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Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 

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1 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

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SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE KARFIGUÉLA 

ALLUVIAL PLAIN: A CASE STUDY FROM BURKINA FASO  

  

Ouédraogo, Salif Jean-Baptiste, Traoré, Salimata Awa and Zongo, Abdoulaye 

 De l’assainissement du Centre-Nord, Kaya, Burkina Faso 

 

Abstract: Groundwater is an important source of water for irrigation and drinking in Burkina Faso. However, the 

demand for groundwater is increasing due to population growth and climate change. This study investigated the 

exploitation rate and sustainability of groundwater resources in the alluvial aquifer of Karfiguéla. The results 

showed that the aquifer has a high potential for irrigation, but it is already being exploited at a high rate. This 

could lead to groundwater depletion in the future. The study recommends that the government of Burkina Faso 

take steps to manage groundwater resources sustainably, such as by introducing water pricing and regulations on 

groundwater abstraction. 

Keywords: Groundwater resources, Alluvial aquifer, Karfiguéla, Burkina Faso, Irrigation, Sustainability, Water 

management  

 

1. Introduction  

Located in West Africa, Burkina Faso is a landlocked and Sahelian country. It covers an area of 274000 square 

kilometers. Its population was estimated in 2010 at 15,370,000 with an annual growth rate of 3.1% (INSD, 2006). 

The economy of Burkina Faso is mainly based on the primary sector, which provides nearly 80% of the country's 

exportrelated revenues, employs about 86% of the active population and contributes 40% of the Gross Domestic 

Product, of which 30.7% represents the agriculture sub-sector. Despite its relative importance for the economy, 

agriculture is facing the effects of the climate change which cause large fluctuations in agricultural production 

from year to year. This is why successive governments in Burkina Faso have taken strong action in favor of the 

irrigation sector. In fact, irrigation appears as one of the alternatives to minimize the influence of the major 

limiting climatic factors of traditional rainfed agriculture through additional production in dry season and securing 

winter production with supplemental irrigation. In Burkina Faso, uncertainties about the beginning and end of 

seasons, the increase in the number and duration of dry pockets duringwet seasons, the scarcity or seasonality of 

surface waters are factors contributing to the pressure on groundwater resources (N’go et al., 2005). Indeed, 

groundwater has been considered as less vulnerable to drought (Taylor et al., 2009). Access to groundwater is 

conditioned by the drilling wells or boreholes of good quality, able of lasting over time.   

These boreholes should be located in aquifers with significant storage and / or recharge (Parry et al., 2007). 

Outside, these conditions are often poorly assured because of the complexity of the geology of Burkina Faso 

consisting of 85% of basement formation (Savadogo, 1984). This situation accentuates the pressure on easily 

accessible alluvial aquifers whose hydrogeological characteristics are better known. The alluvial plain of 

Karfiguéla, located in the Cascades region, is an area with strong aquifer potential and therefore suitable for the 

practice of irrigated agriculture during dry season. However, the establishment of a sustainable management of 

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groundwater resources in the alluvial plain of Karfiguéla will require the estimation of its potentialities to satisfy 

populations’ long-term needs. It is within this framework that this study was initiated. It aims to determine the 

exploitation rate and sustainability of groundwater resources of the alluvial aquifer of Karfiguela.   

2. Study Area  

An alluvial plain is a relatively flat surface, located at the bottom of a valley, consists of alluvium (pebbles, gravel, 

sand, clay, silt...) and comparable to the flood zone of a stream (Sauret, 2013) which generally flows on its 

alluvium (fine or coarse grains alternately deposited or taken up by the current) covering the bedrock. The sides 

of the stream of an alluvial plain are bordered by natural plants called riverines. The extent of this vegetation is 

variable because it can be limited to a narrow tree-line running along the channel of the stream or it can be a real 

forest, rich in terms of floristic diversity, which can extend over several tens or even hundreds of meters on both 

sides of the stream channel. 

The alluvial plain of Karfiguéla is located in the Comoé province in southwest of Burkina Faso between 

longitudes 4°50'0''W and 4°42'0'' W and latitudes 10°44'0 N and 10°28'0"N (Figure 1). It covers an area of 46496 

km² and is 28 km long. In addition, the alluvial plain of Karfiguela houses the localities of Karfiguela, Tengrela, 

Nafona, Lemouroudougou, Kribina-Lena, Tiekuna, Niankar, Bounouna, Kossara, Diarabakoko, Sitiena and 

Banfora.  

  
Figure 1: Location of the Karfiguéla plain in Burkina Faso, showing the extent, geology and locations of 

the river, observation wells, villages. 

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In the alluvial plain of Karfiguela, the mean annual rainfall of the last thirty years is 1034 mm. Daily temperatures 

vary from 17° to 36° C (GIRE 2001). The air relative humidity is variable during the dry season (20% to 80%) 

while during the rainy season it can reach an average of 94.04%. 

