Academic Journal of Science and Technology 
ISSN: 2771-3032 | Vol. 3, No. 3, 2022 

 

100 

Study	on	The	Adhesion	Properties	of	Light‐ransmitting	
Concrete	Based	on	Different	Matrix	Materials	
Zhilong Zhou, Feifei Dan, Yuexing Cai, Pan Li, Jiajun Liu, Kun An 

School of Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China 

 

Abstract: Light-transmitting concrete prepared by the combination of light-transmitting materials and concrete matrix is a 
new building material with functions of energy saving and consumption reduction. In this paper, the current research status of 
scholars in this field at home and abroad is integrated and explored, so as to carry out the analysis of the interfacial bonding 
performance between the light-transmitting material and the concrete matrix of light-transmitting concrete. This paper selects 
acrylic as the light-transmitting material, silicate cement mortar, alkali magnesium sulfate cement mortar, ordinary mortar with 
cork particles, ordinary mortar with expansion agents, ordinary mortar with basalt fibers, and self-compacting cement mortar as 
the matrix materials, and tests the interfacial bonding performance of different substrates of light-transmitting concrete made by 
them. Through the interfacial bonding performance test and compressive strength test, the results of the study showed that the 
interfacial bonding between the concrete matrix and acrylic with the addition of basalt fibers was superior. 

Keywords: Light-transmitting Concrete, Interfacial bonding performance, Acrylic, Energy conservation. 
 

1. Introduction 
With the increasing level of urbanization and building 

density, the level of natural lighting in the city decreases year 
by year and can only rely on a large number of artificial 
lighting. According to research, in the lighting process, 75% 
of the energy is consumed in the form of heat, and only 25% 
of the energy is used for luminescence, resulting in a huge 
waste of energy, while also not in line with the national low-
carbon, green requirements. The development of new 
building materials is an important driving force to promote 
the development of green energy-saving buildings. As a new 
type of composite material, light-transmitting concrete has 
certain material structure performance and low-carbon 
environmental protection and art decoration functions, and 
has become a research hot spot for many scholars to discuss. 

Light-transmitting concrete is a new functional material 
with energy-saving and decorative functions, which can turn 
the original opaque concrete into light-transmitting one and 
increase the natural light area of the building without losing 
the original wall insulation capacity, thus reducing the 
building energy consumption and playing an energy-saving 
and emission reduction effect. The use of light-transmitting 
concrete products to produce prefabricated envelope structure, 
etc., not only can achieve the traditional wall envelope and 
decorative functions, but also can significantly improve the 
indoor daytime lighting conditions, and thus save electricity 
for lighting. Therefore, light-transmitting concrete, as a 
carrier of buildings, is simultaneously endowed with light-
transmitting properties, which reduces lighting energy 
consumption to a certain extent. And it is a development trend 
of building energy saving and emission reduction. 

Research on translucent concrete has been conducted since 
2008, but from the research of various scholars it can be found 
that the development of light-transmitting concrete has been 
hampered by many obstacles. One of the main factors 
affecting its development is that the implantation of light-
transmitting materials leads to a significant decrease in the 
mechanical properties of concrete. The reason for this is that 
cement itself has shrinkage and has a weak bonding ability 

with light-transmitting materials, resulting in a low interfacial 
strength. Therefore, to solve this problem, this study analyzes 
the methods to improve the mechanical properties of light-
transmitting concrete from the perspective of admixture and 
cementitious interface. The aim is to improve the binding 
ability of the interface of translucent concrete, improve the 
strength of concrete, and extend the application range of light-
transmitting concrete. 

In this paper, we will select commonly used admixture 
active admixtures or organic polymers to improve the strength 
of concrete for experiments on light-transmitting concrete. In-
depth study of their effects on interfacial bond strength and 
structure of translucent concrete as well as the mechanism of 
action. as well as the mechanism of action. Suitable 
admixtures will be selected to improve the performance of 
light-transmitting concrete and to promote the development 
of light-transmitting concrete. 

