Advances in Social Science and Culture
ISSN 2640-9682 (Print) ISSN 2640-9674 (Online)

Vol. 6, No. 4, 2024
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70

Original Paper

Parents Financial Distress and Time Allocation with Youths

Responsible for Increasing Trends of Risky Behaviours among

Youths in Mumbai Metropolitan Region
Dr. Sanjay Rode1

1Associate Professor and Head of Department, Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Maharashtra, India

Received: May 27, 2024 Accepted: July 11, 2024 Online Published: August 06, 2024

doi:10.22158/assc.v6n4p70 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/assc.v6n4p70

Abstract

Youths are powerful economic agent for any nation. An educated, healthy, hardworking youths are

human asset for nation, society, and family in long term. Youths must have trained with quality

education. It is job of government, families, and society to ensure that they will acquire maximum skills,

knowledge, healthy behaviour, nutritional status. But male youths are driving four wheelers and female

drive two wheelers without proper license and trend is increasing since 2013 to 2023. The smoking,

alcohol consumption has increased among males. Youths are more depressed in region. They fight

physically more and do not eat healthy diet. The incidence of risky behaviours became double in a

decade. Few youths involved in multiple sex with opposite sex relationship with lack of understanding

and use of contraceptives. Logistic regression model 2013 survey shows that multiple risky behaviours

are co-related to youths walk to college, spend more time in college, travel by train and car. But 2023

survey, shows that multiple risky behaviours are co-related to age of youths, loans taken by parents.

The role of parents is important in controlling risky behaviours such as risky driving, smoking

cigarettes, drinking alcohol, depression, and opposite sex relationship. Parents must teach youths

nutritious food habits, traffic rules, no smoking and alcohol, physical fight. Long term policies for

youths and parents required to reduce risky behaviours on urgent basis in Mumbai Metropolitan

Region.

Keywords

Behaviour, Sanitation, Health

Introduction

There is an increasing trend of risk-taking behaviour among adolescents in India, but little empirical



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evidence exists on its determinants (Agrawal & Praveen, 2012). The risky behaviour, including illegal

drug use, gambling, tobacco and alcohol use, delinquency, inappropriate aggressiveness and violence,

school failure, and unsafe sexual activity; however, many studies focus on only one type of risky

behaviour. Many adolescents, however, participate in more than one type of risk behaviour, and the

combined effect of participation in multiple behaviours is concerning (Youngblade et al., 2006). The

multiple risk behaviour and condition often exist together in the same individual, adding cumulative

risk for poor health outcomes in later stages (Maurya & Priya, 2023). The risky behaviours among

youths affect wellbeing of their life prospects. Youths do not have capacity of thinking through

different problems. Factors associated with risk behaviours in adolescence health since they are

significantly associated with several risk behaviours in adolescence. (Bozzini et al., 2021). Every day

they come across different problems. But they do not have knowledge of alternative options available.

Attitude of the youths towards risky behaviour is own decision-making process. Most of the time, they

fail to solve different problems because they underestimate the situation. Maximum youths have

problems with emotional control. Youths may overreact by allowing emotional states to resolve various

uncertainties. The volatility in mood is a characteristic of youths with positive and negative swings in

moods. It is an adolescent period where emotional, physical, psychological development takes place of

youths. Maximum youths discount their future too much. Youth preferences are time inconsistent and

not based on facts. One activity is engaged into some extent, the marginal risk from additional

engagement is lower.

The risky activities are highly enjoyed by youths in region. They find out that if the risk in any activity

is higher than they thought, they engage more because they have already borne the cost. That is why

youths involved in driving, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical fighting, and undernutrition. Youths

have high preferences for few activities than adults that create negative externalities. The sex

relationship among young female is related to teenage pregnancy or AIDS. It may be because they are

crazy for it or to impress peer group. Youths have day to day fluctuations in taste and preferences. Peer

pressure temporarily influence their preferences for food, smoking drinking wine, physical fighting etc.

The negative life events and some of personal and social competencies – cooperation and

communication, empathy, self-awareness, and self-efficacy are associated to risk behaviours.

Adolescents that present higher levels of negative life events or lower levels of these competences’

present higher levels of disruptive behaviour (Celeste et al., 2012).

Trade-off is existing as short-term benefit and long-term cost of possibilities. For example, theft results

into jail for youth. Smoking and drinking are related to future, health, and job prospects among youths.

There are two types of youths in society. The sophisticated youths are fully aware of their future

self-control problem, and they correctly predict how themselves will behave. The Navie youths are

fully unaware of their future self-control problem. Driving of two and four-wheeler is an inherently

risky activity. In modern times, the youths are more dependent on automobiles. For small distance, they

required two and four wheelers. Maximum teens are aggressive drivers of two and four wheelers in



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region. They are less likely to use safety equipment’s such as seat belt for four-wheeler and helmet for

two-wheeler. In accidents, youths’ error is a single vehicle crash issue. Youth do not wear seatbelts or

drive after drinking wine. They are those youths who take others health at risks through smoking

cigarettes, drinking alcohol and physical fighting. Youths do not have financial resources that they can

use to influence other people. Youths’ consumption always exceeds their income.

Risky Behaviours among youths in Mumbai Metropolitan Region:

Mumbai is a financial capital of country. Families are earning high income based on education and

experience. Both parents are earning high income and enjoying high standard of living in region.

Youths are going to colleges, and they are out of house from morning till evening due to college, tuition,

Gym, sports etc. They meet different types of friends every day. Youths drive vehicles of parents,

friends, relatives etc. Few do not have learning licence. Those have two and four wheelers licence often

drive fast on street. Few youths are regularly using vehicles to go to college, visit friends and relatives’

house. During driving to different places, they supposed to wear helmet for two-wheeler and wear

seatbelt for four wheelers. But they do not wear seatbelt or helmet. It may lead to accident and youth

may stop learning in colleges. They need to spend time in hospital. It is very expensive affair for the

family. Youths often smoke cigarettes at streets. They smoke while driving four wheelers. It may lead

to health issues among youths. Youths drink alcohol and drive four wheelers. It may lead to accident

and loss of life. They should not race of vehicle of highway. It may lead to accident and loss to vehicle

and injury to youth. Youths have reported major accidents on highways and injury to them. The rich

parents smoke in front of youths. Cigarettes are lying on the table in bedroom or hall of flat. Youths

take such cigarettes and smoke. They feel that parents support their smoking. The peer influence clearly

plays a very significant role in adolescent smoking (Sen & Basu, 2000).

Their friends also provide them cigarettes and they smoke. Smoking every day may affect their lung.

Youths have depression due to stress of study, health issue, home level issue but it does not mean that

they must smoke cigarettes. Youths often say that they have depression and anxiety. It may be due to

study, travel, etc. Youths those fail to concentrate in study involved in number of other activities. They

consume drugs which they try to get it from friends at lower price. If they do not get from friends at

lower price. They borrow money from friends and order drugs. If some delay is getting drugs, they

fight physically with them. It becomes the matter of police. They may put them in jail and study of

youths may get affect. They go to doctor and get medicines but that is not enough. They may attempt

suicide. It is big hardship for family to take care of such youths. Youths have friendship with different

personalities, school/college level friends, tuition, Jym and other types of friends.

