625 Pise and Gaikwad.vp Acta Bot. Croat. 72 (2), 237–256, 2013 CODEN: ABCRA 25 ISSN 0365–0588 eISSN 1847-8476 DOI: 10.2478/v10184-012-0020-x Flora of spoil heaps after hard coal mining in Trzebinia (southern Poland): effect of substratum properties MARCIN W. WOCH1*, MAGDALENA RADWAÑSKA1, ANNA M. STEFANOWICZ2 1 Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Kraków, Podchor¹¿ych 2, Kraków 31-084, Poland 2 Department of Ecology, Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland Abstract – The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of spontaneous plant cover and the physicochemical properties of the substratum of spoil heaps of the Siersza hard coal mine in Trzebinia (southern Poland) abandoned in 2001. Floristic and soil analyses were performed in 2011. The substratum was very diverse in terms of texture (sand: 55–92 %, clay: 6–38 %), nutrient content (total C: 1.3–41.0 %, total N: 0.05–0.49 %, total Ca: 0.5–7.3 %) and pH (3.7–8.7). Moreover, total thallium concentration in the sub- stratum was high, ranging from 6.0 to 14.6 mg kg–1. Plant cover varied from 50 to 95 %. The number of plant species per 4 m2 varied from 6 to 29 and correlated negatively with to- tal carbon content (r = –0.85, p < 0.01), and positively with sand content in the substratum (r = 66, p < 0.05). The highest number of species per area unit was observed on a humus substratum, where initial soil has developed on the part of carboniferous waste rock spoil under 20–30 year old trees, and the lowest on carbon shale with coal and culm. Among 197 plant species, most belong to Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae and Rosaceae families. Hemicryptophytes (49%) and terophytes (18%) predominated. The investigated area was primarily colonized by native species spread by the wind. However, invasive alien species also had a significant share (8%) in the plant cover. Key words: carbon, coal spoil heap, seed dispersion, species richness, succession, thal- lium, Trzebinia, Poland Introduction The increasing number of post-industrial wastelands are resulting in considerable changes in the landscape and vegetation cover. The large hard coal deposits and the fact that coal is the main energy raw material in Poland have encouraged mining with its related spoil storage. Heaps of waste rock have become a frequent part of the landscape in southern Poland, especially in the Upper Silesia coalfield as well as in the smaller Kraków coalfield ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 237 * Corresponding author, e-mail: jurania@o2.pl Copyright® 2013 by Acta Botanica Croatica, the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb. All rights reserved. adjoining it from the east. The pioneer flora and vegetation of the hard coal mining waste dumps have been the subject of numerous papers (e.g. CABA£A and SYPIEÑ 1987; TOKAR- SKA-GUZIK et al.1991; CABA£A and JARZ¥BEK 1999; ROSTAÑSKI 2000, 2006; WORYNA and ROSTAÑSKI 2003; WO�NIAK 1998, 2010). However, there is still a need for more floristic research analyzing the properties of specific substrata of these anthropogenic habitats. Previously, little botanic research has dealt with the issue of substratum characteristics (BAIG 1992, ROSTAÑSKI 2006, WO�NIAK 2010, MAKINECI et al. 2011). The relatively wide variety of species of post-mining dumping grounds includes both native species as well as those alien to Central European flora, which have ecological amplitudes enabling them to colonize such places. It is especially vital to discover the edaphic reasons for the dif- ferentiation of the flora growing on the post-mining dumping grounds, and whether the changes in the substratum in time or its spatial heterogeneity are more decisive (GIBSON et al. 1985, PICKET et al.1987, LUKEN 1990, HOLL and CAIRNS 2002, WO�NIAK 2010). The aim of the research presented in this paper was to study the species composition of the plants growing on the post-mining spoil heaps and wastelands of the disused Siersza mine (KWK Siersza) in Trzebinia, where spontaneous plant succession (colonization and change in the community structure over time) have been taking place (KREBS 2009). The most important types of substratum occurring in the studied area were classified, for which analyses of physicochemical properties as basic factors determining the flora makeup were performed. Material and methods Study site The wastelands of the Siersza hard coal mine (KWK Siersza) studied lie in Trzebinia in north-western Malopolska (50° 19' 072"N, 20° 44' 6938"E). The beginnings of this mine date back to the year 1808 and it operated until 1999 (KIRYK 1994). In 2001, the post-mining waste left behind on the surface was condensed with a vibrating roller, the upper layer being left loose in order to facilitate plant colonization. The area was leveled off, the slope was moderated in the direction of the rail tracks and soil was distributed in some parts. The research area was constituted by post-mining waste dumps as well as wastelands remaining after the buildings had been demolished; altogether the site covers an area of about 20 ha. The remaining habitats studied were also illegal rubbish dumps, areas storing debris from demolished administrative