Microsoft Word - 2.docx Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 10 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET QUALITY CONTROL ALONG THE BAKU PIPELINE: CHEMICAL PROFILING OF WATER SAMPLES Dr. Farid Aliyev, Prof. Leyla Hasanovna Mammadova, Dr. Elchin Jafarov and Prof. Nigar Guliyeva Baku State University, Azerbaijan Abstract: Water pollution is a major environmental problem that can have a significant impact on human health and the environment. This paper reviews the causes, effects, and prevention of water pollution. The paper also discusses the importance of water quality monitoring and management. Keywords: water pollution, environmental pollution, human health, environmental impact, water quality, water management 1. Introduction Environment is an essential element of human existence. It is a result of interference of natural elements – earth, air, water, climate, biosphere – with elements created by human activity. All these interact with/and influence the existential conditions and the possibilities for future development of society. To protect the environment, mainly affected areas must be identified, assessed the degree of damage, and determined the causes that have produced these imbalances. It is necessary to preserve the quality of the environment mainly throughout reducing negative effects of human activities. Potentially toxic metals resulting from anthropogenic activities cause severe disturbance of ecosystems [1, 2]. Water pollution is a complex process that leads to changes in water composition, aquatic flora and fauna, and may result in a poor condition, water quality for economic and recreational use, being dangerous to human health [3-4]. Importance of trace metal concentrations evidence in natural waters and/or environment is growing for the pollution monitoring studies. Traces of metal ions have important roles in a wide spectrum of functions of life. Some of these toxic trace metal levels are high, such as poisoning by Fe, Pb and Ni affects the central nervous system. Heavy metals presence in nature usually is not dangerous for the environment because they are present only in very small quantities [5]. Heavy metals are pollutants in the environment only if it’s present in large quantities (this fact is usually attributed to industrial activities). The natural water analysis for physical, chemical properties including trace element contents are very important for public health studies. These studies are also a main part of pollution studies in the environment [1-5]. Also, investigations of the quality of drinking water samples have been continuously performed by researchers around the world. The determinations in drinking water have been performed using classical analytical techniques including titrimetric, gravimetric and modern instrumental techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), UV-Vis spectrophotometer, etc. mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 11 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET Because of the low cost and easiness in usage, inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry is the main instrument for the determinations of the trace heavy metal ions in drinking waters in the analytical chemistry laboratories [6-7]. Now ICP method is sensitive and convenient method for the determination of metals in water and wastewater samples. 2. Experimental 2.1. Apparatus An ICP source consists of a flowing stream of argon gas ionized by an applied radio frequency field typically oscillating at 27.1 MHz this field is inductively coupled to the ionized gas by a water-cooled coil surrounding a quartz “torch” that supports and confines the plasma. The sample aerosol is injected directly into the ICP, Subjecting the constituent atoms to temperatures of about 6000 to 8000°K. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer includes a mass spectrometer, detector, an ICP source, mass flow controllers for regulating ICP gas flows, a peristaltic pump for introducing samples and a computerized data acquisition and instrument control system. 2.2. General Discussion In this method, analysts introduce sample material to an argon-based, hightemperature radio frequency plasma, usually via pneumatic nebulization. As energy transfers from the plasma to the sample stream the target elements dissolves, atomizes and ionizes. The resulting ions are extracted from the plasma through a differential vacuum interface and separated based on their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio by a mass spectrometer. This method has been demonstrated to be suitable for aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, strontium and zinc. (Table 1.) Table 1: Recommended Analyte Masses and İnternal Standards Element Analytical Mass Recommended Internal Standards Interference Calculation Beryllium 9 Li C*6 Aluminum 27 Sc C27 Chromium 52 Sc C52 Manganese 55 Sc C55 Cobalt 59 Sc C59 Nickel 60 Sc C62 Copper 63 Sc C63 Zinc 66 Ge C66 Arsenic 75 Ge C75-3.127(C77-0.815*C82) Selenium 82 Ge C82-1.008696*C83 Silver 107 In C107 mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 