


































Advances in Politics and Economics 
ISSN 2576-1382 (Print) ISSN 2576-1390 (Online) 

Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 

www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ape 

23 
 

Original Paper 

Dilemma and Breakthrough: Innovation on Models of Public 

Legal Education in China Based on Knowledge Graph 

Zilin Ma
1*

 & Yiting Wang
2 

1
 Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China  

2 
Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China 

 

*
 Zilin Ma, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China 

 

Received: February 8, 2023 Accepted: March 28, 2023 Online Published: April 3, 2023 

doi:10.22158/ape.v6n2p23 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v6n2p23 

 

Abstract 

In over 30 years, the forms of public legal education activities have become increasingly rich. However, 

with the technology refresh, the traditional public legal education model characterized by one-way 

communication has gradually become out of touch, which can not adapt to the return of the people’s 

subjectivity and meet the personalized needs of different groups of people. As an important part of 

advancing the Rule of Law in China, public legal education should be timely innovated with the help of 

new technology. By combining the knowledge graph technology in the era of artificial intelligence with 

the work of public legal education, this paper studies how to use the knowledge graph technology to 

build public legal education network platform, introduce customized legal education content, and 

establish a sound mechanism for intelligent public legal education work, so that users can complete the 

important transformation from the object of legal education to the subject of law learning. This will 

enrich the theoretical research results of public legal education.  

Keywords 

knowledge graph, public legal education 

 

1. Introduction 

Law, the lives of the people also, to conquer this also. Since the reform and opening up, public legal 

education has been an important element in advancing the Rule of Law in China. The purpose of public 

legal education is to guide the public to adopt appropriate ways to protect their legitimate rights and 

interests. At the same time, enhancing the people’s legal sense proves effective for the avoidance of 

violation of the law. In 2021, relevant ministries issued the direction document on the eighth five-year 

plan for increasing public knowledge of the law. Since 1986, when the first five-year plan was launched, 



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China has gradually intensified efforts to enhance legal awareness and achieved remarkable results in 

the campaign to increase the public’s knowledge of the law.  

However, people’s differentiated demand for legal services, profound transformation of China’s 

economic and social system and the development of information technology have combined to pose 

new problems and challenges to public legal education. First of all, unbalanced and insufficient 

development has led to different demand for legal services of various groups of people, which means 

the accuracy of public legal education products needs to be improved. Secondly, for more than 40 years 

of reform and opening up, on the one hand, China’s economy has been growing at a comparatively high 

rate, and with it a rapidly changing social structure. On the other hand, the change of legal rules has 

lagged behind relatively. According to Durkheim’s anomie theory, people tend to commit more deviant 

behaviors during this economic boom period, which breeds more complex social conflicts. To resolve 

these social conflicts, we urgently require innovative approaches of social governance. Finally, the 

arrival of information era also presented a new challenge to the traditional popularization models. By 

comparison with the innovative mode of public legal education characterized by interactive 

communication, the model of public legal education characterized by one-way communication can no 

longer meet the current demand. The eighth five-year plan indicate that we should make full use of new 

technologies and new media to carry out accurate public legal education, which also put forward new 

requirements for models of public legal education in the Internet era.  

 

2. Theoretical Basis 

2.1 Theories of Service-Oriented Government 

Service-oriented government is a form of limited government, which affirming that citizens, social 

constitutions and other entities play important roles in social governance, building a structure of 

national governance by the people and for the people. The chief duty of service-oriented government is 

to provide public services. The citizen is considered the master of the state instead of the opposition of 

the administration. There is a trust relationship between the government and citizens to provide and 

receive public services. In 2012, China proposed to build a service-oriented government with scientific 

functions, optimized structure, integrity and high efficiency to satisfy every Chinese. This is the first 

time to highlight the importance of maintaining the people’s principal position in the country in the 

theory of service-oriented government, thoroughly implementing the philosophy of people-centered 

development, which is the recognition of the principal position of the people as the beneficiaries of 

public services.  

