Academic Journal of Science and Technology 
ISSN: 2771-3032 | Vol. 5, No. 2, 2023 

 

4 

Research	on	Improvement	Measures	of	Cementing	
Acoustic	Amplitude	Logging	
Jian Li1, Zhidi Liu1, 2 

1 School of Earth Science and Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China 
2 Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Geology, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China 

 

Abstract: Cementing is one of the important aspects in the exploration and development of oil and gas fields, and the quality 
of cementing has a great impact on the life, production capacity and overall efficiency of a well. Due to the limitations of the 
evaluation technology and the complexity of the influencing factors, the conventional method of cementing quality evaluation 
currently used in China often leads to misjudgment of the quality of the cemented wells and can no longer meet the requirements 
of high accuracy research. By analyzing the factors affecting the solids quality testing and the advantages and disadvantages of 
several common solids quality evaluation methods, and organically combining them according to the measurement principles 
and their usage correlations, a system of evaluation methods applicable to different requirements is formed, and the intelligent 
evaluation of solids quality is further explored to provide a concrete and practical basis for solids quality evaluation in the 
development and production of oil fields. 

Keywords: Cementing quality, Logging, Influencing factors. 
 

1. Introduction 
Cementing quality evaluation is an important part of oil and 

gas development and production, and acoustic logging 
methods are usually used to evaluate the cement cementing 
degree of cased wells. The sonic method of cementing quality 
logging currently includes sound amplitude-variable density 
logging, sector cement cementing logging, etc. How to 
improve the quality of cementing has been the subject of 
exploration and research by experts in the field of cementing 
research at home and abroad[1]. H.O. Brown (1970) and 
others suggested that the minimum seal length of cement ring 
is related to cement cementing index and casing type, and the 
minimum effective interlayer seal length of cement ring 
increases with the increase of casing outer diameter[2]. The 
Drilling Manual developed by China National Petroleum 
Corporation (1990) stipulates that the evaluation index for 
casing with an outside diameter of 7in and a wall thickness of 
0.408in is: relative sound amplitude less than or equal to 15% 
is evaluated as excellent cementing, relative sound amplitude 
between 15% and 30% is evaluated as qualified cementing, 
and relative sound amplitude greater than 30% is evaluated as 
poor cementing[3].  S. Talaba⁃ni (1993) established a fluid 
flow model and proposed effective measures to prevent gas 
fouling[4], which marked the generalized application of 
cementing theory research. Ding Shidong, Huang Bozong et 
al. proposed a new technique of pulse vibration cementing, 
which combined corrosion and gas fouling prevention, and 
developed DC200 latex cement slurry system with corrosion 
and gas fouling prevention, and proposed a new method of 
pre-side of circumferential air fouling[5]. In 2012, Hou 
Qingkong et al. studied the acoustic properties and strength 
properties of cement stone through simulation tests, and 
concluded that the evaluation criteria corresponding to 
different densities are not exactly the same[6]. 

At present, the quality testing methods used in China are 
still mainly the "old three" (sound amplitude, gamma, 
magnetic positioning), which can no longer meet the 
requirements of the oilfield for quality testing of cemented 

wells. With the promotion of VDL, CBL/VDL, SBT, PET, 
CAST-V, MAK-II, and SGDT logging technologies, the use 
of different types of logging methods in combination with 
each other has emerged, and significant breakthroughs have 
been made in the analysis of factors influencing the quality of 
cementing logging and the intelligent interpretation of 
logging data. 

2. Basic Principle of Cementing 
Quality Logging Instrumentation 

2.1. Cement cemented logging  
The acoustic amplitude logging instrument consists of an 

acoustic system with a source distance of 1 m and an 
electronic circuit. The acoustic pulse from the transmitter T, 
which is incident at the mud-casing interface at a critical angle, 
produces a casing wave that propagates along the mud-casing 
interface through refraction. The propagation path is shown 
in Figure 1. In a cased well, there are three propagation paths 
for the acoustic wave from the acoustic transmitter to the 
receiver reception, which are the mud wave propagating in 
the drilling fluid (path T-R in Fig. 1), the casing wave 
propagating along the casing and drilling fluid interface (path 
R-C-B-A-T in Fig. 1), and the formation wave propagating 
along the cement ring and formation interface (path R-G-H-T 
in Fig. 1). 

