وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 491 SOME PROPERTIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND RELATIONSHIP WEIGHT – LENGTH WITH CONDITION FACTOR OF THE Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) IN THE TIGRIS RIVER , BAGHDAD, IRAQ Salam Zidane Khalifa 1 , Raaed Sami Attee 1 , Sabah Mahmood Hamad Al- Shammari 1 1 Department of Animal Production , College of Agriculture , University of Diyala , Iraq. 2 Department of Biotechnology, Collage of Sciences, University of Diyala, Iraq. Email. 0123456789.salam65@gmail.com ABSTRACT The study was conducted in the Tigris River south of Baghdad for the period from July 2016 to June 2017. The environmental and morphological properties of Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) were recorded and the age, growth and value of the condition factor were determined as far as the fish could reach. Fish were collected by a sample each month with total lengths ranging from 6.1 to 24.4 cm and total weights from 4.48 to 295.32 g. The average temperature was 20-24 C ° and the dissolved oxygen rate was 8.46 mg / L. The pH was 7.6 and the salinity of the tigris was 0.59 ppm. The total condition factor of the two sexes was 1.165. and reached an expected length of 25.68 cm. The value of (b) 3.124 which indicates the increase in the cube weight at the expense of length. The number of gil reckers was 10-16, the fin spine (Dorsal fin) was 14-15, and the soft rays Dorsal fin 11-13 and fin spin anal fin ranged from 3 to 3 and the number of anal fin rays from 8-10. The average body depth was 36.18, while the average head length was 30.43 and its height was 41.78. Key words: Coptodon zilii, Morphology, Tigris River, Condition factor. Copton zilliبانىزن مع معامم انحانة نم –بعض انخظائض انمظهرٌة وعالقة انطىل (Gervais, 1848) دجهة / بغذاد/ انعراقفً نهر سالو زٌذان خهٍفة 2 رائذ سامً عاتً 2 طباح حمىد حمذ انشمري 1 جبيعت دٌبنى –كهٍت انشراعت –قسى االَخبج انذٍىاًَ - 1 جبيعت دٌبنى –كهٍت انعهىو –قسى ببٌىحكُىنىجً -2 0123456789.salam65@gmail.com انمستخهض سجهج 6102انى دشٌزاٌ 6102أجزٌج انذراست فً َهز دجهت جُىة بغذاد نهًذة يٍ حًىس وانعًز وانًُى ويعبيم انذبنت نالسًبك Copton zilliبعض انخصبئص انبٍئٍت وانًظهزٌت نم سى 6242انى 210انخً حى انذصىل عهٍهب جًعج عٍُبث االسًبك كم شهز وبطىل ٌخزاوح بٍٍ وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 491 ْو واالوكسجٍٍ انًذاة 62-61غى وبًخىسط ودرجت دزارة 63.496انى 2424وبىسٌ كهً جشء ببنف ويعبيم انذبنت 14.3وانًهىدت 242يهغى / نخز بهغ االص انهٍذروجٍٍ 4422ٌسبوي وانخً b 3.124سى وكبَج قًٍت 6.424وبهغ يخىسط انطىل انًخىقع .0402نكال انجُسٍٍ ايب .0 -02وانشعُفت انظهزٌت 02-01 حىضخ سٌبدة عهى دسبة انطىل بهغ طىل انغالصى وكبٌ عًق 01-4وعذد االشعت 9-9انشعبَف انشىكٍت و 09-00انشعبَف انُبعًت انظهزٌت 204244وارحفبعت 91429ويخىسط طىل انزاص 92404انجسى 4انذبنت يعبيم، دجهت َهز، انًظهزٌت، انشٌهً انبهطً انكهمات انمفتاحٍة: Introduction The C.zillii (Gervais, 848) and its common name redbelly tilapia belong to the Cichlidae family of 1524 species (Eli, 2004).C.zillii is spread in southern Morocco, Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, America and the Philippines. The C. zillii (Gervais, 1848) is widespread in the tropics and sub-tropical regions and is widely spread in Africa and Russia. In Africa, its distribution extends from Morocco and Egypt in the North, Côte d'Ivoire and nigeria in the West to Democratic Republic of Congo in central Africa (El- Shazly, 1993). It reaches a maximum length of 26.0 cm, 289 g weights and can live for about seven years (Kariman, A.S.H; Nadhan, 2009).C. zillii is economically and ecologically important as food fish, for aquaculture, commercial aquarium trade, weed control and recreational fishery in its native range and in many countries it has been introduced (Mehanna , 2004). C. zilli is one of the most valued fish in North Africa. It constitutes an important part of inland fish production especially in the brackish lagoons of Morocco, Senegal River, Egypt and Libya (Hadi,2008). Materials and Methods Study Area: The study area south of the Tigris River (fig. 1) covers the Iraqi territories through three stations distributed by the study. The number of thorns of the dorsal fin, number of thorns of dorsal fins, number of thorns of the dorsal fin, number of thorns of the anal flap, number of rays Depth of body, head height, head length, as well as physical and chemical variables according to standard methods. وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 491 Fig.1. The study area to the Coptodon zillii in the Tigris River, south of Baghdad. Table 1 Taxonomic Hierarchy. Kingdom