




































    

 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 10, Issue 2; May-June 2025; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 7.67  

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

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17 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

THE IMPACT OF MATERIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON 

PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SITES IN SELECTED 

TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA  
  

Enebe Eucharia Chika. And Chukwuenye Agatha Tochukwu  

Department of Quantity Surveying, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu  

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15624836 

 

ABSTRACT  

This work is titled the impact of material management practice on building construction sites in tertiary 

institutions in Cross River State. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of material management practices 

on building construction sites in selected tertiary institutions in Cross River State with a view to enhancing 

effective and efficient management of materials in building construction projects. The objectives are; to identify 

the causes of ineffective material management process to the construction project delivery; to evaluate the impact 

of material mismanagement in the building construction sites. The study adopted stratified random sampling 

techniques, 200 copies of questionnaire were given to respondents drawn from a population of 432. This study 

adopted survey research design using questionnaire as instrument for data collection and bill of quantities. The 

findings of the study reveal that the causes of ineffective material management process to the construction project 

delivery in tertiary institution in cross river state includes; incompetency of the project manager; design error; 

loss of fiancé; ineffective construction manager; poor planning; lack of pre and post investigation under design 

and improper supervision; varied labour equipment; lack of legal penalty to offenders and rush work. Finally, the 

study indicates that cost has a positive effect with construction delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross River state. 

Time has a positive relationship with construction delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross River state. Quality has 

positive relationship with the construction delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross River state. This implies that a 

unit increase in cost, time and quality will lead to increase in construction delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross 

River state. The study recommends that each management techniques has its own peculiarity in term of the 

pretender and post tender activities and processes, division of risks between client and contractors, and the 

effectiveness of project monitoring and control.  

Keywords: Material Management, Building Construction, Tertiary Institutions, Project Delivery, Cross River 

State 

  

  

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 10, Issue 2; May-June 2025; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 7.67  

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18 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

INTRODUCTION  

Construction material constitutes a major cost component in any construction project. The cost of materials may 

be 50% to 70% of the total construction cost depending on type of projects (Patil and Pataskar, 2013, Gulghane 

and Khandve, 2015). Several researchers provided different definitions for material management, therefore 

different definitions can be found in different references but Kanimozhi and Latha (2014), define materials 

management as a process for planning, executing and controlling field and office activities in construction. Zeb, 

Malik, Nauman, Hanif, and Amin (2015) also define material management as a procedure for executing, planning, 

and controlling site activities in the construction project(s).   

According to Ramus and Birchallin (2020), the causes of losses to contractors may arise from any one of the 

following: inefficient deployment of resources; excessive wastage and theft of materials; plant being allowed to 

stand idle or under-utilized; adverse weather or working conditions; and under-pricing of tender documents by 

assumptions in regard to labour times, types and sizes of plant which do not equate with the realities of the 

construction work. The success of a project is judged by meeting the criteria of cost, time, safety, resource 

allocation, and quality as determined by the owner (Viator, 2020). The purpose of construction project 

management is to achieve goals and objectives through the planned expenditure of resources that meet the 

project’s quality, cost, time, scope, and safety requirements. The construction manager must control, deflect, or 

mitigate the effects of any occurrence or situation that could affect project success. The major tasks in construction 

management include planning, organizing, scheduling, implementing, managing, monitoring, controlling, and 

tracking construction projects. It is essential therefore, for construction activities to be accomplished successfully 

in an effective and efficient way. This requires various strategic and management capabilities such as material 

management. Material management according to Oyeoku (2011) is defined as a process which involves grouping 

the business functions relating to the inflow and interplant movement of materials under a head who is in a position 

to coordinate and correlate individual departmental decisions in a manner which results in the most efficient 

allocation of organizations resources. Unfortunately, material management in construction process has recently 

been neglected and this has undoubtedly led to huge amount of material waste while executing construction 

projects. Obiegbu (2012) lamented that material wastage on construction site has become a canker worm in 

Nigerian construction industry. This problem according to Obiegbu (2012) has negatively affected the 

performance of many projects in Nigeria.   

In Nigeria, many have expressed concern over poor materials management and its impacts on the execution of 

construction projects.  Onukwube (2010) lamented that poor material management can result in substantial, but 

avoidable financial loss during construction. It is pertinent to mention that there are grave consequences that 

could result from poor materials management, which could result in insufficiency of material for production on 

site, forcing contractors to produce non-conforming products.  

