Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 1 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET SOIL CHARACTERIZATION FOR TEXTURE AND MOISTURE PROPERTIES AT SPATIAL DATA RANGE FOR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON FLOODING IN OZORO, NIGERIA *1Godspower Ikechukwu Okolotu, 2Chidiebere Fabian Ozioko, 3Okiemute Dickson Ofuyekpone and 4Ike Oluka. *1Delta State University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, P.M.B. 05, Ozoro, Nigeria. 2Delta State University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.M.B.05, Ozoro, Nigeria. 3Delta State University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, P.M.B.05, Ozoro, Nigeria. 4Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, P.M.B.01, Enugu, Nigeria. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17541787 ABSTRACT: Soil properties for seven hundred and fifty (750) on–point soil samples were obtained at a depth of 0 – 10 cm below the soil horizon and characterized for their texture type using the jar technique. Additionally, the moisture content features were determined before the microwave/oven drying technique was used to assess dehydration under both wet and dry basis conditions, as well as the variation in moisture. These value attributes were used to obtain their impact on the flooding of the area. Resultantly, it was found that the soil type of the area was sandy loam soil, while the average moisture values for the area were 5.4059% on a wet basis, 5.8116 % on a dry basis, and 0.4057% variation. The variations in the basis range between 0 – 4 %. Thus, a conclusion based on the obtained results prior to the soil properties, which significantly showed normal features attributed to sandy loam soil about water movement, indicating that the area flooding is not basically influenced negatively by the ground type. Keywords: Soil Classification, Soil Texture, Moisture Content, Soil Moisture Variation, Flooding, etc. 1. INTRODUCTION mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 2 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET There is need for adequate examination of soils [24]. This is useful in soil and water conservation, environmental management, and land use demand for various purposes. The ever-growing population in the world is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, inciting the need to produce more food to meet the increasing global demands [23]. Also, securing and managing the soil require knowledge of soil properties for various decisions making. This research work provides information that will guide scientists, engineers and local land advisers in understanding soil properties for potential productivity of fields, as well as usability. Soil Classification: The soil is a vital asset of man. It is the base upon which various human activities are carried out. The soil is the cornerstone of an agro ecosystem and a reflection of the potential productiveness of an environment. The soil experiences threats from; soil erosion by water and wind, declines in soil organic matter (SOM) in peat and mineral soils, soil compaction, sealing, contamination, salinization, desertification, declines in soil biodiversity [13], flooding, etc. Soil classifications are typically named for the primary constituent particle size or a combination of the most abundant particles sizes (e.g. sandy clay, silty clay) [7]. Soils are classifiable through their particle sizes using various classification systems approved by appropriate bodies. Examples are: the British Standard Institution, the International Union of Soil Science (IUSS), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the United States Public Roads Administration (USPRA). The soil classification system using their particle sizes developed by these international bodies are presented in figure one (1) below; Figure 1: Classification Of Soil Particle According To Size By Four Systems [8] Soil Characteristics: Soil is a natural body comprised of solids (minerals and organic matter), liquid, and gases that occurs on the land surface, occupies space, and is characterized by one or both of the following: mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 3 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET horizons or layers that are distinguishable from the initial material as a result of additions, losses, transfers, and