Copyright © 2020 S. and Kryshtopa, and L. and Kryshtopa, and F. and Kozak,and and V. and Melnyk, and T. and Dykun and, ,,, , ,,,<< , M. Tseber. This is an open access article distrib- uted under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medi- um, provided the original work is properly cited. Problems of Tribology, V. 25, No 1/95-2020, 16-25 Problems of Tribology Website: http://tribology.khnu.km.ua/index.php/ProbTrib E-mail: tribosenator@gmail.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2020-95-1-16-25 Ways of reducing of friction surfaces wearing by using of triboelectric phenomena S. and Kryshtopa * , and L. and Kryshtopa, and F. and Kozak, and and V. and Melnyk, and T. and Dykun and, ,,, , ,,,<< , M. Tseber Ivano-Frankivsk and National and Technical and University and of and Oil and and and Gas *E-mail: auto.ifntung@ukr.net Abstract The and purpose and of and the and work and is and to and establish and the and patterns and of and variation and in and the and wear-friction and properties and of and surface and layers and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and that and are and in and the and process and of and mechanical, and thermal and and and electrical and interaction and in and the and friction and units and of and brake and devices, and taking and into and account and triboelectric and phenomena. Experimental and studies and of and triboelectric and processes and were and carried and out and on and a and specially and created and laboratory and stand and that and modelled and band-block and brake and of and technological and transport and and and on and the and serial and universal and brake and stand and of and the and KI-8964 and model and which and makes and it and possible and to and investigate and metal-polymer and pairs and of and friction and of and drum-block and and and disc and brakes. and Measurement and of and tribological and current and was and carried and out and with and the and help and of and the and n-ampere and meter, and and and the and potential and dif- ference and - and with and the and help and of and the and analog-to-digital and converter and USB and Oscilloscope and II. and As and a and result and of and the and carried and out and investigations and of and the and friction and properties and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and of and brake and devices and under and laboratory and and and operating and conditions and the and laws and of and change and are and established and for and triboelectric and in- teraction: and the and values and of and the and contact and difference and of and the and potentials and of and friction and pairs and "grey and cast and iron-polymers" and of and drum-block and and and band-block and brakes and from and surface and temperature and of and linings and and and specific and loads; and the and dynamic and coeffi- cient and of and friction and from and the and values and of and circulating and thermal and and and tribological and currents; and the and values and of and the and braking and mo- ments and produced and by and individual and friction and units and and and the and total and brake and moments and from and the and change and in and the and generated and tribo- logical and currents and in and the and contact and of and the and two-layer and "metal-polymer" and structures. The and conducted and studies and of and triboelectric and phenomena and in and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and allow and expanding and the and database and on and triboelectric and processes and in and brake and devices. and As and a and result and of and the and studies and of and the and wear and and and tear and properties and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and of and brake and devices and in and laboratory and and and operating and conditions and on and the and nano-, and micro- and and and milli-levels and during and the and triboelectric and interaction and regularities and have and been and established and for and the and variation and of and the and thermal- ly-stimulated and discharge and currents and and and electric and potentials and in and the and frictional and contact and pairs and from and the and time and of and friction and in- teraction, and the and surface and temperature and of and the and linings and and and the and specific and loads, and the and dynamic and coefficients and of and friction and and and the and braking and moments and from and the and values and of and generated and tribological and currents. The and obtained and results and allow and optimize and management and of and wear and and and tear and friction and properties and and and heat and state and of and braking and units. Key words: and drum and brake, and band and brake, and metal-polymer and friction and pairs, and tribosystem and triboelectric and processes. Formulation and of and the and problem Problem and of and figuring and out and mechanisms and of and friction and is and still and far and from and being and solved and at and present. and One and of and reasons and is and due and to and the and fact and that and in and the and process and of and friction and interaction and due and to and the and effect and of and electrical and effects and that and occur and in and con- tacts and of and metal-polymer and tribulations and during and friction and processes and there and are and significant and changes and in and properties and of and friction and surfaces and of and metal-polymer and materials and which and significantly and affect and their and tribo and characteristics. and Work and of and a and considerable and number and of and scientists and is and devoted and to and study and of and triboelectric and phenomena and in and surface and layers and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs, and however, and many and studies and provide and rather and contradictory and information, and and and these and or and other and issues and of and triboelectric and friction and interaction and have and been and left and unaddressed and by and scientists. and In and particular, and mechanisms and of and influence and of and triboelec- tric and phenomena