The concretization of the renewal of the theory of service-oriented government in the field of public 

legal education is to embed the service function into the process of education in the general knowledge 

of law. The service function of public legal education means the equality of the status of the 

communicator and audiences and the philosophy of people-centered development. Administrative 

organs transform from the leader of public legal education activities into legal service providers, while 

https://cn.bing.com/dict/search?q=Theories&FORM=BDVSP6&cc=cn
https://cn.bing.com/dict/search?q=of&FORM=BDVSP6&cc=cn
https://cn.bing.com/dict/search?q=Service&FORM=BDVSP6&cc=cn
https://cn.bing.com/dict/search?q=oriented&FORM=BDVSP6&cc=cn
https://cn.bing.com/dict/search?q=Government&FORM=BDVSP6&cc=cn


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citizens transform from undifferentiated audiences of public legal education into service consumers 

with diverse demands. The public legal education is no longer aimed at achieving the established goals, 

but to meet the needs of differentiated users. 

2.2 Interactive Communication Theory 

Interactive communication refers to a mode of communication in which actual feedback from the 

audience is collected in a communication channel and used by the sender in order to continuously 

adjust or modify the information being sent to the audience again. The interactivity of reciprocal 

communication can be attributed to communication media. The biggest feature of new media is 

interactivity. 

Media acts on the political, economic and cultural fields, and the field of public legal education is also 

affected by it. Media makes it possible for public legal education to transform from one-way 

communication to interactive communication. The equal distribution of media resources reshapes the 

conveying and receiving relationship of public legal education. Citizens change from audience of 

public legal education to user of service. The acquisition of media initiative makes it possible for 

multiple subjects to participate in public legal education. The provision of public legal services is 

subject to some specific criteria in the media operation process, namely the user-centered rule of law 

communication logic. 

2.3 Concept and Application Examples of Knowledge Graph 

In this world of abundant data where everything is connected, cloud computing, big data, the 

emergence of the Internet of things really subvert people’s lives. With the breakthrough of deep 

learning algorithm, AI technology has ushered in a golden period of development supported by 

powerful computing power and massive data, and the concept of knowledge graph has been proposed. 

Knowledge Graph is a modern theory that combines theories and methods from disciplines such as 

applied mathematics, graphics, information visualization techniques, and information science with 

methods such as metrological citation analysis and co-occurrence analysis, and uses visual mapping to 

visualize the core structure, development history, frontier areas, and overall knowledge architecture of 

a discipline for the purpose of multidisciplinary integration. Its main goal is to describe the various 

entities and concepts that exist in the real world and the relationships between them, and is a top AI 

technology. Specifically, knowledge graph refers to a series of different graphs used to show the 

process of knowledge development and structural relationships, which describes knowledge resources 

and carriers with visualization techniques (Qin, 2009). With structured data processing method, it uses 

ternary bodies including points, lines and surfaces to represent the relationships between ontologies, 

and uses relationships to organize all entities, forming a directed graph structure. Knowledge refers to 

the information corresponding to points or edges (Cao, 2022). Knowledge graphs can be applied to 

query complex correlated information, understand user intent at the semantic level, and improve search 

quality to build multi-domain knowledge graph platforms to serve different industries and application 

scenarios.  



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The concept of knowledge graph was first formally proposed by Google on May 17, 2012. Google 

applies the knowledge graph to its search engine to improve its search service capabilities, displaying 

relevant information gathered from various sources in the information box next to search results in the 

form of structured modules for users. In this technical upgrade, Google mainly improved its search 

service capabilities in three aspects. The first one is linguistic polysemy, which shows differentiated 

results and narrows the search range. The second one is information relevance, which can help users 

understand the connection between things better. The third one is system extensiveness, which make sure 

that people build a complete knowledge system to discover new facts or new connections. All the 

improvement measures facilitate a whole new set of search queries, greatly improving the experience of 

Google users.  

Ten years later, a history encyclopedia tool All History APP with the core engine of knowledge graph 

also makes a success in China. The All History APP constructs and displays digital humanistic content 

especially historical knowledge, by means of highly spatiotemporal and correlated data. It has launched 

features such as All History Timeline, Time Map, Relationship Graph, AB Path and so on, which enables 

users to actively search historical knowledge in an intuitive way. With all of these features, the All 

History APP has became a real hit. The great success of All History App fully reveals the huge 

application potential of knowledge graph in content retrieval and knowledge popularization, and 

provides a brand new perspective for developers of knowledge-based products.  