buildings as well singular ash mounds from the Siersza Power Plant. The studied area is located in the Œl¹sk-Kraków Highlands (Pagóry Myœlachowickie), located at 340 m above sea level (KONDRACKI 2000). Post-mining wastelands are mostly surrounded by forest areas – directly from the north, while in the south the forests are situated behind a local railway line delivering coal to the nearby Siersza Power Plant and a street. In the west and east, the area studied borders with the low-density residential areas of the Siersza and Kopalnia estates (Fig.1). Climate and vegetation The Kraków coalfield is in a transitional climate zone, between a moderate oceanic climate in the west and a moderate continental climate in the east. Various air masses collide in this area, which is a result of the location in the centre of Europe as well as a latitudinal system of geographical lands. The average annual air temperature is 7.8 °C, while the annual rainfall 770–811 mm. The vegetation season spans between 205 and 215 days. In 238 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 WOCH M. W., RADWAŃSKA M., STEFANOWICZ A. M. this area, westerly winds are the most frequent, followed by easterly winds (WITKOWSKA- -KITA et al. 2010). Trzebinia has been traditionally strongly connected with industry, therefore its plant cover has been largely transformed. In the flora of Trzebinia there are 650 plant species, 40 of which are protected in Poland (SUDER and CABA£A 2004; WOCH 2005, 2007, 2012). A high share of alien species (anthropophytes) – 19.8% (SUDER and CABA£A 2004) indicates significant synanthropization. Hemicryptophytes are the dominating life forms (39.2%), followed by terophytes (12%) (SUDER and CABA£A 2004). Artificially planted pine monocultures dominate the forests; there are also impoverished beech forests as well as riparian deciduous forests. Generally, forests cover 43.6% of the municipality (WITKOWSKA-KITA et al. 2010). Field survey The anthropogenic substratum occurring in the studied area can be divided into six types – two spatially dominating: (1) carboniferous shale with coal (about 12 ha), (2) mixed sub- stratum (about 7 ha) and four spatially marginal (no more than 1 ha): (3) culm substratum; (4) humus substratum under 20–30 year old trees of Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula and Salix caprea; (5) illegal dumps of construction debris with rubbish and single mounds of (6) coal ashes from the power plant. Floristic data were compiled during the 2011 vegetation season in patches of each substratum type. To assess the number of plant species per area unit, 10 plots of 4m2 were established in the centers of the most typical patches of each substratum type. A floristic list was drawn up at each plot. Additionally, 3 samples of substratum/soil to a depth of 15 cm were collected and bulked to obtain one com- posite sample from each plot. ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 239 FLORA OF SPOIL HEAPS AFTER COAL MINING Fig. 1. Study site with two dominating types of substratum: Cc – carboniferous shale with coal, Mx – mixed substratum. Retrieved in 2012 from GoogleEarth and modified. Floristic analyses To make a complete list of plant species occurring on 20 ha area of the wastelands of the Siersza hard coal mine, the occurrence of each plant species was estimated, taking 6 substra- tum types into consideration. While analyzing the flora, species frequency, share of geo- graphical and historical groups (RUTKOWSKI 2004, SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA 2011), share of life forms (RUTKOWSKI 2004) as well as the seed proliferation (PODBIELKOWSKI 1995, SUD- NIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA 2011) were taken into account. The Latin nomenclature follows RUT- KOWSKI (2004). Soil analyses Before analysis, soil samples were sieved (2 mm mesh). Soil texture was determined by a combination of sieving and sedimentation (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDAR- DIZATION 1998). Soil pH was measured with a pH-meter after extraction with H2O at a 1:5 (w:v) ratio (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION 1994). Total carbon was assessed by dry combustion technique with a Leco RC-612 (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION 1995a), and sulfur with a Leco SC-144 DR. Nitrogen was measured by a method based on Kjeldahl digestion (Kjeltec 2300, Foss Tecator; INTERNATIONAL ORGA- NIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION 1995b). Total Cd, Pb, Zn, Tl, Mn and Mg in soil were measured with the use of atomic absorption spectrometry (Varian 220 FS) after digestion in hot concentrated HClO4, exchangeable Cd, Pb, Zn, Tl, Mn, Fe, Na, K, Ca, Mg after extraction with 0.1 M BaCl2 (pH 7.0) (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION 1995c, modified), and water-soluble Cd, Pb and Zn after extraction with deionized water. Phosphorus was measured with the molybdenum blue method after digestion in hot HClO4 (total) or after extraction with 0.5 M NaHCO3 (OLSEN et al. 1954) with a colorimeter (Hach- -Lange DR 3800). Results The study area was differentiated in terms of the physicochemical properties of the sub- stratum (Tab. 1). For example, sand and clay content ranged from 55 to 92% and from 6 to 38%, respectively. Soil pH varied from 3.7 to 8.7, total C content from 1.3 to 41.0%, total N from 0.05 to 0.49%, total Ca from 0.5 to 7.3%, and total P from 221 to 914 mg kg–1. Large differences between sites were also found in concentrations of available element forms. For example, exchangeable Ca ranged from 52 to 3039 mg kg–1, exchangeable Mg from 1.8 to 1132 mg kg–1, and available P from 0.1 to 14.8 mg kg–1. Total content of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb and Zn in the substratum of many sites was slightly elevated, exceeding 5 mg Cd kg–1, 260 mg Pb kg–1 and 500 mg Zn kg–1. In turn, total Tl concentration was high at all stud- ied sites and ranged from 6.0 to 14.6 mg kg–1. Characteristics of main types of substratum Carboniferous shale with coal The prevailing substratum type in the studied area consisted of carboniferous shale and coal. Some physicochemical properties of soil developed on this substratum were diverse. This was especially observed in the case of S, exchangeable Fe, Mn and Zn as well as water- 240 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 WOCH M. W., RADWAŃSKA M., STEFANOWICZ A. M. ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 241 FLORA OF SPOIL HEAPS AFTER COAL MINING Tab. 1. Physicochemical properties of substratum and vegetation parameters at studied sites. Values for Pbex, Tlex and Cdws were below detection limits in all soils, so they are not shown in the table; D – illegal dumps of construction debris with rubbish, Cc – carbon shale with coal, Co – coal ashes, Hu– humus subsoil, Cm – culm subsoil, Mx – mixed substratum; S'plant – number of plant species, Cov – plant cover; tot – HClO4-extractable, ex – BaCl2-extractable, ws – water soluble, av – available (Olsen method); bdl – below detection limit. Site 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 subsoil type D Cc D Cc Cc Co Hu Cm Mx Hu Sand (%) 82 59 79 71 76 79 90 55 92 81 Silt (%) 3 9 5 4 1 10 4 7 2 5 Clay (%) 15 32 16 25 23 11 6 38 6 14 Ctot (%) 1.5 23.9 2.2 14.5 11.6 5.9 5.8 41.0 1.3 3.3 Ntot (%) 0.49 0.05 0.07 0.20 0.28 0.05 0.17 0.48 0.12 0.06 Stot (%) 0.42 0.02 0.94 0.04 1.00 0.98 0.19 0.12 0.98 0.04 Catot (%) 6.02 0.51 2.58 1.35 1.32 2.68 7.31 0.68 1.81 0.79 Cdtot (mg kg –1) 3.45 1.45 5.31 3.15 5.56 1.59 2.76 2.97 1.28 1.83 Fetot (%) 0.95 1.50 0.60 2.22 2.01 2.30 2.15 1.48 1.00 2.11 Ktot (%) 0.33 0.57 0.17 0.39 0.58 0.26 0.14 0.49 0.09 0.25 Mgtot (%) 0.49 0.27 0.38 0.41 0.53 1.04 0.82 0.49 0.09 0.20 Mntot (mg kg –1) 238 125 259 180 346 255 1509 321 134 448 Natot (mg kg –1) 132 282 123 233 296 914 107 258 163 132 Ptot (mg kg –1) 914 351 493 342 365 838 651 336 221 367 Pbtot (mg kg –1) 84 69 163 263 240 49 101 107 32 85 Tltot (mg kg –1) 9.91 12.37 7.79 11.06 14.01 11.73 14.59 12.51 5.98 9.65 Zntot (mg kg –1) 415 137 510 417 456 207 272 343 84 169 Caex (mg kg –1) 1716 1140 1460 2792 2288 646 3039 52 885 2428 Cdex (mg kg –1) bdl 0.22 0.22 0.07 0.77 0.62 0.63 bdl 0.64 0.63 Feex (mg kg –1) 2.04 29.36 2.11 2.52 3.19 2.14 2.06 2.43 2.24 1.97 Kex (mg kg –1) 58.3 36.5 93.8 48.0 25.9 38.5 61.9 70.9 40.0 59.9 Mgex (mg kg –1) 77.8 330 62.2 432 480 137 364 1132 1.8 110 Mnex (mg kg –1) bdl 21.19 0.31 2.48 14.68 bdl 1.27 18.64 bdl 0.52 Naex (mg kg –1) 11.1 16.0 11.9 22.5 14.4 11.0 10.3 27.7 105.9 10.4 Znex (mg kg –1) 0.36 40.39 0.73 2.41 28.53 bdl bdl 8.90 bdl 0.18 Pav (mg kg –1) 6.01 13.32 10.52 2.89 14.77 6.83 2.64 0.07 0.08 0.18 Znws (mg kg –1) 0.18 22.71 2.27 0.64 4.11 1.42 0.16 0.54 0.21 0.19 Pbws (µg kg –1) 484 290 883 353 257 822 365 388 412 239 pH (H2O) 8.4 3.7 8.2 6.3 5.8 8.2 7.7 6.0 8.7 7.4 S'plant 23 7 24 8 20 20 18 6 23 29 Cov (%) 50 90 60 80 95 75 65 80 85 60 -soluble Zn and pH. The soil was an acidic sandy clay loam, characterized by high carbon content. Total K, Pb and Zn as well as exchangeable Fe, Mn, Zn, available P and water-solu- ble Zn contents in soil were high in comparison to other soils. These sites were dominated by Agrostis stolonifera, Calamagrostis epigejos and Tanacetum vulgare (Tab. 1, sites 2, 4 and 5). Mixed substratum A mixed substratum was the second dominant substratum type. It was a mixture of car- boniferous shale and coal, debris originating from demolished mine buildings, brought-in soil, sand and dolomite stones. Soil was sandy and alkaline, with a relatively low content of total and/or exchangeable forms of many studied elements, both nutrients and xenobiotics (C, K, Mg, P, Pb, Tl and Zn). This substratum was characteristic for the most xerothermic habitat of the studied area, covered mainly by Agrostis stolonifera, Calamagrostis epigejos, Melilotus officinalis and Solidago canadensis (Tab. 1, site 9). Culm substratum A substratum consisting of culm left after coal production. Because it is not very perme- able, numerous shallow water pools have come into being. Sandy clay soil was slightly acidic and contained the highest percent of carbon among all the tested soils. Moreover, concentrations of exchangeable forms of K, Mg, Mn and Na were elevated. However, the soil was poor with respect to Ca and available P content. Juncus tenuis, Phragmites austra- lis, Typha latifolia and T. laxmannii were