AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 22 EFFECT OF SPEEDS AND SOURCE OF FUEL ON THE EMISSIONS OF 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS BY DIFFERENT LOADS IN LABORATORY IN WINTER AND SUMMER SEASON. Abdulqader G. AL-Bakry* DR. Naseer Salman Kadhim** * Assistant Lecture - Agriculture Collage – University of Tikrit – Iraq. abdalkader_ghalib@yahoo.com ** Lecture - Agriculture Collage – University of Baghdad – Iraq. nasaka62@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted at Heat Laboratory - College of Engineering - University of Baghdad during 2013. Three local diesel fuel included Baiji, Daura, Basrah were used in this study. The tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of speeds and loads and winter and summer season on the diesel engine emissions of agricultural tractors with different types of local fuel. Results were showed that the lowest rate of hydrocarbons (HC) was in Daura fuel in summer. Lowest rate of carbon monoxide (CO) was in Daura fuel in summer. Best rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) was in Daura fuel in summer. Lowest ratio of hydrocarbons was in Daura fuels at 2000 r.p.m at 2 N.m in summer. Lowest rate of carbon monoxide was in Daura fuel at 3000 r.p.m at 8 N.m in summer. Highest rate of carbon dioxide was in Daura fuel at 2000 r.p.m at 10 N.m in summer. Keywords: Engine emissions in winter season, Engine emissions in summer season, Local fuel, Baiji fuel, Daura fuel, Basrah fuel. INTRODUCTION Low speed industrial and marine diesels often use a heavy diesel fuels. Diesel No.1-D is used for cold weather applications and No.2-D is most common fuel for diesel vehicles. Number 4-D is used for medium to low speed engines used for stationary applications, (Jain and Rai, 2006). In terms of combustion considerations the major factors are viscosity and cetane number, (Brian, 1996). The actual composition of diesel fuel can differ among refineries or over between batches produced at one refinery, (Casey, et al., 2005). Gvidonas and Stasy, (2004) indicated that the increasing of cetane number level to improving fuel combustion also tends to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), and reduces the noise and hydrocarbon levels. Meher, et al., (2004) said that the fuels have high heat values require large volume of air for complete combustion, and the excessively low API gravity could result in increased engine deposits and smoke. Diesel fuel usually has an API gravity between ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Received for publication 4 / 2 / 2014 . Accepted for publication 8 / 3 / 2015. AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 23 30 minimum and 45 maximum. Tat and Van, (2003) shown that the high viscosity also may cause filter damage and can impact injector spray patterns. Broge, (2002) found that the viscosity of liquids increases with decreasing temperature. Xi and Zhong, (2006). illustrated that the greater number of carbon atoms leads to greater viscosity of the fuel. If two hydrocarbons have the same number of carbon atoms, the one with the lower hydrogen content will have a higher viscosity. Rakopoulos, et al., (2004) illustrated that the fuel with higher front - end volatility tends to improve starting and warm up performance and reduce smoke, and the carbon monoxide (CO) is formed when there is insufficient oxygen (O2) to oxidize the fuel fully during the combustion of fuel (incomplete combustion). Anandram, et al., (2006) mentioned if temperatures are enough, the CO can further react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (CO2). Rakopoulos, et al., (2007) mentioned that the unburned hydrocarbon emission (UBHC) is the direct result of incomplete combustion, and the cylinder wall and crevice regions around the top of the piston edge and above the rings are much cooler than the combustion gases and tend to slow down, stop reaction and quench flames as they encroach. Thus fuel at the cylinder wall can contribute to hydrocarbon emissions (HC). Boulouchos and Kirchen, (2008) found that during the normal operation of the engine, the cold wall quenches the fuel