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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

  

 

 

17 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

EFFECT OF LOCAL BIO-FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND NUTRIENT CONTENT 

OF PHASEOLUS AUREUS, SPINACIA OLERACEA AND OCIMUM SANCTUM 

 

Akash Krishna Murthy, Sai Krishna Reddy and Ravi Teja 

Department of Biochemistry& Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam - 530 

045, India 

 

Abstract: India is a major producer and consumer of pulses, but the country's pulse productivity is low. This is 

due to a number of factors, including nutrient depletion of soils, lack of crop diversification, and pests and 

diseases. This paper reviews the factors that are limiting pulse productivity in India and discusses some of the 

potential solutions. 

Keywords: Pulses, Productivity, India, Soil nutrients, Crop diversification, Pests and diseases  

  

1.  Introduction  

Plants are the source of raw materials for the food, clothing and shelter.These green plants have also provided all 

the medicaments and health care needs to man and his domestic animals ever since the advent of civilization. 

India is one of the ancient countries in the world growing wide range of pulse crops as prime source of protein. 

Further, India is the leading country in pulse cultivation area and contributes 25, 27% of the world production and 

consumption respectively but also the largest importer of pulses with the contribution of 34% of the global food 

use (FAOSTAT, 2008).India shares 70% of the total world black gram and green gram (Vignaradiata) production 

(FAOSTAT, 2008, Elzebroek et al., 2008)  

Over the last four decades the country is struggling to increase the area, production and most importantly the 

productivity, despite rapid growth in cereals (Ministry of Agriculture, 2008). Since the beginning of green 

revolution, greater importance was given to cereals which led to rapid growth in production and productivity of 

cereals and almost quite reverse in pulse crops. As a result, the national average pulse productivity (638 kg haG1) 

declined far below than the global average of 857 kg haG1. Consequently, per capita availability of pulses declined 

from 60.7 to 29.4 g dayG1 during 1951 to 2007 (Ministry of Agriculture, 2008)against world health organization 

(WHO) recommended level of 80 g dayG1 (FAO, 2007). International Plant Nutrition Institute has confirmed that 

Indian soils are under nutrient crisis and also concluded that in the absence of nutrient recycling “it is likely that 

the nutrient balance sheet of Indian agriculture will continue to be negative” (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, 

2009).This situation urges the need to improve soil nutrients and pulse productivity.  

Kalmegh, Ashwagandha and Tulsi are important medicinal plants mentioned in ancient Ayurvedic literature. 

These medicinal plants are used in various drugs in curing fever to acute jaundice. The irregular and low 

germination is the main problem in the propagation of many medicinal plants (Koppad et al., 2006). This can be 

corrected and enhanced by application of bio-fertilizers.Bio-fertilizers application in medicinal plants production 

in sustainable agriculture with aim of remove or reduce the chemical input in order to reach to quality increasing 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

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18 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

and sustainability of yield is very important(Sharma et al., 2002). Usage of correct nutrition by bio-fertilizers, 

will obtain quantitative and qualitative yield maximum from medicinal plants such as basil. 

Green vegetables are a major source of iron and calcium for any diet. Green vegetables are rich in vitamins, and 

also improve immune function. They are useful in reducing the risk of cancer and heart disease since they are low 

in fat, high in dietary fiber, and rich in folic acid, vitamin C, potassium and magnesium, as well as containing a 

host of phytochemicals, such as lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and β-carotene. 

Growthimprovement and quality improvement of green vegetables is very necessary because it is used for the 

treatment of many diseases. To avoid the residual toxicity of chemical fertilizers, it is always advisable to raise 

these vegetables through organic cultivation practices.  

The use of bio-fertilizers has been reported to be beneficial for the cultivation of vegetable and cereals by many 

workers (Kapoor et al., 2004, Mehrotra et al., 1971, Mehrotra et al., 1979, Venkateswarlu et al., 1983, Hadas et 

al., 1987). The amounts of active principles are depending on total biomass yield which is further depends on the 

climatic feature, method of agro-techniques, water management and also fertilizer applications. So yield 

improvement can be achieved by standardizing the agronomy especially with respect to those parameters.  

