206 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 81 (2), 2022 Acta Bot. Croat. 81 (2), 206–212, 2022 CODEN: ABCRA 25 DOI: 10.37427/botcro-2022-018 ISSN 0365-0588 eISSN 1847-8476 Dianthus nezahatiae (Caryophyllaceae), a new species from Northwest Turkey Ergin Hamzaoğlu1*, Salih Sercan Kanoğlu2, Necmi Aksoy3 1 Gazi University, Gazi Faculty of Education, Department of Science Education, TR-06560, Ankara, Turkey 2 Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi, TR-34758, İstanbul, Turkey 3 Düzce University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Engineering, TR-81620, Düzce, Turkey Abstract – Some Dianthus specimens collected from Sakarya and Bolu Provinces (Turkey) are proposed as a new spe- cies. Dianthus nezahatiae Hamzaoğlu (Caryophyllaceae) is naturally distributed in subalpine meadow habitats in the altitude range of 1450 and 1620 m a.s.l. Dianthus nezahatiae differs from D. akdaghensis Gemici et Leblebici because its inner bracts are 1.7−2.1 mm wide, the apex of the epicalyx scales is attenuate–rounded, the petal collar is almost half of the claw width, and the capsule is longer than calyx. This paper gives a description of the species, a comparison with a close taxon, photographs, the distribution map, and its habitat preference. Keywords: Carthusiani, Dianthus, new species, NW Turkey, taxonomy Introduction Although Dianthus L. (carnation) does not have as many taxa as Silene L., it is a well-known genus of the Caryophy- llaceae family owing to its showy flowers and ornamental plants (e.g., carnation: Dianthus spp.) (Greenberg and Donoghue 2011, Madhani et al. 2018). It is easily distinguished from similar genera (e.g., Petrorhagia (Ser.) Link, Saponaria L., Velezia L.) through its multi–veined calyx, tightly arranged epicalyx scales, two styles and peltate seeds with a facial hilum. Dianthus L. is represented by about 350 species in the world, and the majority of them grow in the temperate climate zone of Eurasia (Bittrich 1993, WFO 2021). Boissier (1867) in “Flora Orientalis” described the genus Dianthus L. in 5 sections as Verruculosi Boiss., Leiopetali Boiss., Fimbriati Boiss., Dentati Boiss. and Carthusiani Boiss. Williams (1893) divided the genus Dianthus L. into three su- bgenera (Carthusianastrum F.N.Williams, Caryophyllastrum F.N.Williams, Proliferastrum F.N.Williams), 8 sections and 19 subsections, together with the sections given by Boissier. Among these sections, species in the Carthusiani (Boiss.) F.N.Williams section are characterised by leaf sheats three times as long as they are wide, unbranched stems, sessile f lowers and head–shaped inf lorescences (Reeve 1967, Greenberg and Donoghue 2011). Our study gives a detailed description, images, habitat preference and the distribution of the newly described species from the Carthusiani (Boiss.) F.N.Williams section. Along with the new species described here, the number of the species in the Carthusiani (Boiss.) F.N.Williams section are increased to 11, thus the taxa in the genus Dianthus L. in Turkey is increased to 93 (85 spe- cies) (Davis et al. 1988, Gemici and Leblebici 1995, Güner 2000, Aytaç and Duman 2004, Özhatay and Kültür 2006, Vural 2008, Yılmaz et al. 2011, İlçim et al. 2013, Hamzaoğlu et al. 2014, 2015a, b, c, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, Hamzaoğlu and Koç 2015, 2018, 2019, Deniz et al. 2016, Oskay 2018, Hamzaoğlu 2020). Materials and methods The new species was first collected by the second author (S.S.Kanoğlu) in July 2009, Davlumbaz Platue, in Bolu Prov- ince (NW Turkey), while doing the flora fieldwork for the Sülüklügöl Nature Reserve Project (Kanoğlu et al. 2016). In total 2 herbarium specimens (5 individuals) of the presumed new species were collected from two adjacent localities and deposited in the herbarium of DUOF, but these specimens were misidentified. After the senior author (E.Hamzaoğlu) made a careful examination and comparison of the speci- mens in DUOF, it was realized that the specimens belonged to a new, undescribed species of the genus Dianthus L. from sect. Carthusiani (Boiss.) F.N.Williams. * Corresponding author e-mail: erginhamzaoglu@gazi.edu.tr A NEW SPECIES OF DIANTHUS FROM TURKEY ACTA BOT. CROAT. 