transformations of energy and matter in a natural environment [4]. The soil is a natural resource that exists in there major particle forms which are ever available on earth (clay, sand and silt). A soil can be all sand, all clay, or all silt in rare case, though most soils are a combination of the three [9]. Soils perform vital functions to sustain plant and animal life, regulate water flow, filter and buffer pollutants, cycle nutrients, and provide physical stability and sort [4]. The soil also receives beneficial support from them. [25] noted that, the root systems of live plants act in several ways to increase slope stability and serve as a binder for individual soil particles. It is teaming with billions of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes that are the foundation of an elegant symbiotic ecosystem [5]. The soil is a renewable resource. They are considered renewable because they are constantly forming [9]. Soil formation process takes decades to occur. Soil formation rates vary across the planet: the slowest rates occur in cold, dry regions (1000+ years), and the fastest rates are in hot, wet regions (several hundred years) [9]. Soils have four main components: mineral particles (sand, silt, and clay), organic matter, water, and air [10]. Soil contains these nutrients and minerals because of the physical, chemical, and biological forces that form soil, the composition of the parent material from which soils were formed, and the ability of soils to capture, retain, and transform compounds as those compounds enter and move through their environment [11]. Soil Texture: Texture affects many soil properties, such as infiltration, structure, porosity, water holding capacity, and chemistry [7]. The soil texture is associated with soil porosity, which in turn regulates the water holding capacity, gaseous diffusion and water movement that determines the soil health [21]. The soil water holding and movement influence varieties of factors in the soil environment. The smallest mineral particle in soil is clay. Clay particles are the active portion of a soil. This is because chemical reactions occur at their surface. The chemical reactions control the adsorption and many other chemicals in the environment. Sand and silt particles are less active chemically because of their mineral composition and limited surface area. This is because there particle sizes are bigger than clay. Texture affects many soil processes, including infiltration, drainage (water and air distribution), erosion, chemical processes, and biologic processes [16]. Soil Moisture Content: Moisture content is defined as the ratio of the weight of liquid in the soil to that of the solid. Moisture content is an important physical property index for evaluating the physical and mechanical properties of soil [14]. Soil moisture (SM) content can be defined as the amount of water available in the unsaturated zone [19]. In engineering practice, soil moisture content plays an important role in the safety performance evaluation of various geotechnical engineering structures (such as soil nailing wall, foundation, earth rock dam, etc.), slope treatment and reinforcement, landslide and debris flow early warning, ground collapse prevention and control, etc., [14]. Soil moisture content material has paramount importance in dictating mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 4 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET engineering, agronomic, geological, ecological, bioorganical, and hydrological features of the soil mass [18]. It influences plant growth, soil temperature, transport of chemicals and groundwater recharge [23]. The two types of soil moisture measurements are the direct (volumetric, gravimetric, and methyl alcohol methods) and the indirect methods (gypsum block, tensiometer, neutron probe, and pressure gauge: pressure plate and pressure membrane). The volumetric method involves obtaining soil samples using a tube auger of a known volume and obtaining the amount of water present in the sample using appropriate formula upon oven drying. The gravimetric methods involves measurement of soil moisture from soil samples of known weight or volume through weighing, drying and reweighing to obtain the difference in amount of dryness and wetness of the soil sample. The methyl alcohol technic involves mixing a known