 

3. Dilemma: Limitations of Traditional Public Legal Education Models in the Internet Era 

In over 30 years, the forms of public legal education activities have become increasingly rich. However, 

with the technology refresh, the traditional public legal education model has gradually become out of 

touch. 

3.1 Objectification of Audience under Legal Instrumentalism 

In China’s economic and social transition period, laws are often regarded as the confirmation of 

socialist market economy policies, the fixation of various reform achievements, and a tool for escorting 

the development of socialist economy (Lin, 2021). Accordingly, the public legal education have also 

played an important role in it. For example, the second five-year plan was timed to coincide with 

period of reform and opening up in the 1990s. During this period, people concentrated on studying 

more than 200 laws and regulations with the main content of socialist market economy. This legal 

instrumentalism fully emphasizes the social function and governing function of law. However, this 

government-led traditional public legal education model is mostly characterized by one-way 

communication, objectifying the audience, which is a profound reflection of the tradition of taking the 

government official as teacher (Feng, 2017). The design of traditional public legal education products is 

always based on the emotional preconceptions of communicators rather than rational analysis based on 

data.  



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In the digital era, the Internet has broken the information barrier between the people and the power 

center (Lin, 2021). For the people who have recovered their subjectivity on the Internet, the model of 

public legal education characterized by one-way communication can no longer fully meet their desire 

for their voices to be heard. Nowadays, in order to cultivate citizens’ deeper legal thinking, it is 

necessary to change the traditional model of public legal education and provide rich and diverse legal 

resources to the audience by making full use of the longstanding, fundamental openness of the Internet. 

Furthermore, we can also provide personalized advice and services to the users’ needs, improving 

different groups of audiences’ awareness of law. In the new era, public legal education should realize 

the transformation from the previous one-way and compulsory model to an equal, spontaneous and 

interactive model, exploring more efficient, practical paths of public legal education. 

3.2 Failure to Identify Individual Needs for Legal Service 

In the existing traditional public legal education, the model of legal education is uniform and unable to 

identify the individual needs for legal service. Nowadays, most of the public legal education activities 

are lecture training, legal films watching and other standardized ways to carry out education activities, 

which lead the audience to be educated in a passive reception and fail to choose the content received 

freely to a large extent. As mentioned earlier said, an uneven development situation prevails in China at 

all times, resulting in significant differences in needs for legal service of various groups. On the one 

hand, along with the development of socialist market economy and the promotion of democratic 

politics, people are gradually awakening to individual freedom and rights, and the concept of Rule of 

Law is deeply rooted in people’s hearts. People are more concerned about the quality of law education 

and it is difficult to achieve dynamic balance between the demand and the supply of legal service. On 

the other hand, there are still some rural regions where most of people adhere to the informal rules 

instead of laws or regulations when resolving disputes and expressing appeals. In other words, the 

audience’s needs of legal knowledge originate from the specific realities encountered, and everyone 

wants something different. Therefore, the passive mode of public legal education is bound to be 

ineffective as desired. At the same time, the change of power in the Internet era also makes the 

hetero-organization structure of the traditional model gradually disintegrate (Lin, 2021). Under the new 

self-organizational structure, the diversified interests also have a strong impact on the content and form 

of traditional legal education. The passive legal education model should be effectively transformed 

under the concept of service-oriented governance by providing open legal services for audiences to 

choose, so as to achieve a dynamic balance between audience demand and legal knowledge supply. 

 

4. Breakthrough: Using Knowledge Graph to Innovate the Model of Public Legal Education 

When the traditional public legal education model is not prove effective, the introduction of new 

technology is an integrant part of innovating the form of legal education. Knowledge graph is a 

knowledge representation method based on semantic network, which can integrate, summarize and 

associate knowledge in different fields to form a knowledge base containing rich information and 



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relations. When the traditional model of public legal education can not address real needs, the 

combination of knowledge graph and public legal education will be conductive to break through the 

limitations of traditional public legal education models in the Internet era.  

