




































    

 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 
Vol.1, Issue 1; March -2023; 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/ajset; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 
 

 

 

 

30| A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y |  

https://topjournals.org/index.php/ajset 

The Rise of Digital Twin Technology: Advantages, Applications, and Key 

Technological Developments 

 

 
Yuxizi Zheng, Xuemei Wang, Zhe Xu & Shuo Guo 
Xi'an Research Inst. of Hi-Tech, Xi’an, China 

 

Abstract 

Digital twin technology has emerged as a key means to promote intellectualization and digitalization in various 

fields. It is a technical means based on simulation, with the integration of data and model as the core. This 

paper provides a brief overview of the development history and definition of digital twin, proposes that digital 

twin consists of three basic components: physical layer, transmission layer, and virtual layer, and explains the 

key technologies involved such as sensing and monitoring, complex system modeling, and big data analysis. 

The current research on digital twins is summarized, including theory, data, and technology. Typical 

applications of digital twins in industrial manufacturing, smart cities, aerospace, and other aspects are 

described. Finally, the paper looks forward to the development trends of digital twin technology. 

Digital twin technology offers real-time, reusable, and intelligent solutions for product design, experimental 

data collection, experimental result analysis, and prediction. The advantages of digital twin technology have 

been recognized by many countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and China. As digital 

twin technology continues to evolve, it is expected to play an increasingly important role in the construction 

of digital China and the advancement of other countries towards digitalization. This paper highlights the need 

for further research on the key technologies of digital twin to promote its application and development. 

 

Keywords: Digital twin, simulation, data integration, real-time, reusable, intelligent, sensing, monitoring, 

complex system modeling, big data analysis, industrial manufacturing, smart cities, aerospace, development 

trends. 

 

INTRODUCTION  

With the continuous advancement of intelligence and digitalization in various fields, digital twin technology 

has received more and more attention. The United States takes digital twins as the main carrier, focusing on 

military and large-scale equipment and other fields; The UK has set up a digital construction center with plans 

to build a national twin; In 2020, China also wrote digital twins into the "14th FiveYear Plan", which became 

an important part of the construction of digital China. As an important technical means to improve production 

efficiency, digital twin has great advantages in product design, experimental data collection, experimental 

result analysis and prediction, etc., and the research on key technologies of digital twin to promote its 

application and development will effectively promote China's digital process.  

1. The evolution of digital twins  

At the beginning of the twentieth century in the aerospace field, due to high manufacturing costs, complex 

design, inconvenient flight test data collection and other problems, in the process of product design and 

development, the concept of "simulation" appeared. Early simulations focused on physical mapping of entities 

to describe the internal characteristics or environmental conditions of the system. With the rapid development 

of computer technology, simulation technology has gradually developed into all-digital simulation based on 

mathematical models. However, there may be a large modeling error or inability to model the physical object 

in the all-digital simulation, so it is tried to connect the physical object in a certain part of the simulation loop 

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Yuxizi Zheng, Xuemei Wang, Zhe Xu, Mengting Hou, Yuanping Dong, Hang Jiang & Shuo Guo 
The Rise of Digital Twin Technology: Advantages, Applications, and Key Technological Developments 

 

31| A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y |  

https://topjournals.org/index.php/ajset 

and test it under the conditions that meet the overall system performance, resulting in semi-physical 

simulation. In the early eighties, "Virtual reality" technology was proposed, which refers to simulating the 

environment through computers, so that participants can have different sensory experiences and understand 

the objective world from the virtual environment. Due to the interactivity and realism of virtual reality 

technology, simulation technology has been greatly developed.   

