Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain 25 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ EFFECT OF DIALLEL CROSS BETWEEN VARIETIES OF JAPANES QUAIL ON MEAT PRODUCTION TRAITS Khalid Hamid Hassan1 Israa Abood Hussain Dept. of Animal Production, College of Agric., University of Diyala, Iraq. 1 Corresponding author: hassan29875@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This study was conducted in poultry house - Animal production Department- College of Agriculture/ University of Diyala, for the period from 3/7 until 30/10/2015. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of diallel cross (3×3) between japanese quail varieties (Coturnix coturnix japonica), white (W), black (B) and brown (N) on meat production traits, estimation the main effects of sire and dam, effect of interaction between sire and dam, general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), reciprocal effect (RES), heterosis and maternal effect on body weight, weight gain, food consumption and feed conversion. The results showed significant effect of sire main effect on body weight during six and seven weeks of age, the superiority of black variety sire main effect compared with the white variety sire main effect, and nonsignificant of dam variety main effect on body weight at all weeks of age. The interaction between variety of sire and dam showed a superiority of cross (B×N) on cross of white purebred and some crossbred and reciprocal on body weight at 3 and 7 week .The results showed the important of additive genes effects in black and brown varieties, the important of dominant effect in the hybrid (white× brown) compared with the other hybrids in body weight traits when cross male white variety with female brown variety, reciprocal effect showed nonsignificant differences in body weight at all weeks. The result of cumulative traits showed nonsignificant differences between all crosses in cumulative food consumption, cumulative feed conversation and significant differences in cumulative weight gain. Hence the cross (B×N) had high weight gain compared with white purebred and some reciprocal crosses. Black and brown varieties showed superiority on white variety in GCA in cumulative weight gain. The hybrid (black × brown) had less SCA compared with the other hybrids. Reciprocal crosses showed nonsignificant differences in all cumulative traits. Key words: Diallel Cross, Combining ability, Maternal effect, Heterosis, Japanese quail. Received: 25/9/2016 Accepted: 2/2/2017 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain 25 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ INTRODUCTION The poultry breeding program depends on genetic selection and mating systems ( Hassan,2011; Adebambo, 2011). The term Diallel refers to perform all possible crosses between lines, breeds, varieties or genotypes. Hayman (1954) defined the term to refer to all possible matings between genotypes, and represent one of the mating systems that used to test the combining ability of the line or breed and the genetic components of quantitative traits. So, the diallel cross used to provide information about the available lines or breeds for construction the breeding program. Siwendu et al., (2012) reported that diallel cross represents out breeding system led to increase heterozygous genotype frequencies and decrease the homozygous genotype frequencies. Many studies reported that diallel cross can be used to build a wide genetic foundation for the poultry industry to rise new lines or superior hybrids by crossing between different breeds (Lalev et al., 2014; Saadey et al., 2008; Amin, 2007). The reciprocal crosses that used in a diallel cross provide the chance to estimate the deviations between the offspring of different crosses which result from sex- linked traits, maternal effects and the heterosis (Siwendu et al., 2013; Youssef et al., 2008). The major source for poultry meat production in Iraq and most countries in the world is the chicken, but in the last decades, there is more attention considered for other poultry species especially Japanese quail to contribute in meat and egg production. Although Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is the smallest poultry species, but adopted and reared as a source of animal protein in many countries, hence they are reared primarily for meat production in European and American Countries (Minvielle, 2004). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted at the poultry house of Animal production Dept., College of Agriculture– Univ. Of Diyala in Iraq, during Summer season (3rd July to October 30, 2015), which represent the hottest period in the year. The diallel cross of three varieties was performed, namely White (W), Black (B), and Brown (N) including nine crosses of W×W, B×B, N×N, B×W, N×W, N×B, W×B, W×N and B×N and the data were recorded for the studied traits in the groups of progeny which result from the crosses during the first seven weeks including: Body weight, Food consumption, weight gain, food conversion. All the groups reared in the same conditions of management and hygienic care. During the brooding and rearing periods, the birds were fed ad libitum using starter ration (24 % crude protein and 2896 kcal metabolic energy from hatching http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain 25 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ to 42 days of age, and following by grower diet (20 % crude protein and 2876 kcal metabolic energy from 43 days until the end of the seven weeks). The data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure according to the following linear model: Yijk = µ + Pk + Si + Dj + (SD)ij + εijk Where, Yijk = the kth observation of the bird which result from ith sire and jth dam. µ = overall mean, Pk = the effect of kth block, Si = the fixed effect of ith sire, Dj = the fixed effect of jth dam, (SD)ij = the fixed effect of interaction between ith sire and jth dam, and εijk = the random error. The differences among means considered to be significant at probability level 0.05 according to Duncans multiple range test (Duncan, 1955). The values of general combining ability (GCA) for pure varieties W, B and N were calculated as means (Griffing, 1956), and the specific combining ability was calculated according to the following formula: Sij = (1/2) (Yij. + Yji.) – (1/2p) (Yi..+Y.j.+Yj..+Y.j.) + (1/p2)Y… And the reciprocal effect, according to the following formula: rij =1/2(Yij - Yji) Heterosis was calculated according to William et al., (2002) by the formula: 100 ×P1+P2)/(P1+P2)/2) ـF1= H(%) The maternal effect calculated according to Amin (2015). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The means ± standard error which are presented in Table 1 showed significant differences among progeny means of different variety sires in body weight during second, six and seven weeks of age, hence the black variety has significantly heaveier body weight compared with white variety, while there were no significant differences among brown variety and other varieties. There were no significant differences among progeny means of different varieties used as a dam in all experimental periods. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain 22 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Table 1. Means of body weight (g) in main effect of sire and dam in diallel cross between quail varieties Main effect of Sire Age of birds ( week ) One day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 White 4355 52342 57.18b 255322 255345 244324 193.03 b 200.66 b Black 43.5 5.32. 59.36a 25.351 255355 245341 197.25 a 205.30 a Brown 4325 5.355 60.11a 255344 255314 245345 193.79ab 204.01ab Significance N.S N.S ** N.S N.S N.S * * Main effect of Dam Age of birds (week) One day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 White 4352 52352 24344 255325 251352 24.312 215355 555315 Black 4321 5.351 24345 255342 252355 245352 2123.5 555345 Brown 4351 5.3.5 21321 2523.5 252312 245355 21.325 555354 Significance N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S Means with different letters significantly differ from each other at P<0.05. *Refer to significant effect ( P<0.05 ) in ANOVA Table. ** Refer to highly significant effect ( P<0.01 ) in ANOVA Table. The Table 2 shows the means of interaction between sire and dam effects on body weight, the results recorded heavier body weights of black and brown purebreds than white purebred during the periods 3 and 7 weeks of age, and there was significant superiorty of body weight of purebred black variety compared with reciprocal cross (N × B) during three weeks of age, while the superiorty of purebred black variety recorded on (W × B), (B × N), (N × W) and (N × B) crosses at seven week of age, these results did not agree with Musa et al. (2015) who reported superiorty of reciprocal crosses on hybrid crosses in his diallel cross in chicken, and also did not agree with Rezvannejad et al. (2013) who reported superiorty of reciprocal crosses on purebred crosses and hybrid crosses during all age periods in his crosses between high body weight and low body weight lines in Japanese quail, while the results agreed with the results which reported by Abou Khadiga (2014). http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain 2. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Table 2. Means of body weight (g) of pure lines, hybrid crosses and reciprocal at various ages in diallele cross of three Japanese varieties Estimates of GCA, SCA and reciprocal effects (REs) are presented in the Table 3, the results show positive and significant GCA of black and brown varieties at all weeks during 6 and 7 weeks of age, while the white variety recorded negative GCA measurements in all week. In the same Table the results show significant SCA on body weight measurements during the third week of age, and there were no significant effects of reciprocal crosses during all week of experiment, the results agree with Saadey et al. (2008) about the significant GCA which result of the diallel cross of chicken breeds on body weight at different ages, while not agree with Nofal (2006) who recorded non significant GCA from crosses between two lines of quail. And the results did not agree with Khalil et al. (1999) whom recorded significant sex-linked effects on body weight appeared from reciprocal crosses between two breeds of chicken. Genotypes Pure Lines Age of birds ( week ) One day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 W × W 435. 5534. 56.11 b 99.04 bc 2543.2 172.96 b 241312 197.34 c B × B 4344 5.345 59.34 ab 110.61 a 225354 186.78 a 555342 211.39 a N × N 4324 5.315 60.51 a 107.61 ab 251355 185.25 a 211355 208.26 ab Crosses W × B 4355 5231. 57.91 ab 106.61 ab 255355 178.54 ab 215351 200.86 bc W × N 4355 5.3.5 57.53 ab 104.89 abc 25.35. 181.20 ab 212354 203.79abc B × N 435. 5.351 59.52 ab 104.19 abc 252342 180.56 ab 215325 201.94 bc Reciprocal B × W 43.. 52355 59.23 ab 104.37 abc 251312 181.34 ab 21.352 203.41abc N × W 4351 52355 61.28 a 104.80 abc 2513.5 176.52 ab 21532. 201.94 bc N × B 43.1 5.345 58.55 ab 96.91 c 255315 180.72 ab 215351 201.82 bc Significance N.S N.S N.S * N.S N.S N.S * http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain 24 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Table 3: General combining ability ( GCA), Specific combining ability(SCA) and Reciprocal effect of body weight in diallel cross of quail varieties Heterosis estimates for body weight is found in Table 4, the results show non-significant heterosis on body weight at all week measurements axcept measurements of sixth week which recorded significant superiority of reciprocal cross (B × W) on (B × N) and (N× B), these results not agree with Vali et al. (2005), and agree with Shit et al. (2010) whom found significant superiority of hybrid crosses on reciprocal crosses in heterosis in diallel cross of three lines of Japanese quail. The maternal effects presented in Table 4, the results revealed significant differences among varieties in maternal effects at second week of age, hence there are significant superiorty of black and brown varieties on white variety, while during sixth week of age there are superiority of white and black varieties on brown variety, the results agree with Saadey et al. (2008) whom recorded significant maternal effects on body weight during all ages of diallel cross combinations, but the results not agree with Sezer (2007) who reported Combining Ability GCA Age of birds (week ) One day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 White -5325. -53.5. -5315. -23525 -5322 -53242 2.003 - 2.542 - Black 53224 535.2 53221 23515 23251 53555 23452 23.4 Brown 53551 535.2 34445 -5355 23542 23225 53545 53442 LSD N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S 232. 