On the platform of public legal education, knowledge graph can help users quickly locate and obtain 

required legal knowledge, and solve their doubts and perplexity in the legal field. For example, when a 

user enters a question related to law on the public legal education platform, the knowledge graph can 

analyze and understand the problem through natural language processing technology, and then find the 

relevant legal knowledge and information from the knowledge graph and present them to the user in a 

visual form. In addition, through the analysis of users’ historical search and browsing records, the 

knowledge graph can also provide users with more personalized legal knowledge recommendations, 

helping users to obtain the required information more quickly and accurately. 

Meanwhile, knowledge graph is a structured knowledge representation and reasoning model based on 

semantic technology and graph theory algorithm. It integrates multi-source heterogeneous data into a 

unified knowledge graph, and realizes efficient and accurate information retrieval and knowledge 

discovery through rich semantic relations and knowledge reasoning. In the public legal education 

platform, the application of knowledge graph can help realize the automatic modeling and management 

of knowledge in the legal field, as well as the intelligent analysis and utilization of knowledge. 

Intelligent retrieval and management of legal cases and interpretations: The public legal education 

platform can form a knowledge graph using legal cases, interpretations and other related knowledge and 

realize the automatic management and retrieval of knowledge through the annotation, classification, 

induction and reasoning of cases and interpretation. Users can query relevant legal knowledge through 

natural language, and the system can match and reason through nodes and edges in the knowledge graph 

to provide accurate results to meet users’ needs and expectations. 

Automatic indexing and analysis of legal provisions: The public legal education platform can 

construct concepts, themes, entities and other elements in legal provisions into a knowledge graph, and 

transform the semantic information of legal provisions into nodes and edges on the graph through natural 

language processing, entity recognition, relationship extraction and other technologies, so as to realize 

automatic indexing and analysis of legal provisions. This will help improve the efficiency and accuracy 

of users’ search and understanding of legal provisions, and improve the quality and value of platform 

services. 

Intelligent Q&A and language search: Semantic search is realized by using natural language 

processing technology and knowledge graph. Users can quickly obtain relevant legal knowledge by 

entering questions or keywords. At the same time, the intelligent question-answering and 

recommendation system based on the knowledge graph can find the nodes and edges related to the 

knowledge graph by analyzing and processing the natural language of users’ questions, and present them 

to users in a visual form. 



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Personalized recommendation and customized service of legal knowledge: By modeling and 

analyzing users’ interests and preferences, the knowledge graph can realize personalized legal 

knowledge recommendation and customized services for users. For example, the system can recommend 

legal cases and explanations related to users’ interests by analyzing their search history and behavior. At 

the same time, the system can also provide users with deeper and more personalized legal knowledge 

services according to user needs and feedback, so as to improve the satisfaction and loyalty of user. This 

is also one of the important applications of knowledge graph in public legal education platform. 

Public legal education platform is an online platform providing legal knowledge services, providing 

users with a variety of legal knowledge to inquire and learn. In order to better meet the needs of users, the 

public legal education platform can use the knowledge graph technology to classify all kinds of legal 

information to form a structured legal knowledge graph. On this basis, the public legal education 

platform can provide more comprehensive, personalized and intelligent legal knowledge services, 

including semantic search, personalized recommendation, intelligent Q&A. At the same time, by 

visualizing the information in the knowledge graph, the public legal education platform can help users 

understand and learn related legal knowledge more intuitively. In the future, the public legal education 

platform can continuously improve the knowledge graph technology, provide better legal knowledge 

services, and provide users with more convenient and efficient legal consultation and services. 

 

5. Concerns about Introducing New Technology into Public Legal Education 

Smart rule of law is a new form of rule of law that combines network technology, big data, cloud 

computing, artificial intelligence, block chain with legislation, administrative law enforcement, justice 

and law-abiding activities in the information age, making the rule of law present a dynamic operation 

process. It is an important part of the strategy of modernizing the national governance system and 

governance capacity based on big data and relying on intelligent platforms. Studying the public legal 

education from the perspective of knowledge graph can approach the wisdom rule of law in theory and 

promote the renewal of the concept of rule of law and the innovation of legal methods. The innovation of 

application of rule of law brought by the era of Internet and artificial intelligence is a new opportunity for 

the traditional concept of rule of law and legal methods. Meeting and developing productivity of rule of 

law with science and technology will promote the new development of traditional rule of law and law. 