The use of organic amendments and its practices improves soil structure, physical properties and especially its 

water holding capacity (Abiven et al.,  2009) which could be the great asset in tropics and for its sustainability. 

The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of commercial bio-fertilizers on micronutrient 

content, morphological and biochemical parameters in three divergent groups of plants belonging to pulses, 

vegetable and medicinal categories.  

2. Materials and Methods  

2.1 Selected Bio-fertilizers and Plants  

Two commercial Bio-fertilizersvia Annapurna and Navajeevan were used.  

Bio-fertilizers-Annapurna: Contains Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Neem, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, castor 

and Trichoderma.  

Bio-fertilizers-Navajeevan: Contains bio extract, organic fertilizer, and sea weed amino acids.  

Three different plants were selected for the present study. Those are    

1) A pulse plant-Phaseolus aureus  

2) A leafy vegetable-Spinaciaoleracea and   

3) A medicinal plant-Ocimum sanctum  

2.2 Soil amendments: Earthen pots, 20-cm diameter and 30-cm depth, were filled with 5 kg soil. Soil was 

amended either with Annapurna bio-fertilizer or Navajeevan fertilizers. The soil mixture was prepared by 

combining the commercial bio-fertilizer and soil in a ratio of 1:1. Both the fertilizers were mixed 3days prior to 

sowing. All pots were irrigated with tap water and left for organic material decomposition.  

2.3 Treatments and experimental design: There were three treatments, with three replicates, for each of the 

three soil amendment systems. These were  

 i) Control-soil without bio-fertilizer ii) Soil with Annapurna bio-fertilizer and  iii) Soil with Navajeevan bio-

fertilizer.   

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

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19 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

Pots were arranged on a bench in a wire-netting greenhouse under natural environmental conditions.  

2.4 Harvesting: Observations were recorded after 1day, 15 days, 30 days, 45 days and 60days after sowing. 

Morphological parameters such as shoot length, root length and total leaf area were calculated.  The number of 

seeds germinated in each concentration was counted on 7thday and the germination percentage was calculated by 

using the following formula  

                                           No. of seeds germinated  

Germination Percentage = -------------------------------- × 100  

                                           Total no. Of seeds sown 

The leaf area was calculated by measuring the length and breadth of the leaf as described below  

   Leaf area (cm2) = K × length × breadth  

   Where,   K = Kemp’s constant (for dicot leaves = 0.66). 

2.5 Estimation of Protein:   

Protein content was determined by the method of Lowry et al., (Lowry et al., 1951) 0.5 g of plant sample (shoot) 

was homogenized in 10 ml of 0.1M phosphate buffer and the homogenate was centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 

minutes. 0.5 ml of the supernatant was taken in a test tube and volume is made upto 1ml with distilled water. Then 

5 ml of reagent ‘C’ (protein reagent) was added.  

This solution was mixed well and kept in dark for 10 minutes. Later, 0.5 ml of Folin- ciocalteau reagent was 

added and the mixture was kept in dark for 30 minutes. The sample was read at 660 nm in the colorimeter.  

2.6 Estimation of Total Sugar Content:  

The total sugar content was determined by the Anthrone reagent method (Hodge et al., 1962). 100mg of the 

sample was weighed and hydrolyzed by keeping in boiling water bath for 3 hours with 5ml of 2.5N HCl and 

cooled to room temperature. Later it was neutralized with solid sodium carbonate until the effervescence ceased. 

The volume was made upto 100ml and centrifuged. 0.5 and 1ml aliquots of the supernatant were taken for 

analysis.  

