Copyright © 2021 V.V. Aulin, S.V. Lysenko, A.V. Hrynkiv, V.V. Slon, A.E. Chernai. This is an open access article distributed under 

the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, 

provided the original work is properly cited. 
 

 

 

Problems of Tribology, V. 26, No 1/99-2021,51-58 
 

Problems of Tribology 
Website: http://tribology.khnu.km.ua/index.php/ProbTrib 

E-mail: tribosenator@gmail.com 
 

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2021-99-1-51-58 

 

 

 

Creation of theoretical bases of tribotechnologies of running-in and 

restoration as means of effective increase of operational wear resistance of 

motor transport and mobile agricultural machinery 
 

V.V. Aulin, S.V. Lysenko, A.V. Hrinkiv, V.V. Slon, A.E. Chernai  

 
Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Ukraine 

E-mail: AulinVV@gmail.com
  

 

 

Abstract 

 

The bases for creation of theoretical bases of tribotechnologies of running-in and restoration of 

conjugations of details of systems and units of motor transport and mobile agricultural machinery are defined. 

The specifics of selective transfer on the surface of contacting parts of machines and creation of servito 

films, formation of coatings during running-in and restoration from antifriction materials, which are a part of 

additives in motor and transmission oil, are considered. 

A number of tribophysicochemical processes that occur in the conjugations of parts materials and how 
they affect the creation of tribotechnologies of running-in and restoration are clarified. The creation of 

tribotechnologies using geomodifiers is considered. It is proposed to build a single theory of tribotechnologies of 

running-in and recovery on the basis of the mechanism of triboplasm formation in the conjugations of parts of 

systems and units of machines. It is also proposed to add to this the thermofluctuation theory of S.M. Zhurkova 

taking into account the change of dilaton and compression bonds of atoms of materials of tribocouples of details 

with creation of local areas of deformations of compression and tension and zones of thermoplastic deformation. 

 

Key words: tribotechnologies of running-in and restoration, conjugation of details, triboplasm, oil, 

additive, motor vehicles, mobile agricultural machinery 

 

Introduction 

 
Recently, most consumers of motor transport (MTM) and mobile agricultural machinery (MACM) are 

insufficiently informed about the achievements of tribology in issues: modern quality and tribological properties 

of motor and transmission oils, special means of improving them and the possibilities of tribotechnologies of 

running and recovery. To some extent, this is due to the lack of training of engineering and technical staff and 

consumers for the perception of new advances in the science of friction, wear and lubrication in machines. 

One of the most interesting drugs of modern car chemistry used in practice are complexes of triple 

compounds (additives) designed to reduce the effects of friction, wear intensity and renovation of couplings of 

engine parts and transmissions of motor and mobile agricultural machinery. 

The vast majority of manufacturers of motor and transmission oils in relation to these triplets, are usually 

negative. Due to the fact that, in their opinion, modern lubricants already contain all the necessary package of 

functional additives, and the introduction of additional components in them is not only undesirable, but possibly 
harmful, due to the imbalance of properties. 

However, experience and research [1,2] show that functional additives and additives determine the 

operation of the conjugations of parts in normal conditions, mainly hydrodynamic friction and in no way take 

into account the real state of their working surfaces. Note also that they work the same for both new and worn 

couplings of engine parts and transmissions. At the same time, the lubrication conditions for different stages of 

operation of motor vehicles and mobile agricultural machinery differ significantly. Wear of friction surfaces 

during operation makes individual differences in the operation of each triad of parts of systems and units of 

machines, and therefore when developing tribotechnologies of running-in and restoration it is necessary to take 

into account the dynamics of changes in characteristics and properties of oils with additives and additives. Note 

http://tribology.khnu.km.ua/index.php/ProbTrib
https://doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2021-99-1-43-39


52 Problems of Tribology 

 

that their condition, operating conditions at different stages of the life cycle and the condition of the working 

surfaces of the parts changes significantly. The solution to this problem and the problems that arise from it are 

certainly relevant. 

 

Literature review 

 

Any triad coupling of parts of MTM and MACM systems and units in the simplest embodiment is three 

components, two of which are conjugate friction surfaces of parts, the third is a film of lubricant or lubricating 

medium that separates these surfaces [3,4]. Packages of additives in oils determine the properties of only the 
third component - the oil film, with virtually no effect on the properties of work surfaces and materials of the 

other two [1,5]. In recent years, tribologists are actively searching for additives or catalysts that synthesize in the 

oil and form films on the friction surface of the conjugation of parts of systems and units of machines. 