With the continuous maturity of a new generation of information technology and its deep integration with 

simulation technology, digital twins have emerged. In 2002, Professor Michael Grieves of the University of 

Michigan introduced two systems, real and virtual, when demonstrating product lifecycle management [1], 

which laid the foundation for the emergence of digital twins. Subsequently, Professor Grieves proposed the 

concept of "digital representation of physical products in physical space". In 2010, the term "Digital Twin" 

was officially proposed in NASA's technical report and defined as "the simulation process of a system or 

aircraft that integrates multiple physical quantities, multiple scales, and multiple probabilities" [2]. In 2012, 

NASA and AFRL defined a digital twin for an aircraft as an integrated multiphysics, multiscale, probabilistic 

simulation model for an aircraft or system that utilizes the best available physical models. Updated sensor data 

and historical data, etc., to reflect the state of the flight entity corresponding to the model [3]. As an important 

tool to improve efficiency, digital twin can effectively promote the integration and development of digital 

economy and real economy.  

2. The basic components of a digital twin  

According to the different definitions of digital twin, the composition of common digital twin systems is 

proposed as shown in Figure 1, which is mainly divided into physical layer, transport layer and virtual layer.  

 
Figure 1: Basic components of the digital twin system  

2.1. Physical layer  

The physical layer consists primarily of modeled objects and sensing systems in physical space. Modeling 

objects mainly include entities, various equipment, and operating environments; The sensing system mainly 

relies on various sensors to perceive and measure the operating state of the modeled object, and at the same 

time monitor the operating environment and collect data in real time.  

The physical layer involves sensing and monitoring technology [4]. In a complete digital twin system, the 

acquisition of the operating environment and the state data of the digital twin components itself is an important 

part of the accurate mapping and real-time interaction between all elements, all states and the whole process 

between physical objects and their digital twin systems. In order to establish a comprehensive IoT perception 

system and achieve accurate monitoring of the operation situation of physical objects, perception technology 

needs to rely on more accurate physical measurement technology, and also need to consider the synergy 

between the perceived data On the surface or inside the system structure, a distributed sensor network is used 

to determine the spatial location and unique identification of the target to ensure that the equipment is trusted 

and controllable [5].  



Yuxizi Zheng, Xuemei Wang, Zhe Xu, Mengting Hou, Yuanping Dong, Hang Jiang & Shuo Guo 
The Rise of Digital Twin Technology: Advantages, Applications, and Key Technological Developments 

 

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2.2. Transport layer  

The transport layer is the bridge that connects the physical layer and the virtual layer. The transport layer 

transmits the physical operation data obtained by the sensing system to the virtual layer, realizing real-time 

mapping from the physical layer to the virtual layer [6]; At the same time, the control instructions issued by the 

virtual layer are transmitted to the physical layer, thereby intervening in the operation of the entity, so that a 

two-way data flow is formed between the physical layer and the virtual layer.   

The creation and control of digital twins are based on data collected in real time, so the system needs to have 

faster information transmission speed and shorter latency. It can achieve high bandwidth, low latency, support 

distributed information collection, and have high security and high reliability. With the help of the Internet of 

Things, blockchain, 5G, quantum communication and other means, the information of the physical layer is 

transmitted quickly and accurately, and the security and reliability of information need to be guaranteed.  

2.3. Virtual layer  

The virtual layer is the core part of the digital twin system, which is the mapping of the physical layer in the 

digital space, containing a model as close as possible to the physical object and synchronized with the physical 

layer. The implementation of digital twin should be driven by data and supported by the model, and the twin 

model is a true description of the physical layer entity, mapping the physical layer from different dimensions 

and different aspects, so that the entity state is reflected in the virtual space. The twin data comes from real-

time monitoring data and historical data at the physical layer, and is processed to drive the twin model.   