2. Literature Review 
The development trend of green building and building 

industrialization will promote the development of building 
materials towards having functional qualities. The energy 
consumption of residential facades, roofs and windows in 
China is 3.4 times higher than that of developed countries. 
Therefore, the corresponding measures to make concrete with 
a certain degree of light-transmitting properties will reduce 
the energy consumption of lighting to a certain extent [1]. 
Light-transmitting concrete is such a new building material 
with light-transmitting function, which is formed by 
compounding light-transmitting materials on the basis of 
traditional cement substrate. Light-transmitting concrete has 
a good light-transmitting effect, changing the previous gray 
and monotonous image of concrete products, making them 
bright and lively. Buildings using light-transmitting concrete 
as external walls can clearly show the outline of indoor and 
outdoor objects, and can present a colorful effect with the 
cooperation of light. Light-transmitting concrete not only has 
a good decorative effect, but also makes the interior have 
natural light, which plays the role of light, green and energy 
saving [2]. Therefore, light-transmitting concrete is a new 



 

101 

building material with good application prospects and is a 
research hotspot in the field of cement concrete science [3]. 

The light-transmitting material bears the load together with 
concrete in the structure, and the physical and mechanical 
properties of the light-transmitting material and concrete 
differ greatly. The stresses generated during the curing 
process are easily constrained by each other to produce 
cracking and debonding phenomena. Therefore, the strength 
of the combination of light-transmitting material and concrete, 
that is, the bond strength, largely determines the overall load-
bearing capacity of the light-transmitting concrete material. 
Not only that, the bonding performance of the light-
transmitting materials to the concrete also has a significant 
impact on the overall durability of the material 
(impermeability, frost resistance, erosion resistance, etc.) [4]. 
Therefore, in order to solve this problem, this study starts 
from the interfacial bonding performance, and thus 
investigates and analyzes how to better improve the 
interfacial bonding performance and mechanical properties of 
the light-transmitting concrete. 

It has been found that the cracks unfold from the interface 
between the light-transmitting material and the cement matrix 
when the light-transmitting concrete specimens are subjected 
to compression damage. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance 
the interfacial bonding performance between the cement 
matrix and the light-transmitting material in order to 
effectively improve the overall mechanical properties of 
light-transmitting concrete. In this regard, many scholars have 
analyzed light-transmitting concrete from the perspective of 
interfacial bonding [5]. Guangjing Xiong [6] et al. introduced 
silane coupling agents in improving the interfacial bonding 
properties of old and new concrete. Their results showed that 
the silane coupling agent could generate chemical forces 
between the old and new concrete interfaces, which 
substantially improved the overall mechanical properties of 
the material and optimized the fine structure of the transition 
layer of the old and new concrete. Peiling He [7] et al. analyzed 
different interfaces before and after interfacial modification 
using epoxy resin AB adhesive based on the internal 
microstructure and light transmission mechanism of resin-
based cementitious light-transmitting concrete materials 
using two instruments: environmental scanning electron 
microscopy as well as X-ray diffractometer. The test results 
show that after the epoxy resin AB adhesive is evenly coated 
on the surface of the contact between the cementitious matrix 
and the resin block, the epoxy resin AB adhesive will have 
some reactions with the cementitious matrix and the resin 

block, making the contact surface rough and the adhesion 
significantly enhanced. Xuna Ye [8] et al. prepared light-
transmitting concrete using silicate cement and observed the 
interfacial properties of light-transmitting concrete by means 
of microscopic tests with scanning electron microscopy. The 
results of the study showed that the interfacial products of the 
optical fiber and cement paste after the application of 
interfacial modifier remain unchanged, but change the phase 
of hydrated calcium silicate, a hydration product. The use of 
the interfacial modifier will improve the bonding properties 
of the optical fiber to the cementitious material and improve 
the overall mechanical properties. Sijia Chen [1] et al. 
selected alkali magnesium sulfate cement mortar and silicate 
cement mortar as cement-based matrix and resin as light-
transmitting material to prepare light-transmitting concrete. 
The test blocks were also subjected to compressive strength 
test and oblique shear bond strength test. The test results 
showed that the interfacial bonding ability of basic alkali 
magnesium sulfate cement mortar matrix and resin was better 
than that of silicate cement mortar. 