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 10, Issue 2; May-June 2025; 

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19 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

On the basis of the above, this research is an attempt to explain the impact of material management issues on 

building projects in University of Calabar (UNICAR), Federal College of Education Obudu and Cross River 

State University of Technology (CRUTECH) and College of Education, Akampka.  

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM  

It is however fast becoming a norm in construction sites that the allowable waste is far exceeded by the actual 

waste on construction sites. Theft, vandalism, high interest rates, and improper planning make contractors in 

the construction industry to fall short of their anticipated profit margins in their projects.  

There is no established construction material management system in tertiary institutions in Obudu Cross River 

State (Okanume, 2021). The materials management practices by the contractors in the institution are performed 

on a fragmented basis with unstructured communication and no clearly established responsibilities between the 

parties involved. This fragmentation creates gaps in information flow, which affects the decision making process 

and lead to delays in material ordering and receiving, among other problems (Thomas and Okanume, 2021).   

Current manual materials management and control procedures are unsatisfactory as they are labour intensive, 

inaccurate, and error prone. The implication leads to waste and surplus of materials, delays, decrease in 

productivity and lack of up-to-date and real-time information (Navon, 2021).   

Considering the construction firms in tertiary institutions in Cross River State, it appears that the managers or 

perhaps the contractors lack competencies required of contemporary construction firms for effective material 

management thereby resulting in huge amount of material waste (Viator, 2020). The resultant effect of the poor 

material management in the construction process by these construction firms leads to poor performance in terms 

of their service delivery. No research has been conducted to investigate the materials management issues on 

building project of contracting companies in tertiary institutions in Cross River State. This study, has become 

pertinent to explore the impact of material mismanagement on construction sites by these firms for objective 

remedial actions.  

Aim and Objectives  

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of material management practices on building construction sites 

for improving the performance of building projects executed in selected tertiary institutions in Cross River State.  

The objectives of the study are:  

1. To evaluate the impact of material mismanagement in the building construction sites in selected tertiary 

institution in Cross River State.  

2. To identify the causes of ineffective material management process to the construction project site in 

selected tertiary institution in Cross River State.  

1.4 Research Question  

The following research questions will guide the study:  

1. What impact does material mismanagement have on building construction sites in selected tertiary 

institution in Cross River State?  

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 10, Issue 2; May-June 2025; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 7.67  

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

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20 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

2. What are the causes of ineffective material management process to the construction project delivery in 

selected tertiary institution in Cross River State?  

STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS  

H0: There is no significant relationship between factors affecting material management and effective building 

construction project delivery.  

LITERATURE REVIEW Conceptual Literature Concept of Construction Industry  

Construction industry plays an important role in socio economic development of any nation. The activities of 

the construction industry have a lot of significance to the achievement of national socio-economic development 

goals of providing infrastructure, sanctuary and employment. This also includes hospitals, schools, townships, 

offices, houses and other buildings; urban infrastructure (including water supply, sewerage, drainage); 

highways, roads, ports, railways, airports; power systems; irrigation and agriculture systems; 

telecommunications and so on (Kasimu, 2015; Uma and Eboh, 2013). The construction industry holds an 

immense potential for stimulating growth, boosting project exports and generating employment. The domestic 

construction segment happens to be one of the fastest growing segments, with an impressive average growth of 

7-8 per cent per annum (Ofori, 2010).   

The foundation of a higher growth rate rests on a sound and efficient infrastructural development which makes 

the construction segment a key sector. The rapid expansion of infrastructure by both government and the private 

sector has triggered off construction activities and fuelled demand in many key sectors like cement, steel, paints 

and chemicals, glass, timber and earth moving equipment and machinery (Jacobsson and Wilson, 2012). The 

construction sector is a crucial industry having strong backward and forward growth linkages. It deals with all 

economic activities directed to the creation, renovation, repair or extension of fixed assets in the form of 

buildings, land improvements of an engineering nature. Besides, the construction industry generates substantial 

employment and provides a growth impetus to other sectors through backward and forward linkages.  

Building Construction Project  

The Building construction industry contributes significantly in terms of scale and share in the development 

process for both developed and developing countries. The construction products provide the necessary public 

infrastructure and private physical structures for many productive activities such as services, commerce, utilities 

and other industries. The industry is not only important for its finished product, but it also employs a large 

number of people (directly and indirectly) and therefore has an effect on the economy of a country/region during 

the actual construction process (Aluko, 2017).   