The anthrone reagent was prepared right before analysis by dissolving 0.2 g of anthrone (0.2%) in  concentrated 

sulfuric acid, protected from light and used within 12 h. Anthrone reagent (4.0 ml) was added cautiously to each 

tube containing 1.0 ml of standard solutions of glucose (10 – 100 µg/ml) and test solution. Tubes were then placed 

at 50C for 10 min. Subsequently, tubes were boiled for 5 min on constant boiling water bath. After heating, the 

tubes were allowed to cool at room temperature for 15 min. Later absorbance was measured at 620 nm in 

colorimeter against reagent blank.  

2.7 Estimation of fat:  

Fat content was determined by chloroform-methanol method. 0.2gm of sample was weighed into screw capped 

tubes. 10ml of chloroform-methanol (2:1) was added and vortex for 3mins (extracts the fat into organic layer). 

The tubes were kept in a cold room overnight. The organic layer is taken into another empty weighed beaker. The 

beakers are incubated at 60oC, overnight and weighed after incubation. Fat content was estimated using the 

difference in the weight of the beaker before and after solvent extraction.  

 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 

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20 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

2.8 Nitrogen Analysis:  

Total Nitrogen in plants is estimated by the Kjeldahl method (Jackson, 1956,). In plants, N is present in protein 

form, and digestion of the sample was carried out with H2SO4 containing digestion mixture (10 parts potassium 

sulphate and 1 part copper sulphate). Sample size of 0.5-1.0 g depending on the type of crop and the plant part 

was taken. The procedure involves sample digestion, distillation and estimation of Nitrogen.  

2.9 Analytical Methods  

2.9.1 Dry Ashing  

High-temperature oxidation destroys the organic matter. The plant sample is ashed at 500–600 °C by placing 3.0 

g of the sample in a silica crucible and heated in a muffle furnace for 4–6 hours. The ash residue was dissolved 

in dilute HCl, filtered through acid-washed filter paper, and the volume is made up to 100 ml in a volumetric 

flask. The estimation of micronutrients was carried out in the dry-ashed sample solution by Atomic Absorption 

Spectrophotometer (AAS GBC-932plus). Dry ashing is a preferred method for the analysis of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and 

other trace elements. 

2.9.2 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE):   

The PAGE gel   was carried out according to the modified method of Laemmli (Laemmli, 1970). This 

discontinuous gel system used a 15.0 cm x 14.0 cm gel containing 12% separating gel and 4% stacking gel. 20% 

(v/v) of sample buffer (0.5 M Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 20% (v/v) glycerol, 0.05% (w/v) bromophenol blue was added to 

the leaf extracts.  

A total volume of 20µl protein extract solution was loaded into each well and electrophoresis was carried out at 

100V until the bromophenol blue dye reaches the bottom of the gel. After the electrophoretic separation, the gel 

was stained with Coomassie brilliant blue and bands are observed.  

3. Results and Discussion   

In this investigation two commercial bio-fertilizerswere used to see the effect on the morphological parameters 

of growth and yield of green gram, spinach and tulsi plants. The results so obtained are described as under. From 

10 randomly selected plants average data has been obtained. The treated plants have been found to have highest 

increase in all the parameters, than that with the control. Plants treated with Annapurna bio-fertilizer have been 

shown to have fastest growth rate as compared to other treatment and control plants.  

3.1. Germination: The germination and seedling parameters of plants tested were furnished in Table 1. There 

were significant differences in germination per cent.  

Table 1: Germination Percentage (%)  

S. No.  Name of the plant  Soil  Soil + Annapurna  Soil + Navajeevan  

1.   Green gram  60.15%  71.72%  70.38%  

2.   Spinach  70.1%  80.16%  70.38%  

3.   Basil  50.34%  60.13%  60.21%  

The Spinach recorded higher germination percentage (80.16) followed by green gram (71.72 %) and the least was 

in tulsi (60.13 %) in Annapurna treated plants.  Germination in Navajeevan treated plants showed that Spinach 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

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21 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

and green gram were on par with each other followed by tulsi. Significant differences were noticed in germination 

due to bio-fertilizers.  

The germination per cent did not vary much due to the interaction between medicinal plants and bio-fertilizers. 

