Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 Ifabiyi J. O. ISSN: 2073-9524 eISSN: 2310-8746 73 Capacity Building Needs of Artisanal Fisherfolks in North Central, Nigeria Ifabiyi J. O. 1 1 Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria 1 Correspondent author: oluwaseunifabiyi@gmail.com Article history: Received: 14 March 2022 Accepted: 15 April 2022 Published: 30 June 2022 Abstract The study analyzed the capacity building needs of artisanal fisherfolks in North Central, Nigeria. The Data were collected with the use of a questionnaire and analysed using frequency, percentages, mean score and Correlation. The results showed that about 99.2% of the fishers were male and the mean age of the fishers was 43.9ears. The mean years of experience were 24.3. The mean quantity of catch per day was 17.9 Kg and 6 persons was the average household size. About 47.33 % of the respondents has a high k T T T study therefore recommends the provision of training in the identified areas of capacity building needs and the provision of more frequent and effective extension services to the fisherfolks. Keywords: Artisanal, Fisherfolks, Capacity Building Needs, North Central Nigeria. https://dx.doi.org/10.52951/dasj.22140109 This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Introduction Agriculture plays an important role in process of economic development of any country. The Agricultural sector provides food for human consumption, raw materials for the industries and also serves as a source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria. The Nigerian agricultural sector has several untapped potentials for growth and development in the availability of land, water, labour and large internal markets. The Nigerian agricultural sector is made up of four sub-sectors, namely crop production, livestock, forestry and fisheries. The fishing sub-sector of Agriculture is important to the Nigerian economy as it contributed about 1.64% to the Nigerian GDP in the year 2018 from 1.34% in the year 2017 (NBS, 2019). Fish have several nutritional and health benefits over meat as it is low in cholesterol and has high vitamins and minerals contents. Fish is a vital, cheap and readily available source of protein for low income countries like Nigeria and it accounts for about 17 percent of the global animal- sourced protein. (FAO, 2018, Bene, et al., 2015). The fish by-products are primarily used in the formulation of animal feeds and also for pharmaceutical purposes. Nigerians are the largest fish consumers in Africa with about 3.2 million metric tonnes of fish consumed yearly (FAO, 2022; FAO, 2016; Olaoye and Oloruntoba, 2011). Artisanal fishing involves the use of crude crafts and gears and local knowledge in catching diverse species of fish. Also, mailto:oluwaseunifabiyi@gmail.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-7123 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 74 artisanal fishing can be defined as the method of catching fish or any aquatic organism with the use of locally fabricated tools and techniques. The main motives of the fisherfolks are personal and family consumption, and income purposes (FAO, 2008). Onuoha, (2009) stated that artisanal fisheries are characterized by low capital outlay and lacks of required equipment. The artisanal fishing practice is an important source of livelihood for the fisherfolks. Some of the key characteristics of the artisanal fisheries were presented in Table 1 below. Table 1. Characteristics of the Artisanal Fisheries Variables Characteristics of the Artisanal Fisheries Gender Fish capturing is dominated by males, there are fisherwomen too, and females/women are mostly involved in processing activities Gears Passive and multiple gears (Diverse-nets, lines, hooks, spear, cages etc.) Crafts Gourds, Diverse canoe, boat, small vessels, very few motorized vessels Technologies Crude tools, traditional methods, low level of technology, labour intensive, Capital Outlay Low as it uses mostly locally made gears and crafts Target specie(s) Multi- species fishing activities Knowledge Local knowledge of fisheries (indigenous practices), because of little or no contact with fisheries extension agents Hazards/Risks Highly risky occupation, Risk includes drowning, attacks from predators, injuries on the body, risks of inhaling smokes, respiratory illnesses, muscular disorders