Impaginato 295 Adv. Hort. Sci., 2017 31(4): 295-310 DOI: 10.13128/ahs-20833 A mini-review of essential oils in the South Pacific and their insecticidal properties R.R. Chand (*), A.D. Jokhan, R.D. Gopalan Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji. Key words: essential oils, insecticidal activities, traditional medicinal plants. Abstract: Studies on traditional medicinal plants (TMPs) found in the South Pacific that holds potential for the insect controls have been reviewed. Few TMPs are known to have insecticidal properties, however many of those are still unknown in the South Pacific. The information on plants were collected using online databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Springer Open in order to confirm the studies that support the insecticidal properties of plants present in the South Pacific. The following study confirmed that there is a potential for the selected TMPs suggesting enough evidence for their usage in the insecticidal activities. These plants would represent an alter- native in crop protection due to its novel, safe and eco-friendly substitutes for its effective insecticidal properties. 1. Introduction Agricultural and animal origin stored products are destroyed by more than 600 species of beetle pests, 70 species of moths and about 355 species of mites (Rajendran and Sriranjini, 2008). These insect pests have greatly affected the food commodities and resulted in one of major prob- lem to the food industries (Isman, 2006). There are many concerns raised with the usage of synthetic chemicals for pest control. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2015), the consequences of high usage of synthetic pesticides in the Pacific Island Countries (PIC) has led to threats to human health and the environment. Chemical pollution is a major concern to the environment and human body through food chains, which results in severe physiological disorders and diseases (Oliva et al., 2001; Baldi et al., 2003; Briggs, 2003; Saiyed et al., 2003; Lemaire et al., 2004). The investigation in the area of natural resources have dramatically increased when it comes to public concern for the long term health and environmental effect of synthetic chemicals (Coats, 1994; Regnault-Roger and Hamraoui, 1995; Lee et al., 1997; Akhtar and Isman, 2004; Ukeh and Umoetok, 2011; Khani and Heydarian, 2014; Pandey et al., 2014). For (*) Corresponding author: s11074077p@gmail.com Citation: CHAND R.R., JOKHAN A.D., GOPALAN R.D., 2017 - A mini-review of essential oils in the South Pacific and their insecticidal properties. - Adv. Hort. Sci., 31(4): 295-310 Copyright: © 2017 Chand R.R, Jokhan A.D., Gopalan R.D. This is an open access, peer reviewed article published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.net/index.php/ahs/) and distribuited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Received for publication 19 June 2017 Accepted for publication 5 October 2017 AHS Advances in Horticultural Science Review paper Adv. Hort. Sci., 2017 31(4): 295-310 296 example, the massive use of chemical compound phosphine has led to environmental issues due to its insect resistance/ineffectiveness in the agricultural fields of some countries (Opit et al., 2012). Likewise, the use of methyl bromide for the fumigation has been reported as ozone-depleting substance and therefore removed completely from its use in some countries (Rajendran and Sriranjini, 2008). In view of the problems with current synthetic chemicals, there is a global interest in the search of alternative strate- gies and among them is the use of plant extracts. Traditional aromatic plants have a wide impact on the agriculture, since plant derivatives are considered an integral source of pesticides. It represents a total of US $700.00 million market value with a total pro- duction of 45000 tons (Tripathi et al., 2009). The sci- ence of natural products has advanced significantly in recent years benefiting humankind in the form of food, clothing, shelter, tools, medicines and crop pro- tectant agents (Copping and Duke, 2007). The TMPs are the mainstay for treatment of illness in the Pacific for years. According to Dasilva et al. (2004), tradition- al medicines hold a natural treasury that clearly depicts that Pacific is rich in plant biodiversity. However, many plants in the Pacific are yet to be exploited for their right purpose. Hence, the present paper emphasizes on the insecticidal properties of essential oils from potential medicinal plants found in the South Pacific. 2. Overview of essential oils Essential oils are diverse groups of natural prod- ucts which are mainly produced by plants for defence, signalling or derive from their secondary metabolism (Charles and Simon, 1990; Bakkali et al., 2008). These oils are volatile liquids which have a lower density than water (Bakkali et al., 2008). Essential oils are also known as ‘essence’ that are strong-smelling liquid components found in aromatic plants, grasses and trees (Ríos, 2016). Essential oils are mostly formed in plants such as from flowers, leaves, buds, fruits, seeds, bark and roots (Isman, 2000; Ríos, 2016). The synthesised essential oils are mostly kept in secondary cell cavities, epidermal cells, canals or glandular trichomes (Nazzaro et al., 2013). The extraction of essential oils can be divided into conventional and recently developed methods. The conventional methods include; hydro-or steam distil- lation, solvent extraction and cold pressing. Hydro- distillation being one of the oldest methods, dating back to 5000 years. While the recent methods for extracting essential oils include; supercritical fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. The quality and quantity of chemical compounds are depended on different extraction method (Fig. 1). Essential oils containing between 20-60 compo- nents at different concentrations are considered to be very complex natural mixtures (Pandey et al., 2014). Essential oils are characterized by two or more major compounds with few trace compounds. For instance, the GC-MS analysis of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. essential oils showed eugenol (58.20%), germa- crene D (11.68%), cis-β-ocimene (10.79%) and β- caryophyllene (4.31%) as major compounds and ter- pinen-4-ol (1.01%), α-copaene (1.98%), δ-cadinene (1.44%) and few others as trace compounds (Chand et al., 2016). The percentage composition of essential oils may vary with plants, environmental conditions, soil types and nutrients (Masotti et al., 2003; Erbil et al., 2015). Formation of essential oils Essential oils mostly have a high constituent of terpenes (Farag et al., 1989). The other composition of essential oils include aromatic and aliphatic con- stituents that have different function to perform in relation to plants and animals (Bakkali et al., 2008; Chamorro et al., 2012; Hossain et al., 2012; Hrckova and Velebny, 2012; Tongnuanchan and Benjakul, 2014). For instance, monoterpenes are used by plants for defence against pathogens, aid in seed dis- persal and allelochemical functions, while alcohol groups have bactericidal, anti-infective and repellent properties (Table 1). Terpenes are usually formed using mevalonate pathways. Mevalonate pathway is also known as iso- prenoid pathway which occurs in all higher eukary- otes (Corsini et al., 1993). This biosynthetic pathway Fig. 1 - Overview of essential oil extraction methods (Park and Tak, 2015). Chand et al. - Essential oils in the South Pacific and their insecticidal properties 297 is used to produce dimethyl allyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). These two compounds serve as the basis for the biosynthesis of molecules in diverse processes of ter- pene synthesis, protein prenylation, cell membrane maintenance, hormones, N-glycosylation and pro- tein anchoring (Chaichana, 2009; Cooper and Nicola, 2014). Terpene biosynthesis involves addition of isopen- tenyl diphosphate (IPP; C5) to its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP; C5 - can also form hemiter- penes) synthesizing geranyl diphosphate (GPP; C10) which is a precursor for synthesis of monoterpenes. GPP and FPP form monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes skeleton respectively. Further condensation of enzyme-bound geranyl diphosphate (GPP; C10) with addition of IPP units forms farnasyl diphosphate (FPP; C15). Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP; C20), that goes through series of reactions such as cycliza- tion, rearrangement or coupling to form diterpenes and polyterpenes (Figure 2 shows the parental pre- cursors to synthesise terpenes). Medicinal plants and their insecticidal properties Insect control using plant materials is an ancient Table 1 - Composition of essential oils with their general function in plants and animals Group Sub-group General functions in relation to plants and animals Reference Terpene Hydrocarbon Monoterpenes (C 10 H 16 ) Producing defense against pathogens, help in the pollination, seed dispersal and allelochemical functions between plants and herbivores (Lee et al., 1997; Choi et al., 2006; Ibanez et al., 2012) Terpene Hydrocarbon Sesquiterpenes (C 15 H 24 ) Contact irritant effects on insects (Gonzalez-Coloma et al., 2013) Terpene Hydrocarbon Sesquiterpenes (C 15 H 24 ) Also used as analgesic, spasmolytic agents, calming, slight hypotension and anti-inflammatory (Chaichana, 2009) Terpene Hydrocarbon Diterpenes (C 20 H 22 ) Are known to have insecticidal, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (de Oliveira et al., 2008; Gonzalez- Coloma et al., 2013) Terpene Hydrocarbon Triterpenes (C 20 H 22 ) Components of the surface waxes that accumulate in the intra-cuticle layers of stems and leaf surface for protection against dehydrations and herbivores (Thimmappa et al., 2014) Terpene Hydrocarbon Triterpenes (C 20 H 22 ) Wide ranges of application of these compounds are in food, health, and industrial biotechnology sector (Thimmappa et al., 2014; Hadjimbei et al., 2015). Oxygenated Compounds Alcohols These compounds have bactericidal, anti-infective and repellent properties (Ukeh and Umoetok, 2011) Oxygenated Compounds Phenols Have strong toxic effects, antiseptic and insecticidal properties (Akhtar and Isman, 2004; Romero et al., 2013, cited in Pinheiro et al., 2015) Ethers - Severely affects the speed of germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content (He et al., 2009) Aldehydes - Used for antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, vasodilators and antipyretic activities (Dorman and Deans, 2000; Djilani and Dicko, 2012 ) Ketones - Toxic effects to a number of pests (Kordali et al., 2007) Ketones - Other uses of these compounds include anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and digestant (Peixoto et al., 2015). Organic acids and esters - Special properties such as anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic (Chaichana, 2009) Organic acids and esters - Have potential antimicrobial properties Oxides - Used in aromatherapy, pharmaceuticals and agriculture (Chaichana, 2009) Fig. 2 - Synthesis of different classes of terpenes in plants. DMAPP - Dimethylallyl diphosphate; IPP - Isopentenyl diphosphate; FPP - Farnesyl diphosphate; GPP - Geranyl diphosphate; GGPP - Geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Adv. Hort. Sci., 2017 31(4): 295-310 298 Organization, 1998). These selected plants exhibit insecticidal proper- ties that are traditionally used in form of medicines in the South Pacific (Table 2). The general characteris- practice all over the world (Gonzalez-Coloma et al., 2013). This review is focused on nineteen different fami- lies of TMPs commonly found in the South Pacific that are known to have essential oils (World Health Table 2 - Selected medicinal plants reported for its efficiency against the insects Family Scientific names Common English name Plant part used *Traditional Uses in the South Pacific (Treatment) Active Constituents/Compounds Efficiency against insects References Lamiaceae Ocimum tenui- florum L., Holy or sacred basil Essential oils from leaves Earache, nasal infections, cough, colds, stomach ache, hair lice, gastric, ulcer, flu, fevers, sore throat, and filariasis - Fumigant and repellent toxicity against the Aleurodicus Dispersus Russell (Spiralling white- flies) (Chand et al., 2016) Lamiaceae Ocimum basili- cum Linn. var. pilosum (willd)-Benth Holy or sacred basil Leaf extract Earache, nasal infections, cough, colds, stomach ache, hair lice, gastric, ulcer, flu, fevers, sore throat, and filariasis 4h-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-2-(4- methoxyphenyl)-, catechol and Monoacetin Repellency against the 3N7H and 3Q8I of Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (Gaddaguti et al., 2016) Lamiaceae Ocimum tenui- florum var. CIM AYU Holy or sacred basil Leaf extract Earache, nasal infections, cough, colds, stomach ache, hair lice, gastric, ulcer, flu, fevers, sore throat, and filariasis 2-hexadecen-1-ol, phytol, DL-alpha- tocopherol, phenol-2-methoxy-3-(2-pro- penyl)-lycopersin, gamma-sitosterol, ben- zene, 1, 2-dimethoxy-4-(2-Propenyl) Repellency against the 3N7H and 3Q8I of Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (Gaddaguti et al., 2016) Mimosaceae Adenanthera pavonina L. Holy or sacred basil Seed extract Leprosy Trypsin inhibitor (ApTI) Inhibitory activity of papain by trypsin inhibitor (ApTI) in Callosobruchus maculatus (Cowpea weevil) (Macedo et al., 2004) Mimosaceae Adenanthera pavonina L. Holy or sacred basil Seed extract Leprosy Trypsin inhibitor (ApTI) Inhibitory activity of papain by trypsin inhibitor (ApTI) in Diatraea saccharalis (Sugarcane borer) (da Silva et al., 2012) Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Goat weed Canopy of plant species (above ground plant parts) Infective hepatitis, eczyma, epilepsy, dizziness, diarrhoea, dysentery, sore, eyes, fever, headaches, intestinal worms, filariasis, vomiting, nausea, wounds and cuts 5, 6, 7, 8, 3’, 4’, 5’-Heptamethoxyflavone and coumarin Insecticidal activity of hexa- ne extracts against the Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Lesser grain borer) (Moreira et al., 2007) Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Goat weed Crude hexane extract of aerial parts of A. cony- zoides Infective hepatitis, eczyma, epilepsy, dizziness, diarrhoea, dysentery, sore, eyes, fever, headaches, intestinal worms, filariasis, vomiting, nausea, wounds and cuts - Repellent, antifeedant and toxic effects against Helicovepra armigera (Hübner) (Cotton bol- lworm) (Ragesh et al., 2016) Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Goat weed Crude petro- leum ether extract aerial parts of A. cony- zoides Infective hepatitis, eczyma, epilepsy, dizziness, diarrhoea, dysentery, sore, eyes, fever, headaches, intestinal worms, filariasis, vomiting, nausea, wounds and cuts Chromene precocene II, two flavonoids: eupalestin and lucidin dimethyl ether Insecticidal activity against Musca domestica (house- fly-third instar larvae), Cynthia carye third, (but- terfly-fourth and fifth instar larvae) and Acanthoscelides obtectus (Bean weevil) (Calle et al., 1990) Agavaceae Aloe vera L. Aloe, aloe vera Leaf extract Treat wounds and burns, sun burns, rashes, x-ray burns and stomach ache - Larvicidal activity on first to fourth instars larvae of Aedes aegypti (Yellow fever mosquito) (Subrama- niam et al., 2012) Agavaceae Aloe vera L. Aloe, aloe vera Leaf extract Treat wounds and burns, sun burns, rashes, x-ray burns and stomach ache Mosquitocidal activity against the Anopheles stephensi (Malaria vector) (Dinesh et al., 2015) To be continued Family Scientific names Common English name Plant part used *Traditional Uses in the South Pacific (Treatment) Active Constituents/Compounds Efficiency against insects References Agavaceae Aloe vera L. Aloe, aloe vera Acetone, ethyl acetate, water, and ethanol extracts Treat wounds and burns, sun burns, rashes, x-ray burns and stomach ache - Acaricidal activity against female adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Carmine spider mite) (Wei et al., 2011) Annonaceae Annona muricata L. Soursop, custard apple Crude ethanoic seed extract Treating stomach ailments - Insecticidal activity against the Spodoptera litura (leafworm moth) and Trichoplusia ni larvae (Cabbage looper) (Leatemia and Isman, 2004) Annonaceae Annona muricata L. Soursop, custard apple Fruit (pericarp) extract Treating stomach ailments Acetogenins -annonacin, annonacin A and annomuricin A. Cytotoxicity towards the cell line U 937 (model cell line used in biomedical research) (Jaramillo et al., 2000) Annonaceae Annona muricata L. Soursop, custard apple Ethanoic seed extract Treating stomach ailments - Insecticidal activity against the Trichoplusia ni (cabba- ge looper) and Myzus persi- cae (Green peach aphid) (Ribeiro et al., 2014) Meliaceae Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Margosa, neem, Indian Lilac Seed water extract For diabetes, skin diseases, asthma, syphilis and used as insecticide - Insecticidal activity against the Trogodarma granariun (Khapra beetle) (Satti et al., 2010) Meliaceae Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Margosa, neem, Indian Lilac Neem oil from seeds For diabetes, skin diseases, asthma, syphilis and used as insecticide - Insecticidal activity against the Maruca testulalis Geyer (Mung moth) (Jackai and Oyediran, 1991) Meliaceae Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Margosa, neem, Indian Lilac Crude ethanol extracts of leaves For diabetes, skin diseases, asthma, syphilis and used as insecticide - Insecticidal activity to adult Tribolium confusum (Flour beetle) (Williams and Mansingh, 1993) Annonaceae Cananga odo- rata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thoms. Ylang- ylang, Kenanga Essential oil extracts from flowers Earaches, toothaches, headaches, stomach aches, boils, skin irritation, coughs and dizziness - Fumigant and Repellent toxicity against the Aleurodicus Dispersus Russell (Spiralling whiteflies) (Chand et al., 2016) Annonaceae Cananga odo- rata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thoms. Ylang- ylang, Kenanga Essential oil extracts from the leaves Earaches, toothaches, headaches, stomach aches, boils, skin irritation, coughs and dizziness - Insecticidal activity (con- tact and fumigant toxicity) to Sitophilus zeamais (Greater grain weevil) (Cheng