Microsoft Word - د وسام مالك Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 3( 1 ) 60 – 66 , 2011 Dawood RELATONSHIPS BETWEEN GRAIN FILLING DURATION AND GRAIN YIELD IN SORGHUM Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench). Wisam Mallik Dawood Biology Dept. - College of Education- Al-Razee - Diyala University . ABSTRACT Five sorghum varieties (Milo, Kafir, Durado, Rabihe and Ingath),were grown in a field experiment at Al-Khalis station research . spring and autumn seasons of 2008 The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between grain filling duration (GFD) and sorghum grain yield. This experiment was planted as a randomized complete block design(R.C.B.D.) with three replications. The results showed that significant positive correlations of (GFD) were found among (GFD) with days number to 50% anthesis ,number of days to physiological maturity and grain yield . Significant positive correlation was also noticed among days to 50% anthesis, days number to physiological maturity and grain yield. The linear regression coefficient between grain yield and days to 50% anthesis indicates an increase (22.392, 9.483 kg.ha-1) in grain yield for each additional day required for (GFD). Key words: Sorghum, Grain Filling Duration (GFD), Grain Yield, Correlation, Regression. INTRODUCTION The grain sorghum Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench ) is used as staple food in human diet as well as used in animal feed. It is the fifth leading cereal crop in the world after Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Corn (Zea mays L.) and Barely (Hordeum vulgare L.). Sorghum grain is the staple food of poor and the most food –insecure people, living mainly in the semiarid tropics (Bibi et al., 2010). In today's crop productions system with their high yield outputs , improvement in grain filling has become more challenging than ever (Zehedi and Jenner 2003, Kato et al., 2007). Received for publication Feb. 12 , 2011 . Accepted for publication May. 23 , 2011 . 60 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 3( 1 ) 60 – 66 , 2011 Dawood The grain filling of an annual crops as Sorghum is a fundamental process for the reproduction and survival of the species (Csikasz et al. 2002). Grain filling duration has been recognized as an important factor in the determination of grain yield , a positive correlation was found between (GFD)and yield in several crops such as in Corn, Daynard and kannenberg (1976), Octtaviano and Camussi (1981) ,Whereas in Wheat ,Gebeyehou et al., (1982) also found a positive correlation between (GFD) and grain yield . In Safflower , Zapore et al. (1995) noticed a significant positive correlation amoung days to anthesis ,maturity and grain yield ,as result they found an increase (0.036) Kg.ha-1in grain yield for each additional day required for the grain filling. The primary objective of this research was to study the existence of the relationship in five Sorghum varieties with different length of cycle at spring and autumn seasons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five Sorghum varieties ,Durado , Ingath, Kafir, Milo and Rabihe were grown at Al-Khalis Farming Research Station during spring and autumn seasons of 2008 using a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications. The following characters were studied: 1. Number of days from planting to 50% anthesis . 2. Number of days from planting to physiological maturity. (Grain Sorghum physiological maturity is characterized by formation of a black layer similar to corn. And the black layer can be found at the kernel base opposite the embryo , grain weight accumulation is complete and moisture typically ranges from (25-35)% when physiological maturity occurs. 3. Grain filling duration (GFD) is the period between flowering and physiological maturity (Przuli and Mladinov ,1999). 4. Grain yield: Individual plots were harvested and grain yield weights were assessed. The experimental data were statistically analyzed by (ANOVA). Simple correlation equations were calculated between grain yield and components 61 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 3( 1 ) 60 – 66 , 2011 Dawood characters as outlined by Steel and Torrie (1980). The significant differences among treatments were compared with (L.S.D.) at 5% probability level. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of variance showed significant differences among varieties of Sorghum regarding the number of days to 50% anthesis , number of days to physiological maturity , grain filling duration at both seasons ,but grain yield was significant at autumn season only (Table1). The Varieties (Milo) and (Kafir) showed the highest grain yield following by (Durado) ,(Rabihe) and (Ingath ) at two seasons .It was observed when the number of days to physiological maturity and grain filling duration increased, the grain yield increased .The variation for grain filling duration was predominantly due to a larger range of variation in number of days to 50% anthesis and to physiological maturity . A significant positive correlation on the number of days to anthesis vs. grain yield (0.985, 0.979), days to physiological maturity (0.985,0.998) and grain filling duration (0.984, 0.973) for the spring and autumn respectively. Another Significant positive correlation was found between grain filling duration and grain yield (0.966 , 0.977) . Moreover significant positive correlation between grains filling duration vs. grain yield was also observed in the present investigation (0.966, 0.977) which was being reported for the first time in Sorghum (table3). 