Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2023, Vol. (15) No. 1: 93-103 ISSN: 2073-9524 eISSN: 2310-8746 93 Evaluation of the Performance of Locally Developed Combine Equipment Used for Several Agricultural Operations at Once Shaimaa Sami Dowad 1 , Abdulrazzak Abdullatif Jasim 2 1,2 Department of Agricultural Machines and Equipment, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 1 Corresponding Author: Shaimaa.s@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq Article history: Received: 12 February 2023 Accepted: 34 March 2024 Published: 30 June 2023 Abstract A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of locally developed combine equipment used for several agricultural operations at once in a silt clay loam soil texture. Three factors were used. The first is the forward speed of the machinery unit, with three speeds: of 2.98, 4.37, and 6.18 km h -1 , the second is plowing depths, with three plowing depths and subsurface irrigation pipes of 10/20, 15/25, 20/30 cm, the third is the distances between the subsurface irrigation pipes, with three distances of 50, 60 and 70 cm. The field efficiency of the combine equipment, soil moisture content, soil penetration resistance and soil bulk density were studied. Faltra tractor was used as a power source with a power of 88 kW (120 hp), with the combine equipment. The results showed that the speed of 6.18 km h -1 was significantly higher in obtaining the highest field efficiency. While the speed of 2.98 km.h -1 was outperformed in obtaining the highest value for soil moisture content, the lowest soil penetration resistance and the lowest soil bulk density compared to the other speeds. The depth of plowing and subsurface irrigation pipes 10/20 cm outperformed in obtaining the highest field efficiency, the highest moisture content, the least soil resistance to penetration, and the lowest soil bulk density compared to other depths. The distance of 70 cm was significantly outperformed in obtaining the highest field efficiency, the highest value of moisture content, the least soil resistance to penetration, and the lowest bulk density compared to other distances. The treatment of speed 2.98 km.h -1 , depth 10/20 cm, and distance 70 cm outperformed in obtaining the highest moisture content of 19.40%, the lowest soil penetration resistance of 2.42 kg.cm -2 , and the lowest soil bulk density of 0.93 µg.m -3 compared to other treatments. Keywords: Combine equipment, Forward speed, Plowing depth, ubsurface irrigation pipes, bulk density https://dx.doi.org/10.52951/dasj.23150110 This article is open-access under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Introduction The compound machine performs several agricultural operations at the same time, and the compound machines contain primary equipment as well as secondary equipment and crop service machines. The compound machine requires a high power that must be available in the agricultural tractor to complete the agricultural operations. Plowing and seeding machines are the basis for the productivity of the crop to be cultivated (Jasim, 2019). When using agricultural machinery and equipment in the process of soil preparation and other agricultural operations, it causes compaction of the soil, an increase in bulk density, a decrease in porosity, and an increase in soil resistance to root growth and seedling emergence. Where the compound machines work to reduce the compaction of the soil, reduce its compaction, reduce the energy expended, save the quantities of spent fuel, reduce the time, increase the susceptibility of leaching, reduce runoff, and reduce soil erosion to reach the best growth of the roots, and then we get an increase in the yield when performing any agricultural operation (Jasim et al., 2018). Speed is important in the processes that make the physical soil conditions suitable for plant growth. The optimal selection of equipment helps to maintain the specific mailto:Shaimaa.s@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7301-9908 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7897-8699 https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7301-9908 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7897-8699 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2023, Vol. (15) No. 1: 93-103 94 characteristics of the soil, and if such equipment is not chosen correctly, this leads to negative effects on the physical characteristics of the soil and makes it inappropriate (Al-Banna, 1990), and the speed factor has a