Most of the time friendship is related to practical things. They often fight on different issues such as

betting, money lending, night parties, picnics, tourism etc. Physical fight is so severe that it may end up

in police station. The youths need immediate medical help. Girls are assaulted by young people. They

often carry chili powder or paper spray to fight with stranger. Police case is registered by youths in

such cases. Youths do not prefer homemade food. They often have inertia to eat nutritious food. May be



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due to less knowledge, peer group pressure, they prefer hotel food. Families provide cash as pocket

money. They buy burger, pizza, street food which is less nutritious. They often feel weak and fall sick.

Doctors’ medicines and less quality food, stress of study effects on youth. They feel weak and do not

study regularly. It reduces their total scores obtained and grades. Youths fail in their study. They visit

doctor for weakness and other issues. Doctors provide medicines but youths do not take medicines on

time.

Youths often involved in opposite sex attraction. They spend more time outside of house. Youths get

involved with multiple sex partners. They do not have knowledge of condoms/pills. It may lead to

pregnancy among young girls. Due to access of mobile and internet, youths watch porn movies. Few

youths are forced to watch such movies. Once they watch such movies, they become habitual to watch

it and act accordingly. Such youths do not concentrate on study often drop out and fail to complete

study. Major objective of the study is to understand risk behaviours among youths. The risky

behaviours have increased over the period. The study also aims to examine the smoking cigarettes,

driving vehicles and eating behaviours among youths. Youths often feel depressed and do not eat

properly. It is adversely effect on their health.

Data and Methodology:

For this study, we collected primary data of youth’s risky behaviours and their family background in

Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The primary data was collected from 1002 youths in 18-25 age group

from Mumbai, Thane city, Thane district in February to March 2013. Again, after ten years, the primary

data was collected from June to December 2023. Total 776 youths’ data is collected randomly from

18-25 age group from metropolitan region. We covered Mumbai, Mumbai suburbs and Thane district.

Figure 1. Mumbai Metropolitan Region

For data analysis, we have classified the youths from Central, Western and Eastern Suburbs, Thane city

and Thane district based on responses of schedule. Youths’ family background is used for analysis of

data in region. In both surveys, the youths asked different questions related to driving vehicles,



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smoking cigarettes, drinking wine, physical fight, Depression, malnutrition, and sexual relationship. We

analysed both survey data in excel and SPSS@24 of different risky behaviours according to suburbs of

region such as Central, Western and Eastern suburbs, Thane, and Thane district. We have used R

software for logistic regression analysis to find different corelation with risky behaviour among youths.

A logistic regression model is used to find the socio-economic and demographic reasons behind the

risky behaviours among youths. Logistic model is also used to pool whole sample together with

multiple risks among youths in region. Multiple risks among youths are further regressed on

socio-economic and demographic variables.

Economic model:

We have developed economic model for various risky behaviours among youths in region.

(1)

Youths are willing to add utility by consuming various items. Wellbeing of youths depends on utility,

and it is related to consumption of goods and services.

(2)

Utility depends on the discount factor between two period as D1 and D2. Youth learn to take risk and

reduce the cost after practice of it.

(3)

Cost of utility depends up on the discount factor for youths. Youths think and take maximum risk.

(4)

Profit earning by youth is difference between cost and return to youth. As they take more risk, cost

declines and benefit increase but it increases of risk to their health.

Cost -risk ratio youth have to accept. But few youths have self-control to accept only particular risk

where Self Control <0.

Risky behaviours are modelled as follows.

(5)

where Driving Licence (DL), Injured While Driving (IWD), Wear Seatbelt and Helmet (WSH), Drive

on Highway (DH), Racing on Highway (RH), Major Accident (MA), Receive Call while Driving

(RCD), Smoke While Driving (SWD), Alcohol and Drive (AD), Drink and Drive (DD).

) (6)

Smoking is Supported by parents (PSP), Smoke Every Day (SED), Other Tobacco Products (OTP),

Smoke Due to Depression (SDD).



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(7)

Depression is related to Medical Help (MH), Attempted Suicide (AS), Consume Drug (CD)

(8)

Physical injury is related to Treatment due to Physical Fight (TPF), Police Case (PC), Molestation (M),

Assaulted (A), Carry Paper Spray (CPS)

(9)

Malnutrition is related to Malnutrition Issue (MI), Weakness in Study (WS), Visit Doctor (VD),

Home-Made Food (HMF), Junk Food (JF)

(10)

Sexual behaviour is related to Multiple Sex Partners (MSP), Used Contraceptives (UC), Unwanted

Pregnancy (UP), RTI/STI Knowledge (RSK), Sex Education (SE), Forced Sex Relation (FS), Watched

Porn Movies (WPM), Forced to Watch Porn Movies (FWM)

Risky behaviours among youths

Every youth in region must live healthy life and study well. They must eat nutritious food, travel safely,

and learn good skills to live happy life. They must focus on academic achievements and develop their

carrier. They must get employment and live happy life. But youths in Mumbai Metropolitan region are

not focused well on their study but they are involved in number of risky activities. We have studied the

youth’s behaviour for a decade and carried two surveys. We compared the two surveys statistics of

risky behaviours and analysed the few risky behaviours among youths in region. They are explained in

more detail as follows.

Table 1. Riskey Behaviours among Youths in 2023 and 2013 (Percent)

Type of

Risky behaviours

2023 2013

Male Female Total Male Female Total

Drive two wheelers 14.24 54.55 37.26 36.3 43.73 39.21

Drive four wheelers 38.58 13.08 32.57 21.78 20.97 21.46

Smoke cigarettes 24.70 11.75 17.26 13.86 8.95 11.93

Alcohol consumption 37.31 22.45 28.87 12.54 10.99 11.93

Depression and anxiety 64.56 63.49 63.96 23.1 48.59 33.09

Physical fight 51.51 26.05 37.14 23.26 33.5 27.28



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Sexual involvement 17.82 13.52 15.39 10.23 5.88 8.52

Malnourished 26.69 24.40 26.01 9.57 22.5 14.64

Source: Primary survey.