sun bites etc. Distance covered Short distances, not too far, inshore, fishing activities close to the settlements Fishing Settlement Most of the settlement lacks basics infrastructure like electricity, pipe borne water, a good road network, and health care centres. Remote to the neighboring urban centres. (Underdeveloped). Few people live there. Occupational style Part-time, seasonal, multi-occupational Goal Food, income, game and pleasure Local fisheries regulation and management Customary rules through the village heads, fishing edicts, fishing regulations, and government policies through their agencies Value Addition Initiatives Low value addition initiatives - mostly Smoking, frying, drying, little or no cold preservation Processed fish product Low quality products due to poor hygienic practices Marketing Outlets Local village markets, retail outlets in the urban city, middle men/agents Post-harvest fish losses High - due to destructive fishing methods, setting gears for a long period, long distance fishing trip, discarded as by-catch, poor hygienic practices, poor processing methods, marketing and distribution problem Constraints Inadequate/lack of access to extension, Poor road networks, lacks of modern fish processing equipment, the problem of middle men, no financial support, flooding, drought, health risks etc. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 75 Source: Ifabiyi (2019); Ifabiyi et al., (2017); Sumaila, (2017); Gibson and Sumaila (2017); Onuoha, (2009); FAO, (2008). There are increasing evidences that capacity building aids development. According to Hornby, (2006) capacity is the ability, skills and experience that an individual need to get a specific task or job done. Capacity building is the process of improving the abilities, skills and character possessed by an individual for proficiency in a given task. Olaitan, et al., (2009) stated that capacity building is the process of acquiring information, skills and attitude that is needed to get a particular task done. According to Youdeowei and Kwarteng, (2006) capacity building need is the difference between the required level of competence and the present level of competence. Capacity building need can also be defined as the competency and character that is needed to provide solutions to problem situations (Owona, et al., 2010). The Problem Statement Adisa, (2011) asserted that the agricultural extension sector in Nigeria must rise to the competency needs of the clientele. However, fisheries extension services in Nigeria had been reported to be ineffective and not properly organized Samson, (2006), as there is inadequate information on the extension needs of the fisherfolks (Okwu, et al., 2011); (Raji, et al., 2012). reported that fisherfolks had low knowledge level on improved fishing practices. Hence, there is a need to determine the capacity building needs of the T ‟ areas of capacity building needs would assist agricultural extension service providers to match capacity building programmes to their needs, since any interventions that do not take the needs of the users into consideration tended to be wasting valuable resources (Al–Shadiadeh, 2007). Therefore, there is a need to determine the capacity building needs of artisanal fisherfolks in North Central, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to: 1. identify the socio-economic characteristics of respondents. 2. identify the sources of information of the respondents on fishing practices in the study area. 3. d ‟ level on improved fishing practices in the study area. 4. assess the skills of the fisherfolks that requires capacity building in the study area. 5. Identify the constraints affecting the fisherfolks in the study area. Hypothesis of the Study Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the knowledge of fishing practices of the respondents and their capacity building needs. Methodology The research work was carried out in Kogi and Kwara States, North Central, Nigeria. The sampling frame for this study consists of all the fisherfolks in North Central, Nigeria. A Four - stage sampling techniques were used to select the respondents for the study. The first stage involved a purposive sampling of Kogi and Kwara States as the two states are alone on the River Niger Bank. The second stage involved a purposive sampling of three (3) fishing local government