Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
373
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AMONG
CHILDREN IN DIYALA PROVINCE
Abdullah Falih Mahdi 1 Rawaa Abdulkaliq Hussein 1,2
1 College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Iraq.
2 Corresponding author: drrawaa1@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Intestinal protozoan parasites consider as important parasite that infect
human, and there are high infection rate in human in word. To detect
distribution of intestinal parasites from children with diarrhea in Baqubah /
Diyala province. This study was conducted in the Al-Batool Teaching Hospital
in Diyala province, from August 2017 to December 2017. The patients suffering
from diarrhea with different gastrointestinal complaints were included in the
present study, the age range was between 2 months to 18 years. Stool samples
were collected from each patients use for: Microscopic examination.
The Microscopy detected 45 cases of parasitic infection among 120
diarrheal child, the overall prevalence of infection was 37.5%. The highest
prevalence (71.4%) was recorded among the 1-5 years age group with 26
infection in males was higher than in females 19. Overall, protozoa infections
(73%) were higher than the helminthes infections (26.9%). Entamoeba
histolytica (55.5%) and Giardia lamblia (17.7%) were the commonest intestinal
protozoan identified, Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides and
Taenia spp. were the most common helminths detected with a prevalence rate of
13.3% and 8.8%,and 4.4% respectively.
The rate of abdominal pain was the most frequency clinical aspect of
parasitic infections which appeared in 18 (40%) cases, the highest incidence was
in August with 15 cases, while with only 2 cases in December. Most common
co-infection is between giardiasis cases and E. histolytica/ dispar with 5 cases
(11.1%), while 2 (4.4%) cases of co-infection among giardiasis with E.
vermicularis.
Key words: Intestinal parasites, parasitic infection, Entamoeba histolytica/ dispar.
INTRODUCTION
Intestinal parasites constitute a significant public health problem,
particularly in tropical and subtropical countries where adequate water and
sanitation are lacking (Ali and Mohammed, 2010). It is estimated that about 3.5
billion people are affected in developing countries, the majority of which are
children (450 million, nearly 13%). In these developing countries, over 80% of
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
373
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
all deaths are attributed to infectious with parasitic diseases (Corrales et al.,
2006).
The intestinal parasites most prevalent in the world generally and the level
of the third world in particular, where its widespread to be affected the climatic
and environmental conditions such as heat, in addition to economic conditions
and social conditions such as poverty lack of clean water supply and the low
level of health services increases the incidence of intestinal parasites and reduce
the chances of control or eradication of diseases they cause (Lebbad and Svared,
2005).
Amoebiasis is still a big problem of human civilization at the beginning of
21st century, so every study in this field is valuable. Amoebiasis is caused by E.
histolytica, a parasitic protozoan, which infects predominately human and other
primates. E. histolytica causes amoebic colitis and amoebic dysentery, resulting
in 100,000 deaths annually (Al-Sabbawi, 2007), E. histolytica not only causes
severe diarrhea but can cause abscesses in the intestine, liver, lung and other
organs and it ranks third on the list of parasitic causes of death worldwide
behind malaria and schistosomiasis. Giardiasis is an infectious disease that
present all over the world but spread more in the third world countries like Iraq,
where is bad sanitary and living conditions. It is a dangerous disease that affect
children and adults and lead to malabsorbtion syndrome and weight loss in the
infected persons (Chin, 2000). Giardia lamblia is a waterborne protozoan
parasite and a common cause of intestinal disease in all parts of the world
(Mohamed et al., 2009). Both G. lambila and E. histolytica are frequently
transmitted by contaminated food and/or drinking water, as well as potentially
spread from person to person through fecal–oral contact (Damen et al., 2011).