et al., 2012) Annonaceae Cananga odo- rata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thoms. Ylang- ylang, Kenanga Essential oil extracts from the leaves Earaches, toothaches, headaches, stomach aches, boils, skin irritation, coughs and dizziness - Insecticidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Yellow fever mosquito) (Vera et al., 2014) Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens L. Chili pep- per, red pepper, paprika Methanol extract of fruits and leaves Skin tuberculosis, mild conjunctivitis and jaundice, boils and cough - Insecticidal activity to 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (Yellow fever mosquito) (Vinayaka et al., 2010) Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens L. Chili pep- per, red pepper, paprika Powdered fruits Skin tuberculosis, mild conjunctivitis and jaundice, boils and cough - Discouraging oviposition and minimising damage to leaves of cowpea seeds (Onu and Aliyu, 1995) Chand et al. - Essential oils in the South Pacific and their insecticidal properties 299 Table 2 - Selected medicinal plants reported for its efficiency against the insects (continued) To be continued Adv. Hort. Sci., 2017 31(4): 295-310 300 Family Scientific names Common English name Plant part used *Traditional Uses in the South Pacific (Treatment) Active Constituents/Compounds Efficiency against insects References Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens L. Chili pep- per, red pepper, paprika Ethanolic extract of fruit Skin tuberculosis, mild conjuncti- vitis and jaundice, boils and cough - Larvicidal activites against Aedes aegypti (Yellow fever mosquito) and Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) (Alvarez et al., 2015) Caricacea Carica papaya L. Papaya, Pawpaw Hexanic, acetonic and methanolic extracts of seed Sores, high blood pressure and treat diarrhea - Insecticidal activity against the Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm) (Figueroa- Brito et al., 2011) Caricacea Carica papaya L. Papaya, Pawpaw Leaf extract Sores, high blood pressure and treat diarrhea - Insecticidal toxicity against the Lipaphis Erysimi Kal. (Mustard aphids) (Ujjan et al., 2014) Caricacea Carica papaya L. Papaya, Pawpaw Chloroform seed extract Sores, high blood pressure and treat diarrhea Palmitic acid, oleic acid, or stearic acid Insecticidal and insectista- tic activities against the Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm) (Pérez- Gutiérrez et al., 2011) Caricacea Carica papaya L. Papaya, Pawpaw Chloroform seed extract Sores, high blood pressure and treat diarrhea Palmitic acid, oleic acid, or stearic acid Insecticidal and insectista- tic activities against the Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm) (Pérez- Gutiérrez et al., 2011) Caricacea Carica papaya L. Papaya, Pawpaw - - - Larvicdial and pupicidal activity to the Chikungunya vector, Aedes aegypti (Yellow fever mosquito) (Kovendan et al., 2012) Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassia alata L (Senna alata) Ringworm bush, roman candle tree Ethanoic extracts of leaves Skin diarrhoea, worms, purifies blood and scabies - Acaricidal activity to Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Blue cattle tick) (Ravindran et al., 2012) Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassia alata L (Senna alata) Ringworm bush, roman candle tree Solvent extract of fruits Skin diarrhoea, worms, purifies blood and scabies - Toxic effects against the Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Adzuki bean weevil) (Upadhyay et al., 2011) Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassia alata L (Senna alata) Ringworm bush, roman candle tree Leaf and stem extract Skin diarrhoea, worms, purifies blood and scabies - Larvicidal effect on Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito), Culex quinquefasciatus (Southern house mosquito) and Aedes aegypt (Yellow fever mosquito) (Edwin et al., 2013) Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Indian pennywort, Asiatic pennywort Leaf extract Dysentery, fever, headache, diarrhea, pimples, rashes, itchy lumps, Fractures, migraines and boils - Larvicidal and Adult emer- gence Inhibition Effect against Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Southern house mosquito) (Rajkumar and Jebanesan, 2005) Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Indian pennywort, Asiatic pennywort Leaf extract Dysentery, fever, headache, diarrhea, pimples, rashes, itchy lumps, Fractures, migraines and boils - Larvicidal and adulticidal activities against the Malarial Vector - Anopheles stephensi (Asian malaria mosquito) (Senthilku- mar et al., 2009) Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Indian pennywort, Asiatic pennywort Leaf extract (hexane, diethyl ether, dichloro- methane, and methanol) - Larvicidal activities against different strains of Aedes aegypti (Yellow fever mosquito) and Anopheles stephensi (Asian malaria mosquito) (Nair et al., 2014) To be continued Table 2 - Selected medicinal plants reported for its efficiency against the insects (continued) Chand et al. - Essential oils in the South Pacific and their insecticidal properties 301 To be continued Family Scientific names Common English name Plant part used *Traditional Uses in the South Pacific (Treatment) Active Constituents/Compounds Efficiency against insects References Rutaceae Citrus aurantium L. Seville or sour orang Fruit extract Headache, abdominal pain and urinary tract infections - Insecticidal activity against the adult Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Olive fruit fly) (Siskos et al., 2007) Rutaceae Citrus aurantium L. Seville or sour orang Leaf extract Headache, abdominal pain and urinary tract infections - Insecticidal activity against the adult Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Olive fruit fly) (Siskos et al., 2007) Rutaceae Citrus aurantium L. Seville or sour orang Shoot extract Headache, abdominal pain and urinary tract infections - Insecticidal activity against the adult Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Olive fruit fly) (Siskos et al., 2007) Rutaceae Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck orange, sweet orange Essential oils from fruits Sickness, abdominal pains and remedies for internal ailments D-limonene Larvicidal and pupicidal activities against Musca domestica L. (Housefly) (Kovendan et al., 2012) Rutaceae Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck orange, sweet orange Peels from fresh oranges Sickness, abdominal pains and remedies for internal ailments - Insecticidal activity against mosquito, cockroach and housefly (Ezeonu et al., 2001) Rutaceae Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck orange, sweet orange Essential oils from the seeds Sickness, abdominal pains and remedies for internal ailments - Insecticidal activity against the Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst) (Red flour beetle) (Hussain et al., 2013) Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. turmeric Leaf essential oils Painful skin, sores and rashes in infant, sprains, bruises, eye disea- ses and open wounds, Colds and runny nose, dysentery and infec- ted puncture wounds - Contact and fumigant toxi- city against Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae L. (Rice weevil), and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Red flour beetle) (Tripathi et al., 2002) Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. turmeric Turmeric rhizome oils Painful skin, sores and rashes in infant, sprains, bruises, eye disea- ses and open wounds, Colds and runny nose, dysentery and infec- ted puncture wounds - Repellency and feeding deterrent effects of Turmeric oils against the Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Lesser grain borer) (Jilani and Saxena, 1990) Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. turmeric Leaves α-turmerone and β-turmerome Larvicidal activity on Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (Ajaiyeoba et al., 2008) Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. turmeric Rhizomes Larvicidal activity on Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (Ajaiyeoba et al., 2008) Fabaceae Erythrina variegata L. Coral tree Ethanoic extracts from root and bark Filariasis, stomach ache and fever - Contact toxicity and anti- feedant activities against the Spodoptera exigua (Beet armyworm) (Feng et al., 2012) Fabaceae Erythrina variegata L. Coral tree Leaf extract using solvents Filariasis, stomach ache and fever - Antifeedant and toxicity against the Spodoptera litura (Fab) (Taro caterpillar) (Thushi- menan et al., 2016) Table 2 - Selected medicinal plants reported for its efficiency against the insects (continued) Adv. Hort. Sci., 2017 31(4): 295-310 302 tics of most active families are discussed below. Lamiaceae family. Lamiaceae family is also known as mint family that has strong aromatic essential oils, tannins, saponins and organic acids (Raja, 2012). Numerous insecticidal properties on a wide range of insect species have been reported from extracts obtained from the Lamiaceae family. For instance, biological activities of Ocimum basilicum L., Mentha rotundifolia L., Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare, Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus vulgaris L. have been reported against the first instar larvae of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleóptera, Tenebrionidae) (Clemente et al., 2003). Likewise, the extracts of Plectranthus glandulosus against the Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea showed 100% mortality at 4 g/kg, within 7 days with LC50 of 0.39 g/kg (Danga et al., 2015). The leaf extracts from Lamiaceae family have also shown post-harvest grain protectants efficacy (Nukenine et al., 2007; 2011; 2013). Similarly, Bekircan et al. (2014) reported the antifeedant activity of T. transcaucasicus , T. pseudopulegioides, T. leucotrichus and Teucrium poli- Family Scientific names Common English name Plant part used *Traditional Uses in the South Pacific (Treatment) Active Constituents/Compounds Efficiency against insects References Fabaceae Erythrina variegata L. Coral tree Methanoic leaf extracts Filariasis, stomach ache and fever - Larvicidal activity of Culex quinquefasciatus (Southern house mosquito) (Nazar et al., 2009) Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia L. Bitter gourd, bal- sam pear, balsam apple Leaf extract Leprosy and malignant ulcers, stomach worms, fever, hypertension, diabetes and dysentery - Insecticidal activities of Sitophilus zeamais (Greater grain weevil) (Adesina, 2013) Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia L. Bitter gourd, bal- sam pear, balsam apple Acetone, n- hexane, and methanol extract of leaves Leprosy and malignant ulcers, stomach worms, fever, hypertension, diabetes and dysentery - Toxicity and repellent activity against the Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Cowpea weevil). The order of extract toxi- city was n-hexane> metha- nol >acetone (Ajayi, 2015) Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia L. Bitter gourd, bal- sam pear, balsam apple Methanoic fruit extracts Leprosy and malignant ulcers, stomach worms, fever, hypertension, diabetes and dysentery - Larvicidal effects on Culex pipiens (Northern house mosquito) (Nagappan and Gomathina- yagam, 2014) Passifloraceae Passiflora foe- tida (L.) var. hispida (DC.) Killip Wild passion fruit Leaves and the sterm Improve fertility in women - Repellent effect against the hematophagous insects (Obico and Ragragio, 2014) Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv. Psilotum Aerial extract Pain relief and remedy for thrush and the spore Psilotin [6-(4'-β glucopyranosy- loxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydm-2-oxo-2H-pyran] Feeding deterrent and growth reducer to Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer) (Arnason et al., 1986) Verbenaceae Vitex trifolia L. Vitex Leaf extract Stomach pains and mouth infections - Larvicidal activity on Culex quinquefasciatus (Southern house mosquito) (Kannathas an et al., 2007) Verbenaceae Vitex trifolia L. Vitex Hexanic and dichlorometha- nic (DCM) extracts of lea- ves and stems Stomach pains and mouth infections - Antifeeding activity against the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm) (Hernández et al., 1999) Verbenaceae Vitex trifolia L. Vitex Leaves and stem bark extracts Stomach pains and mouth infections - Larvicidal activity on Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (Nyamoita et al., 2013) Table 2 - Selected medicinal plants reported for its efficiency against the insects (continued) Chand et al. - Essential oils in the South Pacific and their insecticidal properties 303 um L., against Agelastica alni L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae larvae). Overall, the Lamiaceae family has an extensive range of biological activities includ- ing cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflam- matory, hypotensive and insecticidal properties (Božović et al., 2015). Annonaceae family. Annonaceae is the largest family in the order Magnoliales and consist of 2500 species and 130 genera (Pirie et al., 2005; Westra and Maas, 2012). The Annonaceae family has drawn attention since 1980s among the terrestrial plant families as a result of acetogenins that are known for a broad range of insecticidal bioactivities (Isman and Seffrin, 2014). The species of Annonaceae family such as Asimina triloba , Annona muricata , and A. squamosa L. are frequently considered for insectici- dal activities against Spodoptera frugiperda, Plutella xylostella, Aedes aegypti, and stored grain insects (Isman and Seffrin, 2014). The fruit extract of Xylopia aethiopica and Dennettia tripetala were reported to have an insecticidal effect against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The larvicidal, ovicidal and pupicidal properties against Aedes aegypti have been reported using benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of A. reticulata L. Nevertheless, the leaf and stem extracts of A. cori- acea Mart., A. crassiflora Mart., Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff. and Xylopia aromatica L. were reported for their phytotoxic effects on germination of lettuce, tomato and onion seeds (Novaes et al., 2016). Rutaceae family. Murraya koenigii (L) Spreng leaf extract resulted in high mortality, population reduc- tion with delay in development of Tribolium casta- neum - pest of stored wheat (Gandhi et al., 2010). Furthermore, as reported by Arivoli et al. (2015), the hexane extracts of M. koenigii showed not only larvi- cidal activitiy against the vector mosquito’s i.e., A. aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefas- ciatus but also they demonstrated that one of the six fractions obtained from the residue of hexane extract, had an effect against the third instar larvae of A. aegypti, C. quinquefasciatus and A. stephensi with a percentage of mortality of 100.0, 97.6 and 99.2%. The methanolic leaf extracts of Atlantia monophylla were evaluated for pupicidal activities against C. quinquefasciatus, A. stephensi, and A. aegypti under laboratory conditions and the respec- tive lethal values corresponding to LC50 of 0.07, 0.05, and 0.07 mg/l (Sivagnaname and Kalyanasundaram, 2004). The Zanthoxylum rhoifolium leaves also showed insecticidal activities in Bemisia tabaci popu- lations (Christofoli et al., 2015). Phytochemical survey of Rutaceae family reveals the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, limonoids, coumarins and volatile oils, of which some are associated with insecticidal activity (Rajkumar and Jebanesan, 2008; Emam et al., 2009; Supabphol and Tangjitjareonkun, 2014). Meliaceae family. Natural products of Meliaceae family such as Limonoids have biological activities against several insects. One compound widely known and commercialised is azadirachtin reported to hold antifeedant and growth-regulating properties (Champagne et al., 1989). The azadirachtin com- pound inhibits the feeding, growth and survival of the variegated cutworm such as Peridroma saucia, with an EC50 and LC50 of 0.36 and 2.7 ppm in diet (Champagne et al., 1989). The fruit extracts of Trichilia elegans and T. catigua revealed insecticidal activity on Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) (Matos et al., 2009). Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem derivatives) was known to used traditionally as an insecticide in the South Pacific (World Health Organization, 1998). Modes of action of plant extract components Natural plant products show different mode of actions mainly due to chemical components acting differently, resulting into contact toxicity, stomach poison and systemic activities if used in soils or injected on plants (Upadhyay, 2016). For instance, different plant extracts such as armoise, clary sage, oregano, lemongrass, niaouli, spearmint, cassia espe- cial, dalmatian sage, red thyme, bay, garlic, penny- royal, cassia pure, white thyme, cassia redistilled, star anise, peppermint, wintergreen, and cinnamon bark oils have shown potent fumigant toxicity against the C. corticalis (Kim et al., 2012). These volatile sub- stances affect the insect’s nervous system. The ner- vous system is the control center of the body that transduces the activity of nerves into behaviour. The nerve cells act upon external cues (smell, taste, touch, hearing and light) as well as internal inputs from sources such as hormones, body temperature and limb position sensors in order to create control coordination in insects behaviour (Salgado, 2013). The fine-tuned control system of these insects is dis- rupted by the volatile nature of plant extracts when applied. The plants extract lead to the poisoning of insects whereby certain cells show alternation of staining properties; while some cells can breakdown (cytoly- sis) in tissues. Similarly, within the nucleus the chro- Adv. Hort. Sci., 2017 31(4): 295-310 304 matin granules result into pyknosis (clump together) and the Nissl bodies (granular substances) which dis- solves the nerve cells (Tanada and Kaya, 1993; Satar et al., 2008). The symptoms of nerve poisons are divided in four stages: excitation, convulsion, paraly- sis and death. The neurotoxic fumigant results only in three stages: excitation, paralysis and death (Tanada and Kaya, 1993). The disturbance of nervous system