We can observe that the youths driving two wheelers is almost similar in 2013 (39.21 per cent) and

2023 (37.26 percent). The boys are driving two wheelers less (36.30 per cent) in 2013 and 2023 (13.08

percent). Two wheelers are easy to make balance and drive slowly. The girls drive it immediately and

slowly on any road. Total youths driving four wheelers was 21.46 per cent in 2013. But in 2023, it is

observed as 32.57 percent. The number of four wheelers have increased after covid 19. Male youths

learn to drive four wheelers very easily and practice it. Youths those were smoking in 2013 was 11.93

percent but in 2023, it is observed as 17.26 percent. The smoking among boys increased from 13.86

percent to 24.70 percent. Due to stress and tension, the incidence could be increasing in region. The

alcohol consumption among youths was 11.93 percent in 2013. But in 2023, it is observed as 28.87

percent. It became more than double over the ten years among youths. Alcohol consumption among

youths have increased very fast in region. Alcohol consumption increased among boys from 12.54

percent to 37.31 percent. It means it has increased three times among males. There are number of

reasons for it. For girls, it has increased from 10.99 percent to 22.45 percent from 2013 to 2023. After

covid 19, most of the youths have observed that the parents take alcohol in front of them Depression

level among youths increased from 23.1 percent to 64.56 percent. It is due to fees payment, transport

cost and food habits and stress of study, future job. For girls, it has increased 48.59 percent from 2013

to 63.49 percent in 2023. Girls are equally stressed as compared to boys in region. Overall depression

level among youths have increased from 33.09 percent to 63.96 percent over the period. It became

almost double within ten years. Physical fights among youths were 27.28 per cent in 2013. But in 2023,

it is observed as 37.14 percent. The physical fight among boys doubled from 2013 to 2023. Youths

involved in sexual relationship was 8.52 percent in 2013. But in 2023, it is 15.39 percent. The

involvement of boys increased from 10.23 percent to 17.82 percent. The girl’s involvement increased

from 5.88 percent to 13.52 per cent. Girls’ involvement has increased more than double over the period

of study. Incidence of malnourishment was 16.64 per cent in 2013 but in 2023, it is observed as 26.01

per cent. Malnourishment incidence among boys increased from 9.57 per cent to 26.69 per cent from

2013 to 2023. For, girls, the incidence has not changed much. The incidence of alcohol consumption,

depression and anxiety, physical fight, sexual involvement, and malnourishment has increased among

youths in region. Therefore it required detail study of such risky behaviours among youths in region.

Drive of vehicles by youths in region:

Risky driving behaviours are common among young people, particularly among young males prone to

externalising behaviours (substance abuse, crime, and affiliations with deviant peers). Risky driving is

strongly linked to traffic accident risk (Fergusson, 2003). Youths drive two and four wheelers in region.



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They do not wear hell mate during drive of two wheelers and wear seatbelt to drive four wheelers

which is dangerous to their life. Accidents can take place due to heavy traffic on road.

Table 2. Driving Behaviour among Youths in Region of 2023 (Percent)

Suburbs Western Central Eastern Thane City
Thane

District

Sex M F M F M F M F M F

Two wheelers
25.7

1

56.1

2

10.1

7
52.87 17.02 62.2 2.78 40.74 11.57

52.0

3

Four wheelers
38.5

7

21.9

5

40.6

8
12.98 36.17 11.32

30.5

6
22.22 40.5 11.49

Both type
10.0

0
6.16 6.78 6.11 8.51 3.77 11.11 0.00 6.61 3.38

Driving licence
52.8

6

24.3

9

55.9

3
28.79 68.09

24.5

3

80.5

6
29.63

59.8

4

22.3

0

Injured while

driving

31.4

3

20.7

3
33.9 9.85 48.94

24.5

3

41.6

7
11.11

46.7

2

24.3

2

Wear seatbelt and

helmet

74.2

9

55.5

6

69.4

9
46.97 74.47

45.2

8

72.2

2
51.86

75.4

1

45.2

7

Drive on

highway

61.4

3

39.0

2
67.8 34.85 74.47

24.5

3

80.5

6
44.44

80.3

3

26.3

5

Racing on

Highway

27.1

4

14.6

3

27.1

2
5.30 21.28 0.00

25.0

0
3.70

28.6

9
5.41

Major accident 8.57 8.54 1.69 1.52 2.13 1.89 2.78 7.41 9.02 3.38

Receive call

while driving

28.5

7

10.9

8

40.6

8
22.73 36.17

15.0

9

52.7

8
3.72

55.7

4

16.8

9

Smoke while

driving
2.86 2.44 5.08 0.00 8.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.74 0.00

Alcohol and

drive
2.86 1.23 8.47 1.52 6.38 3.77 0.00 0.00 0.82 1.35

Drink and drive 4.29 1.23 1.69 0.76 2.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.64 2.03

Source: As per table one.

In Western suburbs, 25.71 per cent male drive two wheelers but in Eastern suburbs 62.2 per cent female

drive two wheelers. Female drive two wheelers because it is very easy to make balance. Comparatively

less traffic observed at eastern side of region. In Central suburbs, 40.68 per cent male drive 4 wheelers.



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Nearly 22.22 percent female drive four wheelers in Thane city. Boys easily drive four wheelers in

region. They quickly learn the driving of four wheelers and parents easily give access to four wheelers

to them. Nearly 11.11 per cent boys drive both type of vehicles whereas 6.11 per cent female drive two

types of vehicles. In Thane city, 80.56 per cent and 29.63 per cent female had driving licence. In

eastern suburbs, 48.94 per cent male and 24.35 per cent female injured while driving vehicle. Due to

traffic and new learner could be the cause of accidents. Total 55.56 per cent female from western

suburbs and 75.41 per cent male from Thane district wear seatbelt and helmet while driving 4 and 2

wheelers. From Thane city, 80.56 per cent male and 44.44 per cent female drive on highways. The

28.69 per cent female and 14.63 per cent male are racing the car on highways. Total 9.02 per cent male

from Thane district and 8.54 per cent female from Western suburbs said that they had major accident in

past. They could have not drove vehicle properly. Around 8.51 per cent male from Eastern suburbs and

2.44 percent female from Western suburbs said that they smoke while driving. It is a very bad habit, but

they are doing it while driving vehicles. From Central suburbs, 8.47 per cent male and 3.77 per cent

female from Eastern suburbs took alcohol and drove vehicle. Around 4.29 per cent male from Western

suburbs and 2.03 per cent female said that they drink and drive vehicles regularly. The numbers of

female are very less those drink and drive vehicles but still it is concern for parents and police in region.

The 2013 survey shows that from Western suburbs, 36.84 per cent female and 58.12 per cent male from

Thane city drive two wheelers. Nearly, 44.44 per cent male from western suburbs and 19.54 per cent

female drive four wheelers from Thane city. Total 49.25 per cent male and 28.74 per cent female had

licence of two wheelers. The 38.89 per cent male from western suburbs and 14.94 per cent female from

Thane city had licence of four wheelers. It is very low percentage of youths those have driving licence.

There could be two reasons for it. One is that they would have not applied and got it, or they are not

serious to get it. But it is a serious offence to drive vehicle without proper driving licence. Nearly 61.11

per cent male from western suburbs and 28.19 per cent female from Thane city drove vehicle of friend.