62 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 3( 1 ) 60 – 66 , 2011 Dawood Table 1. Means and Mean Squares for (ANOVA) phenological characters and grain yield in Sorghum. Days to 50% anthesis Days to Maturity Grain filling Duration Grain Yield (T/ha) Varietie s Sprin g Autumn Sprin g Autumn Sprin g Autumn Sprin g Autumn Milo 87 87 146 136 59 49 6.070 6.654 Kafir 83 83 140 130 57 47 5.706 6.008 Durado 79 81 133 127 54 46 5.618 5.820 Rabihe 67 77 118 122 51 45 5.060 5.655 Ingath 63 72 111 116 48 44 4.994 5.014 LSD 3.183 2.995 3.000 3.922 5.875 6.001 n.s. 5.014 S.O.V. Mean Squares Blocks 1.267 3.200 4.200 1.800 2.600 9.600 0.221 0.292 Varietie s 310.6 ** 99.00 ** 111.9 ** 44.1 ** 59.1 ** 275.1 ** 0.623 n.s. 4.949 ** Error 1.017 1.196 1.200 2.050 4.6 4.8 0.214 0.173 S.E. 0.582 0.631 0.632 0.826 1.238 1.265 0.267 0.240 *Significant at the .05 and** Significant at the .01 levels of probability, n.s. = not significant 63 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 3( 1 ) 60 – 66 , 2011 Dawood Table 2. Correlation Coefficient among the values of phenological characters and yield at spring and autumn seasons. characters season Correlation Coefficient spring 0.985** Days to anthesis vs. Grain yield autumn 0.979** spring 0.985** Days to anthesis vs. Days to Maturity autumn 0.998** spring 0.984** Days to anthesis vs. Grain Filling Duration autumn 0.973** spring 0.983** Days to Maturity vs. Grain yield autumn 0.984** spring 0.992** Days to Maturity vs. Grain Filling Duration autumn 0.958** spring 0.966** Grain Filling Duration vs. Grain yield autumn 0.977** **Significant at the 0.01 level of probability. Table3. Regression Equations amoung the values of phonological characters and grain yield at spring and autumn seasons. characters season Regression Equations spring Y = 2.143 + 9.410X Regression Equation of Grain yield on Grain Filling Duration autumn Y = 24.735 + 3.167X spring Y = -47.125 + 22.392X Regression Equation of Grain yield on Days to anthesis autumn Y = 24.712 + 9.483 X spring Y = -4.982 + 31.80 X Regression Equation of Grain yield on Days to Maturity autumn Y = 52.447 + 12.650X 64 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 3( 1 ) 60 – 66 , 2011 Dawood REFERENCES Bibi, A., H.A. Sadqat, H.M. Akram and MI. Mohammad .2010.Physiological markers for screening sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ) germplasm under stress condition. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 12:451-455 Csikas, Z,Z. Alfoldi, S. Joza, and M. Treitz .2002.Growth analysis of the grain filling process in sunflower. Acta Biologica 46(3-4):191-193. Daynard ,T.B. and L.W. Kannenberg .1976.Relationship between length of the actual and effective grain filling periods and the grain yield of corn. Can.J.Pl.Sci.56:237-242. Geneyehou , G. , D.R. Knott, and R.J. Baker. 1982.Relationship among duration of vegetative and grain filling phases, yield components and grain yield in Durum Wheat cultivars. Crop Sci. 22:287-290. Kato, T. Shinmura D. and A. Taniguchi .2007.Activities of enzymes for sucrose-starch conversion in developing endosperm of rice and their association with-grain–filling in extra-heavy panicle types. Plant Production Science 10:442-450 Ottaviano, E. and A. Camussi .1981.Phenotypic and genotypic relationship between yield components in maize. Euphytica 30:601-609. Przuli N. and N. Mladenov .1999.Inheritance of grain filling duration in spring wheat. Plant Breed.118:517-521. Steel R.D. and J.HTorrie.1980. Principle and Procedure of statistics . A Biometrical Approach 2d Edition . New York, McGrow Hill. 65 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 3( 1 ) 60 – 66 , 2011 Dawood Zahedi M , and C.F. Jenner.2003.Anaysis effects in wheat of high temperature on grain –filling attributes estimated from mathematical models of grain –filling. J.of Agric.Sci. 141:203-212. Zope, R. E. ,B.K. Katule and D.S. Ghorpade.1994.Seed filling duration and yield in Sesamum and safflower Newsletter. 3: 39 -42. .Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench) العالقة بين فترة امتالء الحبة وحاصل حبوب الذرة البيضاء وسام مالك داود جامعة ديالى- آلية التربية الرازي - قسم علوم الحياة الخالصة في ،(Ingath, Rabihe, Durado, Kafir, Milo) من الذرة البيضاء أصنافزرعت خمسة هدف البحثوآان . م 2008 الخالص خالل الموسمين الربيعي والخريفي أبحاثة تجربة حقلية بمحط وطبقت هذه التجربة . فترة امتالء الحبة وحاصل حبوب الذرة البيضاءاالرتباط بين معرفة عالقة عالقة ارتباط معنوي موجب وجود النتائجأظهرت .مكررات ثالثة في تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة في النضج الفسيولوجي ومع حاصل إلى وعددها تزهير ،المع آل من عدد األيام إلى بين فترة امتالء الحبة هنالك زيادة مقدارهــا أن التزهير على إلى الخطي بين حاصل الحبوب وعدد األيام االنحدار دل .الحبوب حاصل الحبوب مع آل يوم التوالي فيعلى في الربيعي والخري للموسمين-1هـ. آغم) 22.392 ,9.483( .الحبة لفترة امتالء إضافي .الذرة البيضاء ، فترة امتالء الحبة ، حاصل الحبوب ، االرتباط ، االنحدار : آلمات مفتاحيه 66