81 (2), 2022 207 Thirty-two specimens of the new species were collected and measured in June and August from Gölbaşı Plateau, above Sülüklügöl, located to the east of Çubukköy in the Göynük district (Bolu, NW Turkey). In the diagnosis and evaluation of the specimens, the relevant literature and the specimens found in the GAZI, ANK, HUB, ISTO, ISTE, KNYA, VANF, EGE and K herbaria were used (Reeve 1967, Gemici and Leblebici 1995, Hamzaoğlu and Koç 2019). A Leica EZ4 stereo microscope was used to examine the spec- imens. A Nikon Coolpix S9500 camera was used for taking photos of the species, and ruler with a precision of 0.5 mm was used for the measurements in the description. Results Dianthus nezahatiae Hamzaoğlu, sp. nov. (sect. Carthusiani) Type: TURKEY. A3 Bolu: Göynük, above Çubukköy village, east of Gölbaşı Yaylası, above Sülüklügöl, 1490 m a.s.l., forest clearing, 09.09.2021, Hamzaoğlu 7975 (holo. GAZI!, iso. GAZI!, ANK!, HUB!, DUOF!, NGBB!). Diagnosis. Dianthus nezahatiae is similar to D. akdaghensis Gemici et Leblebici, but it is seperated with the sheaths of its middle leaves 3 times as long as they are wide (not 4–5), inner bracts 1.7–2.1 mm in width and apex attenuate–roun- ded (not 2.3–4.6 mm in width) and apex obtuse–truncate or truncate-emarginate), epicalyx scale apex attenuate– rounded (not obtuse–truncate or emarginate), petal collar ± on half as wide as claw (collar not wide as claw) and cap- sule as long as or longer than calyx (not shorter). Description. Perennial herbs. Stems loosely caespitose, decumbent, ascending or erect, 5−25 cm tall, unbranched, glabrous or pubescent, 5−8-noded. Sterile shoot leaves line- ar, flattened or canaliculate, glabrous or scabrous, as long as or longer than cauline leaves, apex acuminate. Cauline lea- ves linear, flattened or canaliculate, separated to stem, shor- ter or longer than internodes, soft, glabrous to scabrous, apex acuminate; lower persistent after anthesis; middle 12−55 × 1.8−2.1 mm, distinctly 3–veined, margins distinct- ly scarious towards sheath, sheaths 3 times as long as wide; upper flattened, with unexpanded sheath, nodes not swol- len. Inflorescences capitate, unbranched, (2−)3−4(−6)– flowered; peduncles glabrous, 1−6 cm long. Bracts glabrous, green, straw–coloured, brownish or purplish, shorter than calyx; outer ± herbaceous, linear to narrowly lanceolate; in- ner scarious–herbaceous, oblong, veinless below, indistin- ctly 5−9-veined above, separated to calyx, 3/4‒4/5 as long as calyx, 9‒15 × 1.7‒2.1 mm, with 0.3‒0.5 mm scarious and straight margins, apex attenuate–rounded, arista 2/5‒1/2 as long as bract. Epicalyx scales 4; outer scarious–herbaceous, whitish below, greenish, straw–coloured, brownish or purp- lish above, indistinctly 7‒9-veined at apex, glabrous, 1/2‒4/5 as long as calyx, elliptic–oblanceolate, 10‒12 × 2‒3 mm, with 0.3‒0.5 mm scarious and straight margins, apex attenua- te–rounded, arista one third to two fifths as long as scale; inner similar to outer. Enlarged portions of bracts and epi- calyx scales enclosing 1/3‒2/5 of calyx. Calyx cylindrical– lanceolate, 11‒13 × 3‒4.5 mm, ± distinctly 40‒45-veined above, glabrous, purplish or sometimes brownish; teeth ovate–triangular, 2.5‒3.2 × 1.7‒2.5 mm, glabrous or pubes- cent towards apex, 7‒9-veined, margins narrowly scarious and ciliate, apex