Animalia – Animal, animaux, animals Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata – cordés, cordado, chordates Subphylum Vertebrata – vertebrado, vertébrés, vertebrates Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes, spiny rayed fishes, poisson épineux, poissons à nageoires rayonnées Class Teleostei Superorder Acanthopterygii Order Perciformes – perch-like fishes Suborder Labroidei – parrotfishes, rainbowfishes, wrasses, labres, poissons- perroquets Family Cichlidae – cichlids, cichlidés, tilapias y mojarras de agua dulce Genus Coptodon Smith, 1840 – African mouthbrooders, speckled tilapias Species Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) – redbelly tilapia, Zilli's tilapia Mesurements: Measure the total length and standard length to the nearest (cm) using the included ruler and measure the total weight to the nearest 0.1 g using a sensitive electrical balance type Sartorius. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202423 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=914154 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=914156 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=158852 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=331030 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=914179 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161061 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161105 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=166082 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=167640 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=170476 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=169770 وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 491 Length- weight relationship: The relationship between the total length (TL) and the total weight (TW) was extracted by the following equation. W = aLb (LeCren,1951) where W = weight in grams, L = total length in centimeters, a is a scaling constant and b the allometric growth parameter. Calculate the maximum expected length using the following equation. L∞ = Lm.x/0.95 ( FAO, 1998) According to the condition factor as reported in Holopainen and Oikari (1992). C.F = W/L3×100 where W=gutted body weight (gm) and L=total length in (cm). Water analysis: Temperature: Water temperature was recorded using a mercury fraction of 0-100 C ° after submerging it under water. Dissolved oxygen: Determination of the dissolved oxygen using the (Azid Modification) method described by APHA (2003). After the field sample was installed and corrected with standard sodium thiosulfate 0.025 N and results were expressed in mg / l unit. Salinity: The equation used in APHA (1998) was used to calculate the salinity values of the electrical conductivity values: Salinity ° 100= EC (μ semins) / cm × 0.00064 pH: A pH meter of pH-009 (1) A was used to measure the pH of the tigris river area after being calibrated with Buffer solution (4, 7 and 9 pH) Results and Discussion Water analysis: Water is a substance of great environmental importance. It is described as ‘the liquid of life’ and has two measurements that are firmly وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 491 connected, amount and quality. Water quality is a network of physical, chemical, and biological variables affect each. Temperature: Hot water is one of the main factors affecting the overall vital activities of fish. As it affects nutrition and growth in all environments (Liu, Smith, 2004 and others,2013). Peterson et al. (2005) reported that the minimum lethal temperature of tilapia ranges from 9 to 21 C ° . Karisa- Charo et al. (2005) noted that tilapia has the ability to adapt to low temperatures up to 13.6 m. In Table 2 shows that the temperature ranges ranged from 8.5 to 30.5 and an average of 20.24. The results of the study differed with (Hussein, 2008) where the highest temperature was recorded at 30 C ° and the lowest value was 11.7 C ° . pH: Quantitative measures the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions (McCarty and Sawyer 1978). In general, most natural waters tend to be slightly alkaline due to the presence of carbonate ions and bicarbonates (APHA, WPCF, AWWA, 0334). The values of the PH were within normal limits at an average of 7.6 and tended to the basal Table (2). C. zillii was found to be able to live at a pH of 6-9 (Froses and Pauly, 2011). Salinity: Table (2) show the highest salinity rate of 0.82 g/L , the lowest of 0.44 g/L and the average of 0.59 in the Tigris River south of Baghdad. Most tilapia species C.zillii, Oreochromis aureus and