mixture and inhibits the combustion leaving a thick large of unburned fuel air mixture over the entire surface of the combustion chamber. This layer is called the quench zone, which exists next to the cooled combustion chamber walls. This unburned quenched mixture is forced out of the combustion chamber during the exhaust. Canakei and Van, (2003) illustrated that the thickness of this layer depended upon combustion pressure, temperature and mixture ratio (air/fuel), and turbulence and residual gases in the engine at the end of the exhaust stroke, and wall surface material and combustion deposits on the wall. Kaario, et al., (2005) said that the deposit on the wall may soak fuel vapor during suction and compression and evaporate during expansion and exhaust. Tao, et al., (2004) shown that the emission of HC in exhaust is decreased with an increase in compression ratio, this is because higher compression ratio has a higher exhaust temperature which may promote oxidation of hydrocarbons carried with the exhaust and reduced HC emission. Tao, et al., (2005) found that the temperature levels increase with speed due to reduced cooling and increased hot residuals. Hydrocarbons do not follow the expected decrease with temperature due to improved oxidation, because of the offsetting factor of less time to oxidize. Egnell, (2005) indicated that the primary effect of fuel volatility is to increase the rate of premixed burning and create more lean regions which do not burn, thus increasing HC. AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 24 The objectives of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. To choose suitable fuel gives lowest pollution of the engine during winter and summer season. 2. To choose suitable speed and load of the engine give lowest pollution of the engine during winter and summer season. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted at Heat Laboratory - College of Engineering - University of Baghdad to evaluate the effect of winter and summer season on diesel engine emissions by using different types of local fuel under different speeds and loads. The tests of this research were carried out on four stroke diesel engines. Table (1) shows the technical specifications of the engine. This engine is linked horizontally with a hydraulic dynamometer to measure the power with all its instrumentations. The instrumentation unit is designed to housing the instruments necessary for measuring the engine performance. It contains the fuel system, the air box/viscous flow meter, the torque meter, speed measurement device, exhaust temperature measurement device (figure 1). Three local diesel fuel included Baiji, Daura, Basrah, five levels of engine speeds included 2000, 2250, 2500, 2750, 3000 r.p.m and five levels of loads included 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 N.m were used in this experiment. Analyses of the samples of fuels were carried out at Quality Control and Researches Department – AL-Daura – Midland Refineries Company (Table 2). This study was carried out in winter season January under 13°C inside the laboratory and repeated in summer season July under 39°C inside the laboratory. The engine speed is measured electronically by a Tachometer, the torque is measured by hydraulic dynamometer connected with a rotary potentiometer (Willard, 1997), the output of the potentiometer is fed into the input of the torque meter. The experiment was executed according to a split split plots design under Randomized Complete Design (RCD) with three replications. Where the sources of fuel was treated as sub plot, speed treated as sub plot and load treated as main plot. Least significant differences (L.S.D) were used to compare means of treatments at 0.05 level. Analysis of the exhaust gases was done by the gas analyzer. The analyzer detects the carbon monoxide (CO) %, carbon dioxide (CO2) % and hydrocarbon (HC) ppm content. The statistical analysis was carry out by using of SAS, (2000) program. AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 25 Figure 1: Linking of The Engine Accessories. Table 1: Technical Specifications of The Engine. Engine Manufacturer 