AP03_6.vp 1 Introduction In the area in question there are some problems arising in practical life, which have not been solved up to now. One of these is an assessment of the effect of each environmental component (constituent) on the total condition of the envi- ronment. In addition, there are new possibilities in the area of ventilation and ascertaining acceptable indoor air quality: the great variety of air volumes corresponding to each limit for unadapted and adapted persons, so that every situation that can occur in practice may be provided with the correct quan- tity of outdoor air. An attempt to list the benefits of the new system is presented at the end of this paper. 2 A new prospect: the assessment of the effect of each constituent on the total environmental level Perhaps the greatest advantage of the new decibel unit is the possibility of a new type of microenvironment evaluation: first each constituent (component) is assessed separately, and then its effect on the whole environment is assessed. Decibels can also be a new basis for a constituent mutual interaction study. The paper by [46] can be used for this purpose. Various constituents have different effects on the resulting environ- ment: e.g. our health is more threatened by cold than by posi- tive aeroions. An increase of 6 dB represents a doubling of the sound pressure level, although an increase of about 10 dB is required before the sound subjectively appears to be twice as loud. The smallest change we can hear is about 3 dB. This is valid for the Weber-Fechner law and is also valid in a similar manner for the odor constituent. This, however, does not apply to the interaction of acoustic and odor or other constituents, as is evident from Rohles’ [46] results. The preliminary results from Rohles et al [46] are pre- sented in Table 3.1. The hygrothermal component seems to be the most important (30 %). It is followed by illumination (24 %), acoustic (22 %), toxic (10 %), odor (8 %) and aerosol (6 %) constituents. The influence of acoustic (AC) and odor (OD) constituents on the overall environment can be expressed as follows: L P P acoustic AC� �20 20 22 100 20 20 log log [dB] (1) L i i odorCO CO CO OD 2 2 290 485 8 100 90 485 � �log log � � [dCd], [decicarbdiox] (2) or L i i odor TVOC TVOC TVOC OD� �50 50 8 100 50 50 log log � � [dTv], [decitvoc] (3) where AC � 0.22, OD � 0.08 (22 % and 8 % from Rohles’s paper [46]). 38 © Czech Technical University Publishing House http://ctn.cvut.cz/ap/ Acta Polytechnica Vol. 43 No. 6/2003 Indoor Air Quality Assessment Based on Human Physiology – Part 3. Applications M. V. Jokl The proposed evaluation system allows something quite new: a) the assessment of the effect of each environmental component (constituent) on the total environment level, b) accurate estimation of air volume for various locations, human occupations and sources of harmful gases. Additional benefits are listed at the conclusion of this part. Keywords: indoor air quality, odors, air changes estimation. Constituent (or part of it) Impact [%] Constituent factors Hygrothermal 30.1 HT � 0.30 globe temperature 15.8 air streaming 7.2 air humidity 7.1 Odor 7.5 OD � 0.08 Toxic (tobacco smoke only) 9.9 TX � 0.10 Aerosol 6.6 AE � 0.06 Acoustic 21.9 AC � 0.22 loudness 8.7 noisy distractions 8.6 pitch of sounds 4.6 Lighting 24.0 LI � 0.24 brightness 11.0 glare 7.9 shadows 5.1 Table 3.1: The impact of some constituents and their parts on the perceived overall environment (according to Rohles et al [46]) 3 Accurate ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality For this purpose BSR/ASHRAE 62-1989 R can be applied, i.e. the proposed system of dCd and dTv is compatible with this standard. First, “Prescriptive Requirements”, presented in Table 6.1 should be changed: instead of RP and RB air polution sources, GP (produced by human bodies and characterized by CO2 production) and GB (produced by building interior surfaces and characterized by TVOC production) should be used (see Table 3.2) calculated from formulas (4) and (5). G R R R P P P P � � � � � � � � � � � � 2420 10 10 0 21 10 7 6 6 2 1 1 1 . [ ] . [ l s p l h � �p 1] (4) G R RB B B� � � 580 10 10 0 57 3 . [�g �s�1� m�2] (5) where RP [l � s �1 � p�1] and RB [l � s �1 � m�2] are original values presented in BSR/ASHRAE 62-1989 R in Table 6.1a. Values of CO2 production from people or values of TVOC emanation within a building are prescribed for the estimation of minimum ventilation requirements or direct minimum ventilation requirements that are intended to achieve acceptable indoor air quality by dilution ventilation for various indoor spaces, when all other applicable re- quirements of this standard are met and the spaces are thermally comfortable. Requirements in this table are based on no smoking; refer to Appendix E when smoking or ETS is present. The prescriptive requirements for people, RP, determined from CO2 production from people by Equation R GP P i e� �CO CO CO2 2 23600 ( )� � (� eCO2 310� ppm, for other values see Table 3.3) are consid- ered sufficient to satisfy adapted (� iCO2 2420� ppm) and unadapted (� iCO2 1015� ppm, other values see Table 2.1 – p. 31 in Part 2) (visitors to the space) persons in the space. See Appendix B. The prescriptive requirements for the building, RB, determined from TVOC building emanation in this table by Equation R GB B i e� �TVOC TVOC TVOC3 6. ( )� � (for adapted � iTVOC � 580 �g � m �3, for unadapted � iTVOC � 200 �g � m �3, for other values see Table 2.3 – p. 34, � eTVOC � 10 �g � m �3, other values see Table 3.3) are for spaces that are designed, constructed, operated, and maintained according to this standard. Total rates in l� s�1 in the occupied zone for each space are to be determined from Equation 6-3. See Appendix A for further discussion of rationale. Simple system requirements are based on prescrip- tive requirements with assumptions made for people density and diversity, ventilation system efficiency, and filtration efficiency. See Appendix A.3 for details. Ventilation rates do not apply to spaces just after completion of construction or renovation. See Section 7 for purging of spaces prior to occupancy. © Czech Technical University Publishing House http://ctn.cvut.cz/ap/ 39 Acta Polytechnica Vol. 43 No. 6/2003 Prescriptive Requirements Simple System Requirements Notes People Building Outside Air Supply Air GPCO2 GBTVOC RSB RSS [l � h � �� person�1] [�g �s � 1� m�2] [ l � s � 1� m�2] [l�s � 1� m�2] Miscellaneous spaces Private toilet/bath – 14/fixture 25/fixture 25/fixture D, E Employee locker rooms – 0.77 1.4 1.4 E Storage rooms – 0.34 0.60 0.60 G Warehouses – 0.20 0.44 0.44 G, H Janitor’s closet, trash room, recycling – 0.48 0.85 0.85 E Shipping/Receiving/Distribution – 0.34 0.75 0.75 G Public Assembly Spaces Churches, temples 23 0.20 4.2 15.0 Legislative chambers 23 0.20 1.9 5.0 Courtrooms 23 0.20 2.5 7.1 Museums/Galleries 27 0.48 1.9 2.5 Retail Sales floor (except as below) 27 0.48 1.2 1.2 Malls 30 0.17 1.5 2.8 Barber shop 23 0.48 1.9 2.6 E Beauty and nails salons 38 0.77 3.3 3.3 E Table 3.2: Minimum requirements for ventilation (Adapted from BSR/ASHRAE 62-1989R Table 6.1a) 40 © Czech Technical University Publishing House http://ctn.cvut.cz/ap/ Acta Polytechnica Vol. 43 No. 6/2003 Prescriptive Requirements Simple System Requirements Notes People Building Outside Air Supply Air GPCO2 GBTVOC RSB RSS [l � h � �� person�1] [�g �s � 1� m�2] [ l � s � 1� m�2] [l�s � 1� m�2] Furniture, carpets, fabric 27 1.34 2.5 2.5 Pet shops 27 2.48 4.7 4.7 E Supermarket 27 0.17 0.5 0.5 Coin operated laundries 30 0.20 1.0 1.2 A Food and Beverage Service Restaurant dining rooms 23 0.48 2.7 6.2 Cafeteria, fast food, dining hall 23 0.34 2.3 6.1 Bars, cocktail lounges 23 0.48 39 9.9 A Commercial kitchens 30 1.62 3.7 3.7 A, E Kitchenettes 23 0.77 1.5 1.5 A, D, E Garage, Repair, Service Stations Enclosed parking garages – 4.28 7.5 7.5 C, E Auto repair rooms – 4.28 7.5 7.5 B, E Hotels, Motels, Resorts Dormitories Bedrooms (direct supply) 19 0.43 25/room 25/room S Living rooms (direct supply) 19 0.43 25/room 25/room S Bedrooms (indirect supply) 19 0.43 40/room 40/room S Living rooms (indirect supply) 19 0.43 40/room 40/room S Baths – 14/room 25/room 25/room D, E Dormitory sleeping areas 19 0.20 0.93 2.4 Lobbies/prefunction 27 0.20 1.4 2.9 Meeting rooms 19 0.20 1.6 5.2 Multi-purpose assembly 27 0.20 4.6 12 Office