There is high prevalence of intestinal parasite throughout the world; The most
morbidity and mortality of infections found in Africa, Asia and middle south
America (Hussein, 2010). However about 10% from these cases were
symptomatic and the remainder cases were asymptomatic. The infection differs
from country to other, the severity of infection depending on strain virulence of
parasites, type of host, alimental condition of host, host immunity, presence of
normal flora in intestine and presence other intestinal infections. The rate of
infection with intestinal parasites was (1.22%) of (1028640) stool specimens
collected from all Iraqi governorates, prevalence of infection was as follows:
Basra (59.98%), Sulaimani (26.28%), Najaf (24.89%), Duhok (20.10%),
Nassiryah (12.02%), and Anbar (7.08%) (reference). In area with low hygienic
condition there are more infection with intestinal parasite socioeconomic and
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
373
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
many studies reports these parasites in low are status area (Kia et al., 2008). It is
impossible to give an accurate estimate of the economic importance of parasitic
disease because it varies so greatly between countries and between regions
(Markell, 2006).
This study was carried out to:
1- determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in in Baqubah city/Diyala
province.
2- determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites according to the type of
parasites and relate such infections with age, sex, clinical symptoms and month.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 120 patients presenting with different gasterointestinal symptoms
to the Al-Batool Teaching Hospital from August to the December 2017. The age
of the patients from less than 1 year to 18 years, from various socio-economic
status had been examined for intestinal parasites in their stool by using direct
smear. A detailed questionnaire was filled with all necessary information's for
each patient. Stool samples: Each stool samples were placed in dry, sterile and
clean and well blocked plastic container with top cover. Moreover, container
was marked with name and number of each patient. Each fresh stool samples
were examined under light microscopic with normal saline and Logules iodine,
smears were prepared by add one drop of saline and the other with Logules
iodine on clean slides and take small amount from stool by wood sticks from
location when found blood and pus, and thoroughly emulsify the stool in saline
and logulas iodine, thereafter each slide was covered with a cover slip. Slides
were examined fully under the low (X10) and high (X40) powers of microscope.
The results were presented in numbers, percentages and using chi-square as
a test of significance (Allison, 2012). .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows that the rate of intestinal infection, for protozoa were
(73.3%) significantly more than helminthes with (26.7%). E. histolytica/ dispar
(55.5%), G. lamblia (17.7%) were the most common infection from total
number of infected samples. The infection rate with helminthes, including E.
vermicularis, which showed the highest rate (13.3%). However, E. histolytica,
Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia spp. were more frequent in females than males,
while the prevalence of other parasites was higher in males than females, while
there is no significant difference in prevalence of intestinal parasite between the
two sexes group, being 26/45 (42.2%) in males and 19/45 (57.8%) in females.
Epidemiological surveys on the intestinal parasitic infections among children are
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
373
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
important in Diyala, since they reflect the sanitary conditions of city and
generate data that are essential to formulate strategies for the control of intestinal
parasitic infections among children.
The protozoal infections widespread may be due to the easy transmission
routes of these intestinal parasites happens via fecal- oral route, either directly
from person-to-person or indirectly by eating or drinking fecally contaminated
food and water, at the same time the simple life cycle of protozoan that not
require intermediate host. Beside, many of these protozoans are usually inhabit
the human intestine and became pathogenic with the impairment of immune
system (Dash et al., 2010). The result of the study compatible or closed with
study was conducted in Thi-Qar Province that found protozoan more than
helminthes infections (Al-Mosawi, 2010), also another studies in Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso, show protozoan (95.93%) more than helminthes (2.25%) (Karou
et al., 2011) and in Nepal that found protozoan more than helminthes (20.61%
and 10.30% respectively (Rai et al., 2017). Also other study in Senegal, found
protozoan (29.6%) more than helminthes (0.8%) (Tine et al., 2018).
The most prevalent parasites were E. histolytica\dispar and G. lamblia this
may be due to the fact that these protozoan cysts are highly resistant to chlorine
disinfection, beside their small size (range 1–17 μm) enables them to penetrate
water treatment systems and cause waterborne disease even following the
consumption of treated drinking-water, at the same time cysts of G. lamblia and
E. histolytica\dispar resistance to high temperature degree may be more than 50
ᵒC and to low temperature and humidity (-1 ᵒC) that mean can transmission
through any season and soil (Graczyk et al., 2005). Similar researches involved
the same two gastrointestinal parasites or/with other relevant ones carried out in
parts of the Mediterranean and developing world, which are classified as over
populated, to their prevalence in these countries, Pakistan (Ejaz et al., 2011),
Portugal (Julio et al., 2012), and Ghana (Nkrumah and Nguah, 2011), as well as
in parts of Iraq, like Tikrit (Nassir, 2010) and Karbala (Al-Musawi, 2006).
