




































    

 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

1 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

INDUSTRIAL PALM OIL MILLING MACHINES STARTING TORQUE EFFECT OF 

REMOVING COMPENSATING WINDING USING UNIVERSAL MACHINE 

 

Chizindu Stanley Esobinenwu1 and Lamidi Salihu Owuda2 

1&2 Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.   

Email: chizindu.esobinenwu@uniport.edu.ng  & owuda@yahoo.com 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10814648 

 

Abstract: Industrial palm oil milling machines starting torque effect of removing compensating winding using 

universal machine is presented. The palm oil milling plant machine is the equipment use for processing of raw 

material reception, sterilizing, threshing, digesting, pressing, clarifying, drying and the output product is palm 

oil. Compensation machine windings are a winding in the field pole face plate that carries armature current to 

reduce stator field distortion. Its purpose is to reduce brush arcing and erosion in machine that operates with 

weak fields, variable heavy loads and reversing operation.  Uncompensated windings of industrial palm oil 

milling machines have received negative threat in oil production due to this phenomenon. The series reactance 

was reduced by fewer turn of heavier wire gauges and is impracticable to eliminate reactance voltage drop so as 

not to eliminate magnetic field. The reactance voltage drop was completely eliminated by the uses of 

compensating windings immediately it was connected in series with armature of mill universal machine, and 

arranged so that the ampere-turns of the compensating winding opposes and neutralizes the ampere-turns of the 

armature. The compensating winding displaced 90 electrical degrees from the field winding and the mechanical 

displacement 45 degrees. The commutation also improves considerably Universal machines operates both on 

alternating current and on direct current source. When coupled to electro-dynamometer, the machine current 

and the torque developed were recorded as I=3.7Amps dc and torque =16Ibf.in. The industrial palm oil milling 

universal machine for uncompensated for AC operation the current and speed was recorded as current (I) = 

2.4Aac and AC speed = 230rev/min. and more sparking at the brushes and for uncompensated for DC operation 

the current and speed was recorded as current (I) = 2.5Aac and AC speed = 2680rev/min. The industrial palm 

oil universal machine was loaded up to 9Ibf.in. the industrial palm oil milling universal machine for inductive 

compensation operation the current, speed and torque was recorded as current (I) = 2.4Aac, AC speed = 

1430rev/min and AC torque = 9Ibf.in. Industrial palm oil milling universal machine stalled as soon as the short 

was removed. The full power cannot develop when it is uncompensated. Inductive compensation for DC 

operation, the current, speed and torque was recorded as current (I) = 4.1Adc, DC speed = 2400rev/min and AC 

torque = 9Ibf.in. and there was no changed when the short was removed. This recommended for machines 

designers and operators of industries of Palm oil milling, fans and blowers, hair dryers, electric shavers, electric 

heir clippers, can openers, sewing machines, vibrators, coffee grinders, power screwdrivers, nut drivers, sabre 

saws, and hedge clippers. 

Keywords: Armature, Milling, Compensating, Universal, Commutation, Brush sparking, Erosion, and 

Neutralizes.   

 

 

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mailto:chizindu.esobinenwu@uniport.edu.ng
mailto:owuda@yahoo.com


    

 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

2 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

 

1.0 INTRODUCTION 

Industrial palm oil milling machines starting torque effect of removing compensating winding using universal 

machine is presented. The palm oil milling plant machine is an equipment use for processing of raw material 

reception, sterilizing, threshing, digesting, pressing, clarifying, drying and the output product is palm oil. [1, 4, 

5]  

Compensation machine windings are winding in the field pole face plate that carries armature current to reduce 

stator field distortion. [3, 7, 8] It reduce brush arcing and erosion in machine that are operates with weak fields, 

variable heavy loads and reversing operations. Uncompensated windings of industrial palm oil milling machines 

have received negative threat in oil production.  