The establishment of virtual layer model mainly applies to complex system modeling technology. Digital twin 

model includes visual model and mathematical model, by studying the structural composition and assembly 

relationship of physical entities, 3D MAX, SolidWorks and other threedimensional modeling tools can be 

used to establish the corresponding models of each part, and synthesize after verification to obtain a visual 

model reflecting the overall appearance, structure, size and other information of the physical object [7]. Since 

the mathematical model has the characteristics of involving many disciplines, diverse forms, many types, and 

large quantities, it can be modeled according to the product composition relationship of different subsystems 

[8]. The connection and motion law of each subsystem of the physical object were analyzed, the corresponding 

mathematical model was abstracted by means of mechanism modeling or parameter estimation, and simulation 

tools such as MATLAB/Simulink and Modelica were used to carry out simulation research under different 

conditions and parameters [9]. In addition, the digital twin system can be more closely related to the actual 

system by modeling the environment and analyzing the operation status of the digital twin under different 

conditions [10].   

The data received by the virtual layer usually has the characteristics of multiple types, large volume, and high 

application value. By establishing a corresponding database to store data, and using big data analysis 

technology, real-time screening and processing of data, fully activating and releasing data value, and exploring 

the interrelationship between different data to achieve the purpose of diagnosis, prediction and decision-

making [11].  

3. Current state of digital twin research  

At present, digital twins mainly include theory, data, technology, etc., as shown in Figure 2.  



Yuxizi Zheng, Xuemei Wang, Zhe Xu, Mengting Hou, Yuanping Dong, Hang Jiang & Shuo Guo 
The Rise of Digital Twin Technology: Advantages, Applications, and Key Technological Developments 

 

33| A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y |  

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Figure 2: Digital twin research direction  

In terms of theoretical research, Zhuang Cunbo [12] reviewed the background and concept of digital twin, and 

introduced the specific connotation of product digital twin. Tao Fei [13] aimed at the establishment of digital 

twin models, put forward the construction criterion of "four modernizations, four can be used in eight ways" 

of digital twin models, and carried out research and practice on the construction theory of digital twin 

workshop models. Jia Shiqi [14] summarized the current development of digital twin technology, summarized 

its practical results and future application directions, and looked forward to the needs and prospects of digital 

twin standardization according to the current standardization process. Zhou Junhua [15] analyzed the 

development process of digital twin technology, pointed out the necessity of applying digital twin technology 

to weapon system research and practice, and elaborated its concept and composition. Zhang Dawei [16] 

introduced the application of digital twin technology in equipment life cycle cost management, and pointed 

out the existing problems and solutions, so as to provide reference for improving the cost efficiency of 

equipment.   

In terms of technical analysis, Liu Yang [6] analyzed the connotation, development context and significance of 

industrial digital twin, focused on the development direction of industrial digital twin, and put forward several 

suggestions on its development. Jiang Haifan [17] put forward the concept of digital twin evolution model, and 

gave the application methods, key technologies and working platforms of the three evolution stages of digital 

twin. Wang Huixia [18] analyzed the main differences between digital twin technology and simulation 

technology, refined the key technologies involved in digital twin, and designed the basic framework and 

application mode of digital twin of launch vehicle control system. Lu Qing [19] discussed the application of 

digital twin technology in aircraft architecture model design, multi-model architecture integration, model 

parameter identification and verification, and provided important guidance and technical support for the 

development of aircraft models and integration tests. Wang Wei [20] analyzed the development and value of 

digital twin, elaborated the basic characteristics and architecture of digital twin, introduced the key 

technologies of digital twin on this basis, and finally looked forward to its development prospect. Wu Yan [21] 

based on digital twin technology, sorted out the concept of digital twin, and discussed digital twin technology 

in manufacturing.   

In terms of data processing, Zhang Suming [3] introduced a rocket test and launch process health management 

system based on digital twin technology, and carried out design optimization and performance analysis, 

realizing data analysis, diagnosis collaboration, and fault handling decision support. Fan Rui [22] discussed the 

application of digital twin technology in data monitoring of intelligent production systems, and discussed how 

to achieve an efficient combination of production site and production management. In order to solve the 

problems encountered in the modeling and data acquisition of digital twin workshop, Zhou Shuaichang [23] 

proposed to use the half-side folding algorithm to make the complex three-dimensional model lightweight, 

and the improved fuzzy C-means algorithm to improve the accuracy of the data.  