However, in tulsi Navajeevan treated soil (60.21%) recorded germination on par with Annapurna (60.13%) and 

the least was in control (50.34%).   

The probable reason is the relative enhancement of germination might be attributed to the role of phosphorous 

solubilizing bacteria; N2 and Azospirillum enhance the metabolic activity in germinating seeds thus, resulted in 

early and higher seed germination.This may be due to its better adaptation to acidic soil conditions and higher N 

fixing as well as phytohormone producing ability. Hence, it will be advantageous to use this type of bio-fertilizer 

for large-scale production of pulses and vegetables. Present investigation findings are in conformity with results 

of Vijayakumari,Janardhananin Ceibapentandra(VijayaKumari and Janardhanan, 2003)and 

Koppad,Umarbhadshain Ocimum sanctum (Koppad and Umarbhadsha, 2006a).   

3.2. Shoot and Root length: The shoot and root lengths were measured at 15 days’ time intervals for green gram, 

spinach and tulsi and are presented in tables 2 and 3. A gradual increase in these growth parameters was observed.  

Table 2: Shoot length after sowing seeds at an interval of 15 days (in cm) 

Sample  1 day  15 days  30days  45 days  60 days  

Soil green gram  0  3.1  6.2  12.2  20  

Soil + Annapurna green gram  0  5.2  8.5  15  25  

Soil + Navajeevan green gram  0  3.5  6.5  13  21  

Soil spinach  0  4  8.9  15.6  25  

Soil + Annapurna spinach  0  5.3  9  17  31  

Soil + Navajeevan spinach  0  4  8.4  17  28  

Soil Basil  0  1.8  8.2  15  23.5  

Soil + Annapurna Basil  0  3  8.5  16  28  

Soil + Navajeevan Basil  0  2  8.2  15.7  25  

 

The higher shoot and root lengths were recorded in Annapurna soil mixture of the three plants. Spinach recorded 

higher shoot length of 31.26 cm followed by tulsi(28.1cm) and then green gram(25.2cm).These results are 

corroborate with present findings of Ponnuswamy (Ponnuswamy, 1993) and Vanagamudiet al., in 

Neem(Vanangamudi et al., 1993). 

Table 3: Root length after sowing seeds at an interval of 15 days (in cm)  

Sample  1 day  15 days  30days  45 days  60 days  

Soil green gram   0  1.5  2.2  5.7  8.0  

Soil + Annapurna green gram   0  1.9  2.2  6.3  8.2  

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22 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

Soil + Navajeevan green gram   0  1.7  2.3  7.0  8.3  

Soil spinach   0  1.2  1.5  2.0  2.5  

Soil + Annapurna spinach   0  1.5  1.8  2.1  2.9  

Soil + Navajeevan spinach   0  1.5  1.7  2.1  2.7  

Soil Basil  0  2.5  5.1  7.2  8.5  

Soil + Annapurna Basil  0  2.8  5.7  7.6  9.0  

Soil + Navajeevan Basil  0  2.8  5.5  7.1  8.5  

There was significant difference in root length of Annapurna treated Tulsi (9.1cms) when compared to other 

treatments. Treatments viz., Navajeevan treated soil and control are on par with each other (8.2cms). The 

improvement of root length due to combined bio-fertilizer inoculation in tree legumes (Delacruzet al., 1988) is in 

agreement with the results of the present study. The same findings were reported due to effluent treatment in green 

gram by Kumar and Bhargava (Kumar and Bhargava, 1998). The root length did not show any significant 

difference among the plants. The application of bio-fertilizers had no significant variation in all the treatments.    

3.3. Leaf area: The leaf area was measured at 15 days’ time interval for green gram, spinach and tulsi, parameters 

was represented in Table 4.  