areas (LGA)s in Kogi State and two (2) fishing LGAs in Kwara State along with the Bank of the River Niger where there were fisherfolks. The selected LGAs in Kwara State were Patigi and Edu while the selected LGAs in Kogi State were Lokoja, Idah and Kogi LGAs. The Third stage involved the random selection of 5 fishing communities from each selected local government areas in Kwara and Kogi States, Nigeria. The fourth stage involved a random selection of 20 artisanal fishers from each fishing community from the list of registered Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 76 artisanal fisherfolks with the Fishery Department under the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources in kwara and Kogi States respectively. To determine the knowledge level of the respondents, 22 knowledge statements were provided on a Yes and No scale, where Yes=1 and No =0. The Respondents with a knowledge score of ≤ 33 % (1-33%) were categorized as having a Low Knowledge Level, a Medium Knowledge Area score range is between 34- 66 % and those that have a Knowledge score range of between 67-100% were categorized as High Knowledge Level. To investigate the skills of artisanal fishers in the study area, the FAO Model of Needs Determination was used through job analysis by ascertaining the Frequency of performance, Importance of tasks and Difficulties faced when performing the fishing tasks. Frequency of performance was measured on a 4-point Likert type scale of occasionally, weekly to monthly, daily to weekly and daily and scores of 1, 2, 3 and 4 were assigned, respectively. The Importance of fishing practices was measured on a 3- ≥point Likert type scale of slightly important, moderately important, and extremely important with scores of 1, 2 and 3. Difficulty in performing the fishing tasks were measured as easy, moderately difficult, very difficult and extremely difficult with scores of 1, 2, 3 and 4. All the scores were pooled and means standardized. Thereafter, all practices with means score above 5.95 were a practice or task where capacity building is required. Data were analysed using frequencies, mean, percentages and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Results and Discussion The First Objective: Ascertain the Socio- economic Characteristics of Respondents Table 2. The Result of Socio-economic Characteristics of the Respondents Socio-economic Characteristics Frequency Percentage Mean Score S.D Gender Male 484 99.2 Female 4 0.8 Age (Year) 43.9 Years ±10.5 20 -30 73 14.9 31- 40 118 24.2 41– 50 137 28.1 51– 60 113 23.2 61-70 41 8.4 ≥ 70 6 1.2 Marital Status Single 33 6.8 Married 424 86.9 Separated 17 3.5 Widowed 14 2.87 Educational Status No formal 190 38.9 Primary 180 36.9 Secondary 79 16.2 Tertiary 39 8.0 Membership of Association Yes 169 34.6 No 319 65.4 Contact with Extension Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 77 Service Yes 148 30.3 No 340 69.7 Other Supportive Occupation Farming 263 53.9 Trading 111 22.8 Artisans 48 9.8 Others 66 13.5 Household size 6 Persons ±4.2 Below 5 205 42.1 5 – 10 232 47.5 Above 10 51 10.4 Years of Fishing Experience 24.3 Years ±10.9 Below 10 69 14.1 11 – 20 133 27.3 21 – 30 142 29.1 Above 30 144 29.5 Monthly Income 51,702 Naira ±31477 Below 20,000 93 19.1 20,000-40,000 136 27.9 41,000- 60,000 121 24.7 61,000- 80,000 72 14.8 Above 80,000 66 13.5 Quantity of Catch per Day (KG) 17.9 Kg ±15.4 Below 5 105 21.5 5- 10 166 34.0 11- 20 133 27.3 21 – 30 39 8.0 31 – 40 37 7.6 Above 40 8 1.6 Number fishing trips per Day 2 Trips ±0.6 One trip 206 42.2 Two trips 252 51.6 Three trips 28 5.8 Four trips 2 0.4 Craft Type Use of Boats with Engine 15 3.1 Use of Boats without Engine 130 26.6 Use of Dugout/Plank Canoe 303 62.1 Use of Gourds 40 8.2 Source: Field Survey (2019), S.D – Standard Deviation. The result in Table 2 revealed that the majority of the respondents (99.2 %) were males while 0.8% were females. The artisanal fishing being dominated by males might be attributed to the fact that fishing activities are strenuous in nature. The result in Table 2 revealed that 43.9 years was the mean age of the fisherfolks. The implication Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 78 of this result is that the fisherfolks were within the economically active age bracket. The result suggested that artisanal fishery tasks require much energy and vigor. The result