volume of methyl alcohol and obtaining the change in specific gravity of the solution using the hydrometer. The gypsum blocks are rectangular shaped blocks of materials like gypsum, nylon fiber, glass, etc., made up of a ceramic or clay cup of 7.5 cm, a cap for closure, a vacuum gauge and a hollow metallic tube. They operate on the principle of conductance of electricity through the electrodes. Tensiometer is used to obtain amount of tension or the tenacity upon which water is held in by soil. Thus, upon water fillage of the tensiometer placed in the soil, the gauge records the degree of vacuum due to the dryness of soil prior moisture obtained from the cup. Neutron probe and pressure gauge involves the use of neutron meters as well as pressure gauge in obtaining the moisture in the soil through the use of radio nuclides or radioactive materials. Neutron probe of source like americium and beryllium, radium and beryllium etc., is lowered into access tube (basically 50 -100 cm) at the desired depth in the soil and fast neutrons are released into the soil, and upon neutrons encounter with nuclei of hydrogen atom of water, their speed is reduced and the rate meter counts the number of slow neutrons, which are directly proportional to water molecules which are used to obtain the moisture content of soil from the calibration curve with the counts of slow neutrons. Jar Technique Analysis: Generally, mechanical analysis is a process of soil test in the laboratory. The jar test is a simple experiment that gives the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil, which together determine the soil’s texture [12]. It is one of the most important laboratory determination made in soil studies [8]. It is divided into two major types: Sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis. Sieve analysis involves the shaking of soil samples through a set of sieves of different sizes that have smaller openings of approximately 5mm and below. The sieve analysis is suitable for coarse grained soil i.e., the soil having particle size greater than 75 microns. Hydrometer analysis is the process of testing soil based on the principle of sedimentation of soil grains in water. Hydrometer analysis is further developed to sub - types of which the jar technique emerged from. When a soil specimen is dispersed in water, the particles settle at different velocities, depending on their mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 5 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET shape, size, weight, and the viscosity of the water. This is the principle governing the jar technique in a known sized container. Flooding: Flood otherwise inundation, deluge, flash flood, downpour, freshet, torrent, swamping, overflow, spate, cloudburst, etc. Flood refers to the ponding of water at or near the point where the rain fell [1]. It occur as a result of heavy rainfall, snowmelt, ocean or sea wave action on shores, water body overflow. It is regarded as flash flood when caused by heavy or excessive rainfall in a short period of time, generally less than 6 hours [1]. Flood is a threat to lives, destroying belongings, damage infrastructures, inundate businesses and properties, hinder access to places, displaces people and residents, etc. These floods are threats to agriculture. Agricultural farms and crops are submerged upon the occurrence of these flood events. Moreover some crops do not have resistance to water submersion conditions, and thus suffer the effects more. In 2022, the pond news reported of the submersion of the Delta State University Of Science And Technology Ozoro. Also, in 2015, the area (Ozoro) witnessed high flooding with hundreds of person displaced from their homes with Etevie, Iyeriri and Urhuamudhu communities identified with higher damage. These highlighted flood scaneros as a problem that needs solution in the area. This solution have been delayed due to possible fund acquisition calling on government and nongovernmental bodies to interceed, as this will serve as a major community development for the area. [17] reported that the overall impact of flood varied across selected states: Bayelsa (99 percent) Jigawa (94 percent), Nasarawa (70 percent), Kogi (70 percent), Delta (57 percent) and Anambra (23 percent). This puts Delta state among the frontline of flood vulnerability in the country. In same period, [2] recommendably