Copyright © 2020 V.V. Aulin, S.V. Lysenko, A.V. Hrynkiv, A.E. Chernai, I.V. Zhylova. This is an open access article distributed 

under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, 

provided the original work is properly cited. 
 

 

 

Problems of Tribology, V. 25, No 4/98-2020, 13-19 

 

Problems of Tribology 
Website: http://tribology.khnu.km.ua/index.php/ProbTrib 

E-mail: tribosenator@gmail.com 

 

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2020-98-4-13-19 

 

 

New approach to elucidating the physical nature of the processes that 

occur in the friction zone of mates of machine parts 
 

V.V. Aulin, S. V. Lysenko, A.V. Hrinkiv, A.E. Chernai, I.V. Zhylova 

 
Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Ukraine 

E-mail: AulinVV@gmail.com
  

 

 

Abstract 

 

It has been found that during frictional contact in separate local areas of a thin surface layer of parts under 

significant loads and deformations and high contact temperatures, the material of the tribocontact zone of parts 

transforms into a special activating unstable state of magma-plasma or triboplasma. General issues in which the 

nature of the processes of friction and wear of mating parts is clarified are considered at a higher fundamental 

level with the involvement of nanotribology. 

A number of processes that accompany interactions of triboconjugations of parts are analyzed: 

mechanoemission, mechanochemical, gas-discharge, etc., tribochemical reactions, fluxes of high-energy 

particles: excited molecules, atoms, ions, fast electrons, phonons (sound quanta and quanta of electromagnetic 
radiation). 

Regularities of additivity of elastic and magnetic aftereffect in the volumetric parts and surface layers of 

tribo-interface parts made of ferromagnetic materials and alloys have been revealed. Also, the regularity of the 

additivity of the diffusion aftereffect in their surface layers has been established. A tribophysical model of self-

organization is built on the basis of a carbon-nitrogen cycle of tribochemical reactions that have the content of 

thermonuclear fusion reactions and which can be considered at the nanoscale. In these reactions, the carbon atom 

plays the role of a catalyst for the process of fusion of protons with subsequent transformation into a radioactive 

isotope, which decays into ordinary carbon and helium. It has been established that the mechanism of nuclear 

fusion reactions in the surface layers of triboconjugation parts is due to the directional movement of dislocations 

in the crystal structures of materials with the implementation of the proton cycle and the conversion of hydrogen 

into helium. 

It has been shown that this makes it possible to change the idea of the mechanocaloric effect, the process 
of friction and wear, and to substantiate a number of effects and processes from the physical positions of 

nanotribology. This will allow the creation of competitive tribotechnologies in various industries. 

 

Key words: mating parts, friction criteria, wear resistance, reliability of systems and units 

 

Introduction 

 

The interaction in the movable interfaces of parts of systems and machine assemblies causes, first of all, 

the occurrence of processes of friction and wear, as well as the failure caused by them, amounting to about 90%. 

Losses from the processes of friction and wear in developed countries reach 5...6% of the national income. To 

overcome frictional resistance in machines and mechanisms, 20...25% of the energy generated per year is spent 
all over the world. 

An increase in the economic and environmentally sound reliability of systems and assemblies of 

machines, technological equipment and tools is directly related to an increase in the wear resistance of resource-

determining mates of parts. The solution to this urgent problem is possible only on the basis of deep 

scientifically grounded fundamental knowledge, the processes occurring in the surface layers of parts, and have a 

tribophysical nature and which can be substantiated at the levels: nano-, micro-, meso- and macrolevels. 

Management of friction processes, the correct choice of materials for mating parts according to the 

criteria of friction and wear resistance, their rational design, as well as optimization of operating conditions can 

significantly provide a high level of operational reliability of machines and increase the efficiency of their use, 

http://tribology.khnu.km.ua/index.php/ProbTrib
https://doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2020-98-4-13-12


14 Problems of Tribology 

 

reduce harmful environmental impacts with a slight increase in cost [1]. 

Academicians V.I. Kolesnikov, Yu.M. Luzhny, A.V. Chichinadze believed that the complex of studies in 

the field of macro-, meso-, micro- and nanotribology of triboconjugation of parts of systems and aggregates of 

transport machines in general refers to the main and topical areas of their operational reliability [2]. 

