Copyright © 2023 O.V. Bereziuk, V.І. Savulyak, V.О. Kharzhevskyi, І.V. Vishtak. This is an open access article distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, 

provided the original work is properly cited. 
 

 

 

Problems of Tribology, V. 28, No 2/108-2023, 56-61 
 

Problems of Tribology 
Website: http://tribology.khnu.km.ua/index.php/ProbTrib 

E-mail: tribosenator@gmail.com 
 

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2023-108-2-56-61 

 

 

Dependence of the wear rate on the microhardness of the coating of the 

auger hehydration in a garbage truck for municipal solid waste 
 

O.V. Bereziuk1, V.І. Savulyak 1, V.О. Kharzhevskyi 2, І.V. Vishtak1 

1Vinnytsia National Technical University, Ukraine 
2Khmelnytskyi national University, Ukraine 

E-mail: berezyukoleg@i.ua 
 

Received: 07 May 2023: Revised 31 May 2023: Accept 10 June 2023 
 

 

Abstract 

 

The article is dedicated to the study of the influence of the microhardness of the auger coating on its wear 

resistance during the dehydration of municipal solid waste in a garbage truck. The use of mathematical tools and 

appropriate regression analysis software allowed to determine the dependence between the auger wear rate and the 

microhardness of the coating. A graphical representation of the change in auger wear rate based on the 

microhardness of the coating was made up, confirming a significant convergence with the obtained dependence. 

The graphs illustrating the impact of the microhardness of the screw coating on its wear rate demonstrate the 

feasibility of increasing it. It was found that after operating and wearing out over a distance of s = 56850 m during 

the dehydrating of solid municipal waste in a garbage truck, increasing the microhardness of the coating from 2.7 

GPa to 33.2 GPa leads to a decrease in energy consumption by 19 kWh/tons or 12% and reduces the cost of the 

dehydrating process. The feasibility of conducting additional research to determine further ways to increase the 

wear resistance of the auger was established. 

 

Key words: wear, wear resistance, wear rates, coating microhardness, auger press, garbage truck, 

dehydration, municipal solid waste, regression analysis. 

 

Introduction 

 

One of the important tasks of municipal engineering is to improve the wear resistance and reliability of the 

executive components of machines [1, 2]. One of the promising technologies for primary processing of municipal 

solid waste (MSW), aimed at reducing the costs of MSW transportation and its negative impact on the 

environment, is their dehydration during the loading process into garbage trucks, accompanied by associated 

processes of pre-compaction and partial shredding. The dehydration of MSW in the garbage truck is performed by 

a tapered auger, the surfaces of which undergo intensive wear due to the presence of waste components with 

abrasive properties, such as small metal objects, glass, stones, ceramics, polymer materials, and bones. The 

aggressive corrosive environment is formed by the moisture present in the MSW in the range of 39...92% by 

weight. Augers are typically made from iron-based alloys. The application of wear-resistant coatings to increase 

wear resistance [3, 4] is substantiated. Therefore, determining the dependence of wear rate on the microhardness 

of the coating on the dehydrating auger in the garbage truck for municipal solid waste is a current task. 

 

Analysis of recent research and publications 

 

The evaluation of the effectiveness of the application of nano-sized coatings on surfaces subject to abrasive 

and erosive wear during operation of compressor blades of gas turbine engines, augers of mechanical mills, etc. is 

carried out in the article [3]. Two types of nanostructured coatings were chosen for the study – multilayer 

nanocoatings based on titanium and zirconium nitrides (Ti/Zr) and composite chromium coating with diamond 

nanoparticles (Cr-UDD). According to the results of gravimetric measurements, it was established that the rate of 

wear of the Ti/Zr nanolayer coating is 2 and 3.3 times lower than that of monolayer Ti and Zr, respectively. 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
http://tribology.khnu.km.ua/index.php/ProbTrib
https://doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2023-108-2-56-61


Problems of Tribology 57 

 

The work [1] examines the peculiarities of the influence of prior laser treatment on the phase composition, 

structure, and properties of nitrogenized layers on steels. It is shown that the qualitative and quantitative changes 

in the nitrogenized layer are determined by the pre-formed structural and phase state. The main dependencies of 

the influence of contour-radiation schemes of laser strengthening on the tribological characteristics of coatings are 

established. 