and on and wear and properties and of and friction and surfaces and of and metal-polymer and pairs and of and braking and mechanisms and have and not and yet and been and established. and Establishing and regularities and of and triboelectric and interaction and of and friction and pairs and of and brakes and is and relevant and in and terms and of and implementation and of and new and methods and of and reducing and wear and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and of and various and friction and units. http://tribology.khnu.km.ua/index.php/ProbTrib https://doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2020-95-1-16-25 mailto:auto.ifntung@ukr.net Problems of Tribology 17 Analysis and of and recent and research Studies and of and contact and processes and between and two and metals, and metals and and and semiconductors and have and been and extensively and conducted and at and present. and Thus, and in and [1] and triboprocesses and were and investigated and in and layers and of and lubricating and oil and in and sliding and bearings, and in and [2] and influence and of and dynamic and loads and on and resistance and of and tribocontacts and was and investigated, and in and [3] and issues and of and triboprocessing and optimization and were and studied, and and and in and [4] and triboelectric and effects and during and drilling and processes and were and investigated. Considerable and attention and is and given and to and study and of and triboelectric and phenomena and in and friction and pairs and with and layers and of and lubri- cants, and given and in and [5, and 6] and and and study and of and double and electrofields and occurring and in and contacts and in and presence and of and lubricants. and Triboelec- tric and effects and during and friction and of and samples and from and metals and and and composites and have and been and studied and in and [7]. and Values and of and circulating and tribocurrents and during and and and without and friction and for and various and composites and were and determined. and It and has and been and found and that and wear and re- sistance and of and composite and materials and has and on and average and doubled and when and using and tribocurrents. In and [8], and triboelectric and phenomena and in and conditions and of and dry and friction and in and friction and pairs and of and homogeneous and steel and were and considered. and and andMain and causes and of and triboelectric and currents and during and friction and and and metal and cutting, and influence and of and geometrical and pa- rameters, and electrical and properties and and and cutting and modes and on and value and of and electric and currents and were and analysed. and Ways and of and wear and com- pensation and for and metal and friction and pairs and by and using and of and electrical and phenomena and to and move and dispersed and metal and particles and on and the and fric- tion and contact and surface and are and considered and in and [9]. and Mandatory and presence and of and friction and contact and in and metal-to-metal and pairs and is and established. In and [10], and problem and of and electrical and conductivity and calculating and of and a and rough and contact and was and set. and Formulae and of and determi- nation and of and electric and resistance and for and area and of and actual and contact and are and offered. and Due and to and complexity and of and determining and the and re- sistance and of and surface and pellicles, and established and laws and are and true, and mainly and for and precious and metals. Considerable and attention and is and paid and to and electrochemical and phenomena and during and friction and processes. and Thus, and in and [11], and relationships and between and value and of and galvanic and EMF and and and wear and resistance and of and metals and are and established. and The and study and performed and electro-thermo-mechanical and wear, and which and was and explained and from and electrochemical and positions, and considered and electrochemi- cal and processes and that and occurred and in and contact and of and metals and with and liquids, and and and established and regularities and of and separation and and and movement and of and ions, and and and considered and the and wear and of and metal and surfaces and with and regard and to and their and isolated and and and grounded and states. and The and studies and of and triboelectric and effects and in and metal-polymer and and and polymer-polymer and pairs and were and performed and less and thoroughly. and Thus, and [12] and investigated and electrical and conductivity and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and and and found and that and the and conductivity and of and pure and polymers and is and relatively and low. and But and in and presence and of and degradation, and contamination and and and dissociation and products, and the and conductivity and of and polymers and begins and to and increase and sharply. and Mechanism and of and circulation and of and electric and currents and through and the and contact and of and the and above and friction and pairs and is and explained and by and the and passage and of and electrons and from and materials and with and less and work and of and electron and output and to and materials and with and more and work and and and characteristics and of and friction and contact, and which and is and also and devoted and to and a and number and of and works. and Thus, and in and [13] and electron and emission and from and solids and surfaces and during and friction and was and studied. and It and has and been and found and that and electrons and exit and from and the and surfaces and can and estimate and the and state and and and defects and of and the and friction and surfaces and and and de- termine and the and level and of and surface and energy. and Influence and of and triboelectric and phenomena and during and frictional and interaction and on and the and de- struction and of and polymers and was and investigated. and It and has and been and found and that and during and the and friction and processes, and