Non-destructive investigation of the Kyathos (6th-4th centuries BCE) from the necropolis Volna 1 on the Taman Peninsula by neutron resonance capture and X-ray fluorescence analysis


ACTA IMEKO 
ISSN: 2221-870X 
September 2022, Volume 11, Number 3, 1 - 6 

 

ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org September 2022 | Volume 11 | Number 3 | 1 

Non-destructive investigation of the Kyathos (6th-4th 
centuries BCE) from the necropolis Volna 1 on the Taman 
Peninsula by neutron resonance capture and X-ray 
fluorescence analysis 

Nina Simbirtseva1,2, Pavel V. Sedyshev1, Saltanat Mazhen1,2, Almat Yergashov1,2, Andrei Yu. Dmitriev1, 
Irina A. Saprykina3, Roman A. Mimokhod3  

1 Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia 
2 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty, 050032, the Republic of Kazakhstan 
3 Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 

 

 

Section: RESEARCH PAPER  

Keywords: Neutron resonance capture analysis; non-destructive neutron analysis; XRF analysis  

Citation: Nina Simbirtseva, Pavel V. Sedyshev, Saltanat Mazhen, Almat Yergashov, Andrei Yu. Dmitriev, Irina A. Saprykina, Roman A. Mimokhod, Non-
destructive investigation of the Kyathos (6th-4th centuries BCE) from the necropolis Volna 1 on the Taman Peninsula by neutron resonance capture and X-
ray fluorescence analysis, Acta IMEKO, vol. 11, no. 3, article 20, September 2022, identifier: IMEKO-ACTA-11 (2022)-03-20 

Section Editor: Francesco Lamonaca, University of Calabria, Italy 

Received March 5, 2021; In final form August 31, 2022; Published September 2022 

Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, 
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 

Corresponding author: Nina V. Simbirtseva, e-mail: simbirtseva@jinr.ru  

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Neutron Resonance Capture Analysis (NRCA) is known as 
technique for non-destructive investigations of various objects, 
including archeological artifacts and objects of cultural heritage. 
The induced activity in experiments with bronze artefacts is 
practically absent, what was evaluated in several works one of 
them you can find in Ref. [1]. 

The method relies on registration neutron resonances in 
radiative capture and measurement the yield of reaction products 
in these resonances. The energy positions of resonances give 
information about isotope and elemental composition of an 
object. The area under the resonances can be used to calculate 
the number of the element or isotope’s nuclei. 

NRCA is applied for various studies at different institutes and 
sources, such as the GELINA pulsed neutron source of the 
Institute of Reference Materials and Measurements of the Joint 
Research Center (Gel, Belgium) [2] the ISIS pulsed neutron and 
muon source in the United Kingdom [3] and the J-PARC pulsed 
neutron source in Japan [4].  

At present, the NRCA is also used at the Frank Laboratory of 
Neutron Physics (FLNP) in the Joint Institute Nuclear Research 
(JINR), Dubna, Russia [5]. The experiments are carried out at the 
Intense Resonance Neutron Source (IREN) facility [6]-[8] with 
multi-sectional liquid scintillator detector (210 liters), which is 
used for the registration prompt gamma-quanta [9]. One of these 
experiments at the IREN facility was carried out for the kyathos 
which was transferred by the Institute of Archeology of the 
Russian Academy of Sciences. 

ABSTRACT 
The method of Neutron Resonance Capture Analysis (NRCA) is currently being developed at the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physi cs. 
The Analysis determines the elemental and isotope compositions of objects non-destructively, which makes it suitable measurement 
tools for artefacts without sampling. NRCA is based on the registration of neutron resonances in radiative capture and the measurement 
of the yield of reaction products in these resonances.  
The potential of NRCA at the Intense Resonance Neutron Source facility is demonstrated on the investigation of a Kyathos (6th-4th 
centuries BCE) from the necropolis Volna 1 on the Taman Peninsula. In addition, X-ray analysis was applied to the same archeological 
object. The element composition determined by NRCA and XRF data is in agreement. 

mailto:simbirtseva@jinr.ru
https://context.reverso.net/%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4/%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9/Russian+Academy+of+Sciences


 

ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org September 2022 | Volume 11 | Number 3 | 2 

2. THE KYATHOS  

In 2016-2018 a Sochi Expedition group of Institute of 
Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IA RAS) 
under the leadership of Roman A. Mimokhod [10] conducted 
excavations of an antique town soil necropolis Volna 1 on the 
Taman Peninsula (Figure 1). 