The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) put Nigeria's post-re-basing contributions of the construction sector to 

Gross Domestic Product at N5.7 billion in three years. NBS, in its summary report of 2010, 2011 and 2012 

fiscal years on the Construction industry and disclosed that in 2010, the sector contributed N1.570 billion, a 

value which leaped by 21.30 per cent to reach N1.905 billion in 2011.The industry's contributions closed at 

N2.188 billion in 2012, bringing the total contribution of the sector to GDP to N5.7 billion and 2017 report 

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21 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

shows that the sector recorded a 13 percent growth. Construction activities captured in the report include 

construction of buildings, roads, railways as well as civil engineering projects (Fagbeni, 2016). Others are 

construction of utility projects, demolitions as well as site preparations, among others. The NBS added that part 

of the increased contributions of the sector to the nation's GDP, was its ability to capture all economic activities 

in the sector (Harman, 2017).  

Building Material  

Building material are materials used for constructing building. It comprises of sand chippings/ stone, wood, nails, 

clay, ladder, plywood, doors, reinforcement, cement, sharp sand, blocks, soft sand etc. building and construction 

are the ore upon which infrastructural development of any nation rest. How much we build is a function of 

building material available and the quantity of it available. Moreover, the durability and quality of a building also 

depend on material and its quality. However, the quality and quantity of material used are functions of cost of 

building materials (Njoku, 2017). Cost of building materials refers to the money cost of each building materials 

or cost of acquiring the materials and labor cost.  

One obvious problem militating against the ability of the building industry in Nigeria from delivering quality and 

affordable housings and buildings is costs of building materials (Mekson, 2018). People find it difficult building 

houses because of cost of materials. The problem has become enigma in the building industry. In the past one or 

two proactive measure has been taken to address the escalating and uncontrollable rise in the cost of building 

materials. It was for these reasons the Nigeria Building and road research institute (NBRRI) was established in 

1978. The institute was mandated to workout alternative source(s) of building materials that will be cost effective 

and serve as a perfect substitute to the escalating cost of building materials (Saba, 2018). It is important to note 

that NBRRI mandate was on how to develop quality and suitable building materials using mineral deposits and 

agro- industrial waste found in Nigeria at little or no cost.  

Concept of Building Material Management   

When managing construction waste, it is important that practices reflect the waste hierarchy with waste prevention 

and minimization being the top priority followed by reuse and recycling. The primary aim is to prevent waste 

generation in the first place which minimizes the resources required to complete the job. Preventing waste is 

financially advantageous because it reduces the amount of materials being purchased and removes the need to 

transport waste off site. Waste prevention should be considered throughout all stages of the project especially 

during the design stage (Vaidya, 2009). This stage of the project offers the biggest opportunity to reduce waste by 

prioritizing waste prevention from the beginning of the project. During the construction phase, waste prevention 

can be carried out by ensuring that large volumes of materials are not delivered to site and through the use of a 

just-in-time delivery system. On the site waste can be minimized by careful storage, handling and the setting up 

of a central cutting station for some trades.   

Trigunarsyah, Sofyan and Hendi (2006) identifies the three R’s in construction waste management as follows: 

reuse, involving salvaging construction waste for other uses, recycling, involving transforming waste into new 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 10, Issue 2; May-June 2025; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 7.67  

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

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22 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

products and reincorporating them into the construction process and reduction, which involves preventing or 

minimizing the generation of waste in the first place. (a) Reduce the first and most important step in cutting the 

amount of waste is reducing the quantity that is actually produced in the first place. There are a number of ways 

in which waste can „designed out‟ just by reviewing how works are designed and installed. By planning work 

properly at the outset of a project, the amount of materials that end up as waste at the end of it can be greatly 

reduced (NSCC, 2008). (b) Re-use In today’s industry, it is simply no longer justifiable to throw away perfectly 

good materials. As part of managing waste, builders should consider how to make use of common surplus 

materials arising from projects such as bricks and timber off-cuts either on the same site or at other sites. Where 

this is not possible, they should liaise with their suppliers about returning the materials to them.   