dominant plant species growing at this site (Tab. 1, site 8). Humus substratum Initial soil developed on the oldest and poorly disturbed (even during mine operation) part of carboniferous waste rock spoil, under 20–30 year old trees of Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula and Salix caprea. Sand or loamy sand soils were alkaline, al- though total Ca and Mg contents were diverse. Additionally, total Mn content was the high- est among all tested soils. Calluna vulgaris, Deschampsia flexuosa and Vaccinium myrtillus dominated the undergrowth (Tab. 1, sites 7 and 10). Illegal dumps of construction debris with rubbish Unstable substratum of concrete-brick debris originating from building demolition mixed with household rubbish, resulting from the illegal activities of the local people. Alka- line sandy loam or loamy sand contained relatively low amounts of total C and Fe. Total Ca and P contents were relatively high, while N content was diverse. It was covered mainly with annual plant species such as Chenopodium album, species from Polygonum genus (P. aviculare, P. persicaria) and Setaria viridis (Tab. 1, sites 1 and 3). Coal ashes Deposited separately, unstable mounds of ashes after coal burning in the nearby Siersza power plant. Sandy loam soil developed on the site was alkaline and had the highest total Fe, Mg, Na content among studied soils, and relatively high S, total P and water-soluble Pb con- tent. On the other hand, N and exchangeable Ca levels were relatively low. The site was cov- 242 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 WOCH M. W., RADWAŃSKA M., STEFANOWICZ A. M. ered mainly with grasses such as Agrostis stolonifera, Calamagrostis epigejos and Poa compressa (Tab. 1, site 6). Floristic properties The number of plant species per 4 m2 varied from 6 to 29, and plant cover from 50 to 95%. The highest number of species per area unit was observed on humus substratum, on il- legal dumps of construction debris with rubbish and on a mixed substratum. The number of plant species decreased with increasing total carbon content in the substratum (r = –0.85, p < 0.01; Fig. 2) and increased with sand content (r = 0.66, p < 0.05; Fig. 3). High carbon and clay contents (relatively low sand content) are related with coal and culm substrata (Tab. 1). Culm material (site 8) and coal substratum (sites 2 and 4) were found to be unfavorable for vegetation. The only exception was coal site 5, characterized by a relatively high nutrient content (N, S, Mg, P) and high number of species. ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 243 FLORA OF SPOIL HEAPS AFTER COAL MINING Fig. 2. Correlation between total carbon content in substratum and a number of plant species (Spearman correlation: r = –0.85, p < 0.01). Fig. 3. Correlation between sand content in substratum and a number of plant species (Spearman correlation: r = 0.66, p < 0.05). In the approximately 20 ha of the studied area of the former Siersza hard coal mine, 197 species of plants belonging to 53 families were reported (Tab. 2). The highest number of species belonged to Asteraceae (36), followed by Fabaceae (19), Poaceae (17), Rosaceae (16), Polygonaceae (8), Scrophulariaceae (7), Salicaceae (7), Brassicaceae (6), Lamiaceae (6), Apiaceae (5), Caryophyllaceae (5). Some families were represented by 2 or 3 species: Aceraceae (3), Betulaceae (3), Dipsacaceae (3), Euphorbiaceae (3), Balsaminaceae (2), Boraginaceae (2), Caprifoliaceae (2), Ericaceae (2), Fagaceae (2), Juncaceae (2), Ona- graceae (2), Orchidaceae (2), Papaveraceae (2), Pinaceae (2), Plantaginaceae (2), Ranun- culaceae (2), Typhaceae (2), Violaceae (2). A lot of families were represented by 1 species: Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Clusiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Corna- ceae, Corylaceae, Crassulaceae, Cyperaceae, Equisetaceae, Oleaceae, Geraniaceae, Hippo- castanaceae, Hypolepidaceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Resedaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Urticaceae and Vitaceae. As far as life forms are concerned, it was observed that hemicryptophytes predominated (49%). Second group were therophytes (18%). Quite a few were also mega-phanerophytes (10%), geophytes (9%) and nano-phanerophytes (7%). The remaining species (3%) belonged to non-ligneous chama- ephytes, ligneous chamaephytes and hydrophytes (2% each), 1 species was a liana (Fig. 4). Despite the prevalence of native species (69%), one third of the flora was represented by alien plants (anthropophytes) (31%). Among anthropophytes the most numerous were archaeophytes (plants that were introduced up to the end of the 15th century) (13%). The next groups of alien species were: kenophytes (newcomers, after 15th century) (8%), epecophytes (established only in ruderal and/or segetal communities) (4%), hemiagrio- phytes (established in semi-natural communities) (1%), agriophytes (established in natural 244 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 WOCH M. W., RADWAŃSKA M., STEFANOWICZ A. M. Tab. 2. List of plant species occurring in the study area. Substratum: Cc – carboniferous shale with coal, Co – coal ashes, Cm – culm substratum, D – illegal dumps of