However, Among the intestinal helminthes, E. vermicularis and A. lumbricoides
were the most common being, detected with a rate of 13.3% and 8.8%,
respectively. In contrast to protozoan infection. The prevalence of helminthes
infection in our study was low (26.7%). Similar observation have been made in
studies performed in the other countries (Bazzaz and Ahmed, 2016 ; Heyworth,
2016). The reason for this may be due to unfavorable ecological environment
and other prevailing socio-cultural factors that influence helminthes survival and
transmission (Auerbach, 2012). Both gender, males and females in various ages,
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
377
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
were exposed to chance of infection because all of them were living under the
same climates and conditions of disease, but the result in present study found
that more males were infected than females, this result obtained elsewhere in
Baghdad (Stark et al., 2007) but were higher in Mosul city. These variations
might be due to physiological, behavioral as well as immune differences
between genders, endocrine activity as male bodies are more tolerant than those
of females (Fattuhi et al., 2008).
Table 1. Distribution of intestinal parasite isolated according to gender
Total
Gender Parasites
Female Male
Protozoa:
25(55.5) 11(57.8) 14(53.8) /dispar Entamoeba histolytica
8(17.7) 3(15.7) 5(19.2) Giardia lamblia
33(73.3) 14(73.6) 19(73) Total protozoal infection
Helminths:
6(13.3) 2(10.5) 4(15.3) Entrobius vermicularis eggs
4(8.8) 2(10.5) 2(7.6) Ascaris lumbricoides eggs
2(4.4) 1(5.2) 1(3.8) Taenia spp. Eggs
12(26.7) 5(26.3) 7(26.9) Total helminthes infection
45(100) 19(100) 26(100) Total
0.1400 NS P- value
P: Probability, NS: Not significant
Table 2 shows that the prevalence of intestinal parasites is the highest in 1-
5 years age group 19/45, followed by age group less than 1 year and 6-11 years
(15 and 7) respectively. Whereas age group of 12-18 year old revealing the
lowest infection with 4 cases.
Table 2. Distribution of intestinal parasite isolated according to age
Total
Age group (years) Parasites
12-18 6-11 1-5 1>
Protozoa:
25(55.5) 2(50) 3(42.8) 8(42.1) 12(80) /dispar E. histolytica
8(17.7) 1(25) 2(28.5) 3(15.7) 2(13.3) G. lamblia
33(73.3) 3(75) 5(71.4) 11(57.8) 14(93.3) Total protozoal infection
Helminths:
6(13.3) 1(25) 1(14.2) 4(21) - E. vermicularis eggs
4(8.8) - 1(14.2) 2(10.5) 1(6.6) A. lumbricoides eggs
2(4.4) - - 2(10.5) - Taenia spp.
12(26.7) 1(25) 2(28.5) 8(42.1) 1(6.6) Total helminthes infection
45(100) 4(100) 7(100) 19(100) 15(100) Total
0.0006* P- value
P: Probability, *=Highly significant (P≤ 0.001).
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
373
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
Statistical analysis showed that there were highly significant differences
(p≤0.001) in distribution of intestinal parasites according to groups. The most
affected group of patients with intestinal parasites, those with 1-5 years old
19/45, otherwise the group with 12-18 year the less affected group. This is a
clear indication of hygiene related cause where children less 5 years are more
susceptible to be exposed to unhealthy food than 12-18 or less developed
immune system (Zahida et al., 2010).