 
Figure 1. Four types of waves in the casing 



 

5 

In general, the casing wave reaches the receiver first, 
followed by the formation wave and finally the mud wave. If 
the casing and cement are well cemented, then the acoustic 
impedance difference between the casing and cement is small, 
the coupling is good, and most of the casing waves propagate 
outward, leading to a reduction in the acoustic waves received 
by R and a reduction in the cement cemented logging value. 
If the casing and cement are not well cemented, the mud will 
invade the cement ring, and because of the poor coupling of 
the mud casing, the receiver receives more casing waves and 
the cement cemented logging value is larger. When the casing 
and cement and cement and formation are well cemented, the 
acoustic energy signal propagates from the casing through the 
cement ring to the formation with the highest efficiency, and 
the amplitude of the sound amplitude curve is lower at this 
time (Figure 2). 

 

 
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of CBL logging curve and 

corresponding cementing quality 
 

With the change of depth, the local formation lithology 
affects the amplitude of the sound amplitude curve to produce 
small-scale changes. In the study of sound amplitude 
variation, a quantitative interpretation method, namely the 
relative amplitude method[7], is generally used, and its 
evaluation criteria are shown in Table 1. 

 

pI

I
f 

    

               (1) 

 
Where: f is the relative amplitude; I is the sound amplitude 

of the target layer section, mV; Ip is the sound amplitude of 
the free casing well section, mV. 

Cement cementing logging can only effectively reflect the 
cementing of the cement ring and casing, and it has 
disadvantages such as low vertical resolution and no 
azimuthality. Since the strength increases with time during 
cement setting, which seriously affects the accuracy of the 
data, logging is usually performed after 48 hours of cementing. 
When the thickness of the cement ring is above 2 cm, the 
effect is not significant, and vice versa, it will have a more 
obvious effect, and then it is necessary to refer to the well 

diameter curve. 
 

Table 1. Ⅰ, Ⅱ interface cementation evaluation index and its 
response characteristics 

Relative 
magnitude 

value 

Cementing 
condition 

Stratigraphic 
wave 

characteristics 

CBL curve 
characteristics 

f≤20% Good 
Significant 

stratigraphic 
waves 

CBL range is 
relatively low 

20%<f≤30% Moderate 

Stratigraphic 
wave 

characteristics 
are not clear, 

only part of the 
stratigraphic 
wave shows 

CBL range 
medium 

f≥30% Poor 
Faint or missing 

stratigraphic 
waves 

CBL range is 
relatively high 

2.2. Acoustic amplitude-variable density 
logging principle 

In the process of implementing measurements using solids 
amplitude, the transmitter emits an acoustic pulse that is 
refracted through the mud into the casing, generating the 
corresponding casing wave. According to Fermat's theorem, 
the casing wave follows the shortest path through the 
refraction into the mud, at which time the receiver receives 
the first wave of the longitudinal wave, part of which will 
receive positive peaks and part of which will receive negative 
waves, after which it is converted to the corresponding 
voltage value through the electronic circuit. Figure 3 shows 
the acoustic variable density logging diagram. The sound 
amplitude curve is mainly used in the evaluation of the quality 
of cementing at one interface[8]. A solidification sound 
amplitude curve is measured during the movement of the 
instrument along the well body, and in general a sound 
amplitude measurement curve with a source distance of 3 ft 
(1 ft = 304.8 mm) is applied. In particular, for variable density 
logging, a 5 ft variable density graph is generally applied in 
the logging evaluation; this is combined with the strength and 
weakness of the formation waves to evaluate the cementing 
quality at the diametral interface. 