Table 3. Driving of Youths in MMR for 2013 (Percent)

Drive
Western Central Eastern Thane city

Thane

district

M F M F M F M F M F

Drive two wheelers 50.20 36.84 47.55 31.33 50.10 21.67 58.21 33.33 54.32 29.69

Drive four wheelers 44.44 15.79 32.84 15.5 29.03 16.67 26.87 19.54 25.93 7.81

License of

two-wheeler
33.87 10.53 35.78 14.39 33.87 11.67 49.25 28.74 30.86 15.63

License of

four-wheeler
38.89 10.53 27.45 10.33 30.65 6.67 26.87 14.94 19.75 3.91

Vehicle of



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Friend 61.11 21.05 52.45 25.83 48.39 13.33 58.21 27.59 58.02 28.91

Parent 44.44 26.32 39.71 26.94 35.48 20.22 41.79 40.23 32.1 23.44

Relatives 38.89 15.79 40.2 19.19 30.65 11.67 29.85 20.69 44.44 18.75

Injured while

driving
5.56 15.79 21.57 15.5 22.58 8.33 23.88 12.64 22.22 16.41

Wear

seatbelt/helmet
50.20 36.84 50.49 32.1 40.32 25.50 58.21 39.08 48.15 19.53

Drive on highway 27.78 15.79 37.75 16.24 38.71 15.32 46.27 22.99 39.51 14.06

Racing on highway 27.78 10.53 13.73 3.32 11.29 0.00 14.93 4.62 9.88 3.13

Major accident 16.67 5.26 9.8 5.54 6.45 0.00 4.48 2.35 7.41 4.69

Smoke and drive 0.00 5.26 5.39 1.11 8.06 0.00 1.49 0.00 4.94 1.56

Alcohol and drive 0.00 5.26 3.92 1.85 6.45 1.67 1.49 2.38 3.78 0.78

Drink drive

accident
5.56 10.53 3.92 2.21 4.84 1.67 2.99 2.32 3.74 0.78

Source: as per table one.

In 2013 survey, we found that total 44.44 per cent male from Western suburbs and 40.23 per cent

female from Thane city drove vehicles of parents. Youths have very easy access to vehicle of parents.

Total 44.44 per cent male from Thane district and 20.69 per cent female from Thane city drive vehicles

of relatives. Most of the times, relatives come home with vehicles and youths get chance to drive

vehicles. Nearly 23.88 per cent male from Thane and 16.41 percent female injured while driving

vehicles. Without proper training and practices, such accidents are expected among youths. Total 39.08

percent female and 58.12 per cent male from Thane city wear seatbelt helmet while driving vehicles.

Total 46.27 per cent male and 22.99 per cent female from Thane city drove vehicle on highway. The

27.78 per cent male and 10.53 per cent female from Western suburbs had racing on highway. It is

dangerous to life of youth, but they are doing it. Total 16.67 per cent male from Western suburbs and

5.54 per cent female from Central suburbs had major accident while driving vehicles. Lack of practice

and not followed proper rules and regulation of traffic could be the reasons behind accidents among

youths. Around 5.26 per cent male and 8.06 per cent female from Eastern suburbs had smoke and drive

the vehicles. Nearly 6.45 per cent male from Eastern suburbs and 5.26 per cent female from Western

suburbs had alcohol and drove vehicle. It is dangerous activity of youth and could affect on others life

too. Around 5.56 per cent male and 10.53 per cent female from western suburbs drink and drive and

had accident. It could be an error of youths.

Smoking cigarettes by Youths in region

Youths smoke cigarettes due to peer pressure, depression. They do not know the health effect due to

smoking but due to peer pressure they smoke cigarettes. It effects on their lungs and respiratory system



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in long term (Aslam Z et.al 2023). The incidence of smoking cigarettes by youths is presented in

following table.

Table 4. Smoke Related Issues among Youths, 2023 (Percent)

Suburbs Western Central Eastern Thane City
Thane

District

Sex M F M F M F M F M F

Ever Smoke Cigarettes 17.14 13.58 13.56 9.09 27.66 20.75 36.11 14.81 29.51 8.11

Parents support smoking 11.43 6.17 5.08 6.82 8.51 3.77 5.56 3.76 9.02 5.41

Smoke every day 5.71 6.17 5.08 0.00 8.51 1.89 5.56 0.00 6.56 2.72

Other tobacco products 0.00 1.23 3.39 0.76 10.64 1.89 2.78 0.00 7.38 1.35

Smoke due to

depression
0.00 2.46 5.71 1.52 6.78 11.32 8.51 7.41 8.33 4.73

Source: As per table one.

There is a true connection between anxiety, depression, and smoking cigarettes. Smoking exists in most

people suffering from stress, anxiety, and depression. People suffering from anxiety and depression

have many possibilities of smoking initiation after suffering some stressful events. Moreover, smokers

with depression and anxiety can easily become addicted to smoking (Grapatsas et al., 2017). Nearly

36.11 per cent male from Thane city and 20.75 per cent female from Eastern suburbs were ever smoker

of cigarettes. Boys from Thane city, smoke more cigarettes as compared to girls. Total 11.43 per cent

male and 6.82 per cent female had parents support smoking. Youths either take money or cigarettes

from parents and smoke. They could be rich parents and not recognising the health impact of smoking

among youths. From western suburbs, 6.17 per cent female and 8.51 per cent male from eastern

suburbs were smoking every day. The 10.46 per cent male and 1.89 per cent female from Eastern

suburbs were consuming other tobacco products. Around 8.51 per cent male from Thane city and 11.32

per cent female from Eastern suburbs were smoking due to depression.

Table 5. Smoking among Youth in MMR in 2013 (Percent)

Smoke
Western Central Eastern

Thane
Thane city

M F M F M F M F M F

Smoking 11.11 10.53 18.63 6.64 27.42 3.33 13.43 4.66 22.22 7.03

Because of

friend
11.11 5.26 17.16 5.54 20.97 1.67 17.91 4.68 16.05 6.25

Parents 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.37 4.84 1.67 1.49 1.15 2.47 1.56



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Relatives 0.00 0.00 1.47 0.00 4.84 0.00 1.49 0.00 2.47 1.56

Accompany 11.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.9 0.00 11.94 3.45 3.75 0.78

parent

support
11.11 0.00 1.47 0.00 4.84 1.67 0.00 1.15 1.23 1.56

Family

share
5.56 0.00 6.86 0.37 8.06 0.00 4.48 0.00 1.23 1.56

Friends

gives

cigarettes

11.11 5.26 0.00 0.00 14.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Depression 5.56 0.00 6.86 1.11 9.68 1.67 4.48 1.15 7.41 2.34

Chew

tobacco
5.56 5.26 1.47 0.00 3.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

The 2013 survey shows that 10.53 per cent female from Western suburb and 27.42 per cent male from

Eastern suburbs smoke regularly. Males are smoking more cigars as compare females. The 20.97 per

cent male from Eastern suburbs and 6.25 per cent female from Thane city were smoking because of

friends. Their friends provide cigarettes, so it is a peer pressure responsible for smoking. Around 4.84

per cent male and 1.67 per cent female from Eastern suburbs were smoking due to parent’s support

smoke. Nearly 5.26 per cent female from western suburbs and 14.52 per cent male from Eastern

suburbs smoke cigarettes because friends give cigarettes. The 2.34 per cent female from Thane smoke

cigarettes due to depression. Now a days, youths often say they have depression due to number of

reasons. But youths should not smoke cigarettes whatever could be reason.

Alcohol consumption by youths

Youths should not be allowed to drink alcohol. It effects on their academic performance, and they may

score very low marks. But youths do not listen to their parents, teachers, and relatives. They visit to

weekend night parties where they come across the drinking of alcohol and smoking cigarettes.