23444 Crosses W × B -53552 -535.4 53555 23215 -53455 53..4 53145 -53524 W × N -53522 5355 5321 23255 53.52 53525 -53245 23525 B × N 5355. -5325 -5321 -53121 -53425 -531.4 -53245 -5.535 LSD N.S N.S N.S 53551 N.S N.S 535.4 53425 Reciprocal B × W 53225 -53554 53.24 -23255 -23252 23554 2355 23542 N × W -53545 -53424 23445 -53552 -5355 -53554 -535. -53152 N × B 53225 53224 -53545 -53.55 53252 53545 -23544 535.5 LSD N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain 24 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ that differences in body weight may be related to maternal effects but loss its significance after the second week of age. Table 4. Heterosis and Maternal effect on body weight in diallel cross of quail varieties The study of the accumulative traits includes food consumption, weight gain and feed conversion after the six weeks period which is shown in Table 5, represented the means and standard error for these traits, the results show non- significant differences between groups in respect of the sire main effect or dam main effect. Heterosis Crosses Age of birds ( week ) One day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 W × B -534 532. 532. 52324 -5315 0.73 - 3.08 - ab 1.69 - W × N 5354 5345 -2351 2325 2340 235. 3.77- ab 5322 B × N -5351 -535. -53.5 -5354 -5345 5355 7.22 - b 4.10 - Reciprocal B × W 23.5 -2315 5315 -5355 -1435 5342 2.12 - a 0.47 - N × W -2354 -5341 2354 5315 2322 1.27 - 6.01 - ab 0.42 - N × B 5354 -5322 -5232 -22354 -5325 -5341 8.56 - c 3.84 - Significance N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S * N.S Maternal Effect White 5355 0.12 - 1.80- b 2534. 24.70 a 5321 1.72 a 0.48 - Black 0.06 - 0.44 - 0.33- a 25352 14.08 b 0.45 - 10.24 a 5355 Brown 0.10 - 0.48 - 0.58 a 53.5 0.95 c 1.18 - 8.56 - c 5315 Significance N.S N.S * N.S ** N.S ** N.S http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain 21 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Table 5. Mean ± standard error of food consumption (g), weight gain (g) and feed conversion in main effect of sire and dam in diallel cross between quail varieties Main effect of Sire Food Consumption (g) Weight Gain (g) Feed Conversion White 144345 ±± 54324 24531. ±± 2355 2355 ±± 5325 Black 2525344 ±± 54344 2423.5 ±± 232. 235. ±± 5324 Brown 142345 ±± 513.. 244321 ±± 2315 2351 ±± 5324 Significance N.S N.S N.S Main effect of Dam Food Consumption(g) Weight Gain (g) Feed Conversion White 145352 ±± 55355 245342 ±± 2324 2355 ±± 5355 Black 2555325 ±± 5.345 244355 ±± 2345 235. ±± 5324 Brown 2555325 ±± 55352 244355 ±± 2354 2321 ±± 5324 Significance N.S N.S N.S For the interaction effect of sire and dam on the same trait, Table 6 represente the means and standard error for these traits, the results revealed non significant differences between groups on accumulative food consumption and feed conversion during first six weeks of age, this results did not agree with Inci et al. (2015) whom recorded feed conversion 3.5, food consumption 727.3 g and weight gain 205.6 g in white variety of quail. Also, the results record significant differences among crosses in weight gain after six week period, hence there was significant superiority of black and brown purebred on white purebred, (N × W) and (N × B), this results agree with Khalid and Ali (2016) whom recorded superiority of black and brown varieties on white variety in weight gain after six weeks period. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain .5 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Table 6. Mean ± standard error of food consumption (g), weight gain (g) and feed conversion in different combinations of diallel cross of quail varieties Means with different letters significantly differ from each other at P<0.05. *Refer to significant effect ( P<0.05) in ANOVA Table. Estimates of GCA, SCA and reciprocal effects (REs) for the accumulative traits of food consumption, weight gain and feed conversion after six weeks period are presented in the Table 7, the results show nonsignificant effects of GCA, SCA and REs on food consumption and feed conversion, this results not agree with Adebambo (2011) who reported a significant effect of additive genes and dominant genes on feed conversion result from diallel cross in four breeds of chicken. While there are significant effects of GCA on weight gain which refer to the important role of additive genes in black and brown varieties for this trait. Genotypes Pure Lines Food Consumption (g) Weight Gain (g) Feed Conversion W × W 15134. ±± 4.34. 