 

 
Figure 3. Acoustic variable density logging map 

2.3. Principle of zoned cement cemented 
logging 

The zonal cement cementation logging technique measures 



 

6 

cementation quality in two different directions, lateral and 
vertical, along the casing circumference. The instrument uses 
twelve high frequency directional transducer acoustic 
systems mounted on six skids to perform specific 
measurements in six 60° blocks around the casing in a 
quantitative manner. This instrument is designed with short 
source distances in mind so that the fast stratigraphy does not 
overly influence the actual measurement results of 
compensated attenuation. The main advantages of SBT 
logging over variable density logging are the division of the 
equipment into six zones around the well perimeter to 
measure cement cementing conditions, the lesser influence of 
the formation, the acoustic volume directional format that 
highlights the cement-formation interface effects and 
minimizes casing effects, the ability to accommodate in-well 
logging of different fluids, including: heavy and gas-bearing 
muds, the ability to measure in horizontal wells, and other 
advantageous features. 

2.4. Acoustic one-gamma density logging 
principle  

This logging instrument can be divided into acoustic and 
gamma density logging instruments, which can measure the 
main parameters including the first wave propagation time 
recorded by the two receivers respectively, using these two 
parameters to calculate the acoustic time difference; it can 
also measure the attenuation of the first wave transmission to 
the first and second receivers, through these two parameters 
can be calculated for the acoustic variable density and 
attenuation coefficient. 

For gamma density logging, a radioactive gamma ray 
source field is formed by a 250 mCi cesium 137 source, and 
the surrounding media are casing, formation, and well fluid, 
etc. A detector for measuring casing wall thickness is set at a 
source distance of 0.24 m, and six detectors for measuring 
cement thickness are set at a source distance of 0.4 m in 
different directions with uniform distribution, and a A natural 
gamma detector is also present to detect the secondary gamma 
ray counts from the inelastic collision of the casing, cement 
ring and mud medium, respectively, so that the actual 
thickness of the casing, the eccentricity of the casing and the 
average density of the cement ring can be calculated. SGDT 
logging is able to obtain several parameter curves, such as 
casing wall thickness count curves and natural gamma count 
curves. Based on these curves, the actual count rates of the 
thickness and density probes are converted to the actual 
casing wall thickness and the average density of the filling 
media, and the eccentricity of the casing is calculated using 
the SGDT gamma density evaluation system in conjunction 
with the formation density and bare borehole diameter 
information. 

Evaluate the cementing quality, establish the return height 
of the free casing section to the cement, check for casing 
procedures and areas of damage, and establish the specific 
eccentricity of the casing in relation to the well wall, etc. 

3. The Main Factors Affecting the 
Quality of Cemented Wells 

3.1. Cement 
(1) Influence of cement setting time: High amplitude values 

of CBL curves can occur when logging in unset and well-
sealed well sections, resulting in misclassification, so the 
wells are generally logged between 24 and 48 h after 

cementing. 
(2) The effect of cement ring thickness: When the cement 

ring thickness is greater than 2 cm, the effect on the cement 
cementing logging curve is a fixed value; when it is less than 
2 cm, the thinner the cement ring thickness, the higher the 
value of the cement cementing logging curve, and then it is 
necessary to refer to the well diameter curve for testing.  

(3) The effect of cement density: Since the wave impedance 
value of high-density cement is greater than that of low-
density cement, the acoustic coupling is worse than that of 
high-density cement in low-density cementing. In the case of 
the same degree of cementing, the wave amplitude of the 
casing cemented with low-density cement is much higher than 
that of the casing cemented with high-density cement[9]. 

(4) Cement micro-ring gaps: When cement sets, the volume 
shrinks, resulting in a reduction in its cementing strength at 
the two interfaces, forming micro-ring gaps that make the 
acoustic attenuation value smaller, at which point the 
stratigraphic waves cannot be accurately identified. 

(5) Cement sector deficiency angle: As the cement sector 
deficiency angle decreases, the SBT attenuation value 
increases. When the missing angle of cement sector is less 
than a certain critical angle, the SBT attenuation value 
fluctuates and it is impossible to distinguish the cementing 
condition[10]. In addition, when there is mud and gas 
intrusion, a large attenuation of acoustic energy will occur, 
making low values in poorly cemented well sections and 
causing misclassification. 