Table 6. An Alcohol Consumption by Youths in Region in 2023 (Percent)

Suburbs Western Central Eastern Thane City
Thane

District

Sex M F M F M F M F M F

Never 70.65 81.48 79.66 83.33 68.09 73.58 63.89 66.67 67.21 82.43

Rarely 18.57 12.35 15.25 9.09 17.02 16.98 13.89 18.52 12.3 9.46

Occasionally 11.43 6.17 5.08 7.58 14.89 9.43 22.22 14.81 19.67 7.43

Regularly 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.68

Source: As per table one.



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The 2023 survey shows that 79.66 per cent male and 83.3 per cent female from Central suburbs said

that they never had alcohol. But 18.57 per cent male from Western suburbs and 18.52 per cent female

from Thane city had rarely had alcohol consumption. The 22.22 per cent male and 14.81 per cent

female from Thane city said that they had occasionally had alcohol. During birthday and weekend

parties, few youths plan alcohol parties. From Thane district, 0.82 per cent male and 0.68 per cent

female had regular consumption of alcohol. They must stop alcohol consumption because it affect on

their academic performance.

Table 7. Alcohol Consumption in MMR in 2013 (Percent)

Drink

alcohol

Western Central Eastern Thane City
Thane

district

M F M F M F M F M F

Alcohol

consumption
22.22 15.79 16.67 4.06 16.13 3.33 14.93 14.94 22.22 10.94

Health

problem
5.56 0.00 4.41 0.00 1.61 0.00 4.48 0.00 2.47 0.78

Sex after

drink alcohol
5.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.49 1.15 4.94 0.78

Contraceptive

use
0.00 0.00 1.96 0.00 4.84 1.67 0.00 1.15 6.17 0.78

Drink drive

accident
0.00 0.00 0.49 0.74 1.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.72 0.00

The 2013 survey shows that from Western Suburbs, 15.79 per cent female from western suburbs and

22.22 per cent male from Thane district had alcohol consumption. It is a concern of youth’s

consumption of alcohol consumption. The 5.56 per cent male from western suburbs and 0.78 per cent

female from Thane district had health problem due to alcohol consumption. The 5.56 per cent male

from Western suburbs and 1.15 per cent female from Thane city had sex after drinking alcohol. Nearly

1.67 per cent female from Eastern suburbs and 6.17 per cent male from Thane district had

contraceptive use after drinking alcohol. Nearly 3.70 per cent male from Thane district and 0.74

percent male from Central suburbs had drink, drive, and accident issue. It is a serious issue among

youths in region.

Mental health and subsistence use by youths:

Youths must be healthy and positive for their future carrier. But youths in region are always in pressure

to study, find internship, jobs, help parents etc. Few youths do not compete with their peer group and

find low interest in study. Parents have youths’ expectation of their study and future assignments.



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Table 8. Mental Health and Issues with Students in 2023 (Percent)

Suburbs Western Central Eastern Thane City
Thane

District

Sex M F M F M F M F M F

Hopeless or

sad

sometimes

58.57 85.19 67.8 77.27 80.85 81.13 72.22 81.48 84.43 83.78

Medical help 18.57 28.42 17.24 15.63 23.91 21.15 13.89 11.54 21.31 27.78

An attempt to

suicide
5.71 16.05 5.17 10.16 6.52 13.46 2.78 15.38 8.26 17.36

Consume

drugs
14.29 0.00 5.26 0.00 4.35 1.96 0.00 0.00 7.38 4.17

Mental health

and tobacco

consumption

18.57 1.23 8.47 4.55 21.28 9.43 5.56 7.41 20.49 6.08

Health

problem due

to alcohol

10.56 3.72 8.47 0.76 10.64 5.66 5.56 0.00 14.75 4.05

Source: As per table one.

Total 84.43 per cent male from Thane district and 85.19 per cent female from Western suburbs said that

they feel hopeless sometimes. From Eastern suburbs, 23.91 per cent male and 28.4 per cent female

from Western suburbs had medical help for mental health issue. Nearly 8.2 per cent boys and 17.36 per

cent female from Thane district said that they made attempt to suicide due to mental health problem.

There could be number of issues related to mental health problem among youths. From Western

suburbs, 14.29 per cent male and 4.17 per cent female from Thane district consuming drugs to reduce

the mental health issue. In eastern suburbs, 10.64 per cent male and 5.66 per cent female had health

problem due to tobacco. It is not good decision to consume tobacco or tobacco related products by

youths. In Thane district, 14.74 per cent male and 4.05 percent female had health problem due to

alcohol consumption. In the Thane district, 20.49 per cent male and 6.08 per cent female had mental

health and tobacco consumption. Youths body is not suitable for alcohol consumption. They may find

more health issues after consuming alcohol. It is also affecting on their academic performance.

Table 9. Mental Health Issue among Youths in 2013 (Percent)

Depression
Western Central Eastern Thane Thane district

M F M F M F M F M F



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Sad/hopeless 55.56 42.11 29.9 26.57 29.03 40.66 31.34 44.83 37.04 36.72

Occasional

depressed
33.33 15.79 18.63 19.93 19.35 33.33 20.9 36.78 32.1 26.56

Medical

treatment
0.00 0.00 6.37 4.43 3.23 3.33 2.99 4.68 7.41 6.25

Suicide tried 0.00 0.00 5.39 4.06 6.45 3.33 0.00 5.75 6.17 7.03

Drugs to

relive

depression

0.00 0.00 1.96 1.48 6.45 0.00 0.00 1.15 2.47 0.78

Source: As per table one.

From Western suburbs, 55.56 per cent male and from Thane city and 44.83 per cent female had

sad/hopelessness issue which is seen in 2013 survey. Nearly 33.33 per cent male from western suburbs

and 33.33 percent female from Eastern suburbs had issue of occasional depression. It is also affecting

their thinking and work, study, and performance. From Thane district, 7.41 per cent male and 6.25 per

cent female from Thane took medical treatment for mental health. Eastern suburbs 6.45 per cent male

and 7 percent female said that they tried suicide due to depression from Central suburbs. It is a step

they took due to different reasons of depression but finally saved themselves. Nearly 6.45 per cent male

and 1.48 per cent female from Eastern suburbs took drugs to relive depression.

Physical fight among youths in region:

Youths fight physically with other youths on different issues. They meet different friends and people in

the region. The reasons could be financial, personnel and others.

Table 11. Physical Fight and Related Factors in 2023 (Percent)

Suburbs
Western

Central Eastern Thane City Thane District

Sex M F M F M F M F M F

Physical fight 45.71 28.4 49.12 28.13 52.17 29.41 47.22 26.92 57.38 21.53

Physical

injury
30 14.81 31.58 12.5 32.61 7.84 19.44 7.69 34.43 10.42

Treatment due

to physical

fight

22.86 6.17 12.28 3.13 32.61 1.96 5.56 7.69 27.87 5.56

Police case 1.43 2.47 3.51 0.78 2.17 0.00 2.78 0.00 2.46 0.00

Molestation 7.14 33.33 3.51 17.19 4.35 27.45 5.56 26.92 8.20 29.17

Assaulted 8.57 9.88 5.26 12.5 2.17 13.73 8.33 3.85 6.56 12.5



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Carry paper

spray
12.86 28.4 10.53 19.53 6.52 37.25 13.89 19.23 5.74 34.03

Source: As per table one.