Overall, considering single and double infection, the commonest parasite
was E. histolytica/dispar, which was presented in (42.2%) of the examined
sample, the infection with a single parasite was more common (75.6%) than that
with double parasites are shown in Table 3. The commonest double infection
was between E. histolytica/dispar and G. lamblia (11.1%), followed by
E. histolytica/dispar and E. vermicularis (8.8%), while 2 (4.4%) cases of
co-infection among giardiasis with E. vermicularis. The main double infection
were between E. histolytica/dispar and G. lamblia of total mixed infection,
followed by that between E. histolytica/dispar and E. vermiculais. This is related
to the unhygienic habits of children and this may indicated that the modes of
transmission and epidemiology patterns of these parasites may play a role in
their presence together (Farrar et al., 2013). Indeed, the detection of parasitic co-
infection can be considered the true first step in patient's recovery, as the
treatment of only one parasite and neglect the other may lead to the failure of
treatment (Al-Obaidi, 2014).
Table 3. Distribution of intestinal parasites (single and double) according to type of
parasite
Percentage% Number positive Parasites
Single infection
42.2 19 /dispar E. histolytica
11.1 5 G. lamblia
8.8 4 A. lumbricoides
8.8 4 E. vermicularis
4.4 2 Taenia spp.
75.6 34 Total
Double infection
11.1 5 E. histolytica+G. lamblia
8.8 4 E. histolytica+E. vermiculais
4.4 2 G. lamblia+E. vermiculais
25.4 11 Total
100 45 Total of infected samples
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
373
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
Table 4 show that the rate of Abdominal pain was the most prevalent
clinical aspect of intestinal infections which appeared in 18 (40%) cases. While
patients suffering from weight loss 11 (24.4%), fever was found in 10 (22.2%)
cases, Vomiting in 8 (17.7%) patients, Flatulence in 6 (13.3%) patients, Fatigue
and Anorexia were found in 5 (11.1%) cases, significant differences appeared
in the distribution of clinical aspects among patients at p≤0.05. The main
observation from this study is the co-existence of high distribution of abdominal
pain of patients with diarrhea, The other common symptoms observed in the
patients were weight loss, fever, vomiting, flatulence, anorexia and fatigue. All
or some of these clinical aspects have been mentioned in study about parasitic
infections with various incidence rates in each study. These differences may be
related to the differences in study area, selected diarrheal patients, Host factors
such as immune status, nutritional status and age, as well as differences in
virulence and pathogenesis of parasitic infections (Lujan and Svard, 2011).
Table 4. Frequency of clinical presentation of infected patients
Percentage (%) Number of patients Clinical presentations
40 18 Abdominal pain
24.4 11 Weight loss
13.3 6 Flatulence
11.1 5 Fatigue
11.1 5 Anorexia
22.2 10 Fever
17.7 8 Vomiting
p- value ≤ 0.05
Out of 45 positive diarrheal stools collected with intestinal parasites, 37.8%
of the specimens were Watery/liquid, 35.6% were bloody and 26.7% were oil
fatty (Table 5). Association was detected between these types of diarrhea and
some types of parasitic infections, like G. lamblia with oil fatty (75%), E.
histolytica/ dispar with bloody (56%) and A. lumbricoides with watery/liquid
diarrhea (75%). Association was found between the types of diarrhea and some
kinds of parasitic infections, like G. lamblia with oil fatty, this may be due to the
malabsorption of fats, fat-soluble and vitamins may occur. When daily losses of
fat in feces are greater than 7 grams, this condition is classified as steatorrhea
(Hall, 1994). E. histolytica/dispar association with bloody diarrhea, This may be
due to the damage of the epithelial cell layer attracts human immune cells and
these in turn can be lysed by the trophozoite, which releases the immune cell's
own lytic enzymes into the surrounding tissue, creating a kind of chain reaction
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
333
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
and leading to tissue destruction which can also involve blood vessels leading to
bloody diarrhea or amebic dysentery. .
The high rate in present study of infection in watery/ liquid diarrhea fecal
sample may be indicate to acute phase of disease or may be related to large
number of parasites especially trophozoite forms which lead to diarrhea.