3.2. Stratigraphic lithology  
(1) Fast stratigraphy: In fast stratigraphic casing wells, the 

time difference between the stratigraphic wave when the 
cementing is good and the casing wave when the cementing 
is poor at the Ⅰ interface is small or even arrives at the receiver 
before the casing wave, resulting in the superposition and 
overlap of the stratigraphic and casing waves, thus mistaking 
the stratigraphic wave for the casing wave and causing a 
misjudgment of the cementing quality at the Ⅰ interface. 
Therefore, when extracting the casing wave information, 
filtering can be performed first, and then evaluated by 
conventional interpretation methods. 

(2) Slow stratum: Due to the low speed of sound 
propagation in the slow stratum, it makes the characteristics 
of the stratum wave at the interface of variable density not 
obvious. In the case of good cementation at interface Ⅰ, the 
quality of cementation at interface Ⅱ of the slow stratigraphic 
section is easily reduced. 

(3) Formations with large differences in porosity 
permeability: For example, in mudstone formations, the 
hydration and condensation process of cement slurry is rapid 
and the temperature changes are large, and it is easy to form 
small gaps at the Ⅱ interface; at the same time, the well 
diameter of these formations varies greatly, and the uneven 
thickness of the cement ring will make the sound field in the 
well change. In contrast, in highly porous and highly 
permeable formations, cement slurry can penetrate into the 
formation and is less likely to produce small gaps. When 
performing sound amplitude or variable density logging in 
sandy mudstone formations, it is common to encounter a good 
positive or negative correlation between GR and CBL, which 
is the effect of large differences in porosity permeability due 
to formation lithology variations[11]. 



 

7 

3.3. Instruments 
(1) Instrument eccentricity: When the instrument is 

eccentric, the casing waves from different directions do not 
reach the receiver at the same time, and the earliest arriving 
casing waves are only the result of the superposition of the 
first wave of the signal in the direction close to the instrument, 
which can easily misjudge the poorly cemented well section 
as well cemented, resulting in the logging value not correctly 
reflecting the cementing situation at the Ⅰ interface. 

(2) Instrument scale: Before CBL/VDL logging, it is 
necessary to select the same type of free casing as the target 
well section, and obtain the first wave opening time, gate 
width, and first wave amplitude value, respectively. The 
sound amplitude value of the log is only a value relative to the 
free casing, so the result of the scale is not only related to 
whether the first wave amplitude can be measured, but also 
affects the size of the relative value of the sound amplitude, 
which affects the final interpretation conclusion. 

3.4. Casing 
(1) Casing thickness and diameter: the size of the casing 

diameter will affect the magnitude of the sound amplitude 
curve, and the arrival time of the first wave of the variable 
density curve. The first wave (casing wave) of large casing 
diameter arrives late, and the first wave of small casing 
diameter arrives early[12]. 

(2) Casing eccentricity: When performing sound amplitude 
logging, casing eccentricity is equivalent to instrument 
eccentricity, which also results in low sound amplitude values 
and misclassifies poorly cemented well sections as well 
cemented. During SBT logging, the minimum attenuation 
value is significantly greater than the minimum attenuation 
value without centering, indicating a tendency for the SBT 
minimum attenuation value to decrease in the presence of 
casing eccentricity[13]. 

(3) Double casing: The effect in the free casing section is 
negligible; in the well cemented layer section, the effect of 
double casing is similar to that of fast stratigraphy, both of 
which increase the sound amplitude. In the variable density 
diagram, the outer casing almost shields the outer 
stratigraphic wave, and a flat casing wave appears. 

3.5. Logging time 
When performing cementing quality testing, testing too 

early or too late can affect the accuracy of cementing quality 
evaluation and lead to misjudgment. Insufficient cementing 
time after cementing will cause the cement ring to be weak 
and unstable, resulting in a low evaluation; if the cement takes 
too long to set, a high evaluation will occur, which will also 
lengthen the construction period of each well and affect the 
development efficiency of a single well. When choosing the 
logging time, the best logging time should be selected 
according to the density of the cement slurry used, whether or 
not retarders or other substances affecting cement cement 
cementation are added, and other different cement slurry 
properties, so as to obtain accurate logging data on the quality 
of the cemented wells and ensure the accuracy of the quality 
evaluation of the cemented wells. 