As per 2023 survey, nearly 29.41 per cent female from Eastern suburbs and 57.38 per cent male from

Thane district had physical fight in past. Total 34.43 per cent male from Thane district and 14.81 per

cent female from Western suburbs had physical fight. The 3.51 per cent male from Central suburbs and

2.47 per cent female from Western suburbs had police case due to physical fight. Nealy 33.33 per cent

female from Westen suburbs said that they had molestation cases. Total 13.73 per cent female from

Eastern suburbs and 8.57 per cent male from Western suburbs said that they had assault in past life.

Around 34.03 per cent female and 13.89 per cent male said that they carry paper spray due to

molestation and assaults. Most of the time, strangers in the region identify youths and touch them and

argue with them. It happens with female in city during travel in local trains and buses.

Table 12. Physical Fight among Youths in 2013 (Percent)

Physical

fight

Western Central Eastern Thane Thane city

M F M F M F M F M F

With friends 33.33 26.32 34.80 20.3 30.65 18.33 29.85 28.74 30.86 27.34

Injured 11.11 15.79 23.04 7.01 16.13 8.33 11.94 8.05 20.99 12.52

Police case 5.56 5.26 5.88 2.21 0.00 1.67 1.49 2.38 3.76 1.56

Medical

treat
0.00 0.00 5.39 3.69 4.84 5.00 7.46 2.36 7.41 3.13

The 2013 survey shows that around 34.08 per cent male from Central suburbs and 28.74 per cent

female from Thane city said that they had physical fight with friends. Around 23.04 per cent male

from Central suburbs and 15.79 per cent female from Western suburbs said that they injured in physical

fight. Total 5.88 percent male from Central suburbs and 5.26 per cent female from Western suburbs said

that they had police case due to physical fight. Around 7.41 per cent male from Thane city and 5

percent female from Eastern suburbs said that they had medical treatment due to physical fight. The

physical fight was very severe that they had no choice but to visit hospital and take medical care.

Malnutrition among youths in region:

Youths in region do not eat balanced diet. They wake up early in morning and take breakfast in canteen

or at street. They eat local items which does not guarantee of minimum calories and protein. At the

same time cost, hygiene and cleanliness is another issue. At afternoon, they eat at canteen. They do not

carry homemade food. Outside food is not nutritious and it deteriorate their health. Such youths have

stress of study and less time to focus on health.



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Table 13. Malnutrition and Its Effects Among Youths in 2023 (Percent)

Suburbs
Western

Central Eastern Thane City
Thane

District

Sex M F M F M F M F M F

Malnourished 16.67 24.71 37.93 27.87 27.27 23.53 25.90 22.22 28.21 23.45

Malnutrition

related issue
30.33 35.80 35.09 42.19 39.13 47.06 30.56 57.69 36.89 45.83

Weakness in

study
50.50 76.25 56.14 67.19 67.39 72.55 62.86 69.23 68.85 70.83

Visit doctor 27.14 36.25 21.05 31.25 17.39 25.49 11.43 26.92 22.13 34.72

Eat

Home-made

food

80.25 81.18 77.97 84.09 70.21 75.47 83.33 74.07 79.51 80.41

Eat Junk food 20.60 14.12 18.64 12.88 27.66 20.75 16.67 22.22 20.49 16.89

Source: As per table one.

From 2023 survey, we can observe that in Central suburbs, 37.93 per cent male and 27.87 per cent

female were malnourished. But 39.13 per cent male from Eastern suburb and 57.69 percent female

from Thane city had malnourishment related issue. Around 68.85 per cent male from Thane district and

76.25 per cent female from Western suburbs visited doctor due to malnourishment issue. 27.66 per cent

male from Eastern suburbs and 22.22 per cent female from Thane city said that they eat junk food

regularly. Outside food is mainly responsible for the poor health outcome among youths in region.

Table 14 Malnutrition issue in MMR with youths in 2013 (Percent)

Nutritional

status

Western Central Eastern Thane city
Thane

district

M F M F M F M F M F

Malnourished 44.44 36.84 19.12 23.99 3.23 6.67 10.45 8.05 2.47 3.91

Any physical

problem
5.56 0.00 10.29 8.49 3.23 18.33 5.97 12.64 7.41 10.94

Weakness 22.22 21.05 23.53 22.14 12.94 40.20 20.9 21.84 40.74 25.78

Health care

facility
11.11 0.00 14.71 16.24 4.84 23.33 8.96 14.94 11.11 14.06

Treatment

taken
5.56 0.00 5.88 7.01 0.00 15.50 5.97 9.28 9.88 6.25

IHome made 88.89 84.21 96.57 96.31 93.55 91.67 91.04 93.15 95.06 91.41



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food

Outside food 27.78 10.53 39.71 38.38 33.87 36.67 44.78 39.08 41.98 44.53

In 2013 survey, it is found that 44.44 per cent male and 36.64 per cent female had malnutrition issue

from Western suburbs. From Central suburbs around 10.29 per cent male and 18.33 per cent female

from Eastern suburbs had physical problem due to malnutrition. They might be feeling physically

weak due to malnutrition. Youths had high malnutrition issue in Thane district. Total 40.74 per cent

male and 25.78 per cent female had weakness due to malnutrition. Around 14.71 per cent male from

Central suburb and 23.33 per cent male from Eastern suburbs had health care visit due to malnutrition.

They have no choice but to visit health care facilities due to weakness. Only 9.88 per cent male and 15

per cent female took treatment from doctor due to malnutrition issue. Only 9.88 per cent male and 15

per cent female took treatment due to malnutrition issue. Most of the youth avoid going to the doctor

and take medicines for weakness and malnutrition. From central suburbs, 96.57 per cent male and

96.31 per cent female took home made food.

Relationship status of youths in region

Youths have different types of friends. Few are from college, residential colony and past school and

college etc. We have asked friendship and sexual behaviour of youths in past life. The youths expressed

their relationship with opposite sex.

Table 15. Relationship Status among Youths in 2023 (Percent)

Suburbs Western Central Eastern Thane City
Thane

District

Sex M F M F M F M F M F

Single 64.29 71.25 63.16 64.84 45.65 58.82 60 61.54 54.92 70.14

Engaged with

opposite sex
25.71 22.5 31.58 25.78 41.3 41.18 28.57 30.77 40.98 24.31

Married 4.29 5.30 1.75 3.13 4.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.08

Involved in sexual

relations
14.29 10.50 15.79 12.5 21.74 21.57 14.29 11.54 20.49 13.89

Multiple sex

partners
10.30 2.51 12.28 2.34 10.87 11.76 5.71 0.00 7.38 6.94

Used

contraceptives
12.86 7.55 12.28 7.81 10.87 13.73 11.43 7.69 14.75 10.42

Unwanted

pregnancy
0.00 1.25 0.00 1.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.39

RTI/STI 47.14 67.56 29.82 49.22 41.33 54.92 40.50 57.69 55.74 61.11



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Knowledge

Sex education 70.20 62.50 64.91 82.81 76.09 80.39 74.29 69.23 73.77 70.14

Forced sex 5.71 1.25 1.75 6.25 2.17 3.92 2.86 3.85 1.64 6.25

Watched Porn

movies
34.29 18.75 31.58 20.31 54.35 31.37 37.14 19.23 55.74 29.86

Forced to watch

porn movies
4.90 4.29 2.75 1.75 8.25 13.04 4.92 5.71 12.41 17.21

Source: As per table one.