The results of research show that the acquired average characteristics and properties of oils are not 

enough to fully protect the reliable and efficient operation of triad couplings of parts of systems and units and 

MTM and MACM in general. Accordingly, in some cases, it is still recommended to add additives to the engine 

and transmission oil [5,6]. This is not the only way to increase the operational reliability of machines, because 

from an economic point of view it is justified that first of all it is necessary to change not the characteristics and 

properties of oil, but the characteristics and properties of working surfaces MTM and MACM. 

Processing of tribocouples of parts by tribocomposition of composite additives changes the characteristics 

and properties of working surfaces of parts: roughness, friction coefficient, wear intensity, burr force, hardness, 

microgeometry, gaps between the couplings and others.   
Properly designed and competently developed technology for processing the couplings of engine parts 

and transmission triboskladom and created composite oil can significantly improve the tribotechnical 

characteristics of the couplings of parts of systems and units in any mode of their operation. However, as studies 

have shown [7,8], the greatest effect is achieved in those modes where the most likely to violate the standard 

modes of lubrication of the tribocouple parts. This is observed at rated loads, high load modes and low speeds. 

Due to the fact that in these modes the hydrodynamics of tribocouples of parts of systems and units of machines 

is disturbed, the work of standard packages of lubricants and additives is inefficient, and the condition of 

working surfaces becomes decisive for power losses and wear of engine and transmission parts [9,10] . 

However, the situation is far from clear, as currently on the market of autochemicals there are many 

different functional additives and additives to oils, different mechanisms of action. Incompetent use of these 

drugs can not only dramatically reduce the positive effect, but also lead to significant negative consequences.   
At the same time, it is important to ask at what stage of operation the engine and transmission oil should 

be treated with one or another triad of substances. The vast majority of car owners in the process of operation 

bring the coupling of engine parts and transmission to a working condition, and then try to resuscitate it by using 

tribotechnologies running and recovery [11,12]. In some cases, it is possible to partially restore the size of the 

parts, but their shape, initial surface hardness, elasticity of the piston rings, the shape of the profile of the side 

surface of the piston can not be reproduced [1,14-16]. 

According to the results of studies [15,17-20] related to the introduction of tribotechnologies of running-

in and recovery, the best effect can be achieved with an average degree (up to 50%) of wear and tear of engines 

and transmissions of motor vehicles and mobile agricultural machinery. In practice, engines whose oils are 

treated with a tribocomposition of additives before running-in, or in the process of running-in have 3 times more 

service life and no breakdowns, in contrast to untreated motor oil [1,21-23]. 
Thus, the use of a triad of additives and additives in engine and transmission oils can be an effective way 

to influence the operational reliability of MTM and MACM, and, in particular, their power units and 

transmissions. 

 

Purpose  
 

The aim of this work is from the tribophysicochemical and tribofluctuation points of view to theoretically 

substantiate the impact of processes occurring in the friction zone of parts, on increasing operational durability 

and reliability of motor and mobile agricultural machinery by changing the characteristics and properties of their 

working surfaces. in tribotechnologies of running-in and restoration. 

 

Results 
 

In the development of tribotechnologies of running-in and restoration of resource-determining 

conjugations of machines, a single class of antifriction additives has been sufficiently studied. This class of 

additives is based on the discovery of № 41 of September 13, 1966. The effect of selective friction transfer 

("Effect of wear". The authors of the discovery are Ph.D., Professor D.N. Garkunov and Ph.D., Professor V.I. 

Kragelsky. When rubbing copper alloys on steel in limit lubrication, which eliminates the oxidation of copper, 

there is a phenomenon of selective transfer of copper from a solid solution of copper alloy to steel and its reverse 



Problems of Tribology 53 

 

transfer from steel to copper alloy, accompanied by a decrease in friction to the characteristic value when 

working in a liquid medium and leads to significant wear triad couplings of details.   