In summary, the combination of the light-transmitting 
material and the cement matrix improves the light-
transmitting properties while generating a light-transmitting 
material/cement matrix interface. The interfacial bonding has 
a great influence on the mechanical strength of light-
transmitting cement matrix composites. In order to make 
high-performance light-transmitting cementitious composites, 
improving the interfacial bonding performance becomes an 
urgent problem. There are many methods to improve the 
strength of concrete, but there is a lack of systematic and 
comprehensive research on the methods to improve the 
strength of light-transmitting concrete. Therefore, this paper 
will select acrylic as the light-transmitting material, silicate 
cement mortar, alkali magnesium sulfate cement mortar, 
ordinary mortar with cork particles, ordinary mortar with 
expansion agents, ordinary mortar with basalt fibers, and self-
compacting cement mortar, which are six different concrete 
matrix materials, respectively, to study the interfacial bonding 
performance of the test blocks made for further research on 
the interfacial bonding performance of light-transmitting 
concrete. This will provide a basis for further research on the 
interfacial bonding properties of light-transmitting concrete. 

3. Test Materials and Methods 

3.1. Testing Raw Materials 
 

 
Table 1. Concrete matrix types and characteristics 

Types Characteristics 
silicate cement mortar Small self-weight, good thermal insulation, fire resistance, sound insulation. 

alkali magnesium sulfate cement mortar It can effectively protect light-transmitting materials from corrosion. 

ordinary mortar with cork particles 
Using cork as a light aggregate to fill concrete can effectively improve the 

thermal and moisture properties of concrete 

ordinary mortar with expansion agents 
The expansion agent will significantly reduce the self-shrinkage of concrete 

and increase its basic creep deformation. 

ordinary mortar with basalt fibers 
The appropriate amount of basalt fibers produce bridging and hoop effects, 
which inhibit the development of cracks and improve the compressive and 

splitting tensile strength of concrete. 

Self-compacting cement mortar 
It is possible to consume various waste materials generated from industrial 

activities and is environmentally friendly. 
 

 
 



 

102 

 
(1) The Choice of Light-transmitting Materials 
In this experiment, acrylic material was chosen as the light-

transmitting material for the light-transmitting concrete, with 
the dimensions of a cylinder of 3 mm in diameter and 45 mm 
in length. 

(2) Selection of Concrete Matrix 
A total of six different concrete matrix materials were used 

in this experiment: silicate cement mortar, alkali magnesium 
sulfate cement mortar, ordinary mortar with cork particles, 
ordinary mortar with expansion agents, ordinary mortar with 
basalt fibers, and self-compacting cement mortar, and the 

characteristics of each concrete matrix are shown in Table 1. 

3.2. Test Method 
(1) Matrix Material Matching Ratio 
In order to ensure the accuracy of the experimental results, 

the matching ratio of the matrix needs to be strictly controlled. 
By consulting relevant information, based on the existing data 
and combined with the specific operation in the laboratory, 
the better fitting ratio of six different matrixes was obtained 
after adjustment. As shown in Table 2-7. 

 
 

Table 2. Matching ratio of ordinary silicate cement mortar 

Material type 
Silicate cement 

mortar 
Sands Water Water reducer Coal ash 

weight/g 337.5 472.5 135 2.025 101.25 
 
 

Table 3. Matching ratio of alkali magnesium sulfate cement mortar 

Material type 
Silicate cement 

mortar 
Sands Water Water reducer Coal ash 

weight/g 302 397.31 136.76 1.755 85 
 
 

Table 4. Matching ratio of ordinary silicate cement matrix with cork particles 
Material 
type 

Silicate cement 
mortar 

Sands Water 
Water 

reducer 
Coal ash 

Cork 
particles 

weight/g 270 378 108 1.62 81 6.42 
 
 

Table 5. Matching ratio of ordinary silicate cement matrix with expansion agents 
Material 
type 

Silicate cement 
mortar 

Sands Water 
Water 

reducer 
Coal ash 

Expansion 
agents 

weight/g 337.5 472.5 135 2.03 101.3 62.90 
 
 

Table 6. Matching ratio of ordinary silicate cement matrix with basalt fibers 
Material 
type 

Silicate cement 
mortar 

Sands Water 
Water 

reducer 
Coal ash Basalt fibers 

weight/g 336.49 471.08 134.60 2.02 100.95 0.06 
 
 

Table 7. Self-compacting concrete matrix mix ratio 

Material type 
Silicate cement 

mortar 
Sands Water Water reducer Coal ash 

weight/g 302 523 114 25 85 
 
 

(2)Specimen Preparation 
The test block fabrication process described in this paper 

can be summarized in the following steps (as shown in Fig.1). 