Four types ofsoils are generally encountered in the Comoé province:  

• kaolinitic soils, ocher red tropical ferruginous type, which ensure good drainage;  

• brown montmorillonite soils with imperfect drainage;  sandy-clay soils that provide medium drainage; 

 hydromorphic soils flooded in the wet season.  

In the Karfiguela plain, soils are generally deep and are of tropical ferruginous type (PADI, 2014) with a clay-

silty  

texture at the top. The soil diversity of the area is undoubtedly a huge potential for agricultural activity. Most of 

these soils are light and sensitive to erosion, which is accelerated by anthropogenic action (extensive production 

systems, excessive cutting of firewood and anarchic land occupation). The floodplain is mostly occupied by areas 

dedicated to agriculture. The predominant crop in the winter season is rice. Vegetable crops such as cabbage, 

cucumber, eggplant, chilli and crops such as maize, sorghum and groundnuts are also highly developed in the 

Karfiguela plain during the dry season. Geologically, the following formations can be listed:  

• A tonalite set consisting of granodiorite, tonalite and quartz diorite;  

• The formation of Kawara-Sindou Sandstone (GKS) formed by coarse conglomerate sands. With a 

thickness ranging from 60 to 350 meters, it overlays on the Lower Sandstones;  

• Formation of Lower Sandstone with a thickness ranging from 50 to 300 meters. These lower sandstones 

are from top to bottom: arkosic fine red sandstones, fine quartzite sandstones, pink schistose sandstones. 

(HUGOT, 2002);  

• A group of schists and volcano-sediments such as pelites, sandstone shales, gray-black gloss schists, 

tuffaceousschists and rare quartzite horizons. (Ouedraogo, 2006).  

In addition, all these terrains are covered by late loose formations that support crop-friendly soils. These are recent 

alluvial sediments (in the valleys) or old (on the "plateau") as well as colluvial deposits at the base of the reliefs. 

Concerning the hydrogeology, the alluvial plain of Karfiguela comprises two main entities:  

  The sedimentary zones  

The sedimentary zone consists of a thick series of rocks that contains several aquifers. It is an ancient sedimentary 

basin, mostly sandy. Some aquifers provide very high flows of the order of several tens of cubic meters per hour 

(GIRE, 2001).  

  The basement rocks 

The crystalline basement zone is predominantly granitic with schists, green rocks and dolerites. The exploitable 

discharges are modest. Water resources are either in the weathering zone or in fractured rock (GIRE, 2001).  

In addition, hydrogeological studies carried out by the Valorization of Water Resources Program of South-West 

Burkina Faso (Gombert, 1998) show that the distribution of aquifer reserves is very uneven. Indeed, the 

sedimentary zone that covers 20% of the basin contains more than half of the aquifer reserves.  

  

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3. Materials and Methods 

The rate of exploitation of an aquifer, defined as the ratio between the annual volume of extracted water and the 

volume of water annually renewed by rainfall recharge (equation 1), is frequently used as quantitative indicator 

of the degree of exploitation of the groundwater resource (Orban et al., 2006).This indicator suggests that the 

sustainable use of the groundwater resource is not to exceed its annual renewal rate; neglecting the fact that 

groundwater provides many other essential uses, such as the base flow of stream during dry season or the supply 

of springs. The exploitation of the Karfiguela aquifer is mainly intended for agricultural purposes. These 

operations are done with various water extraction ways (pedal pumps, motor pump, and watering cans). Referring 

to the above definition of the exploitability rate, we will first estimate the volumes of water extraction from the 

plain and secondly we will estimate the volume of water that recharges the plain.  

             equation 1 

Where Vp (m3) the annual volume of water extracted from the plain, R (m3) the annual recharge.  

3.1. Estimation of water extraction  

The method used for water extraction estimation is based on the sum of the volumes of water pumped and 

extracted manually by farmers in the alluvial plain during the dry season from October to May. The water 

extraction ways are motor pumps, pedal pumps and watering cans. The implementation of this method of 

estimating the volumes extracted required field surveys. These surveys covered the number of motor pumps, pedal 

pumps and watering cans as well as their respective discharge, also taking into account irrigation schedules for 

each speculation. Two major assumptions are made for the estimation of the volumes of water extracted. These 

include:  

• The drought period extends over a period of 8 months, from October to May, allowing two off-season 

agricultural campaigns to be conducted.  

• In the case of farms with a variable irrigation schedule (due to the plurality of crops), the maximum 

duration (in hours) of daily irrigation as well as the maximum of days of irrigation are considered for calculations.  