The 2023 survey shows that from Western suburbs, 64.29 per cent male and 71.25 per cent female were

single. But 41.3 per cent male and 41.18 per cent female said that they are engaged with opposite sex.

Only 5 per cent female from Western suburbs and 4.35 per cent male from Eastern suburb were married.

Youth do not get married early because they are taking education. Nearly, 21.74 per cent male and

21.57 per cent female were involved in sexual relationship from Eastern suburbs. Around 12.28 per

cent male from Central suburbs and 11.76 per cent female from Eastern suburb had multiple sex

partners. Around 10.87 per cent male and 13.73 per cent female from Eastern suburbs said that they had

contraceptives during intercourse. 1.56 per cent female from Central suburbs said that they had

unwanted pregnancy. Total 55.74 per cent male from Thane district and 67.5 per cent female from

Western suburbs had RTI/STI knowledge. We found that 73.77 per cent male from Thane district and

82.81 per cent female from Central suburbs had sex education. Total 6.25 per cent female from

central suburbs and 5.71 per cent male from western suburbs said that they forced for sex. It is a serious

concern for female. Total 55.74 per cent male and 29.86 per cent female from Thane district said that

they watch porn movies. At the same time, 12.41 percent male and 17.24 per cent female from Thane

district had forced to watch to porn movies. They should not watch such movies and must report to

parents against it.

Table 16. Relationship Status of Youths in MMR during 2013 (Percent)

Sexual behavior
Western Central Eastern Thane Thane city

M F M F M F M F M F

Boyfriend/girlfriend 33.33 26.32 29.41 19.93 24.19 18.33 37.31 37.93 29.63 26.56

Broken affair 5.56 5.26 14.71 8.49 14.52 5.00 16.42 25.29 18.52 14.06

Sex in past 5.56 5.26 14.22 3.69 14.52 6.67 13.43 2.32 17.28 4.69

Now sex activity 16.67 0.00 9.31 2.21 11.29 3.33 7.46 4.60 6.17 2.34

Single/multiple 5.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Contraceptive use 5.56 0.00 4.41 0.00 4.84 1.67 5.97 0.00 2.47 0.78

Know RTI/STI 77.78 47.37 60.78 54.61 62.9 61.67 56.72 56.32 66.67 52.34



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Know HIVAids 88.89 52.63 57.84 49.08 53.23 58.33 50.75 60.92 67.9 51.56

Health problem 5.56 0.00 3.92 2.58 1.61 0.00 4.48 4.66 4.94 3.13

Forced sex 5.56 0.00 5.39 2.58 4.84 3.33 5.97 1.15 8.64 0.78

Porn watched 61.11 21.05 33.82 13.28 46.77 15.25 43.28 18.39 46.91 14.84

Forced to watch 5.56 0.00 8.82 4.43 8.06 5.00 10.45 5.75 16.05 7.81

The 2013 survey shown that from Thane city, 37.31 per cent male and 37.93 per cent female had

girlfriend/boyfriend. Nearly 18.52 per cent male from Thane district and 25.29 per cent female from

Thane city had broken affair. Due to social media the number of affairs among male and female youths

are increasing and they are breaking it also. Total 17.28 per cent male from Thane district and 6.67

percent female from Easten suburbs had sex in past life. They do not have knowledge of contraceptives,

and RTI/STI issue. Around 6.67 per cent male from Western suburbs and 4.6 per cent female from

Thane city had never sex in past life. From Eastern suburbs, 1.67 per cent female and 5.97 per cent

male from Thane city had sed the contraceptives in the past. Only 77.78 per cent male from Western

suburbs and 61.67 per cent female from Eastern suburbs had known RTI/STI. Total 88.89 per cent male

from western suburbs and 60.92 per cent female from Thane city known about HIV/AIDS. Around

61.11 per cent male and 21.05 per cent female from Western suburbs declared that they are watching

porn movies. But 16.05 per cent male and 7.81 per cent female from Thane district said that they forced

to watch porn movies.

Logistic regression model:

A logistic regression model (Greene W. 2018) is defined as follows.

(11)

Where Zi is a linear sum of α and β1 plus β2 times X2 and so on up to βK times XK. In above equation,

α and β are intercept and slope. The z is an index that combines of X’s.

(12)

We can substitute Z in the right-hand side for Z to get Z equal 1 over 1 plus e minus the quantity α plus

the sum of β1X1 for i ranges from 1 to K. Therefore, the logistic model is written as

(13)

Such model is used for different type of risk and multiple risky behaviours. The independent variables

are socio-economic and demographic variables. The logistic regression results are presented in

following table.



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Table 17. Driving behaviours of youths in Metropolitan Region

2023 2013

Variables Odd ratio Z test Variables Odd ratio Z test

Age -0.14**(0.06) 4.53 Sex 0.42* (0.06) -6.04

Sex -0.92**(0.33) 7.40 Hours in

college

1.12*(0.06) 2.23

Work after college -0.86**(0.36) 5.69 Help in HH 0.58*(0.13) -2.23

Help parents -1.52**(0.50) 9.02 Per capita

income

1.00*(0.00) 2.70

Total members in

family

0.14**(0.72) 5.05 Slums 0.74*(0.08) -2.44

Per Capita Income 0.00**(0.00) 3.91 Computer 1.61*(0.35) 2.23

Age did you learn

driving

0.22*(0.02) 89.37 Car 2.34*(0.37) 5.28

Driving licence 3.60*(0.49) 52.45 Bike 1.27*(0.15) 2.06

Wear seatbelt

helmet

0.82**(0.31) 7.14 Log likelihood

= -593.58961

Pseudo R2 =

0.1046

LR chi2 =

138.63

Prob >

chi2 =

0.0000

Drive on highway 1.89*(0.36) 26.67

Racing on

highway

-1.85**(0.64) 8.39

Receive call while

driving.

0.86**(0.43) 3.93

Alcohol and drive -1.86**(0.88) 4.43

Constant 2.25***(1.59) 2.00

-2 Log likelihood=

337.31

Cox & Snell R2=

0.58

Nagelkerke

R2

=0.79

 *Significant at 1 %, **Significant at 5 % *** significant at 10 %

 Standard error figures are in parentheses.



From 2023 survey, driving among youths is negatively corelated with age of youths in region. Older

youths are 86 per cent less likely to participate in driving vehicles. The female drives less as compare

male. Females are 8 per cent less likely to participate in risky driving. Therefore, sex is negatively



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co-related with driving of vehicles by youth. Youths those driving vehicles do not work after college

hours. Nearly 14 per cent youth participated in risky behaviours less likely to work after college hours.

