Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal (DASJ). 12 (1): 2020

ROLE OF NANO ZINC IN IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF OIL

CROPS: A REVIEW

Waleed Khalid Shahatha Al-Juheishy

Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Iraq.

Email: w.khalid83@uomosul.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Micronutrients that comprises zinc, are much of importance in agricultural

production in terms of quality and quantity. Despite the availability of various

fertilizer sources such as mineral and chelating for these nutrients along with the

availability of different addition methods, however, the efficiency of using these

fertilizers does not exceed 5% of the additive. It is necessary to reduce the loss of

nutrients in the fertilizationprocess and tending to increase the production in crops, by

using nanotechnology and nanomaterials, by using alternative fertilizers rather than

traditional and environment-friendly one. that is called nano-fertilizers which is

very effective. Nanotechnology is one of the modern technologies that have proven

its positive effects in many fields, including agriculture, medicine, engineering, and

the field of energy, as they deal with materials and structures of dimensions ranging

from 1-100 nanometers. Zinc one of the essential micronutrients in plant nutrition

plays an important role in building and growing plants through its participation in

many vital processes, including photosynthesis and energy production. It was noted

that adding nano zinc to oil crops such as (sunflower, sesame, safflower, flax,

rapeseed, soybean, groundnut, cotton, mustard, castor) stimulate and accelerate

growth and increase the productivity of these crops of seeds and oil.

Keywords: Nano zinc, oil crops, seed yield, oil yield.

مراجعةمقال دور الزنك النانوي في تحسين انتاجية المحاصيل الزيتية:

وليد خالد شحاذة الجحيشي

العراق –جامعة الموصل –كلية الزراعة والغابات –قسم المحاصيل الحقلية

Email: w.khalid83@uomosul.edu.iq

المستخلص

تعد المغذيات الصغرى ومنها الزنك مهمة في االنتاج الزراعي من الناحتين الكمية والنوعية. وعلى

الرغم من توافر مصادر سمادية مختلفة معدنية ومخلبية لهذه المغذيات وتوافر طرائق اضافة مختلفة اال ان

والضروري الحد من فقد المغذيات من المضاف. ومن االفضل %5كفاءة استعمال هذه االسمدة ال تتجاوز

تكنولوجيا النانو والمواد النانوية، وذلك استخدامفي التسميد والعمل على زيادة انتاجية المحاصيل من خالل

Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal (DASJ). 12 (1): 2020

وتعد تقنية باستعمال اسمدة بديلة عن االسمدة التقليدية وصديقة للبيئة وفعالة جداً تسمى باألسمدة النانوية.

قنيات الحديثة التي اثبتت تأثيراتها االيجابية في مجاالت عديدة منها الزراعية والطبية النانوتكنولوجي من الت

. ويؤدي 111-1والهندسية وفي مجال الطاقة اذ يتم التعامل فيها مع المواد والتراكيب التي تتراوح ابعادها

دوراً هاماً في بناء ونمو الزنك كونه احد العناصر الغذائية الصغرى الضرورية واالساسية في تغذية النبات

النباتات وذلك من خالل اشتراكه في الكثير من العمليات الحيوية منها عملية البناء الضوئي وانتاج الطاقة.

الكتان، السلجم، السمسم، العصفر، ،ولوحظ ان اضافة الزنك النانوي على المحاصيل الزيتية )زهرة الشمس

وزيادة انتاجية هذه ل، الخروع( ادى الى تحفيز وتسريع النموفول الصويا، فستق الحقل، القطن، الخرد

المحاصيل من البذور والزيت.

.البذور، حاصل الزيت حاصللمحاصيل الزيتية، االزنك النانوي، الكلمات المفتاحية:

