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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 5; September - October 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

  

 

 

24 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

DIODE LASER ABSORPTION: A PROMISING TOOL FOR ANEMIA AND 

POLYCYTHEMIA EVALUATION 

 

 
1Dr. Ahmed Khalid Al-Jaberi, 1Dr. Fatima Hassan Al-Mansoori and 2Dr. Ali Abbas Al-

Hassani 
1University of Wasit, College of Medicine, Iraq 
2University of Kufa, College of Dentistry, Iraq 

 

Abstract: Anemia and polycythemia are prevalent hematological disorders with a significant impact on the health 

of individuals residing in the Mediterranean region and the Middle East. This abstract provides an overview of 

the clinical associations, etiology, and consequences of these conditions. 

Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin, resulting in reduced oxygen-

carrying capacity of the blood. It is often indicative of underlying health issues such as chronic renal failure, 

endocrine disorders, joint diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, and liver diseases. Deficiencies in essential nutrients 

like iron, vitamin B12, and folate can also lead to anemia. Recognizing the diverse etiologies of anemia is crucial 

for effective diagnosis and management. 

Conversely, polycythemia is a disorder characterized by an excessive production of red blood cells, which can 

impair oxygen transport and lead to various complications. Chronic smokers, for instance, are at risk of 

carboxyhemoglobin formation, which reduces oxygen release from hemoglobin. Additionally, polycythemia can 

result in renal hypoxia and autonomous erythropoietin biosynthesis, further exacerbating the condition. Early 

identification and intervention are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of polycythemia. 

Understanding the complex interplay between these hematological disorders and their associated comorbidities 

is crucial for healthcare practitioners in the Mediterranean region and the Middle East. Timely diagnosis and 

appropriate management of anemia and polycythemia can substantially improve patient outcomes and overall 

quality of life. 

Keywords: Anemia, polycythemia, Mediterranean region, Middle East, hematological disorders.  

 

Literature Review   

Obviously, Anemia, as well as polycythemia, diseases are broadly distributed throughout parts of the 

Mediterranean region and the Middle East (1). They are always related with some functional disorders and 

diseases in human body.   

For example, Anemia represent an indications of, chronic renal failure, endocrine disease, joint disease, 

gastrointestinal disease, liver disease and so on , as well as,  In patients with iron, B12 and Folate deficiency can 

cause anemia (2). On the other hand, polycythemia can lead to reducing O2 transport capacity – for example 

Carboxyhemoglobin formation in chronic smokers- reduced O2 release from hemoglobin, renal hypoxia, and 

Autonomous erythropoietin biosynthesis (3).  

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 5; September - October 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

  

 

 

25 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

Anemia is defined as decreased in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood due to a decreased RBC's count or 

Hb content or both below the normal range for edge and sex. This disease can lead to an increase in heart rate and 

pulse pressure as a result of decreasing in blood viscosity and low in peripheral resistance, decreasing in O2 supply 

to the tissue (hypoxia), vasodilatations from hypoxia and increasing in heart rate which lastly may lead to heart 

failure, and in hemolytic anemia there is increasing in formation of bilirobin which lead to jaundice in addition to 

clinical effects like headache blurring of vision and so on (1)(4). 

On the other hand, polycythemia or erythrocytes is refers to an increase in the RBC's mass. At Hct above 50%, 

blood viscosity increases exponentially, and cardiac function and peripheral blood flow may be impaired. With a 

Hct above 60%, blood flow may by so compromised as to lead to tissue hypoxia (1)(4). For that reason, it was 

needed to provide a new applicable technique to be personal use, easy, highly accuracy fast in getting result that 

will use for early detection. Also, using laser light and exploiting some of its highly sensitive characteristics like 

change in light speed, and mono chromaticity, represent a helpful techniques for that purpose.  

Recently, clinical health laboratories are depending on determination of packed cell volume (PCV) method for 

detecting the presence or absence of anemia or polycythemia, that measured by centrifugation.   