181.63 ±± 2.64 b 2325 ±± 535. B × B 2552311 ±± 44355 191.94 ±± 2.75 a 2355 ±± 5355 N × N 2554342 ±± 55324 191.75 ±± 3.24 a 2355 ±± 5351 Crosses W × B 2554354 ±± 2.3.4 186.06 ±± 2.82 ab 2355 ±± 5355 W × N 2554315 ±± 2.3.5 187.18 ±± 0.99 ab 2351 ±± 5355 B × N 155325 ±± 24355 186.07 ±± 1.51 ab 2354 ±± 5325 Reciprocal B × W 2555314 ±± 44344 187.76 ±± 3.17 ab 2322 ±± 5354 N × W 145321 ±± 25345 182.02 ±± 0.97 b 2355 ±± 5355 N × B 124321 ±± 45355 183.08 ±± 2.14 b 2355 ±± 5355 Significance N.S * N.S http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain .2 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Table 7. General combining ability (GCA), Specific combining ability (SCA) and Receprocal effect of Food consumption (g), weight gain (g) and Feed conversion in diallel cross of quail varieties Means with different letters significantly differ from each other at P<0.05. *Refer to significant effect ( P<0.05) in ANOVA Table. Heterosis estimates for the accumulative traits of food consumption, weight gain and feed conversion after six weeks period are presented in the Table 8, the results showed nonsignificant differences in heterosis among hybrid crosses and reciprocal crosses in food consumption and feed conversion, while there were significant differences among crosses in weight gain, hence there was significant superiorty of hybrid cross (W×N) compared with reciprocal cross (N×B), this result did not agree with Abou El–Ghar (2006) who reported significant differences among hybrid and reciprocal crosses in weight gain. C.A. GCA Food Consumption (g) Weight Gain (g) Feed Conversion White (W) 6.46 - 2.01 - 5352 Black(B) 25344 2355 5355 Brown(N) 8.40 - 5321 0.03 - LSD N.S 232. N.S SCA W × B 52314 23222 5325 W × N 55354 0.37 - 5322 B × N 46.38 - 3.82 - 0.17 - LSD N.S 535. N.S Reciprocal B × W 24342 5342 5354 N × W 28.87 - 2.58 - 0.08 - N × B .35. 1.50 - 5354 LSD N.S 5352 N.S http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain .5 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Table 8: Heterosis and maternal effect on food consumption (g), weight gain (g) and feed conversion in diallel cross of quail varieties Means with different letters significantly differ from each other at P<0.05. *Refer to significant effect ( P<0.05) in ANOVA Table. REFERENCES Abou Khadiga, G., Y. Bothaina, F. Mahmoud and A. E. Ensaf. 2014. 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Pp: 1637–1642. صفات انتاج اللحم فيتأثير التضريب التبادلي بين عروق السمان الياباني إسراء عبود حسين 1 خالد حامد حسن 3 ، العراقعة ديالىجام -كلية الزراعة -قسم االنتاج الحيواني hassan29875@yahoo.comالمسؤول عن النشر: 1 المستخلص جامعة /كلية الزراعة /قسم االنتاج الحيوانيالتابع الى الدراسة في حقل الطيور الداجنةجريت ا التجربة دراسة تأثير التضريب التبادلي الكامل واستهدفت، /2015 30 /10ولغاية 7/3للمدة من ديالى Diallel Cross (3××3) بين عروق السمان اليابانيCoturnix coturnix japonica االبيض W، تأثير ووتقدير التأثيرات الرئيسية لعرق االب وعرق االم، الصفات االنتاجية في NوالبنيB االسود و التأثير العكسي، والخاصة، القدرة التوافقيةو القدرة التوافقية العامة،والتداخل بين عرق االب وعرق االم، معدل إستهالك العلف، ومعدل الزيادة الوزنية، وقوة الهجين والتأثيرات االمية في صفات وزن الجسم، و كفاءة التحويل الغذائي التراكمية3 أظهرت النتائج وجود تأثير معنوي لعرق االب في وزن الجسم و إذ تفوق عرق االب االسود معنوياً على العرق االبيض، ويالحظ ، أسابيع 6،7،8 أعمارللتضريبات عند وأظهر تأثير التداخل بين عرق االب وعرق االم ،عدم وجود تأثيرمعنوي لعرق االم في جميع االعمار تفوق التضريب النقي للعرق االسود والبني على التضريب النقي للعرق االبيض وبعض التضريبات وأظهرت نتائج القدرة التوافقية أهمية الجينات ،أسابيع 7و 3الجسم عند أعمار في وزن الهجينة والعكسية http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(Special Issue): 52-65, 2017 Hassan & Hussain .2 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ ، وأهمية الجينات السيادية للتضريب لجميع االعمارفي وزن الجسم التجميعية للعرق االسود والبني مقارنة مع بقية التضريبات في صفة وزن الجسم عند تضريب ذكور العرق االبيض مع البني(××)االبيض العرق البني3 ولم يالحظ وجود تأثير معنوي للتأثير العكسي في جميع االعمار3 وبينت نتائج الصفات إناث وجود فروق معنوية عدمالتراكمية لمعدل استهالك العلف، معدل الزيادة الوزنية وكفاءة التحويل الغذائي، غذائي التراكمية ووجود بين التضريبات في صفات معدل استهالك العلف التراكمي وكفاءة التحويل ال معنوياً على البني(××االسود( )البني××تفوق التضريبين )االسودويالحظ ،فروق معنوية بين التضريبات االبيض( وبعض التضريبات العكسية في معدل زيادة وزنية تراكمية3 وتفوق العرقين االسود ×× )االبيض وأظهرت النتائج أهمية ،معدل الزيادة الوزنيةوالبني على العرق االبيض في القدرة التوافقية العامة ل الجينات التجميعية للعرقين االسود والبني في وزن الجسم ومعدل الزيادة الوزنية مقارنة مع العرق البني(أقل قدرة توافقية خاصة مقارنة مع بقية التضريبات، ××)االسود االبيض3 وسجل التضريب الهجين في الصفات التراكمية3 تأثير معنويس بالجن ةالمرتبط للتاثيراتولم يكن : التضريب التبادلي، القدرة التوافقية، التأثيرات االمية، قوة الهجين3الكلمات المفتاحية http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/ http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/