Table 4: Leaf area after sowing seeds at an interval of 15 days (in cm2) 

Sample  1day  15 days  30 days  45 days  60 days  

Soil green gram   0  0.99  2.97  3.3  4.62  

Soil + Annapurna green gram   0  1.32  3.15  4.35  5.77  

Soil + Navajeevan green gram   0  1.18  2.64  .3.96  4.95  

Soil spinach   0  1.32  10.56  27.72  36.96  

Soil + Annapurna spinach   0  3.66  19.8  36.96  52.8  

Soil + Navajeevan spinach   0  3.66  16.5  32.34  47.52  

Soil Basil  0  0  0.99  1.32  4.62  

Soil + Annapurna Basil  0  0  1.98  3.96  5.28  

Soil + Navajeevan Basil  0  0  1.32  2.64  4.62  

 Annapurna fertilizer treated plants have been found to have highest leaf size. The average increase in leaf size 

than that of control in case of spinach plants is found to be equal to 42.8 %, whereas average increase in case of 

tulsi plants having treatment (Annapurna)have been shown to increase by50%.    

An increase of 24.9% was observed in green gram. Greater increase in leaf area increases the chances of yield of 

active principles in case of medicinal plants and a close increase in spinach gives better yield of foliage.   

The increase in shoot length, root length, and total leaf area were recorded in Annapurnabio-fertilizer soil mixture. 

It may be the presence of microorganisms like phosphate solubilizing bacteria, fungal inoculants in the bio-

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23 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

fertilizer. Soil organism tends to increase the oxygen concentration. The soil becomes looser and opens the pores 

of the soil causing more aeration and increasing the growth of the plant.  

3.4. Biochemical parameters: The plants grown in Annapurna bio-fertilizer treated soil recorded higher protein 

yield compared to other individual treatments. This result emphasizes N2 nutrition for increased protein yield 

(Dhage et al., 1984). There was an increase of 54.8% protein in 60d old green gram plants as against the control.  

The highest yield could be of P and N respectively andattributed to enhance supply of N and P, production of 

phytohormones and better portioning of dry matter into the economic (Dhage et al., 1984, Rudresh et al., 2005). 

Selvakumaret al.,(Selvakumar et al., 2009) concluded that N and P nutrition is vital and the trend of variation in 

protein content was similar to that of N and P. Similar reports of increase in yield attributes, grain yield, total plant 

dry matter weight (TDM) and protein content were reported when bio- fertilizers and organic manures applied 

together(Selvakumar et al., 2009, Uyanöz, 2007, Gomma, 2007). Similar results were obtained for carbohydrate 

and fat analysis as shown in Figure1 & 2.  

Figure 1: Effect of fertilizer on carbohydrate content  

  

 
Carbohydrate content was estimated using Anthrone method after 30 days and 60 days of sowing seeds.  

Figure 2: Effect of fertilizer on fat content  

 

After 30 days  After 60 days 

 

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24 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

As shown in Fig 3 it is clearly evident that the Annapurna bio- fertilizer is enhancing the protein content in green 

gram when compared with soil without fertilizer.  

Figure 3: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis  1           2           3  

1. Navajeevan green gram   2. Annapurna green gram   3. Soil green gram                              

Even on protein profiling, the result showed that Annapurna samples have high protein content. The results (Fig 

4) showed that the amount of Nitrogen content increased irrespective of treatments.  

The magnitude of such changes, however; varied with treatments, being highest Nitrogen content (7.3 g kg-1) in 

the Annapurna treated plants which was closely followed by the Navajeevan. Such increase in Nitrogen content 

might be due to Azotobacter, PSB and Azospirillum causing relatively greater utilization of available Nitrogen by 

plants. 

Figure 4: Percent Nitrogen content  

 
Percent of nitrogen content was estimated by kjeldahl method after 30 days and 60 days of sowing seeds.  