 

Making 
molds

Fixed light-
transmitting 

material

Mixing cement 
mortar

Cement mortar 
pouring and 

pounding

Constant 
temperature 
maintenance

Test block 
demolding and 
grinding test 

block  
Figure 1. Test block production process 

 
a.Test block size and mold making:The test block used in 

this experiment is in the form of a board, the size of 150mm × 
150mm × 30mm, as shown in Figure 2 below: the wood board 

material in the actual construction project in general use of 
high, and the wood board material itself low cost, can be 
reused, environmental pollution and other characteristics. 



 

103 

Therefore, the composite wood board is chosen as the mold 
material. Its internal dimensions are the same length and 
width as those of the test block, and the height (36mm) is 
slightly higher than the height of the test block. It is designed 
due to the consideration of spilling cement mortar in the 
process of dumping and handling (as shown in Fig.3). 

 

 
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of test block size 

(150×150×30) 
 

 
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the mold (150×150×36) 

 
b. Fixed light-transmitting material: The concrete matrix 

and acrylic were combined in the experiments by means of 
the first-planting method. Acrylic that is not well fixed may 
have an impact on the subsequent experiments such as 
compressive strength. In order to better avoid the 
phenomenon of uneven distribution of acrylic, in the process 
of mold preparation, holes of the same cross-sectional size as 
the light-transmitting material were reserved on the bottom of 
the mold in advance and did not penetrate the bottom of the 
mold (as shown in Fig.2). After the acrylic material is inserted 
into the reserved hole, the cement mortar is then poured, so 
that the specimen poured out does not affect the subsequent 
experiments while also having strong operability. 

c. Mixing cement mortar. 6 kinds of cement mortar matrix 
are used small concrete mixer for on-site mixing, in order to 
ensure the quality of the finished matrix, each time to mix a 
test block of mortar amount, the mixer adopts the first slow 
speed mixing 1min, and then fast mixing 2min way, so that 
all kinds of materials mixed evenly, after the end of the 
finished matrix material. 

d. Cement mortar pouring and pounding. To facilitate the 
smooth release of the mold, brush the mold with mold release 
agent 20min before pouring cement mortar. After the cement 
mortar is mixed, it is quickly added to the mold and placed on 
the concrete vibrating table for vibrating to make the concrete 
dense and combined in order to eliminate the phenomenon of 

concrete honeycomb and pockmarking. 
e. Constant temperature maintenance. The specimens were 

maintained at a constant temperature of 20 (±2) °C for 28 d 
using a standard maintenance chamber available in the 
laboratory (shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 below). 

 

 
Figure 4. Concrete constant temperature steam curing box 

 

 
Figure 5. Specimen block in constant temperature steam 

maintenance 
 
f. Test block demolding and grinding test block. After 

maintenance, the test blocks were demolded and polished to 
obtain the finished concrete test blocks (as shown in Fig. 6). 

 

 
Figure 6. Concrete test block after grinding 

 
(3) Performance Testing 
a. Interfacial Bond Performance Test 
The microcomputer-controlled electro-hydraulic servo 

universal testing machine was selected to test the interfacial 
bond strength of the test blocks, and the specific experimental 
steps were as follows. 

Prismatic light guides with a diameter of 45 mm, a length 
of 62.5 mm on one side and 17.5 mm on the other, and an 
angle (α) of 45° between the interface and the vertical 
direction were fixed to the bottom of a cylindrical mold with 
a diameter of 45 mm and a height of 80 mm. The test blocks 



 

104 

were divided into six groups. One group for each matrix 
material, as well as the group of ordinary cement mortar used 
for comparison, with three test blocks cast in each group. 

After the samples hardened for 24 h, the molds were 
removed and then the samples were placed in a room 
temperature environment to maintain until the age of the test. 

