ما ي شار إ العليا، دارة من يصدر ما ل وتطبيق ولألفراد من املقدمة ات واملغر مات املسا ن ب التوازن .لتحقيق مجادي منرية الفكر اإلداري والتنظيمي مدارساالتصال يف املؤسسة وتطوره عرب 48 :املراجع.6 ية 1.6 بالعر املراجع .71-70، )2(مجلة العلوم اإلنسانیة. االتصال داخل المؤسسة). 2014. (األمین بلقاضي ة). 2003. (بوبكر جمیلي ة الجزائری ول . جوانب من إشكالیة االتصال الصاعد في المؤسس اني ح ى الث الملتق .جامعة منتوري: قسنطینة). 147صفحة (االتصال في المؤسسة ة . ھیم أسالیب وأنواعاالتصال مفا). 2003. (حسین خریف الملتقى الوطني الثاني حول االتصال في المؤسس .جامعة منتوري: قسنطینة). 9-8الصفحات ( .الیازوري: عمان. أساسیات االتصال نماذج ومھارات). 2009. (حمید الطائي، بشیر العالق ر دریب والنش ة للت ة العربی راء المجموع ي). 2012. (خب ر اللفظ ي وغی ال اللفظ اھرة. االتص ة : الق المجموع .العربیة للتدریب والنشر دار صفاء للنشر : عمان). 1المجلد الطبعة (االتصال الفعال في إدارة األعمال ). 2010. (خضیر كاظم حمود .والتوزیع ة -تأثیر االتصال غیر الرسمي على عملیة اتخاذ القرار ). 2011. (دلیلة بركان ركة الجزائری دراسة حالة الش .217-216، )10(أبحاث اقتصادیة وإداریة. -بسكرةللمیاه ب ة). 2016. (سھیلة برقیة ي المؤسس ریة ف وارد البش ل الم ي تفعی ا ف ي ودورھ ة . أسالیب االتصال التنظیم مجل .217، )24(العلوم اإلنسانیة واالجتماعیة انیة). 2003. (صالح بن نوار ات اإلنس ال والعالق ال الفع ان. االتص وطني الث ى ال ي الملتق ال ف ول االتص ي ح .مخبر علم اجتماع االتصال: قسنطینة). 88-87الصفحات (المؤسسة ة). 2009. (صبرینة رماش ركة -الفعالیة االتصالیة في المؤسسة االقتصادیة الجزائری ي الش ة ف ة میدانی دراس .جامعة قسنطینة. أطروحة دكتوراه في علم االجتماع .-الوطنیة للكھرباء والغاز ان د الرحم اقبة عب ام المش ال ). 2011. (بس ات االتص ة (نظری دار الطبع ان). 2اإلص ر : عم امة للنش دار أس .والتوزیع .مكتبة غریب: القاھرة). 1المجلد (السلوك اإلنساني في اإلدارة ). 1995. (علي السلمي .عرفةكنوز الم: عمان). 1المجلد (االتصال واتخاذ القرارات ). 2011. (كورتل فرید ،إلھام بوغلیطة .الدار الجامعیة: االسكندریة. كیف ترفع مھاراتك اإلداریة في االتصال). 2006. (ماھر أحمد ال و الع ق). 2013. (محمد علي أب ة والتطبی ین النظری اھیر ب ال بالجم ن االتص ر. ف ان : مص م واإلیم دار العل .للنشر والتوزیع د ، رزاق محم د ال ار عب دواني ، أثم تار الع د الس ي عب د عل ازم محم ا ح د رض ام ). 2008. (محم ر نظ أث ة ات الرقمی وة المنظم ة فج و معالج ة نح ي الموجھ ف التنظیم ارات التكی -االتصاالت في بعض خی ة ال العراقی اتف النق ركات الھ ي ش دیرین ف ل آلراء الم ة، . -تحلی ادیة واإلداری وم االقتص ة العل مجل 18)65( ،83. وبى ر الطن د عم د محم ات اال). 2001. (محم ال نظری د (تص ر). 1المجل كندریة، مص ة : االس ة ومطبع مكتب .اإلشعاع الفنیة دون ر دادي ع ادیة). 2004. (ناص ة االقتص اءة المؤسس ي كف ال ودوره ف ة-االتص ة وتطبیقی ة نظری . -دراس .دار المحمدیة العامة: الجزائر يةا2.6 جن باللغات ملراجع bournonville, c. (1998). introduction aux théories des organisations. paris: foucher. جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 50 -34 :ص 49 d'almeida, n., & libaert, t. (2007). la communication interne de l'entreprise (vol. 5). paris: dunod. demont, l, kempf, a., rapidel m., & scibetta, c. (2000). communication des entreprises stratégies et pratiques. nathan. détrie, p, boyer, c. (2001). la communication interne au service du management. paris: éditions liaisons. jean claude, s. (1980). les grands auteurs en organisation. paris: dunod. jean michel, p. (2003). management des organisations-théories concepts cas-. paris: dunod. kennedy, c. (2003). toutes les théories du management-les idées essentielles des auteurs les plus souvent cités(vol. 3). paris: maxima. les memos. (2007). théories des organisations. alger: el dar othmania. omar, o. (1994). le management entre tradition et renouvellement (vol. 3). montréal, canada: gaétan morin. philippe, b. (2007). gestion de la communication d'entreprise aspects théoriques et pratiques. paris: lavoisier. references : belkadi, e. (2014). communication within the organization. journal of the human sciences (2), 70-71. [in arabic] jameli, b. (2003). aspects of the problem of emerging communication in the algerian institution. the second forum on communication in the organization (p.147). constantine: university of mentouri. [in arabic] kharif, k. (2003). communication concepts, methods and types. the second national forum on communication in the institution (pages 8-9). constantine: university of mentouri. [in arabic] al-taie, h. & al-allaq, b. (2009). communication basics, forms and skills. amman: al-yazouri. [in arabic] experts of the arab group for training and publishing. (2012). verbal and nonverbal communication. cairo: arab group for training and publishing. [in arabic] hammoud, k. k. (2010). effective communication in business administration (1st edition). amman: safaa house for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] berkane, d. (2011). the effect of informal communication on the decision-making process a case study of the algerian water company in biskra. economic and management research (10), 216-217. [in arabic] berguia, s. (2016). organizational communication methods and their role in activating human resources in the organization. journal of the humanities and social sciences (24), 217. [in arabic] ben nawar, s. (2003). effective communication and human relations. the second national forum on communication in the corporation (pages 8788). constantine: informant of the sociology of communication. [in arabic] مجادي منرية الفكر اإلداري والتنظيمي مدارساالتصال يف املؤسسة وتطوره عرب 50 ramash, r. (2009). communication activity in the algerian economic corporation a field study in the national electricity and gas company -. phd in sociology, university of constantine. [in arabic] al-shaqba, a. b. (2011). communication theories (2nd edition). amman: osama house for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] al-salami, a. (1995). human behavior in management (vol.1). cairo: gharib library. [in arabic] cortel, f., & bouglita. i. (2011). communication and decision making (vol.1). oman: kounouz almarefa. [in arabic] maher, a. (2006). how to raise your administrative skills in communication. alexandria: al-dar al jamiya. [in arabic] abu al-ela, m. a. (2013). the art of communicating with the masses between theory and practice. egypt: science and faith house for publication and distribution. [in arabic] al-adwani, m. a. a., muhammad, a. a., & hazem, m. r. (2008). the impact of the communication system on some of the organizational adjustment options directed towards addressing the gap of digital organizations an analysis of the views of managers in the iraqi mobile phone companies -. journal of economic and management sciences, 18 (65), 83. [in arabic] al-tanoubi, m. m. o. (2001). communication theories (vol.1). alexandria, egypt: al-radaa art library and press. [in arabic] dadi adoun, n. (2004). communication and its role in the efficiency of the economic institution a theoretical and practical study -. algeria: dar muhammadiyah general. [in arabic] bournonville, c. (1998). introduction aux théories des organisations. paris: foucher. d'almeida, n., & libaert, t. (2007). la communication interne de l'entreprise (vol. 5). paris: dunod. demont, l, kempf, a., rapidel m., & scibetta, c. (2000). communication des entreprises stratégies et pratiques. nathan. détrie, p, boyer, c. (2001). la communication interne au service du management. paris: éditions liaisons. jean claude, s. (1980). les grands auteurs en organisation. paris: dunod. jean michel, p. (2003). management des organisations-théories concepts cas-. paris: dunod. kennedy, c. (2003). toutes les théories du management-les idées essentielles des auteurs les plus souvent cités(vol. 3). paris: maxima. les memos. (2007). théories des organisations. alger: el dar othmania. omar, o. (1994). le management entre tradition et renouvellement (vol. 3). montréal, canada: gaétan morin. philippe, b. (2007). gestion de la communication d'entreprise aspects théoriques et pratiques. paris: lavoisier. management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 5 no. 1 (2023): march, pp. 106-126 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.302 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 106 www.mer-j.com work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses alaa s. jameel♦1 , ahmed s. alheety2 1department of public administration, cihan university-erbil, kurdistan region (iraq)  alaa.salam@cihanuniversity.edu.iq 2department of business administration, arts, sciences and technology, university in lebanon (lebanon)  ahmedalheety411@gmail.com published online: 01 -03-2023 accepted: 27 -02 -2023 received: 19-01-2023 how to cite: jameel, a. s., & alheety, a. s. (2023). work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses. management & economics research journal, 5(1), 106-126. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.302 abstract: this study aims to measure the work-life balance (wlb) and the performance of married female nurses and examine the mediating role of organisational commitment. the current research considers a cross-sectional survey among married female nurses in iraqi public hospitals. the questionnaires collected the data, and the valid questionnaires were 219 and analysed by smart-pls after ensuring the validity and reliability of the model. the results indicated that the wlb of married female nurses significantly impacts their performance and commitment. furthermore, the commitment of married female nurses significantly impacts their performance and simultaneously partially mediates the relation between the wlb and the performance of married female nurses. regulating workloads and fostering a pleasant work environment are crucial to lowering job-related stress from ♦corresponding author: department of public administration, cihan university-erbil, kurdistan region (iraq). [ alaa.salam@cihanuniversity.edu.iq] ©2023 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.302 http://www.mer-j.com/ https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2023.302&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2023-03-02 mailto:alaa.salam@cihanuniversity.edu.iq mailto:ahmedalheety411@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2023.302 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-1961 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4631-6567 pp. 106-126 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 107 excessive workloads. creating a timetable for married female nurses is crucial to improving their work and personal performance. keywords: employee performance, work-life balance, organizational commitment, female nurses, hospital. jel codes: c83, i12, m12, m54. 1. introduction nowadays, many employees struggle to balance work and family life due to all the organisations facing a highly competitive environment. despite the prevalence of wlb among employees and organisations, relatively few people have come up with an agreeable definition for this term. wlb does not imply an equal distribution of tasks; instead, it refers to altering work schedules to allow workers to combine work with additional responsibilities like looking after small children or elderly relatives. (mendis and weerakkody, 2017). an organisation must find and maintain valuable employees in a competitive market. it effectively drives improved organisational action and comprehension in controlling and implementing wlb solutions. governments, scholars, management, employee groups, and the general public are paying more and more attention to wlb, a crucial area of human resource management (koon, 2022; sheikh, 2022). workplace stress has been found to harm productivity and frequently causes staff to perform less well. female nurses experience considerable stress due to long hours, a heavy workload, and work-family conflict. sundari et al. (2022) emphasised that a barrier to women's professional engagement and success in the healthcare sector is the prevalent and rigid culture of long working hours, leading to increased work-family conflict. in workplaces where women are the majority, like hospitals, work-life balance affects nurses' performance (karem et al., 2019). additionally, previous studies reported wlb and organisational commitment (oc) as essential to enhancing employee performance (ep) (mendis and weerakkody, 2017; talukder, vickers and khan, 2018; oyewobi et al., 2019; sundari et al., 2022). the number of patients receiving care has risen during the pandemic, especially during the covid-19 epidemic. however, nurses have their personal and family lives. working long hours during the pandemic led to fewer hours for their personal and family lives. iraq is one of the most important countries among middle east countries, with a population of approximately 40 million (worldometers, 2022). however, the country has had a continually complicated past throughout the previous four decades. since 1988, iraq's healthcare system has suffered different challenges, such as the war from 1980 to 1988, the gulf work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses jameel, a s., & alheety, a. s. 108 war in 1990, civil displacement, and recently, the war against is. the motivation behind this study is to improve the performance of nurses in iraqi hospitals and determine the factors that lead to enhanced performance, such as wlb and oc. the current study focuses on hospital nurses' performance because of their crucial responsibilities in addressing individuals' health issues, such as covid-19 and iraq war injuries. furthermore, the connection between wlb, oc, and ep has been disregarded among nurses in iraq. even though nurses at iraqi hospitals exhibit a high degree of oc (karem et al., 2019), the relationship between wlb and ep has not been thoroughly examined in the empirical literature in iraq. therefore, it is also unknown if wlb and oc can encourage nurses working in iraqi hospitals to improve their performance. this study seeks to answer several proposed questions: (1) does wlb impact married female nurses' performance? (2) does wlb impact married female nurses' oc? (3) does oc impact iraqi female nurses' performance? (4) does oc mediate the relationship between oc and married female nurses' performance? hence, the aims of this study are to (1) examine the impact of wlb on oc and married female nurses' performance. (2) examine the impact of oc on married female nurses' performance. finally, (3) examine the mediating role of oc between the wlb and married female nurses' performance. first, an explanation of the topic in light of the current literature should be made in clear and precise terms, as if the reader is completely ignorant. in this section, the establishment of a warm rapport between the reader and the manuscript is aimed. updated and robust information should be presented in the introduction section. 2. literature review 2.1. work-life balance since the beginning of the second decade of the twentieth century, the idea of work-life balance has been understood. for both men and women, the world of work is essential, as is family space, which is equally crucial. since it might have either positive or negative effects on the organisation, wlb is more highly appreciated in organisations (kim, 2014). as a result, it's important to fulfil one's commitments both at home and at work. to achieve wlb among employees in firms, flexible work schedules, including flexible work locations and hours, are essential (mazerolle and goodman, 2013)mazerolle and goodman (2013). wlb refers to maintaining equal health in one's career and personal pp. 106-126 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 109 life (sundari et al., 2022). wlb encompasses more than just childcare and family life. the idea isn't to work less, either. the key is to work wisely. this relates to having enough energy to give your career and home your all without sacrificing (mendis and weerakkody, 2017). according to rodríguez-sánchez et al. (2020), employees may access flexible working techniques that reduce stress, fatigue, and conflict by promoting work-life balance. additionally, it implies higher levels of dedication on the part of the business, which boosts production rates and saves recruitment costs due to a lower staff turnover rate. so, implementing work-life regulations might be a possible hr retention tactic for valued and competent hr personnel. wlb shows how much time is available for a person to balance the needs of family and work. it also relates to how much time a person spends on work and family (koon, 2022). it is believed that striking a balance between an individual's career and personal obligations is crucial for a business to develop and succeed since doing otherwise can lead to stress, negative work behaviours, and burnout. work-life balance is a beneficial technique that benefits the company and the personnel. individuals gain in that they experience less stress and are happy at work and home. additionally, more individuals can access paid employment (mendis and weerakkody, 2017). additionally, the study has shown that a wlb mismatch has serious consequences, including low productivity (konrad and mangel, 2000), poor employee performance (mendis and weerakkody, 2017), and low organisational performance (oyewobi et al., 2019). 2.2. organisational commitment a feeling of shared goals and principles is typically a prerequisite for organisational commitment. a successful corporation is defined by increasing employee competency and fostering employee commitment to the business (jameel, mahmood and jwmaa, 2020). oc is described as a worker's conduct when participating in the organisation (sundari et al., 2022). this relationship can be conscious, logical, subconscious, irrational, passionate, or hybrid (jameel, mahmood and jwmaa, 2020). significantly committed workers will feel like they belong to the company, be engaged in their commitment, and be dependable and helpful (sundari et al., 2022). commitment and effort are required for an organisation to succeed. oc is the most important factor in determining how well people do their jobs, how they act, and what they value. it is also the key to keeping their loyalty (popoola and fagbola, 2021). work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses jameel, a s., & alheety, a. s. 110 individuals' sense of responsibility to their company is what drives it forward. organisational commitment is crucial for determining how much an individual contributes to a business. but, according to massoudi et al. (2020), it is an emotional reaction that may be gauged by looking at how individuals act and what they believe. meyer et al. (1991) mentioned in the theory of oc that this element consists of three components: "affective, continuance, and normative commitment". the individual's emotional connection to their workplace is described as affective commitment (meyer, bobocel and allen, 1991). individuals' motivation to stay with a company is explained by their affective commitment, which grows as they become more emotionally bonded to the company's aims and values (allen and meyer, 1996)(oyewobi et al., 2019). affective commitment is regarded as the main motivator for getting staff to help enhance the performance of their organisations (meyer et al., 1989). when individuals emotionally commit to a workplace, completely accept its aims and principles, and feel personally accountable for its success, this is known as affective commitment (massoudi, jameel and ahmad, 2020). an individual's view of the probable danger and expenses involved with leaving their existing organisation is explained by continuity commitment (meyer, bobocel and allen, 1991). a continuation commitment is when people relate to an organisation based on what they receive in return for their work and what they would lose if they stopped (jameel, mahmood and jwmaa, 2020). randeree and ghaffar chaudhry (2012) it has been observed that the fundamental component of commitment in different explanations pertains to employees' wishes to stay with their companies or their resistance to leaving their companies for justifiable personal gain. normative commitment occurs when individuals continue with a company because that's what others do or society expects. similar attitudes and actions are frequently shown by those with an affective commitment (jameel, mahmood and jwmaa, 2020; popoola and fagbola, 2021). 2.3. employee performance the term "performance" refers to the ability to be innovative, inspiring, and motivating, as well as a factor in achieving corporate goals. additionally, individual performance has drawn much scholarly interest (jameel and ahmad, 2019). it is a result that an individual generates in exchange for particular concrete and intangible rewards. in this regard, studies show that individuals who participate more in decision-making are more productive than those who pp. 106-126 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 111 do not (jameel and ahmad, 2020). ep increases due to an increased sense of authority and a stronger connection with participation in decision-making (soomro, breitenecker and shah, 2018). ep stands for aligning company goals with agreed-upon performance standards, skill and competency requirements, employee development programs, and outcomes delivery is what this process is all about (mendis and weerakkody, 2017). the term "performance" refers to the ability to be innovative, inspiring, and motivating, as well as a factor in achieving corporate goals. additionally, individual performance has drawn much scholarly interest (jameel and ahmad, 2019). a company's fundamental goal is to achieve high-performance levels, which highly depends on ep (jameel and ahmad, 2020; silva, moreira and mota, 2022). within that context, a company's competitive edge is mainly derived from its human capital (campbell, coff and kryscynski, 2012). ep is a function of how well or poorly an organisation does at its task (wiradendi wolor et al., 2020). for organisational sustainability, management uses performance as a critical tool to communicate the objectives and standards and inspire future individual performance (jameel and ahmad, 2020). employee performance is the capacity to do a task more successfully than was anticipated (qureshi et al., 2011). ep is a level of accomplishment that occurs when a company employee completes a task allocated to them. three key aspects significantly impact an employee's performance in an organisation: organisational support, managerial skills, and the overall work performance of everyone employed by that firm (rachman, 2021). in addition, some people are used in each organisational unit's several divisions (raewf and thabit, 2015). 2.4. wlb and performance much research in the organisational and behavioural sciences shows that work-life imbalance decreases productivity and performance degradation (konrad and mangel, 2000; soomro, breitenecker and shah, 2018; al-alawi et al., 2021). most research finds that work-life imbalance harms work attitudes and is a possible source of stress (mendis and weerakkody, 2017; soomro, breitenecker and shah, 2018; oyewobi et al., 2019; sundari et al., 2022). the mismatch between work and life has also decreased work commitment, resulting in low productivity and performance (konrad and mangel, 2000). finding a balance between work and family requires effort to reduce conflict intensity, so it doesn't become a constant source of stress. this will result in low performance and careless work behaviours (jameel and ahmad, 2019). work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses jameel, a s., & alheety, a. s. 112 flexible work schedules and other wlb practices have positively affected the workplace, including increased organisational commitment and performance (koon, 2022). dedicated personnel are needed to maintain good organisational performance in today's turbulent work environments. still, greater demands are also placed on them to balance their personal and professional lives (sheikh, 2022). additionally, research has revealed an increasing work-life imbalance among employees, particularly those with many responsibilities (roberts, 2007), ultimately reducing oc (arif and farooqi, 2014). employers may benefit from stronger wlb by having a more engaged, effective, and less stressed workforce and through higher performance, productivity, and decreased absenteeism (mendis and weerakkody, 2017). a study conducted among saudi arabian teachers showed that females believe the wlb can improve their performance and statistically has a significant role (al-alawi et al., 2021). while similar results were found among the female nurses in indonesia, the nurses confirmed that the wlb enhanced their performance and had a significant statistical value (sundari et al., 2022). another study conducted in indonesia showed that wlb improves ep and has significant value among employees in construction companies (prasetya and natalia, 2020). in pakistan, soomro reported the wlb is essential for academic staff performance, and the wlb has significant value on ep (soomro, breitenecker and shah, 2018). in sri lanka and among the married employees in the telecommunication sector mendis and weerakkody (2017) reported the employees believed the wlb was intensely vital to their performance. lastly, oyewobi et al. (2019) reported that the females working in nigerian construction organisations emphasise that the wlb can improve their performance. h1: wlb has a positive and significant impact on ep. 2.5. wlb and oc based on the social exchange theory, trust-based duties will eventually result in goodwill behaviour (blau, 1964). it is based on the reciprocity principle, which holds that individuals should benefit those who have helped them and not harm those who have done so. the "social exchange theory" and the norm of reciprocity argue that when individuals encounter wlb, reciprocity should be considered regarding wlb practices. for example, employees attain wlb with the help of a pp. 106-126 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 113 helpful boss and a business that adopts family-friendly policies. employees are more likely to show commitment to the organisation when they believe their manager or employer has played a vital role in helping them reach a wlb (talukder, vickers and khan, 2018). when individuals believe the assistance is designed to improve their personal life, wlb practices are considered good (koon, 2022). individuals' sense of loyalty to their workplace is increased by the wlb experience, which improves affective commitment. when organisations provide individuals with possibilities that make them want to stay in the workplace and give their all to increase performance, this is known as affective commitment (allen and meyer, 1996). when individuals feel that their managers care about their well-being through official or informal support for wlb activities, this could lead to pleasant emotions and strengthen their commitment to the workplace (koon, 2022). although wlb methods are crucial, they might not be sufficient to solve issues like organisational commitment and employee motivation. in the past, justifications for implementing hr practices have been disregarded (woodrow and guest, 2014). prior research has downplayed the significance of examining the interaction between an organisation and its employees in relation to wlb (nijp et al., 2012). organisations use wlb policies to improve oc and decrease stress since they are thought to impact oc (sheikh, 2022). wlb is a critical factor in determining an employee's commitment is how they see the relationship between their professional and personal lives. several previous studies reported wlb's statistical impact on oc in contexts including hospitals nurses (sundari et al., 2022), the telecommunication sector (mendis and weerakkody, 2017), library staff (popoola and fagbola, 2021), banking employees (sheikh, 2022), construction organisations (oyewobi et al., 2019), financial organisations (talukder, vickers and khan, 2018), and academic staff (harini et al., 2020) (mabaso and dlamini, 2018). h2: wlb has a positive and significant impact on oc. 2.6. oc and performance as per the theory of social exchange (blau, 1964), individuals might strengthen their ties to their employers in return for their employers' support of their family lives (meyer, bobocel and allen, 1991). employees committed to their companies are defined as devoted and effective team players who share their aims and beliefs (silva, moreira and mota, 2022). work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses jameel, a s., & alheety, a. s. 114 according to mowday et al. (1982), the form of commitment that develops includes passive loyalty and the interaction between individuals and an organisation, including a willingness to work to further the company's objectives. committed employees will be aware of and identify with the organisation they work for, take their work seriously, be loyal, and have a favourable attitude towards it (karem et al., 2019). this person will act in a way that will aid the organisation in achieving its objectives and demonstrate a long-term commitment to the group (hendri, 2019). this showed how organisational commitment and performance are related. employee commitment may be characterised as their level of dependability concerning their position or performance. committed workers are likelier to remain with their companies and put in more effort to meet their objectives. on the other hand, uncommitted or less committed employees are less excited about staying with a firm and, as a result, are less motivated to achieve organisational goals (karem et al., 2019). empirically, the oc can increase nurses' performance and has a statistical value (sundari et al., 2022). another study was conducted among the employees in 10 different organisations in ghana, and the results showed that oc statistically increased the ep (donkor, dongmei and sekyere, 2021). in nigeria, the females working in construction organisations believe the oc can improve their performance (oyewobi et al., 2019). talukder et al. (2018) reported that financial organisations employees confirm that oc enhances their performance. lastly, the study was conducted among hotel employees, and the results reported that the oc improves the ep and a significant empirical value (putra and putra, 2022). h3: oc has a positive and significant impact on ep. 2.7. the mediating role of organisational commitment several previous studies adopted organisational commitment as a mediator between different variables. table 1 shows the oc as a mediator in other contexts. there is a lack of prior studies examining the mediating effect of oc on the relationship between lwb and ep in the iraqi healthcare system, particularly among married female nurses. we believe that unless we look at the function of mediating the role of oc, the direct impacts of the wlb on employee performance may not provide a more precise understanding. organisational commitment is a vital staff factor, whereas a highly committed individual aligns with the aims and values of the company, yearns to be a part of it, and is willing to go above and beyond the call of responsibility (donkor, pp. 106-126 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 115 dongmei and sekyere, 2021). h4: oc mediates the link between wlb and ep. table 1. summary of organisational commitment as a mediator iv me dv context country reference wlb oc female nurses' performance hospital sri lanka (mendis and weerakkody, 2017) learning organisation oc ep company indonesia (hendri, 2019) wlb oc jp financial industry australia (talukder, vickers and khan, 2018) wlb oc organisational performance female construction professionals nigeria (oyewobi et al., 2019) wlb oc turnover intention private college indonesia (harini et al., 2020) wlb job commitment job satisfaction public transportation company india (aruldoss et al., 2022) 2. methodology the current study considers a cross-sectional survey among married female nurses in iraqi public hospitals. the study employed the quantitative method, with data collected via a questionnaire from female nurses in iraqi public hospitals in baghdad, the country's capital city. the reason behind choosing baghdad is that most public hospitals are in this city, with 49 hospitals representing 17% of public hospitals in iraq (moh, 2022). the questionnaire was distributed by self-administered among the married female nurses from december 2021 to march 2022. four hundred questionnaires were distributed among married female nurses in baghdad hospitals, and 287 questionnaires were returned. however, after conducting the data screening for outliers and missing values, 219 questionnaires were valid for analysis. the smart-pls ran the valid data to ensure the validity, reliability, and hypotheses measurement. all the construct items have been adopted from previous studies, and the questionnaire was written in two languages english as the original items and arabic to be more understandable by respondents. this questionnaire was sent to 7 experts from public universities and medical universities. only four experts responded, and we considered all the comments and suggestions to improve the questionnaire. the number of items and the references for each work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses jameel, a s., & alheety, a. s. 116 construct is depicted in table 2. however, the questionnaire was measured by a five-point likert scale. 3. results 3.1. personal information table 2 depicts most of the nurse's age who participated in this study were between 40 to 49 years old, 57%, while 30% were between 20 to 29 years, 10 % of nurses age were above 50 years old, and lastly, only 4% of nurses were between 20 to 29 years old. regarding the education level of female nurses, 50 % hold a diploma; close to this, 48% hold a bachelor's degree, and only 2% hold a master's degree. most of the working experience nurses have from 6 to 10 years. 56% had working experience at hospitals, 31% had experience from 1 year to 5 years, while above ten years of working experience, 10% and only 3% had less than one year of working experience. table 2. personal information variable n % age 20 to 29 8 4% 30 to 39 66 30% 40 to 49 124 57% above 50 21 10% total 219 100% education diploma 109 50% bachelor 105 48% master 5 2% total 219 100% working experience less than one year 7 3% 15 years 67 31% 6-10 years 123 56% above ten years 22 10% total 219 100% 3.2. measurement model in this stage, the aim is to assess the loadings of the items. according to hair et al. (2019), the loadings items should be 0.7 and above. additionally, based on table 3 and figure 1, all the items loading showed above 0.7 except wlb1 was less than 0.7 and has been removed. pp. 106-126 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 117 the reliability was assessed by cronbach's alpha (ca) and composite reliability (cr) both these criteria should be 0.7 or above (hair et al., 2019). based on table 3, all the constructs ca and cr showed higher than 0.70; thus, there is no issue in model reliability. the convergent validity was assessed by average variance extracted (ave). the cut-off level of this measurement is 0.5 and above. hence, based on table 3, the ave constructs above 0.5, thus no issue in this step. table 3. construct reliability and validity construct outer loadings ca cr ave source ep ep1 ep2 ep3 ep4 ep5 ep6 0.757 0.826 0.736 0.749 0.860 0.836 0.885 0.912 0.633 (hendri, 2019; oyewobi et al., 2019) oc oc1 oc2 oc3 oc4 oc5 oc6 0.926 0.929 0.910 0.872 0.907 0.894 0.957 0.965 0.822 (hendri, 2019; oyewobi et al., 2019) wlb wlb2 wlb3 wlb4 wlb5 wlb6 wlb7 wlb8 0.862 0.850 0.859 0.881 0.856 0.864 0.855 0.942 0.952 0.741 (oyewobi et al., 2019; popoola and fagbola, 2021) after ensuring reliability and validity, the next step is to assess the discriminant validity of the model using the heterotrait-monotrait ratio (htmt), which should be less than 0.9 (hair et al., 2019). table 4 shows that the htmt for this model is less than 0.9, indicating no issues with the model's discriminant validity . table 4. heterotrait-monotrait ratio (htmt) ep oc wlb ep oc 0.721 wlb 0.697 0.650 work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses jameel, a s., & alheety, a. s. 118 figure 1. measurement model 3.3. structural model bootstrapping with 5000 subsamples was used to run this step. the first step is to report the r2 for the model and assess the variance between the exogenous and endogenous variables, as shown in figure 1. the r2 for ep is 56%, and for oc is 38%, indicating a moderate level of variance (chin, 1998). secondly, the effect size f2 for the path from exogenous to endogenous variables was analysed. the results showed a large effect size of 0.620 for the predicted path from wlb to oc, and medium effect sizes of 0.286 and 0.196 for the paths from oc and wlb to ep, respectively. these effect sizes were categorised based on hair et al.'s (2019) criteria. thirdly, the q2 value should be greater than zero (hair et al., 2019). the q2 values for this model were 0.330 for ep and 0.308 for oc, indicating no issues with this criterion, as all values are above zero. the model proposed three direct hypotheses and one hypothesised indirect effect. the results in table 5 and figure 2 indicate that all hypotheses are supported. the path from wlb to ep and wlb to oc showed p-values of 0.000 < 0.05 and t-values of 12.383 and 11.77 > 1.96, respectively, indicating that wlb has a positive and significant impact on ep and oc, and therefore h1 and h2 are supported. pp. 106-126 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 119 the impact of oc on ep was also significant, with a p-value of 0.00, less than 0.05, and a t-value of 5.99 > 1.96, thus supporting h3. the indirect effect of wlb on ep via oc as a mediator was also significant, with a pvalue of 0.000 < 0.05 and a t-value of 5.327 > 1.96, supporting h4. however, it should be noted that the mediator role of oc is only partly due to the significant direct effect of wlb on ep. table 5. total effects path original sample sample mean standard deviation t-values p -values supported h1 wlb -> ep 0.376 0.380 0.077 4.908 0.000 yes h2 wlb -> oc 0.619 0.619 0.053 11.774 0.000 yes h3 oc -> ep 0.453 0.452 0.076 5.993 0.000 yes specific indirect effects h4 wlb -> oc -> ep 0.280 0.279 0.053 5.327 0.000 yes figure 2. structural model 4. discussion female nurses have trouble finishing tasks and become distracted if they are overly preoccupied with interpersonal issues at work. due to the heavy burden, job and family issues are rarely combined. wlb has statistical value on female married performance, which aligns with previous results work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses jameel, a s., & alheety, a. s. 120 (mendis and weerakkody, 2017; prasetya and natalia, 2020; al-alawi et al., 2021; sundari et al., 2022). female married nurses who maintain a positive work-life balance perform better at work. the study's participants discussed their willingness to be adaptable at work when necessary and emphasised that they are not prepared to give up their personal life for their jobs. our findings are consistent with the "social exchange theory", which states that employees will be more productive if they devote equal time to their personal and professional lives. nurses who have a good work-life balance perform better at work. therefore, hospitals must foster a culture that supports work-life balance to bring out the best in their female nurses, which may improve their performance. however, the reality that female nurses feel tremendous psychological pain due to the tension between work and family could negatively impact performance. high levels of flexibility at hospitals are possible by wlb, which can inspire female nurses to perform better. nurses can work under a flexible schedule to make up for time spent attending to urgent family concerns or other personal matters during working hours. as a result, the nurses' attendance may increase due to this workplace flexibility. wlb aims to reduce the tension between work and home responsibilities to preserve workers' well-being. nurses who are in excellent physical and mental health perform better in hospitals. wlb fosters benefits for both hospitals and nurses. it is crucial to adapt work-life balance policies to nurses' demands. statistically, wlb can improve the commitment of married female nurses, and this result is supported by prior results (mendis and weerakkody, 2017; sundari et al., 2022). the organisation's commitment among female nurses rises with a more substantial work-life balance as assessed by the flexibility element or program, social support, financial assistance, and the hospitals' recreational and athletic programs offered. the importance of social work and how they are integrated into one another concerning how favourably they affect organisational commitment. maintaining a healthy work-life balance can impact nurses' commitment to the hospital, work-family and family-work conflict levels, and turnover intentions. work-life balance is crucial for every hospital, but it is vital for those whose success depends on the commitment and devotion of female nurses. however, a healthy work-life balance may affect nurses' intentions to leave a hospital and organisational commitment. the result showed the commitment of female married nurses increased their performance. this result aligns with past findings (talukder, vickers and khan, 2018; oyewobi et al., 2019; donkor, dongmei and pp. 106-126 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 121 sekyere, 2021; sundari et al., 2022). a married female nurse with a high level of commitment will identify with the hospital, be actively involved in their job, and be loyal and supportive of it. in addition, married female nurses will act in a way that supports achieving hospital goals and demonstrates a desire to remain with the hospital. the analysis's findings demonstrate that the amount of married female nurses' confidence in accepting the hospital's ideals is the indication that is seen to be significant in expressing organisational commitment. at the same time, integrity significantly influences married female nurses' performance. therefore, it is comprehensible that how married female nurses' values are incorporated into the hospital may impact their integrity, expressed in their honesty in working in line with hospital standards. the mediating role of oc between wlb and ep was partially mediated, which means the oc was able to improve the relationship between the wlb and the performance of married female nurses. similar findings were reported by several previous studies (mendis and weerakkody, 2017; talukder, vickers and khan, 2018; hendri, 2019; aruldoss et al., 2022). married female nurses treat patients empathetically because they are convinced their employment does not conflict with their personal life. nurses with extensive service histories and permanent employment status are more committed to the hospital. long and seasoned work periods enhance performance and make organisational commitment clear. 5. theoretical and practical implications the current study has implications for female married nurses and the hospital management's understanding of the importance of wlb and performance. the study's implications are to enrich the knowledge in the context of iraq due to the lack of attention to this topic in iraqi literature, particularly among married nurses. the current study's findings confirm one fundamental truth: the wlb concept is the same whether it is used in the setting of a developing country or a developed one. this is so because while the current study focused on married nurses in iraq, a developing nation, the findings are consistent with prior research. it is logical to assume that although wlb is significantly higher in industrialised countries than in developing nations like iraq, the effects of wlb will continue to be favourable. even though the working environment, cost of living, infrastructure, and tastes and preferences of employees in iraq differ from those in western countries, the effects of wlb on the performance of nurses and commitment are comparable to other environments. the current study's results enrich the existing literature and work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses jameel, a s., & alheety, a. s. 122 employ oc as a mediator variable for enhancing the association between wlb and the performance of married nurses. hospital managers should maintain a pleasant work environment since wlb enhances dedication to the task, increases female nurses' performance, decreases stress, and positively adds to performance and commitment. however, hospital managers should conduct regular surveys of nurses' performance and commitment, and wlb may assist in uncovering information about any issues at work or home. these surveys would give managers the tools to recruit and keep effective workers. hospital managers should evaluate the training techniques used and frequently review them to suit the changing needs of the environment because the training and development are crucial for enhancing performance, commitment for nurses, and life balance. additionally, nurses must be aware of the value of training programs and actively participate in them. the training and development programs may assist nurses in enhancing their abilities and advancing their careers and personal lives. 6. conclusion the study proposed four questions, and the results of this study answered all the questions and achieved the study's aims. the results indicated the wlb of married female nurses could enhance their performance and commitment. furthermore, the commitment of married female nurses improves their performance and simultaneously partially mediates the relation between the wlb and the performance of married female nurses. the results show that internal contact between hospital leadership and married female nurses must be established. furthermore, communication is needed to explain every choice made to become transparent. in keeping with that, regulating workloads and fostering a pleasant work environment is crucial to lowering job-related stress from excessive workloads. lastly, creating a timetable for married female nurses is crucial to improve their work and personal performance. declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. pp. 106-126 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 123 references al-alawi, a. i., al-saffar, e., almohammedsaleh, z. h., alotaibi, h., & al-alawi, e. i. (2021). a study of the effects of work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and work-life balance on saudi female teachers' performance in the public education sector with job satisfaction as a moderator. journal of international women's studies, 22(1), 486–503. allen, n. j. & meyer, j. p. (1996). affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organisation: an examination of construct validity. journal of vocational behavior, 49(3), 252-276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0043 arif, b. & farooqi, y. a. (2014). impact of work life balance on job satisfaction and organisational commitment among university teachers: a case study of university of gujrat, pakistan. international journal of multidisciplinary sciences and engineering, 5(9), 24–29. aruldoss, a., berube kowalski, k., travis, m. l., & parayitam, s. (2022). the relationship between work-life balance and job satisfaction: moderating role of training and development and work environment. journal of advances in management research, 19(2), 240–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/jamr-01-2021-0002 blau, p. (1964). exchange and power in social life. new york, ny: wiley. campbell, b. a., coff, r. & kryscynski, d. (2012). rethinking sustained competitive advantage from human capital. academy of management review, 37(3), 376–395. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0276 chin, w. w. (1998) the partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling, modern methods for business research. edited by g. a. marcoulides. london: lawrence erlbaum associates publishers. donkor, f., dongmei, z. & sekyere, i. (2021). the mediating effects of organizational commitment on leadership styles and employee performance in soes in ghana: a structural equation modeling analysis. sage open, 11(2), 215824402110088. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211008894. hair, j. f., risher, j. j., sarstedt, m., & ringle, c. m. (2019). when to use and how to report the results of pls-sem, european business review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebr-11-2018-0203. harini, s., hamidah, h., luddin, m. r., ali, h. (2020). analysis supply chain management factors of lecturer's turnover phenomenon. international journal of supply chain management, 9(1), 582–591. hendri, m. i. (2019). the mediation effect of job satisfaction and organisational commitment on the organisational learning effect of the employee performance. international journal of productivity and performance management, 68(7), 1208–1234. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-05-2018-0174 jameel, a. s. & ahmad, a. r. (2019). leadership and performance of academic staff in developing countries. proceedings of the 33rd international business information management association conference, ibima 2019: education excellence and innovation management through vision 2020. vision, 6101–6106. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3432988 jameel, a. s. & ahmad, a. r. (2020). the mediating role of job satisfaction between leadership style and performance of academic staff'. international journal of psychosocial rehabilitation, 24(04), 2399–2414. https://doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i4/pr201349 work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses jameel, a s., & alheety, a. s. 124 jameel, a. s., mahmood, y. n. & jwmaa, s. j. (2020). organisational justice and organisational commitment among secondary schoolteachers. cihan universityerbil journal of humanities and social sciences, 4(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.24086/cuejhss.v4n1y2020.pp1-6 karem, m. a., mahmood, y. n., jameel, a. s., & rahman ahmad, a. (2019). the effect of job satisfaction and organisational commitment on nurses' performance. humanities and social sciences reviews, 7(6), 332–339. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7658 kim, h. k. (2014). work-life balance and employees' performance: the mediating role of affective commitment. global business and management research: an international journal, 6(1). 