acuminate. Petals 14‒18 mm long; limb cu- neate to obovate, 5‒7 × 4‒5 mm, c. one third as long as petal, c. 1/3 exserted from calyx, unspotted, ebarbellate or sparsely barbellate, reddish–purple or pinkish, 7‒9–toothed, teeth irregular, very broadly triangular, up to 1/6 as long as limb; claw 10‒11 × 1.0‒1.1 mm, collar ± 1/2 as wide as claw. Cap- sule as long as or longer than calyx. Seeds ovate, blackish, 2.3‒3.0 × 1.6‒2.1 mm. Etymology. The Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi is one of the organizations that financially supported the col- lection of the first specimens from nature, so that authors proposed the name as Nezahat Gökyiğit. Vernacular name. There is no recognized vernacular na- me for this new species. For this reason, the name ‘Hanım Karanfili’ (in Turkish) is proposed. Distribution and habitat. According to the observations at the type locality, especially the surroundings of Sülüklügöl Nature Reserve (Bolu and Sakarya Provinces, NW Turkey), Dianthus nezahatiae prefers subalpine meadows between 1450−1620 m a.s.l. The flowering period is June–September. Festuca heterophylla Lam., Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis subsp. hispidus, Marrubium astracanicum Jacq. subsp. astracanicum, Minuartia anatolica (Boiss.) Woronow, Stachys byzantina K.Koch, Trifolium hybridum L., Sedum pallidum M.Bieb., Hypericum linarioides Bosse and Allium sibthorpianum Schult. et Schult.f. from herbaceous species and Buxus sempervirens L., Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. from woody species are most commonly observed in the habitat of the species, which generally prefers less sloping lands. Due to the intensive grazing at the subalpine habitats of Sülüklügöl Nature Reserve its nearby, the population of this newly described species is sparse. Individuals of the species may be found around sheltered shrubby species (usually Buxus sempervirens) (Fig. 1). Phenology. The flowering and fruiting periods of D. nezahatiae are quite long and successive. While the first flowers are in fruit, new flowers may bloom. The flowering peroid is between mid–June and late September. The first fruit becomes mature at the end of July. Fruiting period proceeds up to mid–October. Conservation status. According to the current data, D. nezahatiae is currently known from the Gölbaşı, Karabey and Davlumbaz Plateaus in the subalpine meadows around Sülüklügöl Nature Reserve (Bolu and Sakarya Provinces, NW Turkey). It is observed that the individuals of this spe- cies are mostly found near the dwarf shrubs like Buxus sempervirens. Only few individuals are observed due to there being heavy grazing in the open area. However, it is not possible to say that this situation poses a threat to the species, because there are many shrubs in the subalpine HAMZAOĞLU E., KANOĞLU S. S., AKSOY N. 208 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 81 (2), 2022 meadow area and the probability of encountering the spe- cies at the edges of these shrubs is quite high. In addition, when mature fruits were examined, it was observed that the species was quite successful in fertility of seed production. Considering that Gölbaşı, Karabey and Davlumbaz Plateaus (Bolu and Sakarya Provinces, NW Turkey) and similar ha- bitats are in the immediate vicinity, the population area of D. nezahatiae is measured as less than 100 km2 (EOO: ap- proximately 32 km2). Considering together the known dis- tibution area and the possible threats, the threat category is assessed as “Vulnerable [VU: B2b(iii)]” based on (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2019). The Sülüklügöl Nature Reserve and nearby surroundin- gs are a natural arboretum due to the diversity of woody plants (Kanoğlu et al. 2016). This is important in terms