in the insects often affects the respiratory, muscular and circulatory systems. As a result of disturbance or malfunction in the metabolic system the insect dies. In addition, the two common potential mode of action of essential oil components are discussed below. Acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the major compounds that are responsible for trans- mitting nerve impulses from different nerve cells and involuntary muscles. Acetylcholine is denatured by the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to choline and acetate and when Ach is released from synaptic vesicles depolarises the postsynaptic cell membrane. A result of the AChE activity is the regulation of the nerve impulse across the cholinergic synapses (Siegfried and Scott, 1992; López and Pascual- Villalobos, 2010). In other words, the inhibition activ- ity of AChE activity generates the accumulation of neurotransmitters acetylcholine in neuronal synapses which creates a state of permanent stimulation resulting into lack of coordination in the neuromus- cular system followed by the subsequent death of insect (Fig. 3) (Dambolena et al., 2016). Monoterpenoids were the first inhibitors that were considered to have the anticholinesterasic properties. The inhibition of AChE in stored-product insect pests, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Cryptolestes pusillus Schönherr (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) is a possible mode of action from monoterponoids such as linalool, camphor, γ-terpinene, geraniol, S- carvone, E-anet- hole, fenchone and estragole (López and Pascual- Villalobos, 2010). For instance, 1,8-cineole (monoter- pene) is found to be the best inhibitor of Acetylcholinesterase activity (IC50 values 0.015 - 0.05 mg/mL) (Picollo et al., 2008; Dambolena et al., 2016). Octopaminergic sites. Octopamine, phenolic ana- logue of noradrenaline, is also present in the nervous system of the arthropods. There is some evidence that octapamine plays a role in neuromuscular trans- mission or rather possess a modulating influence on the nerve-muscle interaction (Candy, 1978; Enan, 2001). Octapamine act as neurotransmitters, neuro- hormones and neuromodulators in nervous system of inverterbrates (Kostyukovsky et al., 2002). In insects, octopamine induces hyperextension of legs and abdomen due to the increased frequency of exci- tatory postsynaptic potentials from abdominal motor neurons (Harris-Warrick et al., 1980; Livingstone et al., 1980). Octopamine is likely to be involved in the regulation of heartbeats in insects since it is released in the axon terminals of pericardial organs (Evans et al., 1976). Octopamine exerts the effects through octopamine-1 and octopamine-2 receptors through- out their union with G-protein-coupled receptors (Dambolena et al., 2016). For instance, carvacrol compound was found to change the conformation of the endogenous G-protein by increasing the affinity (Dambolena et al., 2016). Likewise, a blockage of octopamine receptors binding sites was noted at the lowest concentration of the eugenol, α-terpineol and cinnamic alcohol resulting in decreased biding of [3H]octopamine to its receptors (Enan, 2001). The compounds such as octopamine and acetyl- choline (accumulated in the nerves) in insects have diverse biological roles. Octopamine and acetyl- choline compounds function as neurotransmitters (Fig. 3). If these compounds get interrupted by any Fig. 3 - Target sites in insects as possible neurotransmitter mediated toxic action of volatile plant extracts. Adapted from: Tripathi et al. (2009) 305 Chand et al. - Essential oils in the South Pacific and their insecticidal properties chance, then it results in the damage of nervous sys- tem of the insects. Plant extracts have long been touted as a potential alternative to synthetic insecticides presumably because of less environmental and human health impacts (Kostyukovsky et al., 2002). The extracts form an impermeable film when applied on crops, which covers the insect from the air. The formation of the covering results in suffocation with the consequent death in insects (Li et al., 2014). In addition, Tripathi et al. (2009) reported that volatile components of plant extracts such as monoterpenes have cytotoxic effects on tissues of living organisms. For example, the reduction in the intact mitochondria and golgi bodies, impairing respiration and reducing cell mem- brane permeability. The overall effect of plant extracts led to disruption, dissolution of cell mem- branes, and blockage of tracheal system of insects (Isman and Machial, 2006; Tehri and Singh, 2015). 3. Conclusions Bio-control has been long touted as an attractive alternative over synthetic methods for the insect management. The current review has showed that out of the 19 plants selected, only Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem derivatives) was known to be used tra- ditionally as an insecticide in the South Pacific (World Health Organization, 1998). Although essential oils are gaining momentum in market due to their environmental friendly pesticidal properties, there are few disadvantages of essential oils. Firstly, the use of essential oil in industrial farm- ing may be not very popular mainly due to essential oils being more expensive and its less available. Secondly, the effect of separate chemical composi- tion of essential oils is studied and trialled on insects, however, every little study concerning combined effects of essential oils is known mainly due to high level of difficulty in identifying the effectiveness (Regnault-Roger et al., 2012). Thirdly, the use of essential oils for pest control is known from ancient times however only few are known to be available in commercialized market (Park and Tak, 2015). Nevertheless, essential oils play a very important role in non-synthetic farming where the environmen- tal safety is the primary concern (Isman, 2000). Although economically, synthetic chemicals are more often used then the plant extracts, these botanicals have the potential of providing efficient and safer approach for the environment as well as for humans (Nerio et al., 2010; Pandey et al., 2014). Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to Mr Karuna Reddy and Mrs Reema Prakash for their support and guidance provided throughout the research journey especially assisting in the layout of the paper. Last but not least, the authors are thankful to the support given by the University of the South Pacific, Fiji islands for offering the Graduate Assistant scholarship and the research funding. References ADESINA J.M., 2013 - Insecticidal potential of Momordica charantia (L.) leaves powder against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) (Coleoptera: curculionidae) infestation. - Int. J. Biosci., 3: 28-34. AJAIYEOBA E.O., SAMA W., ESSIEN E.E., OLAYEMI J.O., EKUNDAYO O., WALKER T.M., SETZER W.N., 2008 - Larvicidal activity of turmerone-rich essential oils of Curcuma longa. Leaf and rhizome from Nigeria on Anopheles gambiae. - Pharm. Biol., 46: 279-282. AJAYI O.E., 2015 - Toxicity and repellent activity of Momordica charantia (L.) extracts against the Cowpea Weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). - Jordan J. Agric. Sci., 11: 650-660. AKHTAR Y., ISMAN M.B., 2004 - Comparative growth inhibitory and antifeedant effects of plant extracts and pure allelochemicals on four phytophagous insect species. - J. Appl. Entomology, 128: 32-38. ALVAREZ M.R.S., HERALDE III F.M., QUIMING N.S., 2015 - Potent larvicidal activities of Capsicum frutescens (L.) fruit ethanolic and partially purified extracts against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (S.). - Der Pharmacia Lettre, 7: 94-99. ARIVOLI S., RAVEEN R., SAMUEL T., 2015 - Larvicidal activi- ty of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng (Rutaceae) hexane leaf extract isolated fractions against Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex quin- quefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). - J. Mosquito Res., 5: 1-8. ARNASON J.T., PHILOGÈNE B.J.R., DONSKOV N., MUIR A., TOWERS G.H.N., 1986 - Psilotin, an insect feeding deter- rent and growth reducer from Psilotum nudum. - Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 14: 287-289. BAKKALI F., AVERBECK S., AVERBECK D., IDAOMAR M., 2008 - Biological effects of essential oils. A review. - Food Chem. Toxicol., 46: 446-475. BALDI I., LEBAILLY P., MOHAMMED-BRAHIM B., LETEN- NEUR L., DARTIGUES J.