polymer and molecules and are and destroyed and and and electrons and are and emitted and from and the and surfaces. Electrical and properties and of and polymeric and materials and were and studied and in and [14] and very and thoroughly. and It and has and been and found and that and the and conductivity and of and polymers and in and the and presence and of and copper and compounds and increases and to and two and orders and of and value, and and and the and sorp- tion and by and polymer and of and water and leads and to and an and increase and in and the and conductivity and of and polymers and by and several and orders and of and value. and It and is and es- tablished and that and the and electrical and conductivity and of and polymers and increases and by and an and order and of and value and when and the and melting and point and is and ex- ceeded. and The and paper and analyses and circulating and currents and and and studies and conductivity and of and polymers and as and a and function and of and their and tem- perature and and and pressure. Triboelectric and phenomena and in and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and significantly and influence and the and mass and transfer and pro- cesses and and and the and composition and of and the and boundary and layer, and which and determine and the and directions and and and magnitudes and of and triboelectric and currents. and Thus, and in and [15] and effect and of and electrification and phenomena and in and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and on and mass and transfer and pro- cesses and was and investigated. and Both and the and transfer and of and metals and to and the and polymer and surface and and and the and formation and of and polymer and pelli- cles and on and the and metal and surface and were and investigated. and But and there and is and no and explanation and for and mechanism and of and change and tribo and EMF, and the and only and assumptions and are and made. and In and [16], and processes and of and flooding and in and the and metal-polymer and pairs and of and the and friction and of and tape and and and brake and blocks, and the and directions and of and circulation and of and tribocurrents and during and friction and were and studied, and and and the and increased and wear and of and the and friction and surfaces and of and the and metal-polymer and pairs and and and the and decrease and of and the and braking and efficiency and were and found. and However, and experimental and data and in and [14, and 15, and 16] and did and not and always and coincide and with and theoretical and calculations. Isolation and of and unsolved and part and of and common and problem It and should and be and noted and that and analysis and of and relevant and literature and sources and indicates and the and uncertainty and of and the and mecha- nisms and of and triboelectricity and with and respect and to and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and and and inconsistency and of and a and large and number and of and known and studies. and It and should and be and noted and that and the and state and of and surfaces and for and polymer and facings and and and metallic and friction and elements and is and characterized and by and different and physical and nature, and and and between and the and wear-friction and characteristics and and and triboelectric and pro- cesses, and the and state and of and surfaces and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and are and quite and ambiguous and and and contradictory. and ulcers and that and significantly and affect and the and wear and of and the and friction and surfaces. 18 Problems of Tribology The and purpose and of and the and study The and purpose and of and the and study and is and to and investigate and mechanisms and of and triboelectricity and and and to and improve and the and wear and prop- erties and of and surface and layers and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs, and which and are and in and process and of and mechanical, and thermal and and and electri- cal and interaction, and in and metal-polymeric and brake and nodes and taking and into and account and triboelectric and phenomena. For and solving and of and the and problem and the and following and tasks and are and outlined: - and to and investigate and mechanisms and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and triboelectricization and based and on and analysis and of and po- tential and barriers and and and the and work and of and electrons and exit and from and the and surface and layers and of and friction and elements; - and to and find and out and connections and of and impulse and currents and in and surface and layers and of and friction and mechanisms and and and temperature and gradients and in and metal-polymer and structures; - and to and establish and the and influence and on and dynamic and coefficients and and and wear and of and friction and surfaces and of and values and and and direc- tions and of and circulating and electric and currents and in and the and brake and pairs and of and the and friction and mechanisms. Methods and of and investigation and of and triboelectric and processes and in and metal-polymer and friction and pairs Taking and into and account and the and research and purposes, and a and brake and stand and with and a and model and of and band-block and brake and was and de- signed and and and manufactured and (Fig. and 1). and а b Fig. 1. General view of a stand of a band-block brake with open (a) and closed (b) brake bahd: 1 – frame beams; 2, 3, 4 – friction facings with external and internal working surfaces; 5 – brake pulley; 6 – thermocouple outputs; 7 – drive motor; 8 – a shaft of a brake pulley; 9 – nanoammeter outputs; 10 – brake band; 11 – tachometer; 12 – loading device; 13 – shaft supports а b Fig. 2. Computer Oscilloscope USB oscilloscope (a) and contact differences of friction potentials of friction pairs “steel 34 L - retinax FC-24A” model tape brake (b) The and stand and is and intended and to and establish and regularities and of and characteristics and of and triboelectric and