The new era calls for new knowledge of law beyond self, looking forward to perfecting the new concept 

of rule of law and upgrading new methods of law. However, there are some concerns about introducing 

new technology into public legal education. 

5.1 Lack of Inter-Disciplinary Talent 

Lack of inter-disciplinary talent is an inevitable question in the construction of smart courts. 

Constructing the smart courts requires a comprehensive combination of new media, cloud computing, 

big data, artificial intelligence and trial execution. This requires that technical personnel should not 

only know the knowledge and technology of system operation and maintenance, but also have a certain 



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understanding of trial and execution, so that the system can better serve the trial, execution and judicial 

management. However, there are few talents with both information knowledge and legal knowledge in 

the courts, which lead to the lack of compound information talents. Due to the small number of staff 

responsible for the construction of the smart court and the daily operation of the security system, it is 

often difficult to cope with sudden system failures and accidents. 

5.2 Network Information Security Problem 

Data leakage is not rare in the Internet era. It is because of the frequent occurrence of data leakage that 

people pay more attention to the protection of personal privacy. The construction of smart courts is 

based on systems and platforms, which are based on data. The promotion of smart court will enable 

litigants’ personal data to be informationized and stored in the network. Intangible data is more difficult 

to save than tangible data, and the speed and scope of dissemination are not comparable to tangible data. 

This increases the risk that the litigants’ personal information will be leaked, so the security of the 

system and platform is particularly important. In recent years, judicial network security incidents 

appear from time to time. For example, the spread of the ransomware virus in 2018 infected the 

systems and platforms of courts in many places across the country. China Judicial Documents Network 

was also attacked several times. The use of crawler technology to capture information of judicial 

documents was very serious. These network security incidents have severely challenged the court’s 

network information security and also affected the construction of the intelligent court. 

5.3 Weak Judicial Data Base 

The operation of the smart court system is rooted in big data, which is the foundation of AI learning. 

Only sufficient and high-quality big data can enable AI to develop healthily and make appropriate 

judgments. However, because of storage techniques, much of the data is not preserved, or is not 

preserved completely. To the court, the data update lags behind and judicial openness in China 

nowadays is still dissatisfactory. To the litigious parties, not everyone is willing to disclose their 

information. In the current practice, relevant data is scanned and stored in the form of photographs, 

which is far from the detailed data required. China has a vast territory so local customs and habits in 

different regions will also affect the result of the judgment, which is difficult to reflect in the judgment 

documents. In addition to the large number of courts, the forms and standards of judgment documents 

are different, which adds difficulty to the statistics of big data. Based on such incomplete and 

insufficient data, the intelligent court may not be able to make correct and appropriate decisions. If the 

parties are not satisfied with the database, it will increase the burden of judicial personnel, which is not 

conducive to the construction of the intelligent court. 

5.4 Difficulties to Popularize Public Legal Education in Smart Courts 

The construction of smart courts has improved the efficiency of judicial administration to a certain 

extent. In daily life, various means of smart judicial service are fully used to actively serve the broad 

masses of the people. The wisdom trial is more convenient for the masses. Through the wisdom public 

legal education, the masses could have a more intuitive understanding of the relevant legal knowledge 



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without leaving home. However, due to the low level of the construction of the grass-roots intelligent 

court in some counties, it can not be well coordinated. In the grass-roots, the traditional mode of public 

legal education characterized by one-way communication is still adopted such as distributing pamphlets 

and carrying out theme meetings of public legal education.  

 

6. Countermeasures of improving Intelligent Public Legal Education Work 

6.1 Building a Network Platform for Public Based on Knowledge Graph 

With powerful data support behind the knowledge graph, the public legal education becomes 

interactive and equal and is no longer simply based on the perceptual prediction of the communicator. 

Making full use of knowledge graph technology can help us organically combine discrete legal 

knowledge, construct and display digital legal content by associating data, and create an interactive 

legal service platform, in order to realize human-computer communication and draw an intelligent legal 

knowledge map. 

Firstly, products with knowledge graph as the core engine can set up multiple functional sections such 

as legal consultation and latest information in the platform to ensure that users can query relevant legal 

knowledge through semantic search. 