37–51 konrad, a. m. & mangel, r. (2000). the impact of work‐life programs on firm productivity. strategic management journal. wiley online library, 21(12), 1225–1237. koon, v. (2022). a multilevel analysis of work-life balance practices. asia pacific journal of human resources, 60(2), 429–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12268 mabaso, c. m. & dlamini, b. i. (2018). total rewards and its effects on organisational commitment in higher education institutions. sa journal of human resource management. aosis, 16(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v16i0.913 massoudi, a. h., jameel, a. s. & ahmad, a. r. (2020). stimulating organisational citizenship behavior by applying organisational commitment and satisfaction. international journal of social sciences and economic review, 2(2), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v2i2.58 mazerolle, s. m. and goodman, a. (2013). fulfillment of work-life balance from the organisational perspective: a case study. journal of athletic training, 48(5), 668– 677. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.3.24 mendis, m. & weerakkody, w. a. s. (2017). the impact of work life balance on employee performance with reference to telecommunication industry in sri lanka: a mediation model. kelaniya journal of human resource management. department of human resource management, university of kelaniya, 12(1), 72–100. meyer, j. p., paunonen, s. v., gellatly, i. r., goffin, r. d., jackson, d. n. (1989). organisational commitment and job performance: it's the nature of the commitment that counts. journal of applied psychology, 74(1), 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.1.152 meyer, j. p., bobocel, d. r. & allen, n. j. (1991). development of organizational commitment during the first year of employment: a longitudinal study of pre and post-entry influences', journal of management, 17(4), 717–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700406 moh (2022). iraq's ministry of health and environment. moh. http://brhd.gov.iq/index.php?name=topics mowday, r. t., porter, l. w. & steers, r. m. (1982). employee-organization linkages: the psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. academic press. https://doi.org/10.1016/c2013-0-11207-x nijp, h. h., beckers, d. g., geurts, s. a., tucker, p., & kompier, m. a. (2012). systematic review on the association between employee worktime control and work-non-work balance, health and well-being, and job-related outcomes. scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 38(4), 299–313. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3307 oyewobi, l. o., oke, a. e., adeneye, t. d., & jimoh, r. a. (2019). influence of organisational commitment on work-life balance and organisational performance of pp. 106-126 vol. 5 no. 1 (2023) management & economics research journal 125 female construction professionals. engineering, construction and architectural management, 26(10), 2243–2263. https://doi.org/10.1108/ecam-07-2018-0277 popoola, s. o. & fagbola, o. o. (2021). work-life balance, self-esteem, work motivation, and organizational commitment of library personnel in federal universities in southern nigeria. international information & library review, 53(3), 214–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2020.1840244 prasetya, w. & natalia, c. (2020). investigating factors affecting construction workers performance. j. environ. treat. tech, 8(3), 1209–1219. https://doi.org/10.47277/jett/8(3)1218 qureshi, j. a., hayat, k., ali, m., & sarwat, n. (2011). impact of job satisfaction and organisational commitment on employee performance, evidence from pakistan. interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 3(4), 642–657 rachman, a. (2021). the influence of transformational leadership, competence at work, and job characteristics on the employee performance through organisational commitment: a social exchange perspective. international journal of ebusiness and egovernment studies, 13(1), 179–201. raewf, m. & thabit, t. (2015). the student's satisfaction influential factors at cihan university. international journal of advanced research in engineering & management (ijarem), 1(2), 63–72. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2638744 randeree, k. & ghaffar chaudhry, a. (2012). leadership – style, satisfaction and commitment. engineering, construction and architectural management, 19(1), 61–85. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699981211192571 roberts, k. (2007). work‐life balance – the sources of the contemporary problem and the probable outcomes. employee relations. edited by d. ruth eikhof, 29(4), 334– 351. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450710759181 rodríguez-sánchez, j.-l., gonzález-torres, t., montero-navarro, a., & gallego-losada, r. (2020). investing time and resources for work–life balance: the effect on talent retention. international journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 1920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061920 sheikh, a. m. (2022). impact of perceived organisational support on organisational commitment of banking employees: role of work-life balance. journal of asia business studies. 17(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/jabs-02-2021-0071 silva, p., moreira, a. c. & mota, j. (2022). employees' perception of corporate social responsibility and performance: the mediating roles of job satisfaction, organisational commitment and organisational trust. journal of strategy and management, https://doi.org/10.1108/jsma-10-2021-0213 soomro, a. a., breitenecker, r. j. & shah, s. a. m. (2018). relation of work-life balance, work-family conflict, and family-work conflict with the employee performancemoderating role of job satisfaction. south asian journal of business studies, 7(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/sajbs-02-2017-0018 sundari, m. n. d., supartha, w. g., wibawa, m. a., & surya i. b. k. (2022). does worklife balance and organisational justice affect female nurses' performance in a pandemic era? problems and perspectives in management, 20(1), 288-298. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(1).2022.24 talukder, a. k. m., vickers, m. & khan, a. (2018). supervisor support and work-life balance. personnel review, 47(3), 727–744. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-12-20160314 putra, i. b. u, & putra, i. b. g. u. (2022). organisational citizenship behavior determinants. work-life balance and organisational commitment among married female nurses jameel, a s., & alheety, a. s. 126 international journal of business, 27(2), 1083–4346. https://doi.org/10.55802/ijb.027(2).002 wiradendi wolor, c. et al. (2020). effectiveness of e-training, e-leadership, and work life balance on employee performance during covid-19. journal of asian finance, economics and business, 7(10). 443–450. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.443 woodrow, c. & guest, d. e. (2014). when good hr gets bad results: exploring the challenge of hr implementation in the case of workplace bullying. human resource management journal, 24(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12021 worldometers. (2022). iraq population. https://www.worldometers.info/worldpopulation/iraq-population/ 1. introduction 2. literature review 2.1. work-life balance 2.2. organisational commitment 2.3. employee performance 2.4. wlb and performance 2.5. wlb and oc 2.6. oc and performance 2.7. the mediating role of organisational commitment 2. methodology 3. results 3.1. personal information 3.2. measurement model 3.3. structural model 4. discussion 5. theoretical and practical implications 6. conclusion declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) 64-52ص ،)2019( 4عدد 1مجلد مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد، management & economics research journal, vol. 1 no. 4 (2019), pp. 52-64 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i4.61 كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة، التجاریة وعلوم التسییر، جامعة زیان 52 ).الجزائر(الجلفة 3117: ب.عاشور بالجلفة، ص كل الحقوق محفوظة 2019© www.mer-j.com خالل الفترة : السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر إلصالحاالقتصاد السیاسي 1990 -2018 1 فرحاتجمیلة )جزائرال( محمد بن أحمد 2جامعة وھران ، طالبة دكتوراه 1  ferhat.doctor31@gmail.com 06636909:الھاتف 2019-12-24: تاریخ النشر 2019-12-22: تاریخ القبول 2019-1110: االستالمتاریخ : ملخص ة الح السیاس ول دون اص ي تح ات الت ة العقب د طبیع ي تحدی تقترح الدراسة الحالیة المساھمة ف وص ھ الخص ى وج ادیة وعل التجاریة في الجزائر باستخدام النھج المؤسسي لمعالجة الظواھر االقتص ارة ة بالتج اري المتعلق ابع التج تمرار الط ي اس غط ف ات الض ى دور جماع ز عل ذلك نرك ة ل الخارجی الح ب المص ي ولع اد الكل یاق االقتص ي س ة وھ ي الحمای ة ف ل المتدخل یح العوام ع توض ائي م الحم دت رة تع ارة لفت ر التج ر لتحری ي الجزائ م تبن ري رغ یاق الفك القطاعیة للجھات الفاعلة الرئیسیة والس ي وبھذا ، العشریتین ر ف الق ألي تفكی ة االنط و نقط اتھ ھ وده وتناقض ي وقی ام السیاس المعنى فان النظ الح ، التجارة الخارجیة إصالحقضایا ي إلص اد السیاس نھج االقتص مة ل ة الحاس أتي األھمی ا ت ومن ھن .السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر ةالكلمات ال ي: مفتاحی اد السیاس ة، االقتص ة التجاری ات الض، السیاس ري، غطجماع اد الجزائ ، االقتص .التجاري اإلصالح .50f ، 40f ،13f: جالتصنیف  سلاالمؤلف المر: [ ferhat.doctor31@gmail.com] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i4.61&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-12-24 مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 64-52 ص 53 مقدمة. 1 ولكي تستطیع ، یقاس نجاح الدول بعدة مؤشرات اقتصادیة منھا مدى فعالیة تجارتھا الخارجیة دافھا یة وأھ ا السیاس ین مطالبھ ق ب ة تواف اع سیاس ن اتب د م ال الب ذا المج من ھ دافھا ض ق أھ تحقی ة اال ة التجاری ز السیاس ات لتعزی دة دراس ى ع دیث عل ي الح اد السیاس د االقتص ذلك یعتم ادیة ل قتص ابات ذه الحس د ھ ع تأكی ة م ة الداخلی رة ودور السیاس ارة الح ة التج ومعظم تفسیراتھ ركزت على أھمی ى تیراد عل ى االس ة عل ناعات المتنافس درة الص یما ق الح الس ات المص ھ مجموع ذي تلعب دور ال على ال یا ة سیاس یم الحمائی ب ، تنظ ذه المطال ى ھ اءا عل ون بن ؤولون المنتخب رف المس ع أن یتص ن المتوق وم .باستعمال عدة حجج منھا جانب الطلب والذي یعتبر جوھر االقتصاد السیاسي للسیاسة التجاریة ادة وبالنظر الى حالة الجزائر فقد انتھجت سیاسة حمائیة بعد االستقالل بھدف بناء قاعدة صنا عیة وزی م ة ث ارة الخارجی ة التج ت بمراقب ث قام ة حی اكل االجتماعی دة المش ن ح ل م تثمارات والتقلی م االس حج تراتیجیة ب االس ادرات حس واردات والص ي ال تحكم ف وطني وال وج ال ة المنت ل حمای ن أج ا م احتكارھ ر ، المتبعة ي الجزائ تج ف اد المن ة االقتص رض تنمی ات تعت ة و غیر أنھ ظلت ھناك عقب الح السیاس اص ري التجاریة اد الجزائ ي لالقتص ابع الریع ذه ، مع استمرار الط الل ھ ن خ نحاول م ك س یح ذل ولتوض :الدراسة االجابة على السؤال التالي إشكالیة البحث 1.1 ة اص ى فعالی یة عل الح السیاس ات المص أثیر جماع دى ت ا م ي م ة ف ة التجاری الح السیاس ؟الجزائر أسئلة البحث 2.1 العقبات التي حالت دون اصالح السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر؟ ھي ما ھي العالقة بین السوق السیاسیة والسوق االقتصادیة لتحدید اختیار السیاسة التجاریة؟ ما فرضیات البحث 3.1 ن االقتصاد الجزائري ال ة وم یخضع في عملھ لقوانین السوق بل الى األوامر االداریة للدول بشكل كاف لفرض أشكالھ التنظیمیة على المجال السیاسي نھ لیس متطورا أسباب ذلك نجد أ .وعلى جماعات الضغط التي تدافع عن مصالحھا التجاریة ن زول ع اد مع اء اقتص صناع النظام السیاسي لما بعد االستقالل تبنوا مشروع یھدف الى بن ات ة قوانین السوق حیث یمكن دراستھ وتحلیلھ تجریبیا من خالل الممارس ادیة للدول االقتص .والھادفة الى تجنب عدم المساواة الناتجة عن اقتصاد السوق ل كوقب ر ذل ي الجزائ ة ف ة التجاری ور السیاس وجز لتط رض م وم بع رق ، نق دھا نتط ىبع إل ات ة متطلب اول دراس م نح ر ث ي الجزائ ة ف الحالدراسات التطبیقیة القتصادیات السیاسة التجاری اإلص .نتائج البحث مع بعض التوصیات إلىوفي األخیر نشیر ، التجاریةالفعال للسیاسة تطورات السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر .2 اع یم قط دابیر لتنظ عرفت الجزائر وكغیرھا من الدول النامیة بعد االستقالل عدة اجراءات وت ة ف ددتھا الدول ي ح ادیة الت داف االقتص ة االھ دم مجموع ا یخ ة بم ا الخارجی رةتجارتھ ل فت د ، ي ك وق بالد ت ال ي حكم یة الت دیولوجیات السیاس ادیة واالی روف االقتص اختالف الظ ات ب ذه السیاس اختلفت ھ ریة ي العش ة ف ارة الخارجی ة للتج ة االداری دءا بالرقاب ىب تقالل األول ت االس ي تل ار ، الت رورا باحتك م املتین وال ، الدولة لھذا القطاع لعشریتین ك ىوص اح إل ة االنفت ق مرحل ذي راف اري ال ر التج او التحری خالل الفترة : السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر إلصالحاالقتصاد السیاسي فرحات جمیلة 1990-2018 54 ات ة الثمانینی بعینیات وبدای ة الس ي نھای ھ ف م تبنی ذي ت ن ، االنفتاح السیاسي واالقتصادي ال ازویمك إیج : ھذه المراحل على النحو التالي 1990السیاسة التجاریة المطبقة في الفترة قبل 1.2 ط اج نم اء انتھ ة اثن ة الجزائری ارة الخارجی ة التج رت سیاس رحلتین م ط بم اد المخط االقتص ىتمیزت المرحلة ، أساسیتین ة األول اء بالمراقب ةباالكتف ة اإلداری ارة الخارجی ي ، للتج ورت ف ا تط فیم . المرحلة الثانیة الى اسلوب احتكار الدولة لھا مرحلة مراقبة الدولة للتجارة الخارجیة 1.1.2 ین ا ب دة م رة الممت ن 1970_ 1962اتخذت الجزائر في الفت ة م راءاتمجموع ة اإلج التقییدی واردات إلىالتي ترمي ى ال وص عل ین ، فرض رقابة حكومیة على التجارة الخارجیة وبالخص ن ب وم دور د ص راءات نج ذه االج رھ یس أم ق بتأس نة أولیتعل ة س ة جمركی ام ، 1963تعریف ع نظ ووض ص رف، الحص ى الص ة عل ة والرقاب ات الجمركی ن التعریف ع م ذلك، والرف الل وك ن خ ة م الرقاب .)2012 ، بھلولي( gpa التجمعات المھنیة للشراء دابیر ن الت ة م ة بمجموع راءاتكما تمیزت ھذه المرحل ن واإلج وطني م اد ال ة االقتص ة لحمای التقییدی ق الل تطبی ن خ ة م ارة الخارجی ة للتج ة الدول ي مراقب ت ف ة تمثل ة الخارجی الیبالمنافس ة األس التجاری :)2002 ، دیب( التالیة لوب ادل األدواتأس ة التب ي عملی واردات ف ادرات وال ى الص ؤثر عل ذي ی عریة وال الس . كالرقابة على الصرف والقیود الكمیة .نظام الحصص وتراخیص االستیراد، المنع إجراءاتویتضمن ، الكمیة األدواتأسلوب لوب ة األدواتأس ة للدول ات تابع ات ومؤسس اء ھیئ الل انش ن خ ة م ات التنظیمی وم بعملی تق راء ة للش ات المھنی ل المجموع ة مث ارة الخارجی ر ، التج ري للخض وطني الجزائ دیوان ال وال . والفواكھ مرحلة احتكار الدولة للتجارة الخارجیة1.1.2 تینیات الل الس ارة خ اع التج ة ، بعد فترة الرقابة التي مارستھا الدولة على قط ت حری ن عرف أی أت نسبیة رافقتھا بعض المشاكل ف ي عملیات االستیراد خاصة فیما یتعلق بنوعیة المواد المستوردة لج ا إلىالدولة ة لھ ة(عملیة االحتكار عن طریق الشركات التابع ام ، )2007 ، عج ن ع ة م ي جویلی فف ب 1971 ة حس ات الدول صدرت سلسلة من التعلیمات منحت احتكار المنتوج لكل مؤسسة من مؤسس . من الواردات تحت احتكار المؤسسات العمومیة % 80انت النشاط الذي تمارسھ حیث ك نة ة س م 1978وفي بدای اءت رف إقص ن ط تیراد م ر االس م حظ دیر وت ال التص ي مج واص ف ل الخ ك ر ، وحل كل مؤسسات االستیراد والتصدیر الخاصة بقوة القانون، الخواص تحت أي ظرف م حظ وت دیلین إلىت معدالت التعریفة الجمركیة الوساطة في عملیات التجارة الخارجیة حیث خضع األول ، تع و ، )2018 ، نوري، منیر( 1986والثاني سنة 1973سنة راءات ھ ذه االج ن ھ والھدف الرئیسي م ة ، من جانب األجنبیةحمایة االنتاج الوطني من المنافسة و تنمی وي نح دافع ق د ال ر نج ب أخ ن جان وم ى أن إال، ةقطاع التجارة واالقتصاد الوطني بصفة عام ول ال مح بالوص م یس راءات ل تطبیق ھذه االج ة ة البیروقراطی تحقیق اھداف موضوعیة في المخططات التنمویة بل تحول االحتكار الى اداة لممارس وطني اد ال ذا ، وفرض تعسفي إلجراءات اداریة عطلت برامج التموین الالزمة للنھوض باالقتص وھك ارة ا ة للتج ار الدول اع فان مرحلة احتك اط القط ام نش را أم ا كبی ر عائق ة االم ي حقیق كلت ف ة ش لخارجی ذا ى واردات ھ ة عل یطرة الحكومی ة الس اص نتیج رالخ ر، األخی ذي أدى األم ىال ي إل ي تبن ر ف التفكی ة ة محاول ى مرحل ار ال ة واالحتك ي الرقاب ن مرحلت ال م ول واالنتق الي التح دة وبالت تراتیجیة جدی اس . تحریر التجارة الخارجیة مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 64-52 ص 55 1990السیاسة التجاریة المطبقة منذ 2.2 ات ة الثمانین ي نھای ر ف الم والجزائ ھدھا الع ي ش ادیة الت داث االقتص ان لألح رك ي األث الغ ف الب ة رة المقبل ادیة للفت یة واالقتص ارات السیاس ھ االختی ان( توجی رول ، )2000 ، بوزی دمة البت د ص فبع ة 1986لسنة ة الخارجی بء المدیونی ادة ع ى ،وزی ر ال دت الجزائ ة عم ات الدولی غط المنظم ذا ض وك ت األولىفالمرحلة ، انھ كان مرحلي اإلصالحواھم ما میز ھذا ، قطاع التجارة الخارجیة إصالح كان ود، عبارة عن تحریر تدریجي ن القی ال م ى ، والمرحلة الثانیة تحریر خ ع عل ع التوقی ك م زامن ذل وت . برنامج التعدیل الھیكلي 1991-1990لة التحریر المقید مرح 1.2.2 أمام العراقیل والصعوبات المطروحة في ظل التشریعات السابقة ونظرا للمشاكل العدیدة التي ة ن الممارس د م ا یزی در م ام بق ى االم دفع ال واجھتھا التجارة الخارجیة جراء التحریر المقید الذي ال ی ذري ل ول الج ى التح وة ال لطات بخط ت الس ة قام ة االحتكاری ة الجزائری ارة الخارجی یرورة التج س . 1991فیفري 13المؤرخ في 37 91بإصدار المرسوم التنفیذي رقم ى التج أن إلىونشیر في ھذا المجال ي عل اح الحقیق ادة بدایة االنفت ھ الم ة أقرت 41ارة الخارجی م 1990قانون المالیة التكمیلي لعام من اد رق ر االقتص ور وزی ؤرخ 63وكذلك منش ي الم -08-20ف نح ، والذي حدد طرق منح االعتماد لتجار الجملة وكذا الحقوق والواجبات المتعلقة بھم 1990 ولقد م د س النق ل مجل ن قب دین م از والمعتم ى امتی لین عل ة الحاص ار الجمل تثمرین وتج ور للمس ذا المنش ھ وا ریطة ان یكون اري ش اطھم التج ال نش ي مج تیراد ف ار االس از الحتك رض امتی أكثر والق ین ف ، اثن ة إقامةوألول مرة ومنذ ارة الخارجی ة للتج ار الدول ق احتك بحوتطبی ا أص ادة بیعھ لع إلع تیراد الس اس اریین املین التج ھ للمتع موح ب را مس ي إالأم دي وجزئ ابع تقیی ھ ط ان ل اح ك ذا االنفت ري( أن ھ ، زای 2008( . 1994مرحلة تحریر التجارة الخارجیة منذ 2.2.2 ارة في ظل بر ر التج عة لتحری دابیر واس دة ت اذ ع م اتخ ة ت ات الدولی امج االصالح مع المؤسس واردات ض ال ل بع دة تموی اء قاع واردات والغ ى ال ة عل ود الكمی ر والقی الخارجیة حیث تم الغاء الحظ تورد بة للمس عبة بالنس ة الص تھالكیة بالعمل دود ، االس ة والح ة الجمركی یض الحمای م تخف ك ت د ذل بع وى ل وارداتالقص ى ال ة عل ة الجمركی ن ، لتعریف د م ة العدی ارة الخارجی اع التج رف قط ا ع كم تیراد دیر واالس الي التص ي مج اطر ف ل المخ االصالحات وفي مختلف المجاالت والتي تھدف الى تقلی . حتى یتمكن االقتصاد الجزائري من االندماج في االقتصاد العالمي ة التجار ح أن السیاس بق یتض ا س الل م ن خ روف م ب الظ ر بحس ر تتغی ي الجزائ ة ف ة المتبع ی ن ، والوقائع االقتصادیة اعفم ھ إتب اد موج ة اقتص ىسیاس وق إل اد الس ة اقتص ح ، سیاس ا بمس و قمن ول ادرات م الص ى دع ز عل ع التركی ان م م االحی ي معظ ا ف ب علیھ ائي یغل ابع الحم دنا أن الط امل لوج ش ي التطب اءة ف دم الكف ن ع اني م ذي یع ر وال ات المباش یة والسیاس ل المؤسس اب العوام ة غی ق نتیج ی . االقتصادیة المساعدة والذي یستمد مبادئھ األساسیة من ، أما النموذج الذي اتبعتھ الجزائر فھو نموذج تنموي مستقل ال از perrou–feldman-hishmanأعم ھ الجھ ى توجی ل عل ذي یعم رھم وال اجيوغی و اإلنت نح ا ال ی، السوق الداخلي ر ھن وذج واألم ي نم اللعن تثمارات إح م االس ر معظ ي الجزائ ھ ف واردات ألن ال و ة نح ذه المرحل ي ھ اجالصناعیة موجھة ف تھالك إنت یس االس ز ول لع التجھی یف(س ، )2013 ، لوص ة إعطاءھذا النموذج یؤكد على ضرورة ة المتبع رامج التنمی ي ب ة ف ناعة الثقیل وى للص ة القص األھمی ن ، المیكانیكیة ألن ھذه األخیرة كالصناعات ز ع ة تتمی ناعات الكیماوی لب والص د والص صناعة الحدی ن ، effets d’entrainementsغیرھا من الصناعات بكونھا تولد أثارا فاعلة أو مؤثرة ظ م والمالح ن ، الخصائص السابقة الذكر أنھا تتمتع بحزمة من العوائق الجمركیة والغیر جمركیة عیفة م ي ض وھ خالل الفترة : السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر إلصالحاالقتصاد السیاسي فرحات جمیلة 1990-2018 56 یة حی ة المؤسس اقالناحی ى االتس ر ال وم ، ث تفتق د الرس د تزای ة نج اض التعریف ع انخف ھ وم أي أن واردات ى ال ة عل ع ، الجمركی واردات م یم ال ي تقی داقیة ف فافیة والمص دام الش ن انع ت م ا عان ا أنھ كم .التالعب بجداول التعریفة المعلنة ات السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر الدراسات التطبیقیة القتصادی. 3 تصادیة للمجتمعات غیر المتمایزة ھمیة االختیارات المنھجیة في دراسة الظواھر االقأ 1.3 ادیة واھره االقتص یر ظ ي تفس یعتمد االقتصاد الجزائري على تخصصات العلوم االجتماعیة ف ل p. bourdieuوفي ھذا الصدد یوضح ، بشكل كبیر ر ال یجع ي الجزائ بي ف ایز النس دم التم أن ع ب ة اءإنشمن الممكن اني بالدول ، اقتصاد سیاسي حقیقي أو علم سیاسي حقیقي فاألول یتعلق بالسوق والث روة دفقات الث نظم ت ي ت ي الت لطة ھ ر ألن الس ي الجزائ قین ف ر متناس ,polayni( فھذان المكونان غی 1983, p83 (، ات اإلشكالیةوھذه ن الفعالی ي م م السیاس ام الحك دني ونظ ع الم ة المجتم توضح مكان ةاال ة الجزائری اعي ، قتصادیة فیما یتعلق بالدول یم االجتم كال التنظ ن أش كل م و ش دني ھ المجتمع الم ف ة:مبني على مصفوفة ثالثیة األبعاد ادیة والثقافی یة واالقتص رض ، السیاس ى ف ھ عل ز بقدرت و یتمی وھ ارض ذي یع لطة ال ى الس راع عل ي الص ذاتي ف م ال راءاتالحك ح إغ ین أص ر ب ي تظھ ة الت اب الھیمن ھ الل قدرت ن خ ادي م السلطة السیاسیة حیث یبدوا البعد السیاسي للمجتمع المدني على الجانب االقتص یم ، على فرض اضفاء الطابع المؤسسي للسلطة وھذا یعني أنھا تنظم سیادة القانون اقتصادیا ویتم تنظ وق ل إلنتاجالمجتمع المدني ي الس ة ف الل المنافس ن خ ا م تم الثروة الالزمة لوجودھ ث ی ذلك حی ام ب لقی وى غیل الق ف تش ي وق بب ف ا یتس ع مم اج والتوزی عزل المواقف الریعیة عن طریق تغییر قواعد االنت ع دني یوض توى الم ى المس االجتماعیة المفترسة التي تعودت على الدخل غیر الشرعي اقتصادیا وعل .(addi, 2014p11) الفرد في قلب العملیة االجتماعیة :سیاسیة على صیاغة خیارات السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائرأثر السوق ال 2.3 م ي تحك یة الت ادیة والسیاس ة واالقتص روف االجتماعی ى الظ ة عل ة التجاری د السیاس تعتم الق، الخیارات االقتصادیة بین االنفتاح والحمایة ة االنط د نقط ة نج ة وقطاعی ر عالمی ة نظ ن وجھ وم ا ا ة المزای أن دینامیكی ول ب ض الق ي رف ة ھ ق السیاس وى وطرائ ف محت ي تعری ائدة ف ي الس بیة ھ لنس ة الث ، (hillman, 1989) التجاری ن ث زیج م ن م اتج ع اح ن ة أو االنفت ین الحمای ار ب واالختی ي اد الكل یاق االقتص غط وس ات الض الح جماع ري ومص یاق الفك ي الس ل وھ ن العوام ات م مجموع ة واد الھیدروكربونی عار الم رة بأس رتبط مباش ار و، الم ات األفك ین أن دینامیكی یة تب یة األساس الفرض ري یاق الفك ر الس ث یعتب تسمح بكل من التبریر والشرعیة لألفضلیات وخیارات السیاسة التجاریة حی ا ة لھ ات البنائی م السیاس د أھ ة ، أح كلة التنمی دیولوجي لمش اء أی ا بن ى أنھ ة عل ل الحمای تم تحلی وی داف واألدو دد األھ ي تح ادیة الت ل االقتص ق بالتكام ا یتعل ھ فیم ة لنفس انع السیاس عھا ص ي یض ات الت ات ) المزایا النسبیة(أي أن السیاسة ال تعتمد على التنظیم القطاعي لالقتصاد ، الدولي وتركیز مجموع ات انعي السیاس ن ص ة م كلون مجموع ذین یش ، المصالح ولكن أیضا على التماسك العقائدي لألفراد ال .یتوافق مع استراتیجیة التنمیة في الجزائر 1988-1965للفترة لذلك نجد التوجھ الحمائي و لمعرفة درجة تأثیر السوق السیاسیة على فعالیة السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر نقوم بتحلیل :لشكل التالي ا مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 64-52 ص 57 تعریفة التوازن في السوق السیاسیة :1 رقم شكل source : (baldwin, 2006, p 1451) ي ، البیاني مستوى التوازن في السوق السیاسیة یمثل الرسم ة الت ویعرف ھذا عن طریق النقط ي ، یتقاطع فیھا منحنى عرض الحمایة والطلب علیھا ور األفق فمنحنى عرض الحمایة یتقاطع مع المح ذي ، *tعلى مستوى التعریفة المثلى ل ال ب المی ى موج ھ منحن ن أن یمثل والطلب على الحمایة یمك دد دد ع ةیح ي التعریف یة ف ادة الھامش دیم الزی تعدة لتق ركات المس ادة ، الش ا لزی ى ایجابی در المنحن وینح ار ي الختی غط األساس وذج الض ا لنم ركة ووفق غیلیة للش اح التش ادة األرب ة وزی ي التعریف یة ف ھامش وق ي الس ا ف ب علیھ اوي الطل ة یس رض الحمای ل ع یغة تجع ات بص ة التعریف ع الحكوم ة تض التعریف ا ب، سیةالسیا ر عنھ اھمة یعب ى مس ل عل ت تحص ة اذا كان رف الحكوم ، y ـویتم تحدید الحمایة من ط ة د أن التعریف ث نج ى حی ة المثل ن التعریف والرسم البیاني یدل على أن تعریفة التوازن ستكون أعلى م الدوافع المثلى توضع بدافع التبادل التجاري لوضع التعریفة والباقي یعبر عن التعریفة الجمركیة ذات .السیاسیة واردات ة ال اع منافس م قط ى حج ى عل یة المثل ة السیاس د التعریف ة ، وتعتم ان تعریف ع ف ان واس اذا ك ف توى وى ألي مس ابع أق واردات ذات ط اع ال ي قط ركات ف دد الش التوازن تكون أعلى بسبب ارتفاع ع دل ا ی ع مم الخط المتقط ا ب ھ بیانی ر عن ة والمعب ة الجمركی ن التعریف ین م وازن مع ة الت ى أن تعریف عل ). baldwin، 2006(سترتفع .2ویمكن تحلیل درجة الحمایة الناجمة عن االعتبارات السیاسیة بیانیا وفق الشكل خالل الفترة : السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر إلصالحاالقتصاد السیاسي فرحات جمیلة 1990-2018 58 منحنى تكلفة الضغط لتأمین مستویات الحمایة التعریفیة من طرف اللوبي : 2 شكل رقم source: (baldwin, 1982, p 275) ل ن تحلی كل یمك ق الش ا وف یة بیانی ارات السیاس ن االعتب ة ع ة الناجم ة الحمای ث 2درج حی otov ن یمثل منحنى تكلفة الضغط الذي یعكس التكالیف المالیة لزیادة مستویات الحمایة التعریفیة م وب رف الل ؤولین ، (magee, 2007) ط تعداد المس ع اس ة م ل مترافق ذه العوام ى ھ ل المنحن ویحل م المنتخبین لمنح حما ع حج ا م ة وایجابی ة الحمای ع درج یا م ة عكس ددة مرتبط ناعة مح افیة لص یة اض روف ا الظ ابق بھ ي تتط ة الت ع الدرج ابي م كل ایج ذلك بش ة ك ین والمترابط غط المنتج ات ض نفق اخبین اعي للن أمین االجتم ات الت ة أو رغب یم االیثاری ق الق ن طری ا ع ناعة ام ي الص ادیة ف ، االقتص كل ن الش ظ م ى أ 2والمالح داد otovن منحن ھ امت ة ، otoلدی ن حمای د م ى الفوائ اط منحن ا نق أم ي تقر ف ى أن تس د ال رض أن تزی ة qالتعریفات یفت ا التعریف وي علیھ ي تنط وى الت ة القص ع الحمای م اد ربح المعت ي ال ر ف ذي یظھ ة وال ة الداخلی وازن والتعریف ة الت یة ، المرتفع ة الھامش ى أن التكلف بمعن ة ادة التعریفی اویة للزی ادة مس رد زی ي مج راداتھ ة لإلی ادة التعریفی ن الزی یة م ن ، الھامش ر ع ویعب والزیادة المرتبطة بالتعریفة بoe2مستوى النفقات الذي یزید الى أقصى حد من الفوائد الصافیة ب or2 ات ي أي تعریف ادة ف ة بزی ین المرتبط ائض المنتج ي ف ادة ف ى الزی یر ال ي تش ات الت ا المنحنی أم ن نجدھا على شكل دعم الناخبین والمنحنیات المتجھة الى األعلى تعبر عن زیادة في الرسوم التي یمك ررات ، أن تحصل علیھا الصناعة في مختلف المستویات ن المب ر ع ض النظ بق وبغ والمالحظ مما س ة أي ة العام وفیر المنفع ة بت ر المرتبط ب الح كلة الراك ا مش ائص منھ ض النق د بع ة نج ابقة للحمای الس تحقاقات ن االس تثناءات م ون اس م یملك م أنھ ة رغ ات الجمركی ود التعریف ة بوج ة العام یة المنفع خاص ر ، (lambertini, 2014)التعریفة وتكالیف توفیر ي الجزائ ة ف ة التجاری ائي للسیاس ابع الحم والط ا ة االنفت ي حال بھا ف نخفض مكاس ر أو ت ي ستخس ات والت بعض القطاع الح ل اك مص ى أن ھن دل عل ح ی دوافع ن ال تمرة م ة مس ر حلق الي تظھ دیھا وبالت یة ل درة التنافس عف الق بب ض ارجي بس على العالم الخ یة عف التنافس ة وض دم المرون ي ع تمر ف ة تس ة مرتفع ى حمای لت عل ي حص ات الت ح أن القطاع توض ر ض التحری نھم ، ورف غط بی ات ض وین جماع ى تك ؤدي ال ل ت ذه العوام ,helpman) أي أن ھ ادة ، أن ھذه المواصفات ھي سمة إلدارة سیاسة ضعیفة للمصالح المجتمعةكما ,(1992 بمعنى أنھ ع ن إذاما تستمر الحمایة نتیجة لظھور جماعات ضغط ال تستطیع تقییم ما كان أعضاؤھا سیستفیدون م ى ، االنفتاح أو عدمھ ول عل ن الحص دال م ة ب یل الحمای ى تفض دفعھم ال اتوھو ما ی ال ، إعان ع انتق وم اء ال ى بن ادرة عل ر ق جزائر الى اقتصاد السوق ظھر أن القطاعات التي ستستفید من االنفتاح قلیلة وغی مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 64-52 ص 59 ا ، توازن مضاد للمصالح المطالبة باستمرار الحمایة ا م ة غالب ى أن الحمای دل عل والتجارب واألدلة ت ارات ة ذات مھ ا العمال ون فیھ ي تك ور تكون مرتفعة لدى الصناعات كثیفة العمالة والت ة وأج منخفض لع تج س ي تن ع والت ي المرتف ون األجنب ناعات ذات المك ي الص ة ف ة مرتفع ون الحمای ذلك تك زھیدة وك .(rodrik, 1994) إنتاجھااستھالكیة تستھلك على مستوى قطري واسع رغم تمركز ال للسیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر متطلبات االصالح الفع . 4 ع إصالح إن ة م ة التجاری ذا السیاس ار ھ ي االعتب ذ ف اراألخ ى اإلط د ال د یمت ي الجدی المؤسس ھ ا تعنی ر مم ةأكث یس إزال ذي ل ي وال د المؤسس ذا البع مل ھ ة لیش ر الجمركی ة وغی د الجمركی العوائ دف ون یھ د یك ن ق ة ولك ارة العالمی ىبالضروري أن یتوافق مع متطلبات منظمة التج ة إل ق تنمی تحقی ر حقیقیة والتي قد تختلف كمفھوم ىمن عنص ة إل ن دول ر وم ىعنص ا إل ب ظروفھ رى حس ة أخ دول ة ادیة واالجتماعی یة واالقتص ذ ، (rodrik, 2002) السیاس الحات من ت اإلص ر تبن بة للجزائ وبالنس رارات یاغة الق ي ص ة ف ز الدول ة تحی ة التحلیلی ین الدراس ث تب ات حی ن الثمانین اني م ف الث النص ى ، وینتج ھذا التحیز عن العوامل السابقة الذكر ،االقتصادیة سواء الوطنیة أو الدولیة ع ال والذي یرج ي ارك ف ري تش اد الجزائ دویل االقتص ة لت راءات الملموس ة أن اإلج اتحقیق لطة آلی ة الس ممارس ة دینامیكیات الھیكلی ى ال ة عل ا الدول ط فیھ ي تتوس ة الت وق العالمی ع الس ة م ؤثر العالق رعیتھا فت وش مما یؤكد أن اإلصالح االقتصادي الشامل ، وتحدد شرعیة النظام السیاسيوالمؤسسیة للسوق الوطنیة ة لة بالسیاس ة ذات ص كل نخب ددة , (werenfels, 2007) یش ة متع ة لمجموع ي الفرص ا یعط كم الحفرض قراراتھا سیاسیا واقتصادیا في حین نجد أن لالمصالح ى اإلص ز عل ب أن یرك اري یج التج الحات ة اإلص ة ، التلقائی ریعیة وعملی ى األدوات التش ام األول عل ي المق د ف اري تعتم الح التج اإلص ذة ة والمنف وانین المعلن ة وراء الق الیب اإلداری وازن األس ى أن ، (elmikawy, 2002) بینما تت بمعن ة اإلصالح لة بمجموع ة متص ة التجاری ادیة ألن السیاس ھ اقتص ر من التجاري یعتبر عملیة سیاسیة أكث الح المختلف ن المص الح م ى االص ة ال ر الجمركی د غی ات والعوائ دى التعریف الح یتع ل االص ة تجع . الدینامیكي والمؤسسي لیشمل الجوانب السیاسیة واالجتماعیة مكملة للجوانب االقتصادیة ي ر ھیكل ل تغیی دولي عام ادل ال ى أن التب ت مض ن أي وق ر م ة أكث ة الجزائری ح الحال وتوض وبھذه الطریقة تعتبر السیاسات الوطنیة ، امیكیة اقتصادیة محلیةومؤسسي بشرط أن یكون امتدادا لدین ة ارة الدولی ر التج دابیر لتحری ت ت ؤال ، المتغیرات الرئیسیة للنمو والتنمیة ولیس زال الس ك الی ع ذل وم وح اد مفت ي اقتص اط ف راكم األقس ام ت الح نظ دوى إص و ج زدوج ھ ر ، الم اري أكث ور معی ن منظ وم ی ات المؤسس ة الترتیب ة طبیع ار تحویلی ھ أث تج عن اح ین مان االنفت ة لض ن ناحی عھا م ین وض ي یتع ة الت .(abbas, 2009) ومن ناحیة أخرى یخفف الصراع التوزیعي المرتبط بھ، إنتاجیة خالل الفترة : السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر إلصالحاالقتصاد السیاسي فرحات جمیلة 1990-2018 60 خالصة ئیل إصالحنستخلص من ھذه المساھمة أن زء ض ل لج السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر یعتبر ح الحفالجزائر ألزمت نفسھا بالمضي قدما ، لتي تواجھھا الدولةمن المشاكل االقتصادیة ا ة لإلص بطریق ة ارة الخارجی ال التج ة بمج ة المتعلق املة خاص نوات أن ، ش د س ظ بع الحاتوالمالح أتي اإلص م ت ل و اإلجمالیةبمردود یذكر والنتیجة ة وھ ا ناجح ل للجھود المبذولة ال یمكن وصفھا بأنھ ب تحلی ا تطل م الجزائروفھم المصالح ة ب دینامیكیات الخاص ار، (werenfels, 2002) وال اد واإلط ري القتص النظ اریخي یاق الت ى الس السوق ینطوي على جوانب أكثر من المتغیرات االقتصادیة والمؤسسیة لیتعدى ال ة ، واالجتماعي والثقافي المحدد س األیدیولوجی ن األس ة م ى بنی ون عل ي أن تك ر ینبغ بة للجزائ وبالنس ار لما بع ھ انھ بعینیات لكن ة الس ي بدای د االستقالل واستبدال الواردات بمشروع التصنیع الذي انطلق ف یة االت السیاس یر المج ة س م كیفی تماما مع انخفاض أسعار النفط في منتصف الثمانینات مما تطلب فھ ة المطر ة والحج ر مفھوم ة غی اد بطریق ى االقتص ة أن واالقتصادیة في بلد تسیطر فیھ السیاسة عل وح : فشل االصالحات یعود الى ثالث عوامل دة تخضع الجزائر لسیطرة جماعات مصالح متنافسة :أوال وبالتالي فھي تفتقد الى قیادة موح .اقتصادیة متماسكة وھو ما یعیق التنمیة االقتصادیة الشاملة في الجزائر إستراتیجیةمع ع: ثانیا ى التوزی ة عل ة للدول ات المملوك ؤثر المؤسس ویض ت ق تف ن طری ارات ع ن االیج م ارات ن احتك ارات م ون االیج ذین یتلق ك ال دا ألولئ كل تھدی ا یش الحھا مم ل لص بكات تعم ش ر د تحری اص بع اع الخ االستیراد التي انتقلت من المؤسسات المملوكة للدولة الى أیدي القط .التجارة ا ھي بقایا قومیة مستمرة وقویة لم اإلصالحوالعقبة الثالثة أمام ؤسسات أیدیولوجیة تم بناءھ ي وھي ال، بعد االستقالل والتي نتجت عن عدم الثقة في التحریر التجاري ة ف زال أداة قوی ت ینالخطاب العام للمجموعات التي تحارب االصالح بما یسمى بذھنیة ع ب ي الری ب وھ النخ روكربونیةتوزیع االیجارات الھید بإعادةذھنیة تنتج عن الدخل وال ترتبط بالعمل بل : والنقاط المذكورة أعاله تعطینا تفسیرا لالستنتاجات التالیة السیاسیة في غیاب اطار مؤسسي مناسب یثبت أنھا ذات أھمیة فیما یتعلق اإلصالحاتفشل . بالمسار االصالحي لالقتصاد الجزائري ة س الداخلی یع األس ة بتوس واد الھیدروكربونی تغالل الم راكم سمحت سیاسة تصدیر واس للت .بھدف تحقیق استقالل اقتصادي وسیاسي أكبر اح دل االنفت ل -إن مع دیر مث ادي التص نفط أح اد ال ي اقتص ة ف ة الھیكلی ن الناحی ع م المرتف ر رة 31.5(الجزائ الل الفت ازالت ) 2011-2005٪ خ یة التن ار قض ي االعتب ذ ف ال یأخ یة ادیة السیاس ك ، االقتص ى ذل افة إل ى م ، باإلض د عل اد یعتم ن االقتص تقلة ع رات مس تغی ة ة التجاری ي للسیاس د(السیاس م البل ل ، حج ة العام ي ، وھب وین الجغراف ,abbas) والتك 2012) . : وبناءا على ذلك نقدم مجموعة من التوصیات أھمھا ما یلي تثمرین ین والمس ات للمنتج ي توجیھ ي تعط ودة والت ة الج یة عالی ة سیاس اء بیئ رورة بن ض تخدا ع االس یئم وتمن ادیة الس وارد االقتص الح ، للم ى اإلص ائمون عل ة الق ناع السیاس فص ارة أو ر للتج م أكب ى حج الح ال ذا اإلص یؤدي ھ ل س ط ھ اءلوا فق ب أن ال یتس اري یج التج ذا احبة ھ رورة مص ن ض یحدث فرص نفاذ أفضل للصادرات بل یجب أن یتساءلوا أیضا ع . (rodrik, 2002) طن نفسھاإلصالح ببیئة سیاسات ذات جودة عالیة داخل الو مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 64-52 ص 61 ة یة الھیكلی ب األساس ة الجوان ع دراس اري م الح التج ي اإلص ة ف اركة الحكوم رورة مش ض . والمؤسسیة لطبیعة البیئة السیاسیة واالجتماعیة في الجزائر ر إن األم ة ف وفي األخیر وكخالصة لتقییمنا نرى أنھ إلحداث إصالح فعال للسیاسة التجاری دى رغ اس یتوقف على م ف باألس م ال یتوق ار المالئ د االختی الح وتحدی داقیة االص ة ومص ة الحكوم ب .على حكم اقتصادي قوي بل یتعدى في أغلب األحیان الى أساس سیاسي المالحق أصحاب المصالح ومواقفھم المختلفة فیما یختص بتحدید السیاسة التجاریة: )3(رقم الشكل )2002غنیم، مكاوي، ( : المصدر مصادر القوة الموقف أصحاب المصالح محل التصنیع إلحالل ضد تحریر التجارة للخوف من المنافسة الواردات أقویاء من خالل غرف التجارة المصدرون في القطاع ضعفاء مع تحریر التجارة وتنشیط الصادرات الخاص المستوردون في القطاع یستفیدون من تخفیض التعریفات الخاص أقویاء من خالل غرف التجارة واللوبي الشخصي وزیادة التنافسیة إلى معارضة للخوف من المنافسةموقف غیر محدد والذي یتراوح بین مؤیدین آملین في التحدیث یرو القطاع العاممد أقویاء من خالل غرف التجارة البیروقراطیون موقفھم یتراوح من محایدین إلى معارضین للتحریر إذا احسوا ر لمصلحتھم أنھم ال یستطیعوا ممارسة قدرتھم على التأثی ً عنصر طبیعي یتمثل في البیروقراطیة . الشخصیة ھناك أیضا والخوف من التغییر أقویاء خاصة في مرحلة التنفیذ .والتي قد تؤدي إلى بطالةضد التحریر للخوف من المنافسة من الواردات الرخیصة العمالة المنظمة أقویاء من خالل االتحادات العمالة غیر المنظمة ون لھم موقف واضح في تنشیط الصادرات لتحریر قد ال یك التجارة بسبب أنھم تعودوا على العمل في أسواق غیر منظمة .بتعاقدات مؤقتة ضعیف مجلس الوزراء مواقف مختلطة تتراوح من الخوف من التحریر الذى قد یؤدي إلى انخفاض حصیلة الجمارك ومشاكل بعض الصناعات كثر قوة وبالتالي قاعدة ضریبیة آملیًن في اقتصاد أ مساندین واسعة و فرص عمل أكثر ضعیف خالل الفترة : السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر إلصالحاالقتصاد السیاسي فرحات جمیلة 1990-2018 62 المراجع abbas, m. (2009). l’accession à l’omc : quelles stratégies pour quelle intégration à la mondialisation ? , confluences méditerranée, 71. abbas, m. (2012). l'ouverture commerciale de l'algérie. apports et limites d'une approche en termes d'économie politique du protectionnisme , revue tiers monde. addi, l. (2014). préface , in mourad ouchichi, les fondements politiques de l’économie rentière, béjaïa, éditions déclic. baldwin, r. (1982). import competition and response, jagdish n. bhagwati, editor university of chicago press. baldwin, r. (2006)., multilateralising regionalism: spaghetti bowls as building bloc on the oath to global free trade’, the world economy, 29. elmikawy, n. (2002). institutional reform and economic development in egypt, cairo: american university press. helpman, g. a. (1992). protection for sale, princeton university. hillman. (1989). the political economy of protection, new york, harwood academic. lambertini. (2014). dynamic analysis of an electoral campaign in haunschmied, j, v.m. veliov and s. wrzaczek (eds.), 'dynamic games in economics', dynamic modelling and econometrics in economics and finance 16, springer. magee. (2007). influence elections, and the value of a vote in the u.s. house of representatives, economics and politics, 19(3). polayni, k. (1983). la grande transformation, paris, gallimard. 83. rodrik. (1994). the rush to free trade in the developing world: why so late? why now? will it last?' in s. haggard and s. webb, eds., voting for reform: the politics of adjustment in new democracies, new york: oxford university press. rodrik. (2002). trade policy reform as institutional reform in bernard hoekman handbook on developing countries and the next round of wto negotiations forthcoming. rodrik. (2002). trade policy reform as institutional reform in bernard hoekman handbook on developing countries and the next round of wto negotiations forthcoming. werenfels. (2002). obstacles to privatisation of state-owned industries in algeria: the political economy of a distributive conflict, the journal of north african studies,7(1). werenfels. (2007). managing instability: elites and political change in algeria, londres, routledge. ارة، .(2012) .ف ,لوليبھ ة للتج ة العالمی ى المنظم مام ال طیة واالنض التجارة الخارجیة الجزائریة بین اتفاقیة الشراكة األورومتوس . 11، العدد 11، المجلد مجلة الباحث ان، ة .(2000) .ا بوزی تیر، كلی الة ماجس الحات، رس ھ واالص اد الموج ة االقتص الل مرحل ر خ ي الجزائ دیر ف ة التص وم سیاس العل .االقتصادیة وعلوم التسییر، جامعة الجزائر ییر، .(2002) .ا .ع دیب، ادیة والتس وم االقتص تنظیم وتطور التجارة الخارجیة، دراسة حالة الجزائر، أطروحة دكتوراه، كلیة العل .جامعة الجزائر .5االقتصاد والمجتمع، العدد تسھیل التجارة وتحدیات االصالح التجاري في الجزائر، مجلة .(2008) .ب زایري، .التجربة الجزائریة في تنظیم التجارة الخارجیة من احتكار الدولة الى احتكار الخواص، دار الخلدونیة، الجزائر .(2007) .ا عجة، ، 20121970أثر سیاسات التجارة الخارجیة على التنمیة االقتصادیة المستدامة في الجزائر خالل الفترة .(2013) .ف لوصیف، .كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة وعلوم التسییر، جامعة سطیف رسالة ماجستیر، مجلة .النمذجة القیاسیة النعكاسات السیاسة التجاریة على حجم واتجاه التجارة الخارجیة الجزائریة .(2018) .ب .س منیر نوري، 2العدد 14اقتصادیات شمال افریقیا المجلد .االقتصاد السیاسي للسیاسة التجاریة في مصر ).2002(. غنیم أحمد مكاوي نھى، references: abbas, m. (2009). l’accession à l’omc : quelles stratégies pour quelle intégration à la mondialisation ? , confluences méditerranée, 71. abbas, m. (2012). l'ouverture commerciale de l'algérie. apports et limites d'une approche en termes d'économie politique du protectionnisme , revue tiers monde. addi, l. (2014). préface , in mourad ouchichi, les fondements politiques de l’économie rentière, béjaïa, éditions déclic. مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 64-52 ص 63 baldwin, r. (1982). import competition and response, jagdish n. bhagwati, editor university of chicago press. baldwin, r. (2006)., multilateralising regionalism: spaghetti bowls as building bloc on the oath to global free trade’, the world economy, 29. elmikawy, n. (2002). institutional reform and economic development in egypt, cairo: american university press. helpman, g. a. (1992). protection for sale, princeton university. hillman. (1989). the political economy of protection, new york, harwood academic. lambertini. (2014). dynamic analysis of an electoral campaign in haunschmied, j, v.m. veliov and s. wrzaczek (eds.), 'dynamic games in economics', dynamic modelling and econometrics in economics and finance 16, springer. magee. (2007). influence elections, and the value of a vote in the u.s. house of representatives, economics and politics, 19(3). polayni, k. (1983). la grande transformation, paris, gallimard. 83. rodrik. (1994). the rush to free trade in the developing world: why so late? why now? will it last?' in s. haggard and s. webb, eds., voting for reform: the politics of adjustment in new democracies, new york: oxford university press. rodrik. (2002). trade policy reform as institutional reform in bernard hoekman handbook on developing countries and the next round of wto negotiations forthcoming. rodrik. (2002). trade policy reform as institutional reform in bernard hoekman handbook on developing countries and the next round of wto negotiations forthcoming. werenfels. (2002). obstacles to privatisation of state-owned industries in algeria: the political economy of a distributive conflict, the journal of north african studies,7(1). werenfels. (2007). managing instability: elites and political change in algeria, londres, routledge. bahlouli, f. (2012). algerian foreign trade between the euro-mediterranean partnership agreement and accession to world trade organization, al-bahith review, 11. [in arabic] bouziane, a. (2000). export policy in algeria during the stage of directed economics and reforms, (master thesis, algiers university). [in arabic] dhib, a. a. (2002). organization and development of foreign trade, the case study of algeria, (phd thesis, algiers university). [in arabic] zairi, b. (2008). trade facilitation and the challenges of trade reform in algeria, journal of economy and society, 5. [in arabic] adja, a. (2007). the algerian experience in organizing foreign trade from state monopoly to private monopoly, dar al-khaldouni, algeria. [in arabic] loucif, f. (2013). the impact of foreign trade policies on sustainable economic development in algeria during the period 1970 -2012, (master thesis, university of setif). [in arabic] nouri, m., & bounoua. s. (2018). econometric modelling of trade policy implications on size and direction of algerian foreign trade. journal of north african economies, 14(2). [in arabic] makawi, n. &, ghonaim, a. (2002). the political economy of trade policy in egypt. [in arabic] خالل الفترة : السیاسة التجاریة في الجزائر إلصالحاالقتصاد السیاسي فرحات جمیلة 1990-2018 64 the political economy of trade policy reform in algeria: during the period 19902018 djamila ferhat 1 published: 24-12-2019 accepted: 22-12-2019 received: 10-11-2019 abstract: this study aims to contribute to the determination of the nature of the obstacles to reform trade policy in algeria using the institutional approach to deal with economic phenomena, especially those related to foreign trade. sectoral interests of key actors and an intellectual context despite the adoption by algeria of trade liberalization for more than two decades in this sense, the political system, its constraints and contradictions are the starting point for any reflection on the issues of trade reform, hence the crucial importance of the approach to economic policy reform trade policy in algeria. keywords: political economy, trade policy, lobbyists, algerian economy, trade reform. jel classification: f13, f40, f50. 1corresponding author: university of oran 2 mohamed ben ahmed (algeria), [: ferhat.doctor31@gmail.com]. management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) vol. 4 no. 1 (2022): march, pp. 129-152 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.190 faculty of economics, commercial & management sciences, ziane achour university of djelfa, bp 3117, djelfa algeria 129 www.mer-j.com impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model muhammad salman chughtai1 , huma akram 2 , tabassum razzaq3 , adeela rasheed4 , rabia shah5 1faculty of management sciences, international islamic university, islamabad (pakistan)  salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk 2school of education, northeast normal university, changchun (china)  xium087@nenu.edu.cn 3superior college of law, lahore (pakistan)  tabassum.razzaq.ca@gmail.com 4department of management sciences, riphah international university, faisalabad campus, faisalabad (pakistan)  adeelarasheed325@gmail.com 5institute of management sciences, imsciences, peshawar (pakistan)  rabia.shah60@yahoo.com published online: 05 -03-2022 accepted: 01-03-2022 received: 28-01-2022 how to cite: chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. (2022). impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model. management & economics research journal, 4(1), 129-152. https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.190 abstract: this study examines the impact of psychopathic and narcissistic personalities on employees' adverse outcomes. additionally, this study investigates the intervening mechanism of workplace incivility among the corresponding author: faculty of management sciences, international islamic university, islamabad (pakistan). [ salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk] ©2022 the author(s). this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of (cc by-nc 4.0) which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6117-9070 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3409-794x https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-9075 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3320-2472 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-4516 mailto:salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk mailto:xium087@nenu.edu.cn mailto:tabassum.razzaq.ca@gmail.com mailto:adeelarasheed325@gmail.com mailto:rabia.shah60@yahoo.com https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.190 mailto:salman.phdmgt80@iiu.edu.pk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://mer-j.com/merj/index.php/merj https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.2022.190 https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.2022.190&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2022-03-05 http://www.mer-j.com/ impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 130 relationship between psychopathic and narcissistic personalities and adverse outcomes. furthermore, the interactive impact of islamic work values was also tested between the association of workplace incivility and adverse outcomes. using the purposive sampling technique, data was collected through a survey method from 404 permanent employees of a public sector organization in two different time lags. process-macro was used to test indirect, interactive, and moderated mediation effects. the findings of this study confirm the direct effect relationship between those psychopathic and narcissistic personalities and employees' adverse outcomes. further, this study demonstrates that workplace incivility indirectly enhances adverse employee outcomes. finally, the study findings revealed that a higher level of islamic work values reduces the adverse outcomes of employees having psychopathic and narcissistic personality characteristics. we also tested the moderated mediation model, which disclosed that a higher level of islamic work values reduces the negativity level of psychopathic personalities, further decreasing the level of counterproductive work behaviors via workplace incivility. however, there was no moderating role of islamic work values in reducing narcissist personalities' negativity levels and reducing counterproductive work behaviors via workplace incivility. the present study provides information to the management of public sector organizations on how they can overcome the negative behaviors and outcomes of their workforce through implementing the islamic ethical system. this attempt contributed to ethical climate theory and threatened the egotism model by explaining that negative personality traits predict uncivil behaviors, leading to adverse outcomes. this study further contributes that the organization's ethical climate helps the individuals overcome the negativity of their personality and negative behaviors as well. keywords: psychopathy (py), narcissism (nm), workplace incivility (wpi), islamic work values (iwvs), counterproductive work behaviors (cwbs), ethical climate theory (ect), threatened-egotism model (tem), public sector. jel codes: m12, j24, o15, d23. 1. introduction organizational and individual performance is influenced by individuals' personality characteristics and behaviors (de dreu & nauta, 2009). positive traits positively impact the work environment and society, resulting in harmony, cooperation, and patience (harms & spain, 2015). besides this, negative personality holders create a toxic atmosphere that is disadvantageous for society and organizations and disturbs the individuals' pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 131 productivity and psychological and physical health (hamesch, cropley, & lang, 2014; jelavić, aleksić, & braje, 2021). earlier studies pointed out that public sector organizations face uncivil and harmful behaviors from their workforce at the workplace (abid et al., 2015; sguera et al., 2016). in the current era, public sector organizations are experiencing counterproductive work behaviors (cwbs) that contain sabotage, oral abuse, and stealing (bibi, karim, & ud din, 2013; gonzález-navarro et al., 2018) and eventually harm the administrative setup. individuals' personality describes as nature and regulations through which they demonstrate their specific actions, which also becomes the cause of their aggression and cwbs at the workplace (phipps, prieto, & deis, 2015; spector, 2011). negative personalities such as narcissism and psychopathy are well-known as cold-hearted, egotistic, uncaring, and malicious in their interpersonal communications at the workplace (miller et al., 2021; paulhus & williams, 2002). scholars have realized that narcissism and psychopathy are associated with unscrupulous behaviors, which is an immoral practice in the workplace (garcia & rosenberg, 2016; o'boyle et al., 2012; roeser et al., 2016). narcissist traits are well-known for their self-promotion and attentionseeking behaviours, the charm of high self-esteem, dominance, and not liking criticism (miller et al., 2021; morf & rhodewalt, 2001; o'boyle et al., 2012). on the other side, psychopathic individuals are well-known for their characteristics of irresponsible behavior, emotionally cold, lack of empathy for others, and being untrustworthy toward others (lebreton, shiverdecker, & grimaldi, 2018; shagufta & nazir, 2021). contemporary studies have found that non-cooperative and unethical activities are linked with negative personality features, i.e., dt (garcia & rosenberg, 2016; roeser et al., 2016). in contrast, it has been found that psychopathic personalities feel show satisfaction about their jobs with security, but there is a lack of fearlessness in these individuals (eisenbarth et al., 2022). scholars elucidated that unethical decision-making, hostile behavior, lack of responsiveness, immoral behavior, and adverse reactions at the workplace with supervisors, juniors, or peers are a portion of cwbs (cohen, 2016; garcia & rosenberg, 2016; o'boyle et al., 2012). several research works have been conducted to determine the precursors of cwbs, and the findings of these studies asserted that narcissism and psychopathy cause harmful activities, i.e., cwbs (özsoy, 2018; stoica, 2021). moreover, we focused on the factors that serve as mechanisms in the link between narcissism and psychopathy, and cwbs. previous literature has shown that workplace incivility (wpi) is a significant predictor of adverse consequences, i.e., burnout, higher level of dissatisfaction and withdrawal, and cwbs (liu impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 132 et al., 2020b; loh, thorsteinsson, & loi, 2021; murtaza, roques, & khan, 2020; penney & spector, 2005; schilpzand, de pater, & erez, 2016). a recent review of wpi focused on the undesirable consequences for organizations that are employee's negative behavior (akella & lewis, 2019; schilpzand, de pater, & erez, 2016), leading to financial and social costs (porath & pearson, 2013), specifically when it alters into cwbs. the current study stresses ethical work principles from an islamic values viewpoint, as islamic work values (iwvs) are centered on justice, trusteeship, ethics, kind-heartedness, benevolence, and confidence (rice, 1999; yousef, 2001). scholars ordained that iwvs increase personalities' motivational levels (nasution & rafiki, 2019) and decreases adverse consequences such as wpi (ahmad, 2011; wilson, 2012). iwvs encompass the individuals' way of living and society as a whole (gheitani et al., 2019). iwvs stress leniency, self-sacrifice, fairness, and collaboration amongst humanity (quoquab & mohammad, 2013) which would likely reduce the intensity of adverse activities such as wpi and cwbs. additionally, it has been observed that iwvs enable individuals to produce positive and fruitful activities at the workplace, i.e., sharing of knowledge, work motivation, and optimistic response to the organizational change activities (al-shamali et al., 2021; chaudhary et al., 2021; yuliusdharma et al., 2022). thus, we propose that iwvs would buffer the harmful effects of wpi on employees' cwbs. the present study finds out the answer to the following questions; by investigating the intervening mechanism of wpi between psychopathic, narcissist personalities and cwbs; also, this study find out the answer to the question about the role of islamic work values by examining iwvs as a moderator between wpi – cwbs relationship. this study also answers the call for research by eisenbarth et al. (2022), lata and chaudhry (2020), shin and hur (2019), and liu et al. (2020a) by investigating the direct effect of psychopathic and narcissist personalities on cwbs; by explaining the intervening mechanism of wpi by overcoming the gap as suggested by han et al. (2021), especially in the context of public sector organization. additionally, we also answer the empirical research gap, as suggested by cortina et al. (2021), by examining the moderating role of islamic work values and how these values as the culture of the organization reduce the positive intensity of the affiliation amongst wpi and cwbs. the present study extends the knowledge about personality psychology and works ethics by applying ethical climate theory and the threatened-egotism model. 