significant effect on field efficiency, as the increase in speed increases field efficiency, and the reason for this may be attributed to the fact that the higher the speed, the higher the practical productivity as a result of an increase in the working width of plowing, so the field efficiency increases (Al-Hashemi, 2012). Field efficiency is affected by the increase in the depth of plowing, as the efficiency decreases with increasing depth (Al-Shujairi, 2008). Some soil characteristics are affected by the increase in the speed of the machine unit and the depth of plowing, such as an increase in the resistance of the soil to penetration and an increase in the bulk density of the soil, and it may lead to a decrease in moisture content at some times (Al-Azzawi, 2022; Abo- Habaga et al., 2018). Increasing the distance between the subsurface irrigation pipes also leads to a decrease in the bulk density, as the distance of 20 cm outperformed by achieving the lowest bulk density of 1.20 µg.m -3 . While the distance of 10 cm recorded the highest bulk density of 1.23 µg.m -3 (Jabbar, 2021) Considering the importance of developing, manufacturing and testing combine equipment that perform the most agricultural process at the same time by knowing the effect of forward speed, plowing depth, subsurface irrigation pipes, and the distance between subsurface irrigation pipes on the field efficiency of the machine and some physical properties of the soil is an imperative task Therefore, this study aims to develop, manufacture and test combine equipment that perform the most agricultural process at the same time by knowing the effect of forward speed, plowing depth, subsurface irrigation pipes and the distance between subsurface irrigation pipes on the field efficiency of the machine and some physical properties of the soil. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted at Al- Raed Research Station, 25 km west of Baghdad, to evaluate the performance of a locally developed combine equipment used for several agricultural operations at once in a sand, silt and clay soil texture, its physical and chemical properties are shown in Table (1) for the spring growing season 2022. Three factors were used in the experiment. The first is the forward speed of the machine unit, with three speeds of 2.98, 4.37, and 6.18 km. h -1 , The second is plowing depths, which included three plowing depths and subsurface irrigation pipes of 10/20, 15/25, 20/30 cm, the third is the distances between the subsurface irrigation pipes, with three distances of 50, 60 and 70 cm. The field efficiency of the combine equipment, soil moisture content, soil penetration resistance and soil bulk density were studied. The experiment was designed according to the (Nest Design) system, under the randomized complete block system, with three replications, where the speed factor was allocated to the main plot, depth to sub- plot, and pipe distance to sub-sub plots. The least significant difference test was used with a probability of 0.05 (L.S.D = 0.05) to compare treatments means (Elsahooki and Wahib, 1990). The experiment included 27 treatments (3 x 3 x 3), i.e. 81 experimental units. The length of the experimental unit is 10 m and the width is 3 m. That is, the area of the experimental unit is 30 m², leaving a distance of 10 m before each replicate for the purpose of the tractor gaining constant speed. The total area in which the experiment was carried out was 3 dunums (7500 m 2 ). A combine equipment consisting of a tillage system, subsurface drip irrigation pipe installation system, seeding system, fertilization system, first irrigation system, pesticide spraying system, and leveling system was developed, manufactured, and tested, as shown in Figure (1) . Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2023, Vol. (15) No. 1: 93-103 95 Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of soil texture Soil depth cm soil separates g. kg -1 soil texture Volumetric moisture content at field capacity % Volumetric moisture content at wilting point % pH Soil Ec ds m -1 bulk density µg.m -3 soil penetration resistance kg cm -2 clay silt sand 0-30 23% 63% 46% silty clay loam 44.46 20.46 7.7 8.15 234: 1.10 30-60 22% 62% 47% silty clay loam 44.81 21.44 7.4 8.44 2353 2.90 Figure 1. The compound equipment used in the experiment The results of the experiment were measured as follows: 1- Field efficiency of the compound machine (%) The field efficiency was calculated using the formula proposed by (Hunt, 1980): Fe (%) = Pp / Pt x 100 Whereas: Fe: field efficiency of the machine (%) Pp: practical productivity of the machine (ha/hour) Pt: theoretical productivity of the machine (ha/hour) 2-Soil moisture content (%) The moisture content of the soil was calculated according to the gravimetric method using the equation suggested by (Gardner, 1965): Pw = ( ) Whereas: Pw: gravimetric moisture content Msw: wet soil mass (g) Ms: dry soil mass (g) 3- Soil Penetration Resistance (kg.cm -2 ) Soil penetration resistance was measured using a pocket Penetrometer KM Mark (N715) made in Japan (Mousavi et al., 2021), as shown in Figure 2. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2023, Vol. (15) No. 1: 93-103 96 Figure 2. The pocket penetrating soil resistivity meter 4- The bulk density of the soil (µg.m -3 ) The bulk density was calculated using the equation proposed by Black (1965): B total Ms V   Whereas: ρB : soil bulk density (µg.m -3 ) Ms : mass of the oven-dried soil sample (µg) VTotal: total soil volume (m 3 ) Results and discussion 1- Field efficiency of the combine equipment (%) The results indicate that there is a significant effect of the forward speed of the mechanical unit on the field efficiency of the compound machine, as the speed of 6.18 km.h -1 recorded the highest field efficiency value of 70.70% compared to other speeds ) Table 2), due to the fact that the forward speed is one of the components of practical productivity, and when the speed increases, the productivity increases, and then the field efficiency increases, and these results are consistent with the results obtained (Muhammad and Jasim, 2021; Al-Azzawi et al., 2022). The results also indicate that there are significant differences in the characteristic of field efficiency as a result of the depths of plowing, as the depth 20 cm. Significantly outperformed with the highest value for field efficiency (70.10%) compared to other depths, due to the decrease in practical productivity by increasing the depth, which leads to a decrease in field efficiency. These results are consistent with the results obtained by Al-Azzawi and Zain Al-Din (2022); Jebur (2018). The results show the effect of the distance between the irrigation pipes on the field efficiency, as the distance between the irrigation pipes of 70 cm outperformed with the highest field efficiency of 69.58% compared to other distances (Table 2). This is due to the fact that the working width is one of the product components, and when the working width increases, the practical productivity increases, and thus the field efficiency increases and decreases when the distance decreases, due to the convergence of the arms of the chisel plow and the reduction of the working width. The results indicate a significant two- way interaction between speeds and depths in the field efficiency, where the speed of 6.18 km. h -1 , and plowing depth of 10/20 cm, outperformed and achieved the highest field efficiency of 72.44%, while the speed of 4.37 km.h -1 and the plowing depth of 20/30 cm was the least field efficiency, (66.99%). These results agree with the results obtained by Taha (2011). The two-way interaction between the speed of 6.18 km. h -1 and the distance between the irrigation pipes of 70 cm recorded the highest percentage of field efficiency (70.88%), while the speed of 2.98 km. h -1 and the distance between the pipes Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2023, Vol. (15) No. 1: 93-103 97 of 50 cm recorded the lowest field efficiency percentage of 66.56%. The results of the analysis indicated a significant three-way interaction between the plowing depth and the distances between the pipes, as the depth of 10/20 cm and the distance of 70 cm gave the highest field efficiency value of 70.61% compared to other interactions. The results indicate a significant three way interaction between speed, plowing depth, and distance between pipes, where the interaction treatment of speed 6.18 km.h - 1 , depth 10/20 cm, and distance 70 cm outperformed with the highest field efficiency of 73.11%, while the interaction between speed 2.98 km h -1 and depth 20/30 cm and the distance 50 cm recorded lowest field efficiency of 65.23%. Table 2. Effect of forward speed, plowing depth and distances between subsurface irrigation pipes on field efficiency (%) forward speed (km. h -1 ) plowing depth and irrigation pipes (cm) Three-way interaction speed x plowing depth Distance between sub-surface irrigation pipes 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm 2998 32/22 79336 783:2 78346 