3.5 Micronutrients content in plants:  

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25 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

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Figure 5: Micronutrient content after 30days of sowing 

 
  

Figure 6: Micronutrient content after 60days of sowing  

  

 
 

Zinc 
 

 

Iron  Copper 
 

  

The results (Fig 5, 6) show that basil has recorded highest Zn content which is followed by spinach and then green 

gram. The concentration of Zn was highest (80ppm) in basil leaves, which is in correlation with findings of 

Bhowmiket al., (Bhowmiket al., 2008). Zinc plays a vital role in human health so the higher concentrations of 

zinc enhance medicinal value for which it is known. Similarly spinach exhibited high concentration of Fe content 

mainly in the Annapurna sample which is followed by the green gram and basil. There was an increase of ~ 30% 

of iron content in spinach which shows an increase of micronutrient content of this leafy vegetable. Cu content is 

mostly present in traces and no drastic increase of metal ion by the addition of bio- fertilizers.  

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26 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

Azotobacteriaone of the ingredients of Annapurna bio-fertilizer synthesizes auxins, cytokinins, and GA–like 

substances, and these growth materials are the primary substances controlling the enhanced growth. These 

hormonal substances, which originate from the rhizosphere or root surface, affect the growth of associated plants.   

In order to guarantee the high effectiveness of inoculants and microbiological fertilizers it is necessary to find the 

compatible partners, i.e. a particular plant genotype and a particular Azotobacter strain that will form a good 

association. The strain used in this fertilizer is compatible with spinach followed by green gram and basil.Soil-

dwelling diazotrophs such as Azotobacter are especially useful in gauging the health and virility of the ground.  

Azospirillum can positively influence plant growth, crop yields and N-content of the plant. This plant stimulatory 

effect exerted by Azospirillum has been attributed to several mechanisms, including biological nitrogen fixation 

and auxin production.Azospirillum inoculation alters root morphology, which has been ascribed to the bacterial 

production of plant growth regulating substances (Oda and Jos, 2000). An increased number of lateral roots and 

root hairs enlarges the root surface available for nutrients. This results in a higher nutrient uptake by inoculated 

roots and an improved water status of the plant, which in turn could be the main factor enhancing plant growth.  

Trichoderma sps. are free-living fungi that are common in soil and root ecosystems. Some are opportunistic, 

avirulent plant symbionts, as well as being parasites of other fungi. At least some strains establish robust and 

long-lasting colonizations of root surfaces and penetrate into the epidermis and a few cells below this level. They 

produce or release a variety of compounds that induce localized or systemic resistance responses. These root–

microorganism associations cause substantial changes to the plant proteome and metabolism (Gary et al., 2004). 

Root colonization by Trichoderma spp. also frequently enhances root growth and development, crop productivity, 

resistance to abiotic stresses and the uptake and use of nutrients.Trichoderma strains playan important role in the 

bioremediation of soil thatare contaminated with pesticides and herbicides.They have the ability to degrade a wide 

range ofinsecticides: organochlorines, organophosphatesand carbonates.  

This was clearly evidenced by better growth parameters and nutrient content in Annapurna fed plants which 

contains trichoderma as one of the ingredient.  

4. Conclusion  

The various observations and results obtained from the above study of the effect of two different commercial bio-

fertilizers on the morphological, biochemical and nutrient parameters is beneficial and increased the yields. 

Howeverbest results were obtained in the treatment of Annapurna bio-fertilizer in all plants under study i.e., green 

gram, spinach and basil (pulse crop, vegetable and medicinal plant respectively). This may be due to co-operative 

microbial activities in the root and soil environment benefiting the plant growth and health and also soil 

quality.Azotobacter, azospirrillum, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and trichoderma present in the Annapurna 

biofertilizerplayed a vital role in enhancing germination, vegetative growth parameters, mineral content and soil 

quality which are not supplemented in navajeevan bio-fertilizer. Soil microorganisms play an important role in 

increasing the food quality and sustaining environmental quality from the ecological and agricultural perspectives.  

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Acknowledgements  

Authors are grateful to Regional sugar cane research institute, ANGRAU, Anakapalle (AP), for kind cooperation 

and help in providing AAS for analyzing plant samples. We are also thankful to GITAM Institute of Science, 

GITAM University for providing necessary laboratory facilities to carry out this work.  

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