Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/

ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL INVISTGATION OF THE

KIDNEY IN GOAT (Capra hircus)

Ammar Ismail Jabbar1 Hanaa kareem Ali

Raad Shaalan Ibrahim Alaa Nizaar Lateef

Depart. of Anatomy and histology, College of Vet. Med., Diyala University-Iraq.

1Corresponding author: ammar_histo@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Thirty specimens of kidney (15 left and 15 right) from healthy adult goat

were used in this study to show the morphology, the vascular architecture and

histological structure of the kidney in the goat. The kidneys of goat were fixed

in sub lumber region by large amount of peri renal fat as a cushion surrounding

the kidneys. The right kidney placed slightly anterior to the left kidney both are

bean shape, there is no significant difference in weight of two kidneys.

Corrosive resin cast technique was used to investigate the blood supply and

collecting system of the urine, the collecting system in the kidneys of goat was

formed from several collecting tubules. Each collecting tubule opening into a

larger ducts, a papillary duct, close to the apex. The papillary ducts drain into

the about 10-12 renal recesses, there was no calyces.

The microscopical examination revealed a thin capsule surrounded kidney,

the parietal layer of bowman capsule was simple squamous epithelium, resting

on well-developed basement membrane. Well-developed juxtaglomerular

apparatus. The luminal surface of the cells of proximal convoluted tubules have

brush border which were positive with PAS stain. The henel loop was long. That

mean the kidney of goats is maintaining to the water and need for more

reabsorption of water.

Key words: anatomy, histology, kidney, goat.

INTRODUCTION

There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat (Hirst, 2008). The domestic

goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) are one of the oldest domesticated species, and

have been used for their milk, meat, hair and skins over much of the world

(Coffey et al., 2004).

The principal function of urinary system is maintenance of water and

electrolyte homeostasis. The second major function of this system is the

excretion of many toxic metabolic waste products particularly the nitrogenous

compounds urea and creatinine from the body (Chauhan, 1995).

Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/

The kidneys also have endocrine function, they produce the hormone

rennin, which converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.

BradyKinin is another hormone produced by the kidney, which causes dilatation

of blood vessels. Erythropoetin produced by kidneys, enhances erythopoesis.

Selective reabsorption and conservation of useful substances, like glucose and

sodium chloride occur in the kidney.

Kidney morphology varies among different classes of vertebrates (Casott,

2001). Morphological aspects of the kidney were studied by koning and Liebich

(2009) in goat, Al-jebori et al., (2014) in the rabbit. Liumsiricharoen et al.,

(1997) describe the shape of swamp buffalo, (Sudhan, 2008). The kidneys of

musk deer, mizo local pigs (kalita and kalita (2014), sheep (Braun et al., 1992).

There are also reports of works on the kidney of fur seal (Stewardson et al.,

1999), wistar rat (Onyeanusi et al., 2009), dog (Marco et al., 2009). Besides

these species, Ozudogru and Ozdemir (2005) Study of the intrarenal arterial

pattern of kidney in wolf; Horacek, et al., (1987) in monkey (Macaca

fascicularis and Macaca mulatta), Yoldas and Dayan 2014 in rat.

Microscopic aspects of the mammalian kidney were studied by Charmi et

al., (2010) In juvenile great sturgeon Huso huso and persian sturgeon (Acipenser

persicus), (Laszczynska et al., 2012) polar fox, (Awal et al., 2014) in guinea pig,

(Knepper et al.,1977) in rat and rabbit, (Young and Heath, 2000).

The Aims of this study were to investigate the anatomical feature of the

kidney of goat (Capra hircus) the position and shape and relations to organs also

the vascular architecture of the kidney in the goat, discovering the anatomy of

collecting system. Then to study the histological structures of kidneys.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty specimens of kidneys (15 left and 15 right) of healthy mature goats

of both sexes were collected from local commercial market in baqubah city.

They used for gross observation. The specimen were collected immediately after

animals slaughter and each specimen was washed after removing from the sub

lumber region of abdomen cavity and kept in clean plastic container to perform

the required measurement. The specimens were photoed by digital camera (Sony

12.1 mega pixels).

Ten specimens of kidneys (5 left and 5 right) were used to study the blood

vessels (Arteries and Veins) also collecting duct system, by making corrosive

resin cast. This technique was done by the following manner: Injection, setting,

corrosion and washing.

Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/

1- Injection, washing the kidneys before injection by using 0.9% normal saline

then insert the catheter entire the three vessels (Artery, Vein, Ureter) and fixed

by using cotton thread to prevent discharge resin. after that injecting the colored

resin through the catheters the artery were injected by red colored resin and the

veins injected by blue colored resin, while the ureter were injected by yellow

colored resin. The injection was done by hand pressure using plastic syringe of

20 ml. after the resin injection completed, the cannula closed by pinching it by

artery forcipes.

2-leave the kidneys in room temperature for 48 hour to prepare for third stage.

3-resulting casts are shown following corrosion used concentrated Hcl to

corrosion.

The cast of the blood vessels and collecting system are useful the replicating

anatomical details.

4-washing by the tape water and observed the vessels and renal pelvis cast.

The anatomical parameters were taken after remove the adipose tissue from

the kidney and then used it to study and record biometrical parameters. The

weight was measured by sensitive electronic balance. Measured the length,

width, and thick respectively used the digital vernier also used centimeter scale.

All data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 (SPSS INC., Chicago, IL, USA)

for windows. The results are expressed as mean ± SE. The results were regards

as significant when p˂0.05.

Histological technique was done on ten specimens of kidneys of goats were

used for histological study, collected as soon as possible after slaughtering and

fixed in 10% formalin for 48 hours. After tissues were washed thoroughly in

running tap water dehydrated in ascending series of alcohol, cleared in xylene

and embedded in paraffin wax at 58-60 oC. Sections were cut at 6µ and stained

with Harris haematoxylin and eosin and Periodic acid Schiff (PAS), then

mounted in Canada balsam. Photographs of examined slides were carried out

with Olympus microscope supplied with digital camera (Win joe) with

resolution of 2 mega pixel (luna, 1968).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Position and shape

The kidneys were placed in the sublumber region, the right kidney placed

slightly anterior to the left kidney. The kidney of the local goat was bean shape,

smooth surface and devoid of any external lobulation. The kidneys were dark

red-brown color. Both kidneys were enclosed by loosely attached capsule which

Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/

is peels easily from kidney. The goat kidneys are embedded in fatty cushion.

The presence of large amount of peri renal fat in the kidneys of goat gives it

more stability in location, this result in agreement with (Al-jebori et al., 2014).

The dorsal and ventral surface of the kidney were convex and anterior half of

ventrolateral border not showed flattened surface. The kidney of goat had

rounded pole. The hilus was located at middle of the medial border. This result

is in agree with the result of (Al-jebori et al., 2014); (Sudhan et al., 2008);

(Kalita and Kalita, 2014). Amount of fat was present in the hilus and it was less

indented as compared to left kidney (Fig. 1).

Weight and Dimensions of kidneys

The present study was revealed that there is no significant difference in

weight of both kidneys. The average weight of left kidney was (71.61±1.76 gm),

while the right kidney was (71.622±3.04 gm). This result appeared that the

dimensions of kidneys were slightly varied in the two kidneys (left and right).

The mean length of right kidney was (68.166±2.23 mm), while the length of left

kidney about (70.58±2.47 mm). The width of the cranial and caudal poles of

both kidneys were varied, the width of the cranial pole of right kidney was

(48.424±1.89 mm), and the caudal pole of right kidney was (48.654±2.09 mm),

while the cranial pole of left kidney was (45.94±1.10 mm), and caudal pole of

left kidney about (50.96±1.77 mm). Also the present result showed thickness

difference in both kidneys, the thickness of cranial pole of right kidney (34.562±

1.26 mm) and caudal pole about (33.688±1.4 mm), while the thickness of cranial

pole of left kidney about (32.72±.99 mm) and caudal pole about (34.93±1.22

mm) (Tab. 1).

The longitudinal section of kidney (macroscopic organization) show that the

parenchyma of the kidney is consist of outer dark cortex beneath the capsule and

inner paler striated appearance medulla (Fig. 2), the easy distinguish the cortex

and medulla of goat kidney in present result is in agree with the result of

Sudhan et al (2008). The renal parenchyma of the goat consist of fused

pyramids, the renal pyramids were distinct and renal columns were present

between the pyramids, also the interlobular arteries are present among the fused

pyramid (Fig. 2). These findings of the recent investigation were in accordance

with the finding of (Kalita and Kalita, 2014).

The renal sinus was well developed and give the appearance of butter fly on

longitudinal section. There is a renal crest formed from fusion of 10-12

pyramids. The renal pelvis was half-moon shaped, narrow and less developed

(Fig. 2).

Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/

Collecting system and pelvis

This study was done by using cast with risen (Acrylic cold) technique

performed in freshly kidneys to provide three dimensional cast pattern of

collecting system and its blood supply, also the recesses of renal pelvis. The

collecting system in the kidneys of goat was formed from several collecting

tubules. Each collecting tubule, which serves many nephrons, runs through the

medulla before opening into a larger ducts, a papillary duct, close to the apex.

The papillary ducts can be clearly demonstrated in resin-injection specimens.

The perforated (cribriform) areas where they discharge are confined to the

apices of independent papillae or to specific regions of a common crest Several

score of papillary ducts drain into the about 10-12 renal recesses which formed

the renal pelvic which was moderately developed and led to the ureter (Fig. 3

and 4). There was no calyces. This result is in agree with the result of Marco et

al., (2009) in dog and disagree with the result of Liumsiricharoen et al., (1997)

in buffalo.

Blood supply

The right and left renal arteries supplying the kidneys raised from

abdominal aorta, but the right renal artery slightly cranial to the left renal artery.

Both were divided into dorsal and ventral branches, but the right renal artery

was branched before entering the hilius, while the left one was branched after

entering the hilus. Both dorsal and ventral branches in each side right and left

were divided into 4-5 subbranches interlober arteries (Fig. 4). This result

disagree with the results of Horacek et al., (1987) and Yoldas et al., (2014).

These interlober arteries turn to archuate arteries which gave several interlobular

arteries which were spread over the entire kidney.

Histological results

The present study showed that the capsule of goat kidney was thin layer of

collagen fiber (Fig. 5). This result in agree with Al-jebori et al., (2014) in rabbit

and disagree with Hussin (2003) who mention that the capsule of kidney was

thick in camel. The microscopical examination of goat kidney reveled that

composed cortex and medulla. The cortex mainly consists of renal corpuscles,

convoluted tubules and cortical loops of henle. The medulla in cross section

appeared consist of straight tubules, collecting ducts and network of capillaries

which were parallel to the collecting tubules like the result of Laszczynska et al.,

(2012) in polar fox.

The renal corpuscle consist of tuft of capillaries, the glomerulus, originated

from afferent arterioles, surrounded by a double layer capsule (Bowman’s

Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/

capsule). The parietal layer of bowman capsule was simple squamous

epithelium, resting on well-developed basement membrane, which is well

distinguished by Periodic acid schiff reagents. The inner (visceral) layer consist

of modifies cells present as a global cells, tightly fitted over the glomerulus

represented by podocytes. The space between the two layers of bowman capsule

called bowman space or renal space, which at one pole of renal corpuscle (renal

pole) lead to the proximal tubule (Fig. 6). This result is similar to the result of

Samuelson (2007) and Al-jebori (2014). Other pole of renal corpuscle was

vascular pole when the afferent and efferent arterioles were present, also the

mesangial cells were present near this pole. One of the distal convoluted tube

near the vascular pole had a moderate wall cells known as macula densa which

were tightly adhering together, Fig. 6. This result in agreement with the result of

Samuelson (2007). This cells mesangial cells had important roles like

vasoconstrictor, phagocytic role, also macula densa.

The present study showed that the proximal convoluted tubule in goat were

lined by tall cuboidal acidophilic epithelium with spherical to oval nucleus, the

luminal surface of this cells have brush border which were positive with PAS

stain (Fig. 6) This result is disagree with the result of Al-jebori et al., (2014) in

rabbit who mention that the brush border is not clear and this cells were less

acidophilic, and in agree with the result of Samuelson (2007), so this may be due

to the difference in the activity of this tubules in different animals and the

condition of this animals with the quality of water.

The present study confirms that the henel loop consist of the thick and thin

ascending and ascending segments and more evident in medulla, the henel loop

was long. The thick limb was lined by simple cuboidal cells while the thin were

lined by low cuboidal to simple sequamous epithelia (Fig. 6 and 7). This result

coinciding with the result of Samuelson (2007) and in contrast with the

observations of Al-jebori et al., (2014) in rabbit, that mean the kidney of goats is

maintaining to the water and need for more reabsorption of water.

Distal convoluted tubule of goat was lined by low cuboial epithelium, with

spherical nucleus. The lumen was wider than that in proximal convoluted

tubules (Fig. 6). This result in agree with Samuelson (2007).