highlighted the need for residents in "Abraka, Agbor, Asaba, Umuakwata, Aboh, Ozoro, Oleh, Otu-Jeremi and other coastline communities, as well as persons living in floodplain areas to immediately relocate temporarily to upper land, taking with them valuable properties, children, people with disabilities and the elderly family members". In all, flood is a problem in the area. 2. MATERIALS The study area is Ozoro in delta state of nigeria. Ozoro is located in Isoko north local government area. It is popularly known for its educationally attributed history with higher institutions (Ozoro college of education and the defunct delta state polytechnic, Ozoro) of which delta state university of science and technology have emerged from, at present known as Southern Deltan University, Ozoro. The soil and water laboratory section of the department of Agricultural Engineering of the Delta State University Of Science And Technology, Ozoro was deployed for sample analysis. Other materials used in this study include the following: Materials used for soil test (soil auger, plastic sack, detergent, distilled water, electric oven, textural triangle, etc), weighing balance, and materials used for moisture experiment (soil samples, plastic sac, plastic tape, microwave, etc). mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 6 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 3. METHODOLOGY A total of seven hundred and fifty (750) on – point soil samples were scientifically obtained from selected fifty (50) on – site different sub – sectional locations within the study area, using the soil auger at appropriately 10 cm vertical depth meeting the collection global standard range of the 0 - 15 cm depth. The samples were bagged and labeled using black plastic sacks and paper tape, and upon grouping, taken to agricultural engineering department laboratory for necessary tests. A typical soil sampling and measurement are presented in figure two (2) below; Figure 2: Soil Sampling And Soil Measurement Using The Weighing Balance i. Soil Type Experimentation: The mechanical analysis technique of laboratory procedure for soil separation identification was utilized. According to [20], the percentage height of each measured soil components were used to trace their soil type (using the lines from the percentage values on the textural class diagram) presented in figure three (3) below; mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 7 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET Figure 3: Soil Textural Class Diagram [22; 20]. Prior these methods, other replicates experiments were attained for their obtained samples. ii. Soil Moisture Content: The moisture content (%) of the soil samples were obtained upon weighing, the soil samples were dried in an oven at 105 oC for 24 hours, and reweighed for measurements and computations. This was based on the difference in weight of the soil (wetness to dryness). Moisture content is expressed as a percentage by weight of either total product (wet basis) or dry product (dry basis). [3] mathematically explain moisture content as presented below; Wet Basis Moisture Content: M = 100 x (Wet Weight – Dry Weight) / Wet Weight Dry Basis Moisture Content: M = 100 x (Wet Weight – Dry Weight) / Dry Weight The computations were done using the wet basis moisture content equation above, in alignment with the guidelines of [6] as presented below; Where: W1 = Weight of petri dish + sample before drying; W2 = Weight of Petri dish + sample after drying; W1 - W2 = Moisture Loss Prior these methods, other replicates experiments were attained for their obtained samples. Also, obtained values were used to assess the possible or negative impact of the soil on the area flooding. 