The necropolis is dated to the middle / second quarter of the 
6th century BC - the beginning of the 3rd century BC, the main 
period of its use dates back to the second half of the 6th-5th 
centuries BC. The burials of the Volna 1 necropolis were 
supposedly left by the Greek and Barbarian population; the 
earliest burials may have been left by settlers who arrived from 
the territory of Magna Graecia (children's burials in amphorae, 
burials in the "rider's pose", etc.). The burial ground Volna-1 is 
an important monument for studying of a problem of Greek-
Barbarian relations on the territory of the borderland - the 
Northern Black Sea region, the clash and interaction of two 
different ethnocultural layers of the population. The social 
structure, economic and political position of the first Greek 
colonies on the territory of the Bosporus depended on the nature 
of these contacts, their duration and strength, and the 
development of adaptive mechanisms. This interaction process 
was extremely complex, multifaceted and contradictory. On the 
one hand, with the emergence of the Greek colonies, 
confrontational relations with the local population inevitably 
developed, on the other hand, the Greek colonists and the local 
population influenced on each other. This process was 
superimposed on the specificity and uniqueness of the Northern 
Black Sea region, where for a long time societies of 
fundamentally different economic structures, the level of 
development of social, political and economic life came into 
contact. 

More than 2,000 burials have been uncovered within the 
boundaries of the necropolis. An anthropological material, 
representative and significant for the history and archeology of 
the Northern Black Sea region, was obtained. The collection of 
items obtained during the excavations is represented by ceramic 
materials, incl. production of ceramic centers of Ancient Greece 
(container amphoras, kiliks, skyphoses, drinking bowls, 
lekythoses, askoses, etc.), Phoenician glass, weapons (spears, 
swords, arrows), protective weapons (full armor, helmet of the 

Corinthian type), jewelry (bronze, silver and gold earrings and 
rings, etc.), coins and other categories of burial objects. 

All this testifies to the fact that the Volna 1 burial ground is a 
city necropolis. This places it in the category of the most 
prestigious necropolises of the Bosporan Kingdom. The 
necropolis was associated with the settlement of the same name, 
to which it adjoins from the north. In a settlement, existed from 
the pre-Greek period to the 3rd century BC, the systems of urban 
planning, stone house-building were studied. The fact that it is 
not a rural settlement, but a polis is evidenced by a number of 
prestigious finds, including, for example, a ceramic mask, which 
most likely indicates the presence of a theater in the city. 

In the burials, objects rare for the territory of the Northern 
Black Sea region were found: a bronze prosthesis with a wooden 
support structure for a leg, an iron plate armor, a bronze 
Corinthian helmet of the "Hermione" type, musical instruments 
(cithara, lyre), a wreath on a gilded bone base with bronze petals 
and gold beads, as well as a series of kiathoi - ancient Greek 
vessels for pouring wine [11]. 

There are in total 17 burials from the materials of the 
excavations of IA RAS, where bronze kyathoi or their fragments 
were found. Their planigraphy is illustrative. Burials with these 
items are located in the early section of the necropolis, in the 
northwestern part (Figure 2). 

 

Figure 1. Location of the Volna 1 necropolis.  

 

Figure 2. The scheme of the necropolis of excavations 2017 - 2018 and a 
location of the burials with kiathoi. 



 

ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org September 2022 | Volume 11 | Number 3 | 3 

In the excavations of the IA RAS in 2016, which is located to 
the south, kiathoi were not found. A Burial 656, in which the 
item, considered in the article, was found (Figure 3, 1), was 
paired. 

One skeleton belonged to a man 45-55 years old, the second 
- to a woman 20-25 years old. The burial was done in a box, 
which was made of mud blocks. The dead were laid on a klinai - 
a wooden bed, from the legs of which characteristic recesses 
remained in the grave. The burial had pronounced military 
attributes. Fragments of an iron sword have been found near the 
male skeleton; an accompanying burial of a horse was done next 
to the pit. The kyathos was found in the filling of the burial pit. 
Its original position is unclear. However, the grave contains 
vessels that are clearly associated with wine drinking: skyphos 
(Figure 3, 3) and kilik (Figure 3, 4). The kyathos, as an item for 
scooping and pouring wine, complements this set. The volume 
of the scoop was 0.045 liters, that is, a quarter of a sextarius. In 
contrast to various similar finds made of clay (their production 
from clay began at the end of the 6th century BC), the kiathoi 
found on the territory of the necropolis Volna 1 were made of 
metal. It moves them in to the category of special objects. 
Presumably, these kiathoi refer to Greek imports that entered the 
northern Black Sea region along with the Greek colonists. 