4. Quality Improvement Measures for 
Cementing Wells 

4.1. Cement slurry Selection 
There are differences in the acoustic properties of cement 

paste systems with different densities. Due to the different 
density mitigants, the internal structure of the cement stone is 
different, and the acoustic properties show that at the same 
density, the denser the structure, the higher the sound velocity 
of the cement stone, so the response of the cementing quality 
evaluation logs will also differ, as the denser the structure, the 
lower the sound amplitude value, which is reflected in the 
cementing quality evaluation criteria. In addition, the 
applicable density range of the cementing quality evaluation 
criteria for each cement slurry system is different because 
there are certain restrictions on the addition of different 
mitigants, so there are certain restrictions on the density range 
of the cement slurry formulation. 

Retarder is an important factor affecting the cementing 
quality evaluation criteria, and there are some differences in 
the cementing quality evaluation indexes of different 
retarders corresponding to the density cement slurry system, 
and the density range of each density cementing quality 
evaluation criteria should be limited due to the limitation of 
the amount of retarder itself. Retarder does not have much 
influence on the normal cementing quality evaluation, and the 
addition of retarder only has a greater impact on the logging 
response of the initial cementing quality evaluation, therefore, 
the influence of retarder can be ignored when the cementing 
quality evaluation criteria are improved. 

4.2. Improving formation pressure-bearing 
capacity  

In order to fully improve the pressure-bearing capacity of 
the formation, the staff needs to make a reasonable choice of 
plugging materials for cementing operations, using relatively 
reasonable diameter bridge plug particles as far as possible, 
from the entrance of the cement slurry, injecting this type of 
material into the more serious leakage problems of the 
formation for pressure-holding treatment, so that the particles 
can fully seal the pores in the formation. This type of particle 
can also enter the fracture and form a bridge plug structure to 
protect the formation by using mud cake. Field tests have 
shown that the formation pressure capacity can be maintained 
at 6.0 MPa with this type of material, and the quality of the 
cementing operation has been improved to some extent. 

Control the density of the cement paste at 1.95 to 2.0 g/cm3 
with a water loss of not more than 100 ml, avoiding as much 
as possible the influence of airborne moisture on the 
thickening of the cement ring. The cement paste properties 
are controlled by using suitable external materials for 
neutralization according to the cement paste properties. In 
order to improve the topping efficiency, the method of adding 
diphosphate should be used to reduce the shear force; the use 
of anticorrosive and impermeable cement slurry, which can 
reduce the degree of influence of the formation lithology on 
cement solidification and improve the interfacial viscosity. 

4.3. Instrument centering 
(1) Select the appropriate corrector to ensure that the 

instrument is reliably centered, and there should be strict 
requirements on the size of the corrector; the radius of the 
corrector is less than the radius of the inner wall of the casing 
mm should not be used. At present, the domestic 



 

8 

manufacturers of the ding-shaped corrector is not suitable for 
use in wells with large well slope, large casing in the well 
slope, three-claw corrector is not applicable, should be 
replaced by a new hard corrector; no corrector side sound 
amplitude cementing quality curve is not allowed. 

(2) reasonable choice of gate width and location, gate is too 
wide, the leading edge to the start time easy to cause the 
continuation to the wave into. Gate width is too narrow, when 
the first wave forward, easy to align the valley between the 
two peaks, resulting in a more unrealistic false amplitude 
output; a more reasonable approach is to use the back edge of 
the gate wave to align the centered first wave back edge, and 
the gate is adjusted to a wider (40 microseconds) or so, can 
make in a small amount of eccentricity caused by the first 
wave ahead, to obtain a more normal graph. 

(3) Proper control of speed measurement. 
(4) acceptance of sound amplitude data, due to the general 

randomness of the instrument eccentricity, the curve is bound 
to repeat badly, should emphasize the repeatability of the 
curve. 