construction debris with rubbish, Hu – humus substratum, Mx – mixed substratum (see Tab. 1), a order of substratum short-cuts means a descending frequency of species records on a given substratum; Form – life forms from Raunkiaer: G – geophyte, H – hemicryptophyte, M – megafanerophyte, T – therophyte, C – non-ligneous chamaephyte, Ch – ligneous chamaephyte, Hy – hydrophyte, N – nano-phanerophyte, L – liana. Geographic-historical classification in Polish flora: R – native species, K – kenophyte, A – archaeophyte, Hemi – hemiagriophyte, Agr – agriophyte, Erg – ergaziophyte, Ep – epecophyte, Ef – ephemerophyte, dispersion – types of seed dispersion: An – anemochory, Zooch – zoochory, Hy – hydrochory, Antr – anthropochory, Au – autochory, B – barachory; juv. – juvenile specimen. Species No of records Substratum Form Status Dispersion Acer campestre (juv.) 31 Mx, D M R An Acer negundo (juv.) 35 Mx, D M K An Acer platanoides (juv.) 34 Mx, Hu M R An Achillea millefolium 144 Mx, D H R Zooch Acinos arvensis 45 Mx, D T/H R An Aegopodium podagraria 31 D G/H R Zooch Aesculus hippocastanum (juv.) 1 Mx M K Zooch/B Agrostis gigantea 15 Mx, D, Cc H R An ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 245 FLORA OF SPOIL HEAPS AFTER COAL MINING Species No of records Substratum Form Status Dispersion Agrostis stolonifera 159 Mx, D, Hu, Cm H R An Alnus glutinosa (juv.) 1 Hu M R An Alnus incana (juv.) 8 Cc M R An Amaranthus retroflexus 2 D T Ep An Anthemis arvensis 67 D T A Zooch Anthemis tinctoria 1 Mx H R Zooch Antirrhinum majus 1 D, Cc T Ef An/Antr Arctium lappa 1 Mx H R Zooch Artemisia absinthium 3 Mx Ch A An Artemisia vulgaris 99 Mx, D C R An Astragalus glycyphyllos 12 Mx, Hu H R Zooch Bellis perennis 2 D, Cc H R Zooch Berteroa incana 1 Mx, D T/H A An Betula pendula 130 Mx, Cc, Hu M R An Bidens frondosa 63 Cm, D T Agr An/Antr/ Hy/Zooch Brachypodium pinnatum 25 Cc, Mx H/C R An Bromus hordeaceus 11 Mx T R An Bromus tectorum 4 Mx, D, Cc T A An Calamagrostis epigejos 179 Mx, D, Hu, Cc, Cm G/H R An Calendula officinalis 4 D T Erg Zooch Calluna vulgaris 9 Hu, Mx, Cc Ch R An Capsella bursa-pastoris 18 Mx, D T/H A An Cardaminopsis arenosa 44 Mx, D H/T R An Carex hirta 14 D, Mx G R An Carlina vulgaris 1 Hu H R An/Zooch Carpinus betulus 2 Hu M R An Cenaturea jacea 63 Mx, D, Hu H R An Cenaturea stoebe 67 Mx, D H R An Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis 3 Mx Ch/N R Zooch Chamaenerion angustifolium 6 D, Hu, Mx H R An Chamomilla recutita 10 Mx, D, Hu, Cc T A An Chamomilla suaveolens 13 Mx, Cc T K An Chelidonium majus 27 D H R Zooch Chenopodium album 47 D, Cc T R An Cichorium intybus 73 Mx, D, Hu, Cc, Co H A An Cirsium vulgare 97 Mx, D, Hu H R An/Zooch Clinopodium vulgare 52 Mx H R An Tab. 2. – continued 246 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 WOCH M. W., RADWAŃSKA M., STEFANOWICZ A. M. Species No of records Substratum Form Status Dispersion Convallaria majalis 6 Mx, D G R Zooch Convolvulus arvensis 2 Mx, Cc H R An/Antr Conyza canadensis 111 Mx, D, Co, Co T/H Ep An Cornus alba 4 Mx N R Zooch Coronilla varia 73 Mx, Cc H R Au Corynephorus canescens 24 Mx, D H R An Crataegus monogyna 1 Hu N/M R Zooch Dactylis glomerata 12 Mx H R An Daucus carota 127 Mx H R Zooch Deschampsia flexuosa 2 Hu H R An Dianthus deltoides 2 Mx H/C R An Dipsacus fullonum 1 Mx H A An tEchium vulgare 71 Mx, D, Cc H A An/Zooch Elymus repens 42 Mx, D, Cc G R An Epipactis atrorubens 1 Hu G R An Epipactis helleborine 3 Hu G R An Equisetum arvense 32 Mx, Hu, D G R An Erigeron annuus 105 Mx, D, Hu, Cc, Cm H K An Erysimum cheiranthoides 13 D, Cc T A An Eupatorium cannabinum 91 D, Co H R An Euphorbia cyparissias 33 Mx, Hu H R Zooch Euphorbia esula 1 D H R Zooch Euphorbia helioscopia 2 D T A Zooch Euphrasia rostkoviana 5 Hu, Mx T R An Fallopia convolvulus 16 D T A An Fragaria vesca 60 Mx, Cc H R Zooch Fragaria x ananassa 1 D H Ef Zooch Frangula alnus 1 Hu N R Zooch Galeopsis tetrahit 1 D T R An Galinsoga parviflora 6 D T K An Galium mollugo 18 Mx H R An Genista germanica 4 Mx N R Zooch Geranium pratense 1 Hu H R Au Geum urbanum 4 Mx, D H R Zooch Helianthus annuus 1 Mx H Ef Zooch Heracleum sphondylium 32 Hu, D H R Zooch Hieracium vulgatum 2 Mx H R An Hieracium pilosella 12 Mx, Hu H R Zooch Tab. 2. – continued ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 247 FLORA OF SPOIL HEAPS AFTER COAL MINING Species No of records Substratum Form Status Dispersion Holcus mollis 1 Mx H/G R An Hypericum perforatum 96 Mx, Hu, D H R An/Zooch Impatiens glandulifera 2 D T K Au Impatiens parviflora 7 Mx, Cc, D T K Au Juncus conglomeratus 7 Cm, Mx H R An/Zooch Juncus tenuis 4 Cm, Mx, D H K An/Zooch Knautia arvensis 7 Mx H R An Lactuca serriola 6 Mx, Hu H A An Lamium album 2 Cc, D H A Zooch Larix decidua 1 D M R An Lathyrus pratensis 1 Hu H R Au Leontodon hispidus 33 Mx, Cc H R An Ligustrum vulgare 2 Mx N K Zooch Linum catharticum 2 Mx T H R Lolium perenne 4 Mx, D, Cc H R An Lotus corniculatus 143 Mx, Hu, D, Cc H R Au Lupinus polyphyllus 1 Mx H Ep Au Malva alcea 1 Mx H A Au Medicago lupulina 141 Mx, D T H R Medicago sativa 4 D, Mx H K Au Melampyrum pratense 2 Mx T R An Melandrium album 66 Mx, D, Co T R An Melilotus alba 114 Mx, D, Cc H/T A An/Zooch Melilotus officinalis 103 Mx, D, Cc H A