The accuracy of the results can be affected by using dirty or moist tubes, poor quality tube which are not of 

uniform bore, uneven seal, in complete packing due to insufficient force ( low RPM, short centrifuge arms), errors 

related with trapped plasma that will be increased in patients with polycythemia (5).  

Noninvasive monitoring techniques were used to detect Hb concentration in vitro, for example, Plethysmography 

Sensors, this method include using two detectors; one was electrical sensor designed to measure blood volume 

changes during the cardiac cycle and optical sensor for detection of dye concentration which is analogous to 

human Hb. the quantities were discussed as a possible index of in vivo hemoglobin concentration (6).  

Doshi and Panditrao in 2013 described indirect method for Hb concentration determination using finger chip, that 

consist of upper shell contain  LED with two different wavelengths (660 and 940nm)for detection of deoxygenated 

and oxygenated hemoglobin respectively, transimpedance amplifier-detector- was installed in the lower shell of 

the finger clip. Output signal voltage was measured also output waveform is observed on digital storage 

oscilloscope, the Hb concentration was determined by putting the finger between the finger chip of different 

subjects with different ages (7).   

Ahmed et. al. explained a direct method for measuring Hb Concentration for men and women, using three 

different lasers' wavelengths – depending on absorption spectrum of hemoglobin- with different output power, 

and optical fiber as a sensor for the quantity of transmitted light that passed through the blood sample, they alleged 

that blood Hb concentration could be determined by plane polarized light (8), while the practical truth that had 

been sustained was the blood hemoglobin could not be able to rotate the incident plane polarized field.   

However, they demonstrate the result that had been get were depended mainly on absorbance measurements to 

determine any changes in Hb concentration that absorb a certain wavelength of light.  

Other articles like (9),(10)(11) were explained the same method of pulse oximetry (finger clip) in measuring Hb 

concentration with the same principal of working. In this work, a new suggested biosensor design was used to 

determine either the patient had anemia or polycythemia, by comparison between tested or control blood samples 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 5; September - October 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

  

 

 

26 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

of healthy persons with normal PCV, according to the blood group control. The blank of biosensor is distilled 

water that used by calibration with polarizer to make the reading power 26.99 µW as Wo .The designation of 

biosensor used Beer-Lambert principle as following:  

Wx = Wo exp-αx  

Where; Wx is the power of light through the sample, Wo is the power of incident light from source, x is the path 

length of laser light equal to 1cm of Cuvette sample, α is the absorption coefficient of sample that it is different  

with different blood group and Hb concentration.  

Material and Methods  

Blood Sample:  

Five replicates of different blood sample were taken from (Kut Bank of Blood) of different healthy persons, 

different blood groups, with convergent PCV values; in order to use as control. 

(AL-Karamma Hospital) supported the project with 35 blood sample from patient of anemia, and 35 blood 

samples from patient with polycythemia, with same PCV for each group, and each sample were classified 

according to blood group.  

The control blood samples and tested blood samples were diluted with distilled water. The diluted factor was 1:90. 

The donor persons are of age between 1863 years old.  

Biosensor setup:   

It consists of (figure 1):  

1. Diode laser: wavelength 650 nm, output power through blank of distilled water 26.99 µW.  

2. Polarizer: to calibrate the output power of laser beam.  

3. Cuvette contain blood sample.  

4. Photocell to convert optical signal in to electrical signal.  

5. Power meter.  

   
Figure 1: Biosensor arrangement  

Results and Discussion  

The results – appendix- were analyzed using SPSS program by comparing means between blood sample of normal 

PCV as a control, and blood sample of anemia and polycythemia.  

In general, according to beer-Lambert law, the decreasing in Hb concentration – Anemia- leads to increasing in 

transmittance of laser beam through blood sample, and subsequently, the readings seems higher than control. This 

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 5; September - October 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

  

 

 

27 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

results as same as the results that reached by Ahmed, et.al (8). While in case of Polycythemia, the means of tested 

samples were seemed to be less than control; due to increasing absorption of high Hb concentration.  

In case of anemia, the results show there were a significant increasing in transmitted light, between the control 

and tested sample of blood groups (O+, AB+, O+, and O-), while there were no significant difference in B+ 

samples. For polycythemia, the highly significant difference was seen in (A+, A-, AB-, and A-), significant 

difference in O+, and B+ show no difference with control.   