As a result of the sampling process, tribological, physical and chemical processes take place on the 

surface of the contacting parts, which lead to the formation of a protective servo film, which cannot be destroyed 

by friction, because it creates it. The discovery of selective friction transfer in triad couplings of machine parts 

allowed to develop a number of fundamentally new materials of functional additives and additives to motor and 

transmission oils and tribotechnologies, which are widely used to significantly reduce running time and increase 

the service life of triad couplings of parts, systems and units. 

The results of the study indicate that the formation of protective servito films can occur in the 
conjugations of parts whose materials do not contain copper or other plastic alloys. To do this, the necessary 

components of additives and additives are introduced into the lubricant. This principle underlies the development 

of metal-plating additives and tribotechnologies of running-in and restoration [24]. In the development of 

tribotechnologies of reduction, the composition of metal-plating additives mostly includes Cu - copper, Zn - zinc, 

Ni - nickel, Sn - tin, Ag - silver, CuSn - bronze, CuZn - brass. These metals and alloys with a dispersion of about 

100 nm should be placed in a special liquid composition - an organic complexing agent. 

Theoretical bases of creation and functioning of tribotechnologies of running-in and restoration in the 

final version are not created. In the implementation of such technologies, the formation of antifriction film 

occurs in the conditions of shear and plastic deformations, high specific loads and temperatures. The film formed 

under the conditions has special properties: a large degree of porosity of the working surface of the parts, the 

parameter of the crystal lattice of the film material is different from the parameter of the lattice of the base metal 

of the part. 
Since during normal friction the parts are in contact on a very small area, which is 0.01...0.0001 of the 

area of the conjugate surfaces, the contact areas have high concentrations of mechanical stresses, which causes 

intense wear. When metal-clad additives are introduced into the lubricant, a servolite film is formed from 

nanometric metal clusters. Based on the metal-plating additive with a particle size less than 100 nm, charged 

particles or micelles are formed in the lubricant. The direction of movement of micelles in the lubricant is due to 

the potential difference that occurs in the triad couplings of parts during their operation. At the initial moment of 

contact, when the metal particles are positively charged, the destruction of micelles occurs on one surface of the 

part. Then there is a recharge, and a similar process takes place on another surface of the conjugate part or 

sample. Charged particles are transferred to the contact micro-irregularities of the roughness of the working 

surface of the part, and then there is a filling and depressions of micro-irregularities. The described process 

continues until the formation of friction on both surfaces of the servo film with a thickness of 1… 3 μm, after 
which the transfer process is stopped and the passivation mode occurs. The thickness of the formed servo film 

corresponds to the sizes of microroughnesses (or overlaps them) of the majority of details of motor transport and 

mobile agricultural machinery. 

This is the theoretical tribophysical and experimental basis for the creation and application of 

tribotechnologies of running-in and restoration of conjugated parts of systems and units of machines. During 

selective transfer, the friction process is carried out through a plastically deformed soft and thin layer of metal. In 

this case, the area of actual contact increases by 10-100 times, and the material of the parts experiences only 

elastic deformations. In addition to increasing the actual contact area, thin films of antifriction material 

themselves reduce the friction between the solid tangential surfaces and the coefficient of friction becomes close 

to the coefficient of liquid friction. The metal-plating servo film formed in the contact zone is a nanoobject and 

behaves like a newtonian fluid under tensile and compressive conditions and, as a result, becomes unbearable 
and superficial [1,2,24]. 

It was found that when using a tribocomposite material - geomodifier [25] (additives KGMF-1) in the 

developed tribotechnology we obtain the following: 

– increases the compression of the engine by 0.2-0.5 MPa;  

– reduced consumption of engine oil for burnout in 1.0-1.5 times;  

– reduced fuel consumption per 100 km;  

– the content of CO and CH in the exhaust gases decreases by 1.5-2.0 times;  

– increases the resource and operational reliability of engines and transmissions of machines;  

– noise and vibrations in MTM and MACM systems and units are reduced;  

– operating temperatures in the friction zone of resource-determining couplings of engine parts and 

transmissions are reduced. 