3.2 Recharge and groundwater storage change estimation   

For the estimation of groundwater recharge and groundwater storage change, we used Thornthwaite and water 

table fluctuation methods, respectively.  

3.2.1 Recharge estimation   

Thornthwaite's approach uses the water balance at the catchment scale. It is based on the assumption that for a 

given time interval, the total inflow of water into a catchment is equal to the total of water outflows summed by 

the positive or negative water stock change.  

This balance can be written in the form of an equation involving various parameters:  

  Δ  ……………………………………………………………equation 2  

Where P(mm) is rainfall, E(mm) potential evapotranspiration, I(mm) infiltration that recharges the aquifer, 

R(mm) is runoff and ΔS is soil water stock change.  

The equation 2 can be rewritten involving the easily usable reserve (RFU) of soil (equation 3).  

   …………………………………………equation 3  

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Where for a given month i, RFUi-1(mm) is Easily Usable Reserve of the previous month, Pi(mm) is precipitation, 

EToi(mm) is Potential Evapotranspiration, RFUi(mm) is Easily Usable Reserve, Ii(mm) is water infiltrated 

(recharge), Ri(mm) is runoff.  

The computing of this equation allows us, on the one hand, to find the actual evapotranspiration values for each 

month. On the other hand, it allows us to find the annual value of the effective rainfall from which the part of 

runoff must be deducted to find the infiltration in the alluvial aquifer according to the equation 4:  

  ……………………………………………………… equation 4  

Where I(mm) is water infiltrated (recharge) annually and R(mm) is annual runoff.  

The portion of runoff can be determined from the computation of Runoff Coefficient (Cr) formula which is the 

ratio of the rainfall participating in the runoff to the actual rainfall recorded at the ground (equation 5):  

…………………………………………………….equation 5  

Where Cr (%) is runoff coefficient, LeR(mm) is rainfall participating in runoff, LeP is rainfall recorded at the 

ground. The computation of the runoff coefficient for a given period involves the decomposition of the flood 

hydrograph plotted from the data collected by the gauging stations in the study area.   

The runoff coefficient of the alluvial aquifer of Karfiguéla is estimated at 9.830% (Sankande, 2012).The average 

monthly rainfall and temperature data from 1981 to 2014 were used to calculate the various parameters.   

3.2.2 Estimation of groundwater storage change  

Various methods in aquifer recharge estimation exist. Most of them are tributary to recharge mechanism, climate 

conditions and estimation hypothesis. The WTF method among others is seen to be one of the most used methods 

(Healy et al., 2002) for its independence from climate conditions as stated Scanlon et al. (Scanlon et al., 2002) 

and the recharge mechanisms. The method’s popularity comes from its straightforward use and general 

availability of water table data for recharge estimation (Obuobie, 2012). WTF method is based on hypothesis that 

any water table rise in unconfined aquifer is due to recharge (Cai and Ofterdinger; 2016). The employed 

methodology is based on applying the WTF method in conjunction with the groundwater budget method 

developed by Marechal et al. (2006). The WTF method allows estimating change in groundwater storage based 

on water level fluctuation (equation 6).   

ΔS=Sy*Δh…………………………………………………………………….Equation 6  

Where ΔS is change in groundwater storage; Sy is specific yield or the quantity of water drains from the aquifer 

by the gravity force; Δh is water level fluctuation.  

The WTF Δh is estimated from hydraulic head measurements from piezometers of the site which are not 

influenced by water abstractions from pumping boreholes. Daily monitoring from 2013 to 2015 of piezometers 

taping the aquifer provided data for Δh determination. The specific yield Sy of the alluvial aquifer of Karfiguela 

was determined by pumping tests (long-term tests). The average value of Sy estimated in the alluvial plain of 

Karfiguela is 0.842%.  

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3.3 Estimation of the sustainability of the aquifer exploitation   

The sustainability of the groundwater resource in the alluvial aquifer of Karfiguela depends on many internal and 

external factors. A balance of inputs and outputs (ΔQ) in this aquifer (equation 7), related to the volume of the 

exploitable resource, could be used to estimate the number of years of exploitation (equation 8): 

Δ ………………………………………Equation 7   

Where VR (m3) is recharge; VRip (m
3) aquifer water inflow from the stream to the aquifer; VAPp (m

3) is water 

inflow from the deep aquifer; VP (m3) is water extracted; VPRi (m
3)is water outflow from the aquifer to the stream;  

………………………………………………………………………….Equation 8 

Where X is number of years of future exploitation and VRESE (m3) is volume of the exploitable water resource.   