 

Literature review 

 

I.V. Kragelsky, M.N. Dobychin, V.S. Kombalov [3], analyzing the critical points characterizing the 

conditions for the transition from one type of frictional interaction to another, argued that in some local areas of 
a thin surface layer of parts, significant stress and strain and high contact temperatures develop. In this case, the 

material of the contact zone of the parts passes into a special activating unstable state. This position of the 

material P.A. Thyssen is called magma-plasma or triboplasm [4]. Substances in the state of "triboplasma" are 

capable of reacting with materials of mating parts and the external environment. It is typical that a reaction is 

observed even with neutral substances, neutral gases. 

A new interpretation of the mechanisms of thermoplastic deformation during the phase transformation of 

the materials of parts under nonequilibrium conditions and a significant temperature gradient is given in [5]. It is 

shown that in the friction zone the processes and states of materials self-organize. Positive self-organization in 

tribotechnical systems increases the efficiency of their functioning [6]. A physical approach to the 

mesomechanics of wear of the working surfaces of parts of tribocouplings [7,8] is considered and a scale-level 

approach to the analysis of the characteristics and properties of surface layers of parts and a lubricating medium 

is proposed [9]. It is noted that mesomechanics is a modern approach to the theory of wear [10]. The 
tribophysical material science approach is informative about the processes and states of materials, and the 

assessment of their resources [11]. From a physical point of view, the processes of friction and wear in the 

contact zone of the triboharness of parts of motor transport and agricultural machinery have been analyzed [12]. 

From the standpoint of fullerenes, their influence on the physical and mechanical properties of the friction 

surface of tribocouplings of parts has been clarified [13]. The physics of the formation of a stress-strain state 

makes it possible to clarify the formation of local areas of compression and tension deformations [14]. The 

electrochemical and mechanical loads on the tribocouplings of parts with the implementation of a whole range of 

phenomena and the improvement of tribocharacteristics are also of interest [15]. The essence of a new approach 

is to identify the physical nature of friction processes [16] with the construction of a physical model of 

tribological processes [17] and analysis of the processes of changing the states of materials in the tribosystem 

[18]. 
Analyzing the solution of general issues concerning nanotribology, Yu.I. Golovin [19] notes that the 

desire to identify and understand the nature of nanocontact processes of friction and wear of mating parts at a 

higher fundamental level is quite natural. The first step in this direction is the level approach of considering the 

characteristics and properties of individual micro- and nanocontacts of the friction zone, and then, by integrating 

or averaging over the surface, proceed to investigations at the meso- and macrolevels. This approach has become 

available only in recent years in connection with the development of nanoidentification and nanoscraping 

techniques. 

 

Purpose  
 

The aim of this work is to elucidate the physical nature of the processes occurring in the surface layers of 
the friction zone of mating parts of systems and aggregates of transport machines based on the data of their 

tribophysical essence and a set of chemical reactions occurring at the nano- and microlevel, representing the 

mechanisms of processes. 

 

Results 

 

An important step towards the creation of a physical theory of friction and wear of mating parts of 

systems and machine assemblies is the transition to research at the nanoscale. Such studies have become possible 

thanks to the improvement of scanning probe microscopes, in particular, atomic force microscopes operating in 

the lateral mode (friction for semicroscopy – FFM). On the basis of this information, various processes in the 

materials of dynamic tribocontacts have been modeled, new approaches to identifying regularities have been 

elucidated, and the mechanism of their development has been refined. 
This indicates that the study of the processes of friction and wear in this direction goes to a higher quality 

level. At the same time, a whole series of new questions arise that need to be clarified, identified and resolved. 

The main ones are the issues of determining the characteristics and properties of the friction zone and the 

relationship between them on the macroscopic, mesoscopic, microscopic, nanoscopic. It needs an explanation 

and the result of their forecasting in the process of development and operation, as well as the identification of 

sets of processes that correspond to them. The state of triboconjugations in the surface layers of materials, which 

are formed in the process of self-organization, are also of interest and synergistic foundations of the "green" 

tribology of systems and machine assemblies are being created. When solving these issues, it is advisable to 



Problems of Tribology 15 

 

proceed from fundamental knowledge of the properties of interacting atoms and the topology of the working 

surfaces of mating parts. 

It is also necessary to solve the issues of controlling external and internal friction in tribo-couplings of 

parts of systems and machine units on the basis of this knowledge. This will make it possible to create new and 

improved existing tribosystems (tribosystems of parts) with high friction and energy dissipation. For example, 

for tribo-couplings of parts of braking and friction systems, clutches or, conversely, for tribo couplings of parts 

with low friction (sliding bearings, for guide parts of systems and assemblies: valve bush, brake calipers, car 

suspensions, etc.). 