currents and during and electro- mechanical and friction. and Performing and a and sufficient and number and of and tests and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and in and stand and conditions and allowed and us and to and objectively and judge and the and wear-friction and process and depending and on and generated and electric and currents. and The and brake and Problems of Tribology 19 stand and fulfilled and the and following and requirements: - and performance and of and long and brakes and for and estimation and of and currents and and and temperatures and on and the and surfaces and of and metal- polymer and friction and pairs; - and model and of and real and working and conditions and of and friction and pairs and of and brakes and with and possibility and of and changing and tribological and parameters and of and their and surface and layers. The and following and parameters and were and recorded: and braking and time and and and number and of and brakes; and temperature and and and angular and velocity and of and friction and elements; and tension and of and the and filling and and and unfilling and branches and of and band-block and brake; and values and of and wear and and and tear and of and friction and surfaces; and the and directions and and and values and of and tribocurrents and circulating and between and friction and pairs; and poten- tial and difference and between and friction and pairs. and In and order and to and capture and the and data and of and the and change and of and the and contact and difference and of and the and potentials and of and the and frictional and pairs and on and a and personal and computer, and the and contact and surfaces and of and the and friction and were and connected and to and the and laptop and via and an and analog-to-digital and converter and of and the and computer and oscilloscope and USB and Oscilloscope and II and (Fig. and 2, and a). and Obtained and values and of and the and contact and difference and between and the and potentials and of and friction and pairs and were and recorded and in and real and time, and recorded and on and a and computer and hard and disk and and and pro- cessed and using and the and software and of and a and computer and oscilloscope and USB and Oscilloscope and II. Presentation of main material of studies of the wear-friction properties of friction pairs of brake devices It and is and established and that and the and contact and potential and difference and consists and of and constant and and and variable and components. and The and constant and component and depends and mainly and on and materials and of and the and contacting and surfaces and and and surface and temperatures, and and and impulse and mainly and depends and on and fluctuations and of and electrothermal and resistance and in and contact and and and fluctuations and in and energy and of and the and friction and surfaces. and It and is and found and that and impulse and component and significantly and affects and the and wear-friction and properties and of and friction and pairs and of and friction and units and than and value and of and constant and component and of and contact and potential and difference. and Fig. and 2, b and illustrates and dependence and of and the and alternating and contact and potential and difference and of and the and friction and pairs and "gray and cast and iron and NF and 20 and - and cipher and 1- 43-60A" and of and the and band-block and brake and at and 350 and ° andC and recorded and using and a and digital and oscilloscope and USB and computer and oscilloscope. and and and and and and and and andAbility and of and any and tribological and material and to and conduct and electric and current and is and determined and by and the and presence and of and charges and in and them and (electrons, and ions) and and and possibility and of and their and movement and through and the and volume and of and material. and Write and the and total and dependence and for and the and current and density and j, and which and is and true and for and any and medium and except and vacuum: and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and  iii bqnj , and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and (1) where and i and – and type and of and charge and (e.g. and electrons, and ions and of and different and molecules, and charged and particles, and etc.); and i n and – and concentration and of and charges and of and і and type; and i q and – and magnitude and of and the and charge; i b and – and velocity and of and charge and carriers. and and and and and and and and and and Dependence and of and the and current and density and j and on and the and metal and friction and element and is and described and by and the and Richardson- Dashman and formula: 2 W kTj CT e   , (2) where and Т and – and surface and temperature and of and metal and friction and element; and С and – and constant and which and depends and on and the and properties and of and material and and and surface; and k ‒ and Boltzmann and constant; and W ‒ and the and output and work and of and electrons and from and the and metal and element and surface and at and given and temperature. If and the and Richardson-Dashman and formula and will and be and recorded and as and 2 W kT j Ce T   , and so and after and its and logarithm and we and get: and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and a 2 ln ln ln j W C e T kT   . and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and(3) Let and us and represent and obtained and expression and for and two and values and of and temperatures and Т1 and and and Т2 and of and metal and friction and element and that and corresponds and to and the and temperature and value and before and and and after and braking and process. and We and will and take and into and account and that and I j A  and (where and І and – alternating and current and circulating and in and the and friction and pair and in and the and area and with and the and area and А). and Then and we and get and the and following and dependencies: 20 Problems of Tribology and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 