Buildings Office space 23 0.20 0.66 0.66 High density open office space 23 0.20 0.65 0.82 Reception areas 27 0.20 0.88 1.3 Telecommunication/data entry 27 0.20 2.5 5.9 Conference rooms 19 0.20 1.6 5.2 Main entry lobbies 27 0.17 0.59 0.59 Public spaces Corridors – 0.20 0.35 0.35 Public restrooms – 14/fixture 25/fixture 25/fixture E, M Transportation waiting 30 0.20 4.8 12 Libraries 19 1.05 2.0 2.0 Sports and Amusement Ice Arena (skating area) – 1.34 2.4 2.4 J Gymnasium, stadium (playing area) 76 0.11 1.7 1.7 J Table 3.2: Minimum requirements for ventilation (Adapted from BSR/ASHRAE 62-1989R Table 6.1a)(continue) © Czech Technical University Publishing House http://ctn.cvut.cz/ap/ 41 Acta Polytechnica Vol. 43 No. 6/2003 Prescriptive Requirements Simple System Requirements Notes People Building Outside Air Supply Air GPCO2 GBTVOC RSB RSS [l � h � �� person�1] [�g �s � 1� m�2] [ l � s � 1� m�2] [l�s � 1� m�2] Locker/dressing rooms 30 0.77 2.4 2.4 E Spectator areas 27 0.17 5.6 15 Swimming (pool and deck area) – 1.34 2.9 2.9 L Disco/dance floors 57 0.20 7.9 7.9 Health club/aerobics room 91 0.20 2.8 2.8 Health club/weight rooms 76 0.20 1.4 1.4 Bowling alley (seating area) 38 0.31 2.6 3.3 Gambling casinos 27 0.48 5.1 12 Game arcades 38 0.48 1.4 1.4 Public restrooms 27 25/fixture 35/fixture 35/fixture E, M Theatres Auditorium seating area 19 0.20 4.1 16 Stages, studios 38 0.20 2.1 3.0 A, K Lobby 27 0.20 3.0 7.4 Workrooms Photo studios 19 0.31 0.80 0.80 Darkrooms 19 1.34 2.5 2.5 E Pharmacy (preparation area) 23 0.66 1.5 1.5 Bank vaults/safe deposit box area 19 0.20 0.48 0.48 Photocopy, printing rooms 19 1.34 2.6 2.6 E Computer room (exc. Printing area) 19 0.20 0.45 0.45 Educational Facilities Daycare (through age 4) 27 0.40 1.9 2.6 Classrooms Grades K to 3 (ages 5–8) 23 0.40 1.7 2.7 General classrooms (grade 4 plus) 23 0.31 1.8 4.1 Lecture Classroom 23 0.31 2.7 8.1 Lecture Hall (fixed seats) 19 0.20 4.1 16 Art classroom 38 1.05 3.6 3.6 Q Science laboratories 27 1.62 3.7 3.7 A, Q, I Wood/metal shop 30 1.05 2.7 2.7 A,Q Media Center 23 0.40 1.2 1.4 R Music/theater/dance 53 0.40 3.2 3.2 Multi-use Assembly 23 0.31 2.7 7.0 Health Care Patient rooms – 0.77 1.7 1.7 N Treatment and exam rooms 30 1.03 2.6 4.5 N, P Operating and delivery rooms 30 1.03 2.6 12.5 N, P Recovery& ICU 30 0.46 1.6 4.5 N, P Autopsy – 1.42 2.4 9.0 N, P Table 3.2: Minimum requirements for ventilation (Adapted from BSR/ASHRAE 62-1989R Table 6.1a)(continue) Notes for Table 3.2 A Make-up for exhaust systems not included in rates listed. Provide listed rates or rate sufficient for make-up, whichever is larger. B Stands where engines are run shall include sys- tems for positive engine exhaust (direct exhaust pipe connec- tion to exhaust system discharping to outdoors). C A garage is unenclosed if open on two or more sides with those sides at least 50 % open to outdoor. No more than 50 % of make-up air shall be drawn from garage exit for garages more than 2 stories. D Listed rate is for installed capacity controlled by occupant. For continuous ventilation system operation, reduce rate listed by 50 %. E Rate listed shall be exhausted from the space. Ex- hausted air may be recirculated as allowed by section 5.4. Make-up air shall be any combination if directly supplied outdoor air, or air transferred from adjacent occupied and ventilated spaces. F Ventilation required to optimize plant growth not included in listed values. G Listed values may not be sufficient when stored materials include those having high VOC or other potentially harmful emissions. Use the analytical procedure in this case. (See section 6.4 and Appendix B). H Listed rates do not account for combustion driven vehicles driven in space. Use the Analytical Procedure in this case. (See section 6.4 and Appendix B). I Ventilation systems shall comply with NFPA 45-1991 and ANSI/AIHA Z9.5-1992. J When internal combustion equipment is in- tended to be used on the playing surface for more than 10 minutes at a time (e.g., bike racing, truck shows), the listed rate shall be provided as exhaust from no more than 3 m from (both vertically and horizontally) the play area. Temporary use of internal combustion equipment, such as