In this case, it is desirable to identify conditions in which friction is practically zero, that is, the 
phenomenon of wear-free or positive selforganization is realized. There are no fundamental obstacles to this, and 

in a sense, such regimes have already been found. 

Interaction in mobile interfaces of machine parts (fig. 1) is accompanied by a complex of different 

processes: mechanoemission, mechanochemical, gasdischarge, etc., as well as the course of tribochemical 

reactions, the synthesis of some compounds - the emergence of high-energy particle flows: excited molecules, 

atoms, ions, fast electrons, phonons (sound quanta), photons (quanta of electromagnetic radiation). 

 

 
 

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the triboplasma model in conjugation of details: 
1 – the original structure of the material of the part; 2 – molten structure of the contact zone; 3 – plasma state of matter in the 
contact zone; 4 – triboemission electrons; 5 – flows of atoms, photons, phonons, ions, excited molecules, fast electrons; 6 - 
area of the reactor compartment of cold synthesis; 7 – heat flow; 8 – helium flow; 9 – fluxes of radiation of various types of 

energy; acoustic waves, triboluminescence, triboemission, exoelectron emission, photoelectron emission, photoele ctric effect 

 

The regularity of the additivity of the elastic aftereffect in the volumetric parts and surface layers of the 

parts of tribocouplings [20] has been revealed, which consists in the fact that in their elastic and plastic regions, 

in the zone of frictional contact, there is a summation (additivity) of elastic and plastic aftereffects caused by 

changes in frictional bonds, physical and mechanical characteristics of the material and the spatial position of the 

tribocouplings of parts. This is due to the directed movement of dislocations in the elastic and plastic regions of 

the surface layers of the material of the parts. 

The regularity of the additivity of the magnetic aftereffect in the volumetric parts of the ferromagnetic 

material of the details of tribo-couplings and their surface layers has been also established [21]. The effect is that 

the summation (additivity) of magnetic aftereffects occurs in the elastic and plastic regions of the frictional 
contact zone. This aftereffect determines the behavior of hydrogen atoms in triboconjugation materials: intense 

diffusion is observed, a high degree of energy pumping in the surface layers, molization and interaction with 

atoms of other chemical elements dissolved in the main material of the parts. This is due to the directional 

movement of dislocations in the materials of parts, which capture hydrogen atoms and transport them to the zone 

of frictional contact with elastic and plastic local regions of the surface layers of materials of parts and affect 

their structure, as well as the mobility of the domain walls in them. 

One of them is realized in tribocoupling of parts with helium wear [19]. The use of such tribosystems will 

make it possible to control friction due to superfluidity and the presence of helium parts in materials. 

In this direction, a positive point is the established regularity of the additivity of the diffusion magnetic 

aftereffect in the volumetric parts and surface layers of tribocouplings of parts made of ferromagnetic materials 

and alloys [3]. Its essence lies in the fact that in the elastic and plastic regions of the material of the parts, in the 
zone of their frictional contact, the summation (additivity) of diffuse magnetic aftereffects occurs. In this case, 

the effect is accompanied by elastic and plastic aftereffects and determines the behavior, first of all, of the carbon 

and nitrogen atoms embedded in the material of parts. In the process of friction of the mates of parts, a directed 

movement of dislocations is observed, which transport the carbon and nitrogen atoms present in the materials of 

the parts into the zone of frictional contact with the elastic and plastic regions and their influence on the structure 

and mobility of the domain walls of the material. 

It should be noted that the carbon C and nitrogen N atoms, which work by the interstitial mechanism, 

create the so-called carbon-nitrogen cycle, which is responsible for the synthesis of helium in the friction zone 



16 Problems of Tribology 

 

[22]. The revealed conditions under which friction in the mating of parts is practically absent and the 

phenomenon of super-sliding is realized [7,23], similar to the phenomena of superconductivity or superfluidity. 

A tribophysical model of such a selforganization phenomenon can be built on the basis of the carbon -

nitrogen cycle of a number of the following chemical reactions: 

 
12

С+
1
Н

13
N+;      (1) 

13
N

13
С+

+
+;      (2) 

13
С+

1
Н

14
N+;      (3) 

14
N+

1
Н

15
О+;      (4) 

15
О

15
N +

+
+;      (5) 

15
N +

1
Н

12
С+

4
Не.      (6) 

 

In these tribochemical reactions, the carbon atom plays the role of a catalyst for the process of proton 

fusion. A proton, colliding with a carbon nucleus 
12

C (1), turns into a radioactive isotope 
13

N, and a γ-quantum 

(photon) is also emitted. The 
13

N isotope, undergoing β
+
 decay with the emission of a positron and neutrino (2), 

turns into an ordinary nitrogen nucleus 
14

N (3). In this reaction, a γ-quantum is also emitted. Further, the 
14

N 

nitrogen nucleus collides with the 
1
H (4) proton, after which a radioactive oxygen isotope 

15
O and a γ-quantum 

are formed. Then this isotope is converted by β
+
 decay into the nitrogen isotope 

15
N (5). Finally, the last 

15
N 

isotope, having attached a proton during the collision, decays into ordinary carbon 
12

C and helium 
4
He (6). 