78395 36/26 78362 78378 78322 78354 42/32 82329 77327 76334 78356 4937 32/22 82357 7:3:2 7:383 82324 36/26 7:385 7:387 7:357 7:376 42/32 77362 78346 78322 773:: 6918 32/22 84322 83334 823:: 83355 36/26 82335 82372 82326 82344 42/32 7:342 7:373 7:322 7:345 LSD=0.05 233:: 23368 Pipe distance mean 7:369 7:322 79369 LS=0.05 09072 speed x distance Forward speed ( km h -1 ) 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm speed mean 2998 793:5 78332 77367 78368 4937 793:2 7:322 79387 7939: 6918 82399 82393 82352 82382 LSD=0.05 09124 09072 Depth x Distance plowing depth and irrigation pipes 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm Depth mean 20/10 82372 82323 7:37: 82322 25/15 7:327 7:345 793:2 7:325 30/20 793:7 78379 78325 783:4 LSD=0.05 23368 23362 2 - Moisture content (%) The results indicate that there are significant differences between the average speeds, as the speed of 2.98 km.h-1 recorded the highest soil moisture content of 18.24% compared to the other speeds (Table 3). These results agree with the results obtained by Al-Hashemi (2003). The results also show that the depth of plowing and irrigation pipes have a significant effect on the moisture content of the soil (Table 3), as the depth 10/20 cm outperformed with the highest moisture content of (18.93 %). These results agree with the results obtained by AL-Halfi (2021). The distance between the irrigation pipes had a significant effect on the moisture content, as the distance of 70 cm recorded the highest percentage of soil moisture content, amounting to 18.21% compared to other distances. Table 3 shows the superiority of the two-way interaction between the forward Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2023, Vol. (15) No. 1: 93-103 98 speed of 2.98 km. h -1 and a depth of 10/20 cm. The highest value of the soil moisture content amounted to 19.23%, while the speed of 6.18 km.h -1 and a depth of 20/30 cm recorded the lowest value of 17.02%. The interaction between the speed of 2.98 km.h -1 and a distance of 70 cm recorded the highest value of 18.43%, while the speed of 6.18 km h -1 and a distance of 50 cm recorded the lowest value of 17.66%. A depth of 10/20 cm and a distance of 70 cm recorded the highest value in soil resistance to penetration of 19.04%, while a depth of 20/30 cm and a distance of 50 cm recorded the lowest value of 16.99%. A depth of 10/20 cm and a distance of 70 cm recorded the highest value in the soil moisture content of 19.04%, while a depth of 20/30 cm and a distance of 50 cm recorded the lowest value of 16.94%. The results show that the three-way interaction between the forward speed, depth of plowing, and irrigation pipes, and the distance between the subsurface irrigation pipes had a significant effect on the moisture content of the soil, as the speed of 2.98 km.h -1 , and depth of 10/20 cm, and a distance of 70 cm, recording the highest value of 19.40%. While the three-way interaction between the speed of 6.18 km.h - 1 , the depth of plowing and the irrigation pipes 20/30 cm and a distance of 50 cm recorded the lowest value of 16.78%. Table 3. Effect of forward speed, plowing depth and distances between subsurface irrigation pipes on the moisture content of the soil (%) forward speed (km h -1 ) plowing depth and irrigation pipes (cm) Three-way interaction speed x plowing depth Distance between sub-surface irrigation pipes 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm 2998 32/22 2:352 2:334 2:326 2:334 36/26 29332 29326 283:3 29327 42/32 28379 28348 28332 28353 4937 32/22 293:5 2:325 293:: 293:: 36/26 29325 283:: 283:2 283:9 42/32 28382 28352 27392 28342 6918 32/22 2938: 29362 29353 29368 36/26 29322 28385 2838: 28395 42/32 28329 2832: 27389 28323 LSD=0.05 23295 23269 Pipe distance mean 29332 29327 28398 LS=0.05 09026 speed x distance Forward speed (km h -1 ) 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm speed mean 2998 29354 29333 29327 29354 4937 29334 29325 283:2 29334 6918 283:7 28392 28377 283:7 LSD=0.05 23255 23237 Depth x Distance plowing depth and irrigation pipes 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm Depth mean 20/10 2:325 293:3 29393 293:4 25/15 29329 283:4 28398 283:7 30/20 2835: 28343 273:5 28336 LSD=0.05 23269 23262 3- Soil resistance to penetration (kg. cm -2 ) The results showed that there was a significant effect of the forward speed on the soil resistance to penetration, as the speed of 2.98 km.h -1 outperformed with the lowest value of the soil resistance to penetration (2.65 kg. cm -2 ) compared to the