The starting torque of universal machine is determined by the current that flows through the armature and field 

windings. [3, 10] The inductive reactance of these windings, the alternating current (AC) starting current is 

always less than that of direct current (DC) starting current. [4, 9]. Thus, the starting torque on AC power will 

be lower than that of starting torque on DC power.  The compensating winding has a very great important role 

to play of reducing the overall reactance of the machine. The compensating windings also has the ability of 

opposing armature reaction, thereby improves commutation. [2, 6, 8]. The universal machine that is not 

compensated has the ability to lose most of its power and worsen brushes sparking. [5, 6, 7] 

2.0 Laboratory Investigation on Industrial Palm Oil Milling Universal Machines  

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the standard research UNIPORT laboratory to investigate the 

industrial palm oil milling machines starting torque effect of removing compensating winding using universal 

machine.  

The materials, instruments and components used are: (1) Universal Machine, (2) Power Supply, (3) Electro-

dynamometer, (4) AC Metering current module (2.5A, -8.0A), (5) AC Metering voltmeter module (100V-

250V), (6) DC Metering Volt-Amps (200V, 2.5-5A), (7) Hand Tachometer, (8) Connecting leads and (9) 

Timing belt. The course of carrying out the investigation on industrial palm oil milling universal machines 

starting torque effect of removing compensating winding using universal machine.  A high-level peculation was 

observed at every laboratory experiment as high voltage was present in the laboratory. No connection was made 

with power ‘ON’ at every experimental connection, and power must be switch ‘OFF’ after connecting each 

individual experimental connection.  

3.0 Industrial Palm Oil Milling Universal Machines Starting Torque for DC operation 

Using the materials, instruments and components as stated above, the industrial palm oil milling universal 

machine connection for DC operation is shown in figure1. The power was turn ‘ON’ after connection and it was 

adjusted to 30V using the control knob on the power supply. At the 30V power supply the line current was less 

than 1.0ampere and the compensating winding was producing flux in the same direction as the armature thereby 

increasing the inductance and reactance. It was also observed that the armature revolves and the brushes were 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

3 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

not at exactly neutral position. As a result of this, an interchanged of the lead to armature winding was made 

and the system normalized and the line current was measured and recorded as 3.5A ac.  

 

                          

                            

                           𝐈𝟏 

   

 

                         

                                                                         

                                                                              

 

                                                        

 

  

  

                                                                                            

                                                                  

 

 Figure1: Circuit diagram of industrial palm oil milling universal machine for DC operation  

The electro-dynamometer was coupled to the industrial palm oil milling universal machine with timing belt. 

The input terminal of the electro-dynamometer was connected to 220 Vac terminal 1 and Neutral (N). The 

electro-dynamometer was adjusted to its full clockwise position to provide a maximum starting load for 

industrial palm oil milling universal machine and brushes were set to their neutral position. The machine was 

turned ‘ON’ and an adjustment was made as indicated on the voltmeter to 30V supply to industrial palm oil 

milling universal machine windings. The industrial palm oil milling universal machine current and the torque 

developed were recorded as current (I) = 3.7Amps dc and torque =16Ibf.in. The voltage was returned to zero 

and the power was turn ‘OFF.  

4.0 Industrial Palm Oil Milling Universal Machine for AC Operation 

Using the materials, instruments and components, the industrial palm oil milling universal machine connection 

was reconnected for AC operation is shown in figure2. The power was turn ‘ON’ after connection and it was 

adjusted to 30V using the control knob on the power supply. The industrial palm oil milling universal machine 

current and the torque developed were recorded as current (I) = 1.4Amps ac and torque =1.6Ibf.in. The voltage 

was returned to zero and the power was turn ‘OFF. It was observed from the result that the inductive reactance 

of the armature and field windings limits field current during AC operation. This reduced the AC starting torque 

drastically below the starting torque.  