Conclusion 

B+ blood groups test, showed no significant increasing or decreasing in biosensor readings for anemia and 

polycythemia respectively, that made a hypothesis there were a correlation between Hb concentration and blood 

group, i.e that reading of blood group could interfere with increasing and decreasing of Hb concentration for 

certain groups.    

References 

Provan, D. (2003). ABC Clinical Haematology. Second Edition. BMJ Books is an imprint of the BMJ Publishing 

Group. London. ISBN: 0 7279 16769. Pp: 1-19.  

Provan D.; Singer, C. R. J.; Baglin T.; Lilleyman, J. (2004). Oxford Handbook of Clinical Haematology. Second 

edition. Oxford University Press, Inc., New York. United States. Pp: 57-154.  

Harald Theml,M.D.; Heinz Diem,M.D.; Torsten Haferlach,M.D.(2004). Color Atlas of Hematology  Practical 

Microscopic and Clinical Diagnosis. 2nd revised edition. Thieme Stuttgart · New York. United States.Pp: 

9-25; 127-170.  

Guyton, A.C; Hall, J.E. (2006). Text Book of Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Elsevier Saunders, Philaelphia, 

Pennsylvania, USA, ISBN 0-7216-0240-1. PP: 417- 429.  

Klee, G.; d ̓Onofrio G.; Bull, B.S.; Davis, B.H.; Fujimoto, K.; Houwen, B.; Koepke, J.A.; Lewis, S.M.; Rowan, 

R.M.; Tatsumi, N.; Van Assendelft, O.W.; Van  

Hove, L. (2000). Recommended Method for the Determination of Packed Cell Volume by Centrifugation. World 

health Org anization. Pp: 1-8.   

Phillip, P.J; Hickey, M.; Kyriacou, P.A. (2012). Evaluation of Electrical and Optical Plethysmography Sensors 

For Non invasive Monitoring of Hemoglobin Concentration. Sensors, 12, Pp:1816-1826.  

Doshi, R.; Panditrao, A. (2013). Non-Invasive Optical Sensor For Hemoglobin Determination. International 

Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 3, Issue 2, Pp:559-562.  

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 5; September - October 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

  

 

 

28 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

Ahmed, S.S.; Al-Naimee, K.A.; Hayat, A.H. (2013). Optical fiber Hemoglobin concentration sensor based laser 

polarization. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management 

(IJAIEM).  

Volume 2, Issue 4, Pp.: 572-577.  

Doshi, R.; Panditrao, A.(2013). Optical Sensor System for Hemoglobin Measurement. International Journal of 

Computational Engineering Researc,Vol(03), Issue(7), Pp: 41-45.  

Kumar, R.; Ranganathan, H.(2013). Noninvasive Sensor Technology for Total Hemoglobin Measurement in 

Blood. Journal of Industrial and Intelligent Information, Vol. (1), No. (4),Pp:243-246.   

Patil, S.H.G.; Ramkumar, P.S.; Prabbu, G.K; Babu, A.N. (2014). Methods and Devices to Determine Hemoglobin 

Non Invasively: A Review. 

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology (ISSN : 22771581).Volume No.3 Issue No.7, 

pp : 934-937. 

Appendix  

      Anemia 

Data   

    

A+  B+  AB+  O+  O-  

A+  

control  

B+  

Control  

AB+  

Control  

O+  

Control  

O-  

Control  

Facto 

r  

23.7 

7  

21.5 

5  21.9  24.6  

20.3 

1  19.45  23.17  19.72  19.75  17.53  26.99  

24.1 

2  16.7  

24.9 

8  

26.1 

2  

25.3 

3  18.68  22.16  18.11  19.03  17.5     

24.8  

22.3 

3  

23.6 

3  

24.4 

4  26.4  18.59  21.9  17.62  17.89  17.13     

25.2 

5  

26.0 

3  

22.9 

4  

24.9 

1  

27.6 

5  17.32  20.82  17.4  17.33  16.78     

25.2 

2  25.5  

23.7 

5  

24.9 

2  

26.5 

3  17  19.52  15.08  17.15  16.22     

25.2 

4  

25.9 

3  24.9  

25.0 

2                       

25.3 

8  

22.2 

4                             

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 5; September - October 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