An/Zooch Molinia caerulea 67 Mx H R An Myosoton aquaticum 1 Hu G R An mOdontites serotina 4 Mx T R An Oenothera biennis 112 Mx, D H K An Ononis spinosa 1 Mx H R Au Origanum vulgare 27 Mx H C Zooch Oxalis europaea 2 D G Ep Au Papaver rhoeas 26 D, Mx T A An Parthenocissus inserta 1 Mx L Ef Antr Pastinaca sativa 96 Mx, D, Cc H R Zooch Phragmites australis 129 Cm, D, Cc G/Hy R An Picris hieracioides 91 Mx, Cc H R An Pinus sylvestris 145 Mx, Hu, D, Cc M R An Plantago lanceolata 82 D, Mx H R Zooch Tab. 2. – continued 248 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 WOCH M. W., RADWAŃSKA M., STEFANOWICZ A. M. Species No of records Substratum Form Status Dispersion Plantago major 98 D, Mx H R Zooch Poa compressa 105 Mx, Cc, D, Hu H R An Poa nemoralis 1 Hu H R An Polygonum aviculare 31 D T R An/Antr Polygonum lapathifolium 12 Cc, D T R An/Antr Polygonum persicaria 68 Cc, D T R An/Antr Populus nigra 'italica' 4 Cc, D M R An Populus tremula 129 Mx, Cc M R An Populus wilsonii 1 Mx M Erg An Populus x canadensis 1 Mx M Erg An Potentilla anserina 17 Mx, D, Co H R An Potentilla argentea 2 Mx H R An Potentilla reptans 2 Mx H R An Potentilla supina 28 Mx T/H R An Prunella vulgaris 63 Mx H R Hy/Zooch Prunus avium 3 Hu M/N R Zooch Prunus serotina 2 Hu M Agr Zooch Prunus spinosa 1 Hu N R Zooch Pteridium aquilinum 14 Hu G R An Quercus petraea 6 Hu M R Zooch Quercus rubra 29 Hu M Hemi Zooch Ranunculus acris 3 D, Hu H R Au Ranunculus bulbosus 1 Mx G H Au Reseda lutea 16 D, Mx H K An Rhus typhina 1 Cc M/N Erg Zooch Robinia pseudacacia 136 Mx, Cc M Hemi An/Zooch Rosa canina 3 Mx N R Zooch Rubus ceasius 64 Mx, D, Hu N/Ch R Zooch Rumex acetosa 14 Mx, D, Hu H R An Rumex acetosella 8 Mx, D, Co G/H R An Rumex obtusifolius 3 Mx, Co H K An Rumex thyrsiflorus 4 Mx, Co, Cc H R An Salix alba 66 Mx, Cc, D M R An Salix caprea 75 Mx, Cc, D N/M R An rin0Salix cinerea 1 Hu N R An Sambucus nigra 2 Hu N/M R Zooch Sanguisorba officinalis 1 Cc H R Zooch Scabiosa ochroleuca 8 Mx H R An Tab. 2. – continued ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 249 FLORA OF SPOIL HEAPS AFTER COAL MINING Species No of records Substratum Form Status Dispersion Sedum acre 12 Mx C R Hy/Zooch Senecio jacobaea 14 Hu, Cc, D H R An Senecio vulgaris 1 D T/H A An Setaria viridis 29 D, Mx, Cc T A An Silene vulgaris 74 Mx, Cc, D, Co H/C R An Sinapis arvensis 5 D, Mx T A An Sisymbrium loeselii 3 D T/H Ep An Solanum tuberosum 1 D G Ef Zooch Solidago canadensis 183 Mx, Hu, D H/G Agr An Solidago gigantea 1 Mx H/G Agr Am Solidago virgaurea 3 Cc H R An Sonchus asper 28 Mx, D T A An Sorbus aucuparia 3 Hu M R Zooch Spiraea media 1 Hu N R An Stellaria graminea 12 Mx, Hu H R An Symphoricarpos albus 3 Hu N Ef Zooch Symphytum officinale 2 Cc, D H R An/Antr Tanacetum vulgare 148 Mx, Cc, D, Hu H R An Taraxacum officinale 138 Mx, Cc, D H Ep An Torilis japonica 31 Hu T/H R Zooch Tragopogon pratensis 1 Cc H Ep An Trifolium arvense 31 Mx, Cc T R An/Zooch Trifolium medium 4 Mx H R An/Zooch Trifolium pratense 137 Mx, D H R An Trifolium repens 51 Mx H R Zooch Tussilago farfara 144 Mx, Cc, Co, Cm G/H R An Typha latifolia 16 Cm, Cc Hy/H R An Typha laxmannii 3 Cm Hy/H K An Urtica dioica 44 D, Mx, Hu, Cc H R An Vaccinium myrtillus 2 Hu Ch R Zooch Verbascum lychnitis 1 Mx H R An/Zooch Verbascum thapsus 14 Mx, D H R An/Zooch Veronica chamaedrys 1 Cc, Hu C R Hy Vicia angustifolia 1 Mx T A Au Vicia cracca 71 Mx, Hu H R Au Viola arvensis 5 Mx, D, Hu T A Zooch Viola riviniana 1 Hu H R Zooch Tab. 2. – continued communities) (2%), ephemerophytes (alien species that have been casually introduced into the territory) (3%) and ergaziophytes (1%) (cultivated plants, running wild) (Fig. 5). In the studied area the wind was the main vector of seed spreading (anemochory) (58%), the second was animals (zoochory) (31%). Other ways of dissemination were: autochory (6%), anthropochory (4%), hydrochory (3%) and barochory (1 species) (Fig. 6). Among the noted 250 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 WOCH M. W., RADWAŃSKA M., STEFANOWICZ A. M. geophytes 9% hemicryptophytes 49% megafanerophytes 10% nanofanerophytes 7% terophytes 18% not-ligneous chamaeophytes 3% ligneous chamaeophytes 2% hydrophytes 2% liana 1 % Fig. 4. Raunkiaer life forms in the flora (%). native species 69% archaeophytes 13% kenophytes 8% epecophytes 4% hemiagriophytes 1% agriophytes 2% ephemerophytes 3% ergaziophygophytes 1% Fig. 5. Geographic-historical classification of the flora (%). anemochore 58% zoochore 31% antropochore 4% autochore 6% hydrochore 3% barochore 1% Fig. 6. Types of seed dispersion of the plant species (%). species two – Epipactis atrorubens and E. helleborine – are strictly protected in Poland, and three are partly protected: Convallaria majalis, Frangula alnus and Ononis spinosa. Interesting was the presence of a few 2–3 m patches of a new expansive kenophyte of south-eastern origin – Typha laxmannii. Discussion The large variety of habitat conditions in these post-mining areas was influenced by the variation in substratum physicochemical parameters, such as humidity, exposure, texture, acidity, concentration of elements indispensable to plants and xenobiotics. The six dis- cerned basic substratum types were characterized by distinct