1 1 2 1 1 ln ln I W C AT kT   ; (4) and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 2 2 2 2 2 ln ln I W C AT kT   . (5) If and we and subtract and (4) and from and equation and (5), and then and we and obtain and: and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 ln I T W W I T k T T        , and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and (6) which and will and turn and into and a and calculated and dependence and of and determining and the and electron and output and from and a and metal and friction and element: 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 ln I T W W k I T T T         . (7) Wear and of and friction and surfaces and is and significantly and influenced and by and the and contact and potential and difference and and and surface and temperature and of and contacting and bodies. and If and one and of and the and bodies and is and heated and more and then and electron and or and ionic and thermal and currents and are and sent and from and it and to and the and second and body. and The and potential and difference and also and increases and as and the and area and of and the and contacting and bodies and increases. and Charges and of and contacting and bodies and have and different and signs and but and the and same and size. and Interaction and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and determines and the and type and of and contact and and and its and energy and level and (Fig. and 3). and The and main and characteristic and of and the and energy and level and of and this and or and that and contact and is and the and work and of and the and electron and exit and from and the and surface and layer and of and the and metal and friction and element and (WM) and and and ions and from and the and surface and layer and of and the and polymer and facing and (Wn). а b c Fig. 3. Energy levels of brake metal-polymer pairs with injected (a), neutral (b), and injecting (c) types of contacts: S0 is the thickness of a layer enriched (b) and depleted (c) by electrons Friction and brake and facings and are and made and of and non-uniform and materials and in and the and volume and of and which and crystalline and and and amor- phous and phases and coexist, and therefore, and different and charges and are and captured and at and the and interfacial and boundaries. and Due and to and difference and in and phase and conductivity and charges and accumulate and at and the and boundaries. and When and material and is and electrified, and the and overlays and of and the and charge and carriers and will and move and away and from and the and interfacial and boundary and or and vice and versa and depending and on and which and of and the and conductivity and currents and will and be and greater: and the and one and moving and from and the and charge and boundary and or and the and one and moving and towards and it. and For and charge and circulation and processes, and the and properties and of and the and interaction and contacts, and which and are and divided and into and neutral, and injectable and and and injected, and play and a and significant and role. and In and Fig. and 3, a, and b, and c and difference and in and energy and levels and between and neutral, and injectable and and and injected and contacts and is and shown. and Neutral and contacts and of and brake and pairs and do and not and support and the and circulation and of and electric and charges and between and metal and and and polymer and friction and elements. and For and injection and contacts and charge and carrier and (injection) and is and moved and to and the and charged and surface and of and the and polymer and facing. and Injected and contacts and are and reversed: and they and help and move and charge and carriers and from and the and charged and surface and of and the and polymer and pad and to and the and metal and friction and element. and The and type and of and contact and depends and on and which and of and the and electron and or and ion and output and work and is and larger: and of and metal and or and polymer and friction and element. and If and polymer and element and output and work and is and less and than and metal and one and an and injected and contact and is and formed and (Fig. and 3, a) and and and the and metal and surface and is and charged and negatively. and If and the and output and works and are and the and same, and then and there and will and be and a and neutral and type and of and contact and (Fig. and 5, and b), and if and the and polymer and friction and element and output and work and is and greater and than and the and metal and friction and element and output and work, and then and the and metal and surface and is and charged and positively and and and we and have and an and injecting and type and of and contact and (Fig. and 3, c). Let's and note, and furthermore, and that and the and spots and of and the and contacts and of and the and micro and protrusions, and which and are and covered and by and the and pellicle, and are and blocking and contacts and at and low and field and strength. and That and is, and such and a and contact and prevents and the and transfer and of and charge and carriers and from and the and micro-projections and of and the and metal and friction and element and to and the and surface and layer and of and the and polymer and friction and facing, and at and the and Problems of Tribology 21 same and time, and it and cannot and accept and the and carriers and from and the and above and layers. and Stationary and current and is and not and possible and in and dielectrics and with and blocking and contacts and that and do and not and contain and charge and carriers and at and all. and If and the and metal and element and output and work and is and greater and than and the and polymer and element and output and work  м nW W andthen and upon and contact and of and the and metal and with and the and polymer, and the and electrons and from and the and polymer and will and pass and to and the and metal, and since and the and Fermi and level and in and the and polymer and before and frictional and interaction and