After allowing 28d curing, the slant shear experiment was 
performed using a universal testing machine at a loading rate 
of 5 mm/min. The pressure when the sliding displacement of 
the Alec light guide and cement mortar occurred was recorded 
(𝑃 ). Calculate the downward shear force along the inclined 
plane by force equilibrium. (𝐴 ). Then the force equilibrium 
of the interface: 

𝑅 ——Resistance generated by the bonding force between 
resin and cement mortar at the interface; 

 
𝐴 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅               (1) 

 
𝑅  ——Frictional resistance created by pressure 

perpendicular to the inclined plane; 
𝑅  ——Impedance forces at the interface due to 

mechanical occlusion; 
Assume that the bond strength at the interface is𝑆  ,he 

calculation of bonded shear strength is shown in the formula 
[4]: 

 
𝑆 0.314𝑃                 (2) 

 
b. Compressive Strength Test 

The microcomputer-controlled electro-hydraulic servo 
universal testing machine was selected for the compressive 
strength test, and its specific test procedure is as follows: 

Before the test piece is placed on the test machine, the 
surface of the test piece and the upper and lower pressure plate 
surface should be wiped clean. The test piece should be placed 
on the lower pressure plate or pad of the testing machine, and 
the center of the test piece should be aligned with the center 
of the lower pressure plate of the testing machine, taking the 
side of the test piece when it is formed as the pressure-bearing 
surface. Start the testing machine, the surface of the test piece 
and the upper and lower pressure plate or steel mat should be 
in uniform contact. When the compressive strength of cube is 
less than 30MPa, the loading speed should be 
0.3MPa/s~0.5MPa/s; when the compressive strength of cube 
is 30MPa~60MPa, the loading speed should be 
0.5MPa/s~0.8MPa/s; when the compressive strength of cube 
is less than 60MPa, the loading speed should be 
0.8MPa/s~1.0MPa/s. When manually controlling the loading 
speed of the press, when the specimen is close to damage and 
starts to deform sharply, stop adjusting the throttle of the 
testing machine until it is damaged and record the damage 
load. 

4. Results and Discussion 

4.1. Interface Bond Strength Test 
The experimental results of interfacial bond strength of 

each concrete matrix test block are shown in Table 8. 

 
Table 8. Bonding strength test results 

Substrate 
material 

Light-
transmitting 

materials 

Experiment 
number 

Breaking pressure 
strength MPa 

Average value 
MPa 

Original 
bonding strength 
of matrix MPa 

Silicate cement 
mortar(Ⅰ) 

Acrylic 

1-1 2.05 
2.06 0.65 1-2 2.11 

1-3 2.03 
Alkali 

magnesium 
sulfate cement 

mortar(Ⅱ) 

2-1 2.63 

2.61 0.82 
2-2 2.57 

2-3 2.62 

Ordinary 
mortar with cork 

particles(Ⅲ) 

3-1 3.23 
3.23 1.01 3-2 3.25 

3-3 3.20 
Ordinary 

mortar with 
expansion 
agents(Ⅳ) 

4-1 3.25 

3.25 1.02 
4-2 3.21 

4-3 3.28 

Ordinary 
mortar with 

basalt fibers(Ⅴ) 

5-1 4.83 
4.82 1.51 5-2 4.78 

5-3 4.85 
Self-

compacting 
cement 

mortar(Ⅵ) 

6-1 4.62 

4.63 1.45 
6-2 4.61 

6-3 4.67 

 
The bond strength between each concrete matrix test block and acrylic is shown below: 

 



 

105 

 
Figure 7. Bond strength between different matrix materials and acrylic 

 
The test blocks were tested for breaking pressure using an 

oblique shear test, and the oblique shear bond strength was 
calculated. Three test blocks were tested for each group of 
specimens, and the average breaking pressure of the three test 
blocks was used as the breaking pressure of the group. The 
oblique shear bond strength was calculated according to 
equation (2), and the experimental results are shown in Table 
8. 