Secondly, the product can also try to improve interactivity while retaining the practicality of the 

platform, accurately recommending the knowledge that users want to search based on user portraits and 

legal knowledge graphs, so that those who are educated can freely consult legal advice, invoke legal 

provision, inquire about judicial policies and learn latest legal information on the platform. 

Finally, intelligent public legal education products can set up multi-model content learning methods 

and increase fun quizzes and interactive games, which can enable users to explore and complete the 

legal knowledge puzzles in human-computer interaction mode. These innovations can increase the 

attractiveness of public legal education and eliminate malpractices caused by simple and direct public 

legal education characterized by one-way communication so that users can seek legal education in 

active performance instead of being educated in passive reception and complete the important 

transformation from the object of legal education to the subject of law learning. 

6.2 Introducing Customized Legal Education Content 

Under the new circumstance, the traditional public legal education characterized by one-way 

communication is difficult to accurately target the public demand, and the disadvantage of inefficiency 

figure prominently in public legal education work, which has resulted in the waste of social resources 

to a certain extent. Knowledge graph technology provides a valuable opportunity for the transformation 

of the public legal education model in the context of artificial intelligence communication. Applying 

intelligent data algorithms to legal education can not only enhance people’s initiative in learning legal 

knowledge and raising awareness of law, but also meet the different needs of different groups of 

people. 



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First of all, product developers should abandon the traditional standard and take the interest appeals of 

people from different classes and groups into consideration. Accurately locate user needs, introduce 

customized legal education content, and promote the public legal education model reform.  

Secondly, conduct timely evaluation of the dissemination and popularity of the popularization content 

pushed by micro-video, WeChat, Sina Weibo and other media platforms, pay close attention to society’s 

heated issues, make targeted adjustments to the content of the public legal education, and solve the 

problem of lack of pertinence of public legal education. 

Finally, it is an important index to measure people’s awareness of law whether the public can react 

quickly and use the law as their weapons to protect themselves in time when they encounter specific 

legal problems, so legal service products with knowledge graph as the engine should be devoted to 

solving practical difficult legal problems and enhancing practicality and operability of the products.  

6.3 Establishing a Sound Mechanism for Intelligent Public Legal Education Work 

The development of intelligent public legal education has become the general trend, and it is 

particularly important to establish and improve the working mechanism of intelligent public legal 

education on the original basis.  

On the one hand, it is necessary to promptly establish and foster stronger AI public legal education 

team building, clarify the work responsibilities and objectives of the team and ensure the smooth 

progress of the work. Besides, regularly carrying out AI application knowledge and skills training for 

the promoters also matters, which can strengthen their professional capacity. 

On the other hand, we should improve the supporting supervision and management system because the 

exploration and development of the path of knowledge map popularization cannot be separated from 

the support of a series of working mechanisms, and timely evaluation of the education effect is an 

important part of the development process. Different departments should be organized according to 

their function. Establish the responsibility list system, and strengthen subsequent supervision and 

management, to ensure that the tasks of public legal education at each stage are fully implemented. 

 

7. Conclusion 

From the first five-year plan for increasing public knowledge of the law to the eighth five-year plan, 

China’s experts and scholars in the field of sociology, communication, computer science and so on have 

never stopped exploring and researching new models of public legal education. With the development 

of the times and the change in principal contradiction facing Chinese society in a new era, it is of great 

significance to innovate the mode of legal education. In the Internet era, the passive legal education 

model characterized by one-way communication should give way to the interactive legal education 

model based on the new technology represented by the knowledge graph, which not only helps to 

enrich and expand the existing theoretical research results of Rule of Law, but also makes up for the 

shortcomings of the traditional legal education model. It can meet people’ desire for their voices to be 

heard in the Internet era, achieve a dynamic balance between audience demand and legal education 



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supply and enhance the effectiveness of legal education. The eighth five-year plan for increasing public 

knowledge of the law pointed out that an all-media legal communication system should be built to 

make the Internet become the largest incremental of the innovative development of public legal 

education. The product designers of legal education should cultivate wisdom with Internet thinking to 

form the positive interaction between product designers, so that the eighth five-year plan for increasing 

public knowledge of the law is no longer just a piece of paper and the law awareness is deeply rooted in 

the hearts of the people.  

 

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