Palm Oil Mill Universal 

Machine 

Palm Oil Mill 

Electro-

Dynamometer 

M 
V 

A 

5 

4 3 

0 – 220-Vac 

0
-2

2
0

V
d

c
 

0 – 250Vdc 
Voltmeter 

 
 

0 – 2.5Adc 

Ammeter 

 

Voltmeter 

Control knob 

 

 
W 

2 1 

6 

+ 

_ 

+ 
_ 

L 

N 

L 

N 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

4 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

 

 

 

                          

                            

                           𝐈𝟏 

   

 

                         

                                                                         

                                                                              

 

                                                        

 

  

  

                                                                                            

                                                                 

 

 Figure2: Circuit diagram of industrial palm oil milling universal machine for AC operation  

5.0 Industrial Palm Oil Milling Universal Machine for Uncompensated for AC Operation  

Using the materials, instruments and components, the industrial palm oil milling universal machine connection 

was reconnected for uncompensated windings for AC operation by eliminating the compensating coil winding 

as shown in figure 3. The power was turn ‘ON’ after connection and it was adjusted to 220Vac using the control 

knob on the power supply and the electro-dynamometer to 3Ibf.in of the torque. The industrial palm oil milling 

universal machine for uncompensated operation the current and speed was recorded as current (I) = 2.4Aac and 

AC speed = 230rev/min.  

The current is almost the same but the speed is much slower. Without the compensated windings for the 

industrial palm oil milling universal machine, the universal machine produces less power and more sparking at 

the brushes 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Palm Oil Mill Universal 

Machine 

Palm Oil Mill 

Electro-

Dynamometer 

M 
V 

A 

5 

4 3 

0 – 220-Vac 

0
-2

2
0

V
a

c
 

0 – 250Vac 
Voltmeter 

 
 

0 – 2.5Aac 

Ammeter 

 

Voltmeter 

Control knob 

 

 
W 

2 1 

6 

+ 

_ 

+ 
_ 

L 

N 

L 

N 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

5 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

 

 

 

                          

                            

                           𝐈𝟏 

   

 

                         

                                                                         

                                                                              

 

                                                        

 

  

  

                                                                                            

                                                                 

 

Figure3: Circuit diagram of industrial palm oil milling universal machine for uncompensated for AC 

operation. 

6.0 Industrial Palm Oil Milling Universal Machine for Uncompensated for DC Operation  

Using the materials, instruments and components, the industrial palm oil milling universal machine connection 

was reconnected for uncompensated windings for DC operation by eliminating the compensating coil winding 

as shown in figure 4. The procedure as before, the industrial palm oil milling universal machine for 

uncompensated operation the current and speed was recorded as current (I) = 2.5Aac and AC speed = 

2680rev/min.    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Palm Oil Mill Universal 

Machine 

Palm Oil Mill 

Electro-

Dynamometer 

M 
V 

A 

5 

4 3 

0 – 220-Vac 

0
-2

2
0

V
a

c
 

0 – 250Vac 
Voltmeter 

 
 

0 – 2.5Aac 

Ammeter 

 

Voltmeter 

Control knob 

 

 
W 

2 1 

6 

+ 

_ 

+ 
_ 

L 

N 

L 

N 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

6 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

 

 

 

                          

                            

                           𝐈𝟏 

   

 

                         

                                                                         

                                                                              

 

                                                        

 

  

  

                                                                                            

                                                                 

 

Figure4: Circuit diagram of industrial palm oil milling universal machine for uncompensated for DC 

operation. 