'Robin' - Fuji DY23D. Piston Displacement 230 cm 3 . Stroke 60 mm. Bore 70 mm. Nominal Output 3.5 kW at 3600 rev/min. Maximum Torque 10.5 N.m at 2200 rev/min. AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 26 Table 2: Analyses of The Fuel Samples. Data Baiji Basra Daura SP. Gravity @ 40˚C 0.8333 0.8319 0.8309 API. Gr. @ 100˚C 38.6000 38.8000 38.3000 Flash point ˚C 75.4000 72.4000 80.0000 Colour (ASTM) 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 Pour Point ˚C -15.0000 -12.0000 -9.0000 Vis Cst @ 40 ˚C 2.8300 2.7400 3.3000 Carbon Res. Wt % 0.0900 0.0970 0.1500 Sulfur. Wt % 1.0480 1.1880 1.1000 Diesel Index 60.1000 59.4000 62.2000 Cetane No. 58.5000 56.0000 58.5000 Calorific Value Kcal/Kg 10947.0000 10950.0000 10942.0000 Distillation: I.B.P 193.0000 188.0000 183.0000 10 % 226.0000 224.0000 213.0000 20 % 241.0000 240.0000 228.0000 30 % 254.0000 254.0000 245.0000 40 % 264.0000 260.0000 255.0000 50 % 274.0000 277.0000 265.0000 60 % 283.0000 288.0000 275.0000 70 % 293.0000 300.0000 286.0000 80 % 303.0000 318.0000 298.0000 90 % 320.0000 343.0000 320.0000 E.P ˚C 348.0000 376.0000 345.0000 T.D. % 99.5000 ML 99.5000 ML 99.0000 ML Res. 0.4000 ML 0.4000 ML 0.9000 ML Loss 0.1000 ML 0.1000 ML 0.1000 ML Rec. @ 350 % -- -- 94.0000 ML RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of parameters on Unburned Hydrocarbons: Figure (2) & (3) illustrates that the season have a clear impact on the hydrocarbon. The type of Baiji fuel registered the highest percentage of hydrocarbons in winter followed it Basrah and Daura. Daura fuel was recorded the lowest ratios of hydrocarbons in summer for all velocities and torques. The reason that all of Baiji and Basrah fuel does not burn completely inside the combustion chamber in condition of winter season because of the chemical structure of fuel and the refining process of crude oil unlike Daura fuel which AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 27 burns and generates a smaller percentage of hydrocarbons within the conditions of combustion chamber like temperature of air and compression ratio. Highest ratio of hydrocarbons was in Baiji fuel at 2750 r.p.m in winter and lowest hydrocarbon ratio was in Daura fuel at 2000 r.p.m in summer for all torques. The reason of increase hydrocarbons at high speed (2750 r.p.m) in Baiji fuel in winter to low temperature which leads to formation of quench zone within the combustion chamber and extinguishment of the flame and increase the formation of hydrocarbons. As result of incomplete combustion as well as increasing the speed leads to increase the amount of fuel burned inside the combustion chamber. The decrease of hydrocarbons at low speed (2000 r.p.m) in Daura fuel in summer caused by high temperature of air in summer and oxygen availability at low speed leads to combustion of the full charge of fuel. In the case of average speeds where the oxygen content relatively adequate, the reason for the difference of hydrocarbons to the inadequate chemical structure of the fuel for combustion completely within the operating conditions of the engine at average speeds in terms of increased temperature in summer leads to burning of fuel completely and reduces the hydrocarbons. Highest ratio of hydrocarbons was in Baiji fuel at 10 N.m in winter and lowest ratio of hydrocarbons was in Daura fuel at 2 N.m in summer for all speeds. The reason that at high torque in winter season the engine needs to increase the amount of fuel to generate the power to overcome the high load, since the amount of air fixed in a diesel engine at different load, low temperature leads to formation of quench zone within the combustion chamber, leads to extinguishment of the flame where Baiji fuel would not be able to complete combustion within this conditions of combustion chamber and increase the formation of hydrocarbons. We noticed the consumption of fuel rises in the same conditions which explain the rise of hydrocarbons. Generally, we found that the highest rate of hydrocarbons was in Baiji fuel at 2250 r.p.m at 10 N.m in winter and the lowest ratio of hydrocarbons was in Daura fuels at 2000 r.p.m at 2 N.m in