O. mossambicus tolerates the salinity level with salinity levels of 5-30 ppm and depends on species, sex and size (El-Seyed and moharram, 2007). Dissolved oxygen: The dissolved oxygen in the water is essential for the breathing and living of aquatic animals as well as its importance in the process of self- purification that occurs naturally by the microorganisms and prevent the formation of harmful odors ( Tchobauoglous, 1979). Lowest oxygen record in Tigris river water rate 7.1 mg/l and highest rate 11.5 mg/l Table (2). The tilapia can live in the concentration of oxygen 1.0 mg/l but optimal growth occurs in concentration 2 mg/l Some species of Tilapia resist the lack of oxygen dissolved in water used oxygen near the water surface (babiker and Majid, 1975). وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 499 Table 1. showing some water Parameters in Tigris river - Baghdad. Mean(± SD) Rang Parameters 20.24(± 8.23) 8.5-30.5 Temperature 7.6(± 0.27) 7.2-8.2 pH 8.46(± 1.69) 7.1-11.5 O2 0.59(± 0.10) 0.44-0.82 Salinity Meristic and Morphometric Characteristics: The length of the C.zillii in the Tigris River recorded 10.35 cm, with a maximum length of 24.4 cm and a total weight of 32.39 g (Tab.3). The highest weight was 295.32 g, the number of gil reckers ranged from 10 - 16 , the fin spine (Dorsal fin) was 14-15 (Soft rays Dorsal fin from 11- 13), the Fin spin anal fin (3-3) and the number of anal fin (soft rays 8-10). At the same time the average Body depth was 36.18, while the average head length was 30.43 and the high was 41.78 (Tab.3). The number of soft rays in the dorsal fin 12-13 and the spine 15 to 16. The anal fin with 9-10 in the soft rays and 3-3 on the spine (Khalifa, S.Z; and Atee, 2018). These results are consistent with (Qadoory, 2012) found that the total length of the C.zillii in the Soeib was 60-180 mm and with a total weight of 6.93 - 115.70 g. In Ghorrah the length was 70-111 mm and the total weight was from 6.7 to 164.38 g. Dorsal fin contains 13- 16 fin spine), 10-14 soft rays, and an anal fin containing three fin-spins and 8-10 soft rays (Beckman, 1962). On the other hand (Jawad, 2001) register a difference in the number of vertebrae and soft rays of the pectoral of C.zillii when studying this species in three different lakes in Libya. And differed with the results of Atee et al. (2017) where the length ranges from 68 to 274 mm and the ranges of total weights from 6.6 to 378.79g in Nile tilapia. There is an affinity with the results of the Khalifa (2017) study, since the lengths of the kidneys ranged from 68 - 279 mm and weights total of 6.6 to 379.68 g for Nile tilapia in the Tigris River south of Baghdad. In a study of the blue tilapia in the diyala river it was found that the total length ranges from 16 cm to 18 cm and the total weight from 98.8 to 136.2 g Khalifa (2018). وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 022 Table 3. Some numerical and morphological characteristics of the tilapia fish in the Tigris river - Baghdad – Iraq. SD Mean Rang Meristic and Morphometric Characteristics 3.90 10.35 6.1-24.4 Total length (cm) 3.24 .184 3-19.5 Stander length(cm) 50.00 36.18 4.32-117.28 Body depth% IN TL 19.69 32.39 4.48-295.32 Total weight(g) 11.54 30.43 14.01-67.13 Head length% IN TL 10.41 41.78 25.71-57.64 Head heigth% IN TL 1.54 13.65 02-01 Gill reckers 0.31 14.90 0.-02 Dorsal fin Fin spine 0.81 06 09-00 Soft rays Dorsal fin 0.00 9 9-9 Fin spine Anal fin 0.56 8.9 01-4 Anal fin Soft rays Length- weight relationship: The length-weight relationship is useful for estimating the weight of a fish of a given length and can be used in studies of gonads development and the rate of feeding, maturity and condition (Le Cren, 1951) . Y = 0.087x 3.124 R 2 = 0.965 The weight- lenght relationship for a study of tilapia in the Kanye Nigeria dam indicates that the growth was close to the ideal value of fish (b= 3) (Ikomi,1996; Oniye et al 2006). Abd-Allah et al. (2000) and Shalloof (2009) recorded the same value of (b) =2.69 in Lake Qaurun and in Edko Lake. وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 024 Figure 2. Showed Length–weight relationship of C. zillii from tigris river. The condition factor (k). The condition factor was used to measure the various environmental and biological factors such as the degree of obesity and gonads and the environmental adequacy of the feeding condition (Mac Gregoer, 1959). The mean value of the condition factor for the total length from 5 cm to 25 cm was 2.300, 2.344, 1.188, 2.248 and 2.216, respectively (Fig. 3). The total