4. RESULTS The results obtained in the course of this work are presented in tables 1 - 3 and figures 5 - 8 below; Table 1: Soil Composition And Types Exp. No. Sandy Ml Clay Ml Silt Ml Total Soil % Sandy % Clay % Silt Soil Type 1 30 11 5 46 65 24 11 Sandy clay loam 2 43 4 11 58 74 7 19 Sandy loam 3 52 0 6 58 90 0 10 Sand 4 39 10 2 51 76 20 4 Sandy loam 5 48 8 2 58 83 14 3 Loamy sand 6 46 12 1 59 78 20 2 Sandy loam 7 29 23 6 58 50 40 10 Sandy clay 8 32 18 8 58 55 31 14 Sandy clay loam 9 51 13 0 64 80 20 0 Sandy loam mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 8 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 10 48 18 3 69 70 26 4 Sandy clay loam 11 46 1 0 47 98 2 0 Sand 12 45 2 0 47 96 4 0 Sand 13 30 20 2 52 58 38 4 Sandy Clay loam 14 41 2 0 43 95 5 0 Sand 15 48 6 0 54 89 11 0 Loamy sand 16 42 0 14 56 75 0 25 Loamy sand 17 46 2 0 48 96 4 0 Sand 18 48 2 0 50 96 4 0 Sand 19 45 2 0 47 96 4 0 Sand 20 50 2 0 52 96 4 0 Sand 21 22 20 8 50 44 40 16 Sandy clay 22 40 16 20 76 53 21 26 Sandy loam 23 53 0 1 54 98 0 2 Sand 24 48 1 21 70 69 1 30 Sandy loam 25 47 2 9 58 81 3 16 Loamy sand 26 52 0 2 54 96 0 4 Sand 27 24 1 11 36 67 3 31 Sandy loam 28 32 4 3 39 83 10 8 Loamy sand 29 24 2 12 38 63 5 32 Sandy loam 30 20 1 9 30 67 3 30 Sandy loam 31 34 4 1 39 87 10 3 Loamy sand 32 17 1 8 26 65 4 31 Sandy loam 33 17 3 8 28 61 11 29 Sandy loam 34 18 2 12 32 56 6 38 Sandy loam 35 24 1 16 41 59 2 39 Sandy loam 36 19 1 9 29 66 3 31 Sandy loam 37 29 4 1 34 85 12 3 Loamy sand 38 31 6 1 38 82 16 3 Loamy sand 39 33 6 2 41 80 15 5 Loamy sand 40 31 1 7 39 79 3 18 Loamy sand mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 9 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 41 28 1 10 39 72 3 26 Sandy loam 42 32 5 2 39 82 13 5 Loamy sand 43 34 5 2 41 83 12 5 Loamy sand 44 29 7 2 38 76 18 5 Sandy loam 45 31 9 2 42 74 21 5 Sandy loam 46 22 14 1 37 59 38 3 Sandy clay loam 47 14 3 4 21 67 14 19 Sandy loam 48 13 2 4 19 68 11 21 Sandy loam 49 16 1 2 19 84 5 11 Loamy sand 50 14 2 3 19 74 11 16 Sandy loam Av. 34 6 5 45 76 12 12 Sandy loam The results of soil moisture properties obtained are presented in table two (2) below; Table 2: Results Of Soil Moisture Variables Exp. No. Weight Of Empty Petri Dish (g) Weight Of Wet Soil Sample (g) Weight Of Dry Soil (g) Moisture Loss (g) 1 35 80.5 77.7 2.8 2 38.7 89.4 85.6 3.8 3 39.1 75.1 66.5 8.6 4 36.4 74.3 71.2 3.1 5 40.7 87.0 84.0 3.0 6 39.4 83.5 81.0 2.5 7 36.1 72.0 69.2 2.8 8 38.4 71.5 69.3 2.2 9 30.0 78.1 74.0 4.1 10 40.8 75.6 75.1 0.5 11 36.7 75.4 72.8 2.6 12 39.6 81.9 79.2 2.7 13 35.3 78.0 75.6 2.4 14 39.3 73.0 71.1 1.9 15 36.2 71.5 69.3 2.2 16 38.9 79.5 77.2 2.3 mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 10 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 17 38.2 86.7 83.8 2.9 18 40.9 93.6 90.1 3.5 19 36.9 88.2 83.6 4.6 20 36.9 81.2 76.8 4.4 21 39.6 72.8 66.4 6.4 22 35.4 72.3 69.2 3.1 23 39.2 69.2 66.3 2.9 24 38.8 69.7 67.1 2.6 25 36.7 74.3 71.2 3.1 26 38.0 70.7 68.2 2.5 27 38.0 82.2 79.2 3.0 28 39.0 92.7 87.4 5.3 29 36.7 78.0 75.6 2.4 30 40.7 74.9 70.8 4.1 31 36.6 82.7 79.0 3.7 32 35.0 68.9 65.1 3.8 33 38.7 81.8 77.7 4.1 34 36.0 78.3 71.2 7.1 35 40.7 94.0 85.9 8.1 36 36.0 74.3 71.5 2.8 37 39.0 87.7 81.5 6.2 38 36.7 85.3 78.9 6.4 39 38.0 68.0 63.8 4.2 40 38.6 85.5 78.3 7.2 41 36.6 80.0 74.0 6.0 42 38.7 85.5 79.1 6.4 43 35.0 90.0 86.3 3.7 44 38.0 93.8 77.6 16.2 45 36.6 84.4 79.2 5.2 46 36.0 78.9 75.3 3.6 47 36.6 75.2 69.9 5.3 mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 11 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 48 36.7 81.5 76.2 5.3 49 38.0 74.9 68.5 6.4 50 39.1 68.5 61.6 6.9 Av. 37.6 79.4 75.1 4.3 Results of moisture content values are presented in table three (3) below; Table 3: The Results Of Moisture Content In Wet Basis, Dry Basis, And Variation Exp. No. Moisture Content (%) Wet Basis Dry Basis Basis Variation 1 3.4783 3.6036 0.1253 2 4.2506 4.4393 0.1887 3 11.4514 12.9323 1.4809 4 4.1723 4.3539 0.1816 5 3.4483 3.5714 0.1231 6 2.9940 3.0864 0.0924 7 3.8889 4.0462 0.1573 8 3.0769 3.1746 0.0977 9 5.2497 5.5405 0.2908 10 0.6614 0.6658 0.0044 11 3.4483 3.5714 0.1231 12 3.2967 3.4091 0.1124 13 3.0769 3.1746 0.0977 14 2.6027 2.6723 0.0696 15 3.0769 3.1746 0.0977 16 2.8931 2.9793 0.0862 17 3.3449 3.4606 0.1157 18 3.7393 3.8846 0.1453 19 5.2154 5.5024 0.2870 20 5.4187 5.7292 0.3105 21 8.7912 9.6386 0.8474 22 4.2877 4.4798 0.1921 23 4.1908 4.3741 0.1833 mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 12 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET 24 3.7303 3.8748 0.1445 25 4.1723 4.3539 0.1816 26 3.5361 3.6657 0.1296 27 3.6496 3.7879 0.1383 28 5.7174 6.0641 0.3467 29 3.0769 3.1746 0.0977 30 5.4740 5.7910 0.3170 31 4.4740 4.6835 0.2095 32 5.5152 5.8372 0.3220 33 5.0122 5.2767 0.2645 34 9.0677 9.9719 0.9042 35 8.6170 9.4296 0.8126 36 3.7685 3.9161 0.1476 37 7.0696 7.6074 0.5378 38 7.5029 8.1115 0.6086 39 6.1765 6.5831 0.4066 40 8.4211 9.1954 0.7743 41 7.5000 8.1081 0.6081 42 7.4854 8.0910 0.6056 43 4.1111 4.2874 0.1763 44 17.2708 20.8763 3.6055 