flora. The variability and instability of the substratum influences the diversity of the habitats, and various degrees of disintegration of the soil substrate may occur at different depths (ROSTAÑSKI 2006). Carbon shale with coal as well as culm substrata of sparsely overgrown areas in early succession stages contain more exchangeable magnesium in comparison to mixed or humus substrata. Carbon content, coarseness and compactness of the substratum were important factors determining plant diversity in the studied area. Plant species richness was highest on light calcareous and sandy soils with low content of clay fractions. In turn, it was lowest on heaps dominated by dust fraction with low content of calcium but a high content of coal, as in the case of culm and coal substrata. This relationship is corroborated by the results of COHN et al. (2000) and WO�NIAK (2010). The high number of plant species on humus substratum may be connected with the advanced age (20–30 years) of succession in these places. Generally, total Fe, Pb, Zn and Tl as well as exchangeable Fe, Mn, Zn and available P and water-soluble Zn content in soil increased with increasing share of coal wastes in a substratum. It is caused by high content of iron sulfides, mainly pyrite and traces of chal- copyrite, galena, marcasite, and sphalerite in coals and their associated sediments (LOTTER- MOSER 2010). Thallium is often found accompanying these minerals. Total Tl concen- trations in the studied soils varied from 5.98 to 14.59 mg kg–1. This indicates that Tl concentrations in soils significantly exceeded Tl concentrations found in unpolluted soils. KABATA-PENDIAS and PENDIAS (1993) stated that unpolluted soils worldwide contain from 0.02 to 2.8 mg Tl kg–1, while in Poland they contain from 0.01 to 0.4 mg Tl kg–1. This means that the most polluted substratum in our study contained ca 37 times more thallium than unpolluted soils in Poland. Thallium is an element rarely studied in Europe, to a much lesser degree than other toxic elements. High Tl concentrations in such sites may threaten the environment, because thallium is a highly toxic metal and it may be accumulated in plants and animals living at polluted sites (DMOWSKI and BADUREK 2002). In the approximately 20 ha of the studied area of the former Siersza hard coal mine, 197 species of plants belonging to 53 families have been reported, which indicates a high species richness in this small area. The species composition of the spontaneously emerging plant cover on the dumps and wastelands is conditioned by the occurrence of a certain pool of species in its closest vicinity as well as some of them having an ecological amplitude allowing effective colonization of such places (BRÄNDLE et al. 2003). This is why the majority of the flora of the studied area was mostly constituted by species occurring within the surrounding 5 km (HOLL 2002, SUDER and CABA£A 2004, WOCH 2007). This is a typical regularity for various types of post-industrial places, where primary succession on the bare ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 251 FLORA OF SPOIL HEAPS AFTER COAL MINING substratum will occur, such as quarries, sandpits, sedimentation tanks, dumps of various industrial materials (e.g. JOCHIMSEN 1996; COHN et al. 2000; GRODZIÑSKA et al. 2001; ROSTAÑSKI 2006; WOCH 2007, 2012; WO�NIAK 2010). The predominance of anemochoric plants indicates that wind dispersal is one of the most important features of plants that conquer the area first. Apart from the production of a large number of seeds, it is a basic feature of pioneer species expanding into a distant area, which direct their main effort towards migration (KREBS 2009). The role of zoochory increases considerably together with the time of the succession, playing an ever greater role in the later stages of plant cover formation. It is most probably connected with a parallel colonization of such areas by an ever greater number of animal species as well as an increase in their population. Native species dominated the flora of the studied areas (69%), a share comparable to similar areas in Central Europe, where it is 70% on average (CABA£A and JARZ¥BEK 1999, ROSTAÑSKI 2000, LACINA and KOUTECKÝ 2005). Species alien to the flora of a certain area are more frequently encountered on newly anthropogenically affected areas, where they encounter weaker competition from native species. Hence a third of the studied flora was constituted by species alien to the Polish flora – anthropophytes (31%). This group included new arrivals after the 15th century (neo- phytes) (19%), as well as arrivals from early historical times (archaeophytes) (12%). Such a relatively high participation of neophytes is characteristic for young manmade structures with unstabilized plant cover. Species alien to Europe, such as Robinia pseudacacia and Solidago canadensis, were frequent and common in the research area, as well as the less frequent Acer negundo, Impatiens glandulifera, I. parviflora, Padus serotina and Quercus rubra. The abundance of these plants is characteristic for similar anthropogenic sites (CABA£A and SYPIEÑ 1987, ROSTAÑSKI 2006). The rapid diffusion of these species is result of their increased