However, the infection with these parasites usually present with mild to
abundant watery diarrhea, with or without mucous, rarely with blood or
leukocytes (Farthing, 2000).
Table 5. Distribution of intestinal parasites according to types of diarrhea
Parasites
Types of diarrhea
Total
Watery/liquid % Bloody % Oil fatty %
E.histolytica / dispar 7 28 14 56 4 16 25
G. lamblia 2 25 0 0.0 6 75 8
E. vermicularis 4 66.7 2 33.3 0 0.0 6
A. lumbricoides 3 75 0 0.0 1 25 4
Taenia spp. 1 50 0 0.0 1 50 2
Total 17 37.8 16 35.6 12 26.7 45
The monthly distribution of parasitic infections gradually decreased from
maximum in August to a minimum in December with only 2 cases, as showing
in table 6.
Table 6. Distribution of intestinal parasitic infections cases by months
Percentage (%) Positive cases Number Examined Month
68.2 15 22 August
42.3 11 26 September
25.0 9 36 October
33.3 8 24 November
16.7 2 12 December
37.5 45 120 Total
0.007** P-value
Significant (p≤0.05) **
Seasonal factor has effects on the prevalence of intestinal parasites
infection rate in Baqubah city during the present study, The epidemiology of
parasitic infections are associated with climate, the present study revealed the
higher incidence in high to moderate temperature months which may be due to
the fact that Iraq is one of the countries that have long hot dry summer and short
moderately cold winter, hot and dry weather encourages parasitic infection by
high consumption of drinking water contaminated with parasites mainly in water
system using inadequately treated, as the transmission of parasites through
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
333
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
drinking water was well document (Karanis et al., 2007). Also the population
characteristics play a role, such as swimming in rivers and lakes in hot weather
increases the susceptibility for giardiasis (Stuart et al., 2003).
CONCLUSION
1. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in Baquba city is high, E.
histolytica/dispar is the common parasitic in the region (55.5%).
2. High rate of intestinal parasites infection were found in the watery/liquid
diarrhea. Therefore, screening of the children for parasites should be an
essential part of health care and prompt preventive measures should be taken
for the eradication of these infection, which should include public health
education, clean water supply prompting personal hygiene and periodic
deworming of the children.
REFERENCE
Ali S. A., L. O. Mohammed. 2010. Prevalence of intestinal parasite among
children in Sulaimani city. J. Duhok Univ., 13(1): 94-98.
Allison, P D. 2012. Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application. SAS
Al-Mosawi, K. A. H., W. J. M. Al-Yazi and H. K. Al-Masuoodi. 2006. Studies
on Parasitic Diarrhea Causes in Children at Karbala City. Scientific Journal
of Karabla University, 4: 17-30.
Al-Mosawi, R. 2016. Detection of Intestinal Parasitic among People Infection
with Diarrhea in Al-Fhood District in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. IJSBAR.,
28(1): 180-185.
Al-Obaidi, H. M. A. 2014. Identification of giardiasis genotypes and co-
infections in patients with diarrhea in some regions of Baghdad. Ph.D.
Thesis, Sci. Coll. Baghdad Univ.
Al-Sabbawi, M. H. 2007. Giardiasis in the Third World Countries. J. of Chin.
Clin. Med., 2: 539-540.
Auerbach, P. S. 2012. Wilderness Medicine. 6th Edition, Elsevier/Mosby,
Philadelphia, Chapter 68.
Bazzaz, A. A. and N. A. Ahmad. 2016. Prevalence of some parasitic infectious
diseases within Kerkuk City for Years 2009-2014. European Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 3: 13-19.
Chin, J. 2000. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 17th ed. American
Public Health Association Washington DC.
Corrales, L.F., R. Izurieta and C. L. Moe. 2006. Association between intestinal
parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural El Salvador. Trop
Med Int Health, 11(12): 1821-1831.
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
333
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
Damen, J. G., J. Luka, E. I. Biwan and M. Lugos. 2010. Prevalence of intestinal
parasites among pupils in Rural North Eastern, Nigeria. Niger. Med. J.,
52(1): 4-6.