In the materials of the work [5], the physical justifications for a significant increase in the strength of nano-

layered metal composite materials compared to the additive strength of components are given. From a unified 

perspective, the main technological methods of forming multilayer nanostructures in alloys are considered. It is 

experimentally shown that the use of nano-layered steel and copper composites allows for a significant increase in 

wire strength and approach the lower limit of the theoretical value for iron alloys. 

The construction of a mathematical model for calculating the wear rate of tribological elements in a 

tribological systems under conditions of corrosion-abrasive wear is published in [6]. The input parameters included 

active acidity, abrasiveness, roughness, load, and sliding speed. The theoretical study established the degree of 

influence of these factors on the wear rate: abrasiveness being the most significant factor, followed by the level of 

active acidity and load, respectively, in decreasing order of impact. 

To reduce the degree of damage to granular material during its transportation, a new design of an auger 

with a sectional elastic surface is proposed [7]. In order to determine the influence of structural, kinematic, and 

technological parameters of the elastic auger on the time and path of free movement of particulate material between 

sections, as well as to eliminate the possibility of interaction between the granular material and the non-working 

surface of the auger working element to reduce its damage, a dynamic model was developed. This model was used 

to perform a theoretical calculation of the interaction between the grain and the elastic section of the auger. 

The work [8] is dedicated to determining the regularities of microstructure formation in Cr-Ni-Fe-C alloys 

during the surfacing with powder ribbons PL AN-101 and PL AN-111. The aim is to determine the optimal 

microstructural state, alloying level, and increase the durability of coatings under high-temperature wear 

conditions. Recommendations are provided regarding the application areas of wear-resistant coatings deposited 

with the mentioned powder ribbons. It is established that in order to prevent the formation of graphite in the 

structure of the surfacing and considering the possible local increase in carbon content up to 5.5%, the nickel 

concentration should not exceed 13...14%. 

In the materials of article [9], the influence of geometric parameters on the productivity and design of a 

briquetting machine is investigated using a pressure model based on the theory of piston flow. An analytical model 

using the pressure model was also developed based on the Archard wear law to study the wear of biomass 

briquetting machine augers. This model satisfactorily predicted the wear of the auger and showed that the rotational 

speed and material selection have the greatest impact on wear. It was found that the wear volume exponentially 

increases towards the end of the auger, where the pressure is highest. It is determined that modifying the auger 

design to select optimal geometry and speed, along with the appropriate material selection, can increase the 

productivity of the biomass briquetting machine and extend the service life of the auger. 

As a result of morphological investigations [10] of friction surfaces, it was determined that the improvement 

of tribological properties is associated with the formation of a discrete anti-friction coating on the steel surface 

during frictional interaction with developed polymer composite materials. The increase in microhardness of the 

steel surface at filler concentrations in polymer composite materials from 0 to 10% is explained by the formation 

of an anti-friction coating, which is most stable at a filler content of 10%. Further decrease in microhardness with 

increasing filler content from 10 to 30% is related to its abrasive action on the friction pair, which partially destroys 

the obtained stable anti-friction coating. 

The wear of a twin-auger extruder for rigid PVC resins was studied in the materials of article [11] using 

numerical flow modeling with power-law viscosity functions of the resins. The pressures around the cylinder 

during the extrusion of two rigid PVC resins in a laboratory extruder with a diameter of 55 mm and the forces 

acting on the auger core were determined. 

The work [12] investigated the peculiarities of wood chip pressing in auger machines, as well as the 

processes occurring at different sections of the auger. Formulas were derived that allow for the calculation of loads 

acting on the auger flights and the determination of pressing power. Specific energy consumption and the degree 

of heating of the raw material during pressing were determined. 

Using Box-Wilson rotatable central composite design, experimental results of the dehydration process of 

MSW were obtained and published in the work [13]. Quadratic regression equations with first-order interaction 

effects were obtained for the following response variables: moisture content and density of pre-compacted and 

dehydrated MSW, maximum power of the drive motor, energy consumption of MSW dehydration. This allowed 

for determining the optimal equipment parameters for dehydration based on the criterion of minimizing energy 

consumption, including the auger rotation frequency, the ratio of radial clearance between the auger and the 

housing, and the ratio of the core diameter of the auger to the outer diameter of the auger on the last turn, for both 

mixed and "wet" MSW. 