2. theoretical underpinning and hypothesis development the threatened-egotism model (tem) (bushman & baumeister, pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 133 1998) is advocated owing to the higher observation of general societal fear of the ego of characteristic dark individuals such as narcissists and psychopathics (hart, tortoriello, & richardson, 2021; konrath, bushman, & campbell, 2006) and low self-confidence (bushman & baumeister, 1998), these personalities act violently and disrespectfully in the working environment to maintain their profound impact on the development of selfconfidence (stenason, 2014) facing others at the workplace. low self-esteem and fear of threat to the ego of dark personalities (psychopathic and narcissist) increase negative emotions and expressions, i.e., aggression, humiliation, and anger (costello & dunaway, 2003), leading to negative behavior, i.e., cwbs (brender-ilan & sheaffer, 2019; hart, adams, & tortoriello, 2017). additionally, the threatened-egotism model (bushman & baumeister, 1998) explains that low morale and high perceptions of dark personalities, such as narcissism and psychopathic provide them with insecure feelings that hurt their ego and become the causes of aggressive behaviors. further, when encountering such situations, their behavior turns uncivil, especially when they are in authoritative positions at the workplace (bushman & baumeister, 1998). this situation leads to uncivil behavior of these dark characteristics, i.e., narcissists and psychopathic individuals, resulting in adverse outcomes such as cwbs. the organization's ethical climate is derived from the organization's ethical culture, which is formed through ethical norms and identity (cullen, victor, & bronson, 1993). ethical climate perceptions of the employees increase several positive outcomes, i.e., organizational commitment, psychological well-being, and job satisfaction, and decrease dysfunctional behaviors (martin & cullen, 2006). studies have shown that the organization's work ethics negatively affect cwbs (hayati, yuningsih, & caniago, 2018). the ethical atmosphere is meticulously connected with employees' encouraging activities (wang & hsieh, 2013) that elasticities awareness about impartial communications and proper management of official activities (victor & cullen, 1987, 1988) through effective decisionmaking. using the theoretical lens of ect (victor & cullen, 1987, 1988), the present study examines the mechanism of moderation of iwvs and how injurious effects of wpi on cwbs are mitigated. 2.1. psychopathy, narcissism, and employees’ adverse outcomes individuals with the personality traits of narcissism and psychopathy mostly avoid doing teamwork tasks, which ultimately decreases their productivity as they are difficult to mingle with their colleagues (anninos, 2018). psychopathy is a dark personality characterized as a character trait, including self-centered and deceiving social and professional impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 134 communication, lack of emotion and understanding, and thoughtless and undeveloped behavior style (boey & vantilborgh, 2016). psychopathy is considered low sensitivity, understanding, impulsivity, and a lack of responsibility or sorrow (cohen, 2016; paulhus & williams, 2002), producing selfishness, egoism, and untrustworthy social relations in society or at the workplace (jakobwitz & egan, 2006). it has been observed that the low positive self-esteem of psychopathic personalities influences them to demonstrate anti-social and egoistical activities in the workplace (shagufta & nazir, 2021). likewise, narcissism is another part of the dark personality and is associated with the wisdom of perceived authority, supremacy, and dominating behavior (jonason, wee, & li, 2015; paulhus & williams, 2002). individuals with this personality are usually pretentious, attention seekers, and admire self-praise (jakobwitz & egan, 2006). narcissistic individuals are susceptible to criticizing others, attempting to make a lasting impression on others, and indulging in aggression, egoistical and terrible behavior (chughtai et al., 2020; paulhus & williams, 2002; vize et al., 2021). counterproductive work behaviors (cwbs) entail two types of behaviors that occur within the organization (theft of any material) or conflict between employees (the use of promiscuous conversations and abuse) (viswesvaran, deshpande, & milman, 1998). cwbs usually comprise cyberloafing, absenteeism, and low efficiency (hauge, skogstad, & einarsen, 2009). cwbs are voluntary or deliberate behavior that can cause direct or indirect damage to the organization or harm the workforce's well-being (mcshane & von glinow, 2013). according to scholars, cwbs are characterized as an arrangement of volitional acts that harm or assume damage relations and their associates, e.g., clients, agents, consumers, and managers (debusscher, hofmans, & de fruyt, 2016). several meta-analytic studies and reviews showed that dark personalities are positively associated with undesirable outcomes at the workplace, i.e., cwbs, abusive supervision, dishonorable behavior, immorality, unprofessional manners, and workrelated stress (greenbaum et al., 2017; grijalva & newman, 2015). the public sector's workplace environment, specifically in developing countries, is jeopardized by low self-esteemed dark personal characteristics, increasing destructive thoughts and behaviors, such as wpi, cwbs, and aggression. (brender-ilan & sheaffer, 2019; costello & dunaway, 2003; hart, adams, & tortoriello, 2017). thus, we hypothesize that: h1a: narcissism is positively linked to employees’ adverse outcomes. h1b: psychopathy is positively linked to employees’ adverse outcomes. pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 135 2.2. workplace incivility (wpi) as a mediator incivility of individuals in the workplace includes every act considered professionally immoral, misconduct, or uncivil (andersson & pearson, 1999). on the other hand, if we talk about incivility in the workplace includes violation of organizational rules and policies and negative behaviors with peers and subordinates in the form of rudeness (cortina, sandy hershcovis, & clancy, 2021). additionally, porath and pearson (2009) provide the main features of workplace incivility, such as violation of norms, vague intent, and low intensity connected with uncivil behaviors. moreover, several studies endorsed an optimistic association between wpi and cwbs (penney & spector, 2005; schilpzand, de pater, & erez, 2016). additionally, research has found several findings that employees who demonstrate uncivil behaviors at the workplace suffer from different negative consequences such as distress, substance abuse, dissatisfaction, counterproductive work behaviors, decrease in commitment and creativity as well (cortina et al., 2017; cortina, sandy hershcovis, & clancy, 2021; loh, thorsteinsson, & loi, 2021; schilpzand, de pater, & erez, 2016). scholars expounded that wpi affects both the individuals involved in unethical practices and those who experience or observe discourteous behaviors, which obstruct the overall organization (he et al., 2021; lim, cortina, & magley, 2008) and creates a toxic climate (andersson & pearson, 1999). previous research exposed that wpi produces objectionable integrities that disturb physical, mental, professional, and spiritual health (lim & cortina, 2005), which ultimately leads to a decrease in job satisfaction, commitment, ocb, and an increase in job and psychological stress (chen & wang, 2019; cortina et al., 2001; pearson & porath, 2005; porath & pearson, 2013). thus, we hypothesize that: h2a: workplace incivility mediates the positive association between narcissism and employees’ adverse outcomes. h2b: workplace incivility mediates the positive association between psychopathy and employees’ adverse outcomes. 2.3. islamic work values (iwvs) as a moderator iwvs have their foundation in the holy quran and the lessons, principles, and teachings of the holy prophet muhammad (saw). it is also derived from the traditions established by the first-four islamic caliphs (rizk, 2008). work values defined by islam are restricted to his followers and universal to everyone's daily life (abbasi, rehman, & bibi, 2011). discipline impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 136 and quality of work in an organization depend upon the organization's working environment influenced by the ethical norms of both employees and management (kozako et al., 2018). moreover, islamic work values (iwvs) are predecessors and standards for individuals' intrinsic motivation (gheitani et al., 2019). these islamic values further enhance positive behaviors, i.e., performance and ocb, and reduce harmful activities such as egoistic and uncivil behaviors at the workplace (abbasi, 2015; chughtai & ali shah, 2020; suryanto, 2016). iwvs are based on islamic ethics that emphasizes cooperation, teamwork, and unity (yousef, 2001), especially in the workplace, because islamic teachings rely on a virtuous way of handling things (murtaza et al., 2016). moreover, hayati et al. (2018) stated in their study that employees high on iwv could control and manage the possible stressors and pressures on the job, ultimately reducing the cwbs. additionally, an ethical climate reduces emotional exhaustion (yang, tsai, & tsai, 2014), anger, aggression, fatigue (chen, chen, & liu, 2013), and knowledge-hiding behaviors (islam et al., 2021). scholars elaborated that iwvs enhance the employees' morale, reducing cwbs (pagliaro et al., 2018). literature on islamic work values evidenced that iwvs moderate the relationship of different variable associations in different organizational backgrounds (ahmed et al., 2019; javaid et al., 2018; kareem & bin azmin, 2018; qayyum et al., 2018). thus, we hypothesize that: h3: islamic work values moderate the positive relationship between workplace incivility and employees’ adverse outcomes; in the sense that a higher level of islamic work values will weaken the positive relationship. 2.4. moderated mediation in sum, we propose a moderated mediation model for cwbs: narcissism and psychopathy are related to cwbs via wpi. our model suggests that dark personalities, narcissism, and psychopathy form uncivil behaviors as they feel a hazard to their self-respect that further translates into adverse outcomes such as cwbs. in contrast, individuals’ level of ethics in the form of iwvs influences the relationship between wpi and cwbs. to achieve this purpose, we operationalize the moderation mediation analysis by adopting model-14 as suggested by hayes (2015, 2018), through which we thoroughly analyze the conditional indirect effect of iwvs amongst the indirect relationship of dark personalities narcissism and psychopathy and cwbs via wpi, so we hypothesize that: h4a: islamic work values will moderate the positive indirect effect of narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes through workplace incivility pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 137 in the sense that a higher level of islamic work values will weaken the positive indirect effect. h4b: islamic work values will moderate the positive indirect effect of psychopathy on employees’ adverse outcomes through workplace incivility in the sense that a higher level of islamic work values will weaken the positive indirect effect. figure 1. conceptual model 3. research design 3.1. sampling and data collection procedure data for the present study was collected from the permanent ministerial staff of a public sector organization through a self-administered data collection technique. the motive for selecting this sample from public sector organizations is that management and policymakers of public sector institutions, especially in developing countries, are worried about the uncivil cwbs at the workplace that resulted in their institutional deficiency (haque, 2002; vickers, 2006). through the purposive sampling technique, data was collected because this technique helps the researcher collect information from the sample and population effectively according to the research objectives. through this technique, research scholars found those individuals who hold the information related to the study and voluntarily and willingly participate and share their opinions and experience (bernard, 2017; etikan, musa, & alkassim, 2016). data for this study were collected in two temporal time intervals; in islamic work values counterproductive work behaviors workplace incivility narcissism psychopathy impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 138 the first interval, questionnaires were distributed for narcissism and psychopathy and wpi. in the second interval, questionnaires were distributed cwbs and iwvs. in the first time lag, 650 questionnaires were distributed to ministerial employees of public sector organizations in lahore, rawalpindi multan, and bahawalpur (major cities of punjab, pakistan). at the end of the first interval, 550 questionnaires were received; in the second lag, questionnaires were distributed to those ministerial employees who participated in the first time lag; finally, 404 questionnaires were found correct for further statistical analysis, so the response rate of the present study was 62.15%. common method variance of the data was tested through herman's (1967) single-factor analysis, and the value of cumulative percentage was 21.62% which is less than the threshold of 50% for the normality of data. 3.2. measurement tools all variables of the present study were measured on 5 points likert scale. cwbs were measured using the likert scale of (never-1 to everyday5). on the other hand, psychopathy, narcissism, workplace incivility, and islamic work values were measured using the likert scale of (strongly disagree-1 to strongly agree-5).  psychopathy and narcissism: were measured through an 18-items scale taken from jones & paulhus (2014). the study participants were asked to express how they are frequently engaged in these behaviors as narrated in questions.  counterproductive work behaviors: (sabotage, theft, withdrawal, abuse, and production deviance) were measured by taking 31 items from spector et al. (2006). participants of the study were requested to give their views about the behaviors they were engaged in for the last year.  workplace incivility: was analyzed using a 7-item scale from cortina et al. (2001). participants of the study were enquired to give their views about the behaviors they were engaged in for the last year.  islamic work values: having a 24-items (cooperation, forgiveness, self-discipline, and patience) scale adopted from wahab et al. (2016). participants of the study were asked to give their opinion about the behaviors they were engaged in for the last year. pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 139 4. results table 1 shows the demographic information of the present study. table 1. demographics category representation percentage gender male 356 88.1% female 48 11.9% age 20-30 (years) 171 42.3% 31-40 (years) 161 39.9% 41-50 (years) 54 13.4% 51-60 (years) 18 4.5% education matriculation 27 6.7% intermediate 142 35.14% graduation 106 26.2% masters 98 24.2% ms/m.phil 31 7.7% experience less than one (year) 96 23.8% 1-5 (years) 93 23.0% 6-10 (years) 70 17.3% 11-15 (years) 52 12.9% 16-20 (years) 42 10.4% more than 20 (years) 51 12.6% table 2 depicts the correlational values descriptive and reliability statistics of the study. according to the values as given in the above table, all variables significantly correlated at the significance level of 0.01, instead of two relationships that were significant at the level of .05 (nm positively interrelated with wpi where r = 0.174*, p < 0.05, and positively interrelated with employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs) where r = 0.132*, p < 0.05). table 2. descriptive statistics, correlations, and reliability variables mean sd 1 2 4 5 6 1 nm 3.02 0.5728 (0.770) 0.253** 0.174* -0.135** 0.132* 2 py 2.78 0.6541 (0.750) 0.302** -0.252** 0.360** 4 wpi 1.94 0.7459 (0.840) -0.338** 0.225** 5 iwvs 4.28 0.5407 (0.890) -0.304** 6 cwbs 1.55 0.6432 (0.940) nm; narcissism, py; psychopathy, iwvs, islamic work values, wpi, workplace incivility, cwbs, counterproductive work behaviors, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; reliability statistics are in parenthesis. table 3 shows the hierarchal regression values of the present study; according to the values, narcissism positively and significantly influences employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs) where (β = 0.24, p < 0.001), which proves h1a of this study. psychopathy positively and significantly influences employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs) where (β = 0.35, p < 0.001), proving h1b of this study. impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 140 table 3. unstandardized direct path coefficients β se t-value r2 adjusted r2 f nm → cwbs 0.24** 0.07 4.515 0.113 0.110 27.615*** py → cwbs 0.35*** 0.06 6.286 0.129 0.126 39.516*** wpi → cwbs 0.19*** 0.05 3.774 0.051 0.047 14.243*** nm; narcissism, py; psychopathy, iwvs, islamic work values, wpi, workplace incivility, cwbs, counterproductive work behaviors, n = 404; * p < 0.05; ** p <. 0.01; ***p < 0.001, unstandardized beta is reported here. the test of indirect effect was analyzed using the bootstrapping method, as suggested by hayes (2015, 2018), with a sample size of 5000. according to the values as narrated in table 4, wpi indirectly influences the relationship between nm and employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs), where (β = 0.02, ll/ul = 0.01 / 0.06), wpi indirectly influence the relationship between py and cwbs, where (β = 0.04, ll/ul = 0.01 / 0.11), as zero was excluded in upper and low cis values. thus, these results prove our h2a, h2b, and h2c. table 4. mediation analysis model total effect (ll/ul) direct effect (ll/ul) indirect effect (ll/ul) nm → wpi → cwbs 0.04 [0.21 / 0.14] 0.05 [0.23 / 0.12] 0.02 [0.01 / 0.06] py → wpi → cwbs 0.35 [0.19 / 0.52] 0.32 [0.12 / 0.51] 0.04 [0.01 / 0.11] nm; narcissism, py; psychopathy, iwvs, islamic work values; wpi, workplace incivility; cwbs, counterproductive work behaviors; ll & ul ci, lowerand upper-class interval. table 5 shows the values of the moderation analysis, which (β = 0.397, p < 0.001), depict that a higher level of iwvs reduces the optimistic intensity between wpi and employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs), which further explains that the higher presence of iwvs enforces the individuals to behave less uncivil which leads to decrease in employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs). thus, these findings support h3. table 5. interaction analysis variable counterproductive work behavior β se t step-i intercept 2.591*** 0.200 7.966 gender -0.045 0.122 -0.367 age 0.017 0.081 0.208 experience 0.010 0.040 0.237 step-ii workplace incivility 0.159** 0.053 2.966 islamic work values -0.171* 0.078 -2.199 step-iii pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 141 workplace incivility x islamic work values -0.397*** 0.083 -4.813 r2 0.184 adjusted r2 0.162 f 8.381*** nm; narcissism, py; psychopathy, iwvs; islamic work values, wpi; workplace incivility, cwbs; counterproductive work behaviors; ***p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p <0.05. moderation values were plotted for moderation interaction slope, with low/high (mean and sd). the moderation slope in figure 2 represents a moderation effect of iwvs between wpi and employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs). the interaction graph further confirms that when individuals were at a higher level of wpi, their higher level of iwvs reduced their negative emotions, further decreasing the employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs). figure 2. moderation interaction graph a detailed examination of the conditional indirect effect was analyzed using model-14 with a bootstrap sample size of 5000, as suggested by hayes (2015, 2018). the conditional indirect effect of narcissism and psychopathy on employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs) through wpi at the values of iwvs was analyzed when the score of iwvs was the sample mean and the ± sd (see table 6). it was revealed that both high and low conditional indirect effects for narcissism were not significant, as zero was found among cis values. moreover, index values for narcissism were also found insignificant (index = -0.04, ll / ul = -0.13 / 0.01), which shows no such indirect impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 142 influence of narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs) through wpi when individuals were on a high and low level of iwvs. thus, it disproves our h4a. moreover, it was revealed that the low and high conditional indirect effects for psychopathy were significant, as no zero was found among cis values. moreover, index values for psychopathy were found significant where (index = -0. 12, ll / ul = -0.23 / -0.05), which shows the indirect influence of psychopathy on employees’ adverse outcomes (cwbs) through wpi when individuals were on the low level of iwvs. thus, it proves h4b of this study. table 6. moderated mediation nm (x-variable), wpi (m-variable), cwbs (y-variable) moderator (iwvs) cdi se boot ll & ul ci at bellow than mean at above than mean low (-0.54) 0.04 0.04 -0.01 / 0.11 high (0.54) -0.01 0.01 -0.04 / 0.00 at bellow than mean at above than mean low (-0.54) 0.10 0.04 0.03 / 0.19 high (0.54) -0.03 0.03 -0.10 / -0.01 moderated mediation index wpi (m-variable), iwvs (w-variable) index boot se boot ll & ul ci narcissism (x-variable), cwbs (y-variable) -0.04 0.03 -0.13 / 0.01 psychopathy (x-variable), cwbs (y-variable) -0.12 0.04 -0.23 / -0.05 nm; narcissism, py; psychopathy, iwvs; islamic work values, wpi; workplace incivility, cwbs; counterproductive work behaviors, ll & ul ci; lowerand upper-class interval 5. discussion the present study's findings reveal that negative personalities, i.e., psychopathy and narcissism, are positively related to employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs). in other words, psychopathic and narcissistic individuals produce adverse outcomes (i.e., cwbs). this study's findings for hypotheses h1a and h1b are consistent with the earlier studies (cohen, 2016; grijalva & newman, 2015; o'boyle et al., 2012). consequently, dark-personality-holder individuals observe that their ego is endangered (bushman & baumeister, 1998). due to low self-esteem, these personalities feel ostracized by their peers' supervisors in the workplace (grijalva & newman, 2015), demonstrating adverse outcomes. the second hypothesis predicted that wpi indirectly influences the relationship between negative personalities (psychopathic and narcissism) and employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs). the present study's findings support the acceptance of this hypothesis (h2), which further explains that workplace incivility also becomes the cause of employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs) for the negative personality holders. pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 143 the earlier studies also prove the study's findings, which reveal that wpi becomes the cause of adverse outcomes, i.e., cwbs (karim et al., 2015). the third hypothesis of the present study hypothesized that iwvs moderate the relationship between wpi and employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs); the present study's findings also support the acceptance of this hypothesis (h3). in other words, iwvs weaken the positive intensity between wpi and employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs), which means that a higher level of iwvs reduces the level of incivility and decreases the level of adverse outcomes, i.e., cwbs. previous studies (ahmed et al., 2019; chughtai et al., 2020; chughtai, 2017; chughtai & ali shah, 2020; suib & said, 2017) also support the acceptance of this hypothesis by revealing that iwvs work as an ethical climate of the organization. the findings showed that when employees are engaged in uncivil behaviour, it results in adverse outcomes (cwbs). however, the workforce with higher iwvs shows less uncivil behaviour and employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs). the final hypothesis of the present study predicted that iwvs moderate the indirect influence of psychopathy and narcissism on employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs) through wpi; the findings of this study provide support for the acceptance of h4b, but no such significant support was found for the acceptance of h4a. in other words, the indirect influence of psychopathy on employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs) through wpi was moderated when the individuals were on higher/lower levels of iwvs. in contrast, the indirect influence on employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs) through wpi was not moderated by the iwvs, which shows that higher and lower iwvs did not affect the indirect influence of narcissism on employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs) via wpi. this study's findings are also consistent with ect (victor & cullen, 1987, 1988), which states that the organization's climate, i.e., norms, traditions, and culture, affect individuals' personality, emotions, and behavior. 5.1. theoretical and empirical contributions the present study adds knowledge to the literature on dark personalities (psychopathy and narcissism) by explaining the intervening influence of wpi that individuals' uncivil behavior at the workplace serves as a bridge between the negative personality of individuals and employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs). secondly, in this study, iwvs are used as an ethical climate aspect of the organization formed through its norms and traditions, and it works to reduce negative emotions and outcomes at the workplace. this study explains how iwvs influence the negative personalities (psychopathy and narcissism) at the workplace, reducing uncivil behaviors and harmful outcomes, i.e., employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs). impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 144 as earlier scholars stated, the act of incivility at the workplace leads to negative behavior, i.e., cwbs, psychological stress, and less job satisfaction (cortina et al., 2001; lim & cortina, 2005; lim, cortina, & magley, 2008). present work also extends the knowledge of work ethics by infusing ect (victor & cullen, 1987, 1988) and explaining the moderating role of islamic work values, reducing the egoistic nature of psychopathic and narcissistic personalities leads to harmful behaviors at the workplace. first, our study highlights that public sector organizations' management must inspect the activities that became the cause of uncivil behaviors. secondly, to overcome individuals' uncivil and unethical attitudes, public sector organizations initiate steps to test employees' personalities and psychological levels (gulerdg, 2020; pearson & porath, 2005) during the recruitment process and after recruitment on a biannual basis. thirdly, public sector organizations conduct training sessions, seminars, and workshops on their workforce's ethical and psychological training to enhance further employees' ethical levels (leiter et al., 2011). finally, we suggest that the organizational leaders extend their support to build trust and cooperation among subordinates so that employees feel secure and the intensity of uncivil behavior in the workplace could be eliminated (schilbach, baethge, & rigotti, 2020). 5.2. future research directions and limitations by limitations, firstly, the present study is conducted in a muslim state (pakistan); so we suggest that future researchers explore another geographical context (non-muslim). secondly, this study is conducted with a sample of a public organization; thus, future researchers replicate this model in another public sector organizational setup. thirdly, in the present study, we use iwvs as moderator; future researchers examine other variables such as emotional intelligence, occupational calling, and mindfulness as moderator. finally, it is suggested that future researchers also investigate the influence of leadership styles, i.e., humble leadership and spiritual leadership, on adverse outcomes, with the intervening mechanism of dark personalities. 6. conclusion the role of public sector organizations is much imperative in every state for the delivery of services to the public; for that purpose, the workforce of these organizations prerequisite holds the positive personality qualities which produce positive outcomes and public satisfaction. the present study uncovers the positive relationship between negative personality traits, i.e., pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 145 psychopathy and narcissism, and employees' adverse outcomes (cwbs), especially in the context of public sector organizations in a developing economy. moreover, the negative characteristics of these personalities (psychopathic and narcissistic) enforce the cognitively to demonstrate uncivil behaviors with others. the study's findings suggested that implementing ethical climate policies in the form of islamic work values reduces the harmful behaviors and attitudes of the employees and enables them to reduce their adverse outcomes (cwbs). declaration of conflicting interests the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. references abbasi, a. s., rehman, k. u., & bibi, a. (2011). islamic work ethics: how it affects business performance. actual problems of economics(12), 312-322. abbasi, t. f. (2015). impact of work overload on stress, job satisfaction and turnover intentions with moderating role of islamic work ethics. management studies and economic systems, 54(2518), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.12816/0018080 abid, g., khan, b., rafiq, z., & ahmed, a. (2015). workplace incivility: uncivil activities, antecedents, consequences, and level of incivility. science international, 27(6), 6307-6312. ahmad. (2011). work ethics: an islamic perspective. journal of human sciences, 8(1), 850859. ahmed, a., arshad, m. a., mahmood, a., & akhtar, s. (2019). the influence of spiritual values on employee’s helping behavior: the moderating role of islamic work ethic. journal of management, spirituality & religion, 16(3), 235-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2019.1572529 akella, d., & lewis, v. j. (2019). the modern face of workplace incivility. organization management journal, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2019.1604202 al-shamali, a., irani, z., haffar, m., al-shamali, s., & al-shamali, f. (2021). the influence of islamic work ethic on employees’ responses to change in kuwaiti islamic banks. international business review, 101817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101817 andersson, l. m., & pearson, c. m. (1999). tit for tat? the spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. academy of management review, 24(3), 452-471. https://doi.org/10.2307/259136 anninos, l. n. (2018). narcissistic business leaders as heralds of the self-proclaimed excellence. international journal of quality and service sciences, 10(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-01-2017-0001 bernard, h. r. (2017). research methods in anthropology: qualitative and quantitative approaches (3re (ed). ed.). alta mira press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315248813-1 bibi, z., karim, j., & ud din, s. (2013). workplace incivility and counterproductive work https://doi.org/10.12816/0018080 https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2019.1572529 https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2019.1604202 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101817 https://doi.org/10.2307/259136 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-01-2017-0001 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315248813-1 impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 146 behavior: moderating role of emotional intelligence. pakistan journal of psychological research, 28(2), 317-334. boey, l., & vantilborgh, t. (2016). a theoretical model relating the dark triad of personality to the content of employees' psychological contracts. new zealand journal of employment relations, 40(3), 44-66. brender-ilan, y., & sheaffer, z. (2019). how do self-efficacy, narcissism and autonomy mediate the link between destructive leadership and counterproductive work behaviour. asia pacific management review, 24(3), 212-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2018.05.003 bushman, b. j., & baumeister, r. f. (1998). threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? journal of personality and social psychology, 75(1), 219. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219 chaudhary, a., islam, t., ali, h. f., & jamil, s. (2021). can paternalistic leaders enhance knowledge sharing? the roles of organizational commitment and islamic work ethics. global knowledge, memory and communication, ahead-of-print(ahead-ofprint). https://doi.org/10.1108/gkmc-06-2021-0109 chen, chen, m. y.-c., & liu, y.-c. (2013). negative affectivity and workplace deviance: the moderating role of ethical climate. the international journal of human resource management, 24(15), 2894-2910. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.753550 chen, & wang, c.-h. (2019). incivility, satisfaction and turnover intention of tourist hotel chefs: moderating effects of emotional intelligence. international journal of contemporary hospitality management, 31(5), 2034-2053. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-02-2018-0164 chughtai, m., salman., khan, h. s. u. d., shah, s. z. a., & yusrini, l. (2020). dark triad, counterproductive work behaviors, workplace incivility, and the role of islamic work values: a moderated mediation model. business ethics and leadership, 4(4), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.4(4).56-67.2020 chughtai, m. s. (2017). hrm practices and employee’s performance: moderating role of islamic work ethics and mediating role of hr outcomes in judiciary of punjab, pakistan. the virtual university of pakistan. chughtai, m. s., & ali shah, s. z. (2020). a moderated mediation model: mediating mechanism of workplace incivility and moderating role of islamic work ethics between dark triad and organizational citizenship behavior. management issues in healthcare system, 6(1), 1-17. cohen, a. (2016). are they among us? a conceptual framework of the relationship between the dark triad personality and counterproductive work behaviors (cwbs). human resource management review, 26(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.07.003 cortina, l. m., kabat-farr, d., magley, v. j., & nelson, k. (2017). researching rudeness: the past, present, and future of the science of incivility. journal of occupational health psychology, 22(3), 299-313. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000089 cortina, l. m., magley, v. j., williams, j. h., & langhout, r. d. (2001). incivility in the workplace: incidence and impact. journal of occupational health psychology, 6(1), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64 cortina, l. m., sandy hershcovis, m., & clancy, k. b. (2021). the embodiment of insult: a theory of biobehavioral response to workplace incivility. journal of management, 0149206321989798. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206321989798 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2018.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219 https://doi.org/10.1108/gkmc-06-2021-0109 https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.753550 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-02-2018-0164 https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.4(4).56-67.2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.07.003 https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000089 https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64 https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206321989798 pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 147 costello, b. j., & dunaway, r. g. (2003). egotism and delinquent behavior. journal of interpersonal violence, 18(5), 572-590. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503251128 cullen, j. b., victor, b., & bronson, j. w. (1993). the ethical climate questionnaire: an assessment of its development and validity. psychological reports, 73(2), 667-674. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.667 de dreu, c. k., & nauta, a. (2009). self-interest and other-orientation in organizational behavior: implications for job performance, prosocial behavior, and personal initiative. journal of applied psychology, 94(4), 913-926. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014494 debusscher, j., hofmans, j., & de fruyt, f. (2016). the effect of state core self-evaluations on task performance, organizational citizenship behaviour, and counterproductive work behaviour. european journal of work and organizational psychology, 25(2), 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2015.1063486 eisenbarth, h., hart, c. m., zubielevitch, e., keilor, t., wilson, m., bulbulia, j., sibley, c. g., & sedikides, c. (2022). aspects of psychopathic personality relate to lower subjective and objective professional success. personality and individual differences, 186, 111340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111340 etikan, i., musa, s. a., & alkassim, r. s. (2016). comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. american journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11 garcia, d., & rosenberg, p. (2016). the dark cube: dark and light character profiles. peerj, 4, e1675. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1675 gheitani, a., imani, s., seyyedamiri, n., & foroudi, p. (2019). mediating effect of intrinsic motivation on the relationship between islamic work ethic, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment in banking sector. international journal of islamic and middle eastern finance and management, 12(1), 76-95. https://doi.org/10.1108/imefm-01-2018-0029 gonzález-navarro, p., zurriaga-llorens, r., tosin olateju, a., & llinares-insa, l. i. (2018). envy and counterproductive work behavior: the moderation role of leadership in public and private organizations. international journal of environmental research and public health, 15(7), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071455 greenbaum, r. l., hill, a., mawritz, m. b., & quade, m. j. (2017). employee machiavellianism to unethical behavior: the role of abusive supervision as a trait activator. journal of management, 43(2), 585-609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314535434 grijalva, e., & newman, d. a. (2015). narcissism and counterproductive work behavior (cwb): meta‐analysis and consideration of collectivist culture, big five personality, and narcissism's facet structure. applied psychology, 64(1), 93-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12025 gulerdg, m. (2020). the dark triad and counterproductive work behaviors: organizational culture as moderator middle east technical university]. hamesch, u., cropley, m., & lang, j. (2014). emotional versus cognitive rumination: are they differentially affecting long‐term psychological health? the impact of stressors and personality in dental students. stress and health, 30(3), 222-231. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2602 han, s., harold, c. m., oh, i. s., kim, j. k., & agolli, a. (2021). a meta‐analysis integrating 20 years of workplace incivility research: antecedents, consequences, and boundary conditions. journal of organizational behavior. 1– 27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503251128 https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.667 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014494 https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2015.1063486 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111340 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1675 https://doi.org/10.1108/imefm-01-2018-0029 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071455 https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314535434 https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12025 https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2602 impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 148 https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2568 haque, m. s. (2002). globalization, new political economy, and governance: a third world viewpoint. administrative theory & praxis, 24(1), 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2002.11029352 harman, d. (1967). a single factor test of common method variance. journal of psychology, 35(1967), 359-378. harms, p. d., & spain, s. m. (2015). beyond the bright side: dark personality at work. applied psychology, 64(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12042 hart, w., adams, j. m., & tortoriello, g. (2017). narcissistic responses to provocation: an examination of the rage and threatened-egotism accounts. personality and individual differences, 106, 152-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.049 hart, w., tortoriello, g. k., & richardson, k. (2021). provoked narcissistic aggression: examining the role of de-escalated and escalated provocations. journal of interpersonal violence, 36(9-10), 4832-4853. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518789901 hauge, l. j., skogstad, a., & einarsen, s. (2009). individual and situational predictors of workplace bullying: why do perpetrators engage in the bullying of others? work & stress, 23(4), 349-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370903395568 hayati, k., yuningsih, y., & caniago, i. (2018). can islamic work ethics and ethical climate reduce counterproductive work behavior? international journal of economics, business, and entrepreneurship, 1(2), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.23960/ijebe.v1i2.46 hayes, a. f. (2015). an index and test of linear moderated mediation. multivariate behavioral research, 50(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683 hayes, a. f. (2018). introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis (second edition ed.). the guilford press. he, y., walker, j. m., payne, s. c., & miner, k. n. (2021). explaining the negative impact of workplace incivility on work and non‐work outcomes: the roles of negative rumination and organizational support. stress and health, 37(2), 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2988 islam, t., ahmed, i., usman, a., & ali, m. (2021). abusive supervision and knowledge hiding: the moderating roles of future orientation and islamic work ethics. management research review, 44(12), 1565-1582. jakobwitz, s., & egan, v. (2006). the dark triad and normal personality traits. personality and individual differences, 40(2), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006 javaid, m., abdullah, n., zeb, a., & hussain, k. (2018). the impact of authentic leadership on knowledge sharing behavior with the moderating role of islamic work ethics. journal of physics: conference series, 1049, 012007 https://doi.org/10.1088/17426596/1049/1/012007 jelavić, s. r., aleksić, a., & braje, i. n. (2021). behind the curtain: workplace incivility— individual actors in cultural settings. sustainability, 13(3), 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031249 jonason, p. k., wee, s., & li, n. p. (2015). competition, autonomy, and prestige: mechanisms through which the dark triad predict job satisfaction. personality and individual differences, 72, 112-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.026 jones, & paulhus. (2014). introducing the short dark triad (sd3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. assessment, 21(1), 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105 https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2002.11029352 https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12042 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.049 https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518789901 https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370903395568 https://doi.org/10.23960/ijebe.v1i2.46 https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683 https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2988 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1049/1/012007 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1049/1/012007 https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.026 https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105 pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 149 kareem, o., & bin azmin, a. a. (2018). the influence of islamic work ethics on the magnitude of organizational culture’s effect on sme performance in nigeria: a conceptual framework. international journal of academic research in business and social sciences, 8(4), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i4/3994 karim, j., bibi, z., rehman, s. u., & khan, m. s. (2015). emotional intelligence and perceived work-related outcomes: mediating role of workplace incivility victimization. pakistan journal of psychological research, 30(1), 21-37. konrath, s., bushman, b. j., & campbell, w. k. (2006). attenuating the link between threatened egotism and aggression. psychological science, 17(11), 995-1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01818.x kozako, anual, n., karim, z. h. a., shamsuddin, n., & mustafa, z. (2018). the islamic views on counterproductive work behavior: islamic work ethics perspectives. conference: international conference on islam and global issues, universiti teknologi mara cawangan kelantan. lata, m., & chaudhary, r. (2020). dark triad and instigated incivility: the moderating role of workplace spirituality. personality and individual differences, 166, 110090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110090 lebreton, j. m., shiverdecker, l. k., & grimaldi, e. m. (2018). the dark triad and workplace behavior. annual review of organizational psychology and organizational behavior, 5, 387-414. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104451 leiter, m. p., laschinger, h. k. s., day, a., & oore, d. g. (2011). the impact of civility interventions on employee social behavior, distress, and attitudes. journal of applied psychology, 96(6), 1258-1274. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024442 lim, s., & cortina, l. m. (2005). interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: the interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment. journal of applied psychology, 90(3), 483-496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.483 lim, s., cortina, l. m., & magley, v. j. (2008). personal and workgroup incivility: impact on work and health outcomes. journal of applied psychology, 93(1), 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.95 liu, p., xiao, c., he, j., wang, x., & li, a. (2020a). experienced workplace incivility, anger, guilt, and family satisfaction: the double-edged effect of narcissism. personality and individual differences, 154, 109642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109642 liu, p., xiao, c., he, j., wang, x., & li, a. (2020b). experienced workplace incivility, anger, guilt, and family satisfaction: the double-edged effect of narcissism. personality and individual differences, 154, 1-7. loh, j. m., thorsteinsson, e. b., & loi, n. m. (2021). workplace incivility and work outcomes: cross‐cultural comparison between australian and singaporean employees. asia pacific journal of human resources, 59(2), 305-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12233 martin, k. d., & cullen, j. b. (2006). continuities and extensions of ethical climate theory: a meta-analytic review. journal of business ethics, 69(2), 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9084-7 mcshane, s. l., & von glinow, m. a. (2013). organizational behavior 5/e. pearson publication inc. miller, j. d., back, m. d., lynam, d. r., & wright, a. g. (2021). narcissism today: what we know and what we need to learn. current directions in psychological science, 30(6), 519-525. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211044109 morf, & rhodewalt. (2001). unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: a dynamic selfhttps://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i4/3994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01818.x https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110090 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104451 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024442 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.483 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109642 https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12233 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9084-7 https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211044109 impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 150 regulatory processing model. psychological inquiry, 12(4), 177-196. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1204_1 murtaza, g., abbas, m., raja, u., roques, o., khalid, a., & mushtaq, r. (2016). impact of islamic work ethics on organizational citizenship behaviors and knowledgesharing behaviors. journal of business ethics, 133(2), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2396-0 murtaza, g., roques, o., & khan, r. (2020). religious beliefs as a moderator of the relationships between workplace incivility and counterproductive work behaviours. human systems management(preprint), 1-11. nasution, f. n., & rafiki, a. (2019). islamic work ethics, organizational commitment and job satisfaction of islamic banks in indonesia. rausp management journal, 55(2), 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1108/rausp-01-2019-0011 o’boyle, e. h., forsyth, d. r., banks, g. c., & mcdaniel, m. a. (2012). a meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: a social exchange perspective. journal of applied psychology, 97(3), 557-579. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025679 özsoy, e. (2018). dark triad and counterproductive work behaviors: which of the dark triad traits is more malevolent? i̇şletme araştırmaları dergisi, 10(4), 742-756. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2018.546 pagliaro, s., lo presti, a., barattucci, m., giannella, v. a., & barreto, m. (2018). on the effects of ethical climate (s) on employees’ behavior: a social identity approach. frontiers in psychology, 9, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00960 paulhus, d. l., & williams, k. m. (2002). the dark triad of personality: narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. journal of research in personality, 36(6), 556563. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00505-6 pearson, c. m., & porath, c. l. (2005). on the nature, consequences and remedies of workplace incivility: no time for “nice”? think again. academy of management perspectives, 19(1), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2005.15841946 penney, l. m., & spector, p. e. (2005). job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (cwb): the moderating role of negative affectivity. journal of organizational behavior: the international journal of industrial, occupational and organizational psychology and behavior, 26(7), 777-796. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.336 phipps, s. t., prieto, l. c., & deis, m. h. (2015). the role of personality in organizational citizenship behavior: introducing counterproductive work behavior and integrating impression management as a moderating factor. journal of organizational culture, communications and conflict, 19(1), 176-196. porath, & erez, a. (2009). overlooked but not untouched: how rudeness reduces onlookers’ performance on routine and creative tasks. organizational behavior and human decision processes, 109(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.01.003 porath, & pearson, c. (2013). the price of incivility. harvard business review, 91(1-2), 115121. qayyum, a., kousar, s., jamil, r. a., & sarmad, m. (2018). relationship between workfamily and interpersonal conflicts: mediating role of psychological distress and the moderating effect of islamic work ethics. journal of islamic business and management, 8(2), 501-519. https://doi.org/10.26501/jibm/2018.0802-010 quoquab, f., & mohammad, j. (2013). work ethics from the viewpoint of different religious faiths: do they talk the same? journal of applied sciences research, 9(9), 54365452. rice, g. (1999). islamic ethics and the implications for business. journal of business ethics, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1204_1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2396-0 https://doi.org/10.1108/rausp-01-2019-0011 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025679 https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2018.546 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00960 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00505-6 https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2005.15841946 https://doi.org/10.1002/job.336 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.01.003 https://doi.org/10.26501/jibm/2018.0802-010 pp. 129-152 vol. 4 no. 1 (2022) management & economics research journal 151 18(4), 345-358. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005711414306 rizk, r. r. (2008). back to basics: an islamic perspective on business and work ethics. social responsibility journal, 4(1/2), 246-254. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471110810856992 roeser, k., mcgregor, v. e., stegmaier, s., mathew, j., kübler, a., & meule, a. (2016). the dark triad of personality and unethical behavior at different times of day. personality and individual differences, 88, 73-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.002 schilbach, m., baethge, a., & rigotti, t. (2020). why employee psychopathy leads to counterproductive workplace behaviours: an analysis of the underlying mechanisms. european journal of work and organizational psychology, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2020.1739650 schilpzand, p., de pater, i. e., & erez, a. (2016). workplace incivility: a review of the literature and agenda for future research. journal of organizational behavior, 37, s57-s88. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1976 sguera, f., bagozzi, r. p., huy, q. n., boss, r. w., & boss, d. s. (2016). curtailing the harmful effects of workplace incivility: the role of structural demands and organization-provided resources. journal of vocational behavior, 95, 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.08.004 shagufta, s., & nazir, s. (2021). self-esteem and psychopathic traits among undergraduate students: a structural equation modelling approach. fwu journal of social sciences, 15(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/summer-2/7 shin, y., & hur, w.-m. (2019). supervisor incivility and employee job performance: the mediating roles of job insecurity and amotivation. the journal of psychology, 154(1), 38-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1645634 spector, p. e. (2011). the relationship of personality to counterproductive work behavior (cwb): an integration of perspectives. human resource management review, 21(4), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.10.002 spector, p. e., fox, s., penney, l. m., bruursema, k., goh, a., & kessler, s. (2006). the dimensionality of counterproductivity: are all counterproductive behaviors created equal? journal of vocational behavior, 68(3), 446-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.005 stenason, l. (2014). implicit and explicit self-esteem in relation to the dark triad. western undergraduate psychology journal, 2(1), 1-15. stoica, a. a. (2021). dark triad, risk taking and counterproductive work behavior in different organizational contexts. studia doctoralia, 12(1), 4-19. https://doi.org/10.47040/sd/sdpsych.v12i1.120 suib, f. h., & said, m. f. (2017). a review of islamic work ethics and spirituality concepts in service industry. journal of nusantara studies (jonus), 2(2), 282-294. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol2iss2pp282-294 suryanto, t. (2016). islamic work ethics and audit opinions: audit professionalism and dysfunctional behavior as intervening variables. al-iqtishad: jurnal ilmu ekonomi syariah, 8(1), 49-64. https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v8i1.2508 vickers, m. h. (2006). writing what's relevant: workplace incivility in public administration-a wolf in sheep's clothing. administrative theory & praxis, 28(1), 69-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2006.11029525 victor, b., & cullen, j. b. (1987). a theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations. research in corporate social performance and policy, 9(1), 51-71. victor, b., & cullen, j. b. (1988). the organizational bases of ethical work climates. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005711414306 https://doi.org/10.1108/17471110810856992 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.002 https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2020.1739650 https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1976 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.08.004 https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/summer-2/7 https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1645634 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.10.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.005 https://doi.org/10.47040/sd/sdpsych.v12i1.120 https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol2iss2pp282-294 https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v8i1.2508 https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2006.11029525 impact of psychopathy and narcissism on employees’ adverse outcomes: a perspective of ethical climate theory and threatened-egotism model chughtai, m. s., akram, h., razzaq, t., rasheed, a., & shah, r. 152 administrative science quarterly, 101-125. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392857 viswesvaran, c., deshpande, s. p., & milman, c. (1998). the effect of corporate social responsibility on employee counterproductive behavior. cross cultural management: an international journal, 5(4), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527609810796835 vize, c. e., miller, j. d., collison, k. l., & lynam, d. r. (2021). untangling the relation between narcissistic traits and behavioral aggression following provocation using an ffm framework. journal of personality disorders, 35(2), 299-318. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2020_34_321 wahab, m. a., quazi, a., & blackman, d. (2016). measuring and validating islamic work value constructs: an empirical exploration using malaysian samples. journal of business research, 69(10), 4194-4204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.005 wang, y.-d., & hsieh, h.-h. (2013). organizational ethical climate, perceived organizational support, and employee silence: a cross-level investigation. human relations, 66(6), 783-802. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712460706 wilson, j. a. (2012). the new wave of transformational islamic marketing. journal of islamic marketing, 3(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831211225436 yang, f.-h., tsai, y.-s., & tsai, k.-c. (2014). the influences of ethical climate of turnover intention: the mediation role of emotional exhaustion. international journal of organizational innovation, 6(4), 72-89. yousef, d. a. (2001). islamic work ethic – a moderator between organizational commitment and job satisfaction in a cross‐cultural context. personnel review, 30(2), 152-169. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480110380325 yuliusdharma, y., likdanawati, l., khalsiah, k., & wafi, a. (2022). work islamic ethics, organizational culture, work motivation on citizenship organization behavior and employees performance at bank aceh sharia. budapest international research and critics institute (birci-journal): humanities and social sciences, 5(1), 11261133. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392857 https://doi.org/10.1108/13527609810796835 https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2020_34_321 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712460706 https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831211225436 https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480110380325 1. introduction 2. theoretical underpinning and hypothesis development 2.1. psychopathy, narcissism, and employees’ adverse outcomes 2.2. workplace incivility (wpi) as a mediator 2.3. islamic work values (iwvs) as a moderator 2.4. moderated mediation 3. research design 3.1. sampling and data collection procedure 3.2. measurement tools 4. results 5. discussion 5.1. theoretical and empirical contributions 5.2. future research directions and limitations 6. conclusion declaration of conflicting interests references management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 1 (2019): march مارس): 2019( 1العدد 1المجلد 13 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i1.5 واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات ثمار س يع لتحقيق نحو اتي اس اختيار مستدامة محلية تنمية 2، بالل مشعلي1 صالح محرز )الجزائر(أستاذ محاضر ب، جامعة العربي التبسي، تبسة 1 salahmahrez@gmail.com: اإلیمیل )الجزائر(، قالمة 1945ماي 8 أستاذ محاضر ب، جامعة 2 bilalmechaali@yahoo.com : اإلیمیل towards promoting investment in small and medium-sized enterprises as a strategic choice for sustainable local development salah mahrez 1, bilal mechaali 2 1 larbi tebessi university of tebessa (algeria) 2 university of 8 may 1945, guelma (algeria) خ القبول 201903-12: رسالتار خ شر 20190327: تار ال خ 201903-31: تار ص : م دورالبحثيـةالورقـة ـدف إبـراز ـ واملتوسـطةإ ة الصـغ اتي اختيـاراملؤسســات ــ اسـ حيــث مســتدامة تنميــة املجــالتحقيــق ــذا ــ ضــة وعر ة ــ كب آمــاال ــا عل مــا ضــوء ففــي. عقــد السـاحة ده ات مـن العامليـة قتصـادية شـ ـ اديـا احتلـت غ ر ـة دعـم ـ دورا التنمو ـود .ا مــن ــا كغ زائــر سياســة وا ــت انت املؤسســات جديــدة الــدول، ــا واملتوســطة قوام ة الصــغ املالئــــم النمــــوذج ــــا تنم باعتبار إذلتحقيــــق مســــتدامة محليــــة عمليـــــةيــــة ــــ ــــة الزاو ــــر ــــ عت ــــــةالتنميــــــة التنميّ مرتكــــــزات ــــــم أ مــــــن املؤسســــــات ــــــذه مثــــــل ر وتطــــــو دعــــــم عمليــــــة ــــــ عت لــــــذلك ، .املستدامة املفتاحيــة لمــات محليــة: ال تنميــة مســتدامة؛ تنميــة واملتوســطة؛ ة الصــغ املؤسســات ثمار؛ ســ .مستدامة يف . jel :f2، l10تص  املر محرز،: سلااملؤلف salahmahrez@gmail.com: يميلصا https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i1.5&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-03-31 كاختيار اسرتاتيجي لتحقيق حنو تشجيع االستثمار يف املؤسسات الصغرية واملتوسطة تنمية حملية مستدامة صاحل حمرز بالل مشعلي 14 abstract: the paper aims to highlight the role of small and medium enterprises as a strategic choice in achieving sustainable development, with high and great expectations in this field. in view of the changes that have taken place in the global economic scene, they have taken a leading role in supporting development efforts. like other countries, algeria has adopted a new policy of small and medium-sized enterprises as the appropriate model for sustainable local development, which is the cornerstone of economic development. the process of supporting and developing such institutions is therefore one of the most important pillars of sustainable development. keywords: investment, small and medium-sized enterprises, sustainable development, sustainable local development. jel classification: f2 ،l10 :مقدمة.1 املحلية التنمية موضوع الفكراملستدامةيحتل التنمية مواضيع ن ب ماً م مركزاً بارز،قتصادي موقعاً تحتل ا جعل ة املتم انة امل ذه اتيجيةإن وسياسةاس ا، ومحطا ا مراحل جميع زائر با نظام التنمية ظل 1967(التخطيط سواء منذ)م1989 فيھ شرعت الذي السوق اقتصاد نحو والتحول صالحات إطار أو ا1990 ل الدولة ا وج ال امج ال نوع ذلك تج و .م، لألفــراد ــ املع املســتوى ن لتحســ ــدفان قتصــادي والنمــو التنميــة أن اعتبــار و و املـة، شـاملة تنميـة ـ إ للوصـول ـود ا ـل تضـافر مـن ـالبـد ة املؤسسـات عت الصـغ جتماعيـــة و قتصــــادية التنميـــة عمليــــة ــــ ـــة الزاو ــــر العمــــود ،واملتوســـطة ل شــــ إذ عــــام ل شـــ قتصـــاد نمـــو ــــ تلعبـــھ الـــذي ـــ املتّم للــــدور وذلـــك ـــاص ا للقطـــاع . الفقـــري عن د يز ما املؤسسات ذه ل ش ما80حيث ستوعب و العالم حول املؤسسات من عـــــن ـــــد ة 60يز الصــــــغ املؤسســـــات ر وتطــــــو دعـــــم عمليــــــة ـــــ عت لــــــذلك الوظـــــائف، مــــــن املستدامة املحلية ة التنميّ مرتكزات م أ من .واملتوسطة جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 33 -13 :ص 15 ــ إ قتصــادي النمــو درجــات بمختلــف العـالم ــ الــدول مــن العديــد ســ وعليـھ، جت و قتصـادية ـة التنميّ ـ رغبـة واملتوسـطة ة الصغ املؤسسات ر وتطو ة ماعيـة،تنميّ مــــن ــــد املز وتحقيــــق الشــــغل فــــرص تــــوف ــــ تلعبــــھ أن يمكــــن الــــذي يــــوي ا للــــدور وذلــــك قتصاد واملرونة ة نتاجيّ ادة وز ع .التنو البحث1.1 الية :إش الدراسة انطالقا لة مش فان سبق و رئ ساؤل حول تتمحور مما :و دعــــــــم ـــــــــ واملتوســــــــطة ة الصــــــــغ املؤسســــــــات دور و املحليـــــــــةمــــــــا ــــــــة التنميّ وتحقيــــــــق املستدامة؟ البحث 2.1 داف وأ مية :أ ثق مية تن ميـة مـن الدراسـة أ انـة أ املسـتدامة، التنميـة وم يوجـد ألنـھ املحليـة أي ال اقتصـاد دولـة ـا ا تكـن لـم إذا متطـور ل انيـات مـن وذلـك شـاملة، محليـة تنميـة لـد م خـالل تتـوفر ـ ال ـا والوسـائل تمـت العموميـة السـلطات أن نجـد لـذا .عل ـ بالتنميـة ا املحليـة ة، ونة بتحديد خ اتيجيات وذلك ن عض وإصدار جديدة اس وتـم القوان التنظيميـة، البحثيـة سـليط الورقـة ـذه ـ مختلـف الضـوء ـ املسـتدامة التنميـة تطـورات ع املحليـة ـات إبـرازووج ـ إ باإلضـافة ا، ـداف وأ ـا حول واملتوسـطة دور النظـر الصـغ ـ املؤسسـات املستدامة تحقيق املحلية .التنمية البحث 3.1 ل ي و من دور عــن تكشــف ــ ال النتــائج ألفضــل ووصــوال الســابقة، الدراســة ــداف أل تحقيقــا ــ ع عتمــاد تم ســ مســتدامة، محليــة تنميــة تحقيــق ــ واملتوســطة ة الصــغ املؤسســات طبيعـة حسـب الوصـفي مـن موضـوع املـن ـوم تقـديم خـالل الدراسـة، املحليـة التنميـة مف واملتوسطة الصغ واملؤسسات نظرا. املستدامة التحلي سلوب من املوضوع يتطلبھ ملا و لكيفية واملتوسـطة تحليل الصـغ املؤسسات مة ودفـع املحليـة التنميـة ـ مسا املسـتدامة ا داف ل شودة لتحقيق .امل البحث4.1 ل :ي تية العناصر إ البحثية الورقة التطرق تم :س ا: أوال وخصائص واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات حول أساسية يم .مفا كاختيار اسرتاتيجي لتحقيق حنو تشجيع االستثمار يف املؤسسات الصغرية واملتوسطة تنمية حملية مستدامة صاحل حمرز بالل مشعلي 16 ا: ثانيا داف وأ املستدامة املحلية التنمية وم .مف املحليــــــــة: ثالثــــــــا التنميــــــــة وتحقيــــــــق دعــــــــم ــــــــ واملتوســــــــطة ة الصــــــــغ املؤسســــــــات دور املستدامة أساسية .2 يم امفا وخصائص واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات .حول واملتوسطة1.2 ة الصغ املؤسسات وم :مف وم مف تحديد واملتوسطةلإن ة الصغ الذيلمؤسسات للدور نظرا ة كب مية أ لھ أن قيقة ا و ا، ف النمو درجة باختالف الدول اقتصاديات املؤسسات ذه تلعبھ ذه ن تم امل ن ب ا كب جدال يث مازال واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات وم مف خرى املؤسسات عن ا يم ف عر تحديد أو وضع ة صعو إ رجع و عو . املؤسسات، ال ات واملم صائص ا من بمجموعة تتمتع ا أ إال ا، ف عر ختالف من الرغم الدول ذه معظم اقتصاديات مة للمسا امة وسيلة ا م موجز .تجعل ي وفيما الدول، عض لدى واملتوسطة، ة الصغ للمؤسسات شارا ان ك أو الرسمية ف للتعار املع ف التعر جانب زائرإ ا .تمد ف. 1.1.2 يتحادعر للمؤسسات:ورو جديد ف عر بوضع ي ورو تحاد قام مر بموجب وذلك واملتوسطة ة التنفيذ ec/2003/361الصغ ح دخل 1والذي من. 2005جانفي أقل شغل ال املؤسسات ا بأ املتوسطة املؤسسات عرف بحيث ورقم250 منعامل، أقل ا تتعدى50أعمال ال ة السنو ا اني م أو أورو، 43مليون أورو من. مليون أقل شغل ال املؤسسات ة الصغ املؤسسات ورقم50اما عامل، تتعدى ال ة السنو ا اني م أو السنوي ا أورو10أعمال ن املصغرة. مالي املؤسسات اما من أقل شغل ال ةعما10املؤسسات السنو ا اني م أو السنوي ا أعمال ورقم ل تتعدى أورو2ال )http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise( .مليون كية. 2.1.2 مر املتحدة الواليات ف لعام:عر ة الصغ املؤسسات قانون 1953قدم ا أ ع واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسة وم ا" :مف وإدار ا امتالك يتم ال املؤسسة نطاقھ شط ت الذي العمل مجال ع سيطر ال حيث مستقلة، قة لف("بطر ص2003/2004عثمان، واملتوسطة. )14، ة الصغ املؤسسات وم مف تحديد تم وقد نبط العامل وعدد املبيعات م معيار ع باالعتماد تفصيال أك قة .ر جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 33 -13 :ص 17 زائر. 3.1.2 ا ف زائري املشرع أخذ لقد :عر عدة باملعاي ا ع واعتمد ية، ورو صول انية، امل مجموع عمال، رقم م، ا معيار وفق املؤسسات يف تص عناصر اصة، ا موال وعددالثابتة، السوق صة ا العمال، عدد نتاج، ات تج عاد ي الثال املعيار و شيوعا ك يف التص أن غ ائن، رقم:الز العمال، عدد املؤسسة استقاللية ودرجة انية، امل مجموعة حميدي،( عمال، ،2008-2007يوسف سم15و .)75ص بإصدار 2001د زائري ا املشرع قيةقام ل التوجي القانون رقم واملتوسطة ة الصغ ة01/18املؤسسات الصغ للمؤسسات فا عر تضمن والذي ، دول وا العامة، ام لألح ول الباب من ي الثا الفصل عليھ نص حيث واملتوسطة، ن ي يف يب ة املؤسسات تص زائري القانون حسب واملتوسطة الصغ رقم( :ا املرسوم ص01-18/2001 ،5( رقم دول زائري : 1ا ا القانون حسب املؤسسات يف تص العمال عدد السنوي عمال رقم ج( د )مليون ة السنو صيلة ا ج( د )مليون املؤسسات املصغرة 10 20 9إ1 املؤسسات ة الصغ 100 200 49إ10 املؤسسات املتوسطة 500 إ100 2000إ200 250إ50 رقم: املصدر املؤسسات2001/ 12/12املؤرخ18-01القانون قية ل التوجي القانون املتضمن واملتوسطة ة .الصغ ف عار م أ ذكر خالل ختالف من نالحظ واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات واختالف واملتوسطة، ة الصغ للمؤسسات وم مف لوضع املعاي استعمال املتباين اقتصادية عوامل إ راجع أخرى إ دولة من واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات ف عر ال إذ ا، وظروف دولة ل بطبيعة ا وموحد ووا محدد اتفاق يوجد مرتبطة وم دوليً ملف ة الصغ املؤسسات ف عر ة نالحظ إذ واملتوسطة، و ف املستخدمة املعاي ك ذه عر ومن م املؤسسات، :املعاي ذه أ ن عدد معيار شآت العامل ة امل واملتوسطة؛ الصغ ثمر املال رأس معيار ؛)املوجودات مجموع( املس كاختيار اسرتاتيجي لتحقيق حنو تشجيع االستثمار يف املؤسسات الصغرية واملتوسطة تنمية حملية مستدامة صاحل حمرز بالل مشعلي 18 واملبيعات؛ نتاج م معاي املستخدمة؛ التكنولوجيا مستوى معاي ا يتعامل ال سواق م معاي .املشروع ف واملتوسطة2.2 ة الصغ املؤسسات : خصائص امل ل واملتوسطةش ة الصغ م أحد ؤسسات قتصادية روافد أ التنمية جتماعية و اقتصاديات و مية ال العالم، أ ةؤسساتامل عن تقل ا الكب و تمثل ل ع املشار من العظ زائر و املتقدمة، والدول النامية الدول الغالبية ذه ا وجدت اؤسساتامل تمامً ا ا ً افةكب ات من امل. ا واملتوسطةوتمتاز ة الصغ ؤسسات قدب صائص ا ذه و خرى، املؤسسات با عن ا تم صائص ا من مجموعة تخفيضاأكسب يخص فيما خاصة ا ف تتواجد ال قتصادية ئة الب اتجاه مرونة مي أ من زاد ما ذا و اليف، قتصاديةلةدفعاالت ذه ،التنمية م أ من ولعل ي ما صائص :ا س تأس ولة واملتوسطةس ة الصغ إ ؛املؤسسات ذا رجع مستلزماتو انخفاض وتفعيلأر جذب إ ساس ند س ا أ حيث يا، س ا شا إل املطلوب املال س محلية حاجات ا بواسط تل فائدة أو منفعة تحقيق اجل من اص مدخرات م يجةأنواع ن النامية، والبلدان ناسب ي ما ذا و قتصادي، شاط ال من تعددة الدخل ضعف ب س ا ف املدخرات وآخرون،( .لنقص بوخاوة ،2003اسماعيل .)9ص التنظيم ساطة و ولة املشروع،؛س أقسام ن ب ختصاصات ع توز خالل من وذلك ألغراض ة املركز ن ب التوفيق ام، امل وتوضيح للمسؤوليات، الدقيق التحديد التنفيذ سرعة ألغراض ة الالمركز ن و والرقابة، عن( .التخطيط بن الرحمن عبد ص2002وآخرون، ،4( باالنخفاض واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات سواءتمتاز وذلك موال لرؤوس س ال شغيل ال أثناء أو شاء ة بف مر مدي،( .علق ب ع ص2006سيد ،34( التعقيد تتوفر بقلة يتم داخ معلومات نظام ع ع السر باالتصال سمح ما و و بدوره يتم املعلومات فنظام خارجيا أما ا، وعمال املؤسسة إدارة ن ب ونزوال صعودا جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 33 -13 :ص 19 إ اجة ا قليلة الة ا ذه مثل و جغرافيا السوق قرب يجة ن ساطة بال املعقدة السوق دراسات إ وء قدي،( .ال املجيد )2002عبد أن ا يمك إذ الصغ ا م إ بالنظر عديدة جغرافية مناطق شاء قدرة الصناعية املراكز عن عيدا عديدة جغرافية مناطق إ وذلكتدخل التقليدية، للتأقلم مرونة أك ا يجعل ما ذا املناطق بتلك خاصة محلية سلع بإنتاج ا لتم ع م،( .السر الكر عبد ص2006عبيدات ،66( ل حتياجات انخفاض لتمو ة، املشروعات مع مقارنة املشروعات ذه املالية الكب ذه عت و اصية اب ا وء إ واملتوسطة القليلة املدخرات أ إقامة إ ال ع ذه مثل يوسف،( .خر مع مشاركة دون املشار الرحيم عبد ،2002توفيق )29ص ذه دارة استقاللية ا ألن ،املؤسسات ل ون معظم ا ي أي صاحب مدير املشروع، وعليھ القرار من العديد وكسب وإرضاء استقطاب املشروع لصاحب يمكن بيده، ائن العاملة يدي ن( .والز ص2008 السعيد، حس ، ( 3 دارة واملتوسطةإن ة الصغ وسرعةتتم املؤسسات املرونة من عال بقدر رس الغ ع الطا إ ذلك عود و ا مع والتكيف وظروفھ العمل ات التغ مواكبة التنظي ل ي ال ساطة ب ا وتم املؤسسة، وصاحب ن والعامل ائن الز ن ب للتعامل القرارات اتخاذ ة .ومركز وآخرون،( ي خو )42ص،2008رابح العظ الغالبية املؤسساتترتبط ةمن أنالصغ بمع لك، باملس مباشرا ارتباطا ة الصغ الورشات مثل الكية اس خدمات أو سلعا تج ت ة الصغ املؤسسات ن انب ا ن ب ارتباط حلقة واملتوسطة ة الصغ فاملؤسسات اف، ر شرة املن جتما و نادية( .قتصادي قع )22ص،2002-2001،قو ا. 3 داف وأ املستدامة املحلية التنمية وم .مف املحلية 1.3 التنمية وم : مف محاور ذا إن ل يجة وكن شابكة وم ومتفاعلة متداخلة عت ا عاد وأ التنمية إ التطرق وقبل النظر، ات ووج ات تجا و املحاوالت عددت ختالف و شابك ال املستدامة املحلية املحلية،التنمية التنمية وم مف إ شارة يجب ا جوان بمختلف كاختيار اسرتاتيجي لتحقيق حنو تشجيع االستثمار يف املؤسسات الصغرية واملتوسطة تنمية حملية مستدامة صاحل حمرز بالل مشعلي 20 ع ا ف عر يمكن وال ا، ع ا وماذا ا ال العملية ":أ التعاون تحقيق يمكن بواسط ن الفعال ومية ب وا الشعبية ود ات لالرتقاء ا والوحدات املحلية التجمعات بمستو اوثقافيا واجتماعيا اقتصاديا املحلية منظور وحضار نوعية من ن ياة تحس ان ا لس دارة من مستوى أي املحلية التجمعات ات شاملة املحلية مستو املة منظومة ."ومت ميد عبد( 13) ص ، 2001املطلب، عبد ا عرف ا أيضا و و سياسة تتم ال التغي عملية "ب عن ع محلية عامة إطار الوحدات استخدام القادرة املحلية القيادات خالل من وذلك املحلية احتياجات ع ن وإقناع املحلية املوارد واستغالل املحلي ن ستفادة الشعبية باملشاركة املواطن من و ومي واملعنوي املادي الدعم شة مستوى رفع إ وصوال ا أفراد املع ل املحلية الوحدات ل اب، عبد محمد سم( ."الدولة الوحدات جميع ودمج 21) ص ،2008الو ا وقد ا املتحدة مم يئة عرف ا العمليات ":بأ يمك ود توحيد ال ن ج املواطن ومات ن وا جتماعية قتصادية وضاع لتحس ا املحلية املجتمعات و ومساعد مة مة حياة ندماج ع ا واملسا ، بوعمامة( ."مستطاع قدر بأق رق ع 2008) وآخرون، قتصادية، وانب ا جميع تمس التنمية بأن لنا يت فات التعر ذه خالل من للمجتمع، ر وتطو تحديث عملية التنمية فإن املنطلق ذا ومن والثقافية، جتماعية أن أي الزمن، من لة طو ة لف قيقي ا الدخل متوسط مستمرة ادة بز سمح حيث للتخفيف ة الفق الطبقة لصا للدخل عادل ع بتوز سمح و لة طو ة لف ون ت التنمية املجتمع الطبقية ع والقضاء الفقر حدة .من املستدامة2.3 التنمية وم : مف رحم ل طو مخاض نتاج ان بل ساعتھ، وليد املستدامة التنمية وم مف يكن لم و التنموي إالفكر تحليلللولوج ن الباحث عض حاول املستدامة، التنمية وم مف ا ا ف سال ال التنمية مصط و فتمثلت ن، لمت إ العبارة ذه وتقسيم ا أ ع شاملة بصورة وعرفت ياة:" الكث ا مجاالت جميع ات غ إحداث والسياسية والثقافية جتماعية و ون...قتصادية وتطلعاتلت رفاه مستوى دائماً "الشعوب والتواصل، ة ستمرار ع ال املستدامة انت ف الثانية لمة ال أما ، جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 33 -13 :ص 21 ومستقبال عطية( .حاضراً محمد القادر مصط )11ص،2000 ،عبد أصل عود و ولوsustainableستدامة ي العلم للتعبecologyإ ستدامة استخدمت حيث ، ا ديناميكي يجة ن عرضة ون ت ال الديناميكية النظم وتطور ل ش مع( عن ا تفاعل البعض ا ا) عض وعناصر ا خصائص غ حدوث إ تؤدي لية ي ات غ إ البعض ا ببعض العناصر ذه . وعالقات نو السابق ن للمصط ط ر أول ستدامةالتنمية(عود عبارة) و واستخدام سنة ئة الب ع للمحافظة الدو تحاد ر تقر املستدامة عنوان1980التنمية : تحت ئة" الب ع للمحافظة الدولية اتيجية السنة". س نفس ذكر طرفان من بـ تد ومية ح غ منظمة ن إ. world wildlife fund: ناشط عدةوترجم ية العر ا م ية،: مسميات البي املتواصلة، املطردة، املوصولة، املستمرة، لإلدامة، القابلة التنمية ا وغ واملستدامة املستديمة غنيم( .املحتملة، محمد )20ص،2007،وآخرونعثمان العاملية املنظمات من الكث عرضت املستدامة، للتنمية الرس ور الظ منذ و ساع،والكتاب وا مية أ من املوضوع ذا ل ملا ا، ف عر إ ختصاصات ش ن الباحث نقصلذلك ست ل لة املش فأصبحت فات التعر الشديد احم ال من وم املف عان س و قاموس عرف حيث ا حول النظر ات وج واختالف ا عدد وإنما فات التعر )webster(ا أ ع املستدامة دون: "التنمية الطبيعية املوارد ستخدم ال التنمية تلك ليا، أو جزئيا ا تدم أو ا اف باست سمح اأن استخدام ترشيد ضرورة ش." أي كما إالبعض النطاق اذا غي أ وتوجيھ عملية املوارد استغالل بواسطة ات والتغي ثمارات، واملؤسساتيةوراتوالتطس املو ناسقبالتقنية وتدعيمت لتعزز انيات دفم واملستقبلية الية ةتلبيةا شر ال اجات .ا أن نجد قتصادية، والتنمية ئة الب ن ب ط الر محاولة يمثل آخر ف عر و ا أ ع ا ف عر تم املستدامة إ: "التنمية يؤدي الذي التعارض من د ئةا الب ور تد ما امل ت إلحداث وسيلة إيجاد ق طر قتصاد عن و ئة الب ن anthony rosa et)".ب outre, 2005, p: 10) اكذلكعرفو قتصادية،": بأ السياسات صياغة ا خالل من يتم عملية تنمية إقامة بقصد ا، ل والصناعية الزراعية ة، الطاقو ة، التجار ية، ونالضر ت كاختيار اسرتاتيجي لتحقيق حنو تشجيع االستثمار يف املؤسسات الصغرية واملتوسطة تنمية حملية مستدامة صاحل حمرز بالل مشعلي 22 ولوجياً اجتماعياً ادياً اقتص م( ".مةامستدواي الكر عبد ص2000،وآخرونمحمد ،295( وم3.3 املستدامةالتنميةمف : املحلية وم برز لقد ليعكس حديث كمصط املستدامة املحلية التنمية مف شأة مدى ال فبعدما ملعاي املحلية التنمية تطبيق تجاه تمثل املستدامة التنمية أصبحت ستدامة الذي ديد ا ن التوازن ع ع التنموي جيال جيال ب و الية وتمثل املستقبلية ا الوقت املستحدث النموذج نفس تماماتھ ضمن تدخل الذي التنموي ية ا البي املتطلبات يدعم كبعد جتماعية قتصادية حتياجات جديد داف عا و ختالالت و ية . البي عد تمام و ا املحلية بالتنمية ازدياد و ت ل إ وأسلوب وسيلة أ تحقيق دف ود أن حيث الشاملة، التنمية مية تقل ال الشعبية واملشاركة الذاتية ا ود عن أ ا ومية مة ع املستدامة التنمية تحقيق ا ان مسا املشروعات وتنفيذ وضع الس ن تأخذ ال البي ع انب ا م كبعد عتبار ا ضمن م عاد ة أ قتصادية التنمو جتماعية، املشاركة ستوجب مما و ود تضافر وا ومية الشعبية ن ا نوعية لتحس ياة جتماعية قتصادية ا والتنظيمية و ية للمجتمعات والثقافية والبي ة ضار وا ا املحلية ا وإدماج اتيجيا ة اس الوصول التنمو التا وغايات متطلبات تحقيق إ و املستدامة ذا املنطلق ذا ومن واملتوازنة الشاملة التنمية ر ساس وع مصط ظ كمن التنمية املستدامة امل حديث تنموي املحلية عاد ومت و وانب ادفة ا إ ال الطاقات امنة تفعيل املحليةاملجتمع لدى ال .ات ف يمكن سبق ومما ا املستدامة املحلية التنمية عر ا يتمكن ال العملية تلك": بأ من املجتمع حاجاتھ املح دافھ، تحديد ب وأ اجات ذه وترت داف ا وفقا و اتھ، اء مع ألولو تلك والرغبة الثقة إذ ملقابلة اجات العمل داف ا ستجيب بما و نة جيال اجات ض دون الرا طر جيال قدرة عر ل ناك"القادمة و عرف من ، اتيجية ع املستدامة املحلية التنمية اس ا ع املجتمع تنمية الستمرار أ عمل ط و الر ن ئة املحلية املوارد ب ارجية، والب ب الذاتية موارده خالل من املجتمع تنمية أي ا واملوا جتماعية الفردية ة العدالة مبدأ مراعاة مع والعالقات ستمرار ستدامة، و أي و ن العدالة ا املجتمع أفراد ب ن خذ خالل من واملستقب ا ية املتطلبات عتبار ع البي جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 33 -13 :ص 23 .املستقب جيال حق ع تحافظ ال املستدامة4.3 املحلية التنمية داف : أ التنمية منس مجموعة تحقيق إ ا ومحتوا ا آليا خالل من املستدامة ي فيما ا يص ت يمكن وال ،( :داف، ي ا ص2007إلياس ،51( السياسات وتنفيذ التخطيط عمليات خالل من ان للس أفضل حياة نوعية تحقيق واجتماعيا اقتصاديا واملجتمع ان الس حياة نوعية ن لتحس الالزمة ة ونفسياًالتنمو وانب ا ع ك ال ق طر عن ، عادلوروحياً ل ش و الكمية س ول للنمو، النوعية والالمساواة الفقر افحة وم وديمقراطي، تطلب. ومقبول ن ذلك و ي مستوى تأم ا س سر تھمتطلبا تلبية يمكن أي مستديم، ون عندما أك ب ان م ي ع مستقراً الس ، النظام إنتاجية م مالئم مستوى ط كما البي ون أن أيضا ش ام ناك ي أخال ال رغمو . قل ع أجلنا من السابقة جيال فعلتھ ما القادمة، جيال أجل من نفعل بأن لتحقيق ادة ا واملحاوالت العاملية ود انا للس أفضل إال حياة العالم، دول جميع ال تلك أنھ إاملحاوالتتزال .كب دح قاصرة ة إ املستدامة املحلية التنمية دف كما ع مواج ي التوز ا املنظم الغ الس املناطق الذي مدروس والغ منھ ي قاليم عا ناء وذلك املحلية و سكنية ومناطق مدن ب لفة جديدة الت ون منخفضة التكدس عن عيدة ت ي والضغط مناطق ا شرط الس أن و ون واملدن ذه ت ديدة املناطق قتصادية املرافق جميع ع متوفرة ا و ال جتماعية ش سمح ثمار، بالع س و نتاج س و ا املستدامة املحلية التنمية و إ مضمو ة ال محار أش نحراف ل و وقراطية الفساد عيق عطل ال والب ع قيام و املشار جتماعية قتصادية خالل والثقافية و ع من حصول وعدم املح للدخل العادل التوز إطار ع العمل وكذا والطبقات الفوارق ي وضع إ قانو ن العالقات تنظيم دف ب ونة الفئات ومن من ذا الواحد للمجتمع امل والرقابة من توف أخري ناحية ناحية، ن والعدالة ل الفرصة وإعطاء املجتمع أفراد ب إلثبات ل م الفئات خالل من وجود م نتاج العمل ع تحف ادة والقومي قتصاد دعم بالتا وز .املح ئة تندرجو ا ومتطلبات الب ات ضمن حماي ع املستدامة املحلية التنمية أولو مل املحلية التنمية عكس انت انب ال ن تأخذه وال البي ا ا ضمن عتبار ع قرارا كاختيار اسرتاتيجي لتحقيق حنو تشجيع االستثمار يف املؤسسات الصغرية واملتوسطة تنمية حملية مستدامة صاحل حمرز بالل مشعلي 24 ا، املستدامة فالتنمية وسياسا ماية إ س املحلية ا افية ضمان والنظم الطبيعية ال ولوجية ية والتجمعات ي .ا ب تقوم انكما الس و ز القائمةباملشكالتتعز ية البي م وح املحيطة، ية البي املشكالت تجاه باملسؤولية م إحساس تنمية ق طر عن وذلك وتنفيذ إعداد م مشارك خالل من ا ل مناسبة حلول إيجاد الفاعلة املشاركة ع املستدامة التنمية ع ومشار برامج وتقييم عة .ومتا ذلك إ عقأضف واستخدام استغالل للمواردتحقيق ي التنمية: ال تتعامل دون تحول لذلك محدودة، موارد ا أ ع الطبيعية املوارد مع املستدامة املحلية ي، عقال ل ش ا استخدام ع عمل و ا، تدم أو ا اف ليات است وضع خالل من ا شا من ال املسبقة طط تحافظوا وعدمأن املتاحة الطبيعية املوارد ع ا ل مثل و ي العقال ستخدام ق طر عن ا، اف .است املستدامة. 4 املحلية التنمية وتحقيق دعم واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات .دور واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات مزايا من ستفادة الدول من العديد ت ن القطا ذا ل ا ن ت ق طر ذهعن ونجاح التنمية، وسائل كأحد الوط املستوى ع ع لعبت مثال ند ال دول ناك ف فقط، للدول قتصادي بالتقدم مرتبطا س ل التجارب مية أ ننكر وال ا، ل مشا من العديد حل ما م دورا واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات ة الصغ املؤسسات مجال ة النا التجارب من مستوىستفادة سواء واملتوسطة ون ي وإنما فقط طأ وا ة والتجر بالتعلم ي يأ ال ة ا ساب فاك املؤسسات، أو الدول م تواج ال ل املشا لتفادي ن خر تجارب من التعلم و لفة ت اقل بوسيلة .تحقيقھ املؤسسات قطاع مواكبة إ العالم، دول مختلف غرار ع زائر، ا وسعت نالصغ القوان إصدار خالل من ذا و ة الصغ بالصناعات أك تمام و واملتوسطة، ة وتطور لنمو املالئم املناخ يئة إ ادفة ال صالحات من سلسلة واتخاذ عات شر وال ذا مية بأ ا م ا وإدرا قتصادية ا سياس توجھ مع اما وا الصناعات، ذه قت قاعدة توسيع خاللالقطاع من مستدامة محلية تنمية وتحقيق الوط صاد ية والبي جتماعية و قتصادية الثالثة ا عاد .أ قتصادي1.4 انب ا من واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات مة :مسا ما خالل من انب ا ذا واملتوسطة الصغ املؤسسات مة مسا توضيح يمكن جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 33 -13 :ص 25 :ي ة الصغ املؤسسات مة شغيلمسا ال الدراسات: واملتوسطة معظم تجمع فرص توف ع ا بقدر تتم واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات أن ع قتصادية ع قدرة أك عت و النامية، بالدول دخار معدل انخفاض ظل العمل توظيف فرص توفر كما العمل، فرص خلق لفة ت النخفاض العمالة امتصاص إللعمالة م ودفع امعات ا وخر الشباب يم مفا غ ظل ارة م قل ناسب ت ال اص ات وشر والعائلية الفردية للملكية ا ومالءم ر، ا العمل ة الصغ املدخرات اب أ عاشور( .مع ).2006كتوش أن زائر ا واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات عن السابقة حصائيات لنا ر تظ العمومي القطاع عكس ع املؤسسات، ذه ل الرئ املمثل و اص ا القطاع ة الصغ املؤسسات مة مسا فإن لذا ى، الك للمؤسسات كممثل ر تظ الذي ذا مة مسا تجاوزت وقد اص ا القطاع مة مسا ا ع ع الوط قتصاد الصادرات م و املحروقات خارج ام ا الناتج منخ أك الواردات وكذا ة% 50 الصغ للمؤسسات اص ا القطاع مة مسا بلغت فقد ا، م ل سنة ام% 59.62حوا2007واملتوسطة ا الوط للناتج جمالية القيمة من مقابل538.1بقيمة دج، تفع% 617.4أي% 35.5مليار ل العمومي للقطاع دج مليار عام مة املسا دج178.4أي% 68.34لتصل2008ذه ،( .مليار لوال لي )82ص ا التوازن ع قدر ن فضل التنموي تحقيق ة املناطق مختلف ب ضر فية ا والر ق عن ن التفاوت معدالت تقليل طر ب صائص إ راجع وذلك قاليم، قتصادي ا ات ا ال وامل ل ثمار تؤ ية املزايا الس س ل ال ع منطقة ل فجوات سد واملساعدة ولة التنمية س زائر لفة ا التا مناسبة وسرعة محدودة وت التنمية إ الوصول و الشاملة ذه. املتوازنة أن ع أساسيا دورا تلعب املؤسسات كما الصناعات توز ديدة ة املدن مختلف ع ا والتجمعات الصغ اف ر انية و زائ النائية الس ر،ا ذا ا و ا، املحلية املوارد الستخدام أك فرصة عط حاجيات وتثمي سواق وتلبية ل ال الوقت نفس و املناطق، ذه املتواجدة املحدودة ع إضا عبء أي ش كاختيار اسرتاتيجي لتحقيق حنو تشجيع االستثمار يف املؤسسات الصغرية واملتوسطة تنمية حملية مستدامة صاحل حمرز بالل مشعلي 26 املناطق زدحام الضغط حيث من ذه ل وال املوجودة العامة املرافق ع و أي ش ان إلزعاج مصدر .الس ة الصغ ا تلعب واملتوسطة املؤسسات ا دورً وخاصة البطالة حدة من التخفيف امً وذلك الدول يعا من النامية، اس ا ابهخالل ة أعدادً وخاصة العاملة، يدي من كب يدي الشباب من أك غ العاملة و ا جعل ال سباب م أ وتتمثل رة املا أ العاملة لليد العمالةاستقطابا كثيفة مؤسسات املؤسسات.ا تلعب كما من للعديد قتصادي النمو ودعم وة ال ايجاد اما دورا واملتوسطة، ة الصغ لية ال قتصادية ات املتغ الفعالة ا م مسا خالل من وذلك .الدول، ة املتوسطة املؤسسات إن صية املدخرات شغيل ع ساعد واملصغرة والصغ ال ا ا دعما مما أل ل كما لالقتصاد ش ، ا تتم الوط املوارد استخدام بكفاء مثل ال البلدان خصوصا املتاحة ولية ا ف ستغالل أن حيث املوارد ذه تتوفر ذه مثل السلع والطلب العرض قوى ترشيد إ يؤدي املوارد ل دمات أسواق وا يجة شكيلة لتنوع ن .سعار وانخفاض ال ت واملتوسطة املؤسسات أثب ة ة قدرة الصغ ارجية سواق غزو ع كب ا مة ادة واملسا ، النقد وتوف الصادرات ز ز وتخفيف جن ان ال م ا بل املدفوعات، مت أ ان فائض إحداث سا الدول، لبعض املدفوعات م ا مك م أن كذلك و املنتجات للعديد الصادرات تنمية بفاعلية سا ا .من ل كما مة املؤسساتفعالةمسا من ائل عدد وجود ظل ففي للدخل العادل ع التوز تحقيق إ ذلك يؤدي واحدة، تنافسية ظروف عمل وال م ا ة املتقار ع التوز النمط ذا و املتاحة، الدخول ع توز قليلالعدالة عدد ظل يوجد ال تنافسية ظروف عمل ال وال ة الكب املؤسسات جميلة،( .من ياط ب جمال 2006.( ة للمؤسسات ة قدرة واملتوسطة الصغ ارجية سواق غزو ع كب مة ا واملسا ادة وتوف ز جن الصادرات ز وتخفيف النقد ان ال ا بل املدفوعات م أ مت ان من فائض إحداث سا للكث م تحاول كما .الدول من مدفوعات ا أ زء غطية الكية باملنتجات املح السوق من ك ا ائية س الغذائية ال خاصة جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 33 -13 :ص 27 ا ذا م جيا يؤدي ما و تحقيق تدر ي كتفاء إ التا الذا ن و ان مستوى تحس م خالل املدفوعات ن ما تنافسية وجود خالل من ذلك يتحقق. الواردات تقليل من ب زائر.املؤسسات مختلف ب ضمن86 الرتبة تحتل فا ية الدول ترت دولة 139العر اج كحافز عد الذي العاملية التنافسية مؤشر ادة صالحات الن لز ادفة نتاجية ال ات ورفع شة مستو ل العالم لشعوب املع الالرغمو .عام ش ات التحف ل من ال املحروقات، قطاع خارج التصدير يع ل ا م مركية ا وخاصة الدولة، ا قدم وضعية عكس وع املحروقات، من ا مجمل ونة م البالد صادرات تزال تبقى اد ست عمليات واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات مة مسا فإن الصادرات .مرتفعة املؤسسات 2.4 مة جتمامسا انب ا من واملتوسطة ة : الصغ واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات م جغرافياسا املتوازنة التنمية ن تحقيق ب جديدة إنتاجية مجتمعات وخلق ي، ا الس ع التوز إعادة ا م ومسا واملدن ف الر وجھ ع ة الكب املدن ئة الب ع فاظ وا النائية صوصاملناطق دور. ا ا ل كما منالتخفيف املؤسسات ذه توفره ما خالل من ذلك تم و جتماعية املشكالت من البطالة، لة مش حل م سا ذلك و ه لغ أو املؤسسة لصاحب سواء الشغل مناصب ذلك و وفقرا حرمانا ك جتماعية الفئات إ ة موج وخدمات سلع من تجھ ت وما عالق الدينتوجد عن النظر بصرف والتآ التآزر مية بأ حساس د يز مما للتعامل ات س وا .واللون وأك وضوحا أك واجتماعيا اقتصاديا توازنا تقدم أن املؤسسات ذه ستطيعكما وذلك ا اتزانا، قدر ب شار ع العالية س غرا ن املجتمعات داخل والتوسع ا املدن ة ع والقرى، أطراف الكب املؤسسات ا ال عكس ة، املدن تتمركز ما غالبً الكب أن ا ذلك شار فية املناطق ان من والبلدان الر ة فرص خلق ع ساعد أن شأنھ الصغ ارات ومعارف شة ورفع فيھ تقيم الذي املح املجتمع ألفراد وم املع عام، مستوى ل ش ة فإن الصغ يح املؤسسة سبة قبل من موجودة تكن لم جيدة اجتماعية فرصة ت لكث بال واملجموعات فراد قليات املنخفض الدخل ذات من .و ة املتوسطة املؤسسات إن اتيجيا دورا تلعب والصغ التنمية مبادئ تحقيق اس كاختيار اسرتاتيجي لتحقيق حنو تشجيع االستثمار يف املؤسسات الصغرية واملتوسطة تنمية حملية مستدامة صاحل حمرز بالل مشعلي 28 ة شر عن ال ق وذلك يارات البدائل توسيع طر شكيلة خالل من سواء الناس أمام وا س السلع شكيلة أو العمل و دمات دمات السلع ذه توف إ وا رخيصة بأسعار وا فرص إ باإلضافة الفقراء، متناول مناسبة وجودة من سواء للمرأة أوسع عمل خلق ة خالل دون سرة أفراد مع أو ل امل العمل خالل سر ا مة سلطان( .بواجبا كر 2008) وآخرون، ة إن شاء م زائر املؤسسات من النوع ذا إ لتعميق للمجتمع الفرصة عطي ا عتماد وثقافة فكر و شاف النفس ع العمل ب القدرات وتنمية واك الفردية واملوا ماعية ع وا ساعد و امل ع و ي التطور رف يجا ن ل مة وامل ع عمل ال امل ا ر ة ك باء خالل من تطو ناوي، صا محمد( .وثقافة وعلما خ ص2004ا ،67 ( البي 3.4 انب ا من واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات مة : مسا ة املتوسطة املؤسسات دور ان عدما تحقيق ع يقتصر واملصغرة والصغ جتماعية التنمية متطلبات و التنمية تحقيق متطلبات ظل و أصبح قتصادية اجتماعية خلق ع عمل واملتوازنة الشاملة املستدامة اقتصادية ية توليفة من تحقق بي ا اإلضافة نجد حيث املستدامة، التنمية خالل مية دوار إ و ال و تحدثنا السابقة ا ا املضافة القيمة وعن سابقا ع أضاف املحلية التنمية مستوى ع املؤسسات ذه ال زائر ا املتوسطة أن املستدامة ة املؤسسات مية تحتل أصبحت واملصغرة والصغ أ ة مة جد دور وتلعب كب املسا زائري للمجتمع البي الو رفع محوري خالل من ا ية برامج احتواء العمال تقوم تدر ب املسؤوليات بتدر ية ع ون البي ة ل تم ال امل ا تجعل املؤسسات ذه م ئة م الب معقد أمر مصادقة ساطة حيث غ ا أن تركي ر جمع عملية تجعل أمر املخلفات وتدو ل والنفايات ذا باملؤسسات مقارنتا س ة من الكب ومن املتوسطة فان أخري ناحية ناحية ة املؤسسات شر إ دف واملصغرة والصغ يم الصناعية املفا والقيم ة ديثة دار ودة الوقت، إدارة:مثل ا بداع العالية، ا ار، بت ب الفعالية الكفاءة، و ن س ب التواصل انية ا إم ولة أعضاء تداول وس ار املعلومات ف ذا و ا ما و ار بداع محطة يجعل بت .و م يصعب أنھ من بالرغم ة املتوسطة املؤسسات تلعبھ الذي الدور تف والصغ ة زائر ا من واملصغرة ية، التجاوزات من والتخفيف التلوث معدالت التقليل إال البي جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 33 -13 :ص 29 ابط أن ارتفاع ال ن شاء معدالت ب وانخفاض ذه إ عكس التلوث معدالت املؤسسات بالثانية، عالقة ة املتوسطة املؤسسات عداد التطور سمح ولقد و والصغ زائر .ا ادة أن كما ة املتوسطة املؤسسات ز القطاعات الناشطة واملصغرة والصغ دماتية الصناعات وخاصة ا ا النفايات من التقليل أسا عامل عت التقليدية م ة ضر ذا ا ا و و شط عت ل للسياحة امل م ال الفع ن الو خلق سا أفراد ب التا املجتمع مية إدراك و .عليھ املحافظة وإلزامية املحيط أ :خالصة. 5 ة كب مية أ الدول معظم أولت للدورللقد نظرا واملتوسطة ة الصغ لمؤسسات التنمية تحقيق تلعبھ املستدامةالذي الدوراملحلية ذا لعب ع ا قدر من زاد وما ، ات واملم صائص ا من بمجموعة ا تمتع العالمو . و دول غرار زائر،ع ا أيقنت القطاع ذا وتدعيم سيخ ل محاولة و واملتوسطة، ة الصغ املؤسسات قطاع مية بأ ال ليات و جراءات من مجموعة باعتماد زائري ا املشرع قام ، الوط قتصاد ولكن ا، سي طرق وتحديث املؤسسات ذه ر لتطو الالزمة رضية يئة م سا املؤسساتبالرغم ذه ل الدولة ا أول ال البالغة مية و املبذولة ود ا ل .من ي لولكن التجا من ي عا شا قطاعا واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات قطاع ظل تل أو تقلص أن ا شأ من ال واملعوقات ل املشا من جملة بھ عصف ش، م وال فرص من محالكث تنمية تحقيق ا م مستدامة،مسا فيھ يجب الذي الوقت لية ذه القدرات رفع ل زائر ظل املؤسسات التنافسية ا العامليةانضمام التجارة منظمة إ ر ا التبادل يةومنطقة ذاورو ل اجلي، من الوط قتصاد لة ي إعادة جب قارب واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات فإن يبدو ما وع بھ، وض القتصادناالنجاةال الدولية الظروف ذه عد،ظل خاصة ة كب ة ثمار اس فرص من بھ تمتاز ملا نظرا الال شاءكب فشل مةإ املا .مؤسسات القرن اية منذ زائر ا عملت ذا ل مختلفة دعم يئات و برامج خالل من واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات ودعم ر تطو ع الو لدعمالوزارة الوطنية الة والو املؤسسات ذه ع الة صية و الشباب شغيل و ك املش ل التمو رنامج و ثمارات، س ودعم .ورومتوسطيترقية كاختيار اسرتاتيجي لتحقيق حنو تشجيع االستثمار يف املؤسسات الصغرية واملتوسطة تنمية حملية مستدامة صاحل حمرز بالل مشعلي 30 :املراجع. 6 رقــــم شــــر ال ــــ18-01املرســــوم ســــم12املــــؤرخ املؤسســــات2001د قيــــة ل التــــوجي القــــانون املتضــــمن ، ـة، زائر ا ـة ور م ل الرسمية دة ر ا واملتوسطة، ة خ77العـدد(الصغ بتـار الصـادرة سـم15، د 2001( ا ـــ ـــة التنمو ـــة زائر ا ـــة التجر عطـــوي، القـــادر عبـــد بوخـــاوة، املؤسســـاتاســـماعيل تنميـــة اتيجية وإســـ زائـــر واملتوســـــطة، ة حـــــول الصـــــغ يـــــة التدر ر: الـــــدورة وتطـــــو واملتوســـــطة ة الصـــــغ املؤسســـــات ـــــل تمو ية املغار قتصاديات ا زائر(،دور ا ) 2003ماي،28-25 ،سطيف، خرى، قتصادية للنماذج بديل كنموذج املستدامة التنمية فعالية ي، ا عبد حـول إلياس الـدو : امللتقـى املســتدامة التنميـة ظـل ــ املنظمـة وفعاليـة والعلــ(،أداء سـي ال وعلـوم قتصــادية العلـوم ومليـة ة، املسيلةالتجار زائر،،جامعة )2009نوفم11و10ا ،ع بوعمامـة ـوم الـدين، نصـر بوعمامـة ـ ا، ومعوقـات املحليـة التنميـة مف التنميـة حـول ول امللتقـي تجسـيد زائـر ـ املحليـة ـد(،وأفـاق واقـع ا قتصـادية مع املركـز وعلـوم العلـوم ، سـي ـام ال بـرج ا ج ر ل 15 .بوعر 2008) أفر يوسف، الرحيم عبد ةتوفيق الصغ ة التجار عمال عمان،(،إدارة ع، والتوز شر لل الصفاء )2002دار قتصـادية التحـوالت ظـل ـ ـة زائر ا واملتوسـطة ة الصـغ املؤسسـات يـل تأ متطلبـات جميلة، ياط ب جمال نـة، يــةالرا العر الــدول ـ واملتوســطة ة الصــغ املؤسسـات يــل تأ متطلبــات حـول الــدو ،امللتقــى سي( وال قتصادية العلوم زائر،لية ا شلف، ، بوع بن بة حس جامعة ل17-18، ).2006أفر ن ـل ـ سـالمية املصـارف دور السـعيد، حسـ شـآت تمو ة امل فـاق الواقـع / واملتوسـطة الصـغ البنـك (،و ي، سالمي ) ردن عمان، رد ي حسا رقية ي، خو ـارابح ل تمو ومشـكالت واملتوسـطة ة الصـغ املؤسسات شـر(،، وال للطباعـة اك ـ إي مصـر، ، و الطبعة ع، )2008والتوز ا قــــدر ر تطــــو وأســــاليب واملتوســــطة ة الصــــغ املؤسســــات مشــــكالت بلونــــاس، هللا عبــــد ، ــــ عن بــــن الــــرحمن عبــــد التنميــــةالتنافســـية، ــــ ـــا ودور واملتوســــطة ة الصـــغ املؤسســــات ـــل تمو حــــول يـــة التدر ،الــــدورة زائر،( ا ل،9 -8غواط )2002افر ميد عبد ل املطلب، عبد ا امعية، الدار( ،املحلية والتنمية املح التمو ة، ا 2001) سكندر عطية القادر عبد محمد القادر التنمية ،عبد حديثة ات امعية(،اتجا ا )2000 ،الدار غنـيم محمـد زنـط،, عثمـان أبـو أحمـد اماجـدة فلسـف املسـتدامة االتنميـة قياسـ وأدوات ـا تخطيط ،وأسـاليب عمان،( ع، والتوز شر لل الصفاء )2007دار ثماري، ســـــ واملنـــــاخ واملتوســـــطة ة الصـــــغ املؤسســـــات قـــــدي، املجيـــــد املؤسســـــاتعبـــــد حـــــول الـــــوط امللتقـــــى التنمية ا ودور واملتوسطة ة زائر،(،الصغ ا ل9-8غواط، .)2002افر م، الكر عبد واملتوسـطةعبيدات ة الصـغ املؤسسات لدعم كآلية عمال ليـة(،حاضنات ، ماجسـت رسـالة البليدة، دحلب سعد جامعة نوك، و ومالية نقود تخصص ، سي وال قتصادية )2006العلوم ـاب، عبـد محمـد سـم كـم الو ـ ا فيـة التنميـة مـؤتمر ،املحليـة والتنميـة املح كومـات وسـيلة واملحليـة الر ا جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 33 -13 :ص 31 الفقـر الشـاملة التنميـة لتحقيـق ـة شـورات (،ومحار يـة املنظمـة م ـة، للتنميـة العر رة، دار )القـا 2008 مــــدي، ب ــــ ع العوملــــةســـيد ظــــل ــــ قتصــــادية التنميــــة لتحقيــــق كـــأداة واملتوســــطة ة الصــــغ -املؤسســــات زائــر ا حالــة ماجســت(،دراســة قتصــادية رســالة العلــوم ليــة شــورة م ــ تخصــصغ ، ســي وال سنة البليدة، دحلب سعد جامعة عمال، )2006إدارة مـة، سـلطان ة املؤسسـات دعـم أمـال، أيـوب كر ـا وتفعيـل واملتوسـطة الصـغ امللتقـي قتصـادية، التنميـة ـ دور ـع ة املؤسسـات حـول الرا ـل 14 سـكيكدة، جامعـة قتصـادية، العلـوم ليـة(،واملتوسـطة الصـغ أفر (2008. ناديـــــة قـــــع الناميـــــةقو الـــــدول ـــــ واملتوســـــطة ة الصـــــغ املؤسســـــات ر وتطـــــو شـــــاء إ زائـــــر-، ا رســـــالة(،-حالـــــة زائر، ا جامعة قتصادية، العلوم لية ، )2002-2001ماجست زائر، ا واملتوسطة ة الصغ املؤسسات ر وتطو تنمية محمد، طر عاشور، امللتقـىكتوش ضـمن مداخلة حــــول يـــةالـــدو العر الــــدول ـــ واملتوســــطة ة الصــــغ املؤسســـات يــــل تأ العلــــوم(،متطلبـــات ليــــة زائر، ا شلف، ، بوع بن بة حس جامعة ، سي وال ل8-17قتصادية ).2006أفر عثمــان، زائــرلـف ا حالـة دراســة ـا وتنمي ــا دعم وسـبل واملتوســطة ة الصـغ املؤسســات أطروحــة(،واقـع لية زائر،دكتوراه، ا جامعة ، سي وال قتصادية .)2003/2004العلوم غــزالن،م يم إبــرا محمــد عــزت محمــد م، الكــر ئــةاقتصــادياتحمـد والب امعيــة،(،املــوارد ا املعرفــة ،مصــردار 2000( يميــة، ـــز العز عبـــد امحمــد ومشـــكال قتصـــادية ة، (،التنميـــة ســـكندر امعيـــة ا ؛18ص) 1999الـــدار املجيـد، عبـد املطلب عبد املحليـةوأيضا والتنميـة ـ املح ـل ة،(،التمو سـكندر الثقافيـة شـر ال دار ص)2001 ،13. ناوي، صا محمد امعية، الدار (،التكنولوجيا عصر عمال مقدمة ،وآخرون ا ة، ا 2004 )سكندر قتصــادية العلــوم مجلــة العاليــة، يــة البي ل واملشــا ئــة الب وتلــوث الطاقــة ضــر، ب القــادر عبــد ات، ــ عب مقــدم ، سي ال زائر،07العدد(وعلوم ا سطيف، جامعة ،2007( حميــدي، العوملــةيوسـف ظــل ــ ـة زائر ا واملتوســطة ة الصــغ املؤسســات ــ(،مســتقبل غ دكتــوراه أطروحــة شورة زائر،م ا جامعة قتصادي، التحليل فرع قتصادية، العلوم .) 2008-2007لية anthony rosa et autre, guide pratique du développement durable, afnor, 2005, p: 10. la nouvelle dèfinition des pme ; guide de l'utilisateur et modèle de dèclaration ; 2006 ; date de consultation 2/2/2010. p14.en http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme_definition/sme_user_guide_fr.pdf: ligne كاختيار اسرتاتيجي لتحقيق حنو تشجيع االستثمار يف املؤسسات الصغرية واملتوسطة تنمية حملية مستدامة صاحل حمرز بالل مشعلي 32 references : legislative decree no. 01-18 of december 12, 2001 containing the directive law for the promotion of small and medium enterprises, official gazette of the algerian republic, (issue 77, december 15, 2001). [in arabic] boukhaoua, i., & atoui, a. the algerian experience of development in algeria and the strategy for developing small and medium enterprises, the training course on: financing small and medium enterprises and developing their role in the maghreb economies, (setif, algeria, 25-28 may, 2003). [in arabic] ajabi, e. a. the effectiveness of sustainable development as an alternative model for other economic models, the international forum on the performance and effectiveness of the organization in the light of sustainable development, (faculty of economics, university of msila, algeria, november 10-11, 2009). [in arabic] bouamama a., & bouamama n. the concept of local development and the obstacles to its realization, the first forum on local development in algeria, reality and prospects,) institute of economics, university center bordj bou arerrig april 15, 2008). [in arabic] yusef, t. a. small business administration, (dar al-safaa for publishing and distribution, amman, 2002). [in arabic] jamal belkhayat j., algerian small and medium enterprises qualification requirements in light of the current economic transformations, international forum on qualification requirements for small and medium enterprises in arab countries, (faculty of economics, hassiba ben bouali university, chlef, algeria, april 1718, 2006). [in arabic] al-saeed, h.the role of islamic banks in financing small and medium enterprises / reality and prospects, (jordan islamic bank, amman, jordan). [in arabic] khouni, r., & hassani, r. small and medium enterprises and their financing problems, (egypt, itrac printing, publishing and distribution, 1st edition, 2008). [in arabic] ben antar, a., & blounas, a. problems of small and medium enterprises and methods of developing their competitiveness, training course on financing small and medium enterprises and their role in development, (laghouat algeria, april 89, 2002). [in arabic] abdel muttalib, a. local finance and local development, (al-dar al-jamiya, alexandria, 2001). [in arabic] attia, a. m. a. recent trends in development, (al-dar al-jamiya, 2000). [in arabic] ghunaim, o. m., & abu zant, m. a. sustainable development: its philosophy, planning methods and measurement tools, (dar al-safaa for publishing and distribution, amman, 2007). [in arabic] kaddi, a. small and medium enterprises and the investment climate, the national forum on small and medium enterprises and their role in development, (laghouat, algeria, 8-9 april 2002). [in arabic] obaidat, a. business incubators as a mechanism to support small and medium enterprises. (master thesis, saad dahlab university, blida, 2006). [in arabic] abdel-wahab, s. m. local governance and local development, conference on rural and local development, the government's way to achieve comprehensive development and fight poverty, (arab administrative development organization publications, cairo, 2008). [in arabic] belhamdi, s. a. small and medium enterprises as a tool to achieve economic جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد ) 2019مارس ( 01: العدد – 01: الد 33 -13 :ص 33 development in light of globalization case study of algeria, (unpublished master thesis, faculty of economic sciences and management, business administration, blida university, 2006). [in arabic] sultan, k., & ayoub, a. supporting small and medium enterprises and activating their role in economic development, the fourth forum on small and medium enterprises, (faculty of economics, university of skikda, april 14, 2008). [in arabic] kouikaa, n. creation and development of small and medium enterprises in developing countries the case of algeria (master thesis, faculty of economics, university of algiers, 2002). [in arabic] katoush, a., & tarshi m., small and medium enterprises development in algeria, intervention within the international forum on qualification requirements for small and medium enterprises in arab countries, (faculty of economics, chlef university, algeria, 8-17 april 2006). [in arabic] lakhalaf, o. the reality of small and medium enterprises and ways to support and develop them, case study of algeria, (phd thesis, faculty of economics, university of algiers, 2004). [in arabic] al-karim, m. & ghazlan, m. i. m. i. economics of resources and environment, (university knowledge house, egypt, 2000). [in arabic] al-hinnawi., m. s. & all, introduction to business in the age of technology, (al-dar aljamiya, alexandria, 2004). [in arabic] abirat., m. & belkhadr, b. energy and environmental pollution and high environmental problems, journal of economic sciences and management sciences, 07, 2007. [in arabic] hamidi, y. the future of algerian small and medium enterprises in the light of globalization, (phd thesis, faculty of economics, university of algiers, 2008). [in arabic] anthony, r. & all. a practical guide to sustainable development, afnor, 2005. the new definition of smes; user guide and declaration template, 2006, p14. online: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme_definition/sme_user_guide_fr .pdf management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 2 (2019): june جوان): 2019( 2العدد 1المجلد issn : 2676-184x 41 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i2.29 داري الفساد افحة م ونية لك كومة ا زائر: دور ا حالة ة نص بركنو 1 ب ، ب ا ثاب 2 1 والكفاءاتمدكتوراه، الوظائف ر وتطو شراف واس تحليل زائر( معسكر ،خ : يميل،)ا berkennou.n@gmail.com 2 العا التعليم والكفاءاتم،أستاذ الوظائف ر وتطو شراف واس تحليل معسكرخ زائر( ، : يميل،) ا habib_tabeti@hotmail.com the role of e-government in combating administrative corruption: the case of algeria nacira berkennou 1, habib tabeti 1 1 laboratory of analysis, supervision, and development of jobs and competencies, mascara (algeria) خ القبول 2019-03-22: رسالتار خ شر 2019-06-28: تار ال خ 2019-06-30: تار : صم الفساد افحة م ونية لك ومة ا تلعبھ الذي يوي ا الدور إبراز إ الدراسة ذه دف ـــ إ التطــرق ثــم يــة، نو ا ـــا ور و نــد ال نمــوذج مثــل ذلــك ـــ ــت ن عمليــة حــاالت باســتعراض داري ومـــــة ا ن بـــــ عكســـــية عالقـــــة وجـــــود ـــــ إ الدراســـــة وتوصـــــلت ـــــة، زائر ا ومـــــة ا ـــــة ونيـــــةتجر لك ـدمات ا تقـديم خـالل من داري الفساد من التخفيف م سا ونية لك ومة ا وأن والفساد، أن ــ إ أيضــا الدراســة توصــلت كمــا وشــفافية، عدالــة و ــان وامل الوقــت حيــث مــن ومرونــة بجــودة العامــة شــــــمة مح تــــــزال ال ونيــــــة لك ومــــــة ا ــــــود وج زائر، بــــــا مرتفــــــع الفســــــاد بــــــالتطورمســــــتوى ســــــم وت ة خ السنوات خالل .