4.4. Improving topping efficiency and drilling 
fluid performance 

For oil and gas wells, after the drilling operation is 
completed, the cementing operation should be carried out 
after the well penetration operation. In the actual operation 
process, the addition of diluent can effectively prevent the 
emergence of formation false cake problems, and at the same 
time, it can also effectively reduce the plastic viscosity. In 
general, the plastic viscosity should be controlled within 30 
mPa-s, the dynamic shear force should be controlled between 
5~7 Pa, and the static shear force should be controlled 
between 3~5 Pa. From the perspective of resistance and 
dynamics, the replacement efficiency of cement slurry can be 
improved by reducing the thixotropy, which is also a key 
measure to improve the quality of cementing operation. 

Drilling fluids with low density, low water loss, low shear 
and low viscosity should be used for cementing operations. 
The drilling fluid density should be controlled to less than 
1.20g/cm3 , the shear force to 0 Pa, the viscosity to less than 
25 seconds, and the water loss to about 5 ml, which can help 
improve the quality rate of cementing. In addition, the use of 
less permeable drilling fluids can effectively reduce the 
influence of mud cake on the quality of cementing. 

4.5. Intelligent Evaluation of Cementing 
Quality  

Using the fuzzy mathematical theory - multi-level 
comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the three major 
factors affecting the quality rate of cementing: borehole 
condition, drilling fluid performance and cementing 
parameters, compare the cementing well history data, and find 
out which specific type of factors play a dominant role, put 
forward some corresponding technical measures, 
countermeasures and suggestions for the cementing operation 
and how to reasonably regulate the construction It provides a 
theoretical basis for drilling and cementing parameters[14]. 

In the current well quality evaluation technique, acoustic 
amplitude logging is commonly used to evaluate the well 
quality by identifying the first wave amplitude of the 
formation echoes. This statistical method based on the 
statistical principle of relative amplitude is less fault tolerant, 
interference resistant and adaptive. BP wavelet neural 
network[15]. The wavelet transform is realized by adaptively 

adjusting the shape of wavelet bases through training, and it 
has strong self-learning, fault tolerance, interference 
resistance, and adaptiveness, which is superior to statistical 
pattern recognition. However, the traditional BP wavelet 
neural network tends to converge to local minima, and the 
network training time is long and the search success rate is 
low. In recent years, researchers at home and abroad have 
introduced the emerging stochastic global optimization 
technology-particle swarm (PSO) algorithm to train the 
weights of the neural network and perform intelligent 
interpretation of logging data based on intelligent information 
processing technology to achieve a higher degree of 
intelligence in logging interpretation and improve the 
accuracy and reliability of interpretation results, which has 
become a research hotspot and development direction in this 
field at home and abroad. 

4.6. Optimal logging time determination 
The theoretical analysis concluded that as long as the 

influence of waiting time on cementing quality evaluation 
criteria is not greater than 5%, the evaluation criteria can still 
accurately guide the evaluation of cementing quality. Within 
the optimal logging time, the evaluation criteria of cementing 
quality are influenced by the waiting time within 5%; 
temperature is an important factor affecting the optimal 
logging time. For the same retarder, the more retarder is added, 
the longer the optimal logging time. However, the 
relationship between the amount of retardant and the optimal 
logging time is not comparable among different retardants; 
moreover, the relationship between the thickening time, 
initial setting time, final setting time and sound velocity 
inflection time, which are affected by retardant, and the 
optimal logging time cannot be evaluated quantitatively. 

5. Conclusion  
In summary, cementing plays a very important role in the 

process of drilling and completion operations, but there are 
relatively many factors affecting the quality of cementing 
operations, and if these factors are not fully controlled, the 
quality of cementing operations will be seriously affected. 
Therefore, the staff needs to fully consider the factors 
affecting the quality of cementing operations and take 
reasonable measures to make the quality of cementing 
operations to be improved comprehensively. 

(1) For blocks with more mature cementing process, CBL 
can be used directly for determination. 

(2) When interpreting the low-density cemented section, 
the quality of the cemented well should be evaluated by 
combining the information measured by SGDT and acoustic 
amplitude logging. 

(3) When evaluating the quality of cementing in large-slope 
wells, SBT cementing logs are required to eliminate the effect 
of instrument eccentricity. SBT logs are also generally used 
for cementing quality evaluation in heavy mud and gas-
bearing wells to eliminate interference. SBTs are also used to 
find small fracture slots when high accuracy is required. 

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