3. NRCA EXPERIMENT 

The investigations were carried out at IREN facility.  The 
main part of the IREN facility is a linear electron accelerator. The 
facility parameters: the average energy of electrons was ~ 60 
MeV, the peak current was ~ 1.5 А, the width of electron pulse 
was ~ 100 ns, and the repetition rate was 25 Hz. Neutron 

producing target is made of tungsten-based alloy and represents 
a cylinder 40 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height placed within 
an aluminum can 160 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height. 
Distilled water is circulated inside the can, providing target 
cooling and neutron moderation. Water layer thickness in a radial 
direction is 50 mm. The total neutron yield was about 3∙1011 s-1. 
The measurements were carried out at the 58.6 meters flight path 
of the 3rd channel of the IREN. The big liquid scintillator 
detector was used for the registration of γ-quanta. The sample 
was placed inside the detector. The neutron flux was 
permanently monitored by the SNM-17 neutron counter. 

The signals from the detector and the monitor counter were 
simultaneously fed to the two independent inputs of time-to-
digital converter (TDC).  

The measurements with the sample lasted about 136 hours. 
The resonance energies were determined according to the 
formula: 

𝐸 =
5227 𝐿2

𝑡 2
 , (1) 

where 𝑡 is time of flight in microseconds, 𝐿 flight path in meters, 
𝐸 kinetic energy of a neutron in eV. 

The resonances of silver, tin, copper and arsenic were 
identified on the time-of-flight spectrum (Figure 4, Figure 5) [12],  
[13].  

 

Figure 3. Volna 1. Items from burial 656: 1 – kyathos, 2 - bowl, 3 – skyphos, 4 
- kilik, 5 - lekythos.  

 

Figure 4. The part of time-of-flight spectrum of (n,γ) reactions on the kyathos 
material. 

 

Figure 5. The part of time-of-flight spectrum of (n,γ) reactions on the kyathos 
material.  



 

ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org September 2022 | Volume 11 | Number 3 | 4 

The measurements with standard samples of identified 
elements were made in addition to the measurement with the 
investigated sample. Parts of time-of-flight spectra of (n, γ) 
reactions on the material of standard silver, tin, copper and 
arsenic samples are shown in Figure 6 to Figure 9. 

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 

Five resonances of tin, two resonances of copper, one 
resonance of silver and one resonance of arsenic were selected 
during the analysis of the experimental data. Only well-resolved,   
without overlapping, with sufficient statistics and unambiguously 
known parameters resonances were analyzed. The sum of the 
detector counts in resonance is expressed by the formula: 

∑ 𝑁 = 𝑓(𝐸0) ⋅ 𝑆 ⋅ 𝑡 ⋅ 𝜀𝛾 ⋅
𝛤𝛾

𝛤
𝐴 . (2) 

Here, 𝑓(𝐸0) is the neutron flux density at the resonance 
energy 𝐸0, 𝑆 – the sample area, 𝑡 – measuring time, 𝜀𝛾 – the 

detection efficiency of the detector radiative capture, 𝛤𝛾 , 𝛤 – the 
radiative and total resonance widths. 

𝐴 = ∫ [1 − 𝑇(𝐸)]
𝐸2

𝐸1

d𝐸 (3) 

– resonance area on the transmission curve, where 𝐸1, 𝐸2 – 
initial and final values of energy range near resonance. 

𝑇(𝐸) = 𝑒 −𝑛 𝜎(𝐸) (4) 

– the energy dependence of the neutron transmission by the 

sample; 𝜎(𝐸) – the total cross section at this energy with 
Doppler broadening, 𝑛 – the number of isotope nuclei per unit 
area. The value 𝐴 was determined from experimental data for 
investigated sample by the formula: 

𝐴𝑥 =
∑ 𝑁𝑥 ⋅ 𝑀𝑠 ⋅ 𝑆𝑠
∑ 𝑁𝑠 ⋅ 𝑀𝑥 ⋅ 𝑆𝑥

⋅ 𝐴𝑠  . (5) 

Here, ∑ 𝑁𝑥 , ∑ 𝑁𝑠 counts under the resonance peak of the 
investigated and standard samples, 𝑆𝑥 , 𝑆𝑠 – the area of the 
investigated and standard samples. 𝑀𝑥 , 𝑀𝑠 – the number of 
monitor counts during the measurement of the investigated and 
standard samples. 

We used a program written according to the algorithm given 

in [14] for calculation of 𝐴𝑠  (resonance area on the transmission 
curve of the standard sample) and 𝑛𝑥 (the number of isotope 
nuclei per unit area of the investigated sample) values. This 

procedure is schematically shown in (Figure 10). The 𝐴𝑠 value 
was calculated by means of known resonances parameters and 

 

Figure 6. The part of time-of-flight spectrum of (n,γ) reactions of the standard 
silver sample.  

 

Figure 7. The part of time-of-flight spectrum of (n,γ) reactions of the standard 
tin sample.  

 

Figure 8. The part of time-of-flight spectrum of (n, γ) reactions of the standard 
copper sample. 