An improved mathematical model of the operation of the municipal solid waste dehydration drive in the 

garbage truck taking into account the wear of the auger is proposed [14], which made it possible to determine by 

means of a numerical study of the dynamics of this drive during start-up that as the wear of the auger increases, 

the pressure of the working fluid at the input of the hydraulic motor of the drive increases, and the angular velocity 



58 Problems of Tribology 

 

and the rotation frequency of the auger is significantly reduced with constant supply of the working fluid. Power-

laws of changes in the nominal values of pressures at the hydraulic motor inlet, angular velocity and rotation 

frequency of the auger depending on the amount of its wear were determined, the last of which describes the 

deviation from the optimal rotation frequency of the auger during its wear and was used to determine the energy 

intensity of solid waste dehydration taking into account the wear of the auger. It was established that the wear of 

the auger by 1000 μm leads to an increase in the energy consumption of solid waste dehydration by 11.6%, and, 

therefore, to an increase in the cost of their dehydration in the garbage truck and an acceleration of the wear 

process. 

In the materials of the work [15], logarithmic dependencies of auger wear are determined depending on the 

hardness of its surface for different values of the friction path. Conducting an additional regression analysis made 

it possible to obtain the regularity of auger wear depending on the hardness of its surface and friction path, by 

means of which it was established that during two-week operation and wear of the auger during the dehydration 

of solid municipal waste in the garbage truck, the hardness of the auger surface increased from 2.31 GPa to 10.05 

GPa leads to a decrease in the rate of growth of the energy intensity of dehydration of solid municipal waste from 

16.7% to 1.5%, and, therefore, to a decrease in the cost of the process of their dehydration in the garbage truck.  

 

Aims of the article 

 

Determining the dependence of the wear rate on the microhardness of the coating of the auger dehydration 

in a garbage truck for solid municipal waste. 

 

Methods 

 

Determining the paired regularity of the rate of wear from the microhardness of the coating of the 

dehydrating auger in the garbage truck of municipal solid waste was carried out by the method of regression 

analysis. Regression was determined on the basis of linearization transformations, which allow to reduce the non-

linear dependence to a linear one. The coefficients of the regression equation were determined by the method of 

least squares using the developed computer program "RegAnalyz", which is protected by a certificate of copyright 

registration for the work. 

To determine the energy intensity of solid waste dehydration, taking into account the wear of the auger, the 

following laws were used [14]: 

 

0 0 min min

4

min 0 0 0 0 min

4

0 min min 0 0 m

1504 15, 92 0, 3214 1, 069 ( ) 2061( ) / ( 2 ) 1947(

2 ) / ( 2 ) 9,118 10 0, 002142 ( ) 18,12 ( ) / ( 2 )

2,115 ( 2 ) / ( 2 ) 4, 392 10 ( ) 2, 005 ( ) / (

aug

ш

aug

E w n u u D u d

u D u w w n u w u D u

w d u D u n u u D





          

          

         

 

in

2 4 2 2

0 min min 0 0

2 2

min min min

2 )

0, 3361 ( 2 ) / ( 2 ) 0, 09031 7, 923 10 0, 008241 ( )

104172 [( ) / ( 2 )] 1318 [( 2 ) / ( 2 )] kW /tons ;
aug

u

d u D u w n u

u D u d u D u h



 

         

       

   (1) 

5,13
10276,143,52 un


  [rpm],             (2) 

 

where E is the energy intensity of solid waste dehydration, kWh/tons; 

ρ0 – initial municipal solid waste density, kg/m
3; 

w0 – initial relative humidity of solid waste, %; 

n – nominal auger rotation frequency, rpm; 

u – auger wear, m; 

aug – radial clearance between the auger and the housing, m; 
Dmin is the outer diameter of the auger on the last turn, m; 

dmin  – the diameter of the auger core on the last turn, m. 

 

Results 

 

The values of the wear rate for coatings with different microhardness are given in the Table 1 [3]. 

As a result of the regression analysis of the data in the Table 1, the regularity of the change in the rate of 

wear of the auger depending on the microhardness of the coating is determined: 

 

H0,23160,1158

1


  [mg/h],  (3) 



Problems of Tribology 59 

 

 

where γ – wear rate, mg/h; H – coating microhardness, Gpa. 

Table 1 

Effect of coating microhardness on wear rate [3] 

 

Coating 12Х18Н10Т Cr Cr-UDD ZrN TiN TiN/ZrN 

Coating microhardness H, GPa 2,7 7,6 10,3 15,2 21,6 33,2 

Wear rate γ,  mg/hour 0,8941 0,7176 0,2824 0,4 0,2039 0,1216 

 

In the Fig. 1 is shown the graphical dependence of the change in the rate of wear of the auger on the 

microhardness of the coating, constructed using dependence (3), which confirms the sufficient convergence of the 

obtained regularity compared to the data given in Table 1. 