Root causes of ineffective material management   

During the past years, various academics researchers have conducted studies investigating to find out the issues 

causing ineffective materials management in construction projects. Among these studies were:   

A study carried out Zakeri (1996) suggested that transport difficulties, waste, improper handling on site, misuse 

of specification, lack of proper work plan, inappropriate materials delivery and excessive paperwork all have an 

immense effect on materials management. Another researcher, Dey (2001) emphasized that the common issues 

regarding material management are as follows:   

1. Receiving materials before they are required which may increase inventory cost and may increase the 

chance of deterioration in quality;   

2. Not receiving materials during the time of requirement causing to decrease motivation as well as 

productivity   

3. Incorrect materials take-off from design and drawing documents;   

4. Constant design changes   

5. Theft or loss of item   

6. Choice of type of contract for specific material procurement   

7. Vendor evaluation criteria   

8. Piling up of inventory and controlling of the same   

9. Management of surplus material.   

In another study conducted by Sohrab Donyavi (2009) states the common problems in material management are 

as follows:   

1. Failure to order on time which may cause delay in the projects;   

2. Delivery at the wrong time which may interrupt the work schedule;   

3. Over ordering;   

4. Wrong materials or wrong in direction of materials requiring re-work;   

5. Theft of materials from delivery into production;   

6. Double handling of materials because of inadequate material   

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 10, Issue 2; May-June 2025; 

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23 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

Moreover, a study conducted Kasim (2008) highlighted that problems could emerge due to human error, especially 

because some construction firms still rely on manual methods for material management which involves paper 

based techniques. In addition she states that problematic use of paper based reports for exchanging information 

relating to materials component with supply chain can result misunderstanding and poor coordination.    

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK  

Major discussions in theoretical framework includes: Construction Management theory, lean construction theory 

which could be used to manage projects in order to achieve successful project delivery and best practice. These 

theories are discussed in detail in this section.  

Construction Management theory:  

Theory of construction management (2012), proposed a theory of construction management which identifies the 

actions which help construction projects and companies to be efficient. It takes on the challenge of creating a 

precise, tightly defined model of construction management (CM), using five clearly differentiated methods for 

the delivery of building and construction projects. It is an ambitious and intellectually bold attempt to introduce 

new thinking into the field. What they don’t do is draw on any of the many theories of management or production 

available. On one hand this seems to be an extreme case of exceptionalism - that construction is different from all 

other industries - school of thought. In their defense, on the other hand, Radosavljevic and Bennett (2002) argue 

that construction is different, because it is complex:  projects have a number of interacting teams where outcomes 

in the future depend on the number of involved teams, the quality of relationships between interacting teams and 

their performance variability. In addition there is also unpredictable interference which may arise from numerous 

external factors.   

In the theory of CM the author’s aims are to provide a “rigorous theory” based on a “tool kit of concepts and 

relationships” that will improve the efficiency and quality of “construction products”. The distinction between 

the conventional approach of CM, where contractors deliver projects, and the idea of companies producing a 

product is an important element in the thinking behind the theory proposed here. A related aim of the book is 

therefore to raise the viewpoint of  

CM from projects to the companies that manage projects. Following that intention they “identify and define the 

concepts needed to understand CM”.  

Empirical Review  

Studies have been carried out to show the impact of material management in the delivery of construction projects. 

For instance, Olatunji and John (2013) carried out a study on materials management and waste minimization on 

construction sites in Lagos State, Nigeria. The random sampling technique was employed in the selection of 

respondents for the study. The sampling frame consists of professionals in the building construction industry, 

namely, Architects, Builders, Engineers, Project Managers, and Quantity Surveyors. A total of seventy-two (72) 

questionnaires were analyzed for the study, using the descriptive statistics statistical tool. Findings include that 

the main sources of construction waste are rework/improvement, materials handling and storage, damage to work 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 10, Issue 2; May-June 2025; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 7.67  

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24 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

by other trades, transportation, last minute client requirements, weather, equipment, and familiarity with 

construction technology. Conclusions include that materials wastage impacts on the contractor in the form of 

increased construction duration and cost, and it jeopardizes the chances of a contractor winning further projects. 

Therefore, the study recommended that contractors should be conscious of the production of qualify products, 

plan well laid out sites before commencing work, and employ competent and trustworthy workers for their 

operations.  

Adewuyi and Otali (2013) also carried out a study to evaluate the causes of material waste and strategies for 

promoting material management by indigenous construction firms in Rivers State. The methods employed to 

collect data include review of relevant literature and structured questionnaire. The statistical techniques used to 

analyze the data collected were mean scores, ranking method and Man-Whitney U test. The results of analysis 

showed that the three most important factors contributing to construction material waste generation on building 

sites in Rivers State, Nigeria are rework contrary to drawing and specification, design changes and revision and 

waste from uneconomical shapes respectively. It was also discovered that inappropriate equipment contributed 

least to waste generation on site and there is little bottle neck in obtaining work permit by contractors in Rivers 

State, Nigeria. The study revealed that all the 74 factors were considered important by the respondents. The study 

showed that there is no significant difference between the consultants and contractors perception about the factors 

affecting construction waste generation on building sites in Rivers State, Nigeria. Poor materials management can 

also result in substantial, but avoidable costs during construction. This could result in contractor’s use of 

insufficient materials and eventually nonconforming to specification, stemming from inadequate quantities of 

material usage for production.   