7.0 Mathematical Model 

The three main components of palm oil mill universal machine torque are: reluctance torque, Synchronous 

torque, Excitation torque. [3, 4, 7] 

Palm oil milling universal machine torque 

𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 1.5 p (𝜆𝑑 𝑖𝑞 -  𝜆𝑞   𝑖𝑑)                                                                                               (1)  

 

Palm oil milling universal machine Reluctance Torque 

𝑇𝑟  =   1.5 𝑃 (𝐿𝑑  −   𝐿𝑞)𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑞                                                                                             (2) 

 

Palm oil milling universal machine Synchronous Torque 

 

𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑛 = 1.5 P (𝐿𝑚𝑑 𝑖𝑘𝑑𝑖𝑞 -  𝐿𝑚𝑞 𝑖𝑘𝑞𝑖𝑞)                                                                                  (3) 

 

Palm oil milling universal machine Excitation Torque 

Palm Oil Mill Universal 

Machine 

Palm Oil Mill 

Electro-

Dynamometer 

M 
V 

A 

5 

4 3 

0 – 220-Vac 

0
-2

2
0

V
d

c
 

0 – 250Vdc 
Voltmeter 

 
 

0 – 2.5dc 

Ammeter 

 

Voltmeter 

Control knob 

 

 
W 

2 1 

6 

+ 

_ 

+ 
_ 

L 

N 

L 

N 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

7 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

 

𝑇𝑒𝑥 = 1.5 P 𝐿𝑚𝑑 𝑖𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑞                                                                                                         (4) 

 

Where P are pole pairs, assumed the line voltage are balanced, 

 

 The d-q voltages in terms of the load angle become, 

 

𝑉𝑑 = -V sin 𝛿                                                                                                                      (5) 

 

𝑉𝑑 = V cos 𝛿                                                                                                                       (6)   

 

 Stator phase current is related to the d-q currents [3, 9]. 

 

𝑖𝑎𝑥 =𝑖𝑞                                                                                                                               (7)    

                                                                 

 𝑖𝑏𝑥= -  
1

2
 𝑖𝑞 - 

1

√3
𝑖𝑑                                                                                                             (8) 

 

𝑖𝑐𝑥 = -  
1

2
 𝑖𝑞 + 

1

√3
𝑖𝑑                                                                                                             (9) 

 

 8.0 Mechanical Model 

The mechanical model of the palm oil mill universal machine which allows the inertia and   

Mechanical load torque to be incorporated, [1, 5, 7] swing equation equations (10-11), 

�̇�  = 𝜔𝑏 - 𝜔𝑟                                                                                                                     (10) 

 

𝜔�̇� = 
𝑝

𝑗𝑚
 (𝑇𝑒𝑚 - 𝑇𝐿)                                                                                                            (11)  

 

𝐽𝑚 
𝑑2𝜃𝑚

𝑑𝑡2   =  𝑇𝑐 -  𝑇𝐿                                                                                                           (12)      

 

Decomposing equation (12) into two first order differential equation gives, 

P𝜃𝑚=m                                                                                                                         (13)    

                                                  

𝐽𝑚 (P 𝜔m ) =  𝑇𝑐 -  𝑇𝐿                                                                                                      (14) 

 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

8 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

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P 𝜔m = 
1

𝐽𝑚
 (𝑇𝑐 -  𝑇𝐿)                                                                                                         (15) 

   𝑇𝑒𝑚               +                             Integrator                     Integrator                                 

                                                                 -           _              δ          

                                                                                                                 δ                                                                

𝑇𝐿                     -           Gain(
𝑝

𝑗𝑚
 

                          Sum                    𝜔𝑏                  +        Sum                                                             

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 5: Mechanical model block diagram of Palm oil mill universal machine Control 

Table 1: Laboratory Investigation Results on Industrial Palm Oil Milling Universal Machine for 

Compensated Operation. 

S/NO. CURRENT(I) VA P(WATTS) SPEED 

(r/min) 

HORSE 

POWER(hp) 

TORQUE 

(Ibf.in) 

1 1.8 226 208 3448 0 0 

2 2.2 274 243 2548 0.120 3 

3 2.8 246 288 1858 0.175 6 

4 3.3 406 323 1388 0.188 9 

 

Table2: Laboratory Investigation Results on Industrial Palm Oil Milling Universal Machine for 

Uncompensated Operation. 