ecological flexibility in a new environment; especially anthropogenic soils. Northern American trees and shrubs are especially invasive, including Robinia pseuda- cacia, Quercus rubra and Padus serotina, which were introduced into Polish industrial areas in great numbers in the second half of the 20th century. Robinia pseudacacia coexists with root nodule bacteria significantly increasing the content of nitrates in the substratum (SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA 2011). This has a positive effect on the soil formation process, but it can also hinder the appearance of native species and favor the succession of other alien species, which are mostly nitrophilous; similarly, diasporas of Quercus rubra and Padus serotina easily infiltrated the researched area zoochorically from the nearby forests. When it comes to plants, the formation of a stable mosaic of patches dominated by expansive native grasses (apophytes) such as Agrostis stolonifera, Calamagrostis epigejos, and invasive alien species as well as Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea within the first years of succession is a characteristic phenomenon. Such a superficially dominating vegetation type may in turn persist for many years. The presence of the new, expansive neophyte Typha laxmannii was interesting. In Poland, 29 localities are known, the first being discovered in 1988 near Kielce. In Europe T. laxmannii occurs naturally in Bulgaria, Romania, and the Ukraine, as well as the south-western part of Russia. In the south-western part of the range of occurrence it is a synanthropic species, noted in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia as well as Italy (BARYLA et al. 2005). The next three found localities show that the species is spreading rapidly in anthropogenically modified habitats. T. laxmannii coloni- zation may be connected with anemochoric penetration of the species from the abundant 252 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 72 (2), 2013 WOCH M. W., RADWAŃSKA M., STEFANOWICZ A. M. nearby populations occurring in a locality 3 km west of the researched area (WOCH 2005). On the other hand, the discoveries of garden-grown ephemerophytes such as Antirrhinum majus, Calendula officinalis, Convallaria majalis, Fragaria x ananassa, or Solanum tuberosum are connected with the illegal storage of various types of waste. Perennial species were predominant in the flora of the researched area (82%, 49% of hemicryptophytes); the second group was constituted by annual plants (therophytes) (18%). These values are comparable with the results of earlier studies performed in similar places, where in general the participation of hemicryptophytes is between 33 and 60%, while the participation of therophytes is between 19 and 30% (CABA£A and SYPEÑ 1987; TOKARSKA- -GUZIK et al. 1991; CABA£A and JARZ¥BEK 1999; WORYNA and ROSTAÑSKI 2003; ROSTAÑSKI 1997, 2000, 2006). The large participation of therophytes in initial habitats and xeric areas is connected with the fact that completing a life cycle within an often short vegetation season is an important stress tolerance adaptation (MADON and MÉDAIL 1997). Habitats with coal ashes and carboniferous shale with coal substratum were only slightly overgrown with plants, the large participation of therophytes in it signifies that it is in early succession stages. On a mixed substratum, the largest number of xerothermic species was reported; this is connected with easy water permeability, quick heating, as well as an increased content of calcium carbonate. Ononis spinosa grew on it – a xerothermic grassland species protected in Poland. In some of the waste dumps with the mostly advanced stages of succession, communities similar to mixed forests have been formed, in which the layer of trees included Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula and Salix caprea, and undergrowth connected with Calluna vulgaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Poa nemoralis and Vaccinium myrtillus forest species. Compact turf was formed and a 5–10 cm layer of topsoil was accumulated (humus substratum). Greater shading in this part of the area, the humidity of the northern slopes, as well as the deposition of organic matter from the nearby forest was responsible for rapid forestation. The location on the outskirts of the former mining plant as well the age of the oldest trees estimated on the basis of the number of branch whorls to be between 20 and 30 years implies that the succession in these places already started when the mine was operating. In the humus substratum only, in the favorable climate under the trees there were forest species strictly protected by the Polish law: Epipactis atrorubens, E. helleborine as well as the partially protected Frangula alnus. Plant patches near the forest with rare species of orchids occurred also on the most advanced succession stages in post-mining dumps in the Upper Silesia Coalfield (CABA£A and SYPIEÑ 1987, CABA£A and JARZ¥BEK 1999, ROSTAÑSKI 2006), Lower Silesia Coalfield (KUCZYÑSKA et al. 1984), as well as in post-mining dumps in England and Germany (ASH et al. 1994, ESFELD et al. 2008). 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