Microsoft Word - Dr. Mahbuba- acetic acid Mustafa et al. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 6 ( 1 ) 1 – 8 ,2014 1 EFFECT OF ACETIC ACID ADDED TO DRINKING WATER OF TWO BROILER STRAINS ON PERFORMANCE AND SMALL INTESTINE HISTOLOGICAL. Mahbuba A.GH. Mustafa* Muhammad Sulaiman Lajan Salahaddin *Dept. of Animal Resources-College of Agriculture-University of Salahaddin-Erbil gh_mahbuba@yahoo.com ABSTRACT In this experiment we study the effect of acetic acids on the performance of broiler chickens. A total of one day old broiler chicks 215 of Cobb-500 strain and 215 of Ross-308 strain were distributed randomly into 3 treatments and 3 replicates. Broiler chickens in control group (T1) were drinking only tap water, T2 and T3 were added 1% and 2% acetic acid mixed in drinking tap water. The results showed significantly increase (P<0.05) in body weight, body weight gain, better feed conversion, Villi height and crypt depth of (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and Lactobacillus content when added acetic acid 1% and 2% in the treatments T2 and T3 respectively in the both strains Ross-300 and Cobb-500 as compared with T1 (control), While, the results showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in mortality, Enterococcus and E. Coli content in the treatments T2 and T3 for both strains especially T3 when added 2% acetic acid to drinking water. While, there were non- significant effect between the two strains (Ross-308 and Cobb-500). Keywords: acetic acid; water; broiler; performance; histological INTRODUCTION Poultry sector is one of the most vibrant segments of agriculture sector in Iraq. Currently, drinking water acidification is another implementation in the broiler industry used for improving performance (Cornelison et al., 2005). Organic acids are widely accepted as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in poultry production, the addition of organic acid to the drinking water helps to reduce the level of pathogens in the water crop and proventriculus, to regulate gut microflora, to increase the digestion of feed and to improve growth performance (Philipsen, 2006), and used for dual purposes-as feed preservatives as well as growth promoters. Reducing the pH of the feed organic acids can decrease bacterial contamination of feeds prior to consumption by birds, making them useful as feed preservatives (Mroz et al., 1997). Hudha et al. (2010) showed the supplementation of acetic acid in drinking water might improved ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Received for publication Dec. 3 , 2012 . Accepted for publication March 17 , 2013 . Mustafa et al. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 6 ( 1 ) 1 – 8 ,2014 2 growth, feed conversion and meat yield of broilers, such an improvement in biological performance would be counteracted by the cost of acetic acid making poultry rearing non-profitable. Supplementing layer feed with acetic acid may provide an effective, cost efficient method of achieving significant reductions in the negative effects of heat-stress, resulting in major improvements in egg production and quality, according to Anitox , a world-leader in pathogen elimination and mould control products for the feed milling and primary meat, egg and fish production industries, Acetic acid is an organic acid which is used primarily to control mold and reduce bacterial growth in feed, but it can also inhibit the growth of micro-organisms in the gastrointestinal tract, modify pH levels and improve feed utilization (Cooksley , 2011). Organic acid (e.g., acetic acid) and their salts inhibit microorganism growth in the gastrointestinal tract, modifying intestinal pH and improving feed utilization (Adams, 1999). MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted with 215 one day old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) and 215 one day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) reared for a period of 42 days. In each strain the chicks were randomly distributed into 3 treatments, the treatments contain 3 replicates (25 chicks). In Cobb-500 and Ross-308 chicks added acetic acid (its concentration 10%) to drinking water 1% and 2% for treatments T2 and T3 respectively, while T1 control treatment in both strain. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum, the feed content 3003 , 2968 , 2985 kcal/kg metabolized energy, 21 , 19.75 , 20.35% crude protein in (starter, grower and finisher) diet respectively. Throughout this experiment body weight was recorded weekly intervals up to 6 weeks, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, body weight and body gain. For the histological study of intestinal villi, at 42 days age, three broilers per replicate were sacrificed and cut 2 cm length of duodenum (from pylorus to the distal portion of the duodenal loop), jejunum (from the distal portion of the duodenal loop to the Meckel’s diverticulum) and of ileum (anterior portion to the cecum). These fragments were opened longitudinally on Styrofoam plates and washed with saline. The samples were fixed with Bouin’s solution for 24 h for histological analysis, according to Uni et al. (1999). The fragments cuts of 5 µm thick and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. morphometric data from villus height and crypt depth were obtained from images captured by photomicroscope (Olympus) All data were analyzed by a three treatments and two strains by factorial arrangement in a randomized complete design by Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 1998), as per variance, significant differences among treatment means were determined by Duncan’s multiple range tests (Duncan, 1955). Mustafa et al. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 6 ( 1 ) 1 – 8 ,2014 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effect of acetic acids added to broilers drinking water is presented in Table ( 1 ) significant increases (P<0.05) in body weight at 42 days and body weight gain when added acetic acid at the concentration 1% and 2% in T2 and T3 respectively in the both strains Ross-300 and Cobb-500 as compared with T1 (control), at the same table showed that FCR differ significantly (P<0.01) Table 1: Effect of acetic acid added to drinking water on broiler Performance. Strains Treatments Initial weight 1 d old Body weight 42 d g Feed intake (g) Feed conversio n ratio (FCR) Body weight gain g/d Mortality (%) Cobb -500 T1 42.6 2615 c 5047. 0 1.93 a 61.25 d 7.3 a T2 42.5 2695 c 5120. 5 1.90 ab 63.15 c 6.5 ab T3 42.1 2788 b 5102. 0 1.83 b 65.38 b 5.1 b Ross- 308 T1 43.0 2700 c 5103. 0 1.89 ab 63.26 c 6.9 a T2 42.3 2775 b 5106. 0 1.84 b 65.06 b 5.7 b T3 42.5 2890 a 4999. 7 1.73 c 67.80 a 4.3 c S.E 1.05 123.5 265.6 0.035 2.33 0.65 Treat- ment effect T1 T2 T3 42.8 42.4 42.3 2657.5 c 2735.0 b 2839.0 a 5075. 8 5114. 5 5053. 4 1.91 a 1.87 b 1.78 c 62.25 c 64.11 b 66.59 a 7.1 a 6.1 b 4.7 c S.E 0.15 102.6 85.3 0.018 1.45 0.55 Strains effect Cobb-500 Ross-308 42.4 42.6 2699.3 b 2788.3 a 5101. 7 5074. 7 1.89 a 1.82 b 63.26 b 65.37 a 6.3 5.6 S.E 0.15 77.3 44.6 0.021 0.67 0.20 T1=control (tap water only), T2 and T3 added acetic acid to drinking water (1 and 2% respectively a–d Means within columns with different superscripts differ significantly at (P≤0.05) and (P≤0.01). Non-Significant differences within columns without letters. Mustafa et al. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 6 ( 1 ) 1 – 8 ,2014 4 among treatments, better feed conversion was found in T3 and lower in treatment T1 during 0-6 weeks of age. While, the results showed significant induces (P<0.01) in mortality at the end of the experiment in T3 than in T2 as compared with T1, but there were no significant differences between the two strains Ross-308 and Cobb-500. The highest feed conversion on the administration of acetic acid was in agreement with the findings of Afsharmanesh et al. (2005) and Islam (2008). Moreover organic acids decrease colonization of pathogens and production of toxic metabolites, improve digestibility of protein, availability of Ca, P, Mg and Zn (Kirchgessner and Roth, 1988). Live weight and Feed intake almost linearly increased with the increasing level of acetic acid (AA) added to drinking water, noted in the present study might have been occurred for improved protein and energy digestion and retention by reduced microbial competition for nutrient (Dibner and Buttin, 