INTRODUCTION

Micronutrients, which are a part of agricultural products, are considered

important in terms of quality and quantity. In spite of the availability of different

fertilizer sources, mineral and chelating, for these nutrients furthermore the

availability of different addition methods (in addition to the soil it can be added by

spraying it on the leaves or even doing both), nevertheless the efficiency of using

these fertilizers does not exceed 5% of the additive. It is better and necessary to

reduce the loss of nutrients in fertilization and working to increase the productivity

of crops by adopting new methods with the help of nanotechnology and

nanomaterials, by using alternative fertilizers rather thanthe traditional,

environmentally-friendly, and very effective fertilizers called nano fertilizers,

including nano zinc. Nanotechnology is one of the modern technologies that has

proven its positive effects in many fields, including agriculture, medicine,

engineering, and energy (Monica and Cremonini, 2009), as it deals with materials

and structures of dimensions range from 1-100 nanometers (Sharma et al., 2009). It

works with the small size of particles of Nano to increase the surface area, activity

and chemical reaction in comparison with the large molecules (Ditta and Arshad,

2016) mentioned that the ability to improve plant growth and production increases

through improving nutrient absorption efficiency, and eliminating pests and

diseases that affect plants (Tripathi et al., 2018). Zinc being one of the essential

micro-nutrients in plant nutrition plays an important role in building and growing

plants through its participation in many vital processes, including photosynthesis

and energy production (Mousavi, 2011). It can activate many enzymes that are

associated with the regulation of growth, gene expression, and protein formation.

(Gowayed and Kadasa, 2016) indicteded that zinc oxide is used as a source of zinc,

whereby it is considered one of the inorganic compounds that has multiple uses

(Wang et al., 2012). This article aims to learn about nano zinc, its use in

agricultural research, and its role in increasing the productivity of oil crops.

Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal (DASJ). 12 (1): 2020

EFFECT OF NANO ZINC ON SUNFLOWER:

Sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important oil crops

in the world, It gained this importance due to its neutrality of the duration of the

lighting, which reflected positively on the assimilation of the crop to a wide

environmental range (Al-Subaihi and Al-Ani). It is grown for the purpose of

obtaining seeds that contain a high oil content of up to 55%, which is one of the

best vegetable oils consumed on the global level, moreover to the sunflower meal

that is used as fodder, which is good for farm animals and poultry due to its high

protein content of 36%, carbohydrates 20-22%, oil 6% and other nutrients (Al-

Awda et al., 2009).

Seghatoleslami and Forutani (2015), in their study using several nano zinc

oxide concentrations of (0, 1000, 3000, 6000, 12000 ppm) observed significant

differences between concentrations at the 1% probability level, the concentration

3000 ppm had a significant advantage in seed yield. Sedghi et al. (2015) in their

study of three concentrations of nano zinc oxide of (0, 0.5, 1 g/l) found that adding

nano zinc oxide to the sunflower plant led to a significant increase in seed yield.

Singh and Kumar (2017) indicated in their study which included different

concentrations of nano zinc sulfide of (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 ppm) that There are

significant differences among the concentrations, whereby the concentration of 500

ppm recorded an advantage in the seed yield. Abou-Bakr et al. (2019) showed in

their experiment in which they used different concentrations of nanostructured zinc

oxide of (0, 200, 300, 400, 500 ppm) that The concentration 200 ppm was

significantly higher in the seed yield as shown in table (1). Kolenčík et al. (2020)

noted that adding nano zinc oxide to the sunflower plant led to a significant

increase in the yield in terms of seeds and oil.

Table 1. Effect of nano zinc on sunflower yield (kg/fadan)

2018 Season

Cultivars

Mean Sakha 53 Giza 102 Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ppm)

52.0621 55.9612 5..0611 Control

5.1.659 5.0.611 58016.5 100

515165. 5..16.5 5..1608 200

5.11611 528.61. 58156.1 .00

5.1565. 55986.1 51016.. 800

5.1.62. 5211692 58..6. 100

-- 5218611 58..611 Mean

Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal (DASJ). 12 (1): 2020

EFFECT OF NANO ZINC IN SESAME:

Sesame (Sesame indicum L.) is one of the most important oil crops in the

world whereby it’s planted for the purpose of obtaining its seeds that contain 50-

60% oil, 18-20% protein, and 16-18% carbohydrates and minerals such as calcium,

phosphorous and vitamins such as Vitamin E (Dasharath et al., 2007). Sesame oil is

one of the finest oils, as it is distinguished by its light yellow color that contains a

high content of unsaturated fatty acids (Tashiro et al., 1990).

Narendhran et al. (2016) indicated in their study of four concentrations of

nano zinc oxide of (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/l) that the addition of nano zinc oxide

improved yield of sesame. Results of Narendhran et al. (2017) also showed that

adding nano zinc oxide to sesame plants increased seed yield.