presented in Table 2 showed that about 86.9% of the respondents were married. Marriage can be used to assess the level of responsibility in society. The result presented in Table 2 showed that 38.9 % of the respondents had no formal education, 36.9 % of the respondents had primary education, 16.2 % had secondary education and 8.0 % of the respondents had tertiary education. This implies that 61.1% of the fisherfolks have formal education. The result presented in Table 2 further revealed that about 65.4 % were not members of any fishing association. Membership of a fishing association is an important source of social capital which could be used to enhance the fishers‟ access to resources and productivity. This result is in agreement with the findings of Ifabiyi et. al., (2014) that reported that farmers participation in social networks links them to resources like credits, inputs and farmland. The presented result in Table 2 revealed that a higher percentage (69.7 %) of the fishers had no contact with extension services. This implies that there is inadequate access to extension services. About 53.9 % of the fishers were farmers. This implies that farming is the main supportive occupation of fisherfolks. The result as presented in Table 2 showed that the mean household size of the fishers was 6 persons. The household size might have an impact on fishing activities as family members could be involved in fishing tasks. The mean years of fishing experience was 24.3 years. The implies that the fisherfolks have wealth of experience in artisanal fishing practices. This result is in agreement with the findings of Adisa et al., (2021) who reported that the average age of the fisherfolks in Kogi state was 24 years. The average monthly income of the fisherfolks was 51,702 Naira. This is more than the present national minimum wage of 30,000 Naira in Nigeria. This infers that artisanal fishing is a viable source of livelihood. The result presented in Table 2 showed that the ‟ mean quantity of catch per day was 17.9 kg. The mean number of fishing trips per day was 2 trips. This could be due to the stressful nature of fishing. Table 2 showed that about 62.1 % of the fisherfolks utilized canoe for fishing activities. This implies that the majority of fisherfolks uses locally fabricated crafts. This infers that locally fabricated canoe is readily available and inexpensive. The Second Objective: Identify the sources of information of the respondents on fishing practices in the Study Area. Figure 1. Distribution of Respondents according to their Sources of Information Source: Field Survey (2019), Note: Multiple responses were allowed Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 79 The result as presented in Figure 1 revealed that around 65.2 % of the fisherfolks got information on their fishing practices through the use of radio and 55.9% of the respondents got information on fishing practices through Television and 52.9 % of the respondents got information from their neighbours and friends. This denotes that radio and television are the most important sources of information to the fisherfolks in the study area. The Third Objective: Determine the ‟ l on improved fishing practices in the study area Figure 2. Distribution of Respondents based on their Knowledge Level on Improved Fishing Practices, Source: Field Survey (2019) The result in Figure 2 showed that about 47.33 % of the fisherfolks had a high knowledge level on Improved fishing practices, 41.8 had a medium knowledge level on improved fishing practices and about 10.8 % of the respondents had a low knowledge level. This result implies that a higher percentage of the fisherfolks still requires training on improved fishing practices in the study area. This is important so as to enhance their knowledge on improved fishing practices The Fourth Objective: Assess the Skills of the Fisherfolks that requires Capacity Building in the Study Area Table 3. Distribution of Respondents based on their Capacity Building Needs (N= 488) Fishing Tasks Frequency of Performance Level of Import ance Level of Difficulty Aggregate Score Remark If Capacity building Is Needed 1. Identification and sorting of fish 2.44 1.95 1.32 5.72 Not Needed 2. Handling and transportation of captured fish from the landing site 2.74 2.59 1.26 6.59 Needed 3. Use and repair of nets, cage and traps 1.72 2.16 2.41 