other speeds. The reason for this is that the increase in the speed works on the speed of extrusion of the soil masses, and then Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2023, Vol. (15) No. 1: 93-103 99 increases the fragmentation of the soil and thus increases the soil bulk density which leads to an increase in soil resistance to penetration, and this is consistent with the findings of Al-Rajabo and Hilal (2012). The depth of plowing and irrigation pipes had a significant effect on the soil resistance to penetration, as the depth of 10/20 cm outperformed with the lowest value of 2.58 kg cm -2 compared to other depths. The reason for this is that the soil particles move to the surface area and settle in the large pores. This leads to an increase in the bulk density at that depth and a decrease in moisture content, which leads to an increase in the soil resistance to penetration, and this agreed with the results obtained by Menkhy and Jebur (2022); Talabani and Saad (2018). The results indicate a significant effect of the distance between the irrigation pipes on soil resistance to penetration, as the distance of 70 cm outperformed with the lowest soil resistance to penetration value of 2.67 kg.cm-2 compared to other distances. The results indicate that the two-way interaction between the speed, the depth of plowing and the irrigation pipes has a significant effect on the soil resistance to penetration, as the speed of 2.98 km.h -1 and a depth of 10/20 cm outperformed with the lowest soil penetration resistance value of 2.53 kg.cm -2 . While the speed of 6.18 km.h -1 and a depth of 20/30 cm, recorded the highest value of 2.90 kg.cm -2 . These results agree with the results obtained Al-Azzawi (2022). The results also indicate that the two-way interaction between speed and distance had a significant effect, as the speed of 2.98 km.h-1 and the distance between the irrigation pipes 70 cm, outperformed with the lowest value of soil penetration resistance of 2.61 kg.cm -2 , while the speed of 6.18 km.h -1 and the distance between pipes. Irrigation of 50 cm, recorded the highest value of 2.77 kg. cm -2 . The depth of 10/20 cm and the distance of 70 cm recorded the lowest value in the soil resistance to penetration amounted to 2.50 kg.cm -2 , while the interaction between the depth of 20/30 cm and a distance of 50 cm recorded the highest value in the soil resistance to penetration of 2.86 kg.cm -2 . The three-way interaction between the speed of 2.98 km.h -1 and a depth of 10/20 cm and a distance of 70 cm recorded the lowest value of 2.42 kg.cm -2 , while the interaction between the speed of 6.18 km.h -1 and a depth of 20/30 cm with a distance of 50 cm recorded the highest value of 2.92 kg. cm -2 . 4- Bulk density (µg. m -3 ) The effect of forward speed, plowing depth, irrigation pipes, and distances between subsurface irrigation pipes on the bulk density are presented in Table (5). The results indicate that the speed of 2.98 km.h -1 outperformed with the lowest value in the bulk density of 1.24 µg.m -3 compared to the other speeds. The reason for this is that the increase in speed leads to the extrusion of soil masses and their rapid fragmentation, which causes an increase in soil compact, and then a decrease in its porosity and an increase in the bulk density. These results agree with the results obtained by Al-Azzawi (2022). The results also indicate that the depth of plowing and irrigation pipes had a significant effect on the bulk density of the soil, as the depth of 10/20 cm, outperformed with the lowest value of the bulk density of 1.07 µg.m -3 compared to other depths. The reason for this is that increasing the depth increases the compaction of the soil, which leads to the convergence of the soil particles and fills the voids in the soil, which results in an increase in the weight of the soil to a unit volume, so the bulk density increases. These results are consistent with the results of Al-Khalidi (2021); Mankhi and Jebur (2022). The results also indicate that there are no significant differences between the distances between the subsurface irrigation pipes in bulk density3 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2023, Vol. (15) No. 1: 93-103 100 The results indicate a significant two- way between speed, depth of plowing and irrigation pipes in bulk density, where the speed of 2.98 km.h -1 and a depth of 10/20 cm. outperformed with the lowest value of 0.98 µg.m -3 , while the speed of 4.37 km.h -1 and a depth of 30/20 cm, recorded the highest