of botanical tourism. On the other hand, D. nezahatiae in the subalpine habitat is valuable in terms of alpine gardening with the dwarf form and long flowering period. Therefore, it is suitable for use as an ornamental plant in alpine gardens and rock gardens, and on road slopes. It is important to pro- tect the area for the reasons specified above. Dianthus nezahatiae is included in Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanic Garden (İstanbul Province, Turkey) live collections and the first step for ex–situ protection studies was taken. Discussion Studies have shown that the epicalyx scales are the most reliable feature to be used in differentiating the species of the Carthusiani section of Turkey (Hamzaoğlu et al. 2017, Hamzaoğlu and Koç 2019). The shape of the enlarged por- tions of the bracts and epicalyx scales (except arista), mar- gin membrane width, apex shape (acute, obtuse, truncate, emerginate), number and prominence of the vein, ratio of arista/calyx can be used to distinguish taxa. In addition to the bracts and epicalyx scales; other characters such as ca- lyx length, number of veins, tooth shape and dimension; petal length, limb shape and dimensions, number of teeth, collar / claw ratio parameters also contibute to the identifi- cation. To generalize, it can be said that the shapes and the rates are more reliable as distinctive characters. features. Dianthus nezahatiae is closely related to D. akdaghensis in that the petal limb is cuneate or obovate, the arista in the inner bracts are two fifths to one half of the whole bract, and the calyx teeth are 2.5–4 mm long (Gemici and Leblebici 1995). When these two species are morphologically com- pared, it is understood that some characters are the most distinctive while some are only partially so because they overlap (Tab. 1). For instance, the width of the middle cauline leaves and the width of the sheath length seem to be non-overlapping, and thus they are distinctive characters. It can be said that the ratio of leaf sheath length to its width is a reliable char- acter for the Carthusiani section (Hamzaoğlu and Koç 2019). On the other hand, considering that it is easily affect- ed by environmental factors, the same cannot be said of leaf width (Tab. 1). When only the examined specimens are taken as a cri- terion, the width of the inner bracts is a distinctive charac- ter. Inner bracts are 1.7−2.1 mm in width for Dianthus nezahatiae, 2.3−4.6 mm for D. akdaghensis (Fig. 2, Tab. 1). Difference between the largest values of D. nezahatiae (2.3 Fig. 1. A – subalpine habitat above Sülüklügöl Nature Reserve (Bolu and Sakarya Provinces, NW Turkey), B – Buxus sempervirens sur- roundings. A NEW SPECIES OF DIANTHUS FROM TURKEY ACTA BOT. CROAT. 81 (2), 2022 209 mm) and D. akdaghensis (2.1 mm) is considered not to be a distinctive feature considering later collections of this spe- cies from the wild in further studies. On the other hand, when a large number of specimens of both species are examined, it can be said that the prob- ability of encountering a D. nezahatiae specimen with a Tab. 1. Distinguishing characters between Dianthus nezahatiae Hamzaoğlu and D. akdaghensis Gemici et Leblebici. Characters Dianthus nezahatiae Dianthus akdaghensis Clearly distinguishing Width of middle leaves 1.8−2.1 mm 0.9−1.5 mm Medium leaves sheath 3 times as long as wide 4–5 times as long as wide Width of inner bracts 1.7−2.1 mm 2.3−4.6 mm Apex of inner bracts attenuate-rounded obtuse-truncate or truncate-emarginate Apex of epicalyx scales attenuate-rounded obtuse-truncate or emarginate Enlarged portions of bracts and epicalyx scales enclosing 1/3‒2/5 of calyx enclosing c. 1/2 of calyx Petal collar/claw ratio collar ± 1/2 as wide as claw collar as wide as claw Capsule/calyx