summer. AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 28 Fig. 2: Effect of fuel sources and speeds and loads on Unburned Hydrocarbons in winter season. Fig. 3: Effect of fuel sources and speeds and loads on Unburned Hydrocarbons in summer season. AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 29 Effect of parameters on Carbon Monoxide: Figure (4) & (5) illustrates that the season have a visible impact on the carbon monoxide (CO). The type of Baiji fuel recorded higher ratio of CO in winter followed it Basrah and Daura, where Daura fuel in summer was the lowest ratio of CO for all velocities and torques. The cause to the chemical structure of the fuel where the fuel would not be able to complete combustion within the conditions of combustion chamber in winter like heat and compression ratio. We noticed the hydrocarbon rises in Daura and Baiji fuel in the same circumstances because of incomplete combustion. Highest proportion of CO was in Baiji fuel at 2250 r.p.m in winter and lowest ratio of CO was in Daura fuel at 3000 r.p.m in summer for all torques. It caused by inadequate chemical composition for Baiji fuel to full combustion due to the highest percentage of BSFC of Baiji fuel compared with other species of fuel resulting in incomplete combustion as a result of low air temperature in winter season, as well as non-air distribution is well within the combustion chamber at 2250 r.p.m leading to incomplete combustion of the fuel. The disparity of CO ratio vary by varying of the suitability of the chemical composition to combustion. Highest percentage of CO was in Baiji fuel at 10 N.m in winter and lowest percentage of CO was in Daura fuel at 8 N.m in summer for all speeds. It caused by inadequate chemical composition for Baiji fuel to full combustion due to low air temperature in winter season which leads to increase the BSFC of Baiji fuel compared with other species of fuel. Where the rise and decrease of hydrocarbons note at the same conditions because of uncomplete combustion. In general, we realized that the highest rate of CO was in Baiji fuel at 2000 r.p.m at 10 N.m in winter and the lowest rate of CO was in Daura fuel at 3000 r.p.m at 8 N.m in summer. AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 30 Fig. 4: Effect of fuel sources and speeds and loads on Carbon Monoxide in winter season. Fig. 5: Effect of fuel sources and speeds and loads on Carbon Monoxide in summer season. AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 31 Effect of parameters on Carbon Dioxide: Figure (6) & (7) illustrates that the season have a visible impact on the carbon dioxide (CO2) where the type of Daura fuel in summer recorded the highest rate of CO2 followed it Basrah and Baiji, where Baiji fuel produced the less ratio of CO2 in winter for all speeds and torques. Because the combustion in Daura fuel in summer was greater than other source of fuels. The reason to the differences in chemical composition of the sources of fuel, where the Daura fuel would be able to complete combustion in summer within the conditions of combustion chamber like heat, the oxygen availability and compression ratio. Highest ratio of CO2 was in Daura fuel at 2000 r.p.m in summer and lowest ratio of CO2 was in Baiji fuel at 2500 r.p.m in winter for all torques. It caused by appropriate chemical composition of Daura fuel for complete combustion at those conditions where high air temperature in summer as well as providing enough oxygen to complete the combustion of fuel at low speed which increase CO2. In the case of decreasing CO2 in the 2500 r.p.m in winter due to low air temperature as well as highest percentage of BSFC in Baiji fuel in winter, leading to incomplete combustion of the fuel and decreasing the ratio of CO2. Highest ratio of CO2 was in Daura fuel at 10 N.m in summer and lowest ratio of CO2 was in Baiji fuel at 2 N.m in winter for all speeds which cause by the chemical structure of the fuel where the fuel would not be able to complete combustion within low air temperature in winter as well as low engine temperature at low torque resulting in incomplete combustion of carbon with oxygen thereby reducing CO2. In general, we