التدر املفتاحية لمات ية:ال نو ا ا ور ند، ال زائر، ا ونية، لك ومة ا داري، الفساد .الفساد، يف .jel :d73،g38،m15تص abstract: the study aims to highlight the key role played by e-government in combating administrative corruption by reviewing successful cases such as india and south korea, and then the algerian government experience. the study concluded that there is an inverse relationship between e-government and corruption. reducing administrative corruption by providing public services with quality and flexibility in terms of time, location, fairness and transparency, and reducing human mediation. the study also found that the level of corruption is high in algeria, and e-government efforts are still growing in recent years. keywords: corruption, administrative corruption, e-government, algeria, india, south korea. jel classification: d73 ،g38, m15.  املر ة،: سلااملؤلف نص berkennou.n@mail.com: يميلبركنو https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i2.29&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-06-30 ثابتي احلبيب بركنو نصرية حالة اجلزائر: دور احلكومة اإللكرتونية يف مكافحة الفساد اإلداري 42 :مقدمة. 1 ــ ع املجتمعـات تطـور و رض، وجـھ ــ ع شـري ال بـالوجود ارتبطـت قديمــة رة ظـا الفسـاد عـد تطــور ن الســـن املجتمـــعمــر ـــ فــراد حيـــاة جوانــب جميـــع لــتمس شـــعبة وم ة ــ خط آفـــة ليصــبح الفســـاد املجاالت جميع إ ة: ليتغلغل دار و املالية قتصادية، القضائية، املجاالت...السياسية، من ا .وغ ســـــمة امل الكالســـــيكية ـــــة دار القنـــــوات ـــــ ع ا خـــــدما تقـــــدم التقليـــــدي ا ل شـــــ ـــــ ومـــــة ا إن املــواطنبـالب ــل ا أثقلــت ـ ال ة ــ الكث والطــواب الوسـطاء ة ــ وك دمــة ا تقــديم عمليـات ــة معا ــ طء از ــ ب و الرشــوة مــن الھ أشــ بمختلــف داري الفســاد غذيــة ــ م ســا لــھ ــذا ــ...و أدى. إ الــذي مــر ــــ خاصــــة عليــــھ والقضــــاء الفســــاد افحــــة مل جديــــدة وآليــــات ســــبل عــــن ومــــات ا بحــــث ــــ بـــــروزإ ظــــل ــــذه ن بــــ ومــــن الدوليــــة؛ الشــــفافية كمنظمــــة الفســــاد حــــاالت كشــــف ــــ سا ا ــــدف دوليــــة منظمــــات نــــــت لإلن ايــــــد امل ســــــتخدام و ع الســــــر التكنولــــــو التطــــــور باســــــتغالل ونيــــــة لك ومــــــة ا ليــــــات وامل الزمانيـــة ـــواجز ا إلغـــاء ـــ ع ســـاعد بمـــا ونيـــا إلك وميـــة ا ـــدمات ا مـــنلتقــديم والتقليـــل انيـــة داري للفساد الرئ ب الس باعتباره شري ال . التفاعل البحث1.1 الية :إش التــــــا ـــــ الدراســــــة الية إشـــــ ــــــ تتج ســـــبق ممــــــا ــــــة: انطالقـــــا زائر ا ومــــــة ا تطبيـــــق مــــــدى مـــــا الفساد؟ افحة مل فعالة كأداة ونية لك ومة .ل البحث2.1 :أسئلة ا الية ش التاليةوتتفرع الفرعية سئلة إ سية :لرئ وأسبابھ؟ أنواعھ وما داري؟ بالفساد املقصود ما ا؟ نجاح ومتطلبات ا ائز ر وما ونية؟ لك ومة با املقصود ما باملستوى ونية لك ومة ا إ التقليدي ل الش من التحول ة زائر ا ومة ا استطاعت ل املطلوب؟ م ـــــو افحـــــةمـــــا مل مبذولـــــة ـــــود ج نـــــاك ـــــل و ـــــة، زائر ا ومـــــة ا مســـــتوى ـــــ ع الفســـــاد ســـــتوى الفساد؟ الفساد. 2 ية :داري ما الفساد1. 2 ف :عر ا م معان عدة اللغة ،(للفساد الرفا سليم بن ص2015سالمة ،27:( ظلماً املال .أخذ بطل أي العقد فسد يقال .البطالن، ض و والعطب يلالتلف الت و لل، ا ا وأدرك ت اضطر مور فسدت يقال لل، وا طراب ز لفسدتا: (العز هللا إال ة آل ما ف ان ).لو ز العز يل الت و والقحط، دب م: (ا ليذيق الناس أيدي ت كس بما والبحر ال الفساد ر ظ يرجعون م لعل عملوا الذي ).عض كمة وا الصواب .مجاوزة ا لمةو فإن ية نجل الالتيcorruptionللغة الفعل من عcorruptusمشتقة والذي املحطمة أو املكسورة املادة يدي،(حرفيا الز يم إبرا ص2017محمد ،22.( )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 60 -41 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 43 ي، سا السلوك تحكم ال خالقيات و القيم عن انحراف بأنھ اصطالحاً الفساد عرف و امل ذوي من أفراد بھ يةيقوم الرفا عظيم و بح ال غايتھ ي قانو وغ شر غ ل ش النفعية صا ،(الذاتية الفت إيثار الشمري، ص2011اشم ،24.( الفساد2.2 :خصائص التالية صاص با الفساد ،(يتم الفت إيثار الشمري، ص2011اشم ،24:( ص من أك .شمل ة سر .يتم وفائدة ام ال عنصر .متبادلةيتضمن م شط أ عن مرتكبوه .يموه م قرارا مؤثرون .مرتكبوه وخيانة خداع .يتضمن الفساد2.3 شار ان :عوامل ا م أ عوامل عدة ع ما مجتمع الفساد شار ان يح،(عتمد ص مصطفى، ص2016أحمد ، 44:( الفساد1. 2.3 اب الرت دوافع وجشع:وجود وطمع فقر ونفسية، مالية .ضغوط الفساد2. 2.3 اب الرت فرص : وجود واملساءلة عة واملتا الرقابة نظم .ضعف الفساد يح والفساد املنظمة الفساد شار .ان ن خر خوف من يقلل الفساد رائم العليا ة دار القيادات اب .ارت ومقوماتھ الفساد شاف اك آليات .ضعف الفساد ضد ات العقو .ضعف حاالت إلخفاء شفةالتواطؤ املك .الفساد الفساد3. 2.3 اب الرت رات م :وجود السرطان الفساد شار .ان ل ال بھ يقوم عادي ء أنھ ع الفساد إ .النظرة املجتمع و املنظمة داخل فراد واخالقيات ايمان .ضعف الفساد2.4 :أنواع م1. 2.4 ا حيث إسماعيل،(من صادق، ):18ص،2014محمد الصغ الدنيا(الفساد الوظيفية الدرجات دون): فساد واحد فرد من يمارس الذي الفساد و و ن خر من رشاوي استالم ق طر عن ن املوظف صغار ن ب شر ين نراه لذا ن خر مع سيق .ت الكب ن( الفساد املوظف من العليا الوظيفية الدرجات ن): فساد املسؤول كبار بھ يقوم والذي لتحقيق ن مبالغواملوظف الدولة ليفھ لت واخطر واشمل م أ و و اجتماعية أو مادية مصا .مة شار2. 2.4 ن ناحية صادق،إسماعيل،(من ):18ص،2014محمد دو القارات:فساد وح الدول حدود ع عامليا واسعا مدى يأخذ الفساد من النوع ذا و واملعابر دود ا بفتح بالعوملة ا عل يطلق ما رضمن ا قتصاد ونظام مظلة وتحت البالد ن .ب ثابتي احلبيب بركنو نصرية حالة اجلزائر: دور احلكومة اإللكرتونية يف مكافحة الفساد اإلداري 44 مح املناصب:فساد وضمن قتصادية شأتھ م الواحد البلد داخل شر ين الذي و و دود ا خارج م ل ارتباط ال الذين ومن ة .الصغ املع3. 2.4 مقرى،(حسب الرزاق، :)2008عبد الظلم بمع ماد: الفساد سان باإل ذى اق إ و الرغبةو أو نتقام بفعل ا ومعنو يا .خضاع نزعة يجة ن أو والفاعلية الكفاءة لقلة الناس شؤون تدب سوء فيھ ب س ي الذي الفساد .التفرد املنصب بحكم الشر غ نتفاع بمع املتعلقة: الفساد الدراسات عنيھ ما أك و و ة خ السنوات .بالفساد حي4. 4 .2 رمن املظ :ث السيا عمل:الفساد تنظم ال ام ح و القواعد ومخالفات املالية نحرافات مجموع الدولة السياسية .املؤسسات املا س:الفساد تنظم ال املالية ام ح و القواعد ومخالفة املالية نحرافات بمجمل تمثل و التعليمات مؤسسات واملا داري املاليةالعمل الرقابة زة بأج اصة .ا خال ال:الفساد املوظف سلوك املتعلقة والسلوكية خالقية نحرافات مجمل ياء با مخلة بأعمال القيام خال الفساد ر مظا ومن .وتصرفاتھ داري ال:الفساد املخالفات وكذلك التنظيمية أو ة دار الفساد ر بمظا تعلق عنو تصدر امھ مل تأديتھ أثناء العام الفارس،(املوظف ، والرفا فؤاد، الرحيم، ).187،ص2013عبد ي القضا املساءلة: الفساد فرص وتال الظلم وتف قوق ا ضياع محمود،(ع املجيد عبد املجيد، ).2014عبد داري 5. 2 :الفساد يح أن يمكن ال واسع وم مف داري منالفساد الفساد إ ينظر ولذلك واحد ف عر ھ و ص ال ا يؤمن ال واملعتقدات القيم و ا ني وم الوظيفة شرف خالل و و الواسع وم املف خالل )، را ليلو، ومازن ي، الطا خضر حسن، ص2015حمزة ،20(. أج من السلطة استغالل بأنھ داري الفساد العاملية الشفافية منظمة املنفعةعرفت ل اصة ،(ا ،التن ص2009سم ،15.( صية ال ة املص ب س الرس للواجب املخالف العام املوظف سلوك و داري الفساد الصداقة( القرابة، العائلة، لغرض) مثل التعليمات ومخالفة املراكز استقالل أو املادية ستفادة أو يرف الذي ال والتأث النفوذ أوممارسة عدالة ملنع الرشوة استعمال ا السلوك ذا ع الغ ع التوز مثل العام املال استخدام سوء شمل وكذلك م مح مركز ن مع ص موضوعية اصة ا ستفادة أجل من للموارد ي سالم،(القانو ، ص2014صب ،12 .( افة ن العامل دارة، رجال استغالل و داري ا،الفساد ومؤسسا الدولة زة أج صية و ذاتية ملصا تحقيقا العامة، املصا عن ا نحراف و م ل املخولة الرسمية للسلطات مشروعة غ قة ب،(بطر غر سامي، وحيدر اللطيف، عبد د، مؤ ص2018سامر ص ،76-98.( )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 60 -41 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 45 داري 1. 2.5 الفساد ال :أش عدة ة دار وانب ا الفساد شارايتخذ ان ا وأك ا أبرز ال ،(أش ع محمد مجاشع، ص2016 ص ،21-24:( التنظيمية1. 1. 2.5 عن: نحرافات تصدر ال والقواعد املعاي عن نحراف و املخالفات و ا وم وظيفتھ، مات مل تأديتھ أثناء العمل: املوظف أداء عن املوظف .امتناع السلوكية2. 1. 2.5 سلوكھ: نحرافات وتتعلق موظف، أي قبل من ترتكب ة إدار مخالفات و ا م أ ، والواسطة: ال السلطة استخدام سوء العامة، الوظيفة انة .إ ة3. 1. 5. 2 دار و املالية العمل: نحرافات س يتصل ما ة دار و املالية باملخالفات قصد و باملوظف .املنوط نا4. 1. 2.5 ا ي: ئيةنحرافات فيما :وتتمثل .الرشوة ية واملحسو .املحاباة ختالسات و .السرقة والتقليد ر و ).الغش(ال از . ب .حتيال العمل مال و الوظائف استغالل .إساءة .التالعب موال .غسيل داري 2. 2.5 الفساد :أسباب املتمث فة ذه خلق إ تؤدي ال سباب اتتعدد اجمال يمكن وال داري الفساد لة ي ):http://abu.edu.iq/en/research/articles/12288(باآل العامة1. 2. 2.5 باإلدارة تتعلق رة:أسباب ظا شار ان الكب ثر لھ العامة دارة لل ا إن ا بدقة والواجبات ام امل تحديد عدم ذلك تمثل و داري عقدالفساد و ومية ا ات بالكفاءة جور و الرواتب ط ر وعدم ومية ا زة ج الذاتية الرقابة وضعف جراءات ذلك يل س الشفافية توفر وعدم ة ا .وال جور 2. 2. 2.5 و الرواتب ي وارتفاع:تد العام القطاع جور و الرواتب مستوى انخفاض إن سبا من شة املع لتلبيةمستوى ا كفاي وعدم ا فانخفاض للفساد، ة ر و وا سية الرئ ب بديلة، أخرى مالية مصادر عن بالبحث ن العامل عض لقيام مالئمة ئة ب خلق إ أدى املطالب ء ال السلوك ن خالل من ذلك ان لو .ح ن3. 2. 2.5 القوان تطبيق ة:القصور العقو تطبيق اون وال التقص إإن بالضرورة يؤدي والراغب الرادع، وجود لعدم سوءا يزداد عاقب لم إذا فاملذنب مة، ر ا وقوع معدل ادة ز م ل مسارا يتخذون القيم من ن ال ا الضمائر وعدي النفوس وضعاف مر، ل س س مة ر ا ونھ ت .في افة4. 2. 2.5 وال عالم و الرقابة دور .ضعف ثابتي احلبيب بركنو نصرية حالة اجلزائر: دور احلكومة اإللكرتونية يف مكافحة الفساد اإلداري 46 ل.3 كومة داري ا الفساد من التخفيف ا ودور ونية :ك ونية3.1 لك كــومة ا ـوم :مفـ ا م واملستفيدين ا مستخدم عدد باين ت ومتباينة ة كث ونية لك ومة ا فات عر إن ش إذ ا، تنفيذ ع ن شبكة) maranny )2011والقائم إقامة تتضمن ونية لك ومة ا أن ومية ةح دار قسام ن ب كفاءة أك ي عاو تفاعل أجل من ة، مركز بيانات وقاعدة أمنة شفافية أك ملحاسبة رقمية وديمقراطية ب، الو ع باالعتماد دمات ا إيصال وتتضمن ومية، ا ومة ،(ل مصطفى،القصي ومحمد حسن، ، مر ص2013إيمان ص ،9-26.( إ ونية لك ومة اجتماعيةا داف أ لتحقيق ونية إلك وسائل بواسطة العامة الشؤون دارة عالية شفافية ة واملركز ية الروتي عمال من والتخلص وسياسية، مصطفى،(واقتصادية ر ص2015عليان، ،23.( قتصادية والتنمية التعاون منظمة استخدام) oecd(عرفت ا بأ ونية لك ومة ا أفضلتكنولو ومات ح إ للوصول نت ن وخصوصا تصاالت و املعلومات اللطيف،(جيا عبد ش، ص2013قط ،177 .( دمات ا توف ع املختلفة ومية ا القطاعات قدرة ا بأ ونية لك ومة ا عرف مت ودقة سرعة نت ن شبكة ع املعامالت وإنجاز ن للمواطن التقليدية ومية اليفا ت و ن، يت نا الشبكة ع واحد موقع خالل ومن أقل، ود العبود(ومج ناصر، بن د ص2016، ف ،28.( ونية3.2 لك كومة ا ):t.m.vinod kumar, 2015, p 06(فوائد :للمواطن1. 3.2 سبوع وأيام الساعة مدار ع ومية ح ).أيام7 ×ساعة24(خدمات ومالئمة اقتصادية ح(خدمة للمكتبال فعلية ارة لز ).اجة وفعالة عة سر .خدمة فساد(الشفافية ).ال ا(العدالة إل الوصول ص ألي ).يمكن باستخدام(املالءمة ل امل أو املحمولة واتف ال باستخدام التنقل أثناء ا إل الوصول يمكن املكت ).الكمبيوتر كومة2. 3.2 :ل التنم ووظائف السياسات صنع ن وحديثةتحس أفضل ملعلومات يجة ن .ية أفضل قرارات اتخاذ إ يؤدي مما فائقة سرعة ا جاع واس ا وتخز البيانات ساب .اك ومية ا للعمليات أفضل .إدارة ومية ا شطة و واللوائح للقواعد أفضل .شر لضرائب مثال التنظيمية الوظائف أفضل .أداء ج القطاعات أفضل اأداء وغ جتما والضمان ة وال لتعليم مثال .تماعية واملتطورة ديثة ا ومة ل يجابية الصورة .خلق :لألعمال3. 3.2 ديدة ا عمال س تأس الوقت وقراطية(تقليل الب من ).التقليل ونية لك والتجارة ونية لك عمال قيادة .املساعدة )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 60 -41 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 47 القو مع أفضل عتوافق عمل الكمبيوتر برامج ألن عمال شغيل ل ومية ا واللوائح اعد تقدير أي دون القواعد ع القائم النظام .أساس ي و لك الشراء خالل من ومة ا مع ة التجار عمال ملمارسة وشفافية مالءمة أك قة طر ونية لك املناقصة .عد من ع البضا حركة ع أفضل نتمراقبة ن ع املراقبة .خالل نت ن ع نقدية معامالت ي(إجراء و لك الدفع ونية، لك املصرفية ).املعامالت ونية3.3 لك كومة ا :نماذج ونية لك التجارة نماذج مع تتوافق وال ونية لك ومة ل متعددة نماذج رت ظ . لقد وم ا أعمال اء ا صنف يحيث كما العالقات من مجموعة خالل من ونية لك عماد(ة وآخرون، ب ش أبو ص2011أحمد، ،61:( . )government to citizen(مواطن-حكومة1. 3.3 كومة2. 3.3 .)government to business(عمال-ا كومة3. 3.3 كومة-ا ).government to government(ا كومة4. 3.3 ن-ا ).government to employees(املوظف داري 3.4 والفساد ونية لك كومة : ا نوا جميع وخيمة نتائج ا عل تب ت عاملية لة مش ومات ا ھ تواج ال ل املشا من الفساد لة مش و السواء حد ع ية والدي والثقافية والسياسية جتماعية و قتصادية ياة ا معدال عوق الذي السلطةداري انة م ضعف و العمل الثقة ضعف و قتصادي النمو ت للدولة ة دار و الدول. السياسية من العديد س ال ة ط ا ر الظوا من رة ظا داري والفساد ومة ا رة الظا ذه من للتخلص املتبعة ات املعا ومن رة الظا ذه من د ا أو ا م للتخلص ح ونية ومالك العامة املرافق مجال خاصة يجابيات من ا ل ملا ات الضرور من أصبحت يث الوظيفية رائم ا افحة وم دارة الشفافية تحقيق عن فضال مختلفة خدمات من م(تقدمھ مر ن، حس ص2013خالص، ص ،439 -460 .( الفساد افحة م ونية لك ومة ا مية أل عرض ي :وفيما املعلومات ميع املة ال تاحة خالل من الشفافية تحقيق ونية لك ومة ا م سا خاصة أو ومية ح ومؤسسات أفراد من ميع ل ومية ا دمات وا جراءات و بالقرارات املرتبطة ا مع ي و لك التعامل تم و ومية، ا التعامالت ة ساو م بفرص سمح الذي دماتالتوقيت دمات ا ذه ميكنة خالل من ومية .ا وصول دون يحول بدور تقوم ال ة شر ال العوائق ع ونية لك ومة ا وتق مباشرة يصل أن ونية لك ومة ا املواطن ستطيع حيث والرؤساء، املدراء إ املعلومات للقطا سا رئ ص ال ذا ان سواء مختص أي إ كمابموضوعھ ح أو للوزراء سا رئ أو را وز أو ع عليھ يطلق ما خالل من الدولة س رئ مع املباشر التواصل انية إم من بيض ت الب يحدث ما نرى ي مر س الرئ مع املباشر .التواصل خالل من ي ش ومة ا ألن ومية، ا الشراء عمليات أيضا الشفافية ر مظا ومن وممارسات يتالعبمناقصات شري لتدخل ان م يوجد وال نت ن ع ا مواقع ع شورة م عض خروج إ تؤدي بصورة ا يقيم أن أحد ستطيع وال ا م أي ب ي أو يقدم أو املقدمة بالعروض ا ع املر العروض قاء و ا ع املر غ محمد،(العروض ص2009الشايب، ص ،90-91.( ثابتي احلبيب بركنو نصرية حالة اجلزائر: دور احلكومة اإللكرتونية يف مكافحة الفساد اإلداري 48 س از ج بناء عملية قواعدإن ناك ون ت أن ا ذا بحد تتطلب الكمبيوتر ق طر عن فوري ليم الكمبيوتر تدون ألن قابلة التا و ومحددة ة وا ون ت وأن املناطق ع قياسية ذا. وإجراءات و ن املدني ن للموظف املتوافرة عتباطية لألعمال الفرص وتوف سابية ست الطرق اتباع من يخفف يتع الفرديةعندما االت ا أساس ع الطلبات مقدمي مع ناك. املون أن بما ذلك، إ باإلضافة عن رادعا ون ي مر ذا عن الناتج حراج من وف فا اطئة ا عمال عن للكشف أك انية إم الفساد بأعمال ،(القيام ا يوسف، ص 2009مصطفى ،146.( أثار عديدة ميدانية أبحاثا ت أثارتأثب وقد الفساد، أعمال ع ونية لك ومة ا تطبيقات ووضع العمل، أو الشعب ن و ا بي توجد ال ومية ا الدوائر مباشر خط فتح ة كث ومات ح جمع االت و أن إ امليدانية ر التقار ش و يا، س فاسدة دوائر ا أ يالحظ وال ة كث كة مش حدود ع ت أكالضرائب اتجاه ستغراب، إ يؤدي ال الذي مر خص، ع الفساد بأعمال القيام إ مباشرة غ أو مباشرة عالقة ا ل ال ومية ا الدوائر إ ونية لك ومة ا تطبيقات من سبة الضرائب .بجمع افحة م يخص فيما ونية لك ومة ا شأن رأي وج ع الوقوف حيثيمكن الفساد، س مقاي بمساعدة الفساد فرص تخفيف انھ بإم ونية لك ومة ا ن تحس أن ع الرأي ش الصفقات، لفة خفض و العامة، الوظائف ومنازعات منافع ذلك ل س س حيث يدة، ا املراجعة الشفافية مستوى من د ز و التكتم خفض و ة، كب شدة القانونية القواعد فرض يوال. و الثا رأي فاألنظمة للدخل، جيدة بمصادر تصال و املعلومات تكنولوجيا مح تمد قد وسبة ا أن يرى املعلومات إ م وصول حدد و ن املوظف عض قبضة من ينال الذي وف ا غرس قد ديدة ا تكنول أذكياء ن موظف إ جديدة فرصة عطي قد نظمة نفس فإن ذلك ورغم ساسة، وجياا إ يؤدي الذي مر حساسة معلومات ع تحتوي ال نظمة اق اخ من تصال و املعلومات . الفساد من تقلل إذ الوجوه، املتعدد الفساد لة ملش جزئيا حال تقدم ونية لك ومة ا فرص د تز كما عتباطية، لألعمال السانحة الفرص عض من تحد التا و سابية، الكشفست عة متا من يمكن مما املالية الصفقات شأن مفصلة بمعلومات حتفاظ خالل من الفساد عن سط أ ن القوان جعل م سا كما والدو قلي املستوى ع املا الفساد أعمال ن ب س امل نت ن ع الدائم ا تواجد خالل من شفافية محمد،(وأك ص2009الشايب، ص ،90-91.( الوسطاء ن املوظف دور إلغاء خالل من وقراطية الب ع ونية لك ومة ا فداء،(تق ص2015حامد، صاحب)201، ن ب مباشر اتصال دون ونية إلك قة بطر املعامالت تتم فعندما ؛ للم م معامل وسوء ن املوظف تالعب أو للرشوة مجال ناك ون ي فال املختص، واملوظف ن،الشأن عني أمام يتم ال ي و لك نجاز أن إ باإلضافة العمل، وجرائم الوظيفي للفساد افحة م ذلك و وطال الشأن اب أ مع املباشرة ة املواج ملشكالت لتجنبھ تحقيقا سر أ يجعلھ مما ور، م ا الناس من املنخفض الو ذوي من خاصة دمة، ص2014سمية،بومروان،(ا ،51 .( أيضاً بل فحسب، ان للس أك معلومات تقديم ونية لك ومة ل يمكن ال ذلك، ع عالوة أن يمكن ا بدور وال م بأنفس املعامالت بإجراء ن للمواطن سمح و العمومي املوظف سلطة إزالة الفساد من د ا إ واس. تؤدي شارا ان التحديات أك من واحد بالفساد اد ش س تم تمرارالقد العالم أنحاء جميع ن املواطن حياة نوعية ن وتحس قتصادي النمو ز أنhaqueوأشار. عز دمات، ا وتقديم ة معا ات والتأخ اليف الت يقلل أن يمكن ونية لك ومة ا استخدام )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 60 -41 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 49 واملساءلة الشفافية ادة وز العام، القطاع معلومات إ ن املواطن وصول وإضعافوتوسيع العامة، ة السلطو ).jin-wan seo, and hasan mdgolammehedi, 2016, pp 1-6(امليول رقم ل الش ن مب و كما عكسية عالقة والفساد ونية لك ومة ا ن ب 01والعالقة الفساد ات مدر مؤشر إنخفض ونية لك ومة ا ة ز جا مؤشر زاد لما أنھ نالحظ ) cpi(حيث يحوال الفساد. عكس من التخفيف ونية لك ومة ا دور من عزز ما و .و رقم ل عام: 01الش ونية لك كومة ا ة ز جا ومؤشر الفساد ات مدر مؤشر ن ب 2016العالقة قلل و ومي، ا داء الشفافية مقدار من د يز ونية لك ومة ا تطبيق أن من بالرغم ال السرقةفرص ومح ونيات لك اء ي و لك للفساد آخر مجال يفتح أنھ إال داري، فساد الفساد من النوع ذا ة مواج ع القادرة نظمة و ن القوان وجود مية أ ي تأ نا و ونية، لك ال ونية لك للمواقع ونية لك ماية ا أساليب وكذلك مرتكبيھ، ومةومعاقبة ا ا عل عتمد ونية دياب،(لك قاسم محمد، ص2013سامي ،35.( ونية.4 لك كومة ا خالل من داري الفساد افحة مل عملية :تجارب ية1 .4 نو ا ا كور سيوول محمد،(بـلــديـة مدحت، ص2016محمد ص ،206-207:( الكث املتطورة الوسائل من ونية لك ومة ا وإعت الشفافية، من د مز إ تقود ال ة ور م ا مع تتعامل ال وخاصة ومية، ا دارات و القطاعات داري الفساد افحة .م عمليات جعل خالل من الفساد افحة مل ا نا نموذجا يمثل ح املق سيوول بلدية از ج إن أك ن املدني ن للموظف الفردية عمال و القرار، طلبات. شفافيةأخذ أثر اقتفاء من يمكن والنظام ومبيوتر ال شاشة ع للبلدية متنوعة اخيص ل . فردية ع ساعد وال سعينات، ال سيوول واملوسعة املتفرعة حة املق الداخلية نظمة إن للفساد جديدة فرصا خلقت املدينة، وقراطية الب عمال شاط ا شا عام. إ أعلن1998و م، شفافية ب س مما ية وتأدي وقائية وتداب إجراءات خالل من الفساد ع شاملة ا حر البلدية س رئ اص وا ومي ا ن القطاع ن ب العمل الشراكة وعزز دارة، ومة.أك ا استحداث ان ثابتي احلبيب بركنو نصرية حالة اجلزائر: دور احلكومة اإللكرتونية يف مكافحة الفساد اإلداري 50 م الكث استحدث وال املبادرات من واسعة لسلسلة بداية ان ونية الكمبيوتر؛لك د ع قبل ا برنامج تضمن كما الفساد، افحة م ع ن املواطن وحثت نظمة، وتقليل سيط ت ع اشتملت حيث يد موقع شاء إ ونية لك ومة open )online proceduresenhancement for civilا applications (''ل الكمبيوتر ع املباشرة املفتوحة جراءات ز املدنيةعز املدخل. ''لطلبات ذا و تمحور و الفساد، ضد مؤشرا ز و الفساد، ضد حافزة عوامل أو عناصر ن للمستخدم فسر و يو للفساد عرضا ك عد مرافق أو خدمات خمس شأن. حول ن املواطن إ معلومات يقدم كما املمك من واسطتھ و املتخذة، طوات ا أو جراءات و ن لسالقوان الفع الوقت ومراقبة ضبط ن جازات و الرخص طلبات سنة.العمل اية ن2000و املليون املوقع ذا مع ن املتواصل عدد بلغ . م اتف ال ع از با تصال يل س سر ت فقد املوقع؛ ذا ل ن املستخدم عدد ادة ز ع يع ولل عام لوي تقيي.م2001ا الطرق اختلفت ازوقد ا شمل. م ي ميدا بحث ر ع1245فاظ مواطنا الشفافية%84ان قسم بواسطة ميدانية أبحاث أقيمت كما ، أك شفافية أثمر بأنھ عتقدون لعامي ية نو ا ا ور ولكن2001و2000الدولية از، با ايد امل تمام إ ر التقار وأشارت م، درجة جيا تدر انخفاضا الوقتناك مرور مع املستخدم لدى والرضا الفضل. كتفاء از ول فيما تطورا أقل ما حد إ اعت لكنھ ة، املطلو املعلومات إ الوصول عملية يل س و الوقت، توف السابقة السنة من أك الفساد ة ومحار بالشفافية .يتعلق ل ة رتكــاز و ساسية النقطة فإن العموم، ستع ل الفساد ة ملحار سيوول نامج املعلومات البحتة–تكنولوجيا أو ا ذا بحد التكنولوجيا وإعادة–أي جراءات، و نظمة سيط ت بل أجل ومن ن، املواطن مع الفعال والتواصل جراءات، و الن والشفافية العمل، ملمارسات توجيھ ي أن ن املص ع الفساد ضد فعالة ود دافج واس للفساد الفردية االت ا من عد أ إ تطلعوا اثره وت الفساد نمو م سا ال ة يو والب ساسية وم. العوامل النجاح عن تكشف وسيوول طراف شعب . م التطبيق عملية نجاح خص ع عامالن م سا س: وقد لرئ كيمة وا ة القو دارة ما أول وث والواسعةالبلدية، املكثفة ن املواطن مشاركة ما . ان ند2 .4 ال ة :تجر الوزراء س رئ قيادة و ند ال الرقميةshrinarendramodiقامت ند ال مبادرة digital(بإطالق india (ي2006عام و لك املوقع خالل ثالثhttp://www.digitalindia.gov.in: من املبادرة وتتضمن و ن؛) 1: رؤى املواطن جميع قبل من ا الستخدام رقمية تحتية ية ب شاء العامة) 2ا دمات ا لتوف وكمة وا الطلب ن) 3عند للمواطن الرق ن التمك كما).http://www.digitalindia.gov.in(وضمان ي و إلك موقع بتخصيص ند ال الرشاوي ) http://ipaidabribe.com(قامت عن . للتبليغ ي بما ونية لك ومة ا خالل من الفساد حدة من التخفيف ند ال ت :ن نت1. 2 .4 ن ع ندية ال مارك .ا 4. 2 .2 computer aided registration project ‘card: ملع اسوب ا بمساعدة يل بيعمشروع والية/ امالت املنقولة غ ات املمتل شراء andhra pradeshند -amitabh ojha, and shailendrapalvia, and m. p. gupta, 2008, pp 160(بال تضمنت)170 حيث قة املر التقليدية يل ال إجراءات الفساد من د ا و منھ دف وال ،13 و العقار، قيمة من لتحقق مثال والتحققخطوة القانونية، الوثيقة ع صول وا ع، الطا رسم حساب ذلك إ وما ل ال دخاالت شر و الوثيقة، و ، الفر ل امل ل. بواسطة و خطوة ل ية توج ومبادئ الشفافية غياب إ أدى مما فيھ مت وسا الفساد ت سب العملية ذه ص )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 60 -41 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 51 املوا يجعل ما و و العمليات الرشوةميع لدفع باالضطرار شغيل. طنون مكتبcard387تمت والية ع فر تنفيذ. andhra pradeshيل منcardعد يل ال وقت انخفض أيام7إ1، من الرصيد ادات ش وإصدار واحدة، ساعة إ5إ1إ من10أيام مصدقة وإصدار 1دقائق، إ3إ يام،يمك. دقائق10أيام من عدد اتخاذ ع اعتادت ال ندات، املس كتابة إكمال ن ن ن30غضون ، امالً ا واحدً ا يومً ستغرق انت ال التقييم، ادات ش إصدار ستغرق فيما دقيقة، من تنفيذ. دقائق10أقل من ر أش ستة نفيذcardغضون تمت املعامالت80، جميع من ٪ وجل ونياً الرسومcardبتإلك حساب م أنفس ن للمواطن مكن و العقارات، تقييم . الشفافية نظام يتعامل ن، و5.7معcardو ند، مس و3.6مليون ن، ر ادة ش ادات2مليون ز من مليون السوق لـ. تقييم إنجاز م أ ذلك املنظمcardو والفساد الوسطاء ع القضاء ,sapanjeetkaur(و 2015.( ند 3. 4.2 بال ا كـارناتا را الت الكمبيوتر ن،(استخدام املبيض ،2011صفوان ):108ص ومي مشروع شاشة" رض"أو'' bhoomi''إن ق طر عن مباشرة را الت سليم ل فتح ع ومة ا عمل فوائد ر يظ ن، والعشر الست ند ال واليات إحدى و ا، ارناتا اسوب ا ا م د وا العشوائية وقراطية الب لألعمال التصدي من ا مواطن تمكن ي ا أيضا. ال ر يظ كما ن املوظف لدى سابية ست عمال من للتخلص والتقنية ونية لك زة ج استخدام كيفية ن مل.املدني ملفات من مليونا ن عشر اسوب ا ع لت ا ارناتا الضرائب دائرة راإن كية الوالية7و6لــــــــ مزارع احتفظ. مليون اليدوي الور للنمط الت9000ووفقا قروي محاسب الزراعة. را حقوق ل من ة ع صول ا ة القر محاسب من الطلب ن املزارع ع ان و قروض ع م صول أساسية وثيقة بمثابة و و م ل ع التا ئجار س ل. مصرفيةو الس من يكن ولم ن املحاسب أولئك مية. إياد أ حسب يوما، ن ثالث إ ثالثة من الت ال ذه ن تأم وقت ستغرق ان و من الرشوة قيمة اوح وت الرشوة، قيمة أو م التا و للمزارع ل إ100ال بة بة،2000رو رو أم دوالرا ن ع ر إ ن الدوالر من عادل ما كياأي طلبات.ر جميع عبئة ة القر محاسب ع ان عليھ ان كما ارض، قطعة وراثة أو بيع عند را ملكية الت غي إ الداعية تلك أي ، التغي ة القر بلدية اتب م إ املعلومات وإرسال ن املعني الفرقاء إ ر تقار إرسال لم. أيضا حيان أك و ذه من أي لينقذ بأي حتفاظ يتم ولم يوما،. عمال ن ثالث خالل اضات اع أي تقدم لم وإذا يصل ال طو وقتا ذا عملھ ستغرق وقد امللكية، الت وتجديد بتحديث يقوم الضرائب ش مف ان ن ت الس .إ وتداب اجراءات وضع خالل من ومة ا مسؤو سابية است من قللت فقد ومي مبادرة أما اسوب ا بواسطة التغي طلبات يل املعلومات. ل قاعدة إ الوصول ن ن املزارع ان فبإم ئجار س و الزراعة ل من مطبوعة ة ع صول اسوب180وا ا ع موجودة ا كش واحد15لقاء ي أمر دوالر من أقل أي بة لوحة. رو ع بلمسة طلبھ ع طالع للمزارع مكن و املمكنة كشاك من ثالثة ة اختبار قاعدة أساس ع املزودة الشاشة . مفاتيح زائر3 .4 ا حــالــة :دراسة زائر1. 3 .4 ا الفساد :واقع متعد قضايا ة خ السنوات زائر ا د نش مسؤول تورط تجلت بالفساد، عالقة ا ل دة سنة من بداية ول الب أسعار إرتفاع مع الواقع ذا تزامن الدوالرات، مليارات اختالس فضائح كبار قتصادية2000 ة التنمو امج ال من جملة ة زائر ا ومة ا وتب من(، املمتدة ة الف دت ش ثابتي احلبيب بركنو نصرية حالة اجلزائر: دور احلكومة اإللكرتونية يف مكافحة الفساد اإلداري 52 ة2001-2014 تنمو برامج بحوا) ثالث قدر م ما غالف ا ل دينار30440مخصصة مليار للفساد مملكة إ ا حول الوقت نفس و ى، الك ع للمشار مفتوحة ورشة إ زائر ا حولت جزاري، الھ أش ة،(بمختلف مشبو صفقات العام، للمال ب قرابة)إ...رشوة، جرائھ من زائر ا تكبدت ، عام30 ن ب دوالر ن،( 2010و2000يمليار أم محمد ري، بر و مراد، فار، ص2017كر ص ،53-66.( افحة م ة خ املراتب تحتل زائر ا دولة أن نجد الدولية الشفافية منظمة ر لتقار ووفقا دوليا؛ رقمالفساد دول ا من نالحظ سنة01إذ من بداية املاضية السنوات زائر ا الفساد أن غ2012 سنةإ الفساد2017اية ات مدر مؤشر حسب دوليا ة خ املراتب corruption(احتلت perceptions index(حدود قدر التاسعة100حيث املرتبة احتلت ي العر املستوى ع أما ، ل يجة ن و املراتب املتصدرة والسعودية وقطر املتحدة ية العر باإلمارات مقارنة والعاشرة للمواطن ونيا إلك ا خدما لتقديم املتاحة انيات .م رقم دول زائر: 01ا ا الفساد مدركــات )c p index(مــؤشــــر 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 الدول يا ول د ا ري ع ة درج ال يا ول د ا ري ع ة درج ال يا ول د ا ري ع ة درج ال يا ول د ا ري ع ة درج ال يا ول د ا ري ع ة درج ال يا ول د ا ري ع ة درج ال 21 01 71 24 01 66 23 02 70 26 01 70 26 01 69 27 01 68 مارات ية العر املتحدة قطر 68 01 27 68 02 28 69 02 27 71 01 22 61 02 31 63 02 29 السعودية 44 05 66 46 05 63 49 03 55 52 04 48 46 04 62 49 03 57 ردن 48 03 58 45 06 66 49 03 55 53 03 45 48 03 57 48 04 59 عمان 47 04 61 47 04 61 45 04 64 45 07 60 45 05 64 44 05 68 س 41 06 75 41 08 77 40 06 79 38 08 76 41 07 75 42 06 74 تو املغرب 37 07 88 37 09 91 39 07 80 36 09 88 37 08 90 40 07 84 ت 44 05 66 43 07 69 44 05 67 49 06 55 41 07 75 39 08 85 و ال ن 51 02 53 48 03 57 49 03 55 51 05 50 43 06 70 36 09 103 البحر زائر 34 08 15 36 10 94 36 09 100 36 09 88 34 09 108 33 10 112 ا 117 11 32 108 09 34 88 09 36 94 08 37 114 11 32 11 8 مصر 32 09 143 12 28 136 10 28 123 11 28 136 11 27 127 13 28 12 8 لبنان 30 11 143 13 28 142 11 27 112 10 31 124 10 30 119 12 30 12 3 طانيا 31 10 مور 169 14 18 166 12 17 161 13 16 170 15 16 171 16 16 16 9 العراق 18 15 171 15 17 170 13 14 161 13 16 166 14 18 172 17 15 16 0 يا 21 14 لي 175 16 16 170 13 14 165 15 12 173 17 11 174 19 11 17 السودان 13 16 )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 60 -41 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 53 3 175 17 16 170 13 14 154 12 18 161 13 19 167 14 18 15 6 اليمن 23 13 178 18 14 173 14 13 154 12 18 159 12 20 168 15 17 14 4 ا 26 12 سور 179 19 12 175 15 11 163 14 15 171 16 15 173 18 14 جنوب السودان )https://www.transparency.org (24/12/2018 à 09:57):املصدر زائر2. 3 .4 ا الفساد افحة م :آليات يئات واستحداث ن القوان سن خالل من الطرق ش الفساد افحة م إ زائر ا س الشرق مواطنو رأي استطالع تم الدولية الشفافية منظمة ر لتقر ووفقا الفساد، حدة من للتخفيف وشما أغلبيةوسط بإجماع يجة الن انت ف الفساد ة محار م وما ح أداء حول قيا افر ل سبة ب زائر ا ا ف بما الفساد ة محار م وما السل داء حول ن%69املواطنون مب و كما رقم ل .02الش رقم ل الفســاد: 02الش ة محــار كــومة ا ود جــ ال: املصدر الدوليةمنظمة والفساد،)2016( شفافية م: الناس وشمالدراسة وسط للشرق ية قيا صإفر ،14. الفساد1. 2. 3 .4 افحة مل ن قوان ع رقمشر دول ا ن مب و .02كما ثابتي احلبيب بركنو نصرية حالة اجلزائر: دور احلكومة اإللكرتونية يف مكافحة الفساد اإلداري 54 دول ن: 02رقم ا الفساد مكــــافـحــة قــوانــ ــس الــــقــــانـــون الـــتــــأس مــن الوقايــة مــوالقــانون ــيض تب ما افح وم اب ر ل .وتمو رقم عام27مؤرخ01-05قانون ة ا 06املوافق1425ذي سنة .2005فيفري الفســـــــــــــــــاد مـــــــــــــــــن الوقايـــــــــــــــــة قـــــــــــــــــانون افحتھ .وم رقـــم ـــ01-06القـــانون عـــام21املـــؤرخ 20املوافـــق1427محـــرم سنة .2006فيفري العموميــة الصــفقات تنظــيم قــانون العاموتفو املرفق .ضات الثـــامن الفســـاد(القســـم افحـــة رقـــم) م ـــ الرئا املرســـوم -15مـــن ـــ247 عـــام2مــؤرخ ــة ا ســـنة16املوافــق1436ذي تم ســـ 2015. ن: املصدر الباحث إعداد .من أخالقيــة2. 2. 3 .4 مــدونات نــة: وضــع م ــ أخــالق مــن بــھ ام ــ ال يجــب مــا نحــو الســلوك توجــھ مــــ يخفــــف ممــــا إليــــھمعينــــة ســــعت مــــا ــــو و الفســــاد، حــــدة مــــن التخفيــــف التــــا و ــــ نحرا الســــلوك ن رقـم ـدول وا املبـادئ مـن ـا وغ ـة ا وال مانـة ـ ع ـا طيا ـ تنص خالقية املدونات بوضع زائر ا ن03 للم خالقية املدونات م أ إ .ش رقم دول ا:03ا ن امل لبعض خالقية زائراملدونات خالقية السنة املدونة الطب أخالقيات 1992 مدونة واملحاسب سابات ا ومحافظ املحاسب ب ا أخالقيات مدونة املعتمد 1996 القضاء نة م أخالقيات 2006 مدونة امعية ا داب و أخالقيات 2010 ميثاق الوطنية بية ال قطاع أخالقيات 2015 ميثاق إعداد: املصدر نمن .الباحث الفســــــاد؛3. 2. 3 .4 مكــــافـحــــــــة يئــــــات س رقــــــمتأســــــ ــــــدول ـــــــ04وا ع املســــــتحدثة يئــــــات ال ــــــ يو الفساد افحة مل زائر ا .مستوى رقم دول زائر: 04ا ا الفساد مكــــافـحــة يئات ـــيــئــة س الـــصــفـــة الـــ الـــتــــأس املحاسبة ومية مجلس 1980 ح للماليةا العامة شية ومية ملف 1980 ح املا ستعالم ة معا ومية خلية 2002 ح افحتھ وم الفساد من للوقاية الوطنية يئة ومية ال 2006 ح الفساد لقمع املركزي ومية الديوان سم08 ح 2011د الفساد افحة مل الوطنية معية ا ا ف مع 2012 غ الب: املصدر إعداد نمن .احث )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 60 -41 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 55 حســب الفســاد افحــة مل املبذولــة ــود ا مــن ــالرغم افحــةو وم ــة ا ال ــز لتعز ــة يّ العر الشــبكة زائــــــرالفســــــاد ا أن مصــــــر،إال ــــــا ا نظ جانــــــب ــــــ إ الفســــــاد، افحــــــة مل وطنيــــــة اتيجية اســــــ ا لــــــد س لــــــ رقم ل الش ن مب و كما ا وغ ا وسور يا لي .03السودان، رقم ل ملاس : 03الش وطنية الفسادكــــافـحــةاتيجية www.arabacinet.org/final_map_module/map_ar.html(05/01/2019): املصدر الـدو الصعيد ع زائرأما حـدةفـا املتّ مـم اتفاقيـة ـ طـرف الفسـاددولـة افحـة ممثلـةو مل الفساد افحة وم ة ا ال ز لتعز ة يّ العر .الشبكة ونية3. 3 .4 لك كومة ا خالل من الفساد افحة مل ة زائر ا كومة ا ود :ج ـــــــت زائــــــــرتوج ا مشــــــــروع خــــــــالل مــــــــن ونيــــــــة لك ومــــــــة ا اتيجية اســــــــ ــــــــ تب نحــــــــو زائــــــــر ا ونيـــــة تحق) 2013-2008(لك يل ســـــ ـــــ ـــــو وال القطاعـــــات مختلـــــف مســـــت ـــــود ج عـــــدة قامـــــت ـــــا يق ــ ع صــول ا مقابـل الطــواب مــن التخفيـف خــالل مــن الفسـاد حــدة مــن التخفيـف ــ مت ســا ا بـدور وقراطيــــــة والب الفســـــاد ال أشــــــ فـــــرص وتقليــــــل مقابـــــل دون املعلومــــــة ـــــ ع صــــــول ا ولة وســـــ دمـــــة ا ا لتقــــديم الوســــطاء رة ظــــا مــــن ــــد وا ــــا وغ وميـــــةالرشــــوة ا ــــدمات ا ــــم أ ــــ ي وفيمــــا ــــدمات القطاعات حسب ونية :لك املحلية1. 3. 3 .4 ماعات وا الداخلية :وزارة ونية إلك صفحة شاء املواطن: ا تتعلق) 2010عام(بوابة ونية الك وخدمات معلومات تقدم ي و لك املوقع خالل من للمواطن اليومية ياة elmouwatin.dz :با إالتح التقليدية البلدية من ونيةول لك البياناتالبلدية قاعدة استحداث خالل من ولة س م وثائق استخراج عملية املواطن ع ل س ما و و املدنية الة ا لوثائق ونية .إلك ي البيوم السفر واز وا ية البيوم ف التعر بطاقة .)2011( إصدار ال لطال ونيا إلك يل عامال من ابتداءا ا مناسك .2016ألداء جانفي ونية لك السياقة رخصة بالشباك2018إصدار املزودة نموذجية بلديات ع أر ي و حسن(لك بابا البيضاء، الدار القبة، الوسطى، زائر ).ا تصاالت2. 3. 3 .4 إل: قطـــــاع خدمات إطالق تم أين يد، ال خدمات التاوتتمثل و ونية :ك ثابتي احلبيب بركنو نصرية حالة اجلزائر: دور احلكومة اإللكرتونية يف مكافحة الفساد اإلداري 56 ي و لك آليا: الشباك موال ب عملية يل س ل ونية لك زة ج .ب ي و لك الدفع مؤسسةبطاقة ا ع أعلنت ال بية الذ البطاقة زائرأو دا العاصمة بر عاء ر سم07اليوم التالية2016د لألغراض ي و لك الدفع بطاقة ستعمل و ،:  نت ن ع يدية ال م حسابا ع موال ودفع ب عمليات مختلف .إجراء  الفوات واملاءسديد والغاز اء ر بالك اصة ا الكية .س  نفطال تطبيق تحميل عد الوقود دفع .خدمة  املوزع ع موال يديgabاستخراج ال اتب امل داخل .والشبابيك جديدة ةتتمثلخدمة القص النصية الرسائل ع ون)sms(شعارات الز اتف إ ترسل ا سابھ موال دخول يعند و لك املوقع خالل من يدي .https://eccp.poste.dz:ل للتأمينات3. 3. 3 .4 الوط جراء الصندوق للعمال :جتماعية عد عن ح الضمان:التصر ات ا باش ح التصر انية إم ن املستخدم ميع الصندوق يوفر بو ع عد عن عد"ابةجتما عن ح ل24/سا24،"التصر و مجانا سبوع أيام طيلة .أمان ي و لك ع:الدفع جتما الضمان ات ا اش سديد ب ن للمستخدم دمة ا ذه سمح أمان، ل و ة فور بصفة عد عن ح التصر التنقل24/سا24بوابة عناء دون سبوع، مدار ع عن وثيقة أي تقديم البنكيةودون البطاقة استعمال ق .طر الشفاء عام: بطاقة من بداية جتما للضمان ونية لك البطاقة استخدام .2007شرع العدالة 4. 3. 3 .4 العدليةاستخراج: قطاع السوابق سيةو3رقميفة ا ادة نتش ن ع ال دة ر ا وصدروه العدالة عصرنة قانون ع املصادقة .رسميةعد كـومة5. 3. 3 .4 ل العـامة بوضع: مانة ة زائر ا ومة ل العامة مانة يقامت و لك املوقع سية والفر ية العر يتضمنwww.joradp.dz: باللغة املواطن تصرف :تحت الدستور ع .طالع دة ر ا ع .طالع شور امل النصوص مجموعة حول املواضيع حسب بحث الرسميةإجراء دة ر ا .ة ومة ل العامة مانة مصا ا أعد ال شورات امل ع .طالع التعليم6. 3. 3 .4 :قطـــاع عد عن الوط:التعليم واملركز عد عن ن و والت للتعليم الوط الديوان من ل يوفره ما و و عد عن امل .للتعليم ش امتحانات نتائج ع لإلطالع املتوسطشبكة والتعليم ا الور الب ي .اد يتم بية ال خاللتوظيفقطاع من الرقميةساتذة tawdif.education.gov.dz:رضية م ل ب اص ا السري الرقم بإدخال ونيا الك النتائج وإعالن ، و يل .بال صفحة شاء والتعليم(ا بية ال و) مدونة لك املوقع خالل عwww.edu-dz.com: يمن التعليم إ وصوالً ي بتدا بالتعليم بدءاً اتھ مستو بمختلف بالتعليم املتعلقة املعلومات بتقديم ام .ا ي و لك ةالتعليم تجر نطالق و امعات، ا مستوى عدع عن 2016عاماملاس و جامعات ع زائر: أر ا ز 1جامعة ا البليدة3ائروجامعة جامعة وكذا جامعة2، بالعفرون، قسنطينة جامعة جانب إ ران .و )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 60 -41 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 57 امعية ا يالت حام: ال دد ا الطلبة لفائدة ونيا إلك يل ال بتوف امعات ا قامت ونية لك املواقع خالل من ا الور الب ادة :ش www.mesrs.dzwww.orientation.ini.dzwww.ini.dz للماس ي و لك يل :وال progres.mesrs.dz/webinscription اضية ف .املكتبة العل والبحث العا التعليم وزارة العلميةباعتمادقيام للمجالت ة زائر ا خاللالبوابة من ي و لك املقاالت) www.asjp.cerist.dz(املوقع لقبول وقراطية الب جراءات ع للقضاء من د العلميةوا السرقة رة التعليظا الفساد من التخفيف التا .و التجارة7. 3. 3 .4 :قطـــاع ياستحداث و لك التجاري ل جوان: ال ر ش .2014منذ ونيةتجاه لك التجارة خاللنحو إ2018ماي10املؤرخ05-18قانونمن متطرقا ؛ الدفع وسيلة ي، و لك املورد ي، و لك لك املس ي، و لك العقد ونية، لك التجارة الك وغ ي و لك ار ش ي، .و عمال8. 3. 3 .4 :قطـــاع املؤسسات2017عام شاء إل ونية لك البوابة إطالق : تم www.jecreemonentreprise.dz تو خالل من املؤسسات شاء إ إجراءات سيط لت نت ن شبكة ع افةوسيط ف الوطنية الغرفة و املؤسسة شاء إ خدمات بتقديم املعنية دارات قبل من الالزمة املعلومات ة املدير جراء، لغ جتما للضمان الوط الصندوق التجاري، ل لل الوط املركز ن، للموثق للضرائب .العامة من9. 3. 3 .4 : قطاع الدرك2015عام يالوطقام و إلك موقع نتحت ppgn.mdn.dzبوضع املواطن تصرف املوقع ذا تضمن املسبقةو اوي االش نوع ان ما م مة جر أية عن والتبليغ نت ن ق طر .عن املالية 10. 3. 3 .4 : قطاع جانفي من إبتداءا املالية وزارة ح2018قامت للتصر ي و إلك تطبيق بإعتماد ي با ا  ق www.jibayatic.dz :جبايتكيتمثل طر عن والرسوم الضرائب دفع عملية يل س ل ي و لك ي البن الدفع ق طر عن الدفع ثم باملوقع يل ال خالل من نت .e-bankingن الصة .5 :ا ل ش زائر وا عام ل ش الدول دد ة خط رة ظا الفساد املراكزعت احتلت إذ خاص غياب إ إضافة ا، وغ ختالسات و الرشوة الرتفاع يجة ن الفساد ات مدر مؤشر حيث من ة خ تطبيق حيث من خاصة لذلك املبذولة املتواضعة ود ا يفسر مما الفساد افحة مل وطنية اتيجية اس ردعية ن قوان وسن ات .العقو  املالية58املادة قانون .2018من ثابتي احلبيب بركنو نصرية حالة اجلزائر: دور احلكومة اإللكرتونية يف مكافحة الفساد اإلداري 58 وق الب من التخفيف يل س سيطو ال املواطن ل ا أثقلت ال والوساطة والرشاوي راطية تم حيث ونية لك ومة ا إ للتحول ونية لك زائر ا مشروع ب ب ة زائر ا ومة ا قامت املطلوب املستوى إ تصل لم ا أ إال قطاعات عدة .رقمنة لو ومة ا استخدام الدول من العديد نجاح غرار افحةع م ناجعة كآلية ونية ك التوصيات من مجموعة اح اق يمكن الرائدة، التجارب من ا وغ ية نو ا ا ور و ند ال الفساد ده ش الذي الفساد حدة من التخفيف ة زائر ا ونية لك ومة ا دور :لتفعيل ب الفساد افحة م مية بأ لألفراد الدي الوازع ة تقو ع ددالعمل ة خط آفة اعتباره القنوات من ا وغ عالم ووسائل التعليمية واملؤسسات املساجد خالل من املجتمع .كيان ومة ا خالل من الفساد افحة مل ومة ل ع از ا قبل من ة قو سياسية إرادة توفر انواعھ بجميع الدعم وتوف ونية .لك لت صارمة عات شر و ن قوان منسن ل معاقبة شديد وال الفساد حاالت مختلف مع ناسب ن خر لردع صغر ما م الفساد م .سا ي و إلك و ما ل مع للتعامل ن املواطن لدى ونية لك الثقافة .شر مجة وال ونية لك التقنيات استخدام ع م لتدر ن للموظف ية تدر برامج توف ع .العمل رقمنةتوف من ومية ا املؤسسات ن لتمك الالزمة لة املؤ ة شر وال واملالية املادية املوارد ا .إدار املجتمع شرائح ميع واسع نطاق وع تناف وسعر عالية بجودة نت ن توف ع العمل التنافسي ع صول ل تصاالت و عالم تكنولوجيا لقطاع اص ا القطاع دخول يع .ةو ة و عن الكشف دون قطاع ل حسب الفساد حاالت عن للتبليغ ونية إلك مواقع تصميم خطار ع يع لل ن .املبلغ آخر نوع ور لظ املجال ترك وعدم ونية لك القرصنة ضد ونية لك ومة ا أنظمة ن تأم و و يللفساد و لك .الفساد رقمن ة ولو إعطاء ع رص ماركا وا الضرائب كقطاع الفساد ا ف يك ال القطاعات ة البيانات ة مركز إ للوصول ة زائر ا ومة ا قطاعات جميع رقمنة إ وصوال أو كخطوة ومة ا زة أج مختلف ن ب سيق الت ضمان إ باإلضافة ا، عل ونية لك الرقابة ولة وس الفساد افحة مل ونيا .إلك :عاملراج .6 مركز الدراسات العربیة للنشر :مصر .1ط .الرقابة المالیة واإلداریة ودورھا في الحد من الفساد اإلداري). 2016. (أحمد مصطفى صبیح، .والتوزیع متطلبات تطبیق الحكومة اإللكترونیة في المنظمات العراقیة دراسة استطالعیة ). 2013( .إیمان مرعي، حسن، و محمد مصطفى القصیمي .269 ،)113ملحق العدد ( 35تنمیة الرافدین، .راء القیادات اإلداریة في مدیریة بلدیة الموصلأل .مركز الكتاب األكادیمي :األردن .الفساد اإلداري في الوظیفة العامة). 2015. (مازن لیلو، راضيحمزة حسن، خضر الطائي، و .دار صفاء :عمان.2البیئة اإللكترونیة، ط ).2015. (ربحي مصطفى، علیان ،22أھل البیت، مجلة .الفساد اإلداري ودور المؤسسات الدستوریة في مكافحتھ ).2018. (سامر مؤید، عبد اللطیف، و حیدر سامي، غریب 76 -98. حالة مرفأ دراسة (دراسة إمكانیة تطبیق الحكومة اإللكترونیة لتحسین أداء الموانئ البحریة السوریة ). 2013. (و قاسم، دیاب سامي، محمد، . كلیة االقتصاد، جامعة تشرین، سوریا. رسالة ماجستیر ).الالذقیة مكتبة القانون :الریاض.دراسة مقارنة: الھیئة الوطنیة لمكافحة الفساد ودورھا في محاربة الفساد المالي). 2015. (سالمة بن سلیم الرفاعي .واالقتصاد مكتبة القانون :الریاض ..دارات الحكومیة دراسة مقارنةرھا في تحسین أداء اإلالحكومة اإللكترونیة ودو).2014. (بومروان سمیة، .واالقتصاد .دار الساقي: بیروت.الفقر والفساد في العالم العربي). 2009. (التنیر سمیر، )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 60 -41 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 59 د). 2009. (الشایب، محمد م الجی د الحك ة لتوطی ة كآلی دم :الحكومة اإللكترونی الم المتق ات الع ي تطبیق ة ف اميدراس تیر .والن الة ماجس ة . رس كلی .الحقوق، جامعة الحاج لخضر، باتنة .دار أمجد للنشر والتوزیع:األردن الفساد اإلداري و المالي كظاھرة وأسالیب عالجھا،). 2014. (سالم صبحي، .زوري العلمیةدار الیا:عمان.النماذج والتطبیقات والتجارب الدولیة: الحكومة اإللكترونیة ).2011. (المبیضین صفوان، .دار المناھج للنشر والتوزیع :عمان .مدخل إلى األعمال الدولیة ).2013. (عبد الرحیم، فؤاد، و الرفاعي، الفارس رى رزاق، مق د ال مون).2008. (عب الة المض طلح وأص ة المص ین حداث اد ب ة الفس ات مكافح الح وآلی م الص ر .الحك ر :مص ة للنش دار الكلم .والتوزیع .منشورات حلبي الحقوقیة :بیروت .مقارنة دراسة: اإلدارة العامة من النظریة إلى التطبیق). 2013. (قطیشعبد اللطیف، د د المجی ود، عب د محم د المجی اد ). 2014. (عب زء األول -الفس ھ (الج وره -تعریف رى -ص ة األخ طة اإلجرامی ھ باألنش ر ،)عالقت دار :مص .النھضة للنشر .دار الكتاب الثقافي :إربد، األردن .الخدمات اإللكترونیة ).2011. (عماد أحمد، أبو شنب وآخرون .دار الكندي للنشر والتوزیع :عمان.1ط .األسس النظریة والتطبیقیة: اإلدارة اإللكترونیة). 2015. (حامد فداء، .العبیكان للنشر:الریاض.3ط . ومیةالتطبیق العملي للتعامالت اإللكترونیة الحك: الحكومة الذكیة).2016. ( فھد بن ناصر، العبود ر). 2017. (كریفار، مراد، و بربري، محمد أمین ة الجزائ ارة لحال الي باإلش اد الم اھرة الفس ن ظ . دور وأھمیة نظام الرقابة الداخلیة في الحد م .66-53، 17مجلة اقتصادیات شمال افریقیا، .العربي للنشر والتوزیع:مصر.یون في مكافحة الفساددور التلفز: التلفزیون والفساد). 2016. (مجاشع محمد علي .دار غیداء للنشر والتوزیع :عمان.الفساد اإلداري واستراتیجیة المكافحة اإلعالمیة). 2017.(محمد إبراھیم، الزبیدي ات. محمد سلمان، محمود، و ھیفاء مزھر، الساعدي باب والمعالج ؤتمر العلم. الفساد اإلداري في العراق األس ة الم ر، كلی ث عش نوي الثال ي الس http://abu.edu.iq/en/research/articles/12288 :القانون .والنشرالمجموعة العربیة للتدریب :مصر .مفھومھ وأبعاده المختلفة: الفساد اإلداري في العالم العربي). 2014. (إسماعیل محمد صادق، .المجموعة العربیة للتدریب والنشر :الحكومة اإللكترونیة، القاھرة). 2016. (محمد مدحت، محمد .460-439. مجلة كلیة بغداد للعلوم االقتصادیة، العدد الخاص بمؤتمر الكلیة. الحكومة اإللكترونیة ).2013. (مریم خالص، حسین . دار رسالن :سوریا.یة في ظل الثورة العلمیة التكنولوجیة المعاصرةالحكومة اإللكترون ).2009. (مصطفى یوسف، كافي .دار الیازوري: عمان.الفساد اإلداري والمالي وآثاره االقتصادیة واالجتماعیة). 2011. (الفتلي ھاشم، الشمري، و إیثار، ojha, a., & palvia, s., & gupta, m. p. (2008). model for impact of e-government on corruption: exploring theoretical foundations, critical thinking in e-governance. 160-170 http://www.digitalindia.gov.in (17/01/2019) jin-wan seo, & hasan md golam mehedi. (2016). e-government efforts against corruption in bangladesh: what we have done and what we have to do. international journal of political science & diplomacy, 2 (107), 1-6. sapanjeet kaur. (2015). e-governancecombating corruption strategy. international journal of computer science and technology, 6 (3), 70-73. t.m.vinod, kumar. (2015). e-governance for smart cities. singapore: springer science + business media. references: sobeih, a. m. (2016). financial and administrative control and its role in reducing administrative corruption. 1st edition. egypt: center for arab studies for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] marai, i. h., & al-qasimi, m. m. (2013). requirements for the application of e-government in iraqi organizations: an exploratory study of the opinions of administrative leaders in the mosul municipality directorate. development of al-rafidain, 35 (suppl. no. 113), 9-26. [in arabic] hassan, h., al-taie, k., & rady, m. l. (2015). administrative corruption in the public office. jordan: academic book center. [in arabic] alyan, m. r. (2015). the electronic environment, 2nd edition. amman: dar safa. [in arabic] moayad, s. a., & gharib, h. s. (2018). administrative corruption and the role of constitutional institutions in combating it. ahl albait journal, 22, 76-98. [in arabic] sami, m., and qasim, d. (2013). study the possibility of implementing e-government to improve the performance of syrian seaports: lattakia port case study. (master thesis. faculty of economics, tishreen university, syria). [in arabic] al-rifai, s. b. (2015). the national anti-corruption commission and its role in combating financial corruption: a comparative study. riyadh: law and economics library. [in arabic] boumarouane, s. (2014). e-government and its role in improving the performance of government ثابتي احلبيب بركنو نصرية حالة اجلزائر: دور احلكومة اإللكرتونية يف مكافحة الفساد اإلداري 60 departments, a comparative study.riyadh: law and economics library. [in arabic] al-teneer, s. (2009). poverty and corruption in the arab world, beirut: dar al-saqi. [in arabic] al-shayeb, m. (2009). e-government as a mechanism for consolidating good governance: a study in applications in the developed and developing world. (master thesis, batna university). [in arabic] subhi, s. (2014). administrative and financial corruption as a phenomenon and methods of its treatment, jordan: amjad house for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] al-mobaideen, s. (2011). e-government: international models, applications and experiences. amman: al-yazouri scientific house. [in arabic] fouad, a. & al-rifai, a. (2013). an introduction to international business. amman: house of approaches for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] makri, a. (2008). good governance and anti-corruption mechanisms between the novelty of the term and the authenticity of the content. egypt: dar al kalima for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] qutaish, a. (2013). public administration from theory to practice a comparative study. beirut: halabi legal publications. abdul majeed, a. m. (2014). corruption part 1 (its definition its pictures its relationship to other criminal activities), egypt: al-nahda publishing house. [in arabic] abu shanab, e. a., & all. (2011). electronic services. irbid, jordan: the cultural book house. [in arabic] hamid, f. (2015). electronic management: theoretical and applied foundations. amman: al-kindi house for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] al-abboud, f. b. (2016). smart government: the practical application of e-government transactions. 3rd edition. riyadh: al-obeikan publishing. [in arabic] crevar, m. & berberry, m. a. (2017). the role and importance of the internal control system in reducing the phenomenon of financial corruption, with reference to the case of algeria. journal of north african economies, 17, 53-66. [in arabic] mojashie, m. a. (2016). television and corruption: the role of television in fighting corruption. egypt: al-arabi for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] al-zubaidi, m. i. (2017). administrative corruption and media control strategy amman: ghaidaa house for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] mahmoud, m. s. & al-saadi, h. m. (n. d.) administrative corruption in iraq, causes and remedies. the thirteenth annual scientific conference, college of law: http://abu.edu.iq/en/research/articles/12288 ismail, m. s. (2014). administrative corruption in the arab world: its concept and its different dimensions. egypt: arab group for training and publishing. muhammad, m. m. (2016). e-government, cairo: arab group for training and publishing. [in arabic] hussain. k. m. (2013). the electronic government. baghdad college of economic sciences journal, the special issue of the college conference. 439-460. [in arabic] kafi, m. y. (2009). e-government in light of the contemporary scientific and technological revolution. syria: raslan house. [in arabic] al-shamri, h. & al-fattli, e. (2011). administrative and financial corruption and its economic and social implications. amman: dar al-yazouri. [in arabic] ojha, a., & palvia, s., & gupta, m. p. (2008). model for impact of e-government on corruption: exploring theoretical foundations, critical thinking in e-governance. 160-170 http://www.digitalindia.gov.in (17/01/2019) jin-wan seo, & hasan md golam mehedi. (2016). e-government efforts against corruption in bangladesh: what we have done and what we have to do. international journal of political science & diplomacy, 2 (107), 1-6. sapanjeet kaur. (2015). e-governancecombating corruption strategy. international journal of computer science and technology, 6 (3), 70-73. t.m.vinod, kumar. (2015). e-governance for smart cities. singapore: springer science + business media. management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 2 (2019): june جوان): 2019( 2العدد 1المجلد issn : 2676-184x 120 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i2.34 عمال وإدارة ق سو ال مجا مقياس ر وضوابطھ: تطو ية املن مراحلھ وردة جفال 1 1 ب دكتوراه، محاضرة مختار،أستاذة با زائر(عنابة،جامعة ouarda.djeffel@gmail.com : يميل،)ا development of a measurement scale in marketing and management fields: its methodological phases and controls djeffel ouarda 1 1badji mokhtar university, annaba (algeria) خ القبول 2019-04-07 :رسالتار خ شر 2019-06-24: تار ال خ 2019-06-30: تار ص :م ره وتطو مقياس لتصميم ضة العر طوط ا شرح إ املقال ذا ق دف سو ال مجا س مقاي ر تطو ع ن الباحث ملساعدة والثبات، الصدق جوانب عن عامة ملحة وتقدم عمال، وإدارة عملية ن وتحس امناسبة ر القياس. تطو أدوات ر لتطو الالزمة طوات ا شرح تحديدا، أك ل ش و شمل املحتوى : وال صدق من والتحقق البنود من عينة توليد خاللھ يتم الذي ي املفا . التحديد وحساب العينة م وتحديد ، و ختبار إجراء ا خالل يتم وال ، امل إدارة التالية طوة وا يتما كما ، و املقياس بنود عدد لتقليل ستكشا العام التحليل إجراء يتم ذلك، عد و لثبات، املقياس، ة معنو الختبار التوكيدي العام التحليل استخدام يتم ا وأخ ، الداخ ساق فحص ي التمي والصدق ي التقار الصدق .واختبار املفتاحية لمات القياس،وماملف،البناء: ال .الثبات،الصدق،سلم يف jel: m31،m30،m10تص abstract : this article aims to demystify the steps in the measurement scale design and development in the marketing and management fields, and it presents an overview of the reliability and validity aspects to help researchers to develop appropriate measurement scales and to improve their development process. more specifically, it explains the necessary steps of tool development which includes the conceptual definition in which items are generated and content validation is checked, a survey management in that pre-test is conducted, the sample size is determined, and reliability is calculated, next, to reduce the initial item number the exploratory factor analysis is conducted, and internal consistency is examined, finally, the confirmatory factor analysis is used to test the significance of the scale, and to test the convergent and discriminate validity. keywords: construct, concept, measurement scale, validity, reliability.  املر وردة.د: سلااملؤلف ouarda.djeffel@gmail: يميل، جفال https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i2.34&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-06-30 ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 137 -120 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) دارة واالقتصادجملـة حبوث اإل 121 jel classification m31 ،m30 ،m10 : مقدمة. 1 الباحثون ستخدم بحيث قياس، ع الغالب قية سو وال ة دار ر الظوا دراسة تنطوي ك الفقرات متعددة س املقاي عد و م، دراسا س املقاي حيان من كث ة دار العلوم ي ال ال املعقدة الب لقياس ستخدم و ذلك، غراراستخداما ع مباشر ل ش ا مالحظ مكن ا وطبيع ا ي ما عن والكشف الب ذه ملعرفة وسيلة و واملعتقدات،و والقيم ات عدّ. تجا ُ ومنھ ة دار العلوم مجال دراسة أي أساسية مرحلة ن مقبول وثبات بصدق يتم مقياس ر تطو ن العامل وأداء الوظيفي فالرضا قية، سو ائن،وال الز رضا املثل و دارة، املواضيع من ا وغ قياس تتطلب ر ظوا ا جميع العالمة قوة وتقييم دمات ا جودة ات.وتقييم املتغ قياس كيفية عد و ة قيةدار سو منوال وسليمة يحة قة مبطر اأ تحقيق إ س أن يجب ال داف بحثھ إعداد عند م.