ice-surfacing machines, is acceptable provided a 5-minute waiting period is allowed before occupants return to the field. K Rate listed does not include special exhaust for stage effects, e.g., dry ice vapors, smoke. L Rate listed is not intended to be sufficient for hu- midity control. Provide additional ventilation of mechanical system to remove moisture. M Fixtures include both water closets and urinals. N See “Guidelines for Control of Tuberculosis” (CDC, 1994) for other requirements. O Allows for double occupancy per cell. P The MSR for these spaces shall determined in ac- cordance with the simple systems procedure (section 6.2.1) even if the prescriptive procedure is used to determine out- door air rates. Q Ventilation to these spaces may be broken into two components. Minimum rates determined using the cate- gory “General Classroom (grade 4 plus)” shall be provided at all times the room is expected to be occupied. This rate may be supplemented by exhaust air to provide the rates listed in the table for this category. The exhaust may be locally con- trolled so that it can be operated by occupants as required by the activity in the space. Air from these spaces may be recirculated only as allowed by section 5.4. Make-up air shall be any combination of directly supplied outdoor air, recirculated air, or air transferred from adjacent occupied and ventilated spaces. R For high school and college libraries, use values shown for Public Spaces-Library. S Direct supply means the room is supplied with outdoor air via a supply grille (either directly or after being mixed with return air) or outdoor air is induced into the room by an exhaust system and the make-up outdoor air source is on the opposite side of the room from the point exhaust. All other designs are considered indirect supply systems. Systems for which the only source of make-up air is infiltration shall be considered indirect supply systems. [Examples of indirect sys- tems include exhaust from an interior toilet room with make-up air drawn from the adjacent corridor.] 42 © Czech Technical University Publishing House http://ctn.cvut.cz/ap/ Acta Polytechnica Vol. 43 No. 6/2003 Prescriptive Requirements Simple System Requirements Notes People Building Outside Air Supply Air GPCO2 GBTVOC RSB RSS [l � h � �� person�1] [�g �s � 1� m�2] [ l � s � 1� m�2] [l�s � 1� m�2] Physical therapy 30 0.46 1.6 4.5 N, P Waiting Room 30 0.28 1.1 4.5 N, P Isolation Rooms – 0.86 1.4 9.0 N, P Correctional Facilities Cells 19 0.48 1.6 3.5 O, P Dayroom 19 0.20 0.91 2.2 Guard stations 19 0.20 0.73 1.4 Booking/waiting 38 0.20 2.9 5.0 P Table 3.2: Minimum requirements for ventilation (Adapted from BSR/ASHRAE 62-1989R Table 6.1a)(continue) The introduction of GP and GB allows a) various levels of indoor air quality as presented in Table 2.1 (p. 31), Table 3.3, Fig. 2.1 (p. 33) and Fig. 2.3 (p. 36), and b) various levels of out- door air quality as presented in Table 3.3 using the formulas (6), and (7) to be taken into account. � � R G P P i e � � � � � � � � � �[ ] . [ ] l h p l s p CO CO 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 6� � (6) � � R G B B i e � � � � � � � � � �1000 1 2 1 2[ ] [ ] g s m l s m TVOC TVOC� � (7) where GP and GB are listed in Table 3.2 and Table 3.4, � iCO2 � indoor CO2 concentration [ppm], see Table 2.1 (p. 31) and Fig. 2.1 (p. 33), � iTVOC � indoor TVOC concentration [�g � m �3], see Tab. 2.3 (p. 34) and Fig. 2.3 (p. 36), �e CO2 � outdoor CO2 concentration [ppm], see Table 3.3, �eTVOC � outdoor TVOC concentration [�g � m �3], see Table 3.3. With new values of RP, RB, calculated from formulas (6), (7) we can follow the way prescribed in BSR/ASHRAE 62-1989 R. © Czech Technical University Publishing House http://ctn.cvut.cz/ap/ 43 Acta Polytechnica Vol. 43 No. 6/2003 Location TVOC [�g � m�3] CO2 [ppm] Source Note At sea 300–340 ICAO 1964 0 EUR 14449EN In towns, good air quality 14 350 EUR 14449 EN TVOC converted decipol value 15–18 – Ekberg 1993 In towns, bad air quality 71 350–400 EUR 14449 EN TVOC converted decipol value 23–98 – Brown and Crump 1993 Table 3.3: Outdoor TVOC and CO2 concentration Location TVOC [�g � h�1� m�2 floor] Author Note Mean Range Existing buildings