value of (k) was 1.165. Hadi (2008) found that the value of k (2.195) in Lake Umhfein. While Shallof (2009) recorded the value of (k) 2.01 in Qarun Lake. وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 020 Figure 3. Showed Condition factor (k) of C. zilli from tigris river. Calculate the maximum expected length using the following equation: The maximum expected length of the C. zillii fish in the Tigris was 25.68 cm. L = 25.68(c m) The results differed with the results of Mehana (2004), where the maximum length of C.zillii in the valleys of Wadi Al Rayyan was 305 mm and in the Lake Umhfein in Libya it reached a maximum length of 270 mm (Hadi, 2008). Conclusion 1-The results of the study indicate that the environment of the Tigris River suitable for the growth and reproduction of this type of fish. 2-The possibility of C. zillii living in high thermal and saline levels. 3. It is necessary to increase the production of tilapia artificially and cultivate it for its high productivity efficiency. وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 022 REFERENCES Akanda, A.; Freeman, S. and Placht, M. 2007. The Tigris-Euphrates River basin: mediating a path towards regional water stability. Al Nakhlah, (Spring Issue 1–12). Atee, R. S; Abd Al Karim, j. A., and Salam, Z. K. 2017. 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Piscat. 31(1): 159-164. وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 021 Kariman A.S.H. and Nadhan G. 2009. Some observations on fisheries biology of Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848) and Solea vulgaris (Quensel, 1806) in Lake Qarun, Egypt. World Fish Mari. Sci. 1(1): 20-28. Khalifa, S. Z. 2017. Ecological and biological of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus from Tigris River Southern Baghdad. Thesis submitted to DiyalaUniversity, pp. 16 - 141. Khalifa, S.Z. and Atee, R.S, Abulheni,A.J. and Hussein,T.S.2018. The first appearance of the Blue tilapia is Oreochromis aureus (S, 1864) in diyala river / Buhriz Mesop. environ. j., Special Issue E.; 179-184. Khalifa, S. Z. and Atee, R.S. 2018. The first record of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.1758) In the Diyala River /Buhriz. Third International Scientific Conference 5-6/12 /2018. 96-100. Le Cren ED .1951. The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and conditions in perch Perca fluviatilis, J. Anim. Ecol., 20(2): 201-219. Liu, S.S., Gong; J. Li and W. Huang. 2013. Effects of water temperature photoperiod, Eyestalk Ablation, and non-Hormonal treat ments, on spawning of ovary-mature Red Swamp Crayfish. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 75(2): 228-234. Mac Gregoer JS.1959. Relation between fish condition and population size in the sardine (sardinops cacrulea) US. Fish. Wild. Fish . Bull, 166: 60. Majid, A. and Babiker., M. M.1975. Oxygen consumption and respiratory behavior in three Nile fishes. Hydrobiology., 46:357- 367. Mehanna S.F. 2004. Population dynamics of two cichlids, Oreochromis aureus and Tilapia zillii, from Wadi El-Raiyan Lakes. Egypt. Agri. Marine Sci. 9(1):9-16. Oniye, S.J; Adebote, D.A; Usman, S. K. and Makpo, J.K.2006. Some Aspect of the biology of Protopterus annectens (owen) in Jachi dam near Katsina, Katsina State, nigeria, J. Fish. Aquatic Sci., 1 (2):136- 141. Peterson, M.S, Slack, W.T. and Woodley, C.M.2005. The occurrence of nonindigenous Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) in coastal Mississippi: ties to aquaculture and thermal effluent. Wetlands.,( 25): 112-121. Qadoory, Amina Edrees.2012. Reproductive cycle of Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848) in the Al-Swaib and AlGhatira marshes, South of Iraq, A thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah.1-100. Shalloof KA, Sh .2009. Some Observations on Fisheries Biology of Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848) and Solea vulgaris (Quensel, 1806) in Lake Qarun, Egypt .World J. Fish Marine Sci., 1(1): 20-28, ISSN 1992-0083. وانذونً األول نهبحىث انرابع ( عذد خاص بىقائع انمؤتمر انعهمً 21مجهة دٌانى نهعهىو انسراعٍة انمجهذ ) ISSN: 2073-9524 1212تمىز 21- 21 ةانسراعٍ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 021 Smith, B.B.2004. Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) spawning dynamics and early growth in the lower River Murray, South Australia. PH.D. Thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia: 62. Tchobauoglous, G. 1979. Waste Water Engineering Treatment Disposal Reuse, 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-Hill Public Co. New Delhi.