Therefore, it is negatively corelated with the work after college hours. Those youths drive vehicles do

not help parents in households’ tasks. Nearly 52 per cent youth involved in driving less likely help

parents. They are from rich background therefore do not help parents in household tasks. Total

members in family are positively co-related youths those driving vehicles. Those youths are driving

then 3.6 times more likely to have licence of driving. The members in family teach them how to drive

vehicles. Therefore, more members in family are positively corelated with youth driving in city. Per

capital income is positively corelated with youths driving behaviour in city. The youths are from rich

family therefore family own two and four wheelers. They allow the youths to drive vehicles. Age of

youths is positively co-related to youths driving behaviour. As the age of youth increases, they learn

drive vehicles. They go along with family for vacation. They go along with friends where they drive the

vehicle driving. Youths those drive the vehicles have driving licence. Driving licence is provided to

youths at 18 ages. They join class of driving and learn driving of two and four wheelers. They learn

drive quickly and drive different vehicles. Youths drive vehicles in city. They wear helmet while

driving two wheelers. They also wear seatbelt while driving four wheelers. In city, traffic rules are very

strict. It is compulsory to wear helmet and wear seatbelt whole driving two and four wheelers. They do

not wear helmet then police put the fine on two wheels and four wheelers. Youths drive on highways.

Those are driving vehicles, the, 89 per cent more likely to drive on highways. They get fun to drive

vehicles fast. Four wheelers are used for racing on highways. Youths those are driving vehicles, are 85

per cent less likely to race on highways. But city youths do not take part in racing of four wheelers. It is

negatively correlated and statistically significant with driving behaviours of youths. Youths receive

calls while driving vehicles in city. Attaining calls while driving vehicles is dangerous and it may lead

to accident. Therefore, youths should not talk on phone while driving vehicles. Receiving calls while

driving is positively co-related to driving of youths in region. Youths do not drink alcohol and driving

vehicles in region. Youths those drive vehicles, are 86 per cent less likely to take alcohol and drive

vehicles. It is negatively co-related and statistically significant. Perhaps family members allow them

to drive vehicles if they drink wine. They are immature drivers and accidents can take place while

driving.

In 2013 survey, driving among students is positively corelated to hours in college. It means youths

spend 12 per cent more time in college who drive vehicle. They have vehicles so they spend enough

time in college. The youth drive vehicles are positively corelated to per capita income of the

households. They are from rich background, so the households have two and four wheelers. They easily

learn and drive vehicles. Youths have computer at home, and they easily learn it. Computer at home is

positively co-related and statistically significant. They drive car and bike because parents hold of car

and bike at home. But diving by students is negatively co-related to sex of youths. Girls drive less

compared to boys. It is 58 percent less likely that the girls drive four and two wheelers. Those students



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drive two and four wheelers do not help in household tasks. They are 42 percent less likely to help

households. Those youths drive vehicles do not stay in slums. The slums stay 26 per cent less likely in

slums.

Table 18. Cigarettes Smoking Behaviour among Youths in Region (2023 and 2013)

2023 2013

Variables Odd ratio Z test Variables Odd ratio Z test

Travel time -0.87(0.31) 7.86 Sex 0.28*(0.06) -5.68

Financial difficulty 0.50(0.31) 3.51 Travel by

Rickshaw

1.02(0.01) 1.73

Type of family -0.75(0.31) 5.83 Hours in college 1.16*(0.06) 2.67

Help parents -1.65(0.33) 24.01 Spending time 0.56(0.19) -1.68

Loan taken by

parents

1.05(0.37) 7.90 HH size 0.82*(0.07) -2.01

Age at start of

smoking

0.34(0.05) 39.99 Fathers’ education 1.08(0.04) 1.89

Parents support

smoking

1.16(0.64) 3.30 Rental house 1.74*(0.48) 1.99

Smoke every day 3.02(0.95) 10.17 Car 1.64*(0.36) 2.27

Consume other

tobacco product

-2.51(1.15) 4.74 Log likelihood =

-325.12

Pseudo R2 =

0.09

LR chi2 =

69.31

Prob >

chi2 =

0.00

Smoke due to

depression

4.16(0.93) 19.89

Constant -0.73(0.62) 1.38

-2 Log likelihood Cox &

Snell R2

Nagelkerke

R2

312.42 0.40 0.66

 *Significant at 1 %, **Significant at 5 % *** significant at 10 %

 Standard error figures are in parentheses.

Youths should not smoke cigarettes. They may have number of reasons for it, but it effects on their

lungs and life span declines due to smoking. Smoking among youths is negatively co-related to travel

time of youths to college. Those youths smoke then 13 per cent less likely to travel and spend time



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for travel. Those youths stay near educational institute do not smoke cigarettes. It is negatively

co-related and statistically significant. Nearly half of the youth face financial difficulty but they are

smoking. Youths often feel stress and smoke cigarettes. Type of family is negatively co-related and

statistically significant with smoking among youths. Total 25 per cent youth those smoke cigarettes are

not from joint families. Mostly the youths from nuclear family smoke more as compared to joint family.

It is because grandmother and grandfather take care of children and talk to them if parents work in

labour market. Those youths smoke cigarettes do not help their parents and it is statistically significant

and positively co-related with help to parents in households’ tasks. Nearly, 65 per cent youths do not

help parents but they smoke. Those youths smoke cigarettes, the parents have taken loan from different

financial institutions. Age of the start smoking is positively co-related to smoking behaviours among

youths. Youths have 34 per cent more likely to start smoking with growing age. As the age of youths

increases, the smoking habit also increases among youths. Smoking among youths is supported by

the parents and it is positively co-related and statistically significant. Most of the time, parents smoke

therefore youths also smoke cigarettes. Only 16 per cent youths said that parents support smoking

cigarettes nearly 3 times Those who smoke cigarettes, smoke very day and it is statistically significant

and positively co-related with smoking behaviours. The youths smoke cigarettes every day if they are

already smoke cigarettes. Those youths smoke do not consume other tobacco products. It is negatively

co-related and statistically significant. Youths those smoke, do not consume other tobacco products and

it is 2.5 times. Youths smoke due to depression. It is statistically significant and positively co-related

with smoking cigarettes among youths. Youths are under pressure for study as well as financial issues

of family. It results in to smoking among youths.

Smoking among youths is positively co-related to travel by auto rickshaw. Youths spend 16 percent

more time in college, but they smoke. Those youths smoke have father 8 per cent more educated than

those do not smoke cigarettes. The youths those stay in rental house are 74 per cent more likely to

smoke cigarettes. Those youths have car at home then they 64 per cent more likely to smoke cigarettes.

Smoking is negatively co-related to sex of youths. The girls are 28 per cent less likely to smoke than

boys. The spending time at college is 56 per cent less than those do not smoke cigarettes. Those

youths do smoke cigarettes have household size 82 per cent nuclear. Youths from joint family do not

smoke cigarettes. We have regressed the alcohol consumption with different socio-economic factors of

youths.

Table 19. Alcohol Consumption among Youths in 2023 and 2013

2023 2013

Variables Odd ratio Z test Variables Odd ratio Z test

Actual Age 0.10(**0.04) 5.30 Age 1.22*(0.10) 2.36



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Financial difficulty1 1.06**(0.40) 6.94 Sex 0.41*(0.09) -4.03