The study carried out by Ogunlana, (2006) on the inappropriate handling and management of materials on 

construction sites on the project performance. According to the Ogunlana (2006), there are grave consequences 

that could result from poor materials management, which could result in insufficiency of material for production 

on site, forcing contractors to produce nonconforming products. Firstly, the use of insufficient quantities of 

materials could lead to the partial or entire collapse of a structure. Weak spots on a structure are liable to collapse, 

because of inadequate strength to withstand both the dead and imposed loads. Secondly, it could lead to lack of 

patronage of the contractor, implying that the contractor cannot secure contracts, and ultimately result in 

liquidation. This means that both the contractor and his/ her employees will be non-operational and unemployed. 

Thirdly, it is a measure of a contractor’s competence. A collapsed building, which is attributable to inadequate 

strength of components of a building, could either be as a result of lack of construction knowledge on the part of 

the contractor, or the contractor use of less quantity of materials for production. Fourthly, it exposes the level of 

competence of professionals in the industry at the instance of collapse of building, and that the industry is not 

safe. It must be understood that the infrastructure and development of a nation largely on the construction industry, 

and then mainly the building sector thereof. Therefore, it is of paramount importance that materials are well 

managed on site to minimize wastage and its associated problems.  

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Vol. 10, Issue 2; May-June 2025; 

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25 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

In another study, Ngwu, Okolie, and Ezeokonkwo (2015) appraised the Effects of Materials Management on 

Building Productivity in South East Nigeria. Their study highlighted that the problem of material management is 

one of the key issues facing the building industry in Nigeria. For Ngwu et al, the activities identified in the supply 

channel (the sourcing and transmission of purchase orders up to control of material wastages) are considered key 

to materials management because they primarily affect the economy, effectiveness of material movement, 

productivity, optimization of profit and reduction of materials cost. The aim of their study was to identify the key 

areas where material management is deficient so that improvement could be made in order to increase 

productivity. They carried out a survey in ten organized building sites in the South East states of Nigeria using 

the site engineers, managers and supervisors were engaged through both focus interviews and site to site fact 

findings by the researchers. The data collected formed the background of the structured questionnaires for proper 

analysis and recommendations. Eighty seven out of ninety questionnaires launched to the sites were properly 

completed and returned. In order to rank the severity of the factors, a mean score index was employed. Results 

showed that lack of provision of material schedule, material scheduling and poor control of material wastages are 

the most significant areas of material management improvement.   

Research Design     

The descriptive survey research design was used for the study. Nworgu (2015) defined the descriptive survey 

research design as one in which a group of people or items is studied by collecting and analyzing data from only 

a few people or items considered to be representative of the entire group. This design was considered appropriate 

for this study because the study seeks opinions of the construction professionals on the material management and 

its possible influence on the performance of building construction companies in selected tertiary institutions in 

Cross River State, Nigeria.   

Population of the Study   

According to Nkpa in Omoroguiwa (2010), a population refers to all the elements in a welldefined collection or 

set of values. Population involves not only people, but also events, animals and objects that make up members of 

the target group of the study as defined by the aims and objectives of the researcher (Akuezuilo and Agu, 2002). 

The population of this study consists of 432 construction professionals which include architects, builders, 

engineers, project managers, and quantity surveyors who are currently working with registered construction 

companies operating in Federal College of Education Obudu, Cross River State.  

Table 4.1 Population Distribution of the Classes of the Respondents  

S/N  PROFESSIONALS  CONTRACTORS  CONSULTANTS  POPULATION  

(CONTRACTOR)  

(CONSULTANTS)  

1  CIVIL ENGRS  60  50  110  

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26 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

2  MECHANICAL 

ENGR  

5  8  13  

3  ELECTRICAL 

ENGRS  

4  6  10  

4  ARCHITECTS  87  120  207  

5  QUANTITY 

SURVRS  

25  19  44  

6  PROJECT 

MANAGER  

0  20  20  

7  BUILDER  13  0  13  

7  SITE MANAGERS  10  0  10  

8  LAND 

SURVEYORS  

5  0  5  

  TOTAL      432  

Source: Field Survey, 2022  

Sampling Technique  

The judgmental sampling technique and stratified sampling technique was used to choose the participants who 

were viewed as the best source of information for this study. Stratified random sampling method enables the 

researcher to ensure a fair representation of each of the identified segments or strata.  