12 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET Cadmium 111 In C111-1.073-C108-0.712*C106 Antimony 121 In C121 Barium 137 Th C135 Lead 208 Th C208+C206+C207 2.3. Materials and reagents This study proposes to investigate the quality of drinking waters used for human. Samples were taken from Oguz- Gabala-Baku water pipeline that supplies Absheron-Peninsula with drinking water. Water samples were collected in high density polyethylene containers previously Water samples were stabilized with ultrapure nitric acid (0.5%) Reagents and standards a. Acids: 1. Nitric acid HNO3, 2. Nitric acid HNO3, 1+1: Add 500 ml HNO3, 500 ml deionized water 3. Nitric acid (v/v) 2%: 20 ml HNO3 100 ml deionized water and dilute to 1L 4. Nitric acid (v/v) 1%: 20 ml HNO3 100 ml deionized water and dilute to 1L b. Reagent water c. Stock, standard and other required solutions 1. Internal standard stock solution: germanium, indium, lithium, scandium and thorium are suggested as internal standards add enough internal standards to all samples, Standards and quality control (QS) samples. 2. Instrument optimization/tuning solution: containing Beryllium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Germanium, Indium, Rhodium, Scandium, Terbium, Thallium, Barium, Cerium, Magnesium and Lead. Prepare this solution in 2% nitric acid. This mix includes all common elements used to optimize and tune various ICP_MS operating parameters. It may be possible to use fewer elements in this solution, depending on the instrument manufacturer’s recommendations. 3. Calibration standards: a five standard calibration is recommended from 0 to 100 µg/l e. Argon: Use a pre purified grade of argon unless it can be demonstrated that other grades can be used successfully. Pre purified argon is usually necessary because technical argon often contains significant levels of impurities. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Calibration curve A five standard calibration is recommended from 0 to 100 µg/l. Other calibration regimens are acceptable if the full suite of quality assurance samples and standards is run to validate any method changes. Fewer standards may be used and a two-point blank/mid-range calibration technique commonly used in ICP optical methods should also produce acceptable results. Calibrate all analyses using the selected concentrations. Prepare all calibration standards and blanks in a matrix of 2% nitric acid. Add internal standard mix to all calibration standards to provide appropriate count rates for interference correction. Table 2 presents the concentrations of metals that were determined in water samples taken from the Oguz- Gabala-Baku water pipeline. Sample Metal concentrations µg/l mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 13 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET Al Cr Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Ba Pb Sample 1 16.79 0.53 13.57 0.19 1.89 3.89 14.2 1.21 0.57 95.6 1.63 Sample 2 11.7 0.46 6.99 0.018 1.83 1.46 2.93 0.19 - 123.3 3.0 The drinking water samples were analyzed by inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The concentrations of metals ions give in Table 1. The lowest and highest levels of elements detected ranged between 0.19 µg/l for cobalt and 1357.3 µg/l for iron. The highest levels of trace heavy metals ions were found in the first sample/ as can be seen in Table 1. In this sample Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, As concentrations were found to be 167.9 µg/l, 0.53 µg/l, 1357.3 µg/l, 0.19 µg/l, 14.2 µg/l, 1.21 µg/l. Arsenic is widely distributed in the environment because of its natural and anthropogenic source [8]. Concentrations in the drinking water samples were in the range 0.19-1.21 µg/l. The lowest and highest values were in second sample and first sample. The highest iron level was found in first sample as 1357.3 µg/l. Lead is one of the most abundant heavy metals in nature. It is an essential nutrient but could be also toxic for humans [12]. Most important anthropogenic source of lead in the environment is combustion of gasoline with lead. Lead is discharged by vehicles into air them adsorbed from the air by environmental samples such as soil and plants [9-10]. In environmental lead suffers lead changes and find that the Pb2+ ion or as insoluble lead compounds. Maximum permissible limit for lead in drinking water is 0.01 µg/l and 10µg/l(for WHO and EC 98/83 must be added). The levels of lead in the samples were in range of 1.63-3 µg/l. The highest concentrations were in second sample. Aluminum is an essential nutrient for humans. Water analysis showed concentration in the 11.7-167.9 µg/l. Zinc is present in natural waters in concentrations lower than the sewer water, which comes from human activities related to galvanizing zinc and copper alloys or other metals. Recommending that zinc concentration in drinking water to be less than 3 µg/l. Concentrations in the drinking water samples were in the range 2.93-14.2 µg/l. Chromium is another omnipresent element, not only because of its nature, but also due to its several