Yuxizi Zheng, Xuemei Wang, Zhe Xu, Mengting Hou, Yuanping Dong, Hang Jiang & Shuo Guo 
The Rise of Digital Twin Technology: Advantages, Applications, and Key Technological Developments 

 

34| A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y |  

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4. Typical applications of digital twin technology  

4.1. Application of digital twins in industrial manufacturing  

Siemens has been closely following the development trend of Industry 4.0 and intelligent manufacturing in 

Germany, and has been committed to the development and application of digital twin technology in recent 

years, and has integrated digital twin technology into its digital strategy in the past two years. Siemens uses 

digital twin technology to digitally design, optimize and validate production processes, modify plant layouts, 

select production equipment, optimize production processes, and more. The automation system is verified 

through virtual commissioning technology, enabling it to be commissioned quickly and efficiently on site. 

Control the physical world in the virtual world, so that the entire workshop can achieve complete integration, 

so as to achieve efficient and reliable production; Complete production planning, production execution and 

quality inspection through the manufacturing operation management system; With Mindsphere, all machines 

and equipment can be monitored in real time to analyze and evaluate actual production. Through analysis and 

forecasting, we can drive continuous improvement of actual production and products, thereby shortening the 

product design optimization cycle.   

In the application of machine tools, with the help of digital twin technology, enterprises can complete 

simulation and verification from cutting to maintenance and fault diagnosis in the digital world in advance 

during the development stage. It can not only save the debugging cost of mature models and extend the life 

cycle, but also improve the research and development efficiency of new models and reduce trial and error 

costs. For machine tool end users, digital twin software can be used to test cut and proofing parts without 

physical prototyping and environmental construction, which can significantly reduce the risk and cost of the 

machining process. In addition, users can also use the digital twin to train personnel and effectively avoid the 

risk of machine collisions caused by insufficient personnel experience by simulating the operating 

environment.  

4.2. Application of digital twins in smart cities  

Urban digital twin is a technical means of simulating modeling and interactive control of the whole life cycle 

process of urban physical entities through the digital virtual mapping of the city, with the help of historical 

data, real-time data, spatial data and algorithm models, etc., which can express and present all elements of 

physical objects, relationships, activities, etc. in the urban physical space and social space in the digital space, 

so as to realize the comprehensive perception and precise control of the city and promote the intelligent and 

digital development of the city [24]。 

During the construction of Xiong'an New Area, it proposed to "adhere to the synchronous planning and 

synchronous construction of digital city and real city", based on the theory of urban complex adaptation 

system, to build a digital twin of the city, so that the physical city and the digital city can be connected in real 

time and dynamic feedback, constantly track and identify the changes of the city, so that the "hidden order" 

of the city can be made visible, so as to better follow the law of urban development [25]. All elements of 

Xiong'an New Area will be built synchronously in the digital city according to the construction sequence, and 

updated with the development of the city, and jointly iterated, which is an ecosystem that can evolve. The 

biggest innovation of digital twin cities lies in the fact that physical cities and digital cities can coexist and 

grow together, and the virtual and real can be integrated.   

The digital twin technology is introduced into the urban flood disaster assessment and early warning system, 

and realizes the visual integration of the city by establishing an intelligent perception system covering all 

elements of urban flood disaster, integrating real-time data such as land, water system, and transportation. Use 

data to realize the dynamic evolution of urban digital twin, drive urban flood disaster scenario simulation 

analysis and decision-making system, predict the development trend of flood disaster through intelligent 

algorithms, and automatically issue early warning signals when necessary. The optimized system solves the 

problems of insufficient perception and dynamic response ability of the original system and poor real-time 

decision-making, and integrates the functions of urban real-time rain monitoring, flood disaster assessment, 

disaster prevention simulation and early warning [26].   