2002) reduced ammonia production and lowered sub- clinical infection. In Table ( 2 ) showed significant increases (P<0.05) at 42 days in Villi height of (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) when added acetic acid at the concentration 1% and 2% in T2 and T3 respectively in both strains Ross-300 and Cobb-500 as compared with T1 (control), also there were significant increases (P<0.05) in crypt depth of jejunum and ileum in T3 as compared with T1 and T2 in the both strains. Treatment 3 showed significant increases (P<0.05) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (Villi height and crypt depth) as compared with T2 and T1. The strain Ross-300 showed significant increases (P<0.05) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (Villi height and crypt depth) as compared with Cobb-500. So organic acidifiers especially acetic acid reduce the growth of many pathogenic or non-pathogenic intestinal bacteria, therefore, reduce intestinal colonization and reduce infectious processes, ultimately decrease inflammatory processes at the intestinal mucosa, which increase villus height and function of secretion, digestion and absorption of nutrients can be appropriately performed by the mucosa (Iji and Tivey, 1998; Loddi et al., 2004 and Pellicano et al., 2011). Mustafa et al. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 6 ( 1 ) 1 – 8 ,2014 5 Table 2: Effect of acetic acid added to drinking water on small intestine histological of broiler. Strains Treat- ments Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Villi height µm crypt depth µm Villi height µm crypt depth µm Villi height µm crypt depth µm Cobb- 500 T1 880 e 137 c 437 c 105 c 328 d 79 b T2 1054 c 146 c 461 b 108 b 337 d 80 b T3 1310 b 174 ab 510 ab 115 ab 455 b 84 ab Ross- 308 T1 988 d 135± c 456 b 113 b 345 ab 81 b T2 1217 bc 168± b 483 b 119 ab 375 c 85 ab T3 1520 a 196± a 560 a 122 a 490 a 88 a S.E 25.5 11.3 0.2 3.4 11.6 3.6 Treat- ments effect T1 T2 T3 934.0 c 1135.5 b 1415.0 a 136.0 c 157.0 b 180.0 a 446.5 c 472.0 b 535.0 a 109.0 b 113.5 ab 116.5 a 336.5 c 356.0 b 472.5 a 80.0 b 82.5 b 86.0 a S.E 35.8 9.7 12.6 3.7 11.8 2.0 Strains effect Cobb- 500 Ross- 308 1081.3 b 1241.7 a 152.3 b 163.0 a 469.3 b 499.7 a 109.3 b 118.0 a 373.3 b 403.3 a 81.0 b 84.7 a S.E 30.6 8.5 11.2 3.0 10.0 2.0 T1=control (tap water only), T2 and T3 added acetic acid to drinking water (1 and 2% respectively a–d Means within columns with different superscripts differ significantly at (P≤0.05) and (P≤0.01). Non-Significant differences within columns without letters. The microbiological results in the table ( 3 ) showed significant increases(P<0.05) in Lactobacillus content in the treatments T2 and T3 for both Cobb-500 and Ross-308. While, there were significant decreases (P<0.05) in Enterococcus and E. coli content in the treatments T2 and T3 for both strains especially T3 when added 2% acetic acid to drinking water. While, there were non- significant effect between the two strains. The Organic acids are used for dual purposes-as feed preservatives as well as growth promoters. Reducing the pH of the feed organic acids can decrease bacterial contamination of feeds prior to consumption by birds, making them useful as feed preservatives (Mroz et al., 1997). Mustafa et al. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 6 ( 1 ) 1 – 8 ,2014 6 Table 3: Effect of acetic acid added to drinking water on small intestine microbiological of broiler. Strains Treatments Lactobacillus (cfu×105/g) Enterococcus (cfu×105/g) E.coli (cfu×105/g) Cobb-500 T1 4.93 c 7.22 a 8.65 a T2 5.77 b 6.78 b 7.95 ab T3 7.05 a 5.55 c 6.88 b Ross-308 T1 4.84 c 7.30 a 8.40 a T2 5.82 b 6.54 b 7.55 b T3 7.68 a 5.15 c 5.99 c S.E 0.65 0.35 0.53 Treatments effect T1 T2 T3 4.89 c 5.80 b 7.37 a, 7.26 a 6.66 b 5.35 c 8.53 a 7.75 ab 6.34 b S.E 0.45 0.95 0.58 Strains effect Cobb-500 Ross-308 5.92 6.11 6.52 6.33 7.83 7.31 S.E 0.11 0.06 0.13 T1=control (tap water only), T2 and T3 added acetic acid to drinking water (1 and 2% respectively a–d Means within columns with different superscripts differ significantly at (P≤0.05) and (P≤0.01). Non-Significant differences within columns without letters. REFERENCES Adams, C. 1999. Poultry and dietary acids. Feed Int., 20 (19): 1370-1372. Afsharmanesh, M. and J. Pourreza. 