-F., BROCHARD P., 2003 - Neurodegenerative diseases and exposure to pesticides Adv. Hort. Sci., 2017 31(4): 295-310 306 in the elderly. - Am. J. Epidemiol., 157: 409-414. BEKIRCAN Ç., CÜCE M., SÖKMEN A., 2014 - Antifeedant activity of the essential oils from four different lami- aceae species against Agelastica alni L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). - Advances in Zoology and Botany, 2: 57-62. BOŽOVIĆ M., PIROLLI A., RAGNO R., 2015 - Mentha suave- olens Ehrh. (Lamiaceae) essential oil and its main con- stituent piperitenone oxide: Biological activities and chemistry. - Molecules, 20: 8605-8633. BRIGGS D., 2003 - Environmental pollution and the global burden of disease. - Br. Med. Bull., 68: 1-24. CALLE J., RIVERA A., LUIS J.G., AGUIAR Z., 1990 - Insecticidal activity of the petroleum ether extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. - Rev. Colomb. Quim., 19: 91-96. CANDY D.J., 1978 - The regulation of locust flight muscle metabolism by octopamine and other compounds. - Insect Biochem., 8: 177-181. CHAICHANA J., 2009 - Chemical constituents and biological activities of Thai aromatic plants. - Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiang Mai Graduate School, Chiang Mai University. CHAMORRO E.R., ZAMBÓN S.N., MORALES W.G., SEQUEIRA A.F., VELASCO G.A., 2012 - Study of the chemical composition of essential oils by gas chro- matography, pp. 307-324. - In: SALIH B. (ed.) Gas chro- matography in plant science, wine technology, toxycol- ogy and some specific applications. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 346. CHAMPAGNE D.E., ISMAN M.B., TOWERS G.H.N., 1989 - Insecticidal activity of phytochemicals and extracts of the Meliaceae, pp. 95-109. - In: ARNASON J.T., B.G.R. PHILOGENE., and P. MORAND (eds.) Insecticides of plant origin. ACS Symposium, 387, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA, pp. 213. CHAND R.R., JOKHAN A.D., GOPALAN R.D., 2016 - Bioactivity of selected essential oil from medicinal plants found in Fiji against the Spiralling whiteflies. - Adv. Hort. Sci., 30(3): 165-174. CHARLES D.J., SIMON J.E., 1990 - Comparison of extraction methods for the rapid determination of essential oil content and composition of basil. - J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 115: 458-462. CHENG J., YANG K., ZHAO N.N., WANG X.G., WANG S.Y., LIU Z.L., 2012 - Composition and insecticidal activity of the essential oil of Cananga odorata leaves against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). - J. Med. Plants Res., 6: 3482-3486. CHOI W.-S., PARK B.-S., LEE Y.-H., JANG D.Y., YOON H.Y., LEE S.-E., 2006 - Fumigant toxicities of essential oils and monoterpenes against Lycoriella mali adults. - Crop Prot., 25: 398-401. CHRISTOFOLI M., COSTA E.C.C., BICALHO K.U., DE CÁSSIA DOMINGUES V., PEIXOTO M.F., ALVES C.C.F., ARAÚJO W.L., DE MELO CAZAL C., 2015 - Insecticidal effect of nanoencapsulated essential oils from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (Rutaceae) in Bemisia tabaci populations. - Ind. Crops Prod., 70: 301-308. CLEMENTE S., MAREGGIANI G., BROUSSALIS A., MARTINO M., FERRARO G., 2003 - Insecticidal effects of Lamiaceae species against stored products insects. - Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas (Spain), 29: 421- 426. COATS J.R., 1994 - Risks from natural versus synthetic insecticides. - Annu. Rev. Entomol., 39: 489-515. COOPER R., NICOLA G., 2014 - Isomers and building blocks, pp. 41-47 - In: VINCE G. (ed.) Natural products chem- istry: Sources, separations and structures. CRC Press, Boca Ratan, FL, USA, pp. 177. COPPING L.G., DUKE S.O., 2007 - Natural products that have been used commercially as crop protection agents. - Pest Manag. Sci., 63: 524-554. CORSINI A., MAZZOTTI M., RAITERI M., SOMA M.R., GAB- BIANI G., FUMAGALLI R., PAOLETTI R., 1993 - Relationship between mevalonate pathway and arteri- al myocyte proliferation: in vitro studies with inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. - Atherosclerosis, 101: 117- 125. DA SILVA W., FREIRE M.D.G.M., PARRA J.R.P., MARANGO- NI S., MACEDO M.L.R., 2012 - Evaluation of the Adenanthera pavonina seed proteinase inhibitor (ApTI) as a bioinsecticidal tool with potential for the control of Diatraea saccharalis. - Process Biochem., 47: 257-263. DA SILVA E., MURUKESAN V.K., NANDWANI D., TAYLOR M., JOSEKUTTY P.C., 2004 - The Pacific Islands: a biotechnology resource bank of medicinal plants and traditional intellectual property. - World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 20: 903-934. DAMBOLENA J.S., ZUNINO M.P., HERRERA J.M., PIZZOLIT- TO R.P., ARECO V.A., ZYGADLO J.A., 2016 - Terpenes: natural products for controlling insects of importance to human health. A structure-activity relationship study. - Psyche J. Entom., 2016: 1-16. DANGA S.P.Y., NUKENINE E.N., YOUNOUSSA L., ADLER C., ESIMONE C.O., 2015 - Efficacy of Plectranthus glandu- losus (Lamiaceae) and Callistemon rigidus (Myrtaceae) leaf extract fractions to Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). - J. Insect Sci., 15: 139-139. DE OLIVEIRA A.M., TIRAPELLI C.R., AMBROSIO S.R., DA COSTA F.B., 2008 - Diterpenes: a therapeutic promise for cardiovascular diseases. - Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, 3: 1-8. DINESH D., MURUGAN K., MADHIYAZHAGAN P., PANNEER- SELVAM C., MAHESH KUMAR P., NICOLETTI M., JIANG W., BENELLI G., CHANDRAMOHAN B., SURESH U., 2015 - Mosquitocidal and antibacterial activity of green-syn- thesized silver nanoparticles from Aloe vera extracts: towards an effective tool against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi? - Parasitol. Res., 114: 1519-1529. DJILANI A., DICKO A., 2012 - The therapeutic benefits of essential oils, pp. 155-178. - In: BOUAYED J., and T. BOHN (eds.) Nutrition, well-being and health. Intech, pp. 224. DORMAN H.J.D., DEANS S.G., 2000 - Antimicrobial agents 307 Chand et al. - Essential oils in the South Pacific and their insecticidal properties from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. - J. App. Microbiol., 88: 308-316. DUBEY V., BHALLA R., LUTHRA R., 2003 - An overview of the non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthe- sis in plants. - J. Biosci., 28: 637-646. EDWIN U.P.M., NYIUTAHA I.G., ESSIEN A.E., NNAMDI O.K., SUNDAY E.M., 2013 - Larvicidal effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Senna alata on Anopheles gambi- ae, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. - Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 26: 561-566. EMAM A.M., SWELAM E.S., MEGALLY N.Y., 2009 - Furocoumarin and quinolone alkaloid with larvicidal and antifeedant activities isolated from Ruta chalepen- sis leaves. - J. Nat. Products, 2: 10-22. ENAN E., 2001 - Insecticidal activity of essential oils: octopaminergic sites of action. - Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 130: 325-337. ERBIL N., DUZGUNER V., DURMUSKAHYA C., ALAN Y., 2015 - Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of some turkish fodder plants belongs to fabaceae family (Vicia villosa, Trifolium ochroleucum and Onobrychis altissima). - Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 31: 53-58. EVANS P., KRAVITZ E., TALAMO B., 1976 - Octopamine release at two points along lobster nerve trunks. - J. Physiol., 262: 71-89. EZEONU F.C., CHIDUME G.I., UDEDI S.C., 2001 - Insecticidal properties of volatile extracts of orange peels. - Bioresour. Technol., 76: 273-274. FAO, 2015 - Road mapping pesticide risk reduction for the Pacific region. - FAO, Rome, Italy. FARAG R.S., DAW Z.Y., HEWEDI F.M., EL-BAROTY G.S.A., 1989 - Antimicrobial activity of some egyptian spice essential oils. - J. Food Prot., 52: 665-667. FENG X., JIANG H., ZHANG Y., HE W., ZHANG L., 2012 - Insecticidal activities of ethanol extracts from thirty Chinese medicinal plants against Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). - J. Med. Plants Res., 6: 1263- 1267. FIGUEROA-BRITO R., HUERTA-DE LA PENA A., MORENO I.P., MANCEBON V.S.M., LOPEZ-OLGUIN J.F., 2011 - Insecticidal activity of seed extracts of Carica Papaya (L.) against the fall Armyworm spodoptera frugiperda (Je Smith)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). - Interciencia, 36: 752-756. GADDAGUTI V., VENKATESWARA RAO T., PRASADA RAO A., 2016 - Potential mosquito repellent compounds of Ocimum species against 3N7H and 3Q8I of Anophelesgambiae. - 3 Biotech., 6(1): 1-8. GANDHI N., PILLAI S., PATEL P., 2010 - Efficacy of pulver- ized Punica granatum (Lythraceae) and Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) leaves against stored grain pest Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). - Int. J. Agric. Biol., 12: 616-620. GONZALEZ-COLOMA A., REINA M., DIAZ C.E. FRAGA B.M., SANTANA-MERIDAS O., 2013 - Natural product-based biopesticides for insect control, pp. 237-268. - In: LEW M., and H.-W. LIU (eds.) Comprehensive natural prod- ucts II: chemistry and biology. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, pp. 7388. HADJIMBEI E., BOTSARIS G., GOULAS V., GEKAS V., 2015 - Health-promoting effects of Pistacia resins: recent advances, challenges, and potential applications in the food industry. - Food Rev. Int., 31: 1-12. HARRIS-WARRICK R., LIVINGSTONE M., KRAVITZ E., 1980 - Central effects of octopamine and serotonin on postural motor systems in the lobster. - Society for Neuroscience Abs., 6: 27. HE H.B., WANG H.B., FANG C.X., LIN Y.Y., ZENG C.M., WU L.Z., GUO W.C., LIN W.X., 2009 - Herbicidal effect of a combination of oxygenic terpenoids on Echinochloa crus-galli. - Weed Res., 49: 183-192. HERNÁNDEZ M.M., HERASO C., VILLARREAL M.L., VARGAS- ARISPURO I., ARANDA E., 1999 - Biological activities of crude plant extracts from Vitex trifolia L. (Verbenaceae). - J. Ethnopharmacol., 67: 37-44. HOSSAIN M.A., SHAH M.D., SANG S.V., SAKARI M., 2012 - Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of the essential oils and crude extracts of Merremia borneensis. - J. King Saud Univ. Sci., 24: 243-249. HRCKOVA G., VELEBNY S., 2012 - Parasitic helminths of humans and animals: health impact and control, pp. 29-100. - In: HRCKOVA H., and S. VELEBNY (eds.) Pharmacological potential of selected natural com- pounds in the control of parasitic diseases. Springer, Vienna, Austria. HUSSAIN D., RASHID R.H., GHOUSE G., ABBAS M., 2013 - Insecticidal activities of two citrus oils against Tribolium castaneum (herbst). - Am. J. Res. Commun., 1: 67-74. IBANEZ S., GALLET C., DESPRÉS L., 2012 - Plant insecticidal toxins in ecological networks. - Toxins, 4: 228-243. ISMAN M.B., SEFFRIN R., 2014 - Natural insecticides from the Annonaceae: a unique example for developing biopesticides, pp. 21-33. - In: SINGH D. (ed.) Advances in plant biopesticides. Springer New Delhi, India, pp. 401. ISMAN M.B., 2000 - Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. - Crop Prot., 19: 603-608. ISMAN M.B., 2006 - Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. - Annu. Rev. Entomol., 51: 45-66. ISMAN M.B., MACHIAL C.M., 2006 - Pesticides based on plant essential oils: from traditional practice to com- mercialization, pp. 29-44. - In: MAHENDRA R., and M.C. CARPINELLA (eds.) Advances in phytomedicine. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, pp. 502. JACKAI L., OYEDIRAN I., 1991 - The potential of Neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss. for controlling post-flower- ing pests of cowpea, Vigna Unguiculata Walp-I. The Pod borer, Maruca Testulalis. - Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci., 12: 103-109. JARAMILLO M.C., ARANGO G.J., GONZÁLEZ M.C., ROBLEDO S.M., VELEZ I.D., 2000 - Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp. - Fitoterapia, 71: 183-186. Adv. Hort. Sci., 2017 31(4): 295-310 308 JILANI G., SAXENA R.C., 1990 - Repellent and feeding deter- rent effects of turmeric oil, sweetflag oil, neem oil, and a neem-based insecticide against lesser grain borer (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). - J. Econ. Entomol., 83: 629- 634. KANNATHASAN K., SENTHILKUMAR A., CHANDRASEKARAN M., VENKATESALU V., 2007 - Differential larvicidal effi- cacy of four species of Vitex against Culex quinquefas- ciatus larvae. - Parasitol. Res., 101: 1721-1723. KHANI A., HEYDARIAN M., 2014 - Fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene-rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum (L.). - Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med., 7: 956-961. KIM J.R., HARIBALAN P., SON B.-K., AHN Y.-J., 2012 - Fumigant toxicity of plant essential oils against Camptomyia corticalis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). - J. Econ. Entomol., 105: 1329-1334. KORDALI S., KESDEK M., CAKIR A., 2007 - Toxicity of monoterpenes against larvae and adults of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). - Ind. Crops Prod., 26: 278-297. KOSTYUKOVSKY M., RAFAELI A., GILEADI C., DEMCHENKO N., SHAAYA E., 2002 - Activation of octopaminergic receptors by essential oil constituents isolated from aromatic plants: possible mode of action against insect pests. - Pest Manag. Sci., 58: 1101-1106. KOVENDAN K., MURUGAN K., NARESH KUMAR A., VIN- CENT S., HWANG J.-S., 2012 - Bioefficacy of larvicdial and pupicidal properties of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, spinosad, against chikungunya vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). - Parasitol. Res., 110: 669-678. LEATEMIA J.A., ISMAN M.B., 2004 - Insecticidal activity of crude seed extracts of Annona spp., Lansium domes- ticum and Sandoricum koetjape against lepidopteran larvae. - Phytoparasitica, 32: 30-37. LEE S., TSAO R., PETERSON C., COATS J.R., 1997 - Insecticidal activity of monoterpenoids to Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae), and House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). - J. Econ. Entomol., 90: 883-892. LEMAIRE G., TEROUANNE B., MAUVAIS P., MICHEL S., RAH- MANI R., 2004 - Effect of organochlorine pesticides on human androgen receptor activation in vitro. - Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 196: 235-246. LI Y., FABIANO-TIXIER A.-S., CHEMAT F., 2014 - Essential oils as insecticide, pp. 41-53. - In: SHARMA S.K. (ed.) E. Springer International Publishing: pp. 71. LIVINGSTONE M.S., HARRIS-WARRICK R.M., KRAVITZ E.A., 1980 - Serotonin and octopamine produce opposite postures in lobsters. - Science, 208: 76-79. LÓPEZ M.D., PASCUAL-VILLALOBOS M.J., 2010 - Mode of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by monoterpenoids and implications for pest control. - Ind. Crops Prod., 31: 284-288. MACEDO M.L.R., SÁ C.M.D., FREIRE M.D.G.M., PARRA J.R.P., 2004 - A kunitz-type inhibitor of coleopteran pro- teases, isolated from Adenanthera pavonina L. seeds and its effect on Callosobruchus maculatus. - J. Agric. Food Chem., 52: 2533-2540. MASOTTI V., JUTEAU F., BESSIÈRE J.M., VIANO J., 2003 - Seasonal and phenological variations of the essential oil from the narrow endemic species Artemisia molin- ieri and its biological activities. - J. Agric. Food Chem., 51: 7115-7121. MATOS A.P., NEBO L., VIEIRA P.C., FERNANDES J.B., SILVA M.F.D.G.F., RODRIGUES R.R., 2009 - Chemical con- stituents and insecticidal activity from fruits extracts of Trichilia elegans and T. catigua (Meliaceae). - Química Nova, 32: 1553-1556. MOREIRA M.D., PICANÇO M.C., BARBOSA L.C.A., GUEDES R.N.C., BARROS E.C., CAMPOS M.R., 2007 - Compounds from Ageratum conyzoides: isolation, structural eluci- dation and insecticidal activity. - Pest Manag. Sci., 63: 615-621. NAGAPPAN P., GOMATHINAYAGAM S., 2014 - Study of mosquito larvicidal effects of Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) extracts as nanopowder. - Recent Trends in Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, 6: 4052- 4054. NAIR S.S., SHETTY V., SHETTY N.J., 2014 - Relative toxicity of leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and Centella asi- atica against mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. - J. Insects, 2014: 1-7. NAZAR S., RAVIKUMAR S., WILLIAMS G.P., ALI M.S., SUG- ANTHI P., 2009 - Screening of Indian coastal plant extracts for larvicidal activity of Culex quinquefascia- tus. - Indian J. Sci. Techn., 2: 24-27. NAZZARO F., FRATIANNI F., DE MARTINO L., COPPOLA R., DE FEO V., 2013 - Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. - Pharmaceuticals, 6: 1451-1474. NERIO L.S., OLIVERO-VERBEL J., STASHENKO E., 2010 - Repellent activity of essential oils: a review. - Bioresour. Technol., 101: 372-378. NOVAES P., TORRES P.B., DOS SANTOS D.Y.A.C., 2016 - Biological activities of Annonaceae species extracts from Cerrado. - Braz. J. Bot., 39: 131-137. NUKENINE E., ADLER C., REICHMUTH C., 2007 - Efficacy evaluation of plant powders from Cameroon as post- harvest grain protectants against the infestation of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). - J. Plant Dis. Protec., 114: 30-36. NUKENINE E., TOFEL H., ADLER C., 2011 - Comparative effi- cacy of NeemAzal and local botanicals derived from Azadirachta indica and Plectranthus glandulosus against Sitophilus zeamais on maize. - J. Pest Sci., 84: 479-486. NUKENINE E.N., CHOUKA F.P., VABI M.B., REICHMUTH C., ADLER C., 2013 - Comparative toxicity of four local botanical powders to Sitophilus zeamais and influence of drying regime and particle size on insecticidal effica- cy. - Intern. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 7: 1313-1325. NYAMOITA M.G., ESTER I., ZAKARIA M.H., WILBER L., 309 Chand et al. - Essential oils in the South Pacific and their insecticidal properties BWIRE O.J., AHMED H., 2013 - Comparison of the effects of extracts from three Vitex plant species on Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. - Acta Trop., 127: 199-203. OBICO J.J.A., RAGRAGIO E.M., 2014 - A survey of plants used as repellents against hematophagous insects by the Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga province, Philippines. - Philippines Science Letter, 7: 179-186. OLIVA A., SPIRA A., MULTIGNER L., 2001 - Contribution of environmental factors to the risk of male infertility. - Hum. Reprod., 16: 1768-1776. ONU I., ALIYU M., 1995 - Evaluation of powdered fruits of four peppers (Capsicum spp.) for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus (F) on stored cowpea seed. - Int. J. Pest Manag., 41: 143-145. OPIT G., PHILLIPS T.W., AIKINS M.J., HASAN M., 2012 - Phosphine resistance in Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica from stored wheat in Oklahoma. - J. Econ. Entomol., 105: 1107-1114. PANDEY A.K., SINGH P., TRIPATHI N.N., 2014 - Chemistry and bioactivities of essential oils of some Ocimum species: an overview. - Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 4: 682-694. PARK Y.-L., TAK J.-H., 2015 - Essential oils for arthropod pest management in agricultural production systems. - In: PREEDY V.R. (ed.) Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety. Elsevier, London, UK, pp. 930. PEIXOTO M.G., BACCI L., FITZGERALD BLANK A., ARAÚJO A.P.A., ALVES P.B., SILVA J.H.S., SANTOS A.A., OLIVEIRA A.P., DA COSTA A.S., ARRIGONI-BLANK M.D.F., 2015 - Toxicity and repellency of essential oils of Lippia alba chemotypes and their major monoterpenes against stored grain insects. - Ind. Crops Prod., 71: 31-36. PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ S., ZAVALA-SÁNCHEZ M.A., GONZÁLEZ- CHÁVEZ M.M., CÁRDENAS-ORTEGA N.C., RAMOS- LÓPEZ M.A., 2011 - Bioactivity of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). - Molecules, 16: 7502. PICOLLO M., TOLOZA A., CUETO G.M., ZYGADLO J., ZERBA E., 2008 - Anticholinesterase and pediculicidal activities of monoterpenoids. - Fitoterapia, 79: 271-278. PINHEIRO P.F., COSTA A.V., ALVES T.D.A., GALTER I.N., PIN- HEIRO C.A., PEREIRA A.F., OLIVEIRA C.M.R., FONTES M.M.P., 2015 - Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of essen- tial oil from leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus, car- vacrol, and thymol in plant bioassays. - J. Agric. Food Chem., 63: 8981-8990. PIRIE M.D., CHATROU L.W., ERKENS R.H., MAAS J.W., VAN DER NIET T., MOLS J.B., RICHARDSON J.E., 2005 - Phylogeny reconstruction and molecular dating in four Neotropical genera of Annonaceae: the effect of taxon sampling in age estimations. - Regnum Vegetabile, 143: 149-179. RAGESH P.R., BHUTIA T.N., GANTA S., SINGH A.K., 2016 - Repellent, antifeedant and toxic effects of Ageratum conyzoides (Linnaeus) (Asteraceae) extract against Helicovepra armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). - Arch. Phytopathology Plant Protect., 49: 19-30. RAJA R.R., 2012 - Medicinally potential plants of Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family: an overview. - Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 6: 203-213. RAJENDRAN S., SRIRANJINI V., 2008 - Plant products as fumigants for stored-product insect control. - J. Stored Prod. Res., 44: 126-135. RAJKUMAR S., JEBANESAN A., 2005 - Larvicidal and adult emergence inhibition effect of Centella asiatica Brahmi (Umbelliferae) against mosquito Culex quinquefascia- tus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). - Afr. J. Biomed. Res., 8: 31-33. RAJKUMAR S., JEBANESAN A., 2008 - Bioactivity of flavonoid compounds from Poncirus trifoliata L. (Family: Rutaceae) against the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). - Parasitol. Res., 104: 19- 25. RAVINDRAN R., JULIET S., SUNIL A.R., AJITH KUMAR K.G., NAIR S.N., AMITHAMOL K.K., BANDYOPADHYAY A., RAWAT A.K.S., GHOSH S., 2012 - Acaricidal activity of Cassia alata against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annula- tus. - Exp. Appl. Acarol., 56: 69-74. REGNAULT-ROGER C., HAMRAOUI A., 1995 - Fumigant toxic activity and reproductive inhibition induced by monoterpenes on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (coleoptera), a bruchid of kidney bean (Phaseolus vul- garis L.). - J. Stor. Prod. Res., 31: 291-299. REGNAULT-ROGER C., VINCENT C., ARNASON J.T., 2012 - Essential oils in insect control: low-risk products in a high-stakes world. - Annu. Rev. Entomol., 57: 405-424. RIBEIRO L.P., AKHTAR Y., VENDRAMIM J.D, ISMAN M.B., 2014 - Comparative bioactivity of selected seed extracts from Brazilian Annona species and an aceto- genin-based commercial bioinsecticide against Trichoplusia ni and Myzus persicae. - Crop Prot., 62: 100-106. RÍOS J.-L., 2016 - Essential oils: what they are and how the terms are used and defined A2, pp. 3-10. - In: PREEDY V.R. (ed.) Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety. - Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 930. SAIYED H., DEWAN A., BHATNAGAR V., SHENOY U., SHENOY R., RAJMOHAN H., PATEL K., KASHYAP R., KULKARNI P., RAJAN B., LAKKAD B., 2003 - Effect of endosulfan on male reproductive development. - Environ. Health Perspect., 111: 1958-1962. SALGADO V.L., 2013 - The insect neuromuscular system, pp. 8-15. - In: COMPANY B.C. (ed.) Insecticide mode of action technical training manual. BASF Corporation, NC, USA, pp. 72. SATAR D., SATAR S., METE U.O., SUCHARD J.R., TOPAL M., KARAKOC E., KAYA M., 2008 - Ultrastructural changes in rat thyroid tissue after acute organophosphate poi- soning and effects of antidotal therapy with atropine and pralidoxime: A single-blind, ex vivo study. - Current Therapeutic Research, 69: 334-342. SATTI A.A., ELLAITHY M.E., MOHAMED A.E., 2010 - Adv. Hort. Sci., 2017 31(4): 295-310 310 Insecticidal activities of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seeds under laboratory and field conditions as affected by different storage durations. - Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1: 1001-1008. SENTHILKUMAR N., VARMA P., GURUSUBRAMANIAN G., 2009 - Larvicidal and adulticidal activities of some med- icinal plants against the Malarial Vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston). - Parasitol. Res., 104: 237-244. SIEGFRIED B.D., SCOTT J.G., 1992 - Biochemical characteri- zation of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in insecti- cide resistant and susceptible strains of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). - J. Econom. Entomol., 85: 1092-1098. SISKOS E.P., KONSTANTOPOULOU M.A., MAZOMENOS B.E., JERVIS M., 2007 - Insecticidal activity of Citrus aurantium fruit, leaf, and shoot extracts against adult olive fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). - J. Econ. Entomol., 100: 1215-1220. SIVAGNANAME N., KALYANASUNDARAM M., 2004 - Laboratory evaluation of methanolic extract of Atlantia monophylla (Family: Rutaceae) against immature stages of mosquitoes and non-target organisms. - Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99: 115-118. SUBRAMANIAM J., KOVENDAN K., MAHESH KUMAR P., MURUGAN K., WALTON W., 2012 - Mosquito larvicidal activity of Aloe vera (Family: Liliaceae) leaf extract and Bacillus sphaericus, against Chikungunya vector, Aedes aegypti. - Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 19: 503-509. SUPABPHOL R., TANGJITJAREONKUN J., 2014 - Chemical constituents and biological activities of Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae): A review. - Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 13: 2119-2130. TANADA Y., KAYA H.K., 1993 - Amicrobial and microbial agents, pp. 52-82. - In: TANADA Y. (ed.) Insect patholo- gy. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 667. TEHRI K., SINGH N., 2015 - The role of botanicals as green pesticides in integrated mosquito management - A review. - Int. J. Mos. Res., 2: 18-23. THIMMAPPA R., GEISLER K., LOUVEAU T., O’MAILLE P., OSBOURN A., 2014 - Triterpene biosynthesis in plants. - Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 65: 225-257. THUSHIMENAN S., BASKARAN J., BARANITHARAN M., 2016 - Antifeedant and toxicity of indigenous medicinal plants extracts against Spodoptera litura (fab) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). - Int. J. Zool. App. Biosci., 1: 106-110. TONGNUANCHAN P., BENJAKUL S., 2014 - Essential oils: extraction, bioactivities, and their uses for food preser- vation. - J. Food Sci., 79: 1231-1249. TRIPATHI A.K., PRAJAPATI V., VERMA N., BAHL J.R., BANSAL R.P., KHANUJA S.P.S., KUMAR S., 2002 - Bioactivities of the leaf essential oil of Curcuma Longa (var. ch-66) on three species of stored-product beetles (Coleoptera). - J. Econ. Entomol., 95: 183-189. TRIPATHI A.K., UPADHYAY S., BHUIYAN M., BHAT- TACHARYA P., 2009 - A review on prospects of essential oils as biopesticide in insect-pest management. - J. Pharmacognosy Phytother., 1: 52-63. UJJAN A.A., KHANZADA M., SHAHZAD S., 2014 - Insecticide and papaya leaf extract toxicity to mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kal.). - J. Agric. Food. Appl. Sci., 2: 45-48. UKEH D.A., UMOETOK S.B.A., 2011 - Repellent effects of five monoterpenoid odours against Tribolium casta- neum (Herbst) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in Calabar, Nigeria. - Crop Prot., 30: 1351-1355. UPADHYAY R.K., 2016 - Botanicals; its safe use in pest con- trol and environmental management. - International Journal of Zoological Investigations, 2: 58-102. UPADHYAY R.K., YADAV N., AHMAD S., 2011 - Toxic effects of solvent and aqueous extracts of Cassia alata against bio-molecules and enzymatic parameters of Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). - Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2: 367-381. VERA S.S., ZAMBRANO D.F., MÉNDEZ-SANCHEZ S.C., RODRÍGUEZ-SANABRIA F., STASHENKO E.E., DUQUE LUNA J.E., 2014 - Essential oils with insecticidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). - Parasitol. Res., 113: 2647-2654. VINAYAKA K., PRASHITH-KEKUDA T., NANDINI K., RAK- SHITHA M., RAMYA M., SHRUTHI J., NAGASHREE G., ANITHA B., 2010 - Potent insecticidal activity of fruits and leaves of Capsicum frutescens (L.) var. longa (Solanaceae). - Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2: 172-176. WEI J., DING W., ZHAO Y.-G., VANICHPAKORN P., 2011 - Acaricidal activity of Aloe vera L. leaf extracts against Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae). - J. Asia-Pacific Entomol., 14: 353-356. WESTRA L., MAAS P., 2012 - Tetrameranthus (Annonaceae) revisited including a new species. - PhytoKeys, 12: 1-21. WILLIAMS L.A.D., MANSINGH A., 1993 - Pesticidal poten- tials of tropical plants - I. Insecticidal activity in leaf extracts of sixty plants. - Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci., 14: 697-700. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 1998 - Medicinal plants in the South Pacific. - Western Pacific Series, 19: 1-151.