 

  
Fig. 1. Dependence of the change in the auger wear rate depending on the microhardness of the coating: actual ○, 

theoretical — 

 

The results of the regression analysis are shown in Table 2, where cells with the maximum values of the 

correlation coefficient R for paired regression are marked in gray. 

 

Table 2 

The results of the regression analysis of the dependence of the change in the wear rate of the auger on the 

microhardness of the coating 

 

N Type of regression Correlation coefficient R N Type of regression Correlation coefficient R 

1 y = a + bx 0.84993 9 y = axb 0.91600 

2 y = 1 / (a + bx) 0.95706 10 y = a + b·lg x 0.93091 

3 y = a + b / x 0.87496 11 y = a + b·ln x 0.93091 

4 y = x / (a + bx) 0.95129 12 y = a / (b + x) 0.95705 

5 y = abx 0.92861 13 y = ax / (b + x) 0.65429 

6 y = aebx 0.92861 14 y = aeb / x 0.78573 

7 y = a ·10bx 0.92861 15 y = a ·10b / x 0.78573 

8 y = 1 / (a + be-x) 0.46369 16 y = a + bxn 0.73056 

 

It was established that the wear rate of the auger decreases according to a hyperbolic pattern when the 

microhardness of the coating increases. 

In the Fig. 2 shows the graphical dependence of the effect of the microhardness of the auger coating of the 

device for dehydrating municipal solid waste on the energy intensity of the process (when it wears out along the 

path s = 56850 m [15]), constructed using regularities (1-3). 

 



60 Problems of Tribology 

 

 
 

Fig. 2. The influence of the microhardness of the auger coating on the energy intensity of the municipal solid 

waste dehydration process after its operation and wear on the path s = 56850 m 

 

From the Fig. 2 shows that after operation and wear on the path s = 56850 m during municipal solid waste 

(MSW) dehydration in the garbage truck, the increase in the microhardness of the auger coating from 2.7 GPa to 

33.2 GPa leads to a decrease in energy consumption by 19 kWh/t or 12% and to reducing the cost of the solid 

waste dehydration process in the garbage truck, which indicates the importance of determining further ways to 

increase its wear resistance. 

 

Conclusions 

 

The hyperbolic dependence of the auger wear rate change depending on the microhardness of the coating 

was determined. It was established that after operation and wear on the path s = 56850 m during the dehydration 

of municipal solid waste (MSW) in a garbage truck, an increase in the microhardness of the auger coating from 

2.7 GPa to 33.2 GPa leads to a decrease in energy consumption by 19 kWh/tons or 12% and to a decrease in price 

of the process of municipal solid waste dehydration in the garbage truck. Therefore, the determination of further 

ways of increasing the wear resistance of the auger require additional research. 

 

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Березюк О.В., Савуляк В.І. , Харжевський В.О.,  Віштак І.В. Залежнiсть швидкостi зношування вiд 

мiкротвердостi покриття шнека зневоднення у сміттєвозі твердих побутових відходів  

 

Стаття присвячена дослідженню впливу мiкротвердостi покриття шнека на його зносостійкість під 

час зневоднення твердих побутових відходів у сміттєвозі. Використання математичного апарату та 

відповідних програм регресійного аналізу дозволило визначити закономірність зміни швидкості 

зношування шнека залежно від мiкротвердостi покриття. Побудована графічна залежність зміни швидкості 

зношування шнека залежно від мiкротвердостi покриття, яка підтвердила достатню збіжність отриманої 

закономірності. Графіки впливу мiкротвердостi покриття шнека на швидкість його зношування 

демонструє доцільність її підвищення. Встановлено, що після експлуатації та зношування на шляху s = 

56850 м під час зневоднення ТПВ у сміттєвозі збільшення мiкротвердостi покриття шнека з 2,7 ГПа до 33,2 

ГПа призводить до зниження енергоємності на 19 кВт·год/т або 12% та до здешевлення процесу 

зневоднення ТПВ у сміттєвозі. Встановлена доцільність проведення додаткових досліджень з визначення 

подальших шляхів підвищення зносостійкості шнека. 

 

Ключові слова: знос, зносостійкість, швидкостi зношування, мікротвердість покриття, шнековий 
прес, сміттєвоз, зневоднення, тверді побутові відходи, регресійний аналіз.