The distal convoluted tubules is lead to collecting tubules then joined the

collecting ducts to reach the renal pelvis. The collecting tubules is lined by

cuboidal epithelium with spherical large nucleus which occupied most of the

cell (Fig.7) This result in agree with observations of Al-jebori et al., (2014) in

Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/

the rabbit. The collectin duct continues from collecting tubules. The collecting

duct convey the urine in to renal papillae to empty it in to the renal pelvis.

Table 1. The parameters of kidneys in goat

Figure 1. Photograph of right and left kidney of goat, illustrated the left and right

ureters (U), renal artery (A), renal vein (V) enter and exit the hilus of kidney

Left kidney Right

kidney

Length (mm) 70.58± 2.47 68.166 ± 2.23

Weight (gm) 71.61 ± 1.76 71.622 ± 3.04

Width (mm) cranial 45.94 ± 1.10 48.424 ± 1.89

Width (mm) caudal 50.96 ± 1.77 48.654 ± 2.09

Thickness (mm) cranial 32.72 ± .99 34.562 ± 1.26

Thickness (mm) caudal 34.93 ± 1.22 33.688 ± 1.41

Values represent mean ± S.E (P≤0.05)

Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/

Figure 2. Photograph of kidney of the goat, illustrated the renal pelvis (p), renal crest

(Cr), cortex (co), medulla(m), capsul (c)

Figure 3. Photograph of Corrosion cast of renal pelvis (yellow), renal artery (A) (red),

renal veins (V) (blue) and ureter (u) of goat. The depressions of the ridges of the renal

papillae are clearly visible (arrows, renal recesses (yellow))

Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/

Figure 4. Corrosion cast of goat kidney show the renal pelvis and ureter )u) are filled

yellow. Notice the indentations in the pelvis corresponding with the crests of the renal

papillae. The ramifications of the renal artery (red) are clearly visible. dorsal and

ventral branch (arrow), subbranch, renal veins (blue)

Figure 5. Photomicrograph of cross section of Goat kidney, illustrated, thin capsule

(arrow). (PAS stain X 10)

Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/

Figure 6. Photomicrograph of cross section of goat kidney, illustrated renal corpuscle,

glomerulus (G), parietal layer of bowman capsule (P.), proximal tubule (PT) distal

convoluted tubule (DT), Macula densa (M), mesangial cells (MS), bowman space (S)

(H&E stain X40)

Figure 7. Photomicrograph of cross section of goat kidney, illustrated collecting tubules

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دراسة تشريحية ونسيجية للكلية في الماعز

عالء نزار لطيف ابراهيم رعد شعالن هناء كريم علي 1اسماعيل جبارعمار

التشريح واالنسجة، كلية الطب البيطري، جامعة ديالى، العراق.قسم

ammar_histo@yahoo.comالمسؤول عن النشر: 1

المستخلص

يسرى( من الماعز البالغة والسليمة 15يمنى و 15في هذه الدراسة ثالثين عينة من الكلى ) ماستخد

الماعز في منطقة فييم الوعائي والبنية النسيجية للكلية في الماعز. تثبت الكلى ظإلظهار شكليائية والتن

من كمية كبيرة من الدهون حول الكلى. تتقدم الكلية اليمنى بشكل طفيف عن وسادة طةاسوتحت القطنية ب

كالهما على شكل حبة الفاصوليا، وال يوجد فرق معنوي كبير في وزن الكليتين. تم والكلية اليسرى،

ام القنوي في ظيتكون النوام القنوي البولي، ظلناو ار التغذية الدميةظهالاستخدام تقنية تآكل قالب الراتنج

بالقرب ثم الى القنوات الحليمية، الى قنوات اكبر هاتفتح كل واحدة من ،كلى الماعز من عدة نبيبات جامعة

لم يالحظ هناك كؤوس وردب كلوي، 12-11من قمة الحليمة. تصريف القنوات الحليمية إلى حوالي

هر الفحص المجهري وجود حافظة رقيقة تحيط بالكلية، وكانت الطبقة الجدارية من كبسولة ظا وقد كلوية.

بومان ظهارة حرشفية بسيطة، ترتكز على غشاء قاعدي متطور. جهاز مجاور الكبيبة مطور جيًدا.

ابيا مع هرت تفاعال ايجظالدانية على حافة الفرشاة التي ايحتوي السطح التجويفي لخاليا النبيبات الملتفة

وهذا يعني أن كلية الماعز تحافظ على الماء وتحتاج إلى ،وكانت عروة هنلي طويلة ،كاشف شف الدوري

مزيد من إعادة امتصاص الماء.

تشريح، علم االنسجة، كلية، ماعز.: الكلمات المفتاحية