value of 1.65 µg.m -3 , and these results agree with the results obtained (Al- Ardhi, 2011). The results also indicate that there are no significant two-way interaction between the speed and the distance between the subsurface irrigation pipes. The results also show a significant interaction between the depth of 10/20 cm and the distance between the subsurface irrigation pipes of 70 cm with the lowest value in bulk density amounting to 1.04 µg.m -3 , while the depth 20/30 cm and a distance of 70 cm recorded the highest value of 1.49 µg.m -3 . The results show a significant three-way interaction between speed, plowing depth, irrigation pipes, and the distance between subsurface irrigation pipes. Where the speed of 2.98 km.h -1 , depth of 10/20 cm, and distance of 70 cm, outperformed with the lowest value of 0.93 µg.m -3 . While the interaction between the speed of 4.37 km.h - 1 , depth of 20/30 cm,and distance of 70 cm, recorded the highest bulk density value of 1.65 µg m -3 , as well as the same result at the same speed and depth in the distance of 50 cm. Table 4. Effect of forward speed, plowing depth and distances between subsurface irrigation pipes on soil resistance to penetration (kg. cm -2 ) forward speed (km. h -1 ) plowing depth and irrigation pipes (cm) Three-way interaction speed x plowing depth Distance between sub-surface irrigation pipes 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm 2998 32/22 3353 3365 3375 3364 36/26 336: 3374 337: 3375 42/32 3392 3384 338: 3389 4937 32/22 3363 3367 3377 3369 36/26 3382 3387 337: 3383 42/32 3392 3393 3397 3393 6918 32/22 3366 3372 3379 3372 36/26 3385 3387 3382 3384 42/32 3398 33:2 33:3 33:2 LSD=0.05 23259 23239 Pipe distance mean 3378 3382 3385 LS=0.05 09026 speed x distance Forward speed (km h -1 ) 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm speed mean 2998 3372 3375 3382 3376 4937 3379 3382 3385 3382 6918 3383 3387 3388 3386 LSD=0.05 23239 23227 Depth x Distance plowing depth and irrigation pipes 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm Depth mean 20/10 3362 3368 3377 3369 25/15 3379 3383 3382 3382 30/20 3394 3393 3397 3394 LSD=0.05 23239 23232 Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2023, Vol. (15) No. 1: 93-103 101 Table 5. Effect of forward speed, plowing depth and distances between subsurface irrigation pipes on bulk density (µg. m -3 ) forward speed (km. h -1 ) plowing depth and irrigation pipes (cm) Three-way interaction speed x plowing depth Distance between sub-surface irrigation pipes 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm 2998 32/22 23:4 23:9 2325 23:9 36/26 2325 2326 2363 2338 42/32 2373 236: 2332 2358 4937 32/22 2328 2322 2323 2322 36/26 2349 2342 2328 233: 42/32 2376 2374 2376 2376 6918 32/22 2322 2328 2326 2325 36/26 2326 2364 2372 2354 42/32 232: 232: 2333 2332 LSD=0.05 23442 23385 Pipe distance mean 2336 233: 2342 LS=0.05 09026 speed x distance Forward speed (km h -1 ) 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm speed mean 2998 2334 2335 2336 2335 4937 2348 2345 2342 2345 6918 2326 2342 2343 2337 LSD=0.05 N.S 23227 Depth x Distance plowing depth and irrigation pipes 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm Depth mean 20/10 2325 2329 2322 2328 25/15 2333 2344 2354 2344 30/20 235: 2358 2347 2355 LSD=0.05 23385 23375 Conclusion It can be concluded from the preceding the success of the use of the compound machine in conducting the plowing process and installing the irrigation pipes and the pipes of the planting seeds, the pesticide, the fertilization, the initial irrigation, the leveling and the mulching at the same time. We conclude that the speed of 2.98 km.h -1 , the depth of plowing, the subsurface pipes 10/20 cm, and the distance of 70 cm, outperformed because gave the best physical soil characteristics. We recommend using a compound machine manufactured and developed locally, and using a speed of 2.98 km.h -1 , a depth of 10/20 cm, and a distance of 70 cm. We also recommend conducting other experiments on using the other compound machine in other soils. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Department of Agricultural Machines and Equipment, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad. We would also like to extend our deepest gratitude to all who have contributed to the progress of this study. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2023, Vol. (15) No. 1: 93-103 102 References Abo-Habaga, M., Imara, Z., and Okasha, M. (2018). 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