When creating tribotechnologies use tribophysicochemical processes occurring in the composite oil and 
its interaction with the working surface of the conjugation of parts. However, it should be noted the lack of a 

strict unified theory, which would theoretically from a tribophysical point of view would justify complex and 

diverse tribophysicochemical phenomena and processes caused by the interaction between additive particles or 

components of geomodifiers, with oil and working surfaces. The most appropriate is a model approach using the 

percussion mechanism of interaction. Based on this approach, it is possible to identify a complex combination of 

deformation-structural, thermal, electromagnetic, optical and chemical processes. These include the occurrence 

and migration of defects in the structure of the materials of the parts, their amorphization and rapid local heating 

at the point of contact. At the same time, chemical bonds are broken during the formation of a fresh surface, and 



54 Problems of Tribology 

 

short-lived active centers are formed on it. To the full picture of the phenomena should be added the emission of 

electrons, photons, ions and the emergence of electrostatic charge. 

The only theory that can explain the formation of films on the friction surfaces of tribocouples of parts is 

a model representation of the mechanism of triboplasm formation. The power of analogies and model 

representation of phenomena and processes observed at nano-, micro-, meso- and macro-levels are also used. 

The interaction of the conjugations of the parts during operation and grinding of the particles of the components 

of the geomodifier of the additive material, leads to the concentration of energy in the microlocal surface area of 

the contacting parts. As a result, the formation of a thin layer of melt is possible for short periods of time, and 

even the transition of the substance to a high-energy state similar to the plasma state is observed [26]. 
In addition, the thermofluctuation theory of S.M. Zhurkova [24]. The state of the working surface of the 

conjugations of parts is also formed under the influence of changes in the dilaton and compression bonds of 

atoms of materials in their local regions. The transition of materials in the contact zone from nonequilibrium to 

equilibrium, the formation of nano-, micro-, meso- and macro-destruction depends on the acquisition of 

electromagnetic dipoles of local areas of dilaton or compression connections between them and their mutual 

transition. In solid state physics, this is due to the parallelism and antiparallelism of the spins and the creation of 

local areas of tensile or compressive strain. 

These issues in tribotechnologies of running-in and recovery require careful study. 

Since the process of friction is a set of a large number of acts of mechanical interaction of micro-

irregularities of conjugate surfaces of parts, the protrusions of micro-contacts that slide towards each other are in 

a state of impact – elastic or plastic. This interaction occurs during 10
-7

-10
-8

s, during which a lot of energy is 

supplied to the tribocontact. The area of local heating is on average 10
-2

-10
-4

 cm
2
, and the duration of formation 

and existence of triboplasma is of the order of 10
-5

-10
3
 s. 

This makes it possible to explain most of the phenomena that accompany the tribochemical activation of 

materials in the contact zone. The model of the plasma state of the tribocontact of parts, the energy released 

during loading on the materials of the tribocouples of parts, shows that it can significantly exceed the heat of 

fusion and due to low thermal conductivity leads not only to melting but also to sublimation. The substance is in 

the contact zone in the form of ions and electrons, ie there is a plasma state. 

It is established that for the conditions of realization of tribo technologies of running-in and restoration 

the laws of classical thermodynamics are not fulfilled, and characteristics and properties of material of a thin 

surface layer of details essentially change, because of formation in a zone of friction of triboplasm. The process 

of its creation is accompanied by the emission of electrons, which from the friction surface is directed into the 

lubricant, in which there is a certain catalyst for antifriction films in the form of certain components of the 
geomodifier. 

Electrons, colliding with atoms of lubricant and atoms of matter components of the geomodifier 

introduced as a catalyst for the formation of films convert them. The ionic decay of the catalyst structure of the 

components is observed. This process triggers a mechanism, the end result of which is the formation on the 

friction surfaces of the conjugations of the parts of the protective films, consisting of wear products of the 

starting materials of tribochemical reactions and a modified form of carbon. The consequence of the above 

processes is the selective adsorption of carbon ions, which build a crystal lattice of the solid phase on the metal 

surface of the parts under the action of cohesive forces. Note that due to the peculiarities of the triggered 

mechanisms, the catalyst for protective films and coatings is equally effective for surfaces of ferrous and 

nonferrous metals. 

The observed plasma state of the surface layers of the conjugations of the parts emits triboplasm in their 
sliding contact. This is caused by frictional heating or high energy formed in the deformed layer by the sliding 

contact. In addition, the intensity of radiation around the sliding contact increases with increasing resistivity of 

materials. This indicates that the triboplasm is generated by electrification by friction.   