anthropogenic sources, mainly coming from its large application in industrial fields. The concentration of Cr was in the range of 0.46-0.53 Concentrations in the drinking water samples were in the range 0.19-1.21 µg/l.Copper could be present in water in ionic form or in complex organ mineral. The highest concentrations of copper were obtained in first sample (up to 3.89 µg/l.) Comparison the concentrations of metals in the samples have been shown in Figure 1. The highest concentration of cadmium, arsenic, copper, and zinc were obtained in first sample. But the highest concentrations of lead were obtained in second sample. mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 14 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET Figure 1: Comparison the concentrations of metals The concentrations of metal ions in the drinking water samples from OguzGabala-Baku were within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. The permissible limits of metals ions for 98/83/EC and WHO were given in Table 3. Table 3: The permissible limits of metals ions in the drinking water (For 98/83/EC and WHO) Elements Unit Concentration (98/83/EC) Concentration (WHO) Cobalt µg/l - - Chromium µg/l 50 50 Cadmium µg/l 5 3 Arsenic µg/l 10 10 Lead µg/l 10 10 Nickel µg/l 20 70 Copper µg/l 2 2 Zinc µg/l - 3 4. Conclusions ICP-MS method is available and adequate to identify and quantify metals present in natural and drinking waters at trace levels, which are of particular relevance for toxicity control regions, may have been contaminated by toxic metals. Comparison the concentrations of metals in the drinking water samples with permissible limits of the World Health Organization show that concentrations of Co, Cr, Cd, in the both example under permissible limits. Concentrations of copper and zinc contained in 1.46-3.89 µg/l and 14.2-2.93 µg/l. In the first sample concentration of copper, nickel and lead is high from permissible limit. Concentration of zinc in the first sample is high from permissible limit, but in the second sample below the limit. (Figure 2) 0 5 10 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sample 1 sample 2 Co Cr Cd As Pb Ni Cu Zn mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 15 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET Figure 2: Comparison the concentrations of metals with 98/83/EC Directive and WHO Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the financial support of the Baku State University and also would like to thank “Azersu” OJSC. References V. Marmoreal, M. D. Galindo-Riana, M. Garcia-Vargas, M. D. Granados-Castro. Journal of Hazardous Materials 162, 823–836, (2009) M. A. M. Abdullah. Environ. Monet. Asses 146, 139–145, (2008). V. Novotny. Water quality – diffuse pollution and wastewater management. 2ndedition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 43–50, (2003). D. Florescu, R. E. Ionete, C. Sandru, A. Iordache, M. Culea. Rom. Journ. Phys., Vol. 56, no.7–8, 1001–1010, (2011). C. Stihi, C. Radulescu, G. Busuioc, I.V. Popescu, A. Gheboianu, A. Ene. Rom. Journ. Phys., 56,no.1–2, 257–264, (2011). Soylak M., Elci L., Dogan M. Kayseri cevresindekiakarsulardabazikatyonveanyonlarintayini, Marmara Universitesi Fen Basset J., Denney T.C., Vogel's textbook oof quantitative inorganic analysis, Longman, London, 1983. J. Ahmed Baig, T. Gull Kazi, A. Qadir Shah, G. Abbas Kandhro, H. Imran Afridi, M. BalalArain,M. Khan Jamali, N. Jalbani. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73, 914–923, (2010). Soylak M., Eserelementlerveinsan (In Turkish), Populer Bilim Dergisi, 8, 47, 2001. 0 Cr Cd As Pb Ni Cu 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 simple 1 simple 2 98 /83/EC WHO mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com Academic Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6, Issue 3; May - June 2021; 1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET/index; mail: topacademicjournals@gmail.com 16 | A c a d e m i c J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e , E n g i n e e r i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g y | https://topjournals.org/index.php/AJSET Asubiojo O.I, Nkono N.A, Ogunsua O. A, Oluwole A.F, Ward N.I, Akanle O. A, Spyrou N.M. Trace elements in drinking and groundwater samples in Southern Nigeria, Sci. Total Environ, 208, 1, 1997. Soylak M, Elci L. Solid phase extraction of trace metal ions in drinking water samples from Kayseri - Turkey, J. Trace Microprobe Techn, 18, 397, and 2000 Bilimleri Dergisi, 9, 85, 1992. Ballinger D.G. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes, EPA, Ohio, 1989. World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 1-2, 1983. Soylak M, Divrikli U, Saracoglu S, Elci L. Monitoring trace metal levels in YozgatTurkey: Copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, lead, cadmium, manganese and chromium levels in stream sediments, Polish Journal of Environ mental Studies, 11, 47, 2002. C.Voica, M. H. Kovacs, A. Dehelean, D. Ristoiu, A. Iordache Icp-Ms Determinations Of Heavy Metals In Surface Waters From Transylvania 2011. mailto:topacademicjournals@gmail.com