الباحث أ بع اوت م أ من وال القياس عملية ع تب ت ال مة امل النتائج من ا ي توصل ال النتائج صدق بالإمدى نتائج إ تؤدي وسالمتھ املقياس ة عدم أن إذ الباحث؛ ا ل ذا من املستفيد أو للباحث سواء واملال د وا للوقت مضيعة عت و يحة، غ شك يجب.البحث القياس ا،فأدوات تطبيق عن الناتجة البيانات الثقة يتم ح وثابتة صادقة ون ت أن القياس أخطاء من يخفض س املقاي وثبات صدق .ألن الدراسة. 1.1 الية :إش س مقاي ع عتمد ا عض أن يجد ة دار العلوم مجال ية العر للدراسات املتفحص إن ا شر ان حيث ية، غر سياقات مسبقا أبحاثمعدة ا ر تطو تم ال س للمقاي ن الباحث ستخدام ا مالءم يضمن ال ذلك أن غ دبيات، إ شارة مع ا استخدام ائز ا من أصبح أن منذ سابقة، ع عتماد إ الغالب يرجع الدراسات ذه القياس ضعف وراء ب الس أن يبدو إذ ا، وصدق سابقا، شورة امل املعتمدةعمال القياس ات مقار وغرض نوعية عن النظر ون. غض ي وقد ما مجال جيدة غ س مقاي ع عتماد ستمرار وراء با س السابقة س املقاي .استخدام دون بذلك القيام أن غ ة، كب قيمة ذا السابقة س املقاي استخدام ون ي أن املؤكد فمن ا ذه تطبيق قابلية مدى والقياس،تقييم ة النظر ن ب التوافق ضعف إ يؤدي قد ا ومعان س ملقاي الصدق ضمان أجل من إضافية خطوات اتخاذ ن الباحث ع يجب ومنھ بالسياق املع يرتبط حيث مختلفة سياقات املوجودة س املقاي استخدام .(nielsen, 2014, p. 403)عند املست ع ن الباحث من العديد أن يجد اكما ف راعَ يُ لم س مقاي ر بتطو يقومون ي، العر وى لذلك ية املن املراحل عتماد. إتباع يجب ال س املقاي ر تطو ية ملن ن الباحث ل ذلك عود و ا فراغا.عل سد ل ة دار العلوم مجال س مقاي ناء و ر تطو كيفية شرح مية أ ي تأ طار، ذا و املتخصصون شعره املجالس الدراسة. ذا ذه الية إش تتمثل لھ، ھ التنو سبق ما ع سا وتأس بصدق يتم مقياس ر تطو ضمان أجل من ا ام ل يجب ال ية املن املراحل توضيح محاولة ن مقبول .وثبات الدراسة. 2.1 مية :أ التالية النقاط من الدراسة مية أ بع :ت ر تطو كيفية موضوع أدبياتعد تماما املغيبة املواضيع من ة دار العلوم مقياس ية؛ والعر ة زائر ا البحث ية من قبل من كب تمام با ة دار ات املتغ أحد قياس مسألة ناول ت ال الدراسات تحظى ة؛ خ ونة ن الباحث مراحله املنهجية : تطوير مقياس يف جمايل التسويق وإدارة األعمال جفال وردة وضوابطه 122 إتباع مراعاة عدم تتم ال لألبحاث الواسع شار رن تطو أجل من منظمة ية من مراحل ن؛ مقبول وثبات بصدق تتم أداة الواقع؛ أرض ع املجردة ة دار يم املفا شغيل ساعد مة م أداة املقياس ر تطو عد الدراسة .3.1 داف :أ إ الدراسة ذه :دف ة؛ دار العلوم مقياس ر تطو كيفية عن الغموض إزالة معل الباحث عإكساب العملية ذه القيام أجل من س املقاي ر بتطو خاصة ارات وم ومات مثل؛ الوجھ من ن، مقبول وثبات بصدق تتم س مقاي بناء أجل من بع ت أن يجب ال املراحل توضيح م بدراسا اصة ا س املقاي ر تطو أثناء أخطاء الوقوع ن الباحث من العديد ب تجن شأنھ العلوم ة؛مجال دار املعنية املجاالت عليھ عتماد يمكن جيدة س مقاي إعداد من ن الباحث ن .تمك الدراسة. 2 :محتوى فية. 1.2 التعر وانب ملقياس: ا ا ر تطو الباحث ا بع ي أن يجب ال املراحل ملختلف التطرق قبل املفتا يم املفا عض ي معا تحديد وجب ما، ة إدار رة بظا املقالخاص ذا ستخدم س ال :حية القياس 1.1.2 ف : عر والفروق املختلفة شياء قيم تقدير ا خالل من يتم ال العمليات بمع قياس لمة ستخدم ُ كمية بصورة ا و .بي أو بأرقام، قاسة ُ امل السمات أو صائص ل تمثيل بأنھ عام ل ش القياس عرف و أ باألرقام، للبيانات معينةوصف ر ظوا عن التعب ا بواسط يتم ال جراءات من مجموعة و و محددة معاي وفق الكم شوري،(بلغة .)2014ت بأنھ القياس عرف معينة"كما لقاعدة وفقا حداث أو لألشياء أرقام قياس". تخصيص وعند ارالنجر يقول معينة رة عkerlingerظا الدالة صائص ا قياس يتم رةبأنھ الظا ع. تلك و رة الظا تلك إ ش ال شياء ل الدالة صائص . (de villiers, 2007, p. 117)با وم 2.1.2 املف ف : عر معقـدة نيـة ذ صـياغة أو فكـار رة جو ل ش و و ، النماذج لبناء ساس ر ا ـوم املف عـد وال الواق لعاملھ الباحث م وف ات تحكمھملدر ال ر العطوي،(ظوا و ي صفحة2011الع ،06.( التفاصيل من مجموعة عميم خالل من شكيلھ يتم الذي د التجر و وم .kerlinger, 1973, p)فاملف املحددة. (28 االت ا من عددا مالحظة ع بناء تاجھ است أو رسمھ يتم لفظي د تجر و & watt)ف berg, 1995, p. 11). البناءعر 3.1.2 : ف ة"وconstructالبناء نظر مية أ ذات رة ظا لوصف ستخدم ي مفا وسواء". مصط ا امنً بناءً عت و ف ال أم مباشر ل ش للمالحظة قابلة البناء ا يصف ال رة الظا قياس. انت تم و للمالح القابلة النتائج ا أ ع عرف وال مؤشرات، باستخدام البناء منذا ا جمع تم وال ظة، خرى الوسائل عض أو املالحظة أو املقابلة، أو الذاتية، ر التقار مختلفة،خالل ات متغ الب وتمثل الدراسة محل رة الظا م ف م لعب. (roy, tarafdar, ragu-nathan, & marsillac, 2012)سا و يلعبھ الذي الدور نفس مباشرةالبناء عالقة وجود عدم يتم إذ منھ، دا تجر أك عت لكنھ وم، املف ره ومظا د التجر ن وضوحا) مؤشراتھ(ب ك يم املفا من منطقي ج مز من ون يت فالبناء املالحظة، مباشر ل ش ا مالحظ يمكن ال .(watt & berg, 1995, p. 12)أي ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 137 -120 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) دارة واالقتصادجملـة حبوث اإل 123 املقياس 4.1.2 ف :عر من أداة بأرقامو ا ع والتعب الدراسة موضوع رة الظا لقياس ي)2004حافظ،(ظمة فل ، أو اصية ا طبيعة مع م ي مقياس أو معينة، قياس أداة استخدام من البدّ القياس عملية تتم رة ا–الظا دق مستوى وتتفاوت دارة مجال املستخدمة س املقاي نوع وت الدراسة، موضوع عض محددةليصل ملواصفات وفقا ه عي يتم أن عد الدقة من عال مستوى إ تتفاوت. ا ا أ كما إليھ وصلت الذي الصدق ومستوى الدقة، مستوى إ تصل أن دون ا ثبا أو ا، صدق مستوى ة دار رة الظا د عقّ و ذلك ب الس ولعّل يائية، الف س رة) التنظيمية(املقاي ظا ا بوصف س الطفولةإ مرحلة مازال والذي رة الظا ذه ل يتحدى الذي القياس، علم حداثة إ باإلضافة انية، الطبيعية العلوم من ه غ س ق ر. إذا تطو أمام حائال يقف وال يمنع، ال ة دار رة الظا عقد أنّ إالّ إداري شاط ل و مستوى ل و مجال ل ب خاصة قياس ة شوري،(نظر .)2014ت ة .3 دار العلوم مقياس ر تطو : مراحل تؤدي سلسلة، م خطوات عدة القيام ع ول املقام س املقاي تصميم عملية عتمد ، املع املجال عليھ د عتمَ ُ جيد، مقياس إعداد انية إم يح وت خطاء، من كث تجنب إ اية ال ستوجب ملا نظرا خاصا، با تدر تحتاج عو ا القيام ع ساعد وعم نظري أساس توافر من ھ مثل ا. الوجھ مجمل ركزت س، املقاي ر لتطو أساسية مراحل عدة استعراض يتم سوف ي وفيما ي ما املراحل ذه شمل و ا، وثبا القياس أداة صدق من التأكد :ع للبناء1.3 يمي املفا املجال تحديد طوة ا صالحيتھتنطوي واختبار مقياس ر تطو لعملية والثبات–و الصدق ناحية -من للبناء ي املفا املجال تحديد املتعلقةconstructع ات النظر بدراسة الباحث بقيام وذلك ، يتعلق فيما بدليل تزوده أن ات النظر ذه ل يمكن إذ بتمعن، ا قياس املراد اصية ا أو وم باملف ي املفا ومبالصيغ املف ذا شغيل ل الالزمة ع. مة ساعده أن شأنھ من ة النظر تفحص أن كما ع س ول دف، املس املجال ع يركز املقياس محتوى أن لضمان وم للمف ونة امل العوامل تحديد بھ املرتبطة يم ا. املفا تناول مشروعية ر ي نظري أساس إ ند س أن املقاسة اصية ل بدّ فال أوُوعر السمة تفّسر ال ة النظر جدوى مدى من للتأكد صل عداً مُ املقياس ون ي وقد ا، ف ع فاالطالع ذلك عن فضال ا، ل عدّ أو ة النظر تفيد قد املستخلصة يجة والن املقاسة، اصية ا للعناصر ية س ال مية باأل الباحث د يزوّ قد بالقياس، دفة املس اصية ل ة النظر الفرعيةطر مية لتلك ا وفقً عد فيما املقياس بنود العناصر ل مثَّ تُ ثم ومن اصية، ل ونة .امل غرار ع ن الباحث من العديد ع(churchill, 1979 )أشار التعرف تتطلب ال املرحلة ذه بأن تتطلب ولكن فقط، والتقاطھ رصده أو تمثيلھ أجل من البناء، أو وم املف ذا ية مناقشةما أيضا الصلة ذات خرى يم املفا أو الب عن البناء ذا يختلف ع. كيف يجب تحديدا، أك صورة و مع تتفق قة طر و ا، ف س ل ال عبارات يتھ وما البناء طبيعة تحديد املرحلة ذه خالل الباحث السابق تت. (churchill, 1979, p. 67 )بحاث اسمة ا و طوة دقيقفا تصور وضع مثل النظري وسياقھ دف املس للبناء تم. (jarvis, mackenzie , & podsakoff, 2003, p. 298 )ومفصل و و ن املمارس مع املقابالت وإجراء السابقة، البحوث البناء تحديد كيفية دراسة خالل من أو/ ذلك ن املتخصص اء تحدي. ا و دبيات مراجعة من دف أووال للمصط السابقة ستخدامات د ذلك إ وما الوثيقة، العالقة ذات والب ، و ف من. التعار تمثيلية مجموعة ن و ت ن الباحث وع مع ذي ل ش صائص ا ذه تنظم مصفوفات ناء و ا، خصائص واستخالص فات، ا. التعر أمّ مراحله املنهجية : تطوير مقياس يف جمايل التسويق وإدارة األعمال جفال وردة وضوابطه 124 اء ا أو ن املمارس مع املقابالت إجراء من دف سيةال الرئ وانب ا تحديد أو(فيتمثل صائص البناء) ا (jarvis, mackenzie , & podsakoff, 2003, p. 298 )لنطاق س املقاي ر تطو بحوث سية رئ ضعف نقطة ي املفا املجال تحديد كفاءة عدم عت ُ . السابق البحوث كفاية عدم لة مش ا رأس وع سباب من للعديد ذلك عود يتأثر. ةو قد كما عد حصائية ساليب أن ن ح س، املقاي ر لتطو ي حصا املن بإتباع كب ل ش الباحثون من فائدة ال أنھ غ التمايزي، والصدق ي التقار الصدق وإثبات ، و املقياس تنقية جدا مة م جي ل ش قياسھ املراد البناء تحديد يتم لم إذا ا .(wymer & alves, 2012 )دورا املوجودة ة النظر عناية يتفحص أن الباحث ع ن يتع مقياس، ر لتطو أو كخطوة ومنھ ة النظر الصياغات ر بتطو يتعلق فيما دليال توفر أن يمكن إذْ قياسھ، املراد وم املف أو بالبناء املتعلقة شغيلھ ل تح.الالزمة و املرحلة ذه ل الرئ دف فال تحديدومنھ ثم ومن النظري، ساس ديد التحديد أو وم املف شغيل ف الواقع، أرض ع وم املف شغيل إ دف الذي ي جرا ف التعر أو وم، املف ذا أوجھ النظر خالل من يتم والذي للقياس، قابالً جعلھ إ باألساس دف لھ، العم إل ش ال صائص ا أو السلوكية، عاده للمالحظةأ قابلة عناصر إ ا ل تحو يتم ثمة ومن ا، القياس مؤشرات خ ل ّش ل كيف(sekaran, 2003, p. 176)والقياس، دقيق ل ش يحدد و ف ، الدراسة سياق عنيھ ما حول الوضوح من قدر أق تحقيق يمكنھ كما وم، املف ذا قياس تم س (babbie, 2009, p. 129). ون ل كيفيةوذلك إ لإلشارة افيا ون ي لن للبناء ي املفا ف التعر شغيلية(قياسھ ال الناحية .(diamantopoulos, 2005, p. 02))من لذلك البحث، و الدراسة حدود ون ي الذي ف التعر بأنھ للدراسة ي جرا ف التعر عّرف ُ الفعلية جراءات ف التعر ذا فّصل يُ أن الباحث ميتھع أ تكمن و بحثھ، ا ستخدم س ال ال املالحظة مستوى إ ة، النظر و البنائية، يم املفا مستوى من نتقال للباحث يح يُ ونھ ا عل إذْ. عتمد البحث؛ ناة املت القياس بإجراءات وم املف ط ر إ دف ي جرا ف التعر فاعتماد عن يم املفا ف عر طأ ا قمن طر عن يم املفا ذه عّرف أنُ يجب وإنما ا، خصائص ق طر ا وقياس ا لرصد الالزمة جراءات و الفعلية، .العمليات أو العواقب أو السوابق أو سباب تحديد يتمثل ال للبناء شغي ال ف التعر أن الوا من وم املف ن ب للمالحظ. رتباطات القابلة البناء خصائص يصف و ذاف قياس من التمكن أجل من ة ا. البناء بي لط ا أو يح غ ل ش يم املفا شغيل ب قام إذا ألنھ ذا، الباحث يتذكر أن م امل من صادقة س مقاي نالك ون ي فلن أخرى، يم مفا ن جيدة،. و بيانات نالك ون ت لن أنھ ع ذا و علمية ون ت لن بحاث .(sekaran, 2003, p. 182)و املقياس 1.1.3 عاد أ عدد :تحديد ذا ان إذا ما وتقييم الوراء إ الرجوع م امل من للبناء، ي املفا التحديد من اء ن بمجرد ا بعض و بالبناء ا ارتباط وكيفية ا، م ون يت متعددة فرعية عادا أ نالك أن أم البعد، وحيد البناء شاء.(mackenzie, podsakoff , & podsakoff, 2011)البعض إ عت عاد، متعدد البناء ان فإذا لبناء جيدا مقياسا ر تطو املستحيل من ون ي اد و مقياس، ر تطو عملية من ما م جزءا عاد ذه عاده أ وتحديد معرفة دون (netemeyer, bearden, & sharma , 2003, p. 18 )ما البناء واحدش نظري وم مف إ البعد ف(edwards j. , 2001, p. 144)أحادي عر يمكن إذ ، ذه أن أي املؤشرات، من مجموعة تحت امن واحد بناء أو واحدة سمة وجود ا بأ البعد أحادية فقط واحدا عدا س تق أحادي(anderson, gerbing, & hunter, 1987, p. 432)املؤشرات فالبناء ، املؤشراتالبعد من مجموعة إ ند س واحدة خاصية وجود إ ,roy, tarafdar, ragu-nathan)ش ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 137 -120 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) دارة واالقتصادجملـة حبوث اإل 125 & marsillac, 2012, p. 35) .البعد وحيدة ا أ بحاث من العديد ت أثب فقد الشركة سمعة )مثل caruana & chircop, 2000). بحاث شارا ان ك فتعد عاد متعددة الب البحوثأما الب فمعظم ة، دار عاد متعددة ب ة البناء(roy, tarafdar, ragu-nathan, & marsillac, 2012)دار عت و ، ا نظر وما مف فتمثل البعض ا ببعض مرتبطة ا ولك ة متم عاد أ عدة إ ش عندما عاد متعدد ع. واحدا مثلة الرضاومن أنھ ع تصوره يتم الذي جما الوظيفي الرضا عاد، متعددة الب محددة، ام م لألداء تجميع أنھ ع لھ ينظر العام الوظيفي داء و املتعددة، العمل جوانب عن متعددة سلوكية فرعية عاد أ ع شمل ال لية التحو ال(والقيادة عتبار املثال، يل س فردي،ع ا ، الذ التحف ، املثا افتلك). التأث ولك مختلفة يم مفا من ون تت عاد متعددة الب البعض ا ببعض منفصل. (edwards j. , 2001, p. 144)مرتبطة وجود لھ س ل عاد املتعدد فالبناء عاده أ أحا. بدون ا بدور عاد متعدد البناء عاد أ ون ت أن مكن عادو متعددة أو البعد ,roy)دية tarafdar, ragu-nathan, & marsillac, 2012, p. 38) .املفيد عاد، متعدد البناء ان إذا ما ولتحديد التالية سئلة ع جابة و للبناء ساسية صائص ا :إدراج البعض ا عض عن للبناء ساسية صائص ا تتم مو (كيف عن النظر اغض ضوع ك ؟)املش مة؟ م قة بطر البناء مجال د يقيّ أن يمكن ا م واحد أي إقصاء ل واحد أي ع والقضاء ا، نوع من دة فر جوانب ا ل توجد ال ساسية صائص ا انت فإذا ي املفا املنظور من البعد أحادي و البناء أن القول يمكن للبناء، ي املفا املجال يقيد لن ا . م أو وحذف البناء، من دة وفر مختلفة جوانب تصف ساسية صائص ا انت إذا ن، ح عاد متعدد و البناء أن إ ش ذا ف للبناء، ي املفا املجال يقيد أن شأنھ من ا م أي إقصاء ي مفا منظور .من ية 2.1.3 تكو أم عاكسة للبناء لة املش عاد انت إذا ما :تحديد طبيعةإ ا ف النظر ب ي ال الثانية يمية املفا املسألة فإن عاد، متعدد البناء ان ذا ع والبناء الفرعية عاد ن ب عاده)العام(العالقة وأ عاد املتعدد البناء ن ب العالقات إن ، عال تمثل بل منفصلة، يمية مفا كيانات ن ب ط تر ية سب قوى ست ل العامالفرعية البناء ن ب قات عاد لھ] الفرعية[و ش أو تمثلھ .ال ن املؤلف من العديد الحظ العام، بالبناء الفرعية عاد ارتباط كيفية شأن القرار اتخاذ عند التالية ساؤالت ال ع جابة املفيد من :أنھ أو العام للبناء ر مظا ا أ ع الفرعية عاد إ نظر يُ لھ؟ل محددة كخصائص أم الفرعیة؟ عاده أ من میة أ وأک أعمق مستوى ع منفصل ل ش العام البناء لیوجد الفرعیة؟ عاده أل دالة العام البناء لیعت من أ أم الفرعية، عاد جميع ات بالتغي العام البناء التغي يرتبط أن يمكن ل بتغ مرتبطا ون ي أن الفرعيةاملمكن عاد من فقط واحد عاد(عد جميع س ؟)ول عاده أل دالة و العام البناء فإن للبناء، محددة خصائص ا أ ع الفرعية عاد إ ظر نُ إذا فضل من التا و العام، البناء بتغ الفرعية عاد أحد التغي يرتبط أن مكن و الفرعية، عاد الثانيةاعتبار الدرجة من للبناء يا و ت مؤشرا إ. الفرعية عاد من تتدفق فالعالقات وعليھ التجمي البناء ذا س أن مكن و و(البناء، محددةaggregate) الت عاد أ يجّمع أو يجمع ألنھ عام وم . (edwards j. , 2001, p. 145)مف مراحله املنهجية : تطوير مقياس يف جمايل التسويق وإدارة األعمال جفال وردة وضوابطه 126 الرضا و و الت املقياس عن جوانبمثال عن الرضا من ون يت بناء و ف ، الك الوظيفي قية ال وفرص واملشرف، العمل، وزمالء جر، و العمل، مثل محددة، , mackenzie, podsakoff)عمل & podsakoff, 2011)نجد قي سو ال املجال ية و الت الب أمثلة ومن عدي: ، من ون تت ال الثقة من التأكد عدم من ل ش ي والذي القرارات صنع ن اليق عدم نجد كما واملصداقية، ية ا الثقة ودرجة بالعواقب بؤ الت ع القدرة املتاحة، ,jarvis, mackenzie , & podsakoff ).املعلومات 2003, p. 123) .ل ر مظا ا أ ع الفرعية عاد إ نظر إذا ذلك، من النقيض البناءوع فإن لبناء، يؤدي أن املتوقع ومن الفرعية، عاده أ من ضمنية وأك أعمق مستوى ع منفصل ل ش يوجد العام عاد اعتبار فضل من لذا الفرعية، عاده أ جميع ات غي إحداث إ العام البناء غي أي الثانية الدرجة من العام البناء عكس ا أ ع ,mackenzie, podsakoff , & podsakoff)الفرعية 2011, p. 302)،سق امل البناء ذا ع يطلق أن مكن و ا، عاد أ إ البناء من تتدفق فالعالقات ومنھ ا( محددةsuperordinate) ع عاد بأ يتج عاما وما مف يمثل (edwards j. , 2001, p. 146).ألنھ إ ممارسات جوانب املثال يل س الشاملةع ودة ا ,roy, tarafdar, ragu-nathan, & marsillac)دارة 2012). السؤال فإن یة، و ت مؤشرات عت وال املتعددة الفرعیة عاد ذات للب سبة بال أما ا البناء شکیل الفرعیةل عاد ن ب مع ا وکیفیة فيھ التمعن یحتاجإ الذي جميع. لعامالثالث و ك مش ل ش تحدده ال الفرعية عاد لأل دالة و العام البناء فإن النماذج، ما. ذه و، والسؤال أن ن الباحث أحد رى و ضرب؟، أو جمع ل الدالة؟ ا"نوع ف متضمنة ية سب ات نظر ا ل يم " املفا أن الظا"بمع علم عن ة نظر ل ش وم للمف ساسية صائص النظرا قيد ,mackenzie)"رة podsakoff , & podsakoff, 2011, p. 327) .تحديد و البناء تصور من أساسيا جزءا أن رأيھ و مع البناء إلعطاء الفرعية عاد ا تجمع ال قة .الطر العام البناء مع إلنتاج ضية عو قة بطر الفرعية عاد تتجمع ، الب لبعض سبة بال خرى بط الفرعية عاد آثار عن مستقال العام البناء ع فر عد ل تأث تجعل قة ضمنيا،. ر يكفي فردي فر عد ل التغي أن إ ل ي ال ذا ا(ش ضرور س ل مع) ولكن غي إلحداث العام إذا. البناء الوظيفي، داء مثل لبناء مناسبا ل ي ال ذا ون ي عادهوقد أ من ل أن ضنا اف العمل(الفرعية ان م نحراف وسلوكيات التنظيمية املواطنة وسلوك مة امل إحداث) أداء م س خرى، الفرعية عاد من أي بآثار لھ عالقة ال فر عد ل أثر م و الوظيفي، داء ات غي أنھ بمع بدال لالس قابلة الفرعية عاد باآلخرو ا أحد ض عو النماذج،. يمكن من النوع ذا العام البناء شكيل ل معا الفرعية عاد جمع أدائھ. يتم ادة ز للموظف يمكن املثال، يل س ع سلوك تقليل ق طر عن أو التنظيمية املواطنة سلوك ادة ز أو مة امل أداء ادة ز ق طر عن إما الوظيفي العمل ان م عاده. نحراف أ اتحاد يمثل العام البناء أن ذا ع ة، النظر الناحية ومن الب.الفرعية ميع مناسبا س ل النموذج ذا ذلك، عاد. ومع ل ش ، الب لبعض سبة فبال صائص ا ة/ الفرعیة الضرور صائص البناء ا مع ك مش ل أن. ش إ ذا وم املف ل ي ش و ي العام الفرالبناء البعد تقاطع الفر1مثل والبعد الفر2، والبعد ذلك3، إ الناحية. وما ومن الفرعية عاد ن ب متعدد بتفاعل ل يا ال من النوع ذا تمثيل يمكن املثال،. العملية، يل س ع سواء حد ع والثقة ة ا تتطلب ا أ ع املصدر مصداقية تصور جتماع علماء ع.وضع ذا و باملصداقية سم ي ح ن السمت من ى أد حد لھ ون ي أن يجب املصدر املصدر. أن فإن أخرى، عبارة و باملصداقية سم ي ال بالثقة، جدير غ ولكنھ ة، ا يمتلك الناحية. الذي من املصدر فمصداقية ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 137 -120 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) دارة واالقتصادجملـة حبوث اإل 127 ن ا بأ عرف بل ة؛ وا الثقة عن تنجم مختلفة ية ب ست ل يمية الثقةاملفا تاج ة .(mackenzie, podsakoff , & podsakoff, 2011, pp. 301-302)وا ية و الت والب العاكسة الب ن ب ق للتفر إطارا املوا دول ا ,coltman, devinney):يقدم midgley, & venaik, 2008) رقم دول ية): 01(ا التكو والب العاكسة الب ن ب ق التفر كيفية ا تكو ع ا البناء شكيلھ طبيعة يتم امن ال موجود البناء امن ال البناء العالقـــــــــــــــة اتجـــــــــــــــاه ن بـــــــــــــــــــــ ية الســـــــــــــــــــــب والبنــــاء املؤشــــرات امن ال املؤشــــــرات. مـــــن ية الســـــب العالقـــــات البناء .إ ـ. تبـاين ب سـ ال البناء التباين عاد أو .املؤشرات ســـــ. عــــاد أو املؤشــــرات بتبــــاين البناء .تباين ـــــ. إ ـــــامن ال البنـــــاء مـــــن ية الســـــب العالقـــــات .املؤشرات ــــــــــــ. التبــــــــــــاين ب ســــــــــــ البنــــــــــــاء ــــــــــــ التبــــــــــــاين .املؤشرات ب. ســــــ ال عــــــاد أو املؤشــــــرات ــــــ التبــــــاين البناء .تباين خصــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــائص املؤشــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــرات ــــــــــــــ املســــــــــــــتخدمة البناء قياس البناء. تحدد ال .املؤشرات املؤ . تحتــــــــــــــــاج ـــــــــــــــــونال ت أن شــــــــــــــــرات واحد موضوع كة .مش للتبديل. قابلة غ .املؤشرات ـــ. غ قـــد إســـقاطھ أو مؤشـــر إضــافة للبناء ي املفا . املجال البناء. خالل من املؤشرات ر .تظ املوضوع. نفس املؤشرات ك .ش للتبديل. قابلة .املؤشرات املجـــال. مـــن ـــ غ ال حذفـــھ أو مؤشـــر إضـــافة للبناءاملف ي .ا ن بــــــــــــ رتباطــــــــــــات املؤشرات نمــــــــــط. أي ا لــــــــــد س لــــــــــ املؤشــــــــــرات ابط ال من . مسبق النمـــــــــــوذج. ـــــــــــ للمؤشـــــــــــرات يمكـــــــــــن ارتباطــا ــا نظر تمتلــك ال أن ــو الت منخفضا أو .مرتفعا ــــــــــ. تجر تقيــــــــــيم: اختبــــــــــار يمكــــــــــن ال يــــــــــــــــا تجر الثبـــــــــــــــــات عـــــــــــــــــد. مؤشــــــــــــــــر و مفيـــــدة املختلفـــــة وليـــــة التحلـــــيالت العناصـــــرل ن بـــــ تجـــــاه مـــــن لتحقـــــق .والبناء عالقــــــــــات. ذات املؤشـــــــــرات ــــــــــون ت أن يجـــــــــب عالية .إيجابية ـــــــــــــ. تجر ســـــــــــــاق: ختبـــــــــــــار تقيـــــــــــــيم يـــــــــــــتم ألفـــــــا معامـــــــل ـــــــق طر عـــــــن والثبـــــــات الـــــــداخ .كرونباخ شــــــــــــــبع. و املســــــــــــــتخلص، التبــــــــــــــاين متوســــــــــــــط العـام(العوامل التحليل املثال، يل س ع )التوكيدي وأخطا القياس ء طية ا ســبان. ا ـ القيـاس أخطـاء تؤخـذ البناء مستوى .ع ــــــ. ع ســــــبان ا ــــــ القيــــــاس أخطــــــاء تؤخــــــذ البنود .مستوى source : (t. coltman, t. m. devinney, d. f. midgley and s. venaik, 2008, pp 1250-1262) العبارات2.3 من مجموعة توليد تح من اء ن املرادبمجرد للمتغ النظري لألساس شامل م ف ن و وت ، ي املفا املجال ديد البنود(hinkin, 1998, p. 101)قياسھ من مجموعة توليد تتمثل ال الثانية طوة ا نطالق يتم )items(عت وُ السابقة، املرحلة تحديده تم الذي ل بالش وم، املف التقاط أو رصد ا شأ من ال ، مراحله املنهجية : تطوير مقياس يف جمايل التسويق وإدارة األعمال جفال وردة وضوابطه 128 ذه ومفيدة مة م ا وغ ة، ا واستطالعات دبيات، البحث ا ف بما ستكشافية البحوث يتم. املرحلة ون م أو عد كم و سابقا، املتغ تحديد كيفية إ ش أن يجب ,churchill )فاألدبيات 1979, p. 67). .ح ق ختيا(hinkin, 1998)و للباحث يمكن ن ت العبارات،مقار لتوليد ا بي من ر ستقرائية ة املقار ف الثانية ا أمّ تاجية، ست ة املقار و . تتمثل يكفي ما توف ا شأ من النظري ساس بأنّ ترى ا و من ا، سمي و ة املقار ستمد املقار ذه وتتطلب العبارات، من أولية مجموعة لتوليد املعلومات محلمن رة للظا م ف تحقيق ة ستخدم ُ حيث البحث، قيد للبناء نظري ف عر ر تطو أجل من لألدبيات، شاملة ومراجعة الدراسة، العبارات ر لتطو مرشد أو كدليل ف التعر . ذا ا، عل التعرف ل س بحيث عاد، بتحديد للبناء ي املفا ساس سمح ال عندما ن ح ع فيما ن يمكّ منما املقياس ر تطو إ الة ا ذه مثل الباحثون أ ي املقياس، عبارات توليد من د محل رة الظا حول ن املستجو من عينة إ أسئلة توجيھ ق طر عن وذلك ي، ستقرا املن خالل خالل من لفئات ا يف تص خ ليتم العبارات، من مجموعة ع صول ا يتم ثم ومن الدراسة، التحليل ا عل يطبق ثمة ومن املتعدد، التحكيم تقنية أو الفرز، تقنية أو املحتوى، تحليل تقنية العوامل الستخراج .العام ي ما تحديد يجب العبارات مجموعة توليد :(hinkin, 1998) عند املقياس 1.2.3 عبارات :عدد و و أال س، املقاي بناء مجال ع شا سؤال عدد: "نالك يحتويكم أن يجب ال العبارات املقياس؟ ا لكن"عل القرار، ذا اتخاذ توجھ عة وسر صارمة، قواعد وجود عدم ت يث الواقع أنّ إال ، والتعب ر ال عن الناجم التّح من د ل فّعالة وسيلة عت مختصُر مقياس ,hinkin, 1998) ضمان pp. 103-104) . الباحث يضمن أن أيضا م امل منمن مجال ل تحت البنود من مناسبا عددا النطاق ي املفا املجال شمل ال سية الرئ املحتوى يقع. مجاالت فقد ذلك، الباحث ين لم وإذا ي ا ال املقياس العناصر تمثيل نقص ل ل. مش ش البناء عاد أ من عد ل قياس ولضمان رسمية فرعية س مقاي شاء بإ يو سيةمناسب، الرئ املقياس عاد أ من عد ل أن. لقياس جب و البعد ذا مية أ مع متناسبة عد ل ل املخصصة البنود عدد ون ,singh, junnarkar, & kaur )ي 2016, p. 20). ستجابة 2.2.3 ل ش : تحديد غوتمان كمقياس املتاحة املختلفة، القياس ال أش من العديد ناك أنّ من louis بالرغم guttman ستون وث ، louis leonthurstonيك سيمان ومقياس ، semantic differentialطوره الذي charles osgoodو ف املسوحات، مجال ليكرت مقياس استخدام يتم حيان أغلب ھ أنّ إال ، ج ومن العاملية، التحليالت الستخدام سب أنھ كما السلوكية، البحوث فائدة وك أخرى ة واملقارنة ساب ل ل ذي. (shipton, 2001, p. 7 )س ليكرت لسلم ن الباحث استخدام من الرغم وع ا تتوسط فقط درجات خمس من ف يتألّ ان للمقياس ره تطو عند فليكرت درجات، سع وال السبع م عت السبا أو ما ا املقياس بأن يرى من نالك أنّ كما محايد، بحوثدرجة أك ناسباً التنظيمية .(tharenou, donohue, & coope, 2007, p. 168 )العلوم ي كما مس ا ذي ارت لي لسلم وفقا ستجابة ل ش تحديد شدة،=1: يتم موافق = 2غ موافق، موافق،= 3غ غ وال موافق شدة5موافق،=4ال . موافق للتحقق 3.2.3 اء خ نة إ وء املحتوى ال صدق : من ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 137 -120 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) دارة واالقتصادجملـة حبوث اإل 129 تصال املوالية، طوة ا ل تتمثّ للمقياس، ولية العبارات ر تطو من اء ن بمجرد املحتوى كفاءة حيث من املقياس عبارات ملراجعة اء ا من & ,tharenou, donohue )بمجموعة coope, 2007, pp. 166-167) .، قب اختبار بمثابة عت املرحلُة ذه الف العبارات بحذف سمح ة النظر الناحية من ا ساق ا عدم ر ظ .(hinkin, 1998, p. 117) تُ لھ ا وتمثيل تقييمھ املراد بالبناء القياس أداة عناصر ارتباط درجة إ املحتوى صدق ش الر ( جزاء يمثل ا وجميع والتعليمات ستجابة، ال وأش البنود، القياس أداة عناصر شمل سيةو ئ يان قياسھ. (slavec & drnovšek, 2012, p. 43 )لالست املراد للبناء املقياس عناصر تمثيل معيار حمل و ن :معني التأكد يجب عليھ ناء و دف، املس البناء مع البناء عناصر تناسب مدى إ ول املع ش كما البناء، محتوى تمثل ا ر تطو تم ال البنود مجموعة أن امن کفاء مدى حیث من ا تقییم يجب قياسھ املراد بالبناء ا عالق ومدى ي املفا املجال بنود. تحدید جميع مراجعة يجب التا و البناء تخصص مجال ن محكم قبل من من. (slavec & drnovšek, 2012, pp. 43-44 )املقياس أي املحتوى صدق من للتحقق املحتوى مجال ة ا تقديمذوي يتم ما غالبا املرحلة، ذه ، البنود بعاد اس أو وإضافة لتعديل احات رسمية. اق مذكرة البنود تقييم ون ي أن ب ومن. و أنھ ع بند ل يف تص ا ف يتم تقييم قة طر استخدام وا"املمكن ل ش حد"أو" ممثل إ ل ّ ممِث ممثل"أو" ما ديدة" غ ا ية .للب نأمّ بتدو يو لذلك للبناء، العناصر تمثيل درجة إ ش ف التمثيلية ملعيار ي الثا املع ا ن املحكم ا ع ع ال التعليقات جميع ع اء(املالحظات والوضوح،) ا بالتمثيل، يتعلق فيما الق أداة ر ومظ وطول سلسل و ستجابة، ال وأش التعليمات، ووضوح البنود، نادا. ياسوصياغة واس القياس أداة تنقيح ب ي للبنود، التمثي باملعيار اصة ا التعليقات ذه آراء. إ من الرغم وع ا رفض أو اء ا نصيحة لقبول ي ا ال فالقرار ا، بعاد اس أو ا عديل أو بالبنود حتفاظ حول اء ا املطور مسؤولية .(slavec & drnovšek, 2012, pp. 55-56 )و البيانات3.3 وجمع التجر ختبار ا تجر الضروري من ان حة، املق القياس أداة محتوى صدق من التحقق تم عدما أو ة، الوا غ العبارات ع التعرف دف وذلك ، الك املجتمع من ة صغ عينة ع ميدانيا، وذ مختلفة، بطرق ن املستجو ا م يف قد ال قةالعبارات بطر ا صياغ إعادة أو ا حذف غرض لك خ. مناسبة سمح ما املختلفة، عاده بأ يان ست ثبات بقياس التجر ختبار سمح كما بدرجات يتم مقياس ع صول ل ا وحذف الثبات، ع سلبا تؤثر أن ا شأ من ال العبارات بتحديد الثبات من .عالية :تجرالختبار1.3.3 آلراء وفقا ا عديل و ا نقي ب القيام تم عدما القياس، أداة استخدام تم س املرحلة، ذه ا بتحكيم قاموا الذين اء محل. ا للمجتمع ممثلة عينة ع يان ست ذا عرض ن ب و ن(hinkin, 1998) الدراسة املشارك من ة كب عينة ع إدارتھ قبل إجراء. ، عوتم تجر اختبار غرض وذلك ة صغ : عينة داة؛ خطاء تحديد إخراج؛ إعادة تتطلب ال داة أقسام تحديد ن؛ املستجو من ة كب عينة ع يان ست إدارة عند ا مواج املمكن ل املشا توقع ستقصاء نتائج ن تحس التا .و مراحله املنهجية : تطوير مقياس يف جمايل التسويق وإدارة األعمال جفال وردة وضوابطه 130 البيانات2.3.3 : جمع إجراء يتم نطالقعدما يتم ا، ثبا من والتأكد حة، املق القياس ألداة التجر ختبار إجراء عند ا توظيف أجل من الدراسة، عينة مفردات من ولية البيانات جمع غية وذلك ، امل واللذان مقياس، ر تطو مراحل م أ من ما باعتبار والتوكيدي، ستكشا العام التحليل ساعدان امليدانيةس البيانات مع متوافقا يصبح بحيث وتنقيتھ، املقياس عبارات عدد . تقليص املتعلقة املوالية النقطة ھ سنو ما ذا و املناسب، العينة م تحديد العملية ذه خالل جب و مجا مقياس ر تطو لعملية املالئم العينة م تحديد ا ضو يتم ال ية التوج لبالقواعد قية سو وال ة دار .العلوم العينة1.3.3 :م سية رئ نقاط ثالث ناك ، ص املجتمع من ا اتيجية واس العينة م تحديد عتبار ن ع تؤخذ أن . يجب ة و امل العينة م يتوافق أن يجب بحيث ص املجتمع م ع و النقطة تركز للمجتم الك العدد . عمع مقياس ر تطو بصدد الباحث أن ما و ا، وأسئل الدراسة دف ع كز ف الثانية النقطة ا أمّ سبكتور أشار فقد املجال ذا و والثبات، بالصدق ر(spector, 1992, p. 8)يتم تطو عملية أنّ إ من ا م اوح ي عينة تتطلب .مفردة(200)إ(100) مقياس الثالثة النقطة ا ،أمّ العام التحليل باستخدام املرتبطة حتياجات و عتبارات ع كز ف أو العامgorsuch (1983)حيث التحليل العينة م يتعدى أن يجب ھ أنّ ),مفردة(100)إ maccallum, widaman, zhang, & hong, 1999, p. 84)وآخرون ح اق السياق نفس و ،hair et alونبأن ي أن يجب العينة أك(100)م ،(williams, onsman, & brown, 2010, p. 04)أو أشار صفحة2012تيغزة،(كما عينة)124، تتطلب ال حصائية الطرق من العام التحليل بأن ة ا. كب م ال العينة بأن ن من ناك مقبولة(100)و عت ر. مفردة تطو مسألة أنّ ما و يفوقمقيا أن الضروري فمن والتوكيدي ستكشا ، العام التحليل من ن نوع ا ضم يندرج س العينة ادة. (200)م ز الضروري من ون ي ، البنود عدد زاد ان لما أنھ القول يمن ذلك ومع العينة مفردات إحصائية. عدد مية أ تحقيق احتمال نالك ان العينة، م زاد لما ,hinkin) ف 1998, p. 109). والتوكيدي4.3 ستكشا العام التحليل العام التحليل حصائية، التحليالت من ن نوع استخدام الباحث ع يجب بنود توليد عند ا اختيار تم ال ة باملقار يرتبط وذلك التوكيدي، العام والتحليل ستكشا ة املقار استخدام فعند لتحديداملقياس، مفيدا ستكشا العام التحليل ون ي قد ستقرائية، متوقع و كما ا تحميل يتم ال التوكيدي. البنود التحليل العام ون ي قد تاجية ست للدراسات فائدة ستقرائية. ك الدراسات من ل التحليالت من ن النوع كال استخدام يمكن ذلك، ومع تاجية ست . (hinkin, 1998, pp. 109-110) و ستكشا 1.4.3 العام :التحليل العام رتباطات(factor analysis)التحليل معامالت تفس دف س ي إحصا أسلوب و إحصائية-املوجبة داللة ا ل عملية-ال العام فالتحليل آخر مع و ات، املتغ مختلف ن ب سيط ت دف س اضية العواملر إ وصوال التحليل الداخلة ات املتغ مختلف ن ب رتباطات ا وتفس ات املتغ ذه ن ب العالقة تصف ال كة صفحة1999نصاري،(املش ،3( . ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 137 -120 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) دارة واالقتصادجملـة حبوث اإل 131 رى إلثبات(spector, 1992, p. 53) سبكتور و ستخدم ُ أن يمكن ستكشا العام التحليل بأن ما وم ملف البعد للتحققأحادية عاد، متعددة س املقاي ستخدم أنُ يمكن كما عاده، أ عددية أو ي امليدا للبيانات وفقا عاد تلك تحت تقع عد ل حة املق البنود أنّ . من و 2.4.3 املقياس :تنقية سا لألغراض العام التحليل استخدام يجب البيانات، جمع عملية من اء ن لفةبمجرد املقياس لتنقية وكذلك إ. الذكر، للمالحظة القابلة ات املتغ عدد بتقليص سمح العام فالتحليل ات املتغ من أصغر ا،. مجموعة تح تندرج ال والعوامل البنود ن ب رتباطات فحص املفيد من إذ من أقل بقيمة يرتبط بند أي م0.4وحذف ترتبط ال البنود جميع حذف واحدمع عامل من أك ع (hinkin, 1998, p. 109)مؤشرات ثالث من أقل تحوي ال ال العوامل ). بنود(وحذف املقياس 3.4.3 ثبات الداخ(تقييم ):ساق إ عزى الذيُ التباين مقدار إ ش و و قياس، أداة ر تطو أساسية مسألة الثبات عت ال للمتغ قيقية ا يجة ا. امنالن ساق ا أو ا استقرار أو داة تكرار انية إم إ ش إ. كما دف و ذاتھ وم املف س تق ا جميع املقياس فقرات أنّ من املقياس. التأكد أو القياس أداة ثبات قياس مكن و و امليدانية الدراسات قبوال ك املقياس العموم، ع ولكن الطرق، من العديد وفق ي اقس حصا املعامل ذا ستخدم حيث كرونباخ؛ ألفا معامل باستخدام الداخ والثبات العبارات ن ب ألفا. (kumar a. , 2015, p. 2) رتباطات أسلوب و استخداما ا وأك ا م أ لعل دا ج يتطلب أنھ كما ، أك أو ن م ستلزم وال للمقياس، ن تطبيق ستلزم ال ألنھ أقلكرونباخ التطبيق إعادة بأسلوب العطوي،(مقارنة و ي . )2011الع تتجاوز ال ألفا قيمة املقياس) 0.6(وتدل ثبات ع ا قو & ,tharenou, donohue )دليال coope, 2007, p. 153) .فيھ بما ا كب العام التحليل إجراء عد املتبقية العبارات عدد ان فإذا للباحث يمكن التأثالكفاية، ا شأ من ال العبارات من للتخلص كرومباخ، ألفا معامل ع عتماد املقياس ثبات ع .(hinkin, 1998) السل التوكيدي 4.4.3 العام :التحليل املالحظة ات املتغ ن ب عالقات وجود فرضية باختبار للباحث سمح إحصائية قة طر و للقياس( و ) القابلة امنة ال اوالبُ وال(suhr, 2006) راء التوكيدية العاملية النماذج اختبار أي ، قوامھ ل ش ا أ ض َ ف يُ ال العوامل أو عاد إ ن، مع متغ أو ن، مع وم مف بتحليل أساساً َع ُ تھ بن صفحة2012تيغزة،(أو ،152(. العامالتحليل عملية عن الناتج القياس نموذج ة معنو :ستكشااختبار ديد ا املقياس أنّ املحتمل من فإنھ عناية، أعاله ورة املذ طوات ا جميع إتباع تم ما إذا املحتوى بصدق تم و داخليا، سقا م ون العام. سي التحليل تقنيات ضعف ب س لكن فا الناتجة، العاملية ية للب املطابقة حسن تحديد ع ا قدر عدم خاصة و ، الستكشا لبنود القياس نموذج ا مطابق ضعف ت تث قد ، ستكشا العام التحليل وا ل ش تتحمل ار ا ساق ضعف ب س وذلك املؤشرات، ختبار-متعدد أو املقياس ة استمرار إ ش زمنية ات ف ع تطبيقھ بتكرار ثابتة نتائج ال-بإعطاء لبعض الباحث أ ي لذا وع، حصائية امج ا حصائيةspss amosوliserelرأس ة املعنو اختبار ق طر عن العاملية ية الب جودة لتقييم ا عوامل ع العبارات شبعات و الشامل، و. (hinkin, 1998, p. 113) للنموذج ذلك من دف وال للبيانـات النظـري النمـوذج مطابقة مدى املد تحديد أي النموذجامليدانية، تأييد فيھ يتم الذي ى مراحله املنهجية : تطوير مقياس يف جمايل التسويق وإدارة األعمال جفال وردة وضوابطه 132 كم ا يمكن والذي مقبول، مطابقة مستوى حقق إذا النموذج قبل و العينة، بيانات بواسطة النظري حصائية املؤشرات من مجموعة ع باالعتماد . عليھ  املطابقة حسن :مؤشرات فعالية أك عت ال املطابقة، جودة مؤشرات من عينة النقطة ذه منتصف ا غ من تلر يوو من ل ا قدم ال للتوصيات وفقا وذلك دراساتhu bentlerاملؤشرات، ع القائمة ا غ من أك فعالية رت أظ ال املطابقة مؤشرات أنّ رت أظ وال مستفيضة، اة تيغزة،(مضا صفحة2012 ،253( :  ة ر ا درجة ع اي ع مر سبة: cmin/dfسبة عت مؤشرُ ة، ر ا درجة إ اي ع مر كالين ح ق و النموذج، صالحية الذيkline (1998)ع ة ر ا درجة إ اي ع مر سبة أنّ ثالثة النموذج) (3ساوي لصالحية ا جيدً مؤشًرا عت اُ ع يقل . أو  اب ق خطأ ملتوسط بي ال ذر : (rootmean square error of approximation)ا بالرمز عرف أنھ(rmsea) والذي إذْ يد، ا ا وأداء ا تفوق ت أثب ال املؤشرات من عت ُ ، دوره عكس التا والسؤال املجتمع، اب ق خطأ عتبار ن ع يقوى: "يأخذ حٍد أّي إ بكفاءة ا قيم تقدير تم وال ولة، مج ات بارام ع يحتوي الذي ض املف عالنموذج ا؟ توفر عند للمجتمع والتغاير التباين مصفوفة مع مطابقة تحقيق  ة املعيار البوا عات مر متوسط بالرمز): (rootmeansquarresidualجذر عرف ُ والذي (srmr)رتباطات و الدراسة، لعينة املالحظة رتباطات ن ب العام الفرق مقياس و ، ض املف للنموذج .املتوقعة  ا املقارنمؤشر ب: (comparative fit index)ملطابقة لھ يرمز أفضل(cfi)والذي من عت ُ ، النموذج أو البحث لنموذج اي ع مر مقارنة مبدأ ع قوم و املقارنة، ع القائمة املؤشرات فإنّ املؤشر، ذا ع تنطبق عملية وكقاعدة املستقل، للنموذج اي ع مر قيمة مع ض، املف ا تتعدىالقيمة ض(0.95)ل املف للنموذج معقولة مطابقة ع .تدل  تاكر س–مؤشر رمز: (tucker-lewis index)لو و املعياري، غ املطابقة بمؤشر س وأحيانا بالرمز مؤشر(tli)لھ لة شا ع سري لھ وتأو ،(cfi)مؤشر قيم أن أي ،(tli)تفوق ال لنم(0.95) معقولة مطابقة ع ضتدل املف النموذج أو البحث .وذج  ي التمي والصدق ي التقار الصدق :اختبار وذلك القياس، ألداة ي والتمي ي التقار الصدق من التأكد املرحلة، ذا خالل تم و التوكيدي العام التحليل نتائج ع .باالعتماد  ي التقار الصدق أو :اختبار املتغ عبارات تتقارب مدى أّي إ البعضش ا عض مع البناء نفسھ املتغ أو. لتمثل الفقرات عدد تقليص ع التوكيدي العام التحليل استخدام ساعد دفة املس والعينة الدراسة ئة لب مناسبا يصبح بحيث ات و(املتغ عباس، ق ال أمل، سليمان عايد، صفحة2013املعال ،84( . خالل من ي، التقار الصدق اختبار اليتم امنة، ال ا عوامل ع العبارات شبع قيم فحص من بة قر ة املعيار شبعات ال انت ما لّ ف التوكيدي، العام التحليل عملية عن نتجت قيمة تؤخذ العموم وع ي، تقار صدق وجود ع ذلك دّل ة، كب أي كدرجة(0.3)الواحد، ، ة الكب والقيم ة الصغ القيم ن ب أ(قطع عايد،سليمان املعال و عباس، ق ال ،2013مل، ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 137 -120 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) دارة واالقتصادجملـة حبوث اإل 133 الذي. )85صفحة للعدد العبارات، عدد تقليص ساعد التوكيدي العام فالتحليل ومنھ الدراسة عينة .يناسب يذكر تماما ا السابقة الدراسات تو فلم ية و الت الب أما العاكسة، للب سبة بال ذا ذا ي والتمي ي التقار سبالصدق املقاي من أن. النوع حقيقة إ ذلك عزى أن مكن و العاكسة س املقاي عن تماما تختلف ية و الت س واملمارس. املقاي للباحث يمكن كذا، و التعامل عندما ي والتمي ي التقار الصدق مع التعامل ة صعو يواجھ أن حيان من كث ية و الت الب ية(wang, french, & clary, 2015, p. 84)مع و الت الب يرىبأن من ناك و ، البعض ا ببعض مرتبطة غ ون ت أن ا ف صل ألن ، الداخ ساق ط ش .edwards j) ال r., 2011, p. 375)تحقق ةو كب سبة القياس نموذج مؤشرات تفسر عندما ي التقار الصدق سھ تق الذي امن ال املتغ تباين (wang, french, & clary, 2015, p. 86)من  ي الصدقاختبار التا :التمي و البعض، ا عض عن ات املتغ تختلف مدى أّي إ ش أّي طي، ا بالتعدد س ما وجود عدم اختبار خالل من يتم ي التمي الصدق تحقيق فإنّ نفسھ يمثل متغ ل وأنّ ات املتغ ن ب شابھ وجود أم(عدم املعالسليمان و عباس، ق ال ل، صفحة2013عايد، يو .)89، التمي الصدق من للتأكد ستخدم أن يمكن ال الطرق من أشار العاكسة، الب فورنيلالركر: إ(hensele, ringle, & sarstedt, 2015 )حالة theمعيار fornell-larckercriterion،)أك البناءين ن ب بي ال ابط ال التباينل متوسط من البناءين؟ ذين ل املتقاطعة)املستخلص شبعات ال وفحص ،examination of cross-loadings يندرج( الذي البناء مع ارتباطھ من أك خرى الب مع قوي ارتباطا مؤشر أي يرتبط ل ي )ضمنھ؟ التمي الصدق لتقييم ن السائدت ن ت املقار عدان و بأنھ. ، ن ب عتمادوقد يمكن ال عينات تتطلب كما كة، املش البحث حاالت ي تمي صدق وجود عدم عن للكشف ما عل ة .كب ح اق عدد(hensele, ringle, & sarstedt, 2015 ) لذا معيار ع عتماد ما ع عوضا السمات وأحادية وheterotrait-monotraithtmtالسمات مصفوفة، من مستمدة ة مقار الطرق عدد و السمات عmtmm multitrait-multimethodعدد يقوم الذي الكالسيكية، قة الطر وأحادية السمة أحادية مصفوفة ارتباطات ن ب ،monotrait-heteromethodاملقارنة املختلفة والطرق املختلفة السمات مصفوفة ح. heterotrait-heteromethodوارتباطات ق و ن املؤلف قيمة0.85عض آخرون ح يق ن ح املعيار، ذا ل قيمة. 0.90كعتبة انت فإذا htmtوتجدرأعلىمن ي، التمي الصدق نقص نالك أن ع يدل ذا ف العتبة، ذه برنامج استخدام عند إيجاده يمكن املعيار ذا أن إ نا منملز. (فقط smart pls شارة د طالعع يفضل .(hensele, ringle, & sarstedt, 2015 )التعمق أشار فقد ية و الت الب حالة الصدق(wang, french, & clary, 2015, p. 86)أما أن إ العوامل تباين من بكث أقل سبة امن عامل ل مؤشرات تفسر عندما يتحقق ي التمي ام خرى ال أك. نة تباينا تفسر سوف دف املس امن ال بالعامل املرتبطة املؤشرات أن أي خرى امنة ال العوامل تباين من ا كب مقدارا املؤشرات ذه تفسر أال ب و العامل، ذا ل دف املس امن ال بالعامل .مقارنة مراحله املنهجية : تطوير مقياس يف جمايل التسويق وإدارة األعمال جفال وردة وضوابطه 134 الصة. 4 : ا :النتائج. 1.4 قدّ املقال ذا أن القول ايمكن إل تطرقت ال مة امل املراحل ملختلف شامال عرضا م التالية تاجات لالست التوصل تم وقد ة، دار العلوم مجال مقياس ر بتطو املتعلقة :دبيات ذا شغيل عملية قياسھ املراد وم باملف املتعلقة لألدبيات ا ال التفحص عملية ل س ُ الواقع أرض ع وم .املف الباحثعندما ع يجب بھ، ملام و مھ ف أجل من متعددة نظر ات لوج وم املف يحتاج البعد وحيد س ول عاد متعدد بناء باعتباره تناولھ الة ا .ذه وم املف ان إذا ما ع بناء ية و ت أم عاكسة ما وم ملف ونة امل عاد انت إذا ما يتحدد نا و مؤشراتھ نعكس و والموجود عاد أ من ون يت وم املف أن أو العاكس، البناء أمام ون ن و الت البناء أمام ون ن نا و عاده أ تواجدت إذا إال نجده أن .يمكن ع بناء وذلك املقياس عبارات توليد أثناء ما بي فيما ختيار يمكن ن ت مقار نالك يوجد امل وأن ، ي املفا أو النظري ساس كفاية املستجيبمدى تح إ تؤدي قد لة الطو س .قاي ثبات ات مستو يل من يمكن ألنھ لالستجابة قة طر أفضل ما ا ارت لي سلم عد .مرتفعة املحتوى صدق الختبار حل أفضل اء ل وء ال .عد أن يمكن ال ل املشا عض وتفادي خطاء عض يح ت من التجر ختبار ن يمكّ املتواجھ لعملية إدارتھ أثناء .الباحث العينة م تحديد أثناء معينة ية توج بقواعد ام ل مقياس ر تطو عملية .تتطلب التحليل ا رأس وع املناسبة حصائية الطرق عض استخدام مقياس ر تطو عملية تتطلب و املقياس لتنقية عتمدان ُ واللذان والتوكيدي، ستكشا يالعام التقار الصدق اختبار ي . والتمي :التوصيات. 2.4 ا التقيد ن الباحث ع يجب ال التوصيات من مجموعة تقديم يمكن سبق مما انطالقا م ببح خاص مقياس ر بتطو م قيام :عند ببعض التقيد ضرورة إ باه ن قية سو وال ة دار العلوم مجال ن الباحث ع يجب ا وضماناملبادئ املستخدمة، س املقاي نوعية ن لتحس ا شاد س م يمك ال ية لتوج ن مقبول وثبات بصدق يتم مقياس ر .تطو النتائج ع ك ال من بدال والعالقات عاد و للعبارات النظري املدلول ع ك ال ضرورة .حصائية استخدام عند باه ن ضرورة ن الباحث ع انيةيجب إم عدم إ السابقة س املقاي م من التأكد غية توكيدي عام تحليل لعملية ا إخضاع يجب بل ، كما ما استخدام ديدة ا البحث عينة صائص ا .مالئم مقياس ر تطو عملية ة املطلو حصائية ساليب عض ن الباحث تحكم ضرورة ا ملام . و إ باه ن منضرورة للتحقق ا استخدام ن الباحث ع يجب ال حصائية التقنيات حديثا ا ر تطو تم ال القياس أدوات .صدق ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 137 -120 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) دارة واالقتصادجملـة حبوث اإل 135 :املراجع. 5 المرجع العربیة spssمفاھیمھما ومنھجیتھما بتوظیف حزمة : التحلیل العاملي االستكشافي والتوكیدي). 2012. (د بوزیان تیغزةمأمح .دار المسیرة: ردن،األ: عمان. lisrelولیزرل عرض منھجي نقدي لعینة من الدراسات العربیة استخدمت التحلیل : أسلوب التحلیل العاملي ). 1999. (بدر األنصاري ،دیسمبر 6-5طن العربي المنعقد من بحث مقدم بندوة البحث العلمي في المجاالت االجتماعیة في الو. العاملي ون واآلداب ة الفن ى لرعای س األعل الى المجل یم الع ة ، وزارة التعل وم االجتماعی ة . والعل ة العربی الجمھوری .السوریة 10تاریخ االسترداد . النماذج البحث في إدارة األعم). 2011. (سعد علي حمود العنزي، و عامر علي حسین العطوي 03 ,2018. امج ). 2013. (سلیمان أمل، البرق عباس، و المعال عاید تخدام برن ائي باس ل االحص تخدام التحلی ي اس دئین ف ل المبت دلی .دار إثراء: عمان األردن. أموس وري ان تیش د الرحم ة). 2014. (عب ي اإلدارة الحدیث اس ف ویم والقی ترداد . التق اریخ االس ن 2015, 11 10ت ، م www.tdwl.net/vb/showthread.php? t : 168076 فرع معھد اإلدارة العامة : المملكة العربیة السعودیة. القیاس وتطبیقاتھ في العلوم اإلداریة. )2004. (فوزي حبیب حافظ .بمنظقة مكة المكرمة references tigza., m. b. (2012). exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: their concepts and methodologies using the spss package and the lisrel. amman: jordan: dar al masirah. [in arabic] al-ansari. b. (1999). factor analysis method: a systematic critical presentation of a sample of arab studies that used factor analysis. paper presented at the symposium on scientific research in social fields in the arab world, held from december 5-6, the supreme council for the care of arts, literature and social sciences, ministry of higher education. the syrian arab republic. [in arabic] al-anzi, s. a. h. & al-atwi, a. a. h. (2011). research models in business administration. redemption date 10 03, 2018. [in arabic] amal, s., al barq a., & al mualla a. (2013). a beginner's guide to using statistical analysis using the amos program. amman, jordan: dar ithraa. [in arabic] tishori, a. (2014). assessment and measurement in modern management. 10 11, 2015, from www.tdwl.net/vb/showthread.php? t: 168076 [in arabic] hafez., f. b. (2004). measurement and its applications in administrative sciences. kingdom of saudi arabia: the branch of the institute of public administration in the makkah region. [in arabic] anderson, j., gerbing, d., & hunter, j. (1987). on the assessment of unidimensional measurement: internal and external consistency, and overall consistency criteria. journal of marketing research. babbie, e. r. (2009). the basics of social research. usa: wadsworth publishing. caruana, a., & chircop, s. (2000). measuring corporate reputation: a case example. corporate reputation review, 03(01), 43-57. churchill, g. (1979). a paradigm for developing better measures of marketing construct. journal of marketing search, 16. coltman, t., devinney, t., midgley, d., & venaik, s. (2008). formative versus reflective measurement models: two applications of formative measurement. journal of business research, 61(12), 1250-1262. de villiers, w. (2007). the learning organization: validating a measuring instrument. journal of global strategic management. مراحله املنهجية : تطوير مقياس يف جمايل التسويق وإدارة األعمال جفال وردة وضوابطه 136 diamantopoulos, a. (2005). the c-oar-se procedure for scale development in marketing: a comment. international journal of research in marketing, 22. edwards, j. (2001). multidimensional constructs in organizational behavior research: an integrative analytical framework. organizational research methods, 04(02), 144192. edwards, j. r. (2011). the fallacy of formative measurement. organizational research methods, 14(2) 370-388. hensele, j., ringle, c., & sarstedt, m. (2015). a new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modelling. journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(01), 115-135. hinkin, t. (1998). a brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. organizational research methods, 100-120. jarvis, c. b., mackenzie, s., & podsakoff, p. (2003). a critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. journal of consumer research, 30(02). kerlinger, f. n. (1973). foundations of behavioral research. usa: holt, rinehart and winston. kumar, a. (2015). review of the steps for development of quantitative research tools. advanced practices in nursing. maccallum, r., widaman, k., zhang, s., & hong, s. (1999). sample size in factor analysis. psychological methods journal, 04(01). mackenzie, s., podsakoff , p., & podsakoff, n. (2011). construct measurement and validation procedures in mis and behavioral research: integrating new and existing techniques. mis quarterly, 35(02), 293-334. netemeyer, r., bearden, w., & sharma , s. (2003). scaling procedures: issues and applications.usa: sage publications. nielsen, b. b. (2014). construct measurement in management research: the importance of a match between levels of theory and measurement. journal of business research 67, 67(03), 304. roy, s., tarafdar, m., ragu-nathan, t., & marsillac, e. (2012). the effect of misspecification of reflective and formative constructs in operations and manufacturing management research. electronic journal of business research methods, 10(01). sekaran, u. (2003). research methods for business. usa: john wiley & sons. shipton, h. (2001). organisational learning: quantitative v. qualitative approaches – selecting the appropriate methodology.consulté le 10 12, 2015, sur [online] available: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.565.3888&rep=rep1&ty pe=pdf singh, k., junnarkar, m., & kaur, j. (2016). measures of positive psychology development and validation. india: springer. slavec, a., & drnovšek, m. (2012). a perspective on scale development in entrepreneurship research. economic and business review, 14(01), 39-62. spector, p. e. (1992). summated rating scale construction an introduction. usa: sage. suhr, d. d. (2006). exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis?, ca, sas users group international conference (sugi31),. san francisco: publisher: sas institute inc.. tharenou, p., donohue, r., & coope, b. (2007). management research methods. new york, usa: cambridge university press. ) 2019 جوان( 02: العدد – 01: الد 137 -120 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) دارة واالقتصادجملـة حبوث اإل 137 wang, x., french, b., & clary, p. (2015). convergent and discriminant validity with formative measurement: a mediator perspective. journal of modern applied statistical methods, 83-106. watt, j., & berg, s. (1995). research methods for communication science. usa: allyn & bacon. williams, b., onsman, a., & brown, t. (2010). exploratory factor analysis: a five-step guide for novices. journal of emergency primary health care (jephc), 08(03). wymer, w., & alves, h. (2012). a review of scale development practices in nonprofit management and marketing. economics & sociology, 05(02). management & economics research journal vol. 1 no. 2 (2019): june جوان): 2019( 2العدد 1المجلد issn : 2676-184x 88 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i2.32 وكمة السليم التطبيق إرساء أجل من الداخ التدقيق جودة ن تحس متطلبات ات الشر صفية يخلف 1 ع جبور سايح ، 2 1 بوع بن بة حس جامعة دكتوراه، زائر( الشلف،طالبة safya.ikhlef@hotmail.com: يميل،)ا 2 بوع بن بة حس جامعة دكتوراه، زائر( الشلف،طالب b.saiahdjebbour@gmail.com :يميل،)ا requirements for improving the quality of internal audit in order to establish the proper application of corporate governance ikhlef safya 1, saiah djebbour ali 1 2 hassiba ben bouali university, chlef (algeria) خ القبول 2019-03-20: رسالتار خ شر 2019-06-26: تار ال خ 2019-06-30: تار ص : م إرساء أجل من الداخ التدقيق جودة ن تحس متطلبات وتحديد دراسة إ البحث ذا دف ات، الشر وكمة السليم الداخالتطبيق التدقيق لوظيفة امل داء برقابة تمام ازداد حيث بجود تمام عاظم وكذلك الوظيفة، ذه ا تؤد ال دمات ا مية وتفعيلأل الداخ التدقيق ة ات، الشر حوكمة ن مساعدةوتحس ع عمل الداخ التدقيق نة م أن تحقيقذلك ع الشركة وحوكمة املخاطر إدارة الداخلية، الرقابة حول ة شار واس تأكيدية خدمات تقديم خالل من ا داف أ أثره ينعكس الداخ التدقيق جودة ن تحس أن اعتبار و ات، وكمةالشر يد ا التطبيق ع ن تحس تؤثر عوامل بمثابة عت املتطلبات من مجموعة توفر من البد ان ا، مباد وإرساء ات الشر إضافة التا و ات، الشر وكمة يد ا التطبيق إرساء ز عز ثم ومن ، الداخ التدقيق نة م جودة ا داف أ تحقيق ع ا ومساعد للشركة . قيمة مفتاحيـــــــةلمــــــ التـــــــدقيق: ات جـــــــودة ن تحســــــ متطلبـــــــات ، الــــــداخ التـــــــدقيق جــــــودة ، الـــــــداخ التــــــدقيق ات الشر حوكمة ، .الداخ يف . jel :g30, m42تص abstract: the objective of this research is to determine the requirements for improving the internal audit quality in order to establish the proper application of corporate governance, where the importance of internal audit function has increased, as well as increased attention to the internal audit quality, and activating corporate governance. the internal audit profession works to help the company to achieve its objectives through providing assurance  املر صفية،: سلااملؤلف safya.ikhlef@hotmail.com: يميليخلف https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i2.32&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-06-30 )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 105 -88 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 89 and advisory services on internal control, risk management and corporate governance. as improving the quality of internal audit reflects its impact on the good application of corporate governance and the establishment of its principles a set of requirements had to be provided that, are considered as factors affecting improving the quality of the internal audit profession, thus promoting the good establishment of corporate governance, adding value to the company and help it to achieve its objectives. keywords: internal audit, internal audit quality, requirements to improve internal audit quality, corporate governance. jel classification: g30, m42. :مقدمة. 1 املحاولـــــة انـــــت املاليـــــة، ر التقـــــار ـــــ بـــــالغش ارتبطـــــت ـــــ وال حـــــدثت ـــــ ال املاليـــــة الفضـــــائح عـــــد ن، القـــــــوان مــــــن مجموعـــــــة وضــــــع خــــــالل مـــــــن ر التقــــــار ـــــــ املاليــــــة املعلومــــــات مســـــــتخدمي ثقــــــة الســــــتعادة املــا ــر التقر عمليـة وشــفافية ــة نزا ضـمان أجــل مــن خالقيـة واملبــادئ نظمــة فــاظالضـوابط، وا ، عـد و ات، الشر بحوكمة الضوابط ذه سميت والرقابة، املساءلة وتحقيق املعنية طراف حقوق ع ن املــدقق ــ ع ــ ك ال ضــرورة ــ إ دفــع ممــا ات، الشــر وكمــة ساســية ــان ر أحــد الــداخ التــدقيق يدة ا وكمة ا لتحقيق الداخ التدقيق شطة أ جودة ورفع ن اتالداخلي .للشر ، الـــــداخ التــــدقيق لوظيفـــــة ــــ امل داء برقابـــــة ايــــدا م تمامـــــا ا نيــــة امل املنظمـــــات أولــــت ولقــــد ن الـــداخلي ن املـــدقق أداء ر تطــو الضـــروري مـــن أصــبح لـــذا الوظيفــة، ـــذه ـــا تؤد ــ ال ـــدمات ا ميــة أل الداخ التدقيق بجودة رتقاء و .للتحقق الـــداخ التـــدقيق وظيفـــة تقـــدم إدارةإذ الداخليـــة، الرقابـــة حـــول ة شـــار واس تأكيديـــة خـــدمات ذلـــك تحقيــق يل ســـ ــ و ا، ــداف أ تحقيـــق ــ ع الشــركة مســـاعدة أجــل مــن ات، الشـــر وحوكمــة املخــاطر عمـل و ، الـداخ التـدقيق نـة م جـودة ـ تـؤثر عوامل بمثابة عت املتطلبات من مجموعة توفر من البد و ا مبـــادئ إرســـاء ـــز عز ـــ خـــاللع مـــن ا، ـــداف أ تحقيـــق ـــ ع ســـاعد و للشـــركة قيمـــة وتضـــيف كمـــة، نات التحسـ تقـديم خـالل مـن وكـذا بفعاليـة، تـدار الشـركة تواجـھ ـ ال املخـاطر بـأن معقـول تأكيد تقديم لذلك ة . الضرور البحث1.1 الية :إش الـدا التـدقيق جـودة ن تحســ يل سـ ـ ـا توفر ــ ب ي ـ ال ساسـية املتطلبـات وكيــفمـا ؟ خ ات؟ الشر وكمة السليم التطبيق دعم الداخ التدقيق جودة ن تحس م سا البحث2.1 :أسئلة التالية الفرعية سئلة ع جابة ب ي الية ش ع :ولإلجابة ؟الداخ التدقيق جودة ن تحس متطلبات ما ات؟الشر بحوكمة الداخ التدقيق عالقة ما يموكمة؟كيف ل السليم التطبيق إرساء الداخ التدقيق جودة ن تحس م سا أن كن البحث3.1 :فرضيات التالية الفرضات عتمد املطروحة سئلة ع :لإلجابة ـــأسا متطلـــب ل شــ امـــھ م أداء أثنــاء الـــداخ التـــدقيق بمعــاي بتطبيـــق الــداخ املـــدقق ام ــ ال إن ال التدقيق جودة ن ؛لتحس داخ حتسني جودة التدقيق الداخلي من أجل إرساء التطبيق متطلبات السليم حلوكمة الشركات خيلف صفية سايح جبور علي 90 ات؛ الشر وكمة ساسية العناصر ودعم مساندة فعاال دورا الداخ التدقيق نة م تؤدي حوكمـــــــةمــــــن املســــــتفيدة لألطــــــراف القيمــــــة عظــــــيم ــــــ أثــــــر لــــــھ الــــــداخ التــــــدقيق جــــــودة ن تحســــــ إن املخاطر وإدارة الداخلية الرقابة نظام فعالية تقييم خالل من ات، . الشر ميـة. 4.1 ة: البحـثأ ــ خ ـذه وتـأث ، الـداخ التـدقيق جـودة موضـوع ميـة أ ـ الدراسـة ميـة أ بـع ت ات الشر وكمة السليم التطبيق .ع البحث. 5.1 داف : أ إ البحث ذا خالل من :دف ات؛الشر وحوكمة الداخ التدقيق بجودة املتعلقة يم املفا بمختلف ف التعر املتطلبات؛تحديد الداخ التدقيق جودة ن لتحس ا ن ت ب ي ال ات؛الشر وحوكمة الداخ التدقيق ن ب ط تر ال العالقة بيان اتالشر وكمة السليم التطبيق دعم التدقيق نة م ممارسة جودة ن تحس دور . إبراز البحث. 6.1 ية و : من الفرضـيات واختبـار الية ش ع جابة أجل البحـث،من ـداف أ تحقيـق غيـة جـــودة لوصـــف وذلـــك الوصـــف أداة اعتمـــاد تـــم حيـــث وأدواتـــھ، باطي ســـت املـــن اســـتخدام ـــ إ عمـــدنا الـــداخ التـــدقيق جــودة ن تحســـ ميـــة أ يــان و ـــا، ومباد ات الشـــر وحوكمــة ميتـــھ وأ الـــداخ التــدقيق اعتمــ تـــم كمــا ذلــك، تحقيــق يل ســ ـــ ــا توفر ــ ب ي ــ ال نواملتطلبــات تحســـ دور لبيــان التحليــل أداة اد ات الشر وكمة السليم التطبيق وإرساء دعم الداخ التدقيق .جودة البحث. 6.1 ي: محاور كما محاور ثالث إ البحث ذا تقسيم :تم ول الداخ: املحور التدقيق جودة ن تحس متطلبات يالثا بحوك: املحور الداخ التدقيق اتعالقة الشر مة الثالثات: املحور الشر وكمة يد ا التطبيق دعم الداخ التدقيق جودة ن تحس دور الداخ .2 التدقيق جودة ن تحس : متطلبات ن، للمــــدقق ــــ امل داء برقابــــة الــــدو الصــــعيد ـــ ع نيــــة امل املنظمــــات قبــــل مــــن تمـــام ازداد التـــدق عمليــــات جـــودة مــــن للتحقـــق ــــوذلـــك ال املـــا والعســــر الفشـــل حــــاالت مـــن العديــــد إثـــر خاصــــة يق البلدان عض املال أسواق يارات وا ى الك ات الشر . طالت ا 1.2 مي وأ التدقيق نة م جودة وم : مف ـــا بأ التـــدقيق نـــة م جـــودة خطـــاء"عـــرف عـــن ـــر والتقر شـــاف اك ـــ ع التـــدقيق عمليـــات قـــدرة املا القــــوائم ــــ ـــة ر و نا م واملســــا دارة ن بــــ املعلومــــات تماثــــل عــــدم مــــن ــــد وا ,pashaki)" ليــــة، kheradyar, 2015, p108) . ا أ ع عرف مـع" كما نـة امل ـام وأح ملعـاي وفقـا عاليـة وفعالية بكفاءة التدقيق خدمات أداء تلبيـــــــ أجـــــــل مـــــــن ـــــــذا و شـــــــف املك والغـــــــش خطـــــــاء عـــــــن ـــــــر والتقر فصـــــــاح ـــــــ توقعـــــــاتســـــــتقاللية ة التدقيق خدمات من املستفيدة طراف جميع سردوك،" (واحتياجات ي، ص2014رحما ،191 .