S/NO. CURRENT(I) P(WATTS) SPEED 

(r/min) 

HORSE 

POWER(hp) 

TORQUE 

(Ibf.in) 

1 1.5 238 4148 0 0 

2 1.8 288 3298 0.155 3 

3 2.3 358 2598 0.246 6 

4 2.7 388 2198 0.313 9 

 

 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

9 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

 

 

 

Table 3: Industrial Palm Oil Milling Universal Machine Parameters in simulation   

d-axis inductance,𝐿𝑑 1.4Mh 

q-axis inductance, 𝐿𝑞 2.8mH (1.4mH) 

Stator windings 𝑅𝑠 0.6 Ω (1.2 Ω) 

Induced flux by magnet 0.12Wb 

Number of poles, P 2 

Rated Voltage, V 250 V 

Rated frequency, f 50Hz 

Combined rotor and load inertia, 𝐽𝑚 0.83Kg𝑚2 

Shaft mechanical torque, 𝑇𝑙 3.2Nm 

Source: [3, 5, 6, 7] 

 
Figure 6: Graph of Rotor Speed against Time for Varying Stator Resistance. 

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Time [s]

Ro
to

r s
pe

ed
, 

r [r
ad

s/
se

c]

 

 

0.2599

0.2050

0.3158

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

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10 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

 
Figure 7.: Graph of Motor Torque against Time for Varying Stator Resistance  

 

 

 
Figure 8: Graph of Rotor Speed against Time. 

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

Time [s]

Mo
tor

 To
rqu

e, 
T m [N

m]

 

 

0.2599

0.2050

0.3158

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

Time [sec]

Ro
to

r S
pe

ed
 [r

ad
s/

se
c]

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

11 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

  
Figure 9: Graph of Torque against Time 

 

 
Figure 10: Graph of Rotor speed Against Time  

9.0 Industrial Palm Oil Milling Universal Machine for Inductive compensation for AC Operation. 

The effect of using inductive compensation while the industrial universal machine is operating  

on AC. Using the materials, instruments and components, the industrial palm oil milling universal machine 

connection was reconnected for inductive compensation as shown in figure3. The compensating coil was short 

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Time, [s]

To
rq

ue
, T

e,
 [N

m
]

 

 

Te

Th

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Time [sec]

R
ot

or
 S

pe
ed

 [r
ad

s/
se

c]

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

12 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

out by connecting a lead directly across its terminals. The power was turn ‘ON’ and adjusted for 120Vac.  The 

industrial palm oil universal machine was loaded up to 9Ibf.in. the industrial palm oil milling universal machine 

for inductive compensation operation the current, speed and torque was recorded as current (I) = 2.4Aac, AC 

speed = 1430rev/min and AC torque = 9Ibf.in. It was observed that the sparking was the same when the 

industrial palm oil milling universal machine was conductively compensated. While the machine was on 

operation, the shorted compensating coil was removed by holding the wire with insulating material as a 

precaution.  the industrial palm oil milling universal machine stalled as soon as the short was removed. The full 

power cannot develop when it is uncompensated.  

10.0 Industrial Palm Oil Milling Universal Machine for Inductive compensation for DC Operation. 

Using the same procedure, the industrial palm oil milling universal machine for inductive compensation for DC 

operation the current, speed and torque was recorded as current (I) = 4.1Adc, DC speed = 2400rev/min and AC 

torque = 9Ibf.in.      

It was observed that the DC and AC industrial palm oil milling universal machine for inductive compensation 

operation does not work at the same level of operation. It was observed that the inductive compensation is 

effective only when the current is alternating. The performance is the same with compensating winding shorted 

as when it is open. While on the DC, the industrial palm oil milling universal machine draw more current and 

there was severe sparking at the brushes. Compensation machine windings are a winding in the field pole face 

plate that carries armature current to reduce stator field distortion it was used to reduce brush arcing and erosion 

in the palm oil milling machine so that it can operates on weak fields, variable heavy loads and reversing 

operations.  