ratio capsule as long as or longer than calyx capsule shorter than calyx Seed shape ovate elliptic Partially distinguishing Calyx length 11−13 mm 13−16 mm Shape of calyx teeth ovate-triangular lanceolate-triangular Size of calyx teeth 2.5−3.2 × 1.7−2.5 mm 3−4 × 1.3−1.8 mm Fig. 2. Dianthus nezahatiae Hamzaoğlu. A – habit of holotype specimen (Hamzaoğlu 7975, GAZI herbarium), B – flower, C – capsule and calyx. HAMZAOĞLU E., KANOĞLU S. S., AKSOY N. 210 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 81 (2), 2022 width of 3 mm or more in future studies is quite low. The shape of the inner bracts apex (except arista) are a more re- liable character and can be used to distinguish these two species. Since it has a stable structure, the shape of the epicalyx scales apex provides a clear distinction between Dianthus nezahatiae and D. akdaghensis (Fig. 2, Tab. 1). The calyx closure ratio of the enlarged parts of the bracts and epicalyx scales is one third to two fifths in D. nezahatiae and one half or slightly more in D. akdaghensis. two fifths and ca. one half; while the values seem close, the one third value can be used as a clear discriminator. The ratio of the petal collar width to the claw width, whether the capsule passes through the calyx, and the seed shape are distinctive char- acters in the discrimination of these two species. Although these characters are not used directly as distinguishing characters, it is possible to use them as supporting charac- ters (Fig. 2, Tab. 1). Dianthus nezahatiae prefers subalpine meadows 1450 m a.s.l. as lowest, 1620 m s.s.l. as highest altitude in Northwest Turkey (above Sülüklügöl, Bolu and Sakarya Provinces). Dianthus akdaghensis is similar to D. nezahatiae in terms of habitat and altitude preference, but D. akdaghensis grows in relatively more arid climatic conditions in Southern Tur- key (Antalya, Isparta, Konya and Mersin Provinces) (Fig. 3). Key to the species of Dianthus section Carthusiani in Turkey 1. Epicalyx scales narrowed gradually into an acute or acu- minate apex .............................................................. giganteus – Epicalyx scales abrubtly contracted into an aristate apex ....................................................................................... 2 2. Inflorescence (4–)7–15(–35)-flowered; enlarged portions of bracts and epicalyx scales enclosing 1/3 of calyx; epi- calyx scales with membranous margin 0.6–1.1 mm wide ....................................................................................... cruentus – Inflorescence (2–)4–9(–16)-flowered; enlarged portions of bracts and epicalyx scales enclosing 1/2–4/5 of calyx; epicalyx scales with membranous margin 0.2–0.6 mm wide ....................................................................................... 3 3. Epicalyx scales 5–9 mm long; cauline leaves filiform, 0.5– 1 mm wide, 1–3-veined, circular or canaliculate in cross- section ...................................................................................... 4 – Epicalyx scales 10–26 mm long; cauline leaves linear, 0.9–3 mm wide, 3–5-veined, flattened or canaliculate in cross-section .................................................................. 6 4. Apex of epicalyx scales acute to obtuse-emarginate, aris- ta 1/3-1/2 as long as scale; petal 16–20 mm long, limb 5‒7 mm long and barbellate ........................................ pinifolius – Apex of epicalyx scales obtuse-truncate to emarginate, arista 1/4 as long as scale; petal 11–15 mm long, limb 3.5‒5 mm long and ebarbellate ....................................... 