Determination of Sample size and Sampling procedure   

According to Ugwu (2004) sampling is the act of selecting and observing only a specified subset of the population 

unit. The researcher based on the above population will determine the sample size by using the statistical formula 

pro-pounded by Taro Yamani (1964). That is;  

N =     n  

     1 + N (e)2 Where  n = sample size N = finite population  e = level of significance  1 = constant  

Then using the formula, to calculate the sample size at 0.05 level of significance will be;   

N = 432/1 + 432(0.05)2 = 432/1 + 432(0.0025)  

  432/1 + 1.08  = 432/2.08 = 208  

N = 208  

Model Specification  

According to Jhingan, (1997) an economic model is an organized set of relationship that describes the functioning 

of an economic identity under a set of assumptions from which the conclusion or set of conclusions is logically 

derived.  

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The specification of the econometrics model is usually based on economic theory and on any available information 

relating to the phenomenon being studied (Koutsoyiannis, 1977)  

This study shall build a multiple regression model and make use of econometrics procedure in estimating the 

relationship between my economic variables. The functional form of the model is specified as follows.  

PBCP = f (DMM, CMM)…………………………………………..3.1  

The econometric form of the model is as follows  

PBCPt = βo + β1DMMt + β2CMMt + µ……………………….……3.2  

Where,   

PBCP= real gross domestic product i.e. (constant price GDP) f = functional relationship  

DMM = Design mismanagement   

CMM = Contractual material mismanagement βo= Constant term  

β1, β2, β3 and β4 = parameter coefficients  

µ= Error term  

t = Time period    

Statistical Test of Significance  

These are determined by the statistical theory and aimed at evaluating the statistical reliability of the estimates of 

the parameters of the model, the most widely used statistical criteria is the square of correlation coefficient 

(coefficient of determination R2), t-Test and f-Test of significance.  

Test for Goodness of Fit  

To determine the proportion of variation in dependent variable that is attributable to variation in explanatory 

variable. The value of R2 ranges between 1 and 0 (ie 0≤R2≤1). It is a non-negative value. The closer the value of 

R2 is to 1, the better the fit, otherwise, the worse the fit. t-Test of Significance  

The student t-ratio will be used to test the individual statistical significance of the regression coefficient. A two 

tail test is conducted at 5% level of significance and n-k degree of freedom (df). Where n is the number of 

observation and K is the parameter estimated.  

Decision rule  

The computed (t*) will be compared with the critical t-value (t0.025). If t*>t0.025, the Ho will be rejected and H1 will 

be accepted. Otherwise, Ho is accepted and H1 rejected.  

F-Test of Significance  

F-test statistic is used to test the overall statistical significance of the independent variables. A one-tail test 

conducted at 5% level of significance and (V1/V2) degrees of freedom. Where; V1= degree of freedom (df) for the 

numerator: v1=k-1.  

V2= degree of freedom (df) for the denominator: v2=n-k  

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Decision Rule (F-test)  

The computed f-ratio (F*) value is compared with the critical f-ratio (F0.05). If the F*>F0.05 we will reject the null 

hypothesis and accept the alternative, otherwise, the alternative hypothesis H1 will be rejected and null hypothesis 

H0 be accepted.  

Table 4.2  Sample Size allocated to Classes of Respondents  

S/N  RESPONDENTS  POPULATION  SAMPLE  

1  CIVIL ENGINNERS  110  53  

2  MECHANICAL ENGRS  13  6  

3  ELECTRICAL ENGINNERS  10  5  

4  ARCHITECHS  207  100  

5  QUANTITY SURVEYORS  44  21  

6  PROJECT MANAGERS  20  10  

7  BUILDER  13  6  

8  SITE MANAGERS  10  5  

9  LAND SURVEYORS  5  2  

  TOTAL  432  208  

Source: Field survey, (2022)  

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSES OF RESULT  

In this chapter, data obtained from survey and questionnaire were analysed based on the research questions, 

objectives, data collected for this analysis were presented in tables and graphs.  

Data Analyses   

Analyses of the First Objective  

To evaluate the impact of material mismanagement in the building construction sites in selected tertiary 

institution in Cross River State.  