offices 1550 100–4890 EUR 1444 EN Converted olf value working hours (9–11) 360 132–691 Ekberg 1993 night-time (5–7) – 90–467 Ekberg 1993 Schools (class rooms) 1550 620–2780 EUR 14449 EN Converted olf value Kindergartens 2060 1030–3810 EUR 14449 EN Converted olf value Assembly halls 2570 670–6790 EUR 14449 EN Converted olf value Dwellings 720 360–1080 EUR 14449 EN New PVC floor tiles 795 450–1400 Brown et al 1993 Low-polluting buildings (target values) – 260–510 EUR 14449 EN Converted olf value Solid flooring materials (vinyl, carpet, chipboard) typically below 55 Crump et al 1997 Emission rates constant Wall and ceiling materials Crump et al 1997 Emission rates constant plasterboard max 6 6-mm plywood max 10 15-mm plywood max 12 bituminised fibre board asphalt max 30 Crump et al 1997 Emission rates constant Table 3.4: TVOC emission rate according to various authors 4 Conclusions – the benefits of using the decibel scale The advantages of the new proposed evaluation system can be summed up in the following items: 1. The undoubted benefit of using the decibel scale is that it gives a much better approximation to human preception of odor intensity compared to the CO2 and TVOC con- centration scales. This is because the human olfactory organ (see [27]) reacts to a logarithmic change in level which corresponds to the decibel scale, where a change of 1 dB is approximately the same relative change every- where on the scale. 2. The new decicarbdiox and decitvoc values also fit very well with the dB values for sound, e.g. the optimal odor value of 30 dB corresponds to the ISO Noise rating acceptable value NR 30 for libraries and private offices. They can therefore be compared to each other. 3. It is possible, by comparing dCd and dTv values, to esti- mate, which component – CO2 or TVOC – plays a more important role and hence which sources of contamination are more serious. 4. The new units – decitvoc and decicarbdiox – can be a new basis for a constituent mutual interaction study (see ear- lier section). 5. The units dCd and dTv can be estimated by the direct measurement of TVOC and CO2 concentrations – instru- ments can be calibrated directly in the new units. 6. The units dCd and dTv, as indoor air quality criteria, allow an optimal range definition and corresponding optimal ventilation rate estimations for unadapted and adapted persons by applying optimal limits to formulas (6) and (7). 7. The units allow an optimal range definition (so-called asthmatics optimal range) for persons with increased requirements (e.g. those allergic to indoor air quality, op- erators in airport control towers, power stations etc.) and corresponding asthmatic optimal ventilation rate estimations for unadapted and adapted persons by ap- plying asthmatics optimal limits to formulas (6) and (7). 8. The unit allow the admissible range definition (for both healthy and allergic persons) and corresponding ad- missible ventilation rate estimations for unadapted and adapted persons by applying admissible limits to formulas (6) and (7). 9. The units allow definition of the SBS range (correspond- ing to the long-term tolerable range) and corresponding long-term tolerable ventilation rate estimations, by apply- ing long-term tolerable limits to formulas (6) and (7). 10. The units allow the estimation of dangerous indoor air quality (corresponding to the short-term tolerable range, see Figs. 2.1 and 2.3, p. 40 and 43) and corresponding short term tolerable ventilation rate estimations by apply- ing short-term tolerable limits to formulas (6) and (7). 11. The units allow the efficiency of air cleaners (and other indoor air-improving measures, e.g. using low polluting building materials) to be expressed, i.e. what is the de- crease of air contamination after application. 12. 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Jokl, DrSc. phone: +420 224 354 432 email: miloslav.jokl@fsv.cvut.cz Department of Engineering Equipment of Buildings Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Civil Engineering 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic 46 © Czech Technical University Publishing House http://ctn.cvut.cz/ap/ Acta Polytechnica Vol. 43 No. 6/2003