EFFECT OF NANO ZINC IN SAFFLOWER:

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an economically and medicinally

important oil crop because its oil is suitable for human use. the oil content in it

reaches 35-50% (Camas et al., 2007). It is widely used because its oil is bright and

its color does not change eventually it is a strong dried oil. It has a Iodine number

between 140-152, it is called sweet oil because it contains a high percentage of

essential unsaturated fatty acids, of which linoleic acid makes up about 75% (Sun

et al., 2004).

Results obtained by Khaghani and Saffari (2016) showed that the addition of

nano zinc oxide at a concentration of 600 ppm led to a significant increase in seed

yield.

EFFECT OF NANO ZINC IN FLAX:

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a dual-purpose crop that is grown for the

purpose of obtaining oil, fiber, or both. The percentage of oil in the seeds ranges

between 30-40%. it’s a dry oil and is used in the manufacture of dyes, varnishes,

soap making, and printing ink. its oil contains a high percentage of linolenic acid of

50%, oleic acid of 23%, and linolenic acid of 20% of the total unsaturated fatty

acids (Tayfour and Rashid, 1990).

Results of Sadak and Bakry (2020) in their study of different concentrations of

nano zinc oxide of (0, 20, 40, 60 mg/l) showed that the addition of nano zinc at a

concentration of (40 mg/l) led to a significant increase in seed yield, while the

addition of Nanostructured zinc at a concentration of (60 mg/l) significantly

increased oil yield.

EFFECT OF NANO ZINC ON RAPESEED:

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Is an important oil crop and ranks third in terms

of oil production and consumption after palm and soybean. The oil content ranges

between 40-50% and protein 39% (Eskandari and Kazemi, 2012). The rapeseed

Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal (DASJ). 12 (1): 2020

seed meal is a rich source of protein, thus it is used in animal feed as it increases

milk and meat production for cows (Begna and Angadi, 2016).

Hezaveh et al. (2019), studied three concentrations of nano zinc oxide of (0,

20, 80 mg/l) and they found that adding nano zinc oxide at a concentration of (20

mg/l) improved rapeseed yield.

EFFECT OF NANO ZINC IN SOYBEAN:

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most important protein and oil

food crops in the world, as its seeds contain 14-24% oil and 30-50% protein. the

seeds contain most of the essential amino acids along with unsaturated fatty acids

that play an important role in human health. Soybean occupies the first rank in

supplying protein in the animal fodder, thus becomes an industrial food, forage, and

fertilizing crop at the same time (Aloda Others, 2009 and Buntin et al., 2007).

Results obtained by Sharifi (2016) in his study, in which four levels of nano zinc

oxide were used of (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 g/l) showed that the concentration of (0.9

g/l) was significant in terms of the seed yield and oil ratio. Kakhki and Goldani

(2018) indicated that Significant differences were recorded among nano zinc oxide

concentrations of (0, 200, 400 ppm) in seed yield. Dimkpa et al. (2019) observed in

their study in which they used three concentrations of nano (Zinc oxide 18nm,

copper 40nm, Boron oxide 100nm) that nano zinc oxide was superior In terms of

crop yield. Yusefi-Tanha et al. (2020), in their study, in which they used three

concentrations of nano-structured zinc oxide (Spherical / 38nm, Floral-likey / 59,

Rod-like / ˃500nm), recorded a significant differences among the nano zinc

concentrations in seed yield.

EFFECT OF NANO ZINC IN GROUNDNUT:

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an oily-leguminous fodder plant

belonging to the Fabaceae family. The seeds of groundnut are high in oil content

ranging between 45-50% and protein content between 25-30% (Ahmad and Rahim,

2007) and (Nath and Alam, 2002). The extracted oil is used in human nutrition. The

Vegetative Group and the cake/meal resulting from oil extraction provide forage

materials with high nutritional value, as they contain a protein content of 51%

(Arab Development Organization, 2009).

Prasad et al. (2012), showed when studying different concentrations of nano

zinc oxide, that there are significant differences between the concentrations, as the

second treatment exceeds pod yield as shown in table (2). A study conducted by

Rajiv and Vanathi (2018) to find out the effect of different concentrations of nano

zinc on the yield of groundnut showed that Nano zinc oxide at a concentration of

300 ppm led to a significant increase in seed yield and oil yield. Hanumonthappa et

al. (2019), indicated, that when they used different concentrations of nano zinc of

Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal (DASJ). 12 (1): 2020

(0, 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 ppm) showed significant differences between the

concentrations. The concentration of (300 ppm) had the superiority in pod yield.