( ـــا أ ـــ ع أيضـــا مـــن" وعرفـــت والتأكـــد التـــدقيق، معـــاي وفـــق شـــود امل داء تحقيـــق ـــ ع التأكـــد املط ــــــام امل تحقيــــــق ــــــ إ تقــــــود ـــــــ وال املوضــــــوعية، املحــــــددة جــــــراءات و بالسياســــــات ام ــــــ مـــــــنل ــــــة لو ي،" (التدقيق ص2012املط ،55 .( مــع والغــش خطــاء عــن ــر والتقر فصــاح ــ املــدقق اســتقاللية ــ ع التــدقيق نــة م جــودة إن مســــتخدمي ميــــع ة املصــــ تحقيــــق أجــــل مــــن نـــة امل ســــلوك قواعــــد و نيــــة امل باملعــــاي ام ــــ ل ضـــرورة املالية . القوائم )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 105 -88 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 91 ـــ التـــدقيق جـــودة ميـــة أ لألســـبابوتكمـــن وذلـــك املاليـــة القـــوائم مســـتخدمي جميـــع مطلـــب ـــا أ ص2013املصدر،(التالية ص ،44-45 :( املصــداقية درجــات ــ أع يضــفي ــ ح ممكنــة جــودة بــأع التــدقيق عمليــة تنفيــذ مــن املــدقق ــدف ره؛ تقر ع ال ــا عل يوجــب ممــا باملوثوقيــة، املاليــة ــا قوائم تمتــع تأكيــد ــ إ الشــركة التــدقيقســ عمليــة قيــام ودة؛ ا من مستوى بأع ميــع ة املصــ يحقــق ــودة ا مــن مســتوى بــأع التــدقيق عمليــة تنفيــذ أن نيــة امل املنظمــات تــرى املالية؛ القوائم مستخدمي تلــــك ن بــــ الشــــديدة املنافســــة ظــــل ــــ التــــدقيق اتــــب م لتقيــــيم مقياســــا التــــدقيق نــــة م جــــودة تمثــــل اتب . امل التدقيقالعوامل 2.2 نة م جودة ع املؤثرة التـــدقيق، بمكتــب مرتبطــة عوامــل ـــ التــدقيق نــة م جــودة ـــ ع املــؤثرة العوامــل ــيص ت يمكــن ارجيــــة ا بــــاألطراف متعلقــــة وعوامــــل التــــدقيق، عملبــــة مرتبطــــة ص2015جــــدع،(وعوامــــل ص ،204207:( التدقيق 1.2.2 بمكتب مرتبطة :عوامل ـ مـا م دورا التـدقيق اتـب م بالنقــاطتلعـب العوامـل ـذه تتعلـق التـدقيق، جـودة ـ ع التـأث :التالية التدقيق اتب م م ـا:عامل أخطا قلـة ب سـ عـا سـمعة تتمتـع ة ـ الكب التـدقيق اتب م إن التدقيق مكتب م و التدقيق جودة ن ب إيجابية عالقة ناك ف التا و ة، الصغ اتب بامل .باملقارنة ال مكتــب ســمعة ا:تــدقيقعامــل ســا اك يــتم ــ وال باملكتــب اصــة ا ــة املعنو صــول أحــد ــ عت التــــدقيق مكتـــب ســـمعة قصـــد و عاليـــة، جـــودة ذات دراســــات تقـــديم ـــ ع والقـــدرة املمارســـة خـــالل مـــن مـدى ـ أيضـا ـ وتتج ومتقنـة، ة ـ مم جـودة ذات خـدمات يقدم أنھ ع العمالء ن ب املكتب إسم تداول باملعـــاي ام ـــ التـــدقيقل مكتـــب ألعضـــاء افيـــة ال ة ـــ وا نـــة، امل وآداب نـــة امل ســـلوك قواعـــد و نيـــة امل ر للتقــار عالمــي والصــدى والعمــالء، املكتــب أعضــاء ن بــ يــدة ا تصــاالت و العمــل شــاط ــ ة ــ وا قبــو مــدى وتقيــيم العامليــة، اتــب امل بأحــد رتبــاط و املكتــب، عمــل ومــدة املكتــب ا يصــدر ــ العميــلال ل ع للرقابة نظام ووجود املكتب، ضد املرفوعة القضائية والدعاوى املراجعة عملية معھ ستمرار و التدقيق وجودة التدقيق مكتب سمعة وتأثر تأث عالقة ناك ف التا و التدقيق، . جودة املنافســة املــ:عامــل يقــرر فعنــدما التــدقيق جــودة ــ ع املــؤثرة العوامــل مــن ــ ــعت الــدخول دقق ــ ع أثـره يـنعكس مــا ـو و عـاب، ــ ع املنافسـة ـ إ يــؤدي ذلـك فـإن ــائن، الز الجتـذاب املنافسـة مجـال أن يمكـــن املراجعـــة اتـــب م قبـــل مـــن ـــائن الز الجتـــذاب املنافســـة تزايـــد أن كمـــا املراجعـــة، عمليـــة نوعيـــة ع لفــــة ت خفـــض بقصــــد ســــواء املـــدقق ــــ لتغي ــــائن الز لـــدى الــــدافع عــــنيخلـــق للبحــــث أو املراجعـــة مليــــة نوعيـــــة ــــ ع ذلــــك أثــــر ــــنعكس و ـــــا، ا ر ــــ والســــ ــــا رغبا لتحقيــــق لـــــإلدارة والء ــــ أك ــــون ي آخــــر مــــدقق وجودتھ . التدقيق ــــــا عل املتعــــــارف التــــــدقيق بمعــــــاي رتبــــــاط التــــــدقيق:عامــــــل معــــــاي ن بــــــ وطيــــــدة عالقــــــة نــــــاك ـ أصـدر فقد التدقيق، وجودة ا عل شـرةاملتعارف ن القـانوني ن للمحاسـب ـي مر ـد املع الصـدد ـذا رقم التدقيق تؤسـس25معاي أن التـدقيق اتـب م ـ ع يجـب أنـھ ـا ف وورد العالقـة، ذه تناولت وال ــ التــدقيق معــاي مــع ــا أدا ســاق ا عــن معقــوال ضــمانا تــوفر بحيــث ــودة ا لرقابــة وإجــراءات سياســات حتسني جودة التدقيق الداخلي من أجل إرساء التطبيق متطلبات السليم حلوكمة الشركات خيلف صفية سايح جبور علي 92 وأن التــــدقيق عمليــــات ــــاـــل تؤد ــــ ال التــــدقيق عمليــــات ســــلوك ــــ ع تـــؤثر قــــد ــــودة ا رقابــــة إجــــراءات التدقيق اتب .م ـــــون الز مـــــع رتبـــــاط ة ـــــ ف طـــــول املراجـــــع:عامـــــل مـــــن متعمقـــــة معرفـــــة تتطلـــــب التـــــدقيق فجـــــودة املراجـع يجعل ون الز مع رتباط ة ف طول فإن ثم ومن عليھ، املؤثرة ات والتغ ون الز شاط لطبيعة التـدقيق عملية تنفيذ وقت اختصار التا و ون، الز شاط ب يدة ا معرفتھ حيث من أفضل موقف ا أدا . وكفاءة التدقيق 2.2.2 عمل ق بفر املرتبطة : العوامل كما ا يص ت مكن و املراجعة ق فر عن ديث ل ا توفر من بد ال صائص ا من مجموعة نا : ي يـــاد وا ســتقاللية ــ:عامــل الال أن ط شـــ أنــھ ذلـــك التــدقيق، نــة م مقومـــات ــم أ مـــن ــ عت من مصا ائھ أقر ألحد ون ي ال وأن ا، بتدقيق يقوم ال املؤسسة مع مادية مصا أية للمدقق ون ي استقالليتھ ع تؤثر قد املصا تلك ألن النوع .نفس العمــــل ــــق فر ة ــــ خ ــــ:عامــــل ع التــــدقيق ــــق لفر صــــية ال الصــــفات أداءتــــؤثر وفاعليــــة كفــــاءة ـ الفـرد ا يقضـ ـ ال ة ـ الف ـا أ ـ ع ة ـ ا عـرف و نيـة، امل ة ـ ا الصـفات تلـك ومـن التـدقيق، عملية تخطــــيط مــــن املــــدقق نيــــة امل ة ــــ ا وتمكــــن ــــا، املتعلقــــة واملعــــارف ــــارات للم ســــابھ واك معينــــة وظيفــــة ين مما بكفاءة، ا ع ر والتقر التدقيق عملية التدقيقوتنفيذ جودة ع إيجابا . عكس التـــــدقيق ــــق فر ـــــ ع شــــراف ـــــ:عامــــل ع عتمــــد املناســـــب والتخطــــيط شـــــراف معيــــار ــــوم مف ــ إ باإلضــافة مالئــم وقـت ــ التــدقيق عمليــة ـ ع التعاقــد يتطلــب ــذا و الواجبـة، نيــة امل العنايــة ـوم مف الع التـدقيق إلجـراءات يـد ا التخطـيط إ املناسب مـن. مليـةالتخطيط ـ امل داء ـ ع شـراف ـؤثر و التالية : الزوايا  املراجعة؛ بأغراض تفي ال افية ال ثبات أدلة ع التدقيق ق فر حصول  ممكن؛ حد ى أد إ املدقق ا ف يقع وال املعاينة و الس أخطاء تخفيض  يمكن؛ ما أقل إ ا بأنواع املراجعة مخاطر أداء تخفيض  ا؛ترشيد دق ادة وز ن للمراجع صية ال ام ح  املناسب الوقت و أقل لفة بت التدقيق ام م . إنجاز التدقيق 3.2.2 محل باملؤسسة املرتبطة :العوامل ي ما ا م نذكر التدقيق، محل باملؤسسة مرتبطة عوامل عدة :ناك املاليـة ـا وقو التــدقيق محـل املؤسسـة ـم ال:عامـل ـم ــون ي أن الســليمكـن ثـر عميـل إيــــرادات مـــن امـــا جـــزاءا ل شـــ قـــد ــــ الكب ـــم ا ذات فاملؤسســـة ن، املـــدقق أداء جـــودة مســـتوى ـــ ع جــــودة ــــ ع ســــلبا يــــنعكس ممــــا املــــدقق اســــتقاللية ــــ ع ســــلبا يــــؤثر ذلــــك فــــإن التــــا و التــــدقيق، مكتــــب ال حد إ تصل العميل قبل من ضغوط ممارسة إ مر يصل وقد املدققالتدقيق، بتغي .ديد التــــدقيق ـــــام م عقــــد حاطـــــة:عامــــل تتطلــــب ـــــا أل لة، الســــ مـــــة بامل ســــت ل التــــدقيق مـــــة م إن يعاب واسـ ا بتفاصـيل دراك و املحاسـبة، حيث من العمل مات ان مي وضبط جراءات من بمجموعة متــ بم القيــام للمــدقق ســ ي ــ ح ــا عاد أ ــل ب للتــدقيق الدوليــة يـــنعكساملعــاي ممــا املــتقن ل بالشــ ھ ودة ا ع . إيجابا )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 105 -88 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 93 ومحدداتھ3.2 الداخ التدقيق جودة وم :مف ــــــا أ ــــــ ع داء" عرفـــــت مراقبــــــة ــــــ ع املنظمــــــات ســــــ حيــــــث املتطليـــــات، مــــــع املطابقــــــة مــــــدى تقليـــــل خــــالل مـــــن وذلــــك ـــــودة، ا درجــــات مــــن درجـــــة ــــ أع ـــــ إ للوصــــول اليوميـــــة عمــــال و شــــطة و التـدقيق بجـودة يتعلـق فيما دارة احتياجات تلبية إ يؤدي الذي ل بالش نحرافات وكشف خطار الداخلية الرقابة لنظام يد ا داء إ ند س ال الراوي،(" الداخ ، النعي ص2012نور، ،257.( الــداخلي ن املــراجع واســتقالل موضــوعية خــالل مــن الــداخ التــدقيق جــودة العنايــةوتتحــدد ن، ن املـدقق وعـدد الـداخ التـدقيق إدارة ـم ـ ك وأيضـا ومدتھ، املنجز العمل كفاءة خالل ومن نية، امل )، ص2012العبد ،35 .(( التا الداخ التدقيق جودة محددات حددت التدقيق معاي ص2016حنان،(إن ،33:( ا ن الداخلي ن املدقق سبة و ة، ا سنوات الداخمتوسط التدقيق قسم ؛)الكفاءة(اء للتدقيق التنفيذي العام الدير إ العائد ر ؛)موضوعية(التقر املــدقق يقضــيھ الــذي والوقــت ، ــار ا التــدقيق مســاعدة ــ لــداخ التــدقيق يقضــيھ الــذي الـزمن التدقيقية املالية ام امل أداء املنجز(الداخ ). العمل تحس4.2 الداخمتطلبات التدقيق جودة : ن إدارة الداخليـــــة، الرقابـــــة حـــــول ة شـــــار واس تأكيديـــــة خـــــدمات الـــــداخ التـــــدقيق وظيفـــــة تقـــــدم ذلـــك تحقيــق يل ســـ ــ و ا، ــداف أ تحقيـــق ــ ع الشــركة مســـاعدة أجــل مــن ات، الشـــر وحوكمــة املخــاطر نـة م جـودة ـ تـؤثر عوامل بمثابة عت املتطلبات من مجموعة توفر من عمـلالبد و ، الـداخ التـدقيق خـــالل مـــن ا، ـــداف أ تحقيـــق ـــ ع ســـاعد و للشـــركة قيمـــة وتضـــيف وكمـــة، ا مبـــادئ إرســـاء ـــز عز ـــ ع نات التحسـ تقـديم خـالل مـن وكـذا بفعاليـة، تـدار الشـركة تواجـھ ـ ال املخـاطر بـأن معقـول تأكيد تقديم لذلك ة ي. الضرور ما املتطلبات ذه : وتتمثل ب 1.4.2 ام الداخل التدقيق معاي :تطبيق عــــام الـــداخ التـــدقيق معـــاي كيـــة مر املتحـــدة الواليــــات ـــ ن الـــداخلي ن املـــدقق ـــد مع أصـــدر ـــف1978 التعر ــ إ باإلضــافة الـــداخ املــدقق بمســؤوليات قائمـــة املعــاي تلــك مقدمـــة تضــمنت حيــث م ، املعـــاي ـــذه ميـــة بأ ـــف والتعر الـــداخ التـــدقيق نـــة نبم الـــداخلي ن املـــدقق ـــد مع إصـــدار آخـــر ـــان و التدقيق بداية2003ملعاي من ا اعتبار ا دأ و ن2004م، مجموعت إ املعاي د املع قسم حيث م، ي ص2009امل،( كما ص ،54-55:( و اصة: املجموعة ا املعاي معاي عة أر ع املجموعة ذه :وتحتوي ومسوؤليات داف ؛أ الداخ التدقيق وصالحيات واملوضوعية؛ ستقاللية الواجبة؛ نية امل العناية ذل و الكفاية الداخ التدقيق عملية ر وتطو ودة ا ضبط .برنامج الثانية داء: املجموعة معاي معاي سبعة ع املجموعة ذه :وتحتوي ؛ الداخ التدقيق شطة أ إدارة العمل؛ طبيعة عم ؛تخطيط الداخ التدقيق لية حتسني جودة التدقيق الداخلي من أجل إرساء التطبيق متطلبات السليم حلوكمة الشركات خيلف صفية سايح جبور علي 94 ؛ الداخ التدقيق تنائج توصيل التوصيات؛ تنفيذ مراقبة التوصيات تنفيذ عد املقبولة املخاطر . مستوى ـا و ن الـداخلي ن للمـدقق سـبة بال ة ضـرور عت ا أ الداخ التدقيق معاي مية أ وتكمن مــوا يل أن م مــ تظــر ي ــ وال ساســية املبــادئ ــدفتضــع ال يحققــون بحيــث م ــام مل م ممارســ عنــد ــا ـــا م ــ يل نيـــة م معــاي وجــود أن إذ لـــإلدارة، ســبة بال ة ضــرور التـــدقيق معــاي ــ عت كمـــا م، وجــود مــن ــــ م لوظــــائف ــــم أدا عنــــد م قــــبل مــــن ــــا ل املقدمــــة ر التقــــار ــــ ع عتمــــاد مــــن دارة ســــيمكن ن املــــدقق تـــــ معـــــاي وجـــــود أن كمـــــا للمـــــدققالشـــــركة، ســـــبة بال ضـــــروري أمـــــر ن الـــــداخلي ن املـــــدقق ـــــا م ـــــ يل دقيق ن الداخلي ن املدقق عمل وكفاءة متانة ع تطمئنھ ا أل ، ار ص2009امل،(ا ص ،52-53 ( . ن 2.4.2 الداخلي ن املدقق :نوعية ــــــ د معينــــــة صــــــية وقــــــدرات صــــــفات تــــــوفر ــــــ ع الــــــداخ التــــــدقيق وظيفــــــة فعاليــــــة تتوقــــــف ن الشــركة،املـدقق أعضـاء ـل مـن والقبــول التـدقيق ـام مل النـا التنفيـذ ضــمان ا شـأ مـن ن، الـداخلي ــــذا ــــ و واملثــــابرة والصــــ ، ــــ ال والــــدافع داري الــــو تــــوفر ــــ والقــــدرات الصــــفات ــــذه تتمثـــل قـــال واق" sawyerطــار الصـــعبة، ل املشـــا ـــة ملعا ضـــروري الــداخ املـــدقق لـــدى ســـتعداد تحـــامإن تصــميم الـداخ للمـدقق ـون ي وأن دافـھ، أ ن ـ و نـھ ب تحـول ضـغوط أيـة ومقاومـة املعتـادة ـ غ الطـرق صــول ل ع والوقــا قــائق ا ــ ع للوقــوف العمــل وإدارة متــھ، م ــداف أ تحقيــق ــ ح أعمالــھ إتمــام ــ ع خصــام أي لتجنــب رأيــھ، إبــداء ــ ــا عل ند ســ ــ ال والقــرائن دلــة ــ يت"/ ع التــدقيقكمــا شــاط طلــب قـائق وا املعلومـات تبـادل ـ ع ن الـداخلي ن املـدقق سـاعد تصـال، ـ ع عاليـة قـدرات أيضـا الـداخ الــــداخ التــــدقيق مــــن واملســــتفيدة اضــــعة ا طــــراف ن ــــ و م، بيــــ العمليــــات وزقيــــب،(حــــول يلــــة، ص2017 ،63. ( سابات 3.4.2 ل ي و لك التدقيق : استخدام م ت س ـاك ع والشـفافية واملصـداقية الثقـة إضـفاء دور من ا ل ملا ة كب مية أ التدقيق نة وتقـدم، وتخزن عا أن يجب ال املعلومات م الزدياد شطة م لك فنظرا املالية، البيانات تكنولوجيــــة وســـائل واســـتخدام املـــدقق قبـــل مـــن التكنولوجيــــة التطـــورات مواكبـــة ضـــرورة ذلـــك اســـتلزم ــــــم أ أحــــــد ــــــ عت ــــــي و لك التــــــدقيق أن ذلــــــك ، الــــــداخ التــــــدقيق عمليــــــة إنجــــــاز ــــــ ــــــا عل عتمــــــاد و الداخ التدقيق جودة ن تحس ساعد ال . املتطلبات أنـھ ـ ع ـي و لك التـدقيق دارة"وعَرف بتأكيـدات تتعلـق أدلـة ـ ع صـول ل منظمـة عمليـة وتقييم املالية، البيانات تأكيـداتعن مطابقـة مـدى مـن التحقق أجل من موضوعية بصورة دلة ذه العالقة ذات لألطراف النتائج وتوصيل املوضوعية للمعاي شوان،" (دارة ص2014ال ،318.( خــــالل مــــن ، الــــداخ التــــدقيق نــــة م جـــودة ن تحســــ ــــ ــــي و لك التــــدقيق دور يــــان ت مكـــن و التالية ص2014سمور،(النقاط ):100-99ص، خدمـة جـودة ن تحسـ ـ إ يؤدي التدقيق عملية تخطيط مرحلة ي و لك التدقيق استخدام إن ر تطــو ــ مة واملســا التــدقيق عمليــة ــ املعلومــات تكنولوجيــا مزايــا مــن ســتفادة خــالل مــن التــدقيق، ع نة بامل املتعلقة التكنولوجية للتطورات ا ومواكب التدقيق نة م ؛وتقدم والدو قلي املستوى ـ ع الرقابيـة جـراءات جودة ن وتحس ، أك سرعة عمال إنجاز إ التكنولوجيا استخدام يؤدي دون ا تـــــدقيق يصـــــعب ـــــ وال التـــــدقيق، موضـــــع املؤسســـــة ـــــ املســـــتخدمة ونيـــــة لك وامللفـــــات امج ـــــ ال املعلومات؛ بتكنولوجيا ستعانة )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 105 -88 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 95 باســت املــدقق قيــام مــنإن ــد ز و التــدقيق عمليــات ــاليف ت مــن يخفــض املعلومــات تكنولوجيــا خدام ا؛ دق ل شـ العينـة ـم حسـاب خـالل مـن التـدقيق، لعمليـة التخطـيط مرحلـة جـودة ن تحس ساعد إعـــداد أو التــدقيق لعمليــة ـــ الزم نــامج ال إعــداد ـــ املســاعدة خــالل مـــن وأيضــا ــا مفردا واختيــار أدق، الوقت الـالزمموازنة ـ الزم نـامج لل التحض و أفضل ل ش التدقيق ومراحل عمليات للقيام الالزم إنجــاز ـ املــدقق سـاعد ولة، سـ ــ أك التـدقيق عينــة سـاب اح عمليـة يجعــل ممـا التــدقيق، عمليـة ـاء إل عم ـــ ـــ أك بكفـــاءة وقتـــھ اســـتغالل مـــن يمكنـــھ ممـــا ســـرعة، ـــ وأك أقـــل بوقـــت ســـابية ا ليـــاتالعمليـــات التحليلية؛ جراءات ك ال مثل أخرى ساســــــــية ختبـــــــارات و الرقابـــــــة اختبــــــــارات تنفيـــــــذ ـــــــ املعلومــــــــات تكنولوجيـــــــا ن املـــــــدقق ســـــــتخدم انيـة إم ومـدى النظـام شـغيل و تصـميم فعاليـة وفحـص الداخليـة الرقابـة ئـة ب م ف أجل من للعمليات، با التـــدقيق عمليـــة خـــالل مـــن عليـــھ ختبـــاراتعتمـــاد تنفيـــذ وأيضـــا الرقابـــة، خطـــر تقـــدير ـــ إ إلضـــافة حيـل وال والتنصـيف والتوقيـت والدقـة كتمـال و ـدوث ا مـن التحقـق ـ املتمثلـة للعمليات ساسية يص؛ والت املقـدرة، املماثلـة سـب ال مقارنـة ـ املدقق ساعد حيث التحليلية، باإلجراءات القيام جودة ن تحس تح التـــا املاليـــةو القـــوائم تـــدقيق ـــ ع ـــي و لك التـــدقيق ســـاعد و ا، أســـبا ومعرفـــة نحرافـــات ديـــد وقــوائم ر تقــار ــ ع طــالع ــ ع ســاعد و ولة، وســ ســرعة الســابقة والســنوات الــة ا للســنة للمؤسســة و الســــنوات، مــــن ة ــــ كب مجموعــــة ــــ ع املقارنـــات إجــــراء مــــن املــــدقق يمكــــن منــــا املنافســــة، مــــعاملؤسســـات وموضوعية؛ مصداقية أك ل ش رأيھ إبداء من يمكنھ كما املنافسة، ات الشر من ة كب مجموعة أو وأســرع، أدق ل شــ ســابات ا أرصــدة تــدقيق خــالل مــن ــا وتوثيق التــدقيق أعمــال جــودة ن تحســ برنــا إنجــاز مــن املــدقق يمكــن ممــا أفضــل، ل شــ العمــل أوراق إعــداد ــ و التــدقيق نتــائج ــيص ت مجــ أوراق وتحضـــ ا، يــدو ســيدقق ـــان ممــا ــ أك عـــدد تــدقيق مــن املـــدقق يمكــن كمــا أقـــل، بوقــت التــدقيق والفعالية الكفاءة تحقيق التا و أقصر بوقت وإنجازه عمليھ جودة ع نعكس س مما سرعة، . العمل الداخ 4.4.2 للتدقيق ميثاق : إعداد الـــدخ التـــدقيق شــــاط ل التنظيميـــة ئـــة الب تـــوفر لفعاليــــةإن ساســـية املقومـــات إحــــدى تمثـــل ــذا ول للشــركة، ـ التنظي ــل ي ال ـ متممــا جـزءا ــ عت ة ــ خ ـذه أن ذلــك ، الـداخ التــدقيق وظيفيـة ، الـداخ التـدقيق ميثـاق إعـداد وجـوب ـ ع أكـدت حيـث انـب، ا ـذا الداخ التدقيق معاي تمت ا وا ــــا عل املصــــادقة تــــتم رســــمية وثيقــــة ــــ دارةو و التــــدقيق نــــة أو دارة مجلــــس قبــــل مــــن ــــا عتماد الشــركة داخــل الــداخ للتــدقيق ميثــاق وجــود أن ــ إ الدراســات مــن العديــد توصــلت إذ للشــركة، العليـا الداخ التدقيق أعمال أداء ع ي إيجا تأث وزقيب،(لھ ص2017يلة، ،63 ( . ا. 3 الشر بحوكمة الداخ التدقيق : تعالقة واملصـــــداقية الثقـــــة إضـــــفاء ـــــ دور مـــــن ـــــا ل ملـــــا ة ـــــ كب ميـــــة أ الـــــداخ التـــــدقيق نـــــة م ت ســـــ اك العناصــر ودعـم مســاندة ـ فعــاال دورا الـداخ التــدقيق شـاط ــؤدي و املاليـة، البيانــات ـ ع والشـفافية وكمة ل يد ا التطبيق يدعم كما ات، الشر وكمة .ساسية الشر 1.3 حوكمة وم : اتمف ات الشــــر بحوكمــــة ســــلطة" يقصــــد تحديــــد أجــــل مــــن عمــــل ــــ ال التنظيميــــة ليــــات مجموعــــة دون املختلفــة طــراف مصــا بتحقيــق ام ــ ل ــدف ــذا و عتباطيــة، م قــرارا ــ ع والتــأث ين املســ ين املس تخص ال باملصا اتة،" (التفرد و ، ص2007ع ،17.( حتسني جودة التدقيق الداخلي من أجل إرساء التطبيق متطلبات السليم حلوكمة الشركات خيلف صفية سايح جبور علي 96 ـــ أ ـــ ع كـــذلك عـــرف اب"او ـــ أ ـــ ممث بواســـطة ســـتخدم إجـــراءات ـــا خالل مـــن تـــتم عمليـــات كفايــة ـ ع والتأكيــد الشـركة، مخــاطر ومراقبـة دارة، بواســطة ـا وإدار املخــاطر إشـراف لتــوف املصـا قــيم وحفــظ ــداف انجـاز ــ مباشــرة مة مســا ـ إ يــؤدي ممــا املخــاطر ـذه لتجنــب الرقابيــة الضـوابط ص2005حماد،" (الشركة ،149.( مــــن مجموعــــة شــــمل امــــل مت نظــــام عــــن عبــــارة ــــ ات الشــــر حوكمــــة أن القــــول يمكــــن وعليــــھ ذات طـــراف جميـــع مصـــا تحقيـــق ـــ ع عمـــل ـــ وال والرقابـــة، ســـي بال اصـــة ا ليـــات و جـــراءات بالشركة الصلة عناصر ثالث ع ات الشر حوكمة ص2005حماد،(وترتكز ،04:( ــالســلوك امل الســلوك وقواعــد باألخالقيــات ام ــ ل خــالل مــن ي الســلو ام ــ ل ضــمان أي ، ــ خال املعلومـــات عـــرض ـــ والشـــفافية بالشـــركة املرتبطـــة طـــراف افـــة مصـــا تحقيـــق ـــ والتـــوازن الرشـــيد املالية؛ لإل املباشـــرة طـــراف و العامـــة شـــرافية يئـــات ال مثـــل ة املصـــ اب ـــ أ دور والرقابــــةتفعيـــل شـــراف بالشركة؛ املرتبطة خرى طراف و املخاطر .إدارة ات 2.3 الشر حوكمة من املستفيدة طراف وكمــة ا لقواعـد السـليم التطبيــق مـن مسـتفيدة ســية رئ أطـراف عـة أر نــاك أن مالحظـة يجـب طــرا ـــذه و القواعــد، ـــذه تطبيـــق ــ الفشـــل أو النجــاح مـــدى ة ـــ كب درجــة ـــ إ ـــوتحــدد ســـليمان،(ف ص2009 ص ،17-18:( ن م مقابــــل:املســــا وذلــــك م لألســــ م ملكيــــ ــــق طر عــــن للشــــركة املــــال رأس بتقــــديم يقومــــون مــــن ــــم دارة مجلـــــس أعضـــــاء اختيـــــار ـــــ ـــــق ا ـــــم ل مـــــن ـــــم و م، ثمارا الســـــ املناســـــبة ـــــاح ر ـــــ ع صـــــول ا م حقوق ناية ن .املناسب دارة امل:مجلس يمثلون من م يقـومو حيـث املصـا اب ـ أ مثـل خـرى طـراف وأيضـا ن م سـا ــــ إ باإلضــــافة الشــــركة ألعمــــال اليوميــــة دارة ســــلطة م إلــــ ــــل يو والــــذين ن التنفيــــذي ن املــــدير باختيــــار للشركة العامة السياسات برسم أيضا قوم و م أدا ع .الرقابة للشــركة:دارة الفعليـة دارة عــن املســؤولة ـ دارةو مجلــس ــ إ بــاألداء اصـة ا ر التقــار وتقــديم فصـــاح تجـــاه ا مســـؤولي ـــ إ باإلضـــافة ـــا قيم ـــادة وز الشـــركة ـــاح أر عظـــيم عـــن املســـؤولة ـــ ـــ عت و ن م للمسا ا شر ت ال املعلومات .والشفافية املصـــا اب ــ ن:أ الـــدائن مثـــل الشـــركة، داخـــل مصـــا ــم ل اأطـــراف مـــن مجموعـــة ـــم واملـــوردينو عـض ـ ومختلفـة متعارضـة ـون ت قـد مصـا م لـد ـون ي طـراف ؤالء أن مالحظة جب و والعمال، ــ ع ن الــدائن أمــا ســتمرار ـ ع الشــركة مقــدرة ــ ع ن واملــوظف العمـال ــتم املثــال يل ســ ــ فع حيـان السداد ع الشركة .مقدرة وكمة 3.3 ا ) oecd/g20(مبادئ القامت عـاممنظمة خـالل والتنمية قتصادي ات،1999تعاون الشـر حوكمـة مبـادئ بإصـدار عــام ــل أفر ــ و عضــاء، ومــات ا قبــل مــن ــا اعتماد تــم دوليــة الئحــة أول تمثــل ــ وافقــت2004وال ــ وال ات الشــر بحوكمــة اصــة ا للمبــادئ واملعدلــة ديــدة ا الصــيغة ــ ع ــ عضــاء الــدول ومــات ح ت ع املبـادئاشتملت ع التعديالت عض و جديدة املعتـاز،(وصيات ص2009إحسـان عـام). 07، ـ و ن2015 العشر مجموعة دول مالية وزراء كيةg20أيد ال أنطاليا بمدينة عقد الذي خ م باجتماع والتنميــــة قتصـــادي التعـــاون منظمــــة مجلـــس تــــمoecdقـــرار ـــ وال ديـــدة، ا وكمــــة ا مبـــادئ حـــول )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 105 -88 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 97 مبــــادئت ــــا عل يطلــــق أن وكمــــةoecd/g20فــــاق يــــة،(ل العر املاليــــة وراق يئــــات ،2015اتحــــاد ).03ص وكمة ل ديدة ا للمبادئ استعراض ي ما : (g20/oecd, p03)و ات الشــــر وكمــــة وفعــــال عــــام إطــــار وجــــود وجــــود: ضـــمان ــــز عز وكمــــة ا إطــــار ــــ ع يجــــب فعـــا ـــع وتوز وعادلـــة، شـــفافة القـــانونأســـواق ســـيادة مـــع ســـقة م ـــون ت أن جـــب و للمـــوارد، ل ق طر عن الفعال والتنفيذ شراف :وتدعم  السـوق وسـالمة ـ الك قتصـادي داء ع للتأث ات الشر وكمة إطار ر تطو ب ي بكفاءة؛ عمل شفافة أسواق ز عز و السوق ن للمشارك ا تخلق ال وافز وا  املتطلبات ع أنيجب ات الشـر حوكمـة ممارسـات ع تؤثر ال والتنظيمية القانونية للتنفيذ؛ وقابلة وضفافة القانون سيادة مع سقة م ون ت  العامة؛ ة املص دمة املختلفة السلطات ن ب املسؤوليات تقسيم يتم أن ب ي  الفعالة؛ وكمة ا املالية السوق عات شر تدعم أن يجب  السلطات تتمتع أن ـةيجب ا وال افيـة ال بالصـالحيات والرقابيـة والتنفيذية التنظيمية جـــــراءات تتخـــــذ أن ـــــ ب و وموضـــــوعية، نيـــــة م قـــــة بطر ـــــا بواجبا للقيـــــام الالزمـــــة املـــــوارد ة؛ ووا شفافة ون ت وأن املناسب الوقت الرقابية  الثنايــــ تفاقيــــات و بــــات ت ال خــــالل مــــن ــــدود ا ــــ ع التعــــاون ــــز عز ــــ ب واملتعــــددةي ة املعلومات لتبادل .طراف ن م للمســا ة ســاو امل واملعاملــة قــوق ممارســة: ا يل ســ و حمايــة وكمــة ا إطــار ــ ع يجــب ميـــــع ـــــون ي أن جـــــب و م، قـــــوق جانـــــب ن م واملســـــا قليـــــات ذلـــــك ـــــ بمـــــا ن م املســـــا م حقوق اك ان تم حال فعال ل ش م إلنصاف فرصة ن م . املسا الوسطاءا من م وغ م س وأسواق ة ثمار س :ملؤسسات لتعمـل م سـ ألسـواق متاحـة ـوافز ا ـذه ـون ت وأن السليمة، وافز ا توف وكمة ا إطار ع يجب وكمة ا ملمارسات أفضل تطبيق م سا قة .بطر ات الشـر حوكمـة ـ املصـا اب ـ أ بحقـ: دور وكمـة ا إطـار ف ـ ع أن ــ ب ابي ــ أ وق ن بـــــــ شـــــــط ال التعـــــــاون بع ـــــــ و املتبادلـــــــة تفاقيــــــات أو القـــــــانون ـــــــا عل نـــــــص ـــــــ ال املصــــــا ماليا السليمة ع املشار واستدامة العمل وفرص وة ال خلق ة املص اب وأ ات .الشر والشـــفافية املناســـب: فصـــاح الوقـــت ـــ و الـــدقيق فصـــاح وكمـــة ا إطـــار يكفـــل أن ـــ ب ي جميــ وامللكيــةشــأن داء و املــا الوضــع ذلــك ــ بمــا باالشــركة، املتعلقــة ــة ر و ا املســائل ع الشركة وحوكمة .وإدارة دارة مجلــــــس الشــــــركة: مســــــؤوليات إدارة مجلــــــس قيــــــام ضــــــمان وكمــــــة ا إطــــــار ــــــ ع يجــــــب تجــــــاه املــــــة ال املســــــؤولية وتحمــــــل لــــــإلدارة الفعــــــال والرصــــــد للشــــــركة، اتي ســــــ بالتوجيــــــھ نالش م واملسا .ركة ات 4.3 الشر حوكمة ر بتقار وعالقتھ الداخ التدقيق وكمــــــة ساســــــية العناصــــــر ودعــــــم مســــــاندة ــــــ فعــــــاال دورا الــــــداخ التــــــدقيق شــــــاط يــــــؤدي وكمة ل يد ا التطبيق يدعم كما ات، . الشر حتسني جودة التدقيق الداخلي من أجل إرساء التطبيق متطلبات السليم حلوكمة الشركات خيلف صفية سايح جبور علي 98 نة 1.4.3 ر وتقر الداخ :blue ribbonالتدقيق نـة حت عـامـblue ribbonاق كيـة مر املتحـدة التـدقيق1999الواليـات إلدارة ـ أك دورا ــا ل الــالزم الــدعم وتقــديم للشــركة املــا ــر التقر وتقيــيم إعــداد ــ ع التــدقيق نــة مســاعدة ــ الــداخ خالل ص2017أوصيف،(من ص ،161-162 :( العامــــــة يجــــــ:املســــــاعدة بحيــــــث التــــــدقيق، نــــــة ــــــ إ املعلومــــــات تــــــدفق يل تــــــدفقســــــ يتضــــــمن أن ب أو املشـــروعات أداء ، املــا ــر التقر ــة ونزا الداخليــة الرقابــة وضــوابط للمخــاطر شــامل تحليــل املعلومــات ر التقار نات تحس إحداث أو الناشئة املخاطر مثل التدقيق نة من تطلب خاصة .فحوصات املا ر التقر إعداد إعـداد:املساعدة ـ ا ـداف أ اسـتوفت قـد انـت إذا عما التدقيق نة تدعيم املبــادئ انــت إذا مــا متضــمنا املــا ــر للتقر ــا تقييم ــ التــدقيق نــة تــدعيم للشــركة، الــداخ ــر التقر عـن التـدقيق نـة ـ إ عميقـة نظـر عاد وأ معلومات توف ال، أم مالئمة ك املستخدمة ية املحاس ــق مصــداقيةطر ــ إ باإلضــافة ة، ســنو ع ــ ال ــر التقر عمليــة ــ ع الداخليــة الرقابــة قــوة مــواطن توضــيح ر التقر املقدمة .املعلومات املخـــاطر تقيــــيم ـــ ــــ:املســـاعدة وقعـــت ات الشــــر مـــن ـــ فكث املخــــاطر، إدارة عمليـــات فعاليــــة تقيـــيم ا بالوظــائف املرتبطــة املخــاطر عــة بمتا تقــم لــم ــا أل ل تقييمــاتمشـا تــوف للشــركة، عــة التا أو ملســاعدة ــــذه اليوميــــة، م شــــط أ مــــن ــــ رئ كجــــزء املخــــاطر بتقيــــيم ن املــــدقق يقــــوم حيــــث للمخــــاطر، مســــتقلة ـــــا ع متا يل ســـــ ل التـــــدقيق نـــــة ـــــ إ املعلومـــــات تــــوف التـــــدقيق، نـــــة مـــــع ا تقاســـــم يجـــــب التقييمــــات ال سية، الرئ عمال ومخاطر املالية شطةللمخاطر ن ب وتختلف باين .ت ر 2.4.3 وتقر الداخ :king 2التدقيق ــــر تقر عــــامking 2أعطـــى قيــــا إفر ــــ2002بجنــــوب الــــداخ التــــدقيق لوظيفــــة أساســـيا دورا خالل من ات الشر حوكمة ص2017أوصيف،(تطبيق ،162:( إلضــــاف شــــاري اس وموضــــو مســــتقل تأكيــــد بمثابــــة الــــداخ التــــدقيق شــــاط ــــ نعت وتحســــ قيمــــة ة املـاطر إدارة فعاليـة ن تحسـ ـ الـداخ التـدقيق وظيفـة ساعد حيث بالشركة، وكمة ا عملية تطبيق ا؛ داف أ وتحقيق والرقابة دارة مجلـــس مـــن ـــل عـــاون و وتقـــدير ام بـــاح تحظـــى الـــداخ للتـــدقيق فعالـــة وظيفـــة وجـــود ـــ ب ي دارة مجلس يقرر وعندما العليا، دارة ،و الـداخ التـدقيق وظيفة شاء إ عدم اص ا لتقديره وفقا الرقابــــة فعاليــــة مــــن التأكـــد كيفــــة إيضــــاح مـــع الســــنوي، ــــر التقر ـــ ذلــــك ــــل عـــن فصــــاح يجــــب فإنـــھ الداخلية؛ د مع توصيات مع يتما بما وذلك رسميا، الداخ التدقيق ومسؤولية وغرض سلطة تحديد يجب فيما ن، الداخلي ن دارة؛املدقق مجلس بل من املعتمد الداخ التدقيق ميثاق يخص التدقيق؛ نة اجتماعات جميع حضور الداخ املدقق ع يجب التدقيق؛ نة مع باالتفاق الداخ التدقيق إدارة س رئ وعزل ن عي يتم لعمليــات تأكيــدات تقــدم ــ ال خــرى الوظــائف مــع الــداخ التــدقيق وظيفــة ســق ت أن الشــركةيجــب مــــــن ــــــد ول شــــــغيلية، ال والرقابــــــة املاليــــــة للرقابــــــة يحة ــــــ غطيــــــة لضــــــمان خارجيــــــا أو داخليــــــا ســــــواء ود ا .ازدواجية قانون 3.4.3 اسات ع وا الداخ : sarbanes-oxleyالتدقيق قــــانون عــــامsarbanes-oxleyســـن ــــذا2002ـــ شــــرح حيـــث ــــي، مر ــــونجرس ال قبـــل مــــن الكي ووضــوح بدقــة مســاعدةالقــانون ــ امــل مت ل شــ ن الــداخلي ن املــدقق ــا خالل مــن عمــل ــ ال فيــة )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 105 -88 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 99 بـــــإدارة ســــتعانة ضــــرورة ــــ إ ات الشـــــر مــــن العديــــد تطلعــــت فقــــد القـــــانون، ــــذا تطبيــــق ــــ ع الشــــركة ن العــــامل فــــراد ب تــــدر ــــق طر عــــن للرقابــــة، ي الــــذا التقيــــيم يل ســــ ــــ م ملســــاعد الــــداخ التــــدقيق تحد ــ م التــدقيقملشــارك إدارة مــدير ــ عت حيــث الداخليــة، الرقابــة ضــوابط لتوثيــق قــة طر أفضــل يــد للتأكــد الداخليــة الرقابــة ضــوابط واختيــار بتوثيــق اصــة ا العمليــة ــ ن ك املشــ ن املــدير أحــد الــداخ القـــيم بمتطلبـــات مـــة مل الشـــركة أن الداخليـــة" 404مـــن للرقابـــة العـــام ـــر قـــانون" التقر -sarbanesمـــن oxley )،ص2005حماد ص ،505-507.( ي 4.4.3 ورو تحاد جلنة ر وتقر الداخ ر :التقر ســنة ـــا ل ــر تقر ــ ـــي ورو تحــاد نــة حوكمـــة2004أكــدت حــول ــي ورو بـــاملنظور املســ مــن ـ غ ـا دور وأن الداخليـة، الرقابـة نظـام مـن جـزءا ـ عت الـداخ التـدقيق وظيفـة أن ـ ع ات الشـر ــــة امل اجــــة ا ــــ ع نــــة ال وأكــــدت داري، انــــب ا أيضــــا شــــمل ل فقــــط، املــــا انــــب ا ــــ ع ــــ ك ال التاليـة املنـافع تحقـق ـا أ حيـث الداخليـة، الرقابة نظام نجاح لضمان وذلك ، الداخ التدقيق لفعالية ص2017أوصيف،( ص ،162-163:( التدقيق؛ عملية ة ستمرار ضمان املحــــددةبنـــاء ا ــــداف أل دارة إنجـــاز ومــــدة التنظــــيم عمليـــات وفعاليــــة كفــــاءة شـــأن الدقيقــــة ــــام ح مسبقا؛ التنظــيم جــودة ضــمان ــ مة إنجــاز: املسـا لضــمان الداخليــة واللــوائح جــراءات و بالسياسـات ام ــ ل ا داف أل . الشركة التنظـيم خـدمات الضـرور: تقديم بـالتحليالت دارة ـد تزو الـدعمأي وتقـديم والتوصـيات، التقيـيم ة، ات الشر حوكمة ن تحس أجل .من ات. 4 الشر وكمة يد ا التطبيق دعم الداخ التدقيق جودة ن تحس دور وإرسـاء ات الشـر وكمـة يـد ا التطبيق ع أثره ينعكس الداخ التدقيق جودة ن تحس إن ــا، عمــلمباد الـــداخ التـــدقيق نــة م أن مســـاعدةذلـــك ـــ خـــاللع مـــن ا ــداف أ تحقيـــق ـــ ع الشــركة الشركة املخاطر إدارة الداخلية، الرقابة حول ة شار واس تأكيدية خدمات . تقديم ات1.4 الشر حوكمة من املستفيدة لألطراف القيمة عظيم ع ا وأثر الداخ التدقيق جودة القي عظــــيم ـــ الــــداخ التــــدقيق جــــودة أثــــر توضــــيح حوكمــــةيكـــن مــــن املســــتفيدة لألطــــراف مــــة ي كما ات ادم،(الشر ص2016ب ص ،67-68:( للعمالء 1.1.4 القيمة : عظيم ســـاير جديـــدة ـــارات م ســـاب الك ســـعيھ ـــ يتمثـــل تحـــد أمـــام الـــداخ املـــدقق الـــدور ـــذا يضـــع بمـا امـھ م تنفيـذ آليـات تطور بل فحسب ذا س ل باملؤسسة، العمل مجاالت مختلف يـدعمالتطور مجـــرد مـــن إليـــھ النظـــرة ـــ غي إطـــار ـــ للعميـــل، املتحققـــة املنفعـــة أو القيمـــة عظـــيم ـــ املؤسســـة ـــود ج قواعــــد تنفيـــذ فاعليـــة أن وطاملـــا وكمــــة، ا عمليـــة ـــ ك شـــر ــــ إ املؤسســـة وخـــدمات ملنتجـــات لك مســـ ا لـدور آخـر عـد يت نا ف للمؤسسة، الداخلية الرقابة كفاءة ع تتوقف وكمة ـا الـداخ ملـدقق التوصـيات وتقـديم الرقابيـة، للـنظم الفعـال التقييم إ سعيھ خالل من للعميل، املتحققة القيمة ادة ز ا جود مستوى برفع .الكفيلة ن 2.1.4 م للمسا القيمة :عظيم الـــة بالو مســـؤول املجلـــس أن ـــ ع ـــذا م، أمـــوال إدارة ـــ ن م املســـا عـــن دارة مجلـــس ينـــوب ب الوفاء مـاعن إدارة ـ فعاليتـھ مـدى عـن فصـاح ضـرورة ـ واملتمثلـة ن، م املسا ومصا احتياجات ـ ع يـتم معيـارا ا إعـداد ـ ع دارة مجلـس شـرف ـ ال املاليـة ر التقـار تمثل حيث ام، م من إليھ ل أو حتسني جودة التدقيق الداخلي من أجل إرساء التطبيق متطلبات السليم حلوكمة الشركات خيلف صفية سايح جبور علي 100 ن، واملـــرتقب ن ـــالي ا ن ثمر املســـ طـــرف مـــن ات وســـلو قـــرارات اتخـــاذ دور أساســـھ ـــ يت نـــا التـــدقيقو مجلس مساءلة ع ن م املسا قدرة ز عز و املالية ر التقار ة ونزا دقة ضمان فعال كعنصر الداخ ـــا ل تتعـــرض ـــ ال املخـــاطر مـــن ـــد ا ــ املســـئولة دارات مـــع بالتعـــاون ا م مســـا وكـــذا املؤسســة، إدارة وجـــوده الـــداخ التـــدقيق ـــق فر يؤديـــھ الـــذي الـــدور يـــدعم وممـــا ااملؤسســـة، شــــ عا حـــداث موقـــع ـــ ـ أك ل شـ ا ع ر والتقر املالية القوائم مراجعة ع ة امل ذه ساعده حيث باملؤسسة، ظة ب ظة ـ ال خطـار مـن ا وحماي املؤسسة، ألصول مثل ستخدام يضمن مما ، ار ا املراجع من تفصيال ن بالقوان ام ل عدم أو الغش يجة ن شأ ت املؤسسةقد املطبقة جراءات و .والتعليمات املصا 3.1.4 اب أل القيمة : عظيم واملجتمـــــــع النقابيـــــــة تحـــــــادات و ن والـــــــدائن واملـــــــوردين ن املـــــــوظف ـــــــ املصـــــــا اب ـــــــ أ يتمثـــــــل فـــرص تـــوفر ـــ ال ـــ ف ا، واســـتمرار املؤسســـة نجـــاح ـــ جماعيـــة أو فرديـــة مصـــا ـــم ل الـــذي املحـــيط، الضــــــــ وتــــــــدفع كةالعمــــــــل مشــــــــ ة مصــــــــ تمثــــــــل املؤسســــــــة ة فاســــــــتمرار ــــــــدمات وا الســــــــلع وتقــــــــدم راب مـدة ـ ع فقـط املؤسسـة ة استمرار تتوقف وال ا شاط ب واملتأثرة املرتبطة خرى طراف و ن م للمسا التـــــدقيق دور ز ــــ ي نـــــا و العمليــــات، لتلـــــك املســــتمر ن التحســـــ ــــ ع أيضـــــا بــــل ـــــا، عمليا وفعاليــــة كفــــاءة حيــث املخــاطر،الــداخ إدارة ــ ا م ومســا الداخليــة، الرقابــة لــنظم ي الــذا التقيــيم خــالل مــن يمكننــا عمليــات وجــودة كفــاءة مســتوى مـن والرفــع املؤسســة إدارة مجلــس مسـاءلة ــ ع ن م املســا قــدرة ـز عز و املصا اب أل منفعة أو قيمة من ا ع يتولد ما عظيم و . املؤسسة ال2.4 التدقيق نة م الداخليةجودة الرقابة نظام تقييم ع ا وأثر :داخ الداخلية1.2.4 الرقابة ف : عر املنظمـــات رعايـــة نـــة الرقابـــة(coso-committee of sposoring organizations)عرفــت ا بأ ا" الداخلية تصـميم يـتم الشـركة، ـ فراد و دارة و الشركة إدارة مجلس قبل من تنفذ عمليات ت التعطــي ــداف أل الشـــركة تحقيـــق حــول معقـــوال institute français d’audit et contrôle)" أكيـــد interne, 2004, p02) . ـــــ الداخليــــة الرقابــــة آخــــر ــــف عر ــــ ـــــدف"و دارة ا تضــــع ــــ ال جــــراءات مــــن مجموعــــة فضـــــال املاليـــــة، ـــــ وغ املاليـــــة والقـــــوائم الت ـــــ ال موثوقيـــــة وضـــــمان ا أصـــــول ـــــ ع فـــــاظ اما ـــــ ل عـــــن املنظمة داف أ بتحقيق الصلة ذات جراءات و . (saidu, zabedah, 2014, p464) "بالسياسات الداخلية2.2.4 الرقابة نظام لتقييم الداخ املدقق وخطوات :إجراءات التاليـة طوات بـا يقـوم فإنـھ الداخليـة الرقابـة نظـام تقيـيم مـن الـداخ املـدقق يـتمكن ـي ول ص2006،الوردات( ،170:( للتدقيق؛ اضعة ا شطة تحديد الرقابة؛ ونقاط شغيل ال أنظمة تحديد لألنظمة؛ أو تقييم بإعداد القيام ؛ و التقييم نتائج أساس ع الفحص مدة تحديد الفحص؛ بأعمال القيام التدقيق؛ فحوصات نتائج تقييم وغ مناسبة غ الرقابة انت إذا ما تاج فعالة؛است النظام ن لتحس الالزمة التوصيات وتحديد الرقابة، لنظام ي ا تقييم .تقديم )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 105 -88 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 101 مــع خصوصــا مـا، م أصــبح الداخليــة الرقابـة نظــام وكفايـة فعاليــة حــول الـداخ املــدقق فـرأي شـمل أن يجـب الـداخ املـدقق رأي أن ع نصت وال الداخ للتدقيق نية امل املمارسة معاي تطور التاليةب العناصر ،(وضوح ص2018صال ص ،196-197:( ا؛ استخدام وكيفية التقييم معاي ؛ الداخ املدقق رأي شملھ الذي املجال شاء إ مسؤولية يتو الذي الداخلية؛) تصميم(من الرقابة نظام ع واملحافظة ؛ الداخ املدقق رأي ا شمل ال اصة ا املجاالت املدق رأي ون ي اأن الصلة ووثيقة ومفيدة افية بمعلومات مدعوما الداخ . ق املخاطر3.4 إدارة ع ا وأثر الداخ التدقيق نة م جودة ـــــــ م ســـــــا و املؤسســـــــة ــــــ املخـــــــاطر إدارة نظـــــــام فعاليـــــــة يقــــــيم أن يجـــــــب الـــــــداخ التــــــدقيق إن امل تقــــــيم أن باملؤسســـــة الـــــداخ التـــــدقيق إدارة ــــــ ع يجـــــب كمـــــا ا، بحوكمــــــةتحســـــي تتعلـــــق ـــــ ال خـــــاطر ا وعمليا ات . الشر املخاطر 1.3.4 إدارة وم : مف تحقيـــــق لضـــــمان ســـــعيا محتملـــــة أوضـــــاع أو أحـــــداث وضـــــبط إدارة، تقيـــــيم، تحديـــــد، عمليـــــة ـــــ معينـــة خســارة وقــوع احتماليــة تخفــيض ــ ع بفعاليــة عمــل املخــاطر إدارة عمليــة إن ا، ــداف أل الشــركة سار ا م من تقلل ا أ مـايكما املخـاطر إدارة عمليـة شـمل و ـا، وقوع حال ،2017أوصـيف،(ة ص )165-164ص : صول؛ ا من املحتملة ل املشا منع ا؛ حصول عند ل للمشا املبكر الكشف ل املشا تلك بحصول سمحت ال جراءات و السياسات يح . ت املخاطر 2.3.4 إدارة الداخ التدقيق :دور التــــدقي تمــــام ا نظـــــامإن تقيــــيم ــــ إ إضـــــافة املخــــاطر، إدارة وتــــدقيق املخــــاطر بـــــإدارة الــــداخ ق الـــداخ التـــدقيق عمـــل ات، الشـــر حوكمـــة ملبـــادئ الســـليم للتطبيـــق دعمـــھ مـــن عـــزز الداخليـــة الرقابــة ـ ال املخـاطر بـأن معقـول تأكيد تقديم خالل من ا داف أ تحقيق ع والعمل للشركة قيمة إضافة ع الشـر وتـدقيقتواجھ املخـاطر، إدارة مجـال ـ ا تقـدم ـ ال نات التحسـ خـالل مـن وكـذا بفعاليـة، تـدار كة ــــ املتمثــــل التقليــــدي ــــا دور مــــن ــــا نطاق ســــع ا قــــد الــــداخ التــــدقيق وظيفــــة أن حيــــث املخــــاطر، إدارة إدار تـدقيق خـالل من للشركة قيمة إضافة ع ك ال ثم داري التدقيق إ املا املخـاطر،التدقيق ة ثقـة ـادة وز طمأنـة ـ إ يـؤدي مـا ـذا و شـفافية، ـل ب الشـركة تواجھ ال املخاطر مختلف عن فصاح و وأن م ممثلـــ جانـــب مـــن ومـــة مف م مصـــا تواجـــھ ـــ ال املخـــاطر أن ـــ ع املصـــا اب ـــ وأ ن م املســـا الشـر حوكمـة دعـم ـ م سـا ممـا ومـنظم ـ م ل شـ ا ل بالتصدي تقوم مـة،(اتدارة ،2014برا .) 95ص تــتم ــ ال العمليــات ــا أ ــ ع وكمــة ا عـرف الــذي ن، الــداخلي ن املــدقق ــد مع ــف عر فحسـب ـ ع شـراف تـوف أجـل مـن املؤسسـة، ـ املصـا اب ـ أ ممث من املستخدمة جراءات خالل من إلنجـاز الضـوابط كفـاءة ـ ع والتأكد ا ومراقب املخاطر مـنإدارة املؤسسـة قـيم ـ ع واملحافظـة ـداف ات الشر حوكمة مة،(خالل ص2014برا ،95.( حتسني جودة التدقيق الداخلي من أجل إرساء التطبيق متطلبات السليم حلوكمة الشركات خيلف صفية سايح جبور علي 102 ـــ ع التعـــرف ـــ املؤسســـة مســـاعدة خـــالل مـــن املخـــاطر إدارة ـــ الـــداخ التـــدقيق دور كمـــن و ــ ي كمــا وذلــك ــا ومراقب املخــاطر إدارة أنظمــة ن تحســ ــ واملســاعدة ــا وتقييم في،(املخــاطر ،2015شــر ) 131ص : بتقـــــديم وذلـــــك املخـــــاطر، إلدارة العامـــــة السياســـــة رســـــم ـــــ العليـــــا دارة و دارة مجلـــــس مســـــاعدة احات؛ واق ة شار اس خدمات املخاطر؛ إلدارة العامة السياسة الواردة جراءات و باألنظمة التقيد مدى من التحقق القيـــا وأنظمــة املخــاطر ـــ ع التعــرف أنظمـــة وفعاليــة كفايـــة مــدى ـــلتقيــيم مســتوى ـــ ع املتبعــة س باملؤسسة؛ والعمليات شطة املخـاطر ـ للتحكم املوضوعية الرقابة وإجراءات الداخ الضبط أنظمة وفعالية كفاية مدة تقييم ا؛ قياس ة و ا عل املتعرف وسـرعة املخاطر إلدارة العام طار تطبيق حول املخاطر مدير طرف من املعدة ر التقار بـالغتقييم املتخذة يحية الت جراءات و ا . بمعا النتائج. 5 :تحليل املطروحة الفرضيات بخصوص التالية جابات إ توصلنا الدراسة ذه خالل :من نبـــ مـــن أنـــھ ـــ إ وتوصــلنا ، الـــداخ التـــدقيق جـــودة ن تحســـ متطلبــات ـــ إ ول املحـــور ـــ التطـــرق تــم جـــــو ن لتحســـــ ساســـــية الـــــداخاملتطلبـــــات التـــــدقيق بمعـــــاي املـــــدقق ام ـــــ ال ـــــو الـــــداخ التـــــدقيق دة عــــام كيــــة مر املتحــــدة الواليــــات ــــ ن الــــداخلي ن املتــــدقق ــــد مع عــــن ــــ1987الصــــادرة إ اإلضــــافة و م، مثــل ن الــداخلي ن املــدقق ــ صــية وقــدرات صــفات تــوفر مــن البــد الــداخ التــدقيق بمعــاي ام ــ ل وامل الو ميثـاقتوفر إعـداد أن كمـا املعلومـات، تبـادل ـ ع ن املـدقق ساعد عالية اتصال وقدرات ثابرة ــ إ باإلضـافة ـذا ، الـداخ التـدقيق وظيفـة لفعاليـة ساسـية املقومـات إحـدى يمثـل الـداخ للتـدقيق عمل ــــــ املعلومــــــات تكنولوجيـــــا مزايــــــا مــــــن ســــــتفادة و ـــــي و لك التــــــدقيق اســــــتخدام نحــــــو يــــــةالتوجـــــھ .التدقيق نـةم أن ـ إ التوصـل وتـم ات، الشـر بحوكمـة الـداخ التـدقيق عالقـة ـ إ ي الثـا املحـور ـ التطرق تم خــالل مــن ات، الشــر وكمــة ساســية العناصــر ودعــم مســاندة ــ فعــاال دورا تــؤدي الــداخ التــدقيق ســـ كمـــا ، املـــا ـــر التقر إعـــداد ـــ واملســـاعدة املعلومـــات تـــدفق يل ـــاعدســـ الـــداخ التـــدقيق وظيفـــة ا داف أ وتحقيق الداخلية والرقابة املخاطر إدارة فعالية ن . تحس إالثالث املحور التطرق وكمـةتم يـد ا التطبيـق دعـم ـ الـداخ التـدقيق جـودة ن تحسـ دور ات، ر الشر جو دورا يـؤدي الـداخ التـدقيق نة م جودة ن تحس أن إ التوصل وإرسـاءوتم دعـم ـ ـا خــــالل مــــن ا، ــــداف أ تحقيــــق ــــ ع والعمــــل للشــــركة قيمــــة وإضــــافة ات، الشــــر وكمــــة يــــد ا التطبيــــق ـ نات التحسـ تقـديم ـ إ باإلضـافة بفعاليـة، تـدار الشـركة تواجـھ ـ ال املخـاطر بـأن معقول تأكيد تقديم املخاطر إدارة .مجال :الصةا. 6 ــــعمــــل ع الــــداخ التــــدقيق نــــة تقــــديممســــاعدةم خــــالل مــــن ا ــــداف أ تحقيــــق ــــ ع الشــــركة أن اعتبـــــار و ات، الشـــــر وحوكمـــــة املخــــاطر إدارة الداخليـــــة، الرقابـــــة حــــول ة شـــــار واس تأكيديـــــة خــــدمات ـــا، مباد وإرســـاء ات الشـــر وكمــة يـــد ا التطبيـــق ــ ع أثـــره يـــنعكس الــداخ التـــدقيق جـــودة ن تحســ املتطلبــا مــن مجموعــة تــوفر مــن البــد ،ــان الــداخ التــدقيق نــة م جــودة ــ تــؤثر عوامــل بمثابــة ــ عت ت ا ـداف أ تحقيـق ع ساعد و للشركة قيمة وتضيف وكمة، ل السليم التطبيق ز عز ع عمل ومـن. و تية النتائج إ التوصل تم البحث ذه :خالل )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 105 -88 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 103 ــ الــداخ املــدقق اســتقاللية ــ ع الــداخ التــدقيق نــة م جــودة خطــاءإن عــن ــر والتقر فصــاح ميــــع ة املصــــ تحقيـــق أجــــل مـــن نــــة امل ســـلوك قواعــــد و نيــــة امل باملعـــاي ام ــــ ل ضـــرورة مــــع والغـــش املالية؛ القوائم مستخدمي اصـــة ا ليـــات و جـــراءات مـــن مجموعـــة شـــمل امـــل مت نظـــام عـــن عبـــارة ـــ ات الشـــر حوكمـــة تحقي ع عمل وال والرقابة، سي بالشركة؛بال الصلة ذات طراف جميع مصا ق املاليـــــة القـــــوائم تمتـــــع تأكيـــــد أجــــل مـــــن ـــــودة ا مـــــن مســـــتوى بــــأع التـــــدقيق عليـــــة القيـــــام ضــــرورة واملصداقية؛ باملوثوقية للشركة العوامـــلالتـــدقيق، بمكتـــب مرتبطـــة عوامـــل ـــا م أ العوامـــل مـــن بمجموعـــة التـــدقيق نـــة م جـــودة تتـــأثر ق بفر التدقيق؛املرتبطة محل باملؤسسة مرتبطة وعوامل التدقيق عمل جـــــودةن لتحســـــ ـــــ أسا متطلــــب ـــــ عت الـــــداخ التـــــدقيق معــــاي بتطبيـــــق الـــــداخ املـــــدقق ام ــــ إل إن ؛ الداخ التدقيق ن يتعـ ـ ال ساسـية املبـادئ تضـع ا و ن، الداخلي ن للمدقق ة ضرور الداخ التدقيق معاي عت م ـعل ع عتمـاد الثقة و و أال م، وجود من دف ال تحقيق غية م ام م ممارسة عند ا ام ل م؛ طرف من لإلدارة املقدمة ر التقار ناملـــدقق لـــدى معينـــة صـــية وقـــدرات صـــفات تـــوفر ـــ ع الـــداخ التـــدقيق وظيفـــة فعاليـــة تتوقـــف الو توفر والقدرات الصفات ذه تتمثل ن، واملثابرة؛الداخلي والص ، ال والدافع داري التـدقيقوظيفـة لفعاليـة ساسـية املقومـات إحـدى يمثـل بالشـركة الـداخ للتـدقيق ميثـاق إعـداد إن ؛ الداخ مـن سـتفادة خـالل مـن التـدقيق، خدمة جودة ن تحس إ يؤدي ي و لك التدقيق استخدام إن ــــ املعلومــــات تكنولوجيــــا ــــامزايــــا ومواكب التــــدقيق نــــة م وتقــــدم ر تطــــو ــــ مة واملســــا التــــدقيق عمليــــة مــــن ن والتحســــ ، ـــ أك ســــرعة عمــــال إنجـــاز ــــ م ســـا كمــــا نــــة، بامل املتعلقـــة التكنولوجيــــة للتطـــورات الرقابية؛ جراءات جودة الر نظــام وتقيــيم املخــاطر، إدارة وتــدقيق املخــاطر بــإدارة الــداخ التــدقيق تمــام ا الداخليــةإن قابــة ا ـداف أ تحقيـق ـ ع عمل و للشركة قيمة ضيف و ات، الشر وكمة السليم للتطبيق دعمھ من عزز خــــــالل مــــــن وكـــــذا بفعاليــــــة، تـــــدار الشــــــركة تواجــــــھ ـــــ ال املخــــــاطر بـــــأن معقــــــول تأكيــــــد تقـــــديم خــــــالل مـــــن املخاطر إدارة وتدقيق املخاطر، إدارة مجال ا تقدم ال نات .التحس راجعامل. 7 . 11الفرص والتحدیات، اإلصدار رقم : حوكمة الشركات). 2015.(اتحاد ھیئات األوراق المالیة العربیة ر ل ). 2017. (أوصیف، لخض ي ظ ة ف ة الداخلی اطر والرقاب ركات، إدارة المخ ة الش داخلي وحوكم دقیق ال ودة الت ین ج ة ب ة العالق ة حوكم طبیع ر، ، مجلة ا)طبیعة العمل( 2100المعیار رقم یلة، الجزائ ة المس ة، جامع وم التجاری ییر والعل ادیة والتس -158): 17(لعلوم االقتص 175. زة ة، كن ركات). 2014. (براھمی ة الش ل حوكم ي تفعی داخلي ف دقیق ال ات : دور الت ة المحرك ة مؤسس ة حال نطینة، emoدراس روب بقس الخ .، الجزائر2، جامعة قسنطینة )رسالة ماجستیر( ركات). 2016. (بلخادم، حنان ة الش ى حوكم داخلي عل دقیق ال ودة الت ر ج ان، : أث احن الزیب ة مط ة مؤسس ة حال تر(دراس ذكرة ماس ة )م ، جامع .محمد خیضر بسكرة، الجزائر ة المجلة المغربی. دراسة نموذج التدقیق الخارجي: العوامل المؤثرة على جودة التدقیق وسبل تحسین خدماتھ). 2015. (جدع، إبراھیم بن یحیى .208-193): 121(لإلدارة المحلیة والتنمیة، ال د الع ارق عب اد، ط ركات ) 2005. (حم ة الش ارف –حوكم اص ومص ام وخ اع ع ركات قط ات، -ش ارب والمتطلب ادئ، التج اھیم ، المب المف .الدار الجامعییة: االسكندریة .الجامعیة الدار :ةدریاإلسكن المالیة، واألزمات الشركات حوكمة ). 2005. (حماد، طارق عبد العال اتح ردوك، ف ى وس اني، موس وم ). 2014. (رحم ة العل ة، مجل ة للمراجع ات المھنی ة والھیئ ات األكادیمی ل الدراس ي ظ ة ف ودة المراجع وم ج مفھ .اإلنسانیة .الدار الجامعیة: حوكمة الشركات ومعالجة الفساد المالي واإلداري، االسكندریة). 2009. (سلیمان، محمد مصطفى حتسني جودة التدقيق الداخلي من أجل إرساء التطبيق متطلبات السليم حلوكمة الشركات خيلف صفية سايح جبور علي 104 دراسة میدانیة على مكاتب تدقیق الحسابات (دور التدقیق االلكتروني في تحسین جودة خدمة التدقیق ). 2014. (مور، نبیل إبراھیم إسماعیلس . ، كلیة التجارة، الجامعة اإلسالمیة غزة، فلسطین)رسالة ماجستیر(، )في قطاع غزة ر ریقي، عم ات). 2015. (ش م اآللی د أھ داخلي كأح دقیق ال ة أداء الت ة، مجل ي المؤسس ودة األداء ف ن ج ع م ي الرف ة ودوره ف ام الحوكم ي نظ ف . 135-121): 7(المؤسسات الجزائریة، جامعة سطیف، الجزائر، تمراریة ). 2018. (صالحي، بوعالم ى اس دور وأھمیة وظیفة المراجعة الداخلیة في تعزیز حوكمة الشركات وإدارة المخاطر وانعكاس ذلك عل .، الجزائر3، جامعة الجزائر)أطروحة دكتوراه(قیمتھا، المنظمة و وق ). 2012. (العبدلي، محمد عبد هللا حامد ي س ة ف ناعیة المدرج ركات الص ي الش داخلي ف دقیق ال أثر تطبیق الحاكمیة المؤسسیة على جودة الت .، جامعة الشرق األوسط)رسالة ماجستیر(الكویت لألوراق المالیة، ): 2(2، المجلة العالمیة لالقتصاد واألعمال، )رؤیة شاملة( متطلبات جودة خدمات التدقیق الداخلي). 2017.(خیرة عجیلة، محمد وزقیب، زة، ). 2009. (كامل، كمال محمد سعید اع غ ي قط ة ف الة (مدى تطبیق معاییر التدقیق الداخلي المتعارف علیھا في البنوك اإلسالمیة العامل رس . الجامعة اإلسالمیة، غزة، فلسطین، كلیة التجارة، )ماجستیر د د عی در، مرش دقیق). 2013. (المص ودة الت ى ج دقیق عل ة الت اطر مھن ر مخ زة، : أث اع غ ي قط دقیق ف ب الت ى مكات ة عل ة میدانی الة (دراس رس .، كلیة التجارة، الجامعة اإلسالمیة، غزة، فلسطین)ماجستیر رحمن د ال ري، عب لوك وآداب م). 2012.(المطی د س ة، قواع ناعیة الكویتی ركات الص ي الش دقیق ف ة الت ودة عملی ى ج ا عل دقیق وأثرھ ة الت ھن .، كلیة األعمال، جامعة الشرق األوسط، الكویت)رسالة ماجستیر( عودیة، ). 2009. (المعتاز، إحسان بن صالح ة الس ة العربی ي المملك ركات ف ة الش التزام شركات المساھمة باإلفصاح عن متطلبات الئحة حوكم .33 -1، )1( 2لة العلوم اإلداریة واالقتصادیة،مج دراسة تطبیقیة على مدققي (أثر استخدام التدقیق االلكتروني على تحسین جودة المعلومات المحاسبیة ). 2014. (نشوان، اسكندر محمود حسین .337-309): 4( 18، مجلة الفكر المحاسبي، )الحسابات بقطاع غزة . الجامعیة الدار :الشركات، االسكندریة وحوكمة الحسابات مراجعة ). 2007. (السید، شحاتة وشحاتة الوھاب عبد علي، نصر ینا راوي، س د ال د و أحم ي، محم ر والنعیم نھج ). 2012. (نور، عبد الناص تخدام م داخلي six sigmaاس دقیق ال ودة الت بط ج ي ض ة (ف دراس انمیدانیة على المستشفیات الخاصة الحائزة على جائزة الجود ة عم ر )ة والتمیز في محافظ ادي عش نوي الح ي الس ؤتمر العلم ، الم .ذكاء األعمال واقتصاد المعرفة، جامعة الزیتونة األردنیة، األدرن: حول .مؤسسة الوراق للنشر والتوزیع: ، عمان1التدقیق الداخلي بین النظریة والتطبیق، الطبعة ). 2006. (الوردات، خلف عبد هللا badara, s., & saidin, s. z. (2014). empirical evidence of antecedents of internal audit effectiveness from nigerian perspective, middle east journal of scientific research, 19(4):460-471. institute français d’audit et contrôle interne. (2004). prise de position ifaci/audit interne-qualité, paris. pashaki, m. m, & kheradyar, s. (2015). an investigation into the effects of audit quality on accounting conservatism in companies listed in tehran stock exchange, international letters of social and humanistic sciences, (50): 107-117. oecd. (2015). g20/oecd principles of corporate governance: http://www.oecd.org/corporate/principles-corporate-governance.htm references: union of arab securities authorities. (2015). corporate governance: opportunities and challenges, issue no. 11. [in arabic] oucif, l. (2017). the nature of t relationship governance between the quality of internal audit and corporate governance, risk management and internal control under standard no. 2100 (the nature of work), journal of economic sciences, management and commercial sciences, (17), 158-175. [in arabic] brahmia, k. (2014). the role of internal auditing in activating corporate governance: a case study of emo el-khroub corporation in constantine, (master thesis, university of constantine 2, algeria). [in arabic] belkhadem, h. (2016). the impact of internal audit quality on corporate governance: a case study of al-zayban mills corporation, (master thesis, mohamed khaider university, algeria). [in arabic] gide, i. b. (2015). factors affecting the quality of auditing and ways to improve its services: study the external audit model. moroccan journal of local administration and development, (121), 193-208. [in arabic] hammad, t. a. (2005) corporate governance public and private sector companies and banks concepts, principles, experiences and requirements, alexandria: al-dar al-jamiya. [in arabic] hammad, tariq abdel aal. (2005). corporate governance and financial crises, alexandria: l-dar )2019جوان ( 02: العدد – 01: الد 105 -88 :ص v:01 nº :02 (june 2019) جملـة حبوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد 105 al-jamiya. [in arabic] rahmani, m., & sarduk, f. (2014). the concept of review quality in light of academic studies and professional review bodies, journal of the humanities. [in arabic] suleiman, m. m. (2009). corporate governance and tackling financial and administrative corruption, alexandria: l-dar al-jamiya. [in arabic] sammour, n. i. i. (2014). the role of electronic auditing in improving the quality of the audit service (field study on audit offices in the gaza strip), (master thesis, islamic university gaza, palestine). [in arabic] chriki, o. (2015). internal auditing as one of the most important mechanisms in the governance system and its role in raising the quality of performance in the institution, journal of the performance of algerian institutions, (7), 121-135. [in arabic] salehi, b. (2018). the role and importance of the internal audit function in strengthening corporate governance and risk management and its reflection on the viability and value of the organization, (phd thesis, university of algiers 3, algeria). [in arabic] al-abdali, m. a. hamid. (2012). the impact of applying corporate governance on the quality of internal auditing in industrial companies listed on the kuwait stock exchange, (master thesis, middle east university). [in arabic] agila, m. & zaqeeb, k. (2017). quality requirements for internal audit services (a comprehensive view), international journal of economics and business, 2 (2). [in arabic] kamel, k. m. saeed. (2009). the extent of application of internal auditing standards recognized in islamic banks operating in the gaza strip, (master thesis, islamic university, gaza, palestine). [in arabic] almasdar, m. e. (2013). the impact of the auditing profession risks on the quality of auditing: a field study on audit offices in the gaza strip, (master thesis, islamic university, palestine). [in arabic] al-mutairi, a. (2012). a code of conduct and ethics for the auditing profession and its impact on the quality of the auditing process in kuwaiti industrial companies (master thesis, middle east university). [in arabic] al-mu'taz, i. b. (2009). the commitment of joint-stock companies to disclose the requirements of the corporate governance regulations in the kingdom of saudi arabia, journal of administrative and economic sciences, 2 (1), 1-33. [in arabic] nashwan, i. m. h. (2014). the effect of using electronic auditing on improving the quality of accounting information (an applied study on auditors in the gaza strip), journal of accounting thought, 18 (4), 309-337. [in arabic] nasr ali, a., & shehata, e. s. (2007). auditing and corporate governance, alexandria: al-dar aljamiya. [in arabic] abdel nasser, n., al-naimi, m. &, sina a. a. (2012). the use of the six sigma approach in internal audit quality control (a field study on the quality and excellence award-winning private hospitals in amman governorate), the 11th annual scientific conference on business intelligence and the knowledge economy, al-zaytoonah university of jordan, jordan. [in arabic] al-wardat, k. a. (2006). internal audit between theory and practice, 1st edition, oman: al-warraq foundation for publishing and distribution. [in arabic] badara, s., & saidin, s. z. (2014). empirical evidence of antecedents of internal audit effectiveness from nigerian perspective, middle east journal of scientific research, 19(4):460-471. institute français d’audit et contrôle interne. (2004). prise de position ifaci/audit interne-qualité, paris. pashaki, m. m, & kheradyar, s. (2015). an investigation into the effects of audit quality on accounting conservatism in companies listed in tehran stock exchange, international letters of social and humanistic sciences, (50): 107-117. oecd. (2015). g20/oecd principles of corporate governance: http://www.oecd.org/corporate/principles-corporate-governance.htm management & economics research journal issn 2710-8856 (online) issn 2676-184x (print) 140-120، ص )2019( 4عدد 1مجلد مجلة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد، management & economics research journal, vol. 1 no. 4 (2019), pp. 120-140 https://doi.org/10.48100/merj.v1i4.65 التسییر، جامعة زیان كلیة العلوم االقتصادیة، التجاریة وعلوم 120 ).الجزائر(الجلفة 3117: ب.عاشور بالجلفة، ص كل الحقوق محفوظة 2019© www.mer-j.com التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة وتداعیات اعتماده في ardlباستخدام نموذج دراسة قیاسیة : االقتصاد الجزائري 2صرارمة عبد الوحید ، 1عیادي صالح )الجزائر(جامعة العربي بن مھیدي، أم البواقي طالب دكتوراه اقتصاد كمي، 1  ayadi.salah@univ-oeb.dz )الجزائر(أستاذ التعلیم العالي، جامعة العربي بن مھیدي، أم البواقي 2  serarwaheed@gmail.com 2019-12-24: تاریخ النشر 2019-12-07: تاریخ القبول 2019-10-20: االستالمتاریخ :ملخص ر ة غی ة النقدی أدوات السیاس ة ب اھیم المتعلق ض المف ى بع رف عل ى التع ة إل ذه الدراس تھدف ھ اج الجزائر النتھ ي أدت ب باب الت م األس رق ألھ ع التط ي، م ھیل الكم التقلیدیة والتي من بینھا أداة التس .