  

 

 

29 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

25.4 

6  

23.5 

3                             

25.3                                

24.7 

7                                

  

      Polycythemia Data      

A+  B+  O+  A-  AB-  O-  
Control 

A+  

Control 

B+  

Control 

O+  

Control 

A-  

Control 

AB-  

Control 

O-  

Fact 

or  

21.5 

6  

22.3 

3  

19.5 

7  

19.7 

3  
22.6  

22.9 

7  
19.45  23.17  19.75  17.32  19.53  17.53  

26.9 

9  

22.8 

2  

22.3 

5  

23.2 

1  

19.2 

5  

21.4 

4  

21.4 

5  
18.68  22.16  19.03  15.77  19.92  17.5     

22.6  
22.8 

9  

23.2 

2  

18.6 

7  

22.3 

7  

21.7 

5  
18.59  21.9  17.89  15.58  18.61  17.13     

22.9 

6  
22.5  

22.7 

6  

19.0 

3  

21.9 

8  

21.5 

3  
17.32  20.82  17.33  14.25  18.31  16.78     

22.1 

3  

23.0 

5  

23.7 

5  

19.8 

3  

20.6 

6  

22.7 

6  
17  19.52  17.15  12.65  17.88  16.22     

      
22.9 

7  
                              

      22.1                                

      
21.7 

9  
                              

      
21.4 

9  
                              

      
21.9 

3  
                              

 

  

  Paired Samples Test (Anemia)     

 

  

 Paired Differences  

t  df  
Sig. 

(2tailed)  Mean  
95% Confidence  

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 5; September - October 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

  

 

 

30 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

Std. 

Deviation  

Std. 

Error  

Mean  

Interval of the 

Difference  

Lower  Upper  

Pair 

1  

A+ - 

control 

A+  

6.42400  1.65337  .73941  4.37107  8.47693  8.688  4  .001  

Pair 

2  

B+ - 

control 

B+  

.90800  4.78025  2.13779  
-

5.02746-  
6.84346  .425  4  .693  

Pair 

3  

AB+ - 

control 

AB+  

5.85400  2.37610  1.06262  2.90369  8.80431  5.509  4  .005  

Pair 

4  

O+ - 

control 

O+  

6.76800  1.17189  .52408  5.31291  8.22309  12.914  4  .000  

Pair 

5  

O- - 

control 

O-  

8.21200  3.24956  1.45325  4.17714  12.24686  5.651  4  .005  

  

   Paired Samples Test (Polycythemia)     

 

  

 Paired Differences  

t  df  
Sig. 

(2tailed)  Mean  
Std. 

Deviation  

Std. 

Error  

Mean  

95% Confidence 

Interval of the 

Difference  

Lower  Upper  

Pair 

1  

A+ - 

control  

A+  

4.20600  1.35519  .60606  2.52331  5.88869  6.940  4  .002  

Pair 

2  

B+ - 

control 

B+  

1.11000  1.64656  .73636  -.93447-  3.15447  1.507  4  .206  

Pair 

3  

O+ - 

control  

O+  

4.27200  2.63195  1.17704  1.00400  7.54000  3.629  4  .022  

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 Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Vol.6, Issue 5; September - October 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 

  

 

 

31 | A c a d e m i c  J o u r n a l  o f  S c i e n c e ,  E n g i n e e r i n g  a n d  T e c h n o l o g y  

|  https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 

Pair 

4  

A- - 

control 

A-  

4.18800  1.88220  .84174  1.85094  6.52506  4.975  4  .008  

Pair 

5  

AB- - 

control  

AB-  

2.96000  .90308  .40387  1.83868  4.08132  7.329  4  .002  

Pair 

6  

O- - 

control 

O-  

5.06000  .98191  .43912  3.84080  6.27920  11.523  4  .000  

  

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