Table 2. Effect of nano zinc on pod yield of groundnut

Pod yield (kg/ha) Treatment

2391.56 ± 38.40 T1 = NPK (Control)

2410.82 ± 72.86 T2 = NPK + ZnSO4

(Chelated)@30g/15 L

3121.54∗∗ ± 115..23 T3 = NPK + ZnO
(Nano)@2g/15 L

199.92 CD@5%

EFFECT OF NANO ZINC IN COTTON:

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is among the main fiber crops in the world.

Cotton fibers, which account for about 33% of the weight of cotton blossom, are

used in the textile industry, while its seeds form 65% of its weight from which oil is

extracted of a percentage in the seeds ranges between 18-26%. The cake/meal

obtained after extracting the oil from the seeds contains a high percentage of

protein, between 32-36% and is used in animal diets as a main source of protein

(Shaker, 1999).

Hussein and Abou-Baker (2018), in their study using three concentrations of

nano zinc of (0, 100, 200 ppm) observed significant differences between the

concentrations at the probability level of 1% in the blossomed cotton yield. Raj and

Chandrashekara (2019) explained in their study of four concentrations of nano zinc

oxide of (500, 750, 1000, and 1250 ppm) that the concentration of 1000 ppm was

significantly higher in the yield of cotton and the reason was due to the role of nano

zinc in improving photosynthesis and other metabolism processes that led to an an

increase in cell division and elongation (Hatwar et al., 2003). Results obtained by

Gadalla and El-Gedwy (2019) indicated that the effect of four nano zinc

concentrations of (0, 100, 200, 300 ppm) during the seasons of 2016 and 2017

indicated a significant differences among the concentrations, as the concentration

of 300 ppm recorded an increase in the yield of cotton blossom in both seasons. As

shown in table (3), the researcher suggested that the reason for that is due to the

role of nano zinc in activating enzymes involved in the manufacture of proteins,

fats, and carbohydrates and the metabolism of DNA.

Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal (DASJ). 12 (1): 2020

Table 3. Effect of nano zinc on seed yield of cotton

Season

2051 205. Nano zinc concentration (ppm)

5065. 96.. Control (Distilled Water)

52681 5562. 500

5.6.2 526.. 200

5.691 5.6.9 .00

06.8 06.5 L.S.D at 5%

EFFECT OF NANO ZINC IN MUSTARD:

Mustard (Brassica spp.), which belongs to the Brassicaceae family, is an

important medicinal and oil crop alike. Mustard ranks fifth among oil crops after

soybean, sunflower, groundnut, and cotton seeds (Cserhalmi et al., 2001). The

proportion of oil in mustard seeds ranges between 24-36%. It is used in the

manufacture of soap and others (Tayfour and Rashid, 1990).

Results obtained by Zafar et al. (2020) in their experiment in which they used

two types of nan-structured fertilizer (41 nm ZnO (200−600 mg/kg soil)) and 47

nm CuO (12.5−50 mg/kg) soil)) indicated the significant superiority of nano zinc

oxide in terms of mustard yield.

EFFECT OF NANO ZINC IN CASTOR:

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is considered of the most important plant of the

family called Euphorbiaceae. it is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions

(Weiss, 2000 and Dange et al., 2005). The main purpose of cultivating/planting of

castor is to obtain its seeds to extract the oil from it. Castor oil can be used in many

industries, including the manufacture of soap, dyes, and medicines to treat some

skin diseases and other uses,(Tayfour and Rashid, 1990).

Rahbari et al. (2019) showed that adding chelated nano zinc to castor plants

led to increase seed and oil yield.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude from this article that adding nano zinc to oil crops (sunflower,

sesame, safflower, flax, rapeseed, soybean, groundnut, cotton, mustard, castor) led

to an improvement and increase in the productivity of these crops in terms of seeds

and oil.

Acknowledgment:

The author is very grateful to the University of Mosul/ College of Agriculture

and Forestry for their provided facilities, which helped to improve the quality of

this work.

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