For a better understanding of such triboplasm by friction, further research is needed, as it is a completely 

new direction in the field of tribotechnology of running-in and restoration of conjugated parts. From a practical 

point of view, this allows using a synthesized catalyst to process and restore worn surfaces of parts in the normal 

operation of systems and units of motor vehicles and mobile agricultural machinery. 

The proposed additives in tribotechnologies must be compatible with all lubricants used in systems and 

units of motor vehicles and mobile agricultural machinery. 

The high effect from the use of the catalyst of antifriction films is observed in the processing of oils in the 

couplings of engine and transmission parts, plain and rolling bearings, gearboxes, pumps, drives. The main 

direction of further promotion of the catalyst as a component of the geomodifier of antifriction films can be the 
creation of lubricants with high characteristics both in terms of friction coefficient and resource on the developed 

theoretical foundations of tribotechnologies of running-in and recovery. 

 

Conclusions  
 

1. It is shown that to increase operational wear resistance and reliability of motor transport and mobile 

agricultural machinery it is possible by addition of additives and additives to motor and transmission oils, ie 

changing characteristics and properties of oils. It is substantiated that more effective increase of operational 



Problems of Tribology 55 

 

reliability can be realized purposefully, changing characteristics and properties of working surfaces of 

conjugations of details of systems and units by tribotechnologies of their running-in and restoration.  

2. The use of metal-clad antifriction additives with nanocomponents in the formation of servomotable 

films, the implementation of selective transfer processes and changes in the contact area of the conjugations of 

parts and the formation of micelles in the lubricating medium.  

3. From the theoretical point of view the possibilities of tribotechnology of running-in and restoration at 

use of the KGMF-1 geomodifier are shown and the characteristic processes proceeding thus in triboconjugations 

of details are considered.  

4. It was found that when creating tribotechnologies it is necessary to create a tribophysical and chemical 
theory that would explain and generalize complex and diverse phenomena and processes caused by the action of 

different natures of forces in tribocouples of parts with composite oil.  

5. It is determined that it is expedient to create a thermofluctuation theory of destruction of materials of 

conjugations of machine parts under the influence of changing dilaton and compression bonds of their atoms and 

formation of corresponding local regions of tensile and compressive deformations when creating a 

tribophysicochemical theory.  

6. It is shown that based on the model of triboplasm arising in triboconjugation of parts due to 

electrification of friction materials, it is possible to explain the mechanism of synthesis of servo-antifriction film 

on friction surfaces of parts due to mechanochemical activation of their materials in the contact zone. 

 

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58 Problems of Tribology 

 

Аулін В.В., Лисенко С.В., Гриньків А.В., Слонь В.В., Чернай А.Е. Створення теоретичних 

основ триботехнологій припрацювання і відновлення як засобу ефективного підвищення експлуатаційної 

зносостійкості автотранспортної та мобільної сільськогосподарської техніки 

 

Визначено підстави для створення теоретичних основ триботехнологій припрацювання і 

відновлення спряжень деталей систем і агрегатів автотранспортної та мобільної сільськогосподарської 

техніки. 

Розглянуто специфіку вибіркового переносу на поверхні контактуючих деталей машин та 

створення сервовитних плівок, формування покриттів при припрацюванні і відновленні з 
антифрикційних матеріалів, що входять до складу присадок в моторну та трансмісійну оливу. 

З'ясовано ряд трибофізикохімічних процесів, які відбуваються в спряженнях матеріалів деталей, та 

як вони впливають на створення триботехнологій припрацювання та відновлення. Розглянуто створення 

триботехнологій при використанні геомодифікаторів. Запропоновано єдину теорію триботехнологій 

припрацювання і відновлення будувати на основі механізму утворення трибоплазми в спряженнях 

деталей систем і агрегатів машин. Також запропоновано до цього додати термофлуктуаційну теорію 

С.М. Журкова з  урахуванням зміни дилатонних і компресонних зв'язків атомів матеріалів 

трибоспряжень деталей з створенням локальних областей деформацій стиску і розтягу та зон 

термопластичної деформації. 

 

Ключові слова: триботехнології припрацювання і відновлення, спряження деталей, трибоплазма, 

олива, присадка, автотранспортна техніка, мобільна сільськогосподарська техніка.