Dash, N, M. Al-Zarouni, K. Anwar and D. Panigrahi. 2010. Prevalence of
intestinal parasitic infections in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Human
Parasitic Dis., 2: 21.
Ejaz, M., G. Murtaza, M. Ahmad, S. A. Khan, I. Hussain, Q. Najam -ul-Saqib,
M. H. Hassan Bin-Asad, A. Wasim and K. Farzana. 2011. Determination of
the Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Human at a Private Fertilizer
Company Hospital in Pakistan using Microscopic Technique. African
Journal of Microbiology Research, 5: 149-152.
Farrar, J., P. Hotez, T. Junghanss, G. Kang, D. Lalloo and N. J. White. 2013.
Manson’s Tropical Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences,pp: 664-671.
Farthing, M. J. 2002. Clinical aspects of human cryptosporidiosis. Contrib.
Microbiol., 6: 5074.
Fattuhi, Z. I., S. S. Hussein and N. Mahfudh. 2008. Studies of Diarrhea Causing
Intestinal Parasites and Some Effects in Children at Naynawa City.
Scientific Rafidain Journal, 19: 37-50.
Graczyk, T. K., C. K. Shiff, L. Tamang, F. Munsaka, A. M. Beitin and W. J.
Moss. 2005. The association of Blastocystis hominis and Endolimax nana
with diarrheal stools in Zambian school-age children. Parasitol. Res.,
98(1): 38.
Hall, A. 1994. Giardia infections: epidemiology and nutritional consequences.
In: Giardia: From molecules to disease, R. C. A. Thompson, J. A.
Reynoldson and A. J. Lymbery, eds., Cab International, Wallingford, U.K.,
pp. 251-279.
Heyworth, M. F. 2016. Giardia duodenalis genetic assemblages and hosts.
Parasite, 23(13):1-5.
Hussein, J. N. 2010. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among children in various
localities of Duhok province. Journal of Duhok University, 13(1):49-98.
Júlio, C., A. Vilares, M. Oleastro, I. Ferreira, S. Gomes, L. Monteiro, B. Nunes,
R. Tenreiro and H. Ângelo. 2012. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Giardia
duodenalis Infection among Children: A Case Study in Portugal. Parasites
and Vectors, 5: 22-30.
Karanis, P., C. Kourenti and H. Smith. 2007. Waterborne transmission of
protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. J.
of Water and Health, 5(1): 1-38.
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
333
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
Karou, S. D., D. Sanou, D. Ouermi, S. Pignatelli, V. Pietra, R. Moret and J.
Simpore. 2011. Enteric parasites prevalence at Saint Camille medical
center in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Asian Pacific J. Trop. Med., 4(5):
401-403.
Kia, E. B., M. Hosseini, M. R. Nilforoushan, A. R. Meamar and M. Rezaeian.
2008. Study of intestinal protozoan parasites in rural inhabitants of
Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Iranian J. Parasitol 3(1): 21-25.
Lebbad, M. and S. G. Svard. 2005. PCR differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica
and Entamoeba dispar from patients with amoeba infection initially
diagnosed by microscopy. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 37: 680-685.
Luján, H. D. and S. Svärd (Eds.). 2011. Giardia: A model organism. Springer
Science and Business Media.
Markell, E. K. 2006. Examinations of stool specimens. In: Markell EK and
Voge M (Eds.) Medical Parasitology. Saunders (9th ed.), Missouri, USA pp.
480
Mohamed, M. M., A. I. Ahmed and Salah. 2009. Frequency of intestinal
parasitic infections among displaced children in Kassala Town. Khartoum
Medical Journal, 2(1): 175-177.
Nassir, A. M. A. 2010. Diagnostic epidemiologic study of some species of
Entamoeba using PCR in Tikrit. M. Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Sciences,
University of Tikrit.
Nkrumah, B. and S. B. Nguah. 2011. Giardia lamblia: Amajor parasitic cause of
childhood diarrhoea in patients attending a District Hospital in Ghana.