4. Results and Discussion 4.1Estimation of water extraction 

The volumes of withdrawals according different water extraction ways in the alluvial plain are recorded in Table 

1. The values show that almost all the groundwater withdrawals in the aquifers are carried out by motor pumps. 

In addition, these groundwater withdrawals concern a part of the localities hosted in the alluvial plain, namely the 

villages of Karfiguéla, Kitobama, Lemouroudougou and Siniena. However, farmers in the villages of Karfiguéla 

and Lemouroudougou extract more groundwater while those in the villages of Siniena and Kitobama have lower 

percentages of exploitation.  

 Table 1. Volume of water withdrawals according to extraction ways in the alluvial plain of Karfiguéla  

  

Withdrawalway  Volume (m3)  

Motorpumps  199680.00  

Pedalpumps  0.00  

Wateringcans  152.00  

Total  199832.00  

4.2 Estimation of groundwaterrecharge   

The table 2 shows the effective annual rainfall. The annual runoff obtained from the total annual rainfall recorded 

at the ground and runoff coefficient is estimated at 101.8 mm/ year. This value subtracted from the effective 

annual rainfall (I + R) allows us to estimate an annual groundwater recharge of 40.5 mm / year. Therefore, 

considering the surface of the alluvial plain (46 496 000 m²), the volume of water having recharged the aquifer is 

estimated at 1 884 891.950 m3.  

Table 2: Values of effective rainfall computed using Thornthwaite water balance method applied to the 

alluvial plain of Karfiguéla.  

  

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Month  ETP  

(mm)  

P (mm)  RFU (mm)  ETR (mm)  I+R 

(mm)  

January  193.299  1.155  0.000  1.155  0.000  

February  180.537  1.797  0.000  1.797  0.000  

March  197.079  16.770  0.000  16.770  0.000  

April  187.203  60.670  0.000  60.670  0.000  

May  178.559  101.888  0.000  101.888  0.000  

June  148.607  145.530  0.000  145.530  0.000  

July  134.796  184.233  49.438  134.796  0.000  

August  126.758  265.458  100.000  126.758  88.137  

September  132.314  186.439  100.000  132.314  54.126  

October  159.478  62.236  2.758  159.478  0.000  

November  168.056  7.194  0.000  9.952  0.000  

December  183.467  1.464  0.000  1.464  0.000  

Total (mm/year)     1034.833        142.263  

4.3 Estimation of groundwater storage change   

The use of the water table fluctuation method in the alluvial plain of Karfiguela shows that the interannual mean 

of the positive piezometric head variations (Δh) is equal to 4804.7 mm. The water storage change is then estimated 

at 1881039.98 m3.The recharge value estimated using Thornthwaite method and the groundwater storage change 

value estimated using water table fluctuation method are substantially identical. In other words, the annual 

recharge is approximately identical to the annual volume of renewable water.  

4.4 Estimation of the exploitation rate of alluvial plain of Karfiguéla  

The exploitation rate of the alluvial aquifer of Karfiguela is estimated at 10.60%. This rate indicates a low use of 

groundwater. In fact, among the 212 farmers in the plain, only 12 farmers use groundwater for irrigation. These 

situations are related to the easy access to surface water in the plain. Indeed, a supply from the Comoériver serves 

irrigated perimeters from surface water which remains sufficiently abundant despite the multitude of operators 

and climatic hazards. Moreover, the exploitation of groundwater in the plain would probably be limited red by 

the relatively high realization costs of wells and boreholes. 

4.5 Estimation of the exploitation sustainability of the alluvial plain 

In the alluvial aquifer of Karfiguéla groundwater abstractions are minimal compared to the annual recharge. This 

annual recharge largely balance the amount of water with drown by farmers and the sustainability of the water 

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resource does not seem to be at risk. However, the change in the rate of exploitation by intensification of water 

abstraction caused by the arrival of new farmers should be regulated by local sensitization actions and field visits 

to better manage the groundwater resource. Environmental protection can also contribute to sustainable 

management by preserving the vegetation cover, which plays an important role in runoff and water infiltration. In 

addition, further studies on this aquifer, including the aquifer/river exchanges, would make it possible to 

understand the contribution of surface and groundwater on order to support a sustainable management with easy 

access.  

5. Conclusion 

The study of exploitation rate and sustainability of the alluvial aquifer of Karfiguéla revealed that the annual 

recharge is substantially identical to the variation of the groundwater stock. This recharge is around 1885000 m3. 

Water abstracted from the aquifer is much lower than the volume of water renewed, about 10%. Therefore, the 

alluvial aquifer of Karfiguéla has sufficient recharge to compensate the withdrawals, so the sustainability of its 

exploitation does not seem to be threatened. The complete characterization of the studied aquifer is an asset in the 

search for its exploitation rate and facilitates the deductions relating to its durability. The work carried out during 

this study shows that sustainable management of the groundwater resource of the alluvial aquifer of Karfiguéla 

requires the union of stakeholders in their exploitation, namely farmers, policy makers and development partners.  

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