with and the and metal and was and higher and than and in and the and metal and  м nF F . and The and metal and is and charged and with and a and negative and charge and and and the and polymer and is and positive. and A and directional and electron and flux and will and take and place and before and the and Fermi and levels and are and equalized. Circulating and tribostrums and have and been and found and to and cause and surface and temperatures and to and rise and and and wear and in and friction and pairs, and and and usage and of and tribocurrents and suppressants and can and reduce and temperatures and and and wear and of and friction and surfaces. and In and order and to and improve and the and performance and of and the and braking and mechanisms, and in and particular and the and reduction and of and wear and and and surface and temperatures, and the and comparison and of and series and band-block, and drum-block and and and disc-block and brakes and and and advanced and brake and designs and with and depolarization and devices and reducing and triboelectric and phenomena and in and friction and pairs. For and this and purpose and an and additional and power and supply and unit and was and connected and to and the and friction and units and made and of and metal- polymer and pairs and and and to and Fig. and 4a and shows and the and value and of and the and potential and barrier and to and power and on. and However, and if and an and external and voltage and was and applied and to and the and metal-polymer and pair and in and the and opposite and direction and to and the and potential and contact and difference and (the and "plus" and is and applied and to and the and metal and friction and element, and Fig. and 4, b), and then and the and potential and barrier and from and the and polymer and facing and is and reduced and (Fig. and 5, c) and and and value and of and triboelectric and current and increased. and We and will and call and this and connection and generating. а b c Fig. 4. Scheme of serial (a), generating (b) and blocking (c) connection of an external electrical source to band-block brake: 1 – a brake pulley; 2 – a friction facing; 3 – a brake band а b c Fig. 5. Energy levels of metal-polymer brake pairs influencing by additional electric field: a – in the absence of a field; b, c – at the action of the field: accelerating, decelerating If and an and external and voltage and is and applied and to and a and metal-polymer and pair and in and a and direction and coinciding and with and the and contact and potential and difference and (a and minus and is and shown and on and the and metal and friction and element, and Fig. and 4, and c), and then and the and potential and barrier and on and the and side and of and the and facing and increases and (Fig. and and 5, b) and and and the and value and of and triboelectric and current and will and decrease. and This and connection and is and called and blocking and one. and As and shown and by and the and conducted and experimental and researches and at and generating and temperature and connection and and and wear and of and surfaces and of and friction and pairs and increase and and and at and blocking and connection and they and will and decrease. The and regularities and of and changes and in and the and surface and temperatures and of and friction and pairs and "steel and 35 and CML and - and retinax and FC-24A" and for and serial and band-block and brake and and and band-block and brake and with and a and system and of and tribocurrents and reduction and by and the and number and of and cycles and of and braking and m. and Values and of and the and generated and currents: and for and serial and band-block and brake and - and 60 and nA, and for and band- block and brake and with and system and of and reduction and tribocurrents and - and 10 and nA. and The and maximum and surface and temperatures and on and the and working and surface and of and rim and of and the and pulley and of and the and improved and band-block and brake and of and agregate and AORS-80 and with and system and of and tribocurrents and reduction and by and 14.5 and % and and and the and friction and facings and are and 14.3 and % and lower and than and that and of and the and serial and band-block and brake. 22 Problems of Tribology One and of and the and main and operational and parameters and of and the and band-block and brake and are and tension and of and filling and SЗ and and and unfilling and SН and branches and of and the and band, and the and difference and of and which and determines and the and friction and force T H ZF S S  . In and this and case, and one and of and the and tension and of and the and brake and tape and is and determined and by and a and given and value and and andand and the and second and parameter and is and calculated. and Preferably and determine and the and tension and of and the and unfilling and band and branch and according and to and Euler: f H Z S S e   , (8) and and and and and and and and and andDynamic and friction and coefficient and is and determined and by and formula: H Z T S S F f N N    . (9) In and Fig. and 6 and results and of and industrial and studies and of and the and friction and coefficient and change and laws and of and friction and pairs and "steel and 34 and L and - and retinax and FC-24A" and and and "steel and 60G and - and code and 6KF-59" and of and the and brake and devices and of and the and units and UPA-60 and and A2-32 and are and shown and with and respect and to and values and of and sliding and velocitys and and and generated and currents. 