Parasites and Vectors, 4: 163-169.
Rai, L., B. Saud, G. Paudel and G. Dhungana. 2017. Prevalence of intestinal
parasitic infection among rural area school children of Lokhim VDC,
Nepal. J. Microbiol. Exp., 4(1): 00102.
Stark, D., S. van Hal, D. Marriott, J. Ellis and J. Harkness. 2007. Irritable Bowel
Syndrome: A Review on the Role of Intestinal Protozoa and the Importance
of Their.
Stuart, J. M., H. J. Orr, F. G. Warburton, S. Jeyakanth, C. Pugh, I. Morris and G.
Nichols. 2003. Risk factors for sporadic giardiasis: a case-control study in
southwestern England. Emerging Infecti. Dis., 9(2): 229-233.
Tine, R. C., T. Dieng, K. Sylla, D. Sow, S. Lelo, D. Ngom and O. Gaye. 2018.
Low prevalence of soil transmitted helminths among children in rural areas
in Senegal: A cross sectional survey. Journal of Parasitol. Vect. Biol.,
10(1): 19-25.
Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special issue): 373-384, 2018 Mahdi and Hussein
333
Diyala Univ., 2018 ,Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med. st1 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/
Zahida, T., K. Shabana and M. H. Lashari. 2010. Prevalence of Entamoeba
histolytica in Humans. Pakistani Journal of Pharmceutical Science, 23:
344-348
انتشار االصابات الطفيلية المعوية بين األطفال في محافظة ديالى
2، 1رواء عبدالخالق حسين 1عبدهللا فالح مهدي
كلية الطب، جامعة ديالى، العراق. 3
drrawaa1@gmail.comؤول عن النشر: سالم 3
المستخلص
الطفيليات المعوية من الطفيليات المهمة التي تصيب اإلنسان، وكانت نسبة االصابات مرتفعة في
/ بعقوبةمدينة صابين باإلسهال في اإلنسان بالعالم. للكشف عن توزيع الطفيليات المعوية بين األطفال الم
(أغسطس) آب ، منفي مدينة بعقوبة البتول التعليميدراسة في مستشفى أجريت هذه ال ،ديالىمحافظة
. تضمنت هذه الدراسة المرضى الذين يعانون من اإلسهال مع 3337 (ديسمبركانون األول )إلى 3337
سنة. تم جمع عينات البراز من كل 33إلى شهرين، وكان العمر يتراوح بين لمعويةمختلف االعراض ا
مريض من أجل الفحص المجهري.
اإلسهال، وبلغ ب امصاب طفال 333حالة من حاالت العدوى الطفيلية بين 33لفحص المجهري كشف ا
سنوات 3-3( بين الفئة العمرية %73.3. سجلت أعلى نسبة انتشار )%37.3معدل انتشار العدوى عموما
( %73. كانت العدوى باالوليات المعوية )33حالة إصابة بالذكور أعلى من اإلناث 33كان هناك فقد
( والجيارديا اللمبلية%33.3كانت اميبا الزحار )و ،(%33.3أعلى من العدوى بالديدان المعوية )
Enterobius vermicularis( من أكثر أنواع االوليات المعوية التي تم تحديدها، و 37.7%)
انتشاركانت الديدان األكثر شيوعا المكتشفة بمعدل و ،Taenia sppو Ascaris lumbricoidesو
على التوالي. %3.3و %3.3 و 33.3%
حالة 33كان معدل آالم البطن أكثر االعراض السريرية تكراراً للعدوى الطفيلية التي ظهرت في
شهر كانون حالة، بينما كانت هناك حالتان فقط في 33مع شهر آب(، وكانت أعلى نسبة في 33%)
(، %33.3) حاالت 3االت الجيارديا واميبا الزحار مع . العدوى المشتركة األكثر شيوعا هي بين حاألول
.(%3.3) 3 حاالت العدوى المشتركة بين الجيارديا مع الدودة الدبوسية كانت في حين
األطفال، محافظة ديالى. الطفيليات المعوية، :الكلمات المفتاحية