6.29 Needed 4. Use and maintenance of multiple hooks on a line 2.42 2.78 1.51 6.71 Needed 5. Canoe use and 2.31 2.57 1.86 6.74 Needed Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 80 maintenance 6. Icing of fish 1.46 1.28 1.46 4.2 Not Needed 7. Outboard engine use and repairs 1.30 1.47 2.17 4.94 Not Needed 8. Rescue, resuscitation and safety skill 1.25 1.68 2.08 5.01 Not Needed 9. Use of chorkor smoker 2.32 2.53 1.83 6.68 Needed 10. Drying of fish 1.91 1.97 1.24 5.12 Not Needed 11. Salting of fish 2.12 2.09 1.38 5.59 Not Needed 12. Branding/packaging of processed fish 1.65 1.65 2.02 5.32 Not Needed 13. Management of storage pest 1.49 1.78 1.84 5.11 Not Needed 14. Fish marketing and distribution 2.52 2.04 2.09 6.65 Needed 15. Record keeping 1.63 1.99 2.88 5.5 Not Needed 16. Credit Acquisition 1.62 1.78 2.52 5.92 Needed 17. Maintaining personal and environmental health hygiene 2.29 2.21 1.5 6.0 Needed 18. Local weather forecasting 2.09 1.98 2.25 6.32 Needed Threshold score 5.80 Source: Field Survey (2019), Decision Rule: T ≥ - Needs Capacity B T ≤ - Capacity building Not Needed. The result presented in Table 3 revealed that the respondents requires capacity building in the following tasks: handling and transportation of captured fish ( ̅=6.59), use and repair of nets, cages and traps (mean=6.29), use and maintenance of multiple hook on a line ( ̅=6.71), canoe use and maintenance ( ̅=6.74), use of chorkor smoker ( ̅=6.68), fish marketing and distribution ( ̅=6.65), credit acquisition ( ̅=5.92), maintaining personal and environmental health hygiene ( ̅=6.0) and local weather forecasting ( ̅=6.32). This result indicates the need for the provision of training as the absence of competencies in the identified areas will limit the capacity of the fisherfolks. This study is similar to the findings of Ogunremi, (2016), Asa and Inyang (2016); Okwu, et al., (2011); Asa et al., (2008) and Samson (2006) who reported that fisherfolks needs training on survival measures and safety strategies, water surveying, proper launching of boat, landing methods, fishing regulation, use and maintenance of gears, boats and other machineries, fish harvesting, preservation and smoking methods, marketing, cooperative society management and access to credit. Olowoniyan et al., (1998), also reported that artisanal fisherfolks needs training on fish handling and transportation as poor handling and transportation are some of the factors responsible for flesh fish deterioration and short shelf-life. Fisherfolks should be encouraged to attend training programme so as to get up to-date information on fishing practices. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 81 Furthermore, this study is in line with the study of Quagrainie and Chu, (2019) that stated ‟ building on marketing system and price negotiation skills, improved fish processing techniques, fishing gear and craft maintenance skills and credit acquisition skills. Fifth Objective: Identify the Constraints affecting the Fisherfolks in the Study Area Table 4. Mean Distribution of Constructs used to determine Constraints Faced by Fisherfolks Constraints Mean Std. dev Rank Remark 1.Lack of readily available market 1.37 ±0.59 16 Minor 2. Inadequate technical skills 2.00 ±0.56 10 Major 3. Poor access roads 2.01 ±0.66 9 Major 4. Health risks/hazards 2.46 ±0.73 5 Major 5. Tear and wear of Fishing gears. 1.75 ±0.77 12 Minor 6. High tax charges 2.34 ±0.69 7 Major 7. High rate of illiteracy 2.37 ±0.75 6 Major 8. High cost of fishing inputs 2.72 ±0.51 1 Major 9. Lack of storage facilities 2.70 ±0.55 3 Major 10. Inadequate access to credit facilities 2.72 ±0.54 1 Major 11.Inadequate access to extension services 2.49 ±0.73 4 Major 12. Flooding/Tide and harsh water current 2.09 ±0.92 8 Major 13. Drought / Drying up of river during dry season 1.95 ±0.89 11 Minor 14. Problem of middle men 1.62 ±0.61 13 Minor 15. Risk of Theft 1.41 ±0.63 15 Minor 16. Seasonality of fish harvest 1.62 ±0.59 13 Minor S : A ‟ F S (2019). Note: Likert scale: Very severe = 3, Severe= 2, Not a Constraint = 1, Bench mark for Constraint is mean score = 2.00. Decision : M ≥ M j C M ≤ M C The result in Table 4 revealed that the major constraints were high cost of fishing inputs and inadequate access to credit facilities ( ̅=2.72), lack of storage equipment ( ̅=2.70), inadequate access to extension services ( ̅=2.49), health risks ( ̅=2.46), high rate of illiteracy ( ̅=2.37), high tax charges ( ̅=2.34), flooding, tide and harsh water current ( ̅=2.09), poor access roads ( ̅=2.01) and inadequate technical skills ( ̅=2.00). High cost of fishing inputs and inadequate access to credit would limit their fishing capacity. This concurred with the results of Onomolease and Oriakhi (2011) that stated that fisherfolks in Delta State, Nigeria were constrained by high cost of fishing inputs and inadequate capital. Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the knowledge of fishing practices of the fisherfolks and their capacity building needs. Table 5. Result of Pearson Product Moment Correlation between the knowledge Level of the Respondents and their Capacity Buildings Needs Variable r Value p Value Remark Knowledge Level and Capacity Building Needs -0.258 ** 0.001 Significant Note: ** Significant at 1%. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 82 The result presented in Table 5 revealed that there is an inverse relationship between ‟ level and their capacity building needs (r= -0.258; p= 0.001) at 1 percent level of significance. The implication of this result is that an increase ‟ level will lead to a decrease in their capacity building needs. The attainment of more knowledge through training will enhance their fishing skills and bring about positive changes in their attitudes. Conclusion This study therefore concluded that fisherfolks requires capacity building on handling and transportation of captured fish, use and repair of nets, cages and traps, use and maintenance of multiple hook on a line, canoe use and maintenance, use of chorkor smoker, fish marketing and distribution, credit acquisition, maintaining personal and environmental health hygiene and local weather forecasting. The Higher percentage of the fisherfolks has low to medium knowledge level on improved fishing practices in the study area. Radio and Television is the most important source of information to the fisherfolks in the study area. The High cost of inputs and inadequate access to credit facilities were the most severe constraint affecting artisanal fisherfolks in the North Central, Nigeria. The following recommendations were made; 1. Extension organizations should train the fishers in the identified areas of capacity building needs. 2. Extension service deliveries to the fisherfolks should be more frequent and effectives. 3. Government and Non-governmental agencies concerned with artisanal fisheries should work hard to minimise the constraints affecting artisanal fishing practices by assisting the fisherfolks to enhance their productivity through the provisions of credit facilities and fishing inputs. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We thank everyone who cooperated with us in completing the research. References Adisa, R.S. (2011). Management of farmer- herdsmen conflicts in Nigeria: Implications for collaboration between agricultural extension service and other stakeholders. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 18 (1), 60-72. Adisa, R.S., Ifabiyi J.O., Gbenga, O. (2021). Determinants of Capacity Building Needs of Artisanal Fishers in Kogi State, Nigeria. J. Asian Rur. Stud. 5(1): 78-89. Al–Shadiadeh, A. N. H. (2007). Descriptive study of the training needs for men and women farmers in semi desert areas a case study of South Jordan. World Applied Sciences Journal 2 (1), 12-21. Asa U.A and Inyang, N. D. (2016). Training Needs of Rural Fisherfolks: A Case study of Itu Area of AkwaIbom State, Nigeria. European Journal of Training and Development Studies 3 (1), 35-42. Asa, U. A., Etim, N. A., Edet, G. E., Uwem, C. A. and Friday I. V. (2008). Assesment of the Training Needs of Fisherfolks in Eket and Ibeno Local Government Areas of Akwa-Ibom State. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production (NSAP) held at Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria. March 16th – 20th 2008. pp 264 -265 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 83 Bene, C., Barange, M., Subasinghe, R., Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Merino, G., Hemre, G.I. and Williams, M. (2015). Feeding 9 billion by 2050–putting fish back on the menu. Food Security, 7 (2), 261–274. FAO. (2008). Fisheries management. 3. Managing fishing capacity. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. No. 4, Suppl. 