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 0,28 0,30 0,32 0,34 0,36 0,38 0,40 0,42 0,44 0,46 f V, м/c 1' 1 2 2' Fig. 6. Patterns of change of dynamic friction coefficient of friction pairs "steel 60G - code 6KF-59" (1) and "steel 34 L - retinax FC-24A" (2) of the brake devices from values of the sliding velocitys and generated currents with depolarizing device: 1 – I = 70nA; 1'– I = 15nA; 2 – I = 60nA; 2'– I = 10nA One and of and the and main and operational and parameters and of and friction and pairs and is and intensity and of and wear and on and their and surfaces. and Regularities and of and changes and of and linear and wear and of and working and surfaces and of and friction and facings and of and band-block and brake and with and metal and polymers and friction and pairs and steel and 34 and L and - and retinax and FC-24A and APRS-50KAM and for and serial and brake and and and using and the and device and suppression and tribocurrents and are and llustrated and in and Fig. and 7. and Investigations and of and the and wear and rate and of and the and working and surfaces and of and fric- tion and facing and were and performed and for and the and serial and brake and without and usage and of and tribocurrent and reduction and means and and and with and the and use and of and the and tribocurrent and suppression and device and at and different and electrification and currents. and It and was and found and that and linear and wear and of and the and friction and facing and surfaces and for and an and improved and band-block and brake and design and is and on and average and 20 - 30 % and less and than and facing and surface and wear and for and serial and brake and construction. а b Fig. 7. Patterns of change of values of linear wear of surfaces of the model band-block brake facings at the tension of the filling branch of the brake band SZ = 800 N (a) and SZ = 400 N (b): 1 – I = 70 nA (serial friction unit); 2 – I = 50 nA; 3 – I = 25 nA Problems of Tribology 23 As and it and was and noted, and during and experimental and studies, and dependence and of and electrical and potential and formed and on and the and contacting and surfaces and was and determined and from and capacity and of and the and metal and friction and element. and Most and structures and that and contain and metal-polymer and frictional and units and are and grounded and (such and as and drilling and hoists, and rail, and etc.) and or and isolated and from and the and Earth's and surface, and but and have and a and fairly and large and metal and and, and therefore, and electrical and capacity and (vehicles). and To and study and the and dependence and of and the and insula- tion and of and a and metal and friction and element and on and the and wear and of and the and surfaces and of and the and friction and facings and for and the and laboratory and installation, and the and following and arrangements and were and simulated: and stand and not and isolated and (grounded) and (Fig. and 8, a) and and and brake and pulley and isolated and from and the and brake and drum and (Fig. and 8, b). а b Fig. 8. Scheme of effect of isolation study of metal friction element on wear of surfaces of polymer facings for a serial friction unit (a) and with metal friction element with an isolated non-working surface (b): 1 – tape; 2 – friction facing; 3 – a brake pulley; 4 – insulation Fig. and 9 and illustrates and regularities and of and changing and values and of and linear and wear and of and facing and surfaces and of and the and model and of and band- block and brake and with and insulated and and and uninsulated and metal and friction and element and with and metallic and polymer and pairs and of and friction and steel and 34 and L and - and retinax and FC-24A. and The and studies and were and carried and out and at and three and hundred and cyclic and loads and and and tension and of and filling and branch and SЗ and = and 800 and N and (Fig. and 9, a) and and and SЗ and = and 400 and N and (Fig. and 9, b) and for and ten and friction and facings. and It and has and been and found and that and linear and wear and of and friction and surfaces and for and band-block and brake and with and isolated and metal and friction and elements, and on and average, and 15 - 20 % and less and than and wear and of and surfaces and of and standard and construction and band-block and brake and with and uninsulated and metal and friction and element. а b Fig. 9. Regularities of changes of linear regrouting values of the surfaces of facings of the band-block brake at tension of unfilling branch of the band SZ = 800 N (a) and SZ = 400 N (b): 1 – for an isolated brake pulley; 2 – for serial friction unit To and determine and the and dependence and of and the and insulation and of and metal and friction and element and on and the and wear and of and the and surfaces and of and friction and facings and of and vehicle, and operational and tests and of and the and unit and for and the and development and and and repair and of and wells and AORS-60 and with and brake and drums and production and KrAZ and were and carried and out. and In and one and back and brake and mechanism, and the and drum and was and electrically and insulated and relative and to and the and bridge, and and and the and second and brake and mechanism and remained and in and series. Thus, and linear and wear and of and friction and surfaces and of and friction and facing and for and an and improved and band-block and brake and design and with and a and tributary and suppression and system and and and isolation and of and the and metal and friction and elements and is, and on and average, and 30 - 40 and % and less and than and that and of and the and brake and facing and surfaces. Scientific and results and of and investigations and of and triboelectric and processes and in and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and are and obtained dAs and a and result and of and the and researches and of and wear-friction and properties and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and of and brake and devices and in and laboratory and and and operational and conditions and during and triboelectric and interaction and the and following and regularities and of and change and are and established: - and thermostimulated and currents and generated and on and surfaces and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and from and the and time and of and friction and interaction and and and the and surface and temperatures and of and friction and pairs; 24 Problems of Tribology - and and andelectric and potential and in and contact and of and friction and pairs and from and the and time and of and friction