2005. Effects of calcium, citric acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin D3 on the efficacy of microbial phytase in broiler starters fed wheat based diets. Internat. J. Poult Sci., 4(6): 418-424. Cooksley, Julian. 2011. Acetic acid supplementation reduces the effects of heat stress in poultry. Anitox Solution for Safer feed and food USA. (mwalker@anitox.com) Cornelison, J., M. Wilson and S. Watkins. 2005. Effects of water acidi- fication on turkey performance. Avian Advice 7(2):1-3. Dibner, J.J. and P. Buttin, 2002. Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism. J. Applied Poult. Res.,11:453-463. Duncan,D.B.,1955.Multiple range and multiple F-test.Biometrics.,11:1-42. Hudha, M N., M S. Ali, M A. Azad, M M. Hossian, M. Tanjim, S C. Bormon, M S. Rahman, M M Rahman and A K Paul.2010. Effect of acetic acid on growth and meat yield in broilers. Int. J. Bio. Res. 1 (4): 31-35 Mustafa et al. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 6 ( 1 ) 1 – 8 ,2014 7 Kirchgessner, M. and F. X. Roth. 1988. Ergotrope Effekle durch organische sauren in der Ferkelanfzucht and schweinemast. Uber sichten zur Tierernahrung,16:93-108. Iji, P. A.and D. R. Tivey. 1998. Natural and synthetic oligosaccharide in broiler chicken diet. Worlds Poutl. Sci. J., 54, 129-143. Islam, M.Z., Z.H. Khandaker, S.D. Chowdhury and K.M.S. Islam . 2008. Effect of citric acid and acetic acid on the performance of broilers. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 6(2): 315–320. Loddi, M. M., V. M. B.Maraes, , I. S. O.Nakaghi, , F.Tucci, , M. I. Hannas and J. A Ariki. 2004. Mannan oligosaccharide and organic acids on performance and intestinal morphometric characteristics of broiler chickens. Proceedings of the 20th annual symposium. Supplement. 1, p. 45. Mroz, Z., Jongbloed, A. W., Partanen, K., Vreman, K., van Diepen, M., Kemme, P.A. and J. Kogut. 1997. The effect of dietary buffering capacity and organic acid supplementation (formic, fumaric, n-butyric acid) on digestibility of nutrients (protein, amino acids, energy and excreta production) in growing pigs. Report ID- Pellicano, E. R. L., P. A.Souza, H. B. A.Souza, D. F. Figueiredo, M.M. Boiago, S. R. Carvalho and V. F. Bordon,. 2011. Intestinal mucosa development in broiler chicken fed natural growth promoters. In Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola, Campina. Philipsen, I. P. L. J. 2006. Acidifying drinking water supports performance. World Poult. 22:20-21. SAS, Institute. 1998. SAS User's Guide: Statistics Version 7.0, SAS Institute,inc.,Cary,Nc. Uni,Z., Y. Noy,.,and D.Sklan.,1999.Posthatch development of small intestinal function in the Poult. Poultry Sci.,78:215-21. Mustafa et al. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 6 ( 1 ) 1 – 8 ,2014 8 ثير إضافة حامض الخليك الى ماء الشرب لساللتين فروج اللحم في األداء اإلنتاجي والتشريح تأ . النسيجي لمنطقة األمعاء *الجان صالح الدين * محمد سليمان * الغني مصطفى محبوبة عبد gh_mahbuba@yahoo.com. أربيل -ة صالح الدينجامع -آلية الزراعة -قسم الثروة الحيوانية* مستخلصال فرخة 215في هذه التجربة تأثير حامض الخليك في األداء األنتاجي لفروج اللحم باستخدام درس اللة ن س م م روج اللح اللة 215و Cobb-500ف ن س ة م ت Ross-308 فرخ د ووزع وم واح ر ي بعم قدمت ماء البئر في شرب أفراخ فروج اللحم في معاملة السيطرة . راتمكر 3معامالت و 3عشوائيا الى T1الى ماء الشرب في المعاملتين ، وأضيفت T2 وT3 )1 % حامض الخليك على التوالي في %) 2و .آلتا الساللتين تحسن في آفاءة و وزن الجسم، معدل الزيادة الوزنية في ) p<0.05(أظهرت النتائج إرتفاعا معنويا والعد البكتيري ) األثني عشري، الصائم واللفائفي( ارتفاع الزغابات و عمق الخبايا في و التحويل الغذائي ك امض الالآتي ك(لح افة ) اللبني امالت إض ي مع ك ف امض الخلي اء الش% 2و % 1ح ى م ي رال ب ف مقارنة بمعاملة Cobb-500 و Ross-300على التوالي وفي آال الساللتين T3و T2المعامالت ـ ) p<0.05(، في حين وجد انخفاض معنوي T1السيطرة في النسبة المئوية للهالآات والعد البكتيري ل Enterococcus وE.coli المعامالت فيT2 وT3 ا على التوالي وفي آل و Ross-300الساللتين ت Cobb-500 مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرةT1 .نوية بين الساللتين ولم توجد أية فروق معRoss-300 و Cobb-500. .حامض الخليك ، فروج اللحم ، الصفات التشريحية :الكلمات المفتاحية