45 6.1611 6.5657 0.4046 46 4.5627 4.7809 0.2182 47 7.0479 7.5823 0.5344 48 6.5031 6.9554 0.4523 49 8.5447 9.3431 0.7984 50 10.0730 11.2013 1.1283 Av. 5.4059 5.8116 0.4057 The wet basis moisture content is presented in figure four (4) below; mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 13 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET Figure 4: Wet Basis Moisture Content The dry basis moisture content is presented in figure five (5) below; Figure 5: Dry Basis Moisture Content The variation in basis is presented in figure six (6) below; mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 14 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET Figure 6: Moisture Variation In Basis For All Experiments The moisture loss for all experiments is presented in figure seven (7) below; Figure 7: Moisture Loss For All Experiments 5. DISCUSSIONS From results obtained, the area has a sandy loam soil. This is dominatively present with loamy sand. This was obtained from most occurring soil type from the products of laboratory analysis and their values in the textural triangle which is equipped with all possible combinations of soil separation results. This triangle makes it flexible for all types of soil separation experiments. Also, sandy loam soil is regarded as the magic soil, with the sand comprising the largest amount, followed by silt, and a smaller part of clay. Sand particles are generally more solid and larger than other soil particle types, thereby possessing the capacity of allowing water to move through them more easily. Silt and clay on the other hand are good in water retaintion. Sandy loam soils possess well-balanced capacity for water holding, form a stable structure, as well provide sufficient aeration. [16] noted that these properties also affect suitability of soil for different uses, such as stormwater infiltration. From results obtained, the moisture content were however within the range of 0 – 20 %. This is relatively characterizable to a low moisture content class. This is attributed to low water concentration in the soil pores of the area. Moreso, the results points to the soil properties at the uppermost layer of the soil. However, [15] reported that soil moisture controls the propagation of floods by delaying or accelerating the accumulation of rainwater in the runoff cycle. Soil moisture characterization over a spatial domains is a key determininant of the movement of water within the land-atmosphere continuum. In figures four (4) and five (5) above, There exist a great correlationship between the two properties of moisture presence in the soil. This can be seen from their curve patterns. These two curves also influenced the curve pattern of moisture loss in figure seven (7). [11] reported that "the texture and historical nature of soils affects how they respond to moisture extremes like floods mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 10, Issue 6; November-December 2025; ISSN: 2837-2964 Impact Factor: 7.67 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 15 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET and droughts". Thus, both properties posses the ability of influencing the flood behavior of the area. However with the nature of soil in the area, their influence were minimal. From general results obtained, the soil properties does not posses significantly varying features capable of influencing the area flooding. Finally, in addition to other significant influencable variables, installation of appropriate surface and subsurface drains is a perceived recommendable solution to this flooding incidence. Soil or land reclamation strategies for swampy regions have proven useful in various location and thus may also be deployed in required locations of the area. Moreso, this work provides the simplicity in laboratory and experimental approach of soil analysis, which may be beneficial within and farest of the study area. 6. CONCLUSION From results obtained and discussion made, it was therefore concluded that; the soil properties of the study area was sandy loam. The area has low moisture content of 0 – 20%. At average, the soil has moisture loss of 4.3g, and moisture content of 5.4059 % on wet basis, 5.8116 % on dry basis and 0.4057 % variation. The variations in the basis were between 0 – 4 % difference. 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