and interaction and and and surface and temperature and of and the and facings; and - and dynamic and friction and coefficients and of and serial and and and advanced and brake and mechanisms and with and device and of and reduction and of and tribocurrents and in and metal-polymer and friction and pairs; - and wear and of and surfaces and of and friction and facings and taking and into and account and triboelectric and currents and on and friction and surfaces and of and the and braking and devices. Influence and of and features and of and the and design and of and brake and mechanisms and on and circulation and of and tribocurrents and in and them, and as and a and consequence, and on and the and emergence, and development and and and propagation and of and a and network and of and microcracks and in and zones and of and maximum and tribostrums and is and established. and As and a and result and of and conducted and researches and it and is and established and that and during and the and triboelectric and interaction and the and intensity and of and change and of and dynamic and friction and coefficients and and and linear and wear and in and friction and units and of and band-block and and and drum-block and brakes and depends and on and different and types and of and contacts and with and variable and energy and activity, and which and cause and instantaneous and change and of and current and momentum and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs. and Practical and recommendations Performed and researches and can and be and used and for and improvement and of and design and and and operational and parameters and of and brake and devices and of and motor and transport, and at and designing and of and brake and mechanisms and of and cars and of and various and purpose, and estimation and of and operational and parameters and of and brake and devices. and It and will and shorten and the and timing and of and development and of and new and brake and device and designs and and and allow and to and choose and the and most and effective and technical and solutions and at and an and early and stage and of and design. Conclusions and and and prospects and for and development and of and the and direction As and a and result and of and researches and of and friction and properties and of and metal-polymer and friction and pairs and of and brake and devices and in and laboratory and and and operational and conditions and during and triboelectric and interaction and regularities and of and change and are and established: and dynamic and coefficients and of and friction and from and generated and tribocurrents and in and contact and of and two-layer and metal-polymer and structures; and wear and in and friction and pairs and of and "metal and - and polymers" and of and brake and units and from and the and values and of and circulating and tribocurrents. Obtained and results and allow and us and to and optimize and management and of and the and wear-friction and properties and and and thermal and state and of and brake and units. and Further and studies and will and be and relating and with and more and detailed and study and of and contact and potential and difference and effect and on and wear and of and friction and surfaces and of and braking and devices. References and 1. 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Шляхи зменшення зносу поверхонь тертя за допомогою трибоелектричних явищ Експериментальні and дослідження and трибоелектричних and явищ and були and виконані and на and спеціально and створених and лабораторних and стендах, and що and моделювали and різні and типи and гальм and та and на and серійному and універсальному and автомобільному and гальмівному and стенді and моделі and КИ-8964. and Вимірювання and трибоелектричних and струмів and здійснювалось and за and допомо- гою and наноамперметра, and а and різниця and потенціалів and в and парах and тертя and – and за and допомогою and аналого-цифрового and перетворю- вача and USB and Oscilloscope and ІІ and та and ноутбука and з and спеціальним and програмним and забезпеченням. У and результаті and проведених and досліджень and зношувальних and властивостей and металополімерних and пар and тертя and гальмівних and механізмів and у and виробничих and та and лабораторних and умовах and під and час and трибоелектричного and тертя and встанов- лені and закономірності and зміни: and величин and циркулюючих and трибострумів and в and парах and тертя and «чавун and – and полімер» and бара- банно-колодкових and та and стрічково-колодкових and гальм and від and поверхневої and температури and фрикційних and вузлів and та and кі- лькості and циклів and гальмувань; and динамічного and коефіцієнта and тертя and від and величин and циркулюючих and трибострумів; and ве- личин and лінійного and зношування and пар and тертя and гальмівних and пристроїв and від and зміни and генерованих and трибострумів and в and кон- такті and двошарових and структур and «метал-полімер». and Виконані and дослідження and трибоелектричних and процесів and дозволяють and розширити and базу and даних and щодо and ме- ханізмів and трибоелектричних and явищ and в and металополімерних and парах and тертя. and У and результаті and виконаних and досліджень and знософрикційних and властивостей and металополімерних and пар and тертя and гальмівних and пристроїв and у and виробничих and та and лабо- раторних and умовах and під and час and трибоелектричної and взаємодії and встановлені and закономірності and зміни and динамічних and кое- фіцієнтів and тертя and та and зношування and фрикційних and поверхонь and від and величин and генерованих and трибострумів, and часу and фрик- ційної and взаємодії and та and поверхневої and температури and металополімерних and пар and тертя. and Одержані and результати and дозволяють and знизити and зношування and металополімерних and фрикційних and поверхонь and та and оптимізувати and знософрикційні and властивості and вузлів and тертя. Ключові and слова: and барабанне and гальмо, and стрічкове and гальмо, and дискове and гальмо, and металополімерні and поверхні and тертя, and трибосистема, and трибоелектричні and процеси.