 

Figure 9. The part of time-of-flight spectrum of (n,γ) reactions of the standard 
arsenic sample.  



 

ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org September 2022 | Volume 11 | Number 3 | 5 

𝑛𝑥 parameters for the standard sample. The 𝑛𝑥 value was 
determined from the investigated sample 𝐴𝑥 value.  

The first measurement with the Kyathos [16] hadn’t shown 
satisfactory results for copper and arsenic. It was decided to 
repeat the measurement but take into account archeological 
object and neutron flux features. The Kyathos is a relatively long 
object (a length is about 16 cm) and has uneven thickness 
distribution (a handle and a bucket). As we know the neutron 
flux intensity decrease from a center to an edge it makes sense to 
measure the investigated object in parts and place every part to 
the center of the beam line. This experiment was carried out and 
we have obtained two spectrums (with the handle and with the 
bucket separately) that were summarized taking into account 
monitoring coefficients (Figure 4, Figure 5). The analysis results 
are presented in the Table 1. 

The NRCA has limitations correlated to the neutron flux 
intensity at IREN facility at the present time, using of certain type 
of a detector system in an experiment and a matrix of elements 
in an investigated object. And besides that, this method has low 
sensitivity to elements lighter than iron and to elements that have 
atomic mass close to magic mass numbers (bismuth, lead, etc.) 

Additional measurements therefore were carried out by X-ray 
fluorescence (XRF) on 4 points of archeological object by means 
portable spectrometer 5i Tracer (Bruker) (Table 2).  

The element composition of the Kyathos determined by 
NRCA and XRF are in agreement; some differences in wt% 
could be well understood due to the different nature of the 
analysis. The application of the XRF analysis allows determining 
the elemental composition on the surface. NRCA, in turn, does 
not measure the element and isotope compositions just on the 
surface but rather in the bulk (through the whole volume of the 
object), the analytical results are not significantly affected by 
surface corrosion. 

5. CONCLUSION 

NRCA carried out at the Intense Resonance Neutron Source 
(IREN) facility for the Kyathos from the necropolis Volna 1 on 
the Taman Peninsula showed that this method delivers 
satisfactory results. The mass of kyathos, determined by weighing 
is 86.7 g. According to the result of NRCA the value of 
determining total elements mass coincides with the kyathos mass 
within the margin of error and considering the presence of 
silicon, aluminum and iron on the surface of the object. The 
element composition of the Kyathos determined by NRCA and 
XRF are in agreement.  

The results obtained confirm the using of tin bronze to make 
the investigated kyathos. The recorded presence of tin in the 
composition of the alloy, its quantitative characteristics, along 
with the established presence of arsenic, refers us to the type of 
alloy characteristic of archaic Greece [17]. The presence of such 
elements as arsenic, silver point to the conclusion that copper 
was obtained from polymetallic ores. 

NRCA allows not only identifying the elemental and isotopic 
composition of the sample but also makes it possible to 
determine the amounts of elements and isotopes in the whole 
volume of the object. The method is non-destructive; the 
induced activity of the bronze samples is practically absent. All 
this makes it promising for research of archaeological artifacts 
and objects of cultural heritage. Although the number of facilities 
that can provide suitable neutron beams is limited, NRCA might 
be a useful additional analyzing technique.  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

The authors express their gratitude to the staff of the IREN 
facility and to A. P. Sumbaev, the head of the development of 
the facility, to V. V. Kobets, the head of sector No.5 of the 
Scientific and Experimental Injection and Ring Division of the 
Nuclotron (Veksler and Baldin Laboratory of High Energy 
Physics), for the supporting with uninterrupted operation of the 
facility in the process of measurements. 

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Figure 10. Dependence of value A on a number of nuclei and resonance 
parameters with taking into account Δ (Doppler effect) [15].  

Table 1. The results of measurements with the kyathos by NRCA (the bulk). 

№ Element Mass, g Weight, % 

1 Cu 59.7 ± 3.9 68.8 ± 4.5 

2 Sn 5.29 ± 0.23 6.10 ± 0.26 

3 As 0.1892 ± 0.0081 0.02179 ± 0.0094 

4 Ag 0.0131 ± 0.0014 0.0151 ± 0.0016 

Table 2. The results of measurements with the kyathos by XRF, averaged over 
four points (the surface). 

№ Element Weight, % 

1 Cu 61.63 ± 0.31 

2 Si 21.57 ± 0.15 

3 Al 7.02 ± 0.19 

4 Sn 4.58 ± 0.25 

5 Fe 4.254 ± 0.075 

6 Pb 0.684 ± 0.073 

7 Ti 0.327 ± 0.057 

8 As 0.050 ± 0.017 

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