found that the highest rate of CO2 was in Daura fuel at 2000 r.p.m at 10 N.m in summer and the lowest ratio of CO2 was in Baiji fuels at 2500 r.p.m at 2 N.m in winter. AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 32 Fig. 6: Effect of fuel sources and speeds and loads on Carbon Dioxide in winter season. Fig. 7: Effect of fuel sources and speeds and loads on Carbon Dioxide in summer season. AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 33 From the above results, conclusions can be summarized as follows: 1. Lowest rate of hydrocarbons was in Daura fuel at 2000 r.p.m at 2 N.m in summer. Lowest rate of carbon monoxide was in Daura fuel at 3000 r.p.m at 8 N.m in summer. Highest rate of carbon dioxide was in Daura fuel at 2000 r.p.m at 10 N.m in summer. 2. The different chemical structure of the fuel leading to a disparity in the exhaust products of fuel and the high temperature of the air in summer leads to complete combustion of Daura fuel and convert more fuel to thermal energy and generates a smaller percentage of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide better than the rest species of fuel. 3. The low temperature of air in winter leads to formation of quench zone within the combustion chamber, leads to extinguishment of the flame. Thereby increasing the amount of fuel needed to produce the power to overcome the high load which lead to increase the formation of hydrocarbons and reduce carbon dioxide within the conditions of combustion chamber like heat and compression ratio. 4. The high temperature of the engine in Baiji fuel in summer than the rest of the other species lead to increase the air temperature and the air will expand to be less density, thereby the fuel would not be able to complete combustion within the conditions of combustion chamber like oxygen availability and mixed it with fuel which increase the conversion of a large part of fuel charge to exhaust products and heat instead of power. From the previous results using Baiji and Basrah in addition to Daura fuel in summer season to get less pollution and compensation to Daura fuel in winter season for less pollution can be recommended. REFERENCES Anandram, V., C. Bertoli and N. Del Giacomo. 2006. Effect of Refining Rice Bran Oil in Its Performance and Emission Character is tics as a Fuel in DI Diesel Engine. SAE, Pages 33-66. Boulouchos, K. and P. Kirchen. 2008. A phenomenological mean value soot model for transient engine operation. MTZ, Vol. 69, Pages 102-115. Brian, B. 1996. Farm Machinery. 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AL-Bakry and Kadhim Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8 ( 1 ) 22 – 35 ,2016 35 ة االشواط للجرارات رباعي الالوحركات انبعاثات غازات عادمعلى وهصادر الوقود السرع تأثير .فً الوختبر فً هوسوً الشتاء والصيف. حوال هختلفةبأ السراعية **نصير سلواى كاظن *عبذ القادر غالب البكري abdalkader_ghalib@yahoo.com. انعزاق –جايعت حكزيج –كهيت انشراعت -يذرص يظاعذ * nasaka62@yahoo.com. انعزاق –جايعت بغذاد –كهيت انشراعت -يذرص دكخىر ** وستخلصال جايعةت بغةذاد فةي -كهيةت انهُذطةت -قظى انهُذطت انًيكاَيكيةت -أجزيج انخجزبت في انًخخبز انحزاري اطخعًهج في هذِ انذراطت ثالثت يصادر نىقىد انذيشل بيجي , دورة , بصةزة. َذةذث انخجزبةت . 2013انعاو في يحزك ديشل رباعي االشىاط نذراطت حأثيز خًض طةز وخًظةت ااًةال يخخهذةت نهًحةزك فةي يىطةًي انشخاء وانصيف في غاساث عادو انًحزكاث انزباعيت االشىاط نهجزاراث انشراعيت باطخعًال ثالثةت اَةىا يٍ انىقىد انًحهي. قةم َظةبت أاظهزث َخائج انبحث اٌ اقم َظةبت نههيةذروكزبىَاث كاَةج عُةذ وقةىد انةذورة فةي انصةيف. وكظةيذ انكةاربىٌ كاَةج أألاادي اوكظيذ انكاربىٌ كاَج عُذ وقىد انذورة في انصيف. أفضم َظبت نثُةائي 2000باطخخذاو وقىد انذورة عُذ انظةزعت عُذ وقىد انذورة في انصيف. اقم َظبت نههيذروكزبىَاث كاَج وكظيذ انكاربىٌ كاَةج باطةخخذاو وقةىد أفي انصيف. اقم َظبت ألاادي َيىحٍ.يخز 2دورة/دقيقت عُذ انعشو أعهة َظةبت نثُةائي اوكظةيذ َيةىحٍ.يخز فةي انصةيف. 8عُةذ انعةشو دورة/دقيقةت 3000انذورة عُذ انظزعت َيةةىحٍ.يخز فةةي 10دورة/دقيقةةت عُةةذ انعةةشو 2000عُةةذ انظةةزعت انكةةاربىٌ كاَةةج باطةةخخذاو وقةةىد انةةذورة .انصيف , اَبعاثاث غاساث عادو يحزك انذيشل في يىطىفي يىطى انصيف انذيشل يحزكاَبعاثاث غاساث عادو الكلوات الوفتاحية: .انبصزة , وقىدبيجي , وقىدانىقىد انًحهي, وقىد انذورة انشخاء,