Digital twin library refers to the use of physical model data and multi-scale simulation technology to 

comprehensively model the physical entities of the library in the virtual space in order to complete the iterative 



Yuxizi Zheng, Xuemei Wang, Zhe Xu, Mengting Hou, Yuanping Dong, Hang Jiang & Shuo Guo 
The Rise of Digital Twin Technology: Advantages, Applications, and Key Technological Developments 

 

35| A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y |  

https://topjournals.org/index.php/ajset 

optimization of all elements, holographic intelligent monitoring, and global intelligent construction. Through 

the whole process of data mining, operation monitoring and integrated analysis of the physical entities of the 

library, a new model library that can realize intelligent interaction between virtual and real is built. Its essence 

is to build the digital expression of the physical entity of the library, realize the extension of the full life cycle 

service of the library, carry out virtual and real interaction, tracking and analysis and two-way real-time 

mapping in the virtual information space, and maintain the synchronous update of data transformation, and 

accurately optimize the physical services, facilities and resources of the library [27].  

4.3. Application of digital twins in aerospace  

In the design and development, manufacturing and assembly, operation and maintenance of aircraft, the 

introduction of digital twin technology can effectively shorten the development cycle and significantly reduce 

costs. By establishing a digital twin of the aircraft, the product testing and verification is completed virtually 

in the digital space, and defects are found in the design stage and the design is improved in time to avoid waste 

caused by repeated modifications [28]; In the actual production and manufacturing, the processing status of 

each part can be tracked in real time, and the existing manufacturing process can be continuously optimized 

through reasonable allocation of resources to reduce downtime; In the maintenance stage, sensors are used to 

monitor the status of the aircraft in real time, reflect the real flight conditions, and can realize the dynamic 

update of the model by combining intelligent algorithms, improve the prediction ability, and can also be used 

to diagnose the cause of abnormal situations and evaluate after the occurrence of failures [29].   

The digital twin satellite is a collection of digital models with the same origin, data sharing, coevolution, real-

time interaction, synchronization between heaven and earth, and extended survival of the physical satellite [30]. 

The digital twin satellite can reflect the formation process, real-time status and behavior of the physical 

satellite, and predict, evaluate and optimize the physical satellite in the digital space. It is the twin asset and 

efficiency multiplier of the whole life cycle and the whole value chain of the satellite product. On the basis of 

realizing the digital twin function of general aircraft, the digital twin satellite can also optimize the shape 

parameters and deployment process of the satellite solar wing using the entity data; And the use of digital 

twins for ground thermal test can further save the resources on the satellite [31].  

The application of digital twins to rocket testing and launch processes can effectively improve the reliability 

of rocket launches. In the ground test stage, the ground digital twin system monitors and interprets the data of 

each instrument during the test, and at the same time identifies the abnormal data to assist the profession 

Personnel make decisions; During the ignition take-off phase, the engine thrust status diagnosis is carried out, 

and the takeoff process will be performed only after the digital twin on the arrow and the ground judge that 

the rocket starts normally; In the rocket flight phase, the digital twin system regularly receives the data 

transmitted by the telemetry system, carries out real-time simulation prediction, accelerates the determination 

of alternative solutions when a fault is detected, and issues control instructions to the rocket to minimize the 

occurrence of failure [32].  

5. Summary  

With the continuous deepening of the research on digital twins by scholars from all aspects, the technology 

has made rapid development in recent years. However, in the application process of digital twins, there are 

still problems such as the lack of unified standards, the lack of interdisciplinary integrated design platform, 

and the need to further improve the application of core technologies. Therefore, most of the current work is 

concentrated in the theoretical research and experimental verification stage. Nevertheless, because of the great 

advantages of digital twins such as virtual-reality mapping, real-time synchronization, symbiosis and 

evolution, it is of great significance to study its key technologies, break through the difficulties encountered 

one by one, and promote its application in manufacturing, aerospace, urban management, smart medical and 

other fields to promote China's digital process.  

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The Rise of Digital Twin Technology: Advantages, Applications, and Key Technological Developments 

 

36| A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y |  

https://topjournals.org/index.php/ajset 

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