The reactance of the series was reduced by fewer turn of heavier wire gauges. In the series field, it is not 

practicable to eliminate reactance voltage drop so as not to eliminate magnetic field. The reactance voltage drop 

was completely eliminated by the uses of compensating windings and this was connected in series with 

armature of palm oil milling machine and it was so arranged so that the ampere-turns of the compensating 

winding opposes and neutralizes the ampere-turns of the armature. The compensating winding displaced 90 

electrical degrees from the field winding and the mechanical displacement 45 degrees. The commutation also 

improves considerably Universal machines operates both on alternating current and on direct current source. 

The speeds at which the universal machines operate depend on the designer, though universal machines operate 

faster on DC than on AC source. It was observed that the DC and AC industrial palm oil milling universal 

machine for inductive compensation operation does not work at the same level of operation. It was observed 

that the inductive compensation is effective only when the current is alternating. The performance is the same 

with compensating winding was shorted as when it is open. While on the DC, the industrial palm oil milling 

universal machine draw more current and there was severe sparking at the brushes. The compensating windings 

are necessary to reduce reactance effects of the armature winding. This allows more AC current to be drawn and 

increase the power output capability and improving commutation.  

11.0 CONCLUSION 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

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ISSN: 2837-2964 

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13 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

The DC and AC industrial palm oil milling universal machine for inductive compensation operation does not 

work at the same level of operation. The inductive compensation is effective only when the current is 

alternating. The performance is the same with compensating winding shorted as when it is open. While on the 

DC, the industrial palm oil milling universal machine draw more current and have severe sparking at the 

brushes.  

 At the 30V power supply, the line current was less than 1.0ampere and the compensating winding were 

producing flux in the same direction as the armature thereby increasing the inductance and reactance. The 

armature revolves and the brushes were not at exactly neutral position. As a result of this, an interchanged of the 

lead to armature winding was made and the system normalized and the line current was measured and recorded 

as 3.5A ac. When coupled to electro-dynamometer, the machine current and the torque developed were 

recorded as I=3.7Amps dc and torque =16Ibf.in 

 The industrial palm oil milling universal machine for uncompensated for AC operation the current and speed 

was recorded as current (I) = 2.4Aac and AC speed = 230rev/min.  

Without the compensated windings for the industrial palm oil milling universal machine, the universal machine 

produces less power and more sparking at the brushes. While the industrial palm oil milling universal machine 

for uncompensated for DC operation the current and speed was recorded as current (I) = 2.5Aac and AC speed 

= 2680rev/min.   

When the industrial palm oil universal machine was loaded up to 9Ibf.in for inductive compensation operation 

the current, speed and torque was recorded as current (I) = 2.4Aac, AC speed = 1430rev/min and AC torque = 

9Ibf.in. It was observed that the sparking was the same when the industrial palm oil milling universal machine 

was conductively compensated. While the machine was on operation, the shorted compensating coil was 

removed by holding the wire with insulating material as a precaution. Industrial palm oil milling universal 

machine stalled as soon as the short was removed. The full power cannot develop when it is uncompensated. 

While for the industrial palm oil milling universal machine for inductive compensation for DC operation, the 

current, speed and torque was recorded as current (I) = 4.1Adc, DC speed = 2400rev/min and AC torque = 

9Ibf.in. and there was no changed when the short was removed. This recommended for machines designers and 

operators of industries of Palm oil milling, fans and blowers, hair dryers, electric shavers, electric heir clippers, 

can openers, sewing machines, vibrators, coffee grinders, power screwdrivers, nut drivers, sabre saws, and 

hedge clippers.   

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Proc.IEEE , Industry Application  conference, Vol.2, pp. 1245- 1252.2019 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol. 9, Issue 2; March -April 2024; 

ISSN: 2837-2964 

Impact Factor: 6.67 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

 
 

 

 

14 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

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