The entire chain of nuclear reactions observed are the sequential weighting of the carbon nucleus by the 

addition of protons, followed by β
+
 decay. The last link in this chain is the restoration of the original carbon 

nucleus and the formation of a new helium nucleus at the expense of four protons, which at different times, one 

after another, joined to 
12

C and to the isotopes that were formed from it. 

In recent years, numerous experimental realizations of details of local nuclear reactions at low energies, 

that is, realizations of local nuclear reactions in condensed media, have been obtained in tribological conjugation 

materials. This is the so-called cold nuclear fusion (CNF). On the basis of CNF, it is proposed to replace the 

nuclear processes induced by the crystal lattice of the material. These processes are anomalous in terms of 

vacuum nuclear collisions. First of all, this fusion of nuclei with the release of neutrons that exist in non-

equilibrium solid materials of parts during friction is stimulated by the transformation of elastic energy in the 
crystal lattice during phase transitions, mechanical influences, sorption or desorption of hydrogen (deuterium). 

CNF has been reliably recorded in a number of physical and physicochemical processes involving deuterium. 

Many of them with the participation of natural hydrogen take place in natural processes. These include: the 

phenomenon of sorption-desorption of hydrogen in metals, redox effect on the compound of hydrogen, 

mechanical damage and crushing of hydrogen containing rocks. 

Note that a satisfactory quantitative and even qualitative theory of CNF has not been created yet, which is 

of fundamental importance both for fundamental science and for practical use. At the same time, original 

theoretical and physical models of the CNF mechanism in the crystal structures of the surface layers of 

tribointerface parts made of ferromagnetic materials and alloys have been developed. An unknown regularity of 

the additivity of the hydrogen magnetic aftereffect in the bulk parts and surface layers of these materials has 

been established [22]. It consists in the fact that in elastic and plastic regions, in the zone of their frictional 

contact, there is a summation (additivity) of hydrogen magnetic aftereffects. Accompaniment by elastic and 
plastic aftereffects cause directional displacement of dislocations carrying hydrogen to the contact zone. As a 

result, a number of chemical reactions occur in the tribocontact zone: 

 
1
Н+

1
Н

2
D+

+
+;      (7) 

2
D+

1
Н

3
Не+;      (8) 

3
Не+

3
Не

4
Не+2

1
Н.     (9) 

 

On the basis of this, it is possible to formulate the CNF mechanism, which arises in the surface layers of 

triboconjugation parts, which determines the directional dislocation movement in the crystal structures of the 

surface layers of materials with the implementation of the proton cycle. As a result, hydrogen is converted to 

helium. 

It should be noted that academician B.V. Deryagin and his co-workers in 1985 discovered the 

phenomenon of neutron mechanoemission in crystalline materials containing deuterium. In his publications, he 

interpreted this phenomenon as a manifestation of CNF reactions. It was hypothesized that in substances with 

hydrogen bonds, one of the bonds may contain two nuclei of hydrogen atoms with a distance between them less 

than one angstrom. It was found that tunneling of deuterons through a narrow barrier can occur with a high 
probability even at relatively low temperatures. 

Note that according to modern concepts of nuclear physics, a proton and a neutron have two states of one 

particle – a nucleon. A proton becomes a neutron, attaching an electron, and a neutron - a proton, giving an 

electron to another proton, which, in turn, turns into a neutron. 



Problems of Tribology 17 

 

On the basis of what has been considered, the idea of the known mechanocaloric effect [7, 8] is changing 

and it is possible to substantiate a number of effects and processes that arise in materials in the friction zone from 

a purely physical position of nanotribology. This can be used to create competitive technologies in the field of 

hydrogen energy, cryogenic and space technology. By taking into account an additional trend in the output 

parameters due to the additivity of the elastic magnetic and hydrogen-magnetic aftereffect in the volumetric parts 

and surface layers of the materials of the parts of tribocouplings of systems and machine units, it is possible to 

control the processes of friction and wear in them. 