5 5. Sheaths of medium cauline laeves 5−7 times as long as wide; enlarged portions of bracts and epicalyx scales en- closing 3/5–4/5 of calyx; calyx c. 2 mm wide and 25–35-veined ............................................................. moesiacus – Sheaths of medium cauline laeves 3−5 times as long as wide; enlarged portions of bracts and epicalyx scales enclosing 1/2–3/5 of calyx; calyx 2.5–4.0 mm wide and 40–45-veined ............................................................. ucarii 6. Petal limb cuneate or obovate, 4−7 × 3.5−6 mm ............ 7 – Petal limb broadly obovate or suborbicular, 8−12 × 6−10 mm ..................................................................................... 10 7. Epicalyx scales 13−26 mm long, ± distinctly 9–13–veined at apex; calyx 17−22 mm long ............................... cibrarius – Epicalyx scales 10−12 mm long, indistinctly 7–9–vei- ned at apex; calyx 11−16 mm long .................................. 8 8. Stems erect; arista of inner bracts 1/4–1/3 as long as bract; calyx teeth 4−6 mm long .......................... carthusianorum – Stems decumbent, ascending or erect; arista of inner bracts 2/5–1/2 as long as bract; calyx teeth 2.5−4 mm long ....................................................................................... 9 9. Sheaths of medium cauline laeves 4−5 times as long as wide; apex of epicalyx obtuse–truncate or truncate– emarginate; petal collar as wide as claw; capsule shorter than calyx; seeds elliptic .................................. akdaghensis Fig. 3. Distribution map of Dianthus nezahatiae () and D. akdaghensis (). A NEW SPECIES OF DIANTHUS FROM TURKEY ACTA BOT. CROAT. 81 (2), 2022 211 – Sheaths of medium cauline laeves 3 times as long as wide; apex of epicalyx attenuate-rounded; petal collar ± 1/2 as wide as claw; capsule as long as or longer than calyx; seeds ovate ............................................. nezahatiae 10. Inner bracts with 0.6–1.1 mm wide scarious margins; epi- calyx scales acute or obtuse and distinctly 7–9–veined at apex; petal limb 7‒11–toothed ...................... carmelitarum – Inner bracts with 0.3–0.5 mm wide scarious margins; epicalyx scales obruse–truncate or emarginate and in- distinctly 3–5–veined at apex; petal limb 5‒7–toothed ......................................................................................... lydus Specimens examined Dianthus nezahatiae (paratypes). TURKEY. A3 Bolu: Göynük, down Davlumbaz Yaylası, above Sülüklügöl, 1505 m a.s.l., 21.6.2009, S.S.Kanoğlu 1679 and A.Kaya (DUOF 2527!); Göynük, down Davlumbaz Yaylası, above Sül- üklügöl, 1466 m, step, 01.08.2010, S.S.Kanoğlu 1871 and A.Kaya (NGBB 10001!); Sakarya: Akyazı, S of Dokurcun village, above Sülüklügöl, around Karabey Yaylası, 1530 m a.s.l., 26.6.2021, Hamzaoğlu 7869 and N.Aksoy (GAZI!); above Sülüklügöl, Davlumbaz Yaylası, 1610 m a.s.l., subal- pine meadows, 13.8.2021, N.Aksoy 8441 (DUOF!); ibid., 1600 m a.s.l., N.Aksoy 8442 (DUOF!). Dianthus akdaghensis. TURKEY. B3 Konya: Ilgın, N of Dığrak and Çiğil road, 1450 m a.s.l., Quercus clearing, 14.7.2017, C.Sağlam 1113 (KNYA!); C2 Muğla: Fethiye, Akdağ, W side, above Camialanı, 2200 m a.s.l., rocky lime- stone slopes, 8.7.1993, Y.Gemici 6928, G.Görk and N.Özel (holotype, EGE!); Antalya: Between Elmalı and Seki, Akdağ, Yılmazlı Yaylası road, 1700 m a.s.l., grassy plains, 17.6.2013, Hamzaoğlu 6762, A.Aksoy and M.Koç (ANK!, GAZI!, HUB!, ISTE!, ISTO!, KNYA!, VANF!); C3 Antalya: Kemer, above Çukuryayla, 1790 m a.s.l., grassy plains, 1.8.2013, Hamzaoğlu 6958 (GAZI!); Isparta: Sütçüler, above Beydili village, W slopes of Sarp Mountain, 1610 m a.s.l., grassy plains among rocks, 10.7.2014, Hamzaoğlu 7079 and M.Koç (ANK!, GAZI!, ISTE!); ibid., Çimenova [just this written], c. 1500 m a.s.l., 28.7.1949, P.H.Davis 15816 (ANK!); Eğridir Kasnak [Quercus vulcanica] forest, Otluca Kuyusu place, 1140 m a.s.l., 7.7.1970, A.Gökşin s.n. 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