From Table 8 and Figure 7, it can be seen that the trend of 
the oblique shear strength is basically similar to that of the 
compressive strength. The reason why the bond strength is not 
as large as the compressive strength is that the interface 
oblique shear damage not only has to overcome the bond 
force but also the friction force, and the shear force used to 

overcome the friction force accounts for most of it. According 
to the data in Table 8, the best bonding ability between the test 
blocks with basalt fibers in ordinary mortar and acrylic. The 
next best bonding ability was between the self-compacting 
cement mortar and acrylic. The worst bonding ability with 
acrylic was between ordinary cement mortar (silicate cement 
mortar). 

4.2. Compressive Strength Test 
The compressive strength of the test blocks was tested by a 

universal testing machine. Each group of test pieces was 
tested with 3 test pieces. the average compressive strength of 
the 3 test pieces was taken as the compressive strength of the 
group. The experimental results are shown in Table 9. 

 
Table 9. Compressive strength test results 

Substrate 
material 

Light-
transmitting 

materials 

Experiment 
number 

Breaking 
pressure 

strength MPa 

Average value 
MPa 

Original 
breaking pressure 
strength of matrix 

MPa 

Silicate cement 
mortar(Ⅰ) 

Acrylic 

1-1 44.17 
44.24 45.95 1-2 43.91 

1-3 44.64 
Alkali 

magnesium sulfate 
cement mortar(Ⅱ) 

2-1 24.30 
25.01 26.80 2-2 25.74 

2-3 24.98 
Ordinary mortar 

with cork 
particles(Ⅲ) 

3-1 30.74 
30.44 31.66 3-2 29.69 

3-3 30.90 
Ordinary mortar 

with expansion 
agents(Ⅳ) 

4-1 29.92 
29.94 30.32 4-2 29.56 

4-3 30.33 
Ordinary mortar 

with basalt 
fibers(Ⅴ) 

5-1 44.40 
44.99 45.31 5-2 45.10 

5-3 45.48 

Self-compacting 
cement mortar(Ⅵ) 

6-1 24.44 
24.99 26.92 6-2 25.64 

6-3 24.89 
 

The compressive strength of each concrete matrix test block is shown in Fig. 8. 
 

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ

S
tr

en
gt

h/
M

P
a

the bond strength



 

106 

 
Figure 8. Compressive strength of different matrix materials combined with acrylic 

 
From Table 9 and Fig.8, it can be seen that the change trend 

of compressive strength after the combination of matrix 
material and acrylic is basically similar to the original 
compressive strength of the matrix. The reason why the 
compressive strength after the combination of matrix material 
and acrylic is not as large as the original compressive strength 
of the matrix is that the addition of acrylic rods to the matrix 
material will reduce the compressive strength of the original 
matrix material. According to the data in Table 9, the test 
block of ordinary mortar with basalt fibers in combination 
with acrylic has the largest compressive strength. The next 
largest compressive strength was obtained after the 
combination of ordinary cement mortar with acrylic. The 
smallest compressive strength after combination with acrylic 
is the self-compacting cement mortar. 

5. Conclusions 
By analyzing the above bond strength test and compressive 

strength test results, a comprehensive comparison of light-
transmitting concrete based on six different matrix materials 
was made. Compared with ordinary silicate cement mortar, 
the interfacial bonding performance between the light-
transmitting material and the cement mortar can be effectively 
improved by adding basalt fibers to it. In the preparation or 
use of light-transmitting concrete with acrylic as the raw 
material, basalt fibers can be added to improve the bonding 
performance between the light-transmitting material and 
cement mortar. In addition, because the addition of light-
transmitting materials will, to a certain extent, reduce the 
compressive capacity of concrete test blocks, so its use at the 
critical points of the structure of the components needs to be 
avoided. 

As a new type of construction material, light-transmitting 
concrete has certain aesthetic advantages compared to 
traditional materials while possessing energy saving and 
consumption reduction. By considering the combination 
between different matrix materials and light-transmitting 
materials, the combination between the two is improved and 
their interface strength is increased. More efforts need to be 
invested in exploring more quality combinations to achieve 

the goal of green building. 

Acknowledgment 
Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for 

College Students of Southwest Petroleum University 
(S202210615212);  

Key Project of Extracurricular Open Experiment of 
Southwest Petroleum University (2021KSZ08022) 

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ

S
tr

en
gt

h/
M

P
a

breaking pressure strength average value

Original breaking pressure strength of
matrix