 

Conclusions  
 

1. Considering that the contact zones of the materials of parts interacting in microelectromechanical and 

nanoelectromechanical systems, such as miniature telework, microsatellites, microdevices, nanocomputers, 

microsensor devices, chemical and biochemical microreactors, and others, are very small, and the specific loads 

on nanocontacts are large, then tribological processes are largely determined by the atomic-molecular interaction 

of contacting surfaces and are manifested primarily at the nano- and micro-level of the hierarchy of the totality 

of tribological processes. 

2. It is urgent to create materials for mating parts with helium wear with the possibility of quenching it 

based on the implementation of a carbon-nitrogen cycle (effect) in the friction zone, as well as ensuring friction 

control due to the superfluidity of helium in micro- and nanotribosystems. 

3. Creation of nanotechnologies and a new class of devices for microelectromechanical and 

nanoelectromechanical systems will give new competitive results, in particular, through the creation and use of 
tribosystems with helium wear, which will provide updated diagnostic information about the local states of 

materials and the identification of new processes in the friction zone. 

4. The study of nuclear processes induced by the crystal lattice in micro- and nanotribology is of interest 

both from the point of view of fundamental research on the creation of a generalized theory of friction and wear, 

the creation of effective tribotechnologies of running-in and recovery, and for applied purposes. 

5. The use of hydrogen as a fuel in a car engine, as well as the development of hydrogen energy can 

actualize the creation of materials for triboconjugation of parts with helium wear with the possibility of its 

extinguishing based on the implementation of a carbon-nitrogen cycle (effect) in the friction zone, as a result of 

which hydrogen is converted into helium. 

6. The essence of the acoustic wave, tribological effects, triboelectronic, photoelectronic and 

triboemissions arising from the interaction of nanocontacts in tribosystems can be purposefully used not only in 
the study of cold nuclear fusion, but also for obtaining in the future an inexhaustible source of ecologically clean 

energy based on the synthesis of helium from more light hydrogen. 

 

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Problems of Tribology 19 

 

Аулін В.В., Лисенко С.В., Гриньків А.В., А.Є. Чернай, І.В. Жилова Новий підхід до з'ясування 

фізичної природи процесів, що відбуваються в зоні тертя спряжень деталей машин 

 

З'ясовано, що при фрикційному контакті в окремих локальних ділянках тонкого поверхневого 

шару деталей при значних напруженнях і деформаціях та високих контактних температур матеріал зони 

трибоконтакту деталей переходить в особливий активізуючий нестійкий стан магми-плазми або 

трибоплазми. Загальні питання, в яких з'ясовується природа процесів тертя та зношування спряжень 

деталей, розглянуто на більш високому фундаментальному рівні із залученням нанотрибології. 

Проаналізовано ряд процесів, якими супроводжуються взаємодії трибоспряжень деталей.: 
механоемісійні, механохімічні, газорозрядні та ін., трибохімічні реакції, потоки частинок з великою 

енергією: збуджених молекул, атомів, іонів, швидких електронів, фононів (звукових квантів та квантів 

електромагнітного випромінювання). 

Виявлено закономірності адитивності пружної та магнітної післядій в об'ємних частинах і 

поверхневих шарах деталей трибоспряжень з феромагнітних матеріалів і сплавів. Також встановлена 

закономірність адитивності дифузійної післядії в їх поверхневих шарах. Побудовано трибофізичну 

модель самоорганізації на основі вуглецево-азотного циклу реалізацій трибохімічних реакцій, які мають 

зміст термоядерних реакцій синтезу і які можливо розглядати на нанорівні. В цих реакціях атом вуглецю 

відіграє роль каталізатора процесу злиття протонів з подальшим перетворенням в радіоактивний ізотоп, 

який розпадається на звичайний вуглець і гелій. З'ясовано, що механізм реакцій ядерного синтезу в 

поверхневих шарах деталей трибоспряжень, обумовлений спрямованим переміщенням дислокацій в 

кристалічних структурах матеріалів з реалізацією протонного циклу та перетворенням водню в гелій. 
Показано, що зазначене дає можливість змінити уявлення про механокалоричний ефект, процес 

тертя і зношування та обґрунтувати ряд ефектів і процесів з фізичних позицій нанотрибології. Це дасть 

можливість створити конкурентоспроможні триботехнології в різних галузях. 

 

Ключові слова: спряження деталей, критерії тертя, зносостійкість, надійність систем і агрегатів.