ھذه األداة ت خ ى لص أثیر عل ل الت ن أج یس م ي ل ھیل الكم ة التس ر لسیاس اج الجزائ أن انتھ ة ب الدراس ائج تمویل عجز الخزینة العمومیة، المتغیرات النقدیة إنما من أجل ر كما أسفرت نت دیر أث دارتق اإلص ادي و االقتص ى النم دي عل رة النق الل فت ي االول(خ ع -2003الثالث ي الراب تعمال )2018الثالث باس ي وإجمالي، إلى وجود عالقة طردیة بین الكتلة النقدیة بالمفھوم الواسع ardlنموذج اتج المحل الن .اإلجمالي .عجز الموازنة ،السیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة، التسھیل الكمي، اإلصدار النقدي: الكلمات المفتاحیة .c51 ,e52: جالتصنیف سلاالمؤلف المر: [ ayadi.salah@univ-oeb.dz] https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.48100/merj.v1i4.65&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-12-24 مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 140-120 ص 121 مقدمة . 1 نة اري س رھن العق ة ال ل أزم م 2008قب ى حج أثر عل تخدم للت ة تس لطات النقدی ت الس كان ادة عر إع ر س رة كتغیی ر المباش ة غی ا الكمی ة، منھ ن األدوات النقدی ة م دي مجموع روض النق المع م انوني ،الخص اطي الق بة االحتی ةو نس وق المفتوح ة الس أطیر. سیاس رة كت ة المباش ا الكیفی ومنھ روض ي وا ،الق اع األدب ل واإلقن یص التموی ويتخص اعدة ،لمعن رى مس ى أدوات أخ افة إل باإلض ات زي، وكالتوجیھ ك المرك درھا البن ي یص ات الت ر والعقوب ا األوام ا بھ ة موجھ ات المالی المؤسس ة لطات النقدی ل الس ن قب بقا م دد مس ة والمح ة المرغوب و السیاس ة نح وك التجاری دوث . والبن ث بح حی ى ع عل ة األزمة أصبحت ھذه األدوات غیر فعالة، أین وق ة إدارة السیاس ة مھم وك المركزی اتق البن ع .عتیادیةاالالنقدیة بأدوات نقدیة غیر تقلیدیة تتماشى مع مثل ھذه الظروف غیر نة ذ س رول من عار البت ة 2014مع تدني أس ة نھای ى غای ا إل تمرار تراجعھ دنت 2017واس ، ت وارد الموارد المالیة للدولة الجزائریة، لكون اقتصادھا أحادي التصدیر ی ى الم یة عل فة رئیس د بص عتم نویة % 60من إجمالي الصادرات ونسبة ال تقل عن % 97النفطیة التي تمثل قرابة ة الس ن المیزانی م ة بحت. للدول وخ فأص ة والرض تدانة الخارجی ى االس وء إل ین اللج رة ب روف مجب ذه الظ ل ھ ي ظ ف تدانة دولي أو االس د ال ندوق النق ھا ص ك للشروط التعسفیة التي یفرض ن البن ة م ة الدول ة لخزین الداخلی الل ،المركزي ن خ ك م ي وذل ھیل الكم أین انتھى بھا األمر الختیار الخیار الثاني وانتھاج سیاسة التس ادة دور الم م 45ص انون رق ن الق رر م ي 10-17مك رض، الت د والق ق بالنق محتالمتعل ك س للبن یولة وفیر الس ل ت ن أج ن المركزي بطباعة النقود من فراغ م ة، م ة العام ز الموازن ة عج دف تغطی بھ .المتعلق بالنقد والقرض11-03من األمر 46دون قیود تقییدیة كالتي كانت تفرضھا المادة إشكالیة البحث 1.1 يع ي اآلت اؤل الرئیس ي التس ة ف دى : لى ضوء ما سبق یمكن صیاغة إشكالیة ھذه الدراس ا م م ر تأثیر تقنیة التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة ادي الجزائ الل ي على النمو االقتص خ ؟2018-2003الفترة أسئلة البحث .2.1 : تیینتندرج ضمن ھذه اإلشكالیة التساؤلین الفرعیین اآل ؟ دھانتھاج سیاسة التسھیل الكمي في اقتصاالتي أدت بالجزائر السباب األھي ما رة الل فت ري خ ادي الجزائ و االقتص ى النم دي عل دار النق ببھ اإلص د یس ذي ق ر ال ا األث م .الدراسة فرضیات البحث 3.1 :لإلجابة عن أسئلة البحث نقترح الفرضیتین التالیتین جاء كحتمیة من أجل تمویل عجز الخزینة العمومیة ، التسھیل الكمي سیاسةالجزائر لانتھاج .االقتصادیةولیس للتأثیر في المتغیرات رة الل فت ر خ ي الجزائ ادي ف و االقتص دي والنم دار النق ین اإلص ة ب ة طردی اك عالق ھن .الدراسة أھداف البحث.4.1 :یسعى البحث لتحقیق األھداف التالیة ى رف عل ر التع ة غی ة النقدی ة للسیاس دى األدوات الحدیث ة بإح ة المتعلق اھیم النظری المف ؛التقلیدیة والمتمثلة في أداة التسھیل الكمي ؛التي أدت بالجزائر النتھاج ھذه األداة األسبابسرد أھم .2018-2003محاولة معرفة أثر اإلصدار النقدي على النمو االقتصادي الجزائري خالل الفترة وتداعیات اعتماده في التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة االقتصاد الجزائري عبد الوحید عیادي، صالح صرارمة 122 البحثمنھجیة 5.1 ھ ي لمالءمت في التحلیل نھج الوص ى الم ة عل ذه الدراس ن ھ ري م ب النظ ي الجان اد ف تم االعتم لوب ى األس اد عل تم االعتم ي ف ب التطبیق ي الجان ائيوطبیعة الموضوع، أما ف ي اإلحص ي القیاس الكم د أث ةمن أجل إجراء الدراس كلة وتحدی یر المش ل لتفس وذج األمث اه ، رالقیاسیة وتحدید النم ة واتج عالق . eviews10ك باالعتماد على برنامج لالمتغیرات المفسرة على المتغیر التابع وذ السیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة.2 اق ى أنھ ا عل ن تعریفھ ھ یمك ة، إال أن ر التقلیدی ام : د ال یوجد تعریفا شامال للسیاسة النقدیة غی قی الل االئتمانالبنوك المركزیة بدور الوساطة في عملیة ن خ ، من أجل توفیر وسیلة لتحفیز االقتصاد م ى ول عل ة الحص ھیل عملی والتس ة األم ود وال مجازف ال قی ة ب ندات حكومی دار س ق إص ن طری . ع (gertler & karadi, 2010, p. 2) ب األدوات ت تھدفات وجان ب المس انبین، جان ن ج ا م ا أیض اآلتيم تعریفھ تخدمة ك :المس :)4، صفحة 2016صاري، ( تھدفات ب المس ن جان ائل :م ة الوس ي مجموع ل ف ة تتمث ر التقلیدی ة غی ة النقدی السیاس ادي التي واإلجراءات غیر المعتادة اط االقتص ى النش أثیر عل ة للت لطات النقدی تستخدمھا الس .الخ...األھداف كالنمو، التشغیلخالل فترة زمنیة معینة وذلك لتحقیق مجموعة من ن :من جانب األدوات المستخدمة تم م ث ی ات حی ن األزم ي زم تخدم ف ھي سیاسة نقدیة تس ة ي العمل دخالت ف ة وت ھیالت كمی خاللھا تنفیذ دعما ائتمانیا معززا وتسھیالت ائتمانیة وتس وھذا بھدف دعم ...وفي أسواق األوراق المالیة وتوفیر السیولة بالعمالت المحلیة واألجنبیة .لحقیقي من تداعیات األزمة المالیةسیر عمل القطاع المالي وحمایة االقتصاد ا ت تخدم وق ة تس ة نقدی ا سیاس ة بأنھ ر التقلیدی ة غی ة النقدی ف السیاس ن تعری لف یمك ُس ا أ مم ر ق متغی دف تحقی ة بھ رات النقدی ض المتغی ى بع أثیر عل ل الت ن أج ة م ر تقلیدی أدوات غی ات ب األزم .اقتصادي حقیقي كتخفیض معدل البطالة أو الرفع من مستوى النمو أدوات تنفیذ السیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة 1.2 ة ر التقلیدی ن األدوات غی ة م ر مجموع ب األم ة یتطل ر تقلیدی ة غی ة نقدی ذ سیاس ل تنفی ن أج م :تفرضھا الظروف االقتصادیة غیر االعتیادیة، من أھمھا الكمي التسھیل 1.1.2 دني ن ت الرغم م اش ب ة االنكم تم استعمال ھذه األداة خالل أزمة الرھن العقاري لما طالت حال ا ل وقربھ یرة األج ن معدالت الفائدة قص ل م ة األج دة طویل دالت الفائ ض مع دف خف ذا بھ فر وھ الص . قصد إعادة تنشیط االقتصاد مباشرة ث ي حی ھیل الكم طلح التس ذا المص دل ھ ي(ی یر الكم ذي) التیس ة ال ن ترجم ارة ع و عب ھ زي طلح االنجلی ة)quantitative easing( للمص ر التقلیدی ة غی ة النقدی د أدوات السیاس ى أح . عل ھ ا أن ن بینھ ة م ر مختلف ات نظ دة وجھ ن ع :ونظرا لحداثة ھذا الموضوع تم تعریف التسھیل الكمي م ك ال وم البن ا یق ن خاللھ ي م د أداة من أدوات السیاسة النقدیة الحدیثة، الت ندات قص راء الس زي بش مرك .(stephen d & collateral, 2014, p. 2) زیادة المعروض النقدي ا ھ أیض م تعریف ھت ى أن ندات : عل راء الس ق ش ن طری زي ع ك المرك ا البن ة یطبقھ ة نقدی سیاس ان ادة االئتم راض وزی ات اإلق دعم عملی ا ی ة مم ا مالحكومیة من المؤسسات المالیة والبنوك التجاری م .(brightmen, 2015, p. 1) یؤدي إلى خلق النقود مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 140-120 ص 123 یاق ي ذات الس ھیل ف رف التس ن ع د م ھیوج ي بأن زي :الكم ك المرك ا البن ة یطبقھ ة نقدی سیاس دار ق إص ن طری ك ع ة وذل ادیة الحقیقی طة االقتص ى األنش قصد الحد من تأثیر الركود االقتصادي عل .dadush & eidelman, 2011, p) كمیات جدیدة من النقود مع طرحھا في االقتصاد دون مقابل 13). ة واستمرارا لما ر تقلیدی ة غی ة نقدی ن سیاس ارة ع و عب ي ھ ھیل الكم سبق یمكن القول أن التس ة دتنتھجھاالبنوك المركزیة من أجل تنشیط االقتصاد وذلك عندما تصبح أ ة التقلیدی ة النقدی وات السیاس ة ات المالی ن المؤسس ة م ندات الحكومی راء الس زي بش ك المرك وم البن ث یق ندات كس(غیر فعالة، بحی اري رھن العق ندات ال ة وس اد، ) الخزین ي االقتص اح ف دي المت روض النق ادة المع د زی ل قص ن أج م ق ھا ستخداما ة خل ى عملی ؤدي إل ا ی و م في عملیات اإلقراض التي من خاللھا یزداد حجم االئتمان وھ .النقود النوعي التیسیر 2.1.2 ي، )crediteasing( ھو عبارة عن ترجمة للمصطلح االنجلیزي التیسیر النوعي ام : ویعن قی دال ھ ب ول میزانیت ي أص ودة ف ة الموج البنك المركزي باستخدام ھذه األداة للتركیز على األوراق المالی وم ث یق ة، بحی ھ النقدی ى قاعدت اءمن التركیز عل ت أو باقتن ة كان ة عمومی ر معقم ندات غی ھم أو س أس ك ،وھو خاصة وم البن ادة خص ى زی ؤدي إل یولاألمر الذي ی دار الس الل إص ن خ ا م زي تلقائی .ةالمرك (loisel & jean stéphane, 2009, p. 7) (bowdler & radia, 2012, p. 607) :والھدف من ھذه األداة ھو .األجل وتنشیط االقتصادالرفع من أسعار األصول قصد خفض معدالت الفائدة طویلة .تخفیض عالوات المخاطر قصد تحفیز االستثمار یض الل تخف ن خ یولة م ى الس ب عل ث الطل مح ببع وعي ستس یر الن ن أن أداة التیس الرغم م ب ال و الح ا ھ ا كم ر كافی روض غی رض الق ون ع ترط أن یك ا یش ة إال أن تطبیقھ الوات المفروض الع . ون ھذه األداة غیر فعالة إذا كانت احتیاجات التمویل منعدمةبالنسبة ألداه التسھیل الكمي، إذ تك ي وك الت ة للبن ادة الثق ي إع ن ف ي تكم تجدر اإلشارة في ھذا السیاق أن فعالیة أداة التسھیل الكم دودة عادة ما تكون أكبر المتضررین جراء األزمات المالیة، في حین تكون فعالیة التیسیر النوعي مح ر ة عب ات المالی ركات والمؤسس رف الش ن ط دارعندما تكون ھناك طلب مباشر للسیولة م ھم إص أس .وسندات في األسواق المالیة )forwad guidance( المتعاملین استباقاتأداة توجیھ 3.1.2 ي ة الت ة المحتمل م بالوجھ ة إلعالمھ واق المالی ى األس ترتكز ھذه األداة على إرسال إشارات إل تقبل ي المس دة ف دالت الفائ لكھا مع أن .تس رة ب ادیة المعاص ات االقتص رى النظری ث ت تباقات حی الس رارات ر ق د أث المتعاملین خاصة تلك المتعلقة بالوجھة المستقبلیة للسیاسة النقدیة دور رئیسي في تحدی ي ال ب الكل اد وأن الطل ى االقتص ة عل لطة النقدی یرة الس ائدة قص دة الس دالت الفائ ى مع ط عل د فق یعتم والتي بدورھا تعتمد على معدالت األجل وإنما یعتمد كذلك على معدالت الفائدة المستبقة طویلة األجل .الفائدة المستبقة قصیرة األجل دمتھم في ذات السیاق ي مق ادیین وف ض االقتص ذه األداة )woodford( یرى بع ة ھ أن أھمی ب (woodford, 2012) :تبرز من خالل العاملین األساسیین التالیین ل األول كل :العام ث یش زي، حی ك المرك ا البن الء لنوای خیص العم دم تش ة ع ق بإمكانی متعل ة وك المركزی دة البن دل الفائ فر لمع توى الص ر مس ن الوضع السابق مشكال حقیقیا إذا أجب ع ة ذھا المحافظ ي تنفی ب ف ت ترغ ي كان ك الت ن تل ددا م ر تش ة أكث ة نقدی ى سیاس دما .عل فعن ھن على مدى قدرتھا على تبني سیاسة أكثر مرونة تستطیع البنوك أن توضح قراراتھا وتبر وتداعیات اعتماده في التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة االقتصاد الجزائري عبد الوحید عیادي، صالح صرارمة 124 ل یكون أق في المستقبل فإن المستوى المرتفع لمعدالت الفائدة الحقیقیة خالل الفترة الحالیة س .ضررا على النشاط االقتصادي في المدى القصیر ا،: العامل الثاني ذ قراراتھ زام بتنفی ر ھو أن ھذه األداة تجبر البنوك المركزیة على االلت األم ة التزامن إوعلیھ ف. الذي یسمح بتحسین مصداقیتھ وصحة اإلستباقات زي خاص البنك المرك ل ة األج دة طویل دالت الفائ ع مع ى تراج ؤدي إل داقیة ی إذا كان یتمتع بدرجة عالیة من المص اط ث النش ادة بع یتم إع الي س روض وبالت ة الق ض تكلف ى خف ؤدي إل ذي ی ر ال و األم وھ . االستثماراالقتصادي بواسطة الفائدة الصفریة أسعار 4.1.2 ة ذات اء العمل دة واقتن ة الفائ ة قلیل ع العمل ى بی تثمرون إل ھ المس تم یتوج ذه األداة ی من خالل ھ الت، ذه العم رف ھ عار ص ى أس ایمھ، ( الفائدة المرتفعة األمر الذي یؤثر عل د ص فحة 2009فری ، ص ھیل )4 ل تس ن أج ات م ة األزم ي حال فریة ف دة الص عار الفائ ة أس ة سیاس وك المركزی ع البن ث تتب حی ة االئتمانحصول األفراد على ة المطلوب بحكم العالقة العكسیة بین أسعار الفائدة على اإلئتمان والكمی ھ زاوي، ( من فحة 1997الحم عار .)100، ص ى أس أثیر عل ي الت فریة ف دة الص عار الفائ اھم أس وتس ا ن بھ ي یمك ة الت ة المحلی ن العمل صرف العملة في السوق الدولیة للعمالت من خالل عدد الوحدات م رى ة أخ ن عمل دات م راء وح عر ، (alan & william, 1998, p. 822) ش ر س ر أث ث یظھ حی : الفائدة على اسعار الصرف من خالل فزیادة المعروض النقدي : العالقة الطردیة بین عرض النقود وسعر الصرف العملة المحلیة ة ة المحلی عار العمل ى أس اب عل ؤثر باإلیج رة ی ذه األخی رف ھ عر ص اض س زداد ،وبانخف ت .االستثماراتبالتالي زیادة الصادرات وھو ما یؤدي إلى زیادة نمو الناتج المحلي و رف عر الص ى س دة عل عر الفائ ر لس أثیر الكبی ى : الت دة عل عر الفائ اع س ؤدي ارتف ث ی حی ا ة، مم وك األجنبی ن البن راض م ادة االقت ى زی ة إل القروض مقارنة مع أسعار الفائدة األجنبی ى أثرھ ا، أي عل اع قیمتھ ة وارتف ة المحلی ى العمل ب عل ادة الطل ى زی ذا إل ؤدي ھ ع ی ا تتراج ادرات يو الص اتج المحل و الن دل نم نخفض مع الي ی تثمارات وبالت ع االس ھ تتراج ي ( .من عل )61، صفحة 1996توفیق، معبد علي، و نبیل عبد الوھاب، دفوعات : لعالقة بین سعر الصرف ومیزان المدفوعاتا زان الم ي می ائض ف ود ف ؤدي وج ی ادة ى زی ة إل ا الخارجی ن قیمتھ ع م ي الرف اھم ف ذي یس ر ال ة األم ة المحلی ى العمل ب عل الطل .)68، صفحة 2013صاري، ( .والعكس صحیح العمالت حرب 4.1.2 ن : عّرف بعض االقتصادیون حرب العمالت بأنھا التخفیض التنافسي لقیمة العملة الممارس م درة قصد التقلیل من الواردات قبل بعض الدول ر ق ادرات أكث بح الص ث تص ادرات، بحی ادة الص وزی على المنافسة وتصبح الواردات مكلفة، مما یمكن الدولة التي خفضت قیمة عملتھا من تخفیض العجز (sanghvi, 2001, p. 1) .التجاري مع توفیر فرص عمل جدیدة نتیجة جذب االستثمار ق د خل الت قص اقي العم بة لب فھي إذا قیام الدولة بالتدخل إلضعاف عملتھا المحلیة عمدا بالنس دمتھا ي مق ي ف ة والت ر التقلیدی ة غی ة النقدی تعمال أدوات السیاس الل اس ن خ ك م یة وذل لیة تنافس أفض .أجنبیة شراء عمالتو سیاسة التسھیل الكمي خفض معدالت الفائدة، بیع العملة المحلیة تنفیذ السیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة شروط 2.2 ى قد تصبح ع عل ن یق ادیة، أی ة اقتص وع أزم ر وق أدوات السیاسة النقدیة التقلیدیة غیر فعالة إث ذه ع ھ ى م ة تتماش ر تقلیدی ة غی أدوات نقدی ة ب ة النقدی ة إدارة السیاس ة مھم وك المركزی اتق البن ع ن اد م ة االقتص الع بعجل ة واإلق ر األزم ن أث ف م د التخفی ة، قص ر االعتیادی ادیة غی روف االقتص الظ مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 140-120 ص 125 اجدید ن بینھ روط م ن الش .jean, 2013, p) :، حیث لتنفیذ ھذه السیاسة یجب أن تتوفر مجموعة م 233) ادي ع االقتص ك والواق ة التفك ع درج بة م یجب أن تكون السیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة متناس ھااالمضطرب الذي تعاني منھا السوق المراد ذه .نقاض ي لھ ل الكل ب التعطی ل تجن ن أج وم ادة ر المعت ھ غی یع أدوات یص أو توس ي تقل ردد ف زي أن ال یت ك المرك ى البن ب عل السوق یج .خاصة تلك المتعلقة بمدة توفیر السیولة وك ة للبن ائل قوی ة برس ر االعتیادی ة غی ذه السیاس دابیر ھ على البنك المركزي أن یصاحب ت ة الق ل معالج ن أج ة م الح التجاری ة بإص ك المتعلق ذا تل ل وك ادة التموی ة بإع ایا الخاص ض .الموازنات في األجل المتوسط في حالة مجموعة الدول التي تشكل اتحادا، وجب حث مؤسسات الدول المتحدة على تعزیز ن ة م ة المنتھج ة بالموازن ادیة الخاص ة االقتص ة السیاس الل مراقب اإلدارة االقتصادیة من خ .ةدقبل كل دولة على ح ي فرمن حق الدول المتقدمة التي اتخذت بنوكھا المركزیة جملة التدابیر غیر التقلیدیة الت أس ن ة ع ون مدافع المي، أن تك اد الع ة لالقتص ة والنقدی ة المالی ي البیئ وي ف ر بنی ا تغی عنھ الحات المي اإلص وازن الع ي الت ل ف روري للخل دیل الض المي والتع ل الع روریة للتموی الض . والمساھمة الفاصلة من جانب الجھات المانحة للقروض المتعددة األطراف ة ر اعتیادی روف غی ي ظ ذھا ف تم تنفی ة ی ر التقلیدی ة غی مما سبق یمكن القول أن السیاسة النقدی ةن تصبح أدواأمن خالل أدوات حدیثة بعد ر فعال ة غی ل .ت السیاسة النقدیة التقلیدی دف تموی ذا بھ وھ ى االقتصاد ودعم البرامج التنمویة عن طریق ضخ المزید من السیولة النقدیة أو عن طریق التأثیر عل اني یر االئتم ى التیس أثیر عل تقبال أو بالت ا مس معدل انحدار نسب الفائدة مع ضبط شروط مسبقة لرفعھ .السیولة وشراء السندات مباشرة من أسواق اإلقراض من خالل إزالة عوائق لجوء الجزائر لسیاسة التسھیل الكمي أسباب .3 :ھناك عدت أسباب أدت بالحكومة الجزائر إلى انتھاج سیاسة التسھیل الكمي من بینھا أسعار البترول في السوق العالمیة انخفاض 1.3 یف ذ ص رول من عار البت اض أس ة 2014مع انخف ة نھای ى غای ا إل تمرار تراجعھ ، 2017واس ى یة عل فة رئیس د بص دیر یعتم ادي التص ادھا أح م اقتص ة، بحك ة الجزائری ة للدول تدنت الموارد المالی ا وي إال انتھاجھ ا التنم ل نموذجھ الموارد النفطیة فلم تجد أمامھا خیارا أفضل لضمان استمراریة تموی .نة العمومیةألداة التسھیل الكمي لتمویل عجز الخزی دما ل بع عر البرمی وظ لس والشكل الموالي یبین التذبذب المستمر ألسعار النفط والتراجع الملح دة كانت تقدر ل الواح ة البرمی والي قیم نة 110بح ن س ل األول م ي الفص بحت 2014دوالر ف وأص ا أثر سلبا على الموازنة العامة األمر الذي وھو .2016دوالر سنة 31تقارب م اعتمادھ ة بحك للدول .الشبھ كلي على الموارد النفطیة وتداعیات اعتماده في التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة االقتصاد الجزائري عبد الوحید عیادي، صالح صرارمة 126 2017-2014سعر البترول الفصلي خالل الفترة : 01شكل رقم على التقاریر السنویة لبنك الجزائر باالعتماد إعداد الباحثین من : المصدر م كل رق ین الش ید 02یب ى رص رول عل عار البت اض أس ببھ انخف ذي س ر ال لبي الكبی ر الس األث ي ، وھذا جراء الموازنة العامة في الجزائر در رئیس ة كمص وارد النفطی ى الم اعتمادھا شبھ الكلي عل الي ة وبالت ول أن لإلرادات العام ن الق ة یمك ى الموازن لبا عل ؤثر س رول ی عار البت ي أس اض ف أي انخف .ادة المتسارعة للنفقات الحكومیة وضعف الجبایة البترولیةالعامة في ظل الزی )بالملیار دینار جزائري( 2017-2013رصید الموازنة العامة خالل الفترة : 02شكل رقم من إعداد الباحثین باالعتماد على التقاریر السنویة لبنك الجزائر: المصدر مستوى مصادر التمویل من الجبایة البترولیة انخفاض.2.3 یف ن ص ة م رول بدای ة 2014بتراجع أسعار البت ة نھای ى غای رادات 2017إل ت اإلی ، تراجع :كما ھو موضح بالشكل اآلتي في الجزائرالعامة مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 140-120 ص 127 2017-2013النفقات للفترة اإلجماليحجم اإلیرادات البترولیة ونسبة تمویلھا : 03رقم شكل .على التقاریر السنویة لبنك الجزائر وقوانین المالیة باالعتماد إعداد الباحثین من : لمصدرا ة ة العام ى الموازن ة عل ة البترولی اض الجبای أثیر انخف ظ ت ابق، نالح كل الس الل الش ن خ ( م ات ل النفق نة ) تموی ن س ة م ا بدای ر جلی ا یظھ و م ة 2014وھ ار الدول ى افتق دل عل اض ی ذا االنخف ، ھ دائل ا ود ب لجزائریة لمصادر التمویل البدیلة، كما یدل أیضا على ضعف الھیاكل االقتصادیة وعدم وج .إضافیة إیراداتلقطاع المحروقات قادرة على خلق تآكل احتیاطي الصرف وموارد صندوق ضبط اإلیرادات .3.3 اض ان النخف عبة، ك ة الص بحكم أن قطاع المحروقات في الجزائر ھو المصدر الرئیسي للعمل بط ندوق ض ى ص ذا عل ي وك رف األجنب اطي الص توي احتی ى مس را عل أثیرا كبی رول ت عار البت أس ة بحكم اعتماده اإلیرادات انون المالی وع بق وقعي الموض عر الت وقي والس عر الس ین الس ارق ب ى الف عل ھ ،وھو ما یبینھ التمثیل البیاني الموالي .جع األسعار أثر على مواردهولھذا فترا ن خالل الذي نالحظ م ـ در بـ ان یق دما ك ر بع ي الجزائ ار دوالر، 178.94انخفاض متتالي الحتیاطي الصرف األجنبي ف ملی ي2017ملیار دوالر سنة 97.33لیستقر عند رف األجنب اطي الص ، حیث یعود ھذا التدھور في احتی تثماریة دمات االس لع والخ ن الس یة م واردات األساس ة ال ھ لتغطی زء من تخدام ج ةالس واإلنتاجی .المستخدمة في القطاع الصناعي 20172013حجم احتیاطي الصرف األجنبي ورصید صندوق ضبط الموارد للفترة : 04شكل رقم .على التقاریر السنویة لبنك الجزائر باالعتماد إعداد الباحثین من :المصدر وتداعیات اعتماده في التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة االقتصاد الجزائري عبد الوحید عیادي، صالح صرارمة 128 دما وارد بع بط الم ندوق ض ھ ص ي آل إلی عیة الت ابق، الوض كل الس نالحظ كذلك من خالل الش نة 4408.5كان رصیده یقدر بـ ري س ل، 2014ملیار دینار جزائ ید لیتآك ذه الرص ة ھ ع نھای ذ م وینف ل تم، 2017سنة ن أج رات نتیجة لجوء مسؤولي الدولة لھذا األخیر م الل الفت ة خ ز الموازن ل عج وی .السابقة لسنة نفاذه االقتصادي لسیاسة التسھیل الكمي في الجزائر التفعیل .4 د بعد الصدمة النقطیة لقطاع المحروقات وتدني م تج ي ل ة، الت ة الجزائری الموارد المالیة للدول وي إال ا التنم ل نموذجھ تمراریة تموی مان اس ل لض ارا أفض يأمامھا خی ھیل الكم ا ألداة التس .انتھاجھ من القانون رقم )2017الجریدة، ( مكرر 45وذلك من خالل صدور مادة واحدة ووحیدة وھي المادة انوني 11/10/2017المؤرخ في 17-10 ار ق ع إط ا وض المتعلق بالنقد والقرض والتي تم من خاللھ ري زي الجزائ ك المرك مح للبن دة یس تثنائي ولم كل اس ة 05بش ن الخزین رة ع راء مباش نوات بش س :العمومیة، السندات المالیة التي تصدرھا من أجل المساھمة على وجھ الخصوص في ؛تغطیة احتیاجات تمویل الخزینة ؛تمویل الدین العمومي الداخلي .الستثمارلتمویل الصندوق الوطني امج اإل ذ برن ة تنفی ة لمرافق ذه اآللی ذ ھ ي أن تنف ي ینبغ ة والت ة والمیزانی ادیة والھیكلی الحات االقتص ص :تفضي في نھایة الفترة المذكورة كأقصى تقدیر إلى ؛توازنات خزینة الدولة .توازن میزان المدفوعات زي ك المرك ام البن ي قی ي ھ ھیل الكم ة التس ول أن آلی ن الق ادة یمك ذه الم تقراء ھ الل اس ن خ م ة، ا التمویلی ة احتیاجاتھ دف تغطی ة بھ ة العمومی یولة للخزین وفیر س ل ت ن أج راغ م ن ف ود م ع النق بطب لب اس س ب أي انعك د تجن ادیة قص ة واالقتص الحات المالی ن اإلص ي بحیث سیرافق ھذه اآللیة العدید م . لھذا األجراء دمات ن الخ ع م كل أوس تفادة بش ة االس ة العمومی ان الخزین بح بإمك حیث وفقا لھذا التعدیل أص ر ھا األم ان یفرض ي ك ة الت ود التقلیدی ن دون القی زي وم ك المرك ة للبن ي 11-03المالی ؤرخ ف الم ك ال 26/08/2003 د أن البن ر نج ھ أن المتعلق بالنقد والقرض، حیث بتصفح ھذا األم زي بإمكان مرك ة دتھا الكامل اوز م ن أن تتج اري ال یمك اب الج وفات بالحس ة مكش ة العمومی نح الخزین ا 240یم یوم ادل ى یع د أقص ن % 10متتالیة أو غیر متتالیة أثناء سنة تقویمیة، وذلك على أساس تعاقدي وفي ح م )2003، 52الجریدة الرسمیة العدد( .اإلیرادات العادیة للدولة المثبتة خالل السنة السابقة ارات دة اعتب اك ع ي، ھن ھیل الكم إال أنھ من أجل تحقیق األھداف المرغوبة من سیاسة التس :تتطلبھا ھذه اآللیة حتى تكون فعالة نوجزھا على النحو التالي ق رة تطبی ف فك ھ ینس ة فی دم الثق ل، فع رفي كك ة ضرورة ثقة الجمھور بالجھاز المص سیاس ؛التسھیل الكمي من أساسھا ن ات ع ز المؤسس ى عج ؤدي إل ا ی غر حجمھ ضرورة كبر حجم سوق األوراق المالیة، فص ؛تمویل نفسھا من ھذه األسواق عن طریق السندات رفي از المص ل الجھ ادیة داخ اریع االقتص من الضروري أن تتم كل المعامالت المالیة للمش .ولیس خارجھ ؛االدخار في الجھاز المصرفي من خالل معدالت الفائدة على الودائع تحفیز المدخرین على مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 140-120 ص 129 اة الل قن ن خ راض م ى االق طة عل غیرة والمتوس تشجیع أصحاب المشاریع االقتصادیة الص ؛سعر الفائدة اع اإلنتاجيضرورة مرونة الجھاز ى قط ط عل د فق ر تعتم اء الجزائ ھ وبق دم مرونت ، ألنھ بع تی ل االس ذي یمث ات ال ذه المحروق د ھ الي، تفق ي اإلجم اتج المحل ن الن رة م بة كبی ھ نس راد فی .اآللیة فعالیتھا ي إسھابا ھ ف ول أن ن الق ل لما تم التطرق إلیھ یمك ع ظ ل التراج وارد المتواص ة للم ة المالی نتیج ع زي لطب ك المرك ال للبن ة المج ة الجزائری ت الحكوم ر، فتح انھیار أسعار النفط خالل السنوات األخی رمن النقود ھ أن غی اج أي یقابل و إنت ا وھ ر م خیما یعتب ة تض ة النقدی ي للكتل اد ف و االقتص وطني وھ ال :األمر الذي قد یؤدي إلى اآلثار اآلتیة ارتفاع حجم الكتلة النقدیة دون أن تقابلھا زیادة موازیة حقیقیة في السلع والخدمات قد یؤدي ؛یةتراجع القدرة الشرائو التضخمو إلى ارتفاع األسعار ل اد كك ذلك االقتص أثر ب ة ویت رف العمل ة ص ع قیم د تتراج ة و ق ي العمل ة ف عف الثق ھ ض من وة ر ق ة وأكث ر ثق ة أكث الت أجنبی ذھب أو بعم تبدالھا بال ى اس رین إل أ الكثی د یلج ؛الوطنیة وق )2016الجزیرة، ( ال روج احتم ا خ ة وربم وال األجنبی دوم رؤوس األم ارج ق ى الخ ة إل وال الوطنی ض األم بع ؛خوفا من تدھور قیمة العملة المحلیة ة احتمال دم مرون ة ع ناعي نتیج ي والص اززیادة متاعب القطاع التبادلي بشقیھ الفالح الجھ .نتیجة زیادة الطلب على المستوردات من السلع األجنبیة االنحاللاإلنتاجي ویبدأ في في الجزائرألثر اإلصدار النقدي على النمو االقتصادي النمذجة القیاسیة. 5 بیانات ومواصفات النموذج 1.5 و ى النم دي عل دار النق أثیر اإلص ة ت ة درج ي ومعرف وذج قیاس یاغة نم ة ص ل محاول ن أج م نة ي األول لس ن الثالث ة م ك بدای ر وذل ي الجزائ ادي ف نة 2003االقتص ع لس ي الراب ة الثالث ى غای إل :ماد على الصیغة الدالیة التالیةتم االعت2018 gdpt =f(m2t ,m1t ,bgt ,inft) :مع افتراض خطیة العالقة بین المتغیرات، یمكن كتابة الصیغة السابقة كاآلتي gdpt = b0 + b1m2t + b2m1t + b3bgt + b4inft + ℰt :حیث t :الفترة الزمنیة b0 :ترمز للحد الثابت ℰt : حد الخطأ العشوائي في الفترة الزمنیةt )gdp (ة :معدل نمو الناتج المحلي اإلجمالي ھو عبارة عن مقدار التغیر في القیمة النقدی دة زمن الل وح ة خ دمات المنتج لع والخ الي الس ة یإلجم دود منطق ل ح ك داخ ددة وذل ة مح ع ھذا المؤشر یمثل .جغرافیة ما ن موق ات م در البیان ة، مص ذه الدراس ي ھ ابع ف ر الت المتغی .الدیوان الوطني لإلحصاء الجزائري )m1( یقتالك بة :لة النقدیة بالمفھوم الض ن نس ر ع ذا المتغی ر ھ ة (یعب ود اإلئتمانی + النق .إلى الناتج المحلي اإلجمالي) الودائع تحت الطلب وتداعیات اعتماده في التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة االقتصاد الجزائري عبد الوحید عیادي، صالح صرارمة 130 )m2( ع المفھوم الواس ة ب ي :الكتلة النقدی بة وھ ن نس ارة ع المفھوم ( عب ة ب ة النقدی الكتل ر ) الودائع ألجل+ الضیق ث تعتب الي، حی ي اإلجم اتج المحل ى الن ددات m2إل م مح ن أھ م .النمو االقتصادي ن الك ل م ادي ك و االقتص تقلین للنم رین المس ات المتغی المفھوم تتم جمع بیان ة ب ة النقدی ل د ) m2(ع والكتلة النقدیة بالمفھوم الواس) m1(الضیق ندوق النق من قاعدة بیانات ص .الدولي )bg( اق ومي اإلنف و :الحك ى النم ؤثرة عل رات الم ن المتغی ومي م اق الحك ر اإلنف یعتب ي ر ف دار التغی ن مق ارة ع و عب تقل وھ ر مس ة متغی ذه الدراس ي ھ ل ف االقتصادي، حیث یمث الي اإلنفاق ي اإلجم ات الحكومي إلجمالي الناتج المحل در البیان وطني ، مص دیوان ال ع ال موق .لإلحصاء الجزائري )inf( ات ،معدل الزیادة العامة في األسعار وھو :التضخم مصدر البیانات من قاعدة بیان ).2001سنة األساس ( صندوق النقد الدولي ardlللفجوات الزمنیة الموزعة المتباطئة منھجیة االنحدار الذاتي .2.5 (giles, 2013):المنھجیة أنھما یمیز ھذه توى د المس ة عن ة متكامل رات الدراس ت متغی ا إذا كان أو i(0) یمكن تطبیقھا بغض النظر عم ل i(1)الفرق األول في دة لك ت موح ة ولیس ات مختلف ن درج ل الأو متكاملة م رات مح متغی الدراسة؛ كان حجم العینة صغیرا؛نتائج تطبیقھا تكون جیدة في حالة ما إذا دال دة ب ة وح ي معادل ھ ف ت نفس ي الوق ا ف ل مع یر والطوی ن یتم تقدیر عالقات األمدین القص م .معادلتین منفصلتین :الخطوات التالیة إتباعھذه المنھجیة في تلخص تطبیق ی ؛)اختبار استقراریة السالسل الزمنیة(اختبار جذور الوحدة لالستقرار ؛ test of boundsاختبار التكامل المشترك باستخدام منھج اختبارات الحدود ؛ardlتقدیر نموذج األجل الطویل باستخدام نموذج ؛ardlلنموذج ecmتقدیر صیغة تصحیح الخطأ .االختبارات التشخیصیة لجودة النموذج دراسة االستقراریة والتكامل المشترك لمتغیرات الدراسة 1.2.5 ي ار دیك ى اختب اد عل م االعتم ة، ت وذج الدراس رات نم تقراریة متغی كون واس دى س ة م لمعرف ور ة )adf(فولر المط رة بدرج ذه األخی د ھ م تحدی ث ت أخیر حی ة الت ى درج ھ عل د تطبیق ذي یعتم ال ة والي ، (bourbonnais, 2011)تأخیر صفر استنادا على دالة االرتباط الذاتي الجزئی دول الم والج .یلخص نتائج االختبار adfنتائج اختبار : 1جدول رقم gdp m2 m1 bg inf المتغیرات t-statistic -4.6475 -8.5463 -8.9036 -7.1795 -7.67 0.0561 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 االحتمال i(1) i(1) i(1) i(1) i(0) درجة التكامل eviews10باالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج إعداد الباحثین من :المصدر مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 140-120 ص 131 توى إلى ،1تشیر نتائج الجدول رقم د المس تقرة عن ر مس ة غی رات الدراس ا إ، وi(0)أن جمیع متغی نم الي i(1) أصبحت مستقرة عند الفرق األول توى وبالت ، باستثناء مؤشر التضخم فھو مستقر عند المس ..ardlفإن ھذه النتائج تجعل من الممكن استخدام نموذج اختبار التكامل المشترك باستعمال منھج الحدود 2.2.5 :بحیث f-statisticsاالختبار على إحصائیة ھذایعتمد ة ت قیم ة، f-statisticsإذا كان یم الحرج ى للق د األعل ن الح ر م دم أكب یة الع رفض فرض ن ترك بعدم الناصة وجود عالقة توازنیة طویلة األجل ونقبل الفرضیة البدیلة بوجد تكامل مش ؛بین متغیرات الدراسة ة ت قیم ة، f-statisticsإذا كان یم الحرج ى للق د األدن ن الح غر م دم أص یة الع ل فرض نقب تكامل مشترك؛الناصة بعدم وجود عالقة ة، المحسوبة fأما في حالة كانت قیمة یم الحرج ى للق د األدن ى والح د األعل ین الح ا ب ع م تق .اختبار الحدودنتائج الجدول یلخص و (giles, 2013).فإنھ ال یمكن اتخاذ أي قرار bounds testنتائج اختبار : 2جدول رقم قیمة f-statistics المتغیراتعدد k القیم الحرجة مستوى المعنویة 1% 2.5% 5% 10% 15.53885 4 i(0) 3.29 2.88 2.56 2.2الحد األدنى i(1) 4.37 3.87 3.49 3.09الحد األعلى eviews10باالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج إعداد الباحثین من :المصدر ة (f-statistics)المحسوبة f ، أن إحصائیة 2تبین نتائج الجدول رقم یم الحرج ن الق أكبر م ةل ل .لحد األعلى عند جمیع مستویات المعنوی ود تكام دم وج ة بع دم القائل یة الع رفض فرض الي ن وبالت ا ة مع ة متكامل رات الدراس ى أن متغی ة عل ة قحتتو مشترك ونقبل الفرضیة البدیلة الناص نھم عالق ق بی %.10و% 5،%2.5،%1معنویة توازن في األجل الطویل عند مستوى ardlتقدیر عالقة األجل الطویل وفق مقاربة 3.2.5 ار ى معی اد عل ة، وباالعتم رات الدراس ین متغی ترك ب ل مش ة تكام ود عالق ن وج د م د التأك بع (aic) وذج 4: ـب اإلبطاءمع تحدید أقصى عدد فترات ین أن النم ardl(2 ,1,3,0,0)فترات، تب :ھو النموذج األمثل لتقدیر عالقة التوازن في األجل الطویل كما یوضحھ الشكل التالي النموذج المالئم لتقدیر عالقة التوازن طویلة األجل: 5رقم شكل eviews10باالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج إعداد الباحثین من :المصدر -5.34 -5.33 -5.32 -5.31 -5.30 -5.29 -5.28 a rd l( 2, 1 , 3 , 0 , 0 ) a rd l( 4, 1 , 3 , 0 , 0 ) a rd l( 2, 1 , 3 , 0 , 1 ) a rd l( 2, 1 , 4 , 0 , 0 ) a rd l( 3, 1 , 3 , 0 , 0 ) a rd l( 4, 1 , 3 , 4 , 0 ) a rd l( 2, 1 , 3 , 1 , 0 ) a rd l( 2, 2 , 3 , 0 , 0 ) a rd l( 4, 1 , 4 , 0 , 0 ) a rd l( 4, 1 , 3 , 0 , 1 ) a rd l( 4, 1 , 3 , 1 , 0 ) a rd l( 2, 1 , 4 , 0 , 1 ) a rd l( 3, 1 , 3 , 0 , 1 ) a rd l( 4, 2 , 3 , 0 , 0 ) a rd l( 2, 1 , 3 , 1 , 1 ) a rd l( 4, 2 , 3 , 4 , 0 ) a rd l( 2, 1 , 3 , 0 , 2 ) a rd l( 2, 1 , 4 , 1 , 0 ) a rd l( 2, 2 , 3 , 0 , 1 ) a rd l( 2, 2 , 4 , 0 , 0 ) akaike information criteria (top 20 models) وتداعیات اعتماده في التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة االقتصاد الجزائري عبد الوحید عیادي، صالح صرارمة 132 .معلمات النموذج للمدى الطویلنتائج تقدیر الموالي الجدول یبیناستمرارا لما أسلف، للمدى الطویل ardlتقدیر معلمات متغیرات نموذج : 03جدول رقم t-statistics prop المعامالت المتغیرات m2 0.054709 2.708435 0.0092 m1 -0.049717 -2.161798 0.0354 inf -1.079141 -3.310236 0.0017 bg 0.092304 1.748788 0.0865 c 2.989438 47.44106 0.0000 r-squared=0.90 f-statistic=45.26 prop(f-statistic)=0.00 dw=2.08 eviews10باالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج إعداد الباحثین من :المصدر :الجدول نالحظھذا من خالل درة التأن یرفالق ت یس وذج بلغ إن 0.90ة للنم الي ف د وبالت ل التحدی ھ معام دل علی ا ی كم ل ن قب احثین المتغیرات المقترحة م رح الب بة تش ابع بنس ر الت بة % 90المتغی ا نس % 10أم أو متغیرات أخرى لم تدرج في النموذج؛/عود لعوامل وتالمتبقیة كل معالم النموذج لھا معنویة إحصائیة حسب اختبار ستیودنت؛ وال وذج مقب ائیال نم ي إحص ا دل عل ب م ذا حس ام وھ كل ع ر بش ار فیش -p « f)اختب stat »=0.00<0.05)؛ ة تقلة منعدم رات المس یم المتغی ون ق قیمة المعلمة المقدرة للحد لثابت تشیر إلى أنھ عندما تك ؛وحدة 2.98فإن معدل النمو االقتصادي یكون في حدود ع المفھوم الواس ة ب ة النقدی دل الكتل د ) m2(مع ائیة عن ة إحص ة % 5ذو معنوی ھ عالق ول ع ة م اليطردی ث إجم ادیة، حی ة االقتص ق النظری ع منط ق م ا یتواف و م ي، وھ اتج المحل الن وھذا راجع إلى % 5.47إلى زیادة النمو االقتصادي بــ % 1تؤدي زیادة ھذا المؤشر بنسبة ذي أن التوسع في اإلصدار النقدي ینجر عنھ االرتفاع في المستوى ا ر ال عار، األم لعام لألس ي ادة ف ا زی نجم عنھ ي ی تثمارات الت م االس یع حج یتطلب تخفیض معدل الفائدة من أجل توس الدخل، حیث بزیادة الدخول یزداد الطلب الكلي وبالتالي زیادة الناتج المحلي اإلجمالي؛ یق المفھوم الض ة ب توى ) m1(معدل الكتلة النقدی د مس ائیة، عن ة إحص ھ % 5ذو معنوی ول ر ذا المؤش ي ھ ادة ف ل زی ث ك الي، حی ي اإلجم اتج المحل ى الن یة عل بةعالقة عكس % 1 بنس بة إجماليانخفاض إلىتؤدي اض % 4.97الناتج المحلي بنس ى انخف بب إل ذا الس ع ھ ویرج ة، رصید العملة األجنبیة باعتبار أن المصدر الوحید للعملة األجنبیة ھي الصادرات البترولی ى رض عل ا یف ة، مم ة األجنبی ان العمل ى نقص ر إل رول أدى األم عار البت اض أس ث بانخف حی الجزائر ضرورة تطویر صادراتھا خارج قطاع المحروقات؛ ادي و االقتص ین النم یة ب ة عكس ود عالق ى وج دل عل معامل التضخم لھ إشارة سالبة وھذا ی ادیةومعدل التضخم وھو ما یتفق مع النظ دل ریة االقتص ادة مع ث زی خم، حی ـ التض % 1:بـ ؛%107یحدث تغییرا عكسیا على الناتج المحلي اإلجمالي بنسبة ولھ عالقة طردیة مع % 5ذو معنویة إحصائیة عند مستوى ) bg(الحكومي اإلنفاقمؤشر دار ر بمق ذا المؤش ادة ھ ث أن زی الي، حی ي اإلجم اتج المحل و % 1الن ادة النم ى زی ؤدي إل ی بة ادي بنس ذا % 12.59االقتص ع ھ م ویرج ھ معظ ري یوج اد الجزائ ى أن االقتص ھإل إنفاق .إلى شراء السلع والخدمات المحلیة من أجل تحفیز الطلبالحكومي مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 140-120 ص 133 میكانیزم نموذج تصحیح الخطأ التي تم تطبیقھ في ھذه الدراسة من أجل اختبار أما بخصوص م وجود عالقة المدى القصیر بین المتغیرات ق رق ي الملح ھ ف ر نتائج الل 2والذي تظھ ن خ ث م ، حی :استقرار ھذه النتائج نالحظ ة (ecmt-1)إشارة معامل إحصائیة البة وذات دالل أ س حیح الخط ل تص مى بمعام أو ما یس وازن% 1إحصائیة عند عند مستوى معنویة ارب الت ى وھذا یؤكد تق یر إل ل القص ن األج م ظ أن الطویل، حیث التوازن في األجل ي نالح أ ف حیح الخط د تص ل ح درة لمعام ة المق القیم ابق ي الس ت الثالث بة 0.766 بلغ ذا أن نس ي ھ تاللویعن ادي اخ و االقتص ي النم وازن ف الت ـ در ب ر تق ى آخ ي إل ن ثالث ھ م ن تعدیل ك .%76.6: الممك ب ذل ھ یتطل ن ثم والي وم ح ل أشھر من أجل الوصول إلى القی 4أي ما یقارب (1.30=1/0.766) مة التوازنیة في األج الطویل؛ ا إحصائیات یر لھ دى القص وذج للم رات النم الم متغی ستیودنت المحسوبة تبین لنا أن كل مع ة ائیةمعنوی ة إحص توى معنوی د مس ة %10أو /و% 5عن ود عالق ى وج دل عل ا ی و م ، وھ .دینامیكیة في المدى القصیر بین متغیرات النموذج االختبارات التشخیصیة 4.2.5 ل ي األج درة ف ات المق اس المرون ي قی تخدم ف وذج المس ة النم دى مالئم من أجل الحكم على م :االختبارات التشخیصیة التالیة إجراءالطویل، یتم ؛teste breusch-godfrey serial correlation lmاختبار ارتباط سلسلة الباقي ؛ heteroskedasticity test archاختبار عدم ثبات التباین ؛ normality test jack-berraاختبار التوزیع الطبیعي لالخطاء العشوائیة ؛ ramsey reset testاختبار مدى مالئمة النموذج . cusum & cusumsqاختبار االستقرار الھیكلي للنموذج .والجدول الموالي یلخص نتائج االختبارات التشخیصیة لنموذج الدراسة التشخیصیة للنموذج نتائج االختبارات: 4جدول رقم االحتمال القیمة اإلحصائیة (h0)فرضیة العدم االختبارنوع ذاتي لسلسلة البواقي التوجد مشكلة ارتباط سلسلة البواقي اختبار ارتباط f-statistique 0.5698 0.5694 obs*r-au carré 1.4148 0.4929 ثبات التباین ثبات التباین عدم اختبار f-statistique 1.0262 0.3151 obs*r-au carré 1.0432 0.3071 jarque-berra 1.9820 0.3711 موزعة توزیعا طبیعیا لألخطاءالتوزیع الطبیعي اختبار مدى مالئمة النموذج النموذج محدد بشكل صحیح t-statistique 1.6843 0.0985 f-statistique 2.8370 0.0985 eviews10باالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج إعداد الباحثین من :المصدر :نالحظ، 4الجدول رقم استقراء نتائج من خالل دار ة االنح واقي معادل لي لب ي تسلس اط ذات ود ارتب كلة وج ن مش اني م وذج ال تع ، بواقي النم ؛(prop-f=0.5694>0.05)% 5وھو ما دلت علیھ احتمالیة فیشر عند مستوى معنویة ائیة یر إحص أ archتش د الخط این ح ات تب ة بثب دم القائل یة الع ض فرض دم رف ى ع إل ؛(prop-f=0.0.3151>0.05)% 5معنویة مستوىالعشوائي في النموذج المقدر عند وتداعیات اعتماده في التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة االقتصاد الجزائري عبد الوحید عیادي، صالح صرارمة 134 إن وائیة ف اء العش ي لألخط ع الطبیع وص التوزی ةبخص اوي jack-berra احتمالی تس ن 0.3711 ر م ة 0.05وھي أكب واقي موزع ة أن الب دم القائل یة الع ل فرض ا نقب ا یجعلن ، مم توزیعا طبیعیا؛ ار ین اختب وذج ramsey-resetیب حیح وأن النم ة ص دم مالئم كلة ع ن مش اني م ال یع .0.05وھي أكبر من 0.0985للشكل الدالي وداللة ذالك القیمة االحتمالیة تساوي cusum & cusumsqنتائج اختبار االستقرار الھیكلي للنموذج :6رقم شكل eviews10باالعتماد على مخرجات برنامج إعداد الباحثین من :المصدر ین م اني المب كل البی الل الش الهن خ اودة أع واقي المع ي للب وع التراكم ظ أن المجم ، نالح )cusum ( دود ل ح طي داخ ط وس ن خ ا بالنسبة للنموذج المقدر ھو عبارة ع ة مم ة الحرج المنطق ة توى معنوی د مس وذج عن وع %. 5یشیر إلى استقراریة النم ا أن المجم ظ أیض یاق نالح ي ذات الس ف اودة واقي المع طي ) cusum of squares(التراكمي لمربعات الب ط وس ن خ ارة ع و عب ھ ت اك اس ارین أن ھن ذین االختب الل ھ ن خ تنتج م الي نس ة وبالت ة الحرج دود المنطق ل ح ع داخ قرارا یق .وانسجاما في النموذج بین نتائج الفترة طویلة االجل ونتائج الفترة قصیرة األجل الخالصة ات عار المحروق ار أس ل انھی ي ظ ة ف ا التنموی حتى تنجح الدولة الجزائریة في تمویل برنامجھ رض یة، ف ة الماض نوات القلیل الل الس ة خ ة خاص ة العام ید الموازن ي رص ز ف ن عج ھ م م عن ا نج وم روطھ دولي ولش د ال ندوق النق ى ص وخ إل ة والرض تدانة الخارجی ى االس أ إل ا أن تلج ع إم ا الواق علیھ ى التعس فیة، أو انتھاج سیاسة التسھیل الكمي وھو األمر الذي فرض علیھا إجراء بعض التعدیالت عل رض د والق انون النق دور ق الل ص ن خ ك م ة وذل ة النقدی ي 10-17السیاس ؤرخ ف 11/10/2017الم ل 45الذي یحتوي مادة واحد ووحیدة وھي لمادة ا مقاب یس لھ ود ل ن النق ة م ع كتل ي بطب رر، تقض مك . بنك المركزي من أجل تمویل عجز الموازنة العامةلدى ال :یلي أسفرت نتائج اختبار الفرضیات عن ما ل أثبتت ل تموی ن أج ة م اء كحتمی ر ج ي الجزائ ي ف ھیل الكم ة التس الدراسة أن انتھاج سیاس واق ي األس رول ف عار البت اض أس ر بانخف ذه األخی أثر ھ بب ت ة بس ة العمومی ز الخزین عج بط ضعفالعالمیة في ظل ندوق ض وارد ص رف وم اطي الص ل احتی ل وتآك مصادر التموی تثماریة دمات االس لع والخ ن الس یة م واردات األساس ة ال تخدامھا لتغطی ة اس رادات نتیج اإلی .واالنتاجیة المستخدمة في القطاعات الصناعیة -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 cusum 5% significance -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 cusum of squares 5% significance مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 140-120 ص 135 الل إثباتتم ر خ ي الجزائ ادي ف و االقتص أن ھناك عالقة طردیة بین اإلصدار النقدي والنم ي ع ف فترة الدراسة وھو ما یتوافق مع منطق النظریة االقتصادیة، وھذا راجع إلى أن التوس اإلصدار النقدي یؤدي إلى االرتفاع في المستوى العام لألسعار، وعلیھ یجب تخفیض معدل یع ل توس ن أج دة م ادة الفائ ث بزی دخل، حی ي ال ادة ف ى زی ؤدي إل ي ت تثمارات الت م االس حج .الدخول یزداد الطلب الكلي وبالتالي زیادة الناتج المحلي اإلجمالي :من أھم نتائج الدراسة نذكر یس ة ول ة العمومی ز الخزین ل عج ة لتموی اء كحتمی ي ج ھیل الكم انتھاج الجزائر سیاسة التس ؛لنقدیةمن أجل التأثر على المتغیرات ا دم كالیة ع ل إش ي ظ ا ف ل منھ زیادة اإلصدار النقدي من خالل سیاسة التسھیل الكمي ال طائ ؛مرونة الجھاز اإلنتاجي ن د م ل الب ط، ب یر والمتوس دة القص ى الم ة عل ذه اآللی ة ھ دى نجاع ى م م عل ن الحك ال یمك ي اعتما تمرار ف ف دراسة آثارھا البعیدة وتشخیصھا بدقة قصد اتخاذ قرار االس ا أو التوق دھ .على تنفیذھا نھائیا :قترحنتوصیات وك اع ى قط ط عل د فق ر تعتم اء الجزائ ھ وبق دم مرونت ضرورة مرونة الجھاز االنتاجي، ألنھ بع ذه د ھ الي، تفق ي اإلجم اتج المحل ن الن رة م بة كبی ھ نس تیراد فی ل االس ذي یمث ات ال المحروق ؛اآللیة فعالیتھا رفي من الضروري أن تتم كل از المص ل الجھ ادیة داخ اریع االقتص المعامالت المالیة للمش ؛ولیس خارجھ ى دة عل دالت الفائ الل مع ن خ رفي م از المص ي الجھ ار ف ى االدخ دخرین عل ز الم تحفی ذا الودائع راض ،وك ى االق طة عل غیرة والمتوس ادیة الص اریع االقتص حاب المش جیع أص تش ؛من خالل قناة سعر الفائدة ي ضرورة التنویع االقتصادي خارج قطاع المحروقات واالعتبار بأزمة األسعار النفطیة الت ؛وما تبعھا من عجر على مستوى الموازنة العامة الجزائريعان منھا االقتصاد ا رورة توجیھ خم وض عدم توجیھ الكتلة النقدیة الجدید لالستھالك لتجنب ارتفاع معدل التض أنھا أن تح ن ش ي م ة الت ات المنتج اع للقطاع ي القط تدامة ف و مس دالت نم دا ومع ق عائ ق ؛الحقیقي د من الضروري التوقف عن طبع النقود خاصة بعد ارتفاع أسعار البترول إلى قرابة أو یزی . 2018دوالر للبرمیل مع نھایة 70عن وتداعیات اعتماده في التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة االقتصاد الجزائري عبد الوحید عیادي، صالح صرارمة 136 المالحق نتائج اختبار جذر الوحدة للسالسل الزمنیة: 1ملحق رقم )للمدى الطویل والمدى القصیر( ardlتقدیر معلمات متغیرات نموذج : 2ملحق رقم unit root tes t res ults table (adf) null hypothes is : the variable has a unit root at level gdp m2 m1 inf bg with cons tant t-statistic -6.3551 -0.7675 -1.1391 -7.6702 -7.7857 prob. 0.0000 0.8212 0.6951 0.0000 0.0000 *** n0 n0 *** *** with cons tant & trend t-statistic -5.7460 -3.1756 -2.8853 -7.7198 -7.4085 prob. 0.0001 0.0987 0.1742 0.0000 0.0000 *** * n0 *** *** without cons tant & trend t-statistic -0.7404 0.7134 1.3355 -1.8940 -0.4227 prob. 0.3910 0.8667 0.9529 0.0561 0.5265 n0 n0 n0 * n0 at first difference d(gdp) d(m2) d(m1) d(inf) d(bg) with cons tant t-statistic -4.6475 -8.5463 -8.9036 -10.1501 -7.1795 prob. 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 *** *** *** *** *** with cons tant & trend t-statistic -4.6527 -8.5372 -8.8257 -4.3227 -7.0939 prob. 0.0024 0.0000 0.0000 0.0060 0.0000 *** *** *** *** *** without cons tant & trend t-statistic -9.1519 -8.4959 -8.6001 -10.2355 -7.2344 prob. 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 *** *** *** *** *** notes: a: (*)significant at the 10%; (**)significant at the 5%; (***) significant at the 1% and (no) not significant b: lag length bas ed on aic c: probability bas ed on mackinnon (1996) one-s ided p-values . this result is the out-put of program has developed by: dr. imadeddin almosabbeh college of business and economi cs qassim university-ks a ardl long run form and bounds test dependent variable: d(gdp) selected model: ardl(2, 1, 3, 0, 0) cas e 2: res tricted constant and no trend date: 10/17/19 time: 11:04 sam ple: 2003q1 2018q4 included observations : 61 conditional error correction regres s ion variable coefficient std. error t-statis tic prob. c 2.290309 0.360473 6.353630 0.0000 gdp(-1)* -0.766134 0.114357 -6.699485 0.0000 m2(-1) 0.041915 0.017052 2.458088 0.0175 m1(-1) -0.038090 0.017544 -2.171030 0.0347 inf** -0.826766 0.199068 -4.153176 0.0001 bg 0.070717 0.039599 1.785811 0.0802 d(gdp(-1)) -0.192675 0.078003 -2.470084 0.0170 d(m2) 0.464826 0.048267 9.630313 0.0000 d(m1) -0.197227 0.062635 -3.148862 0.0028 d(m1(-1)) -0.065247 0.037028 -1.762099 0.0842 d(m1(-2)) 0.104680 0.034842 3.004427 0.0042 * p-value incompatible with t-bounds dis tribution. ** variable interpreted as z = z(-1) + d(z). levels equation cas e 2: res tricted cons tant and no trend variable coefficient std. error t-statis tic prob. m2 0.054709 0.020200 2.708435 0.0092 m1 -0.049717 0.022998 -2.161798 0.0354 inf -1.079141 0.326001 -3.310236 0.0017 bg 0.092304 0.052782 1.748788 0.0865 c 2.989438 0.063014 47.44106 0.0000 ec = gdp (0.0547*m2 0.0497*m1 -1.0791*inf + 0.0923*bg + 2.9894 ) dependent variable: gdp method: ardl date: 10/17/19 tim e: 11:01 sam ple (adjusted): 2003q4 2018q4 included observations: 61 after adjustm ents maxim um dependent lags: 4 (automatic selection) model selection m ethod: akaike info criterion (aic) dynam ic regressors (4 lags, autom atic): m2 m1 inf bg fixed regressors: c num ber of m odels evalulated: 2500 selected model: ardl(2, 1, 3, 0, 0) note: final equation sample is larger than selection sam ple variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob.* gdp(-1) 0.041192 0.079692 0.516889 0.6075 gdp(-2) 0.192675 0.078003 2.470084 0.0170 m2 -0.464826 0.048267 -9.630313 0.0000 m2(-1) 0.422911 0.044016 9.608115 0.0000 m1 0.197227 0.062635 3.148862 0.0028 m1(-1) -0.224385 0.068337 -3.283508 0.0019 m1(-2) 0.169927 0.043400 3.915401 0.0003 m1(-3) -0.104680 0.034842 -3.004427 0.0042 inf -0.826766 0.199068 -4.153176 0.0001 bg 0.070717 0.039599 1.785811 0.0802 c 2.290309 0.360473 6.353630 0.0000 r-squared 0.900532 mean dependent var 3.012214 adjusted r-squared 0.880639 s.d. dependent var 0.044456 s.e. of regression 0.015359 akaike info criterion -5.352445 sum squared resid 0.011795 schwarz criterion -4.971796 log likelihood 174.2496 hannan-quinn criter. -5.203265 f-statistic 45.26750 durbin-watson stat 2.081931 prob(f-statistic) 0.000000 *note: p-values and any subsequent tests do not account for m odel مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 140-120 ص 137 نتائج االختبارات التشخیصیة : 3ملحق رقم eviews10باالعتماد على مخرجات إعداد الباحثین من : مصادر المالحق المراجع المتعلق بالنقد 26/08/2003المؤرخ في 11-03من األمر 46المادة ، 52العدد). 2003(. الجزائریة الجریدة الرسمیة .الجزائر. والقرض میة دة الرس ةالجری دد). 2017. (الجزائری ادة ،57الع انون 45الم ن الق رر م ي 10-17مك ؤرخ ف 11/10/2017الم .الجزائر. المتعلق بالنقد والقرض اذا). 2016, جویلیة 30. (الجزیرة ة م ة العمل یض قیم ي تخف ترداد . یعن اریخ االس بتمبر 09ت وعة 2019, س ن موس ، م :الجزیرة فضاء من المعرفة الرقمیة https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/economy اء وطني لالحص دیوان ال ة ). 2019. (ال اریر الثالثی ر. التق ترداد . الجزائ اریخ االس وبر 1ت ن2019, اكت ، م http://www.ons.dz ة). 1996. (الصادق علي توفیق، جارحي معبد علي، و لطیفة نبیل عبد الوھاب و . السیاسات النقدیة في الدول العربی أب .صندوق النقد العربي، معھد السیاسات االقتصادیة: ظبي، االمارات العربیة المتحدة ي ى المم). 2016. (صاري عل درتھا عل ة وق دول النامی ي ال ة ف وك المركزی ةالبن ر التقلیدی ات غی اد . ارس ة االقتص مجل .82-67، الصفحات )1(2والمالیة، دولي د ال ندوق النق ات). 2019. (ص دة بیان نطن. قاع ترداد . واش اریخ االس بتمبر 29ت ن2019, س : ، م http://data.imf.org مني مجتمعین في استطالع نحو نموذج ریاضي لقیاس أثر نسبة الفائدة والتذبذب الض). 2009. (عبد العزیز فرید صایمھ .جامعة عمان: كلیة الدراسات االداریة والمالیة العالیا، األردن). أطروحة دكتوراه(العمالت العالمیة الرئیسیة اري ي ص ة). 2013. (عل ر التقلیدی ة غی ات النقدی ـھداف: السیاس ات . االدوات واال ة والسیاس ة للعولم ة الجزائری المجل .78-51ت ، الصفحا)1(4االقتصادیة، زاوي ل الحم ال خلی د كم رفي ). 1997. (محم ان المص ادیات االئتم دار (اقتص ر). 1اإلص كندریة، مص أة : االس منش .المصارف وم ). أطروحة دكتوراه(دور السیاسات النقدیة في معالجة األزمات المالیة ). 2016. (ولید طالب محمد االمین ة العل كلی .جامعة محمد خیضر بسكرة: التجاریة، الجزائراالقتصادیة وعلوم التسییر والعلوم alan, s., & william, j. (1998). economics: principles and policy (éd. 7). united states: harcourt brace college publisher. bourbonnais, r. (2011). econométrie manuel et exercices corrigés (éd. 8). paris: dunod. ramsey reset test value df probability t-statistic 1.684359 49 0.0985 f-statistic 2.837064 (1, 49) 0.0985 heteroskedas ticity test: arch f-s tatis tic 1.026274 prob. f(1,58) 0.3152 obs *r-s quared 1.043204 prob. chi-square(1) 0.3071 breusch-godfrey serial correlation lm test: f-s tatis tic 0.569883 prob. f(2,48) 0.5694 obs *r-s quared 1.414858 prob. chi-square(2) 0.4929 f-bounds test null hypothes is: no levels relations hip tes t statistic value signif. i(0) i(1) asym ptotic: n=1000 f-statistic 15.53885 10% 2.2 3.09 k 4 5% 2.56 3.49 2.5% 2.88 3.87 1% 3.29 4.37 وتداعیات اعتماده في التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة االقتصاد الجزائري عبد الوحید عیادي، صالح صرارمة 138 bowdler, c., & radia, a. (2012). unconventional monetary policy: the assessment, in oxford review of economic policy. 28(4), 603-621. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grs037 brightmen, c. (2015, february 4). what's up? quantitative easing and inflation. retrieved september 17, 2019, from advisor perspectives: https://www.advisorperspectives.com/commentaries/2015/02/04/what-s-upquantitative-easing-and-inflation.pdf dadush, u., & eidelman, v. (2011, september 23). currency wars. carnegie endowment for international peace., 1-2. retrieved september 10, 2019, from http://www.tek.org.tr/dosyalar/vox-539.docx gertler, m., & karadi, p. (2011). a model of unconventional monetary policy. journal of monetary economics, 58(1), 17-34.retrieved september 10, 2019, from http://www.carnegie-rochester.rochester.edu/april10-pdfs/gertler%20karadi.pdf giles, d. (2013, june 19). econometrics beat: dave giles' blog ardl models part ii bounds tests. consulté le october 10, 2019, sur https://davegiles.blogspot.com/2013/06/ardl-models-part-ii-bounds-tests.html jean, c. (2013, january). unconventional monetary policy measures, principles – conditions-raison d’être. international journal of central banking, 9(1), pp. 229250. retrieved september 15, 2019, from https://www.ijcb.org/journal/ijcb13q0a11.pdf loisel, o., & jean stéphane, m. (2009, avril). les mesures non conventionnelles de politique monétaire face à la crise. current issues, 1. consulté le septembre 12, 2019, sur current issues: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.169.2930&rep=rep1&ty pe=pdf sanghvi, r. c. (2001, january 24). currency ware. executive summary of the paper currency wars. retrieved september 12, 2019, from https://www.bcasonline.org/files/res_material/resfiles/currency%20wars%2016fe b11.pdf stephen d, w., & collateral, s. (2014). the term premium, and quantitative easing. journal of economic theory(164), 136-165. woodford, m. (2012, september 16). methods of policy accommodation at the interestrate lower bound. columbia university library. doi:https://doi.org/10.7916/d8z899cj references official algerian gazette. (2003). no. 52, article 46 of ordinance 11-03 of 08/26/2003 related to cash and loan. algeria. [in arabic] official algerian gazette. (2017). no 57, article 45 bis of law 17-10 of 11/11/2017 related to cash and loan. algeria. [in arabic] aljazeera. (july 30, 2016). what does devaluation mean? retrieved september 09, 2019, from the al-jazeera encyclopedia, a space of digital knowledge: https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/economy. [in arabic] national bureau of statistics. (2019). triple reports. algeria. retrieved october 1, 2019, from: http://www.ons.dz al sadiq, a. t., djarhi, m. a., & abdulwahab, l. n. (1996). monetary policies in the arab countries. abu dhabi, united arab emirates: arab monetary fund, economic policy institute. [in arabic] مجلـة بحوث اإلدارة واالقتصاد )2019( 04العدد 01 المجلد 140-120 ص 139 sari, a. (2016). central banks in developing countries and their capacity for unconventional practices. the journal of economics and finance, 2 (1),67-82. [in arabic] international monetary fund. (2019). database. washington. retrieved september 29, 2019, from: http://data.imf.org[in arabic] saima, a. a. f. (2009). towards a mathematical model for measuring the effect of interest rate and implicit fluctuation combined in a survey of major world currencies (phd thesis, jordan: amman university). [in arabic] sari, a. (2013). unconventional monetary policies: tools and targets. algerian journal of globalization and economic policy, 4 (1), 51-78. [in arabic] al-hamzawy, m. k. k. (1997). the economics of bank credit (version 1). alexandria, egypt: manshaat al-masaref. [in arabic] al-amin, w. t. m. (2016). the role of monetary policies in addressing financial crises (phd thesis, algeria: mohamed khider university). [in arabic] alan, s., & william, j. (1998). economics: principles and policy (éd. 7). united states: harcourt brace college publisher. bourbonnais, r. (2011). econométrie manuel et exercices corrigés (éd. 8). paris: dunod. bowdler, c., & radia, a. (2012). unconventional monetary policy: the assessment, in oxford review of economic policy. 28(4), 603-621. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grs037 brightmen, c. (2015, february 4). what's up? quantitative easing and inflation. retrieved september 17, 2019, from advisor perspectives: https://www.advisorperspectives.com/commentaries/2015/02/04/what-s-upquantitative-easing-and-inflation.pdf dadush, u., & eidelman, v. (2011, september 23). currency wars. carnegie endowment for international peace., 1-2. retrieved september 10, 2019, from http://www.tek.org.tr/dosyalar/vox-539.docx gertler, m., & karadi, p. (2011). a model of unconventional monetary policy. journal of monetary economics, 58(1), 17-34.retrieved september 10, 2019, from http://www.carnegie-rochester.rochester.edu/april10-pdfs/gertler%20karadi.pdf giles, d. (2013, june 19). econometrics beat: dave giles' blog ardl models part ii bounds tests. consulté le october 10, 2019, sur https://davegiles.blogspot.com/2013/06/ardl-models-part-ii-bounds-tests.html jean, c. (2013, january). unconventional monetary policy measures, principles – conditions-raison d’être. international journal of central banking, 9(1), pp. 229250. retrieved september 15, 2019, from https://www.ijcb.org/journal/ijcb13q0a11.pdf loisel, o., & jean stéphane, m. (2009, avril). les mesures non conventionnelles de politique monétaire face à la crise. current issues, 1. consulté le septembre 12, 2019, sur current issues: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.169.2930&rep=rep1&ty pe=pdf sanghvi, r. c. (2001, january 24). currency ware. executive summary of the paper currency wars. retrieved september 12, 2019, from https://www.bcasonline.org/files/res_material/resfiles/currency%20wars%2016fe b11.pdf stephen d, w., & collateral, s. (2014). the term premium, and quantitative easing. journal of economic theory(164), 136-165. وتداعیات اعتماده في التسھیل الكمي كآلیة للسیاسة النقدیة غیر التقلیدیة االقتصاد الجزائري عبد الوحید عیادي، صالح صرارمة 140 woodford, m. (2012, september 16). methods of policy accommodation at the interestrate lower bound. columbia university library. doi:https://doi.org/10.7916/d8z899cj quantitative easing as a mechanism for non-traditional monetary policy and implications of its adoption in the algerian economy: econometric study using the ardl model salah ayadi 1, abdelaouahed serarma 2 published: 24-12-2019 accepted: 07-12-2019 received: 20-10-2019 abstract: this study aims to identify some concepts related to non-traditional monetary policy instruments, including the quantitative easing tool, and discuss the main reasons for algeria's adoption of this instrument. the study concluded that the adoption of the policy of quantitative easing in algeria is not to affect economic variables but to finance the budget deficit. in order to estimate the impact of monetary issuance on economic growth for 2003q1-2018q4, the ardl model was used, where the results resulted in a direct relationship between m2 and gdp. keywords: unconventional monetary policy, quantitative easing, monetary issuance, budget deficit. jel classification: c51 ,e52. 1corresponding author: larbi ben m'hidi university of oum el bouaghi, (algeria). [ayadi.salah@univ-oeb.dz]. 2 larbi ben m'hidi university of oum el bouaghi, (algeria). [serarwaheed@gmail.com].