Regression Techniques   

Dependent Variable: BCS      

Method: Least Squares      

Date: 04/26/22   Time: 19:50      

Sample (adjusted): 2015 2021      

Included observations: 6 after adjustments    

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R-

squared                                      0.658946   Mean dependent var              4.51E+13    

Adjusted R-squared                  0.647003          S.D. dependent var              2.33E+14  

S.E. of regression  1.88E+14         Akaike info criterion  68.74923  

Sum squared resid  1.03E+30          Schwarz criterion  69.05713  

Log likelihood  -1230.486        Hannan-Quinn criter.  68.85670  

F-statistic  4.099840        Durbin-Watson stat  1.455343  

Prob(F-statistic)  0.004245        

             
Source: Eviews Computations 2023  

The signs of some of the variable coefficient from the estimated model are totally in line with a priori expectations. 

Cost has a positive relationship with construction delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross River State. Time has a 

positive relationship with construction delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross River State. Quality has positive 

relationship with the construction delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross River State. This implies that a unit 

increase in cost, time and quality will lead to increase in construction delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross-

River State.  

The constant term is estimated at 1.753414 which means that the model passes through the point  

1.753414 mechanically, if the independent variables are zero, construction delivery would be  

1.753414 (Gujarati and Sangeetha, 2007).  

The estimated coefficient for Cost is 9.452312, this implies that if we hold all other variables affecting 

construction delivery constant, a unit increase in cost will lead to a 9.452312 increase in construction delivery on 

the average. Likewise, the estimated coefficient of time is 2.257610 which imply that a unit increase in time will 

lead to a 2.257610 increase in construction delivery on the average. More so, from the result, the estimated 

coefficient for quality is 4.230011 which imply that unit increase in quality will lead to 4.230011 increases in 

construction delivery on the average.   

The coefficient of determination R2 from the regression result, the R2 is given as 0.658946 this implies that 

65.8946% of the variation in construction delivery is being explained by the variation in cost, time and quality on 

the average.  

 Variable    

  

Coefficient    

  

Std. Error    

  t-Statistic     

Prob.     

  

C   
1.753414    1.404414    1.248183    0.2219  

COST  9.452312  7.581012  2.247616  0.0222 

TIME  2.257610  6.893709  3.270861  0.0028 

QUALITY  4.230011  2.023312  2.209519  0.0355 

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Plot 5.1 Histogram Plot showing how the residual are normal distributed around the mean value    

  
From the result of the histogram plot which shows how the residuals are evenly spread around the mean value. 

The table shows that the mean value of the residual is -8.33E-16; the standard deviation is 0.943 and the total 

number of the observed projects was 10. From the histogram plot, we can firmly believe that the residuals are 

evenly spread around the mean value of -8.33E-16.  

Plot 5.2 Normality P-P Plot of regression standardized residual   

 
The normal P-P plot of the regression standardize residual is confirmation of the normality of the residual as 

rightly indicated by the histogram plot. As we can see from the plot, the series of the residuals are fluctuating 

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around the residual mean value which shows that the output the of the regression output is a true representation 

of the reality. More so, it shows that the estimated parameters can be used for future making future forecast.  

Analyses of the second Objective   

To identify the cause of ineffective material management process to the construction project delivery in selected 

Tertiary Institution in Cross River State?  

S/N  Causes of ineffective material 

management process to the 

construction project delivery  

  

W  

SA--------------------SD  

4          3         2         1  

∑FX  �̅�  DECISION  

1  Incompetence of the project 

manager   

F  

WF  

90  

360  

80  

240  

20  

40  

10  

10  

200  

650  

  

3.25  

ACCEPT  

2  Design error  F  

WF  

88  

352  

78  

234  

22  

44  

12  

12  

200  

642  

  

3.21  

ACCEPT  

3  Loss of finance   F  

WF  

86  

344  

76  

228  

20  

40  

18  

18  

200  

630  

  

3.15  

ACCEPT  

4  Inefficient construction 

management   

F  

WF  

84  

336  

74  

222  

22  

44  

20  

20  

200  

622  

  

3.11  

ACCEPT  

5  Poor planning   F  

WF  

82  

328  

72  

216  

20  

40  

26  

26  

200  

610  

  

3.05  

ACCEPT  

6  Lack of pre and post investigation, 

under design and improper 

supervision   

F  

WF  

80  

320  

70  

210  

22  

44  

28  

28  

200  

602  

  

3.01  

ACCEPT  

7  Lack of pre and post investigation, 

under design and improper 

supervision  

F  

WF  

78  

312  

68  

204  

22  

44  

32  

32  

200  

592  

  