3. 104p. Rome, Italy. FAO. (2016). Fisheries in the Drylands of Sub-Sahara Africa- “F ” B R fisheries-dependent livelihoods to enhance food security and nutrition in the drylands, by Jeppe Kolding, Paul van Zwieten, Felix Marttin and Florence Poulain. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1118, Italy. FAO. (2018). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 – Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Rome, Italy. FAO. (2022). The Nigerian Agriculture at a Glance. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available online at https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in- nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ Gibson, D., and Sumaila U.R. (2017). “D D „S - ‟ F ries in British C E ” Marine Policy (in press). Hornby, A.S. (2006). Oxford Advanced L ‟ D C English 5 th Ed London University Press. Ifabiyi, J. O., (2019). Capacity Building Needs of Fisherfolks in Kogi and Kwara State, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Ifabiyi, J. O., Banjoko I.K. and Komolafe S. E. (2017). Assessment of the Training Needs of Artisanal Fis ‟ A Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Rural Extension and Development Vol. 11. Ifabiyi, J. O., Adesiji, G.B., Komolafe, S.E. and Ajibola, B.O. (2014). Irrigation Farmers Motivation for Participating in Social Networking in North Central Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management 7(5): 572 – 580. NBS. (2019). National Bureau of Statistics, Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report (Q4 and full year 2019). Nigerian Bureau of Statistics. Abuja, Nigeria. February 2019. Ogunremi, J. O. (2016). Awareness, training needs and constraints on fishing technologies among small scale fishermen in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science; 8 (6), 15-20. Okwu, O.J., Yahaya M.A. and Obinne C. P. O. (2011). Analysis of Artisanal Fisher Folk Information Needs and Accessibility in Benue State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3 (5), 408-413 Olaitan, S.O., Alanbe, M.O., and Nwobu, V.I. (2009). Capacity Building Needs of Teachers of Agriculture for Effective Teaching in Basic Schools in Abia State; A paper presented at the Annual conference of Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Olaoye, O. J., and Oloruntoba, A. (2011). Determinants of aquaculture technologies adoption among fish farmers in Obafemi-Owode Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Humanities, Social Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 14(1), 2022: 73-84 84 Sciences and Creative Arts 5 (1), 37- 48. Olowoniyan, F.O., Bolorunduro P.I, Dikko H. and Chindo H. (2013). Preparation, Processing and Utilization of Fish Products. Extension Bulletin No 99, Home Economics Series no 8. NAERLS, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. Onomolease E. A. and Oriakhi H. O. (2011). Prospects and constraints of artisanal fishing in selected communities in Delta State, Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2 (6):55-61 Onuoha, G. C. (2009). Fundamental principles of fisheries science. New Edition Digital Press, Umuahia. 164p. Owona, N. P. A, Nyaka, N. A., Ehabe, E. E., Chambon-Poveda, B. and Bruneau, J. C. (2010). Assessment of training needs of rubber farmers in the south- west region of Cameroon. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5(17), 23-31 Quagrainie, K. K, and Chu, J. (2019). Determinants of Catch Sales in Ghanaian Artisanal Fisheries. Sustainability 11, 298. Raji, A., Okaeme, A.N., Omorinkoba, W. and Bwala, R.L. (2012). Illegal Fishing of Inland Water Bodies of Nigeria: Kainji Experience. Continental J. Fisheries and Aquatic Science 6 (1): 47 - 58, Retrieved from http://www.wiloludjournal.com Samson, A. (2006). Production and Market Information Strategy for Fisheries Production: A Case Study of Fisher Folk Cooperatives in Ondo State Coastal Communities. University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Sumaila, U. R. (2017). Small-Scale Fisheries and Subsidies Disciplines: Definitions, Catches, Revenues, and Subsidies. Information Note. Geneva International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). Youdeowei A. and Kwarteng J. (2006). Tools kit for the production of Agricultural Extension materials, Guide book. Wageningen, The Netherlands: 50. http://www.wiloludjournal.com/