2.96  

ACCEPT  

8  Varied labour equipment  F  

WF  

76  

304  

66  

198  

20  

40  

38  

38  

200  

580  

  

2.90  

ACCEPT  

9  Lack of legal penalty to offenders  F  

WF  

74  

296  

64  

192  

22  

44  

40  

40  

200  

572  

  

2.86  

ACCEPT  

10  Rush Work  F  

WF  

72  

288  

62  

186  

20  

40  

46  

46  

200  

560  

  

2.8  

ACCEPT  

  Grand Total              3.10  ACCEPT  

The table above shows the opinion of the respondents on the causes of ineffective material management process 

to the construction project delivery in tertiary institution in cross river state includes; incompetency of the 

project manager; design error; loss of fiancé; ineffective construction manager; poor planning; lack of pre and 

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post investigation under design and improper supervision; varied labour equipment; lack of legal penalty to 

offenders and rush work. This goes with a mean index value of 3.25; 3.21; 3.15; 3.11; 3.05; 3.01; 2.96; 2.90; 

2.86 and 2.80 respectively. Based on the result, the researcher firmly concludes that the identified items are the 

causes of ineffective material management process to the construction project delivery in tertiary institution in 

Cross River State.  

TEST OF HYPOTHESES Hypotheses One  

H0: There is no significant relationship between factors affecting material management and effective building 

construction project delivery.  

One-Sample Test  

Null Hypothesis  

Test Value = 0    

T  Df  

Sig. (2-

tailed)  

Mean 

Difference  

95% Confidence Interval of 

the 

Difference  

Lower  Upper  

There is no 

significant 

relationship 

between factors 

affecting material 

management and 

effective building 

construction project 

delivery.  

  

  

  

  

 0.013  

   
200  .041  0.00130  0.12  0.34  

Source: SPSS Computation 2021  

From the test of hypothesis above using one sample test t-statistics, based on the decision rule, accept null 

hypothesis if the value of the t-statistics is greater than 0.05, from the result; the value of the t-statistics (0.013) 

is less than 0.05 hence we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no significant relationship 

between factors affecting material management and effective building construction project delivery.  

Discussions   

In the result of the first objective, the result indicate the result indicates that the there is a contractual practice of 

material management in the building construction sites in tertiary institutions in cross-river state with a mean 

score of 3.17 which has the highest index value. Whereas processing management in tertiary institution in cross-

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river state has the lowest index of 2.62. From the result, the researcher firmly concluded that there is a current 

practice of material management in the building of construction sites in tertiary institutions in Cross-River state.  

The result of the second objective indicates that on the causes of ineffective material management process to the 

construction project delivery in tertiary institution in cross river state includes; incompetency of the project 

manager; design error; loss of fiancé; ineffective construction manager; poor planning; lack of pre and post 

investigation under design and improper supervision; varied labour equipment; lack of legal penalty to offenders 

and rush work.   

The result of the third objective indicates that Cost has a positive relationship with construction delivery in tertiary 

institutions in Cross River state. Time has a positive relationship with construction delivery in tertiary institutions 

in Cross River state. Quality has positive relationship with the construction delivery in tertiary institutions in 

Cross River state. This implies that a unit increase in cost, time and quality will lead to increase in construction 

delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross River state.  

Conclusion  

From the findings of the study, the research concludes that there is a contractual practice of material management 

in the building construction sites in tertiary institutions in Cross River State. Also the researcher concludes that 

the causes of ineffective material management process to the construction project delivery in tertiary institution 

in Cross River State includes; incompetency of the project manager; design error; loss of finance and several 

others. Finally, the study concludes that Cost has a positive relationship with construction delivery in tertiary 

institutions in Cross River State. Time has a positive relationship with construction delivery in tertiary institutions 

in Cross River State. Quality has positive relationship with the construction delivery in tertiary institutions in 

Cross River State. This implies that a unit increase in cost, time and quality will lead to increase in construction 

delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross River State.  

Recommendations:  

Based on the findings of the study the researcher recommends   

1. It is very important at the very outset of the project to carefully consider all factors when selecting the 

most appropriate management techniques for a construction project. This is because each system has its own 

feature and peculiarity that will have effect on the cost, time and quality of the project i.e. the project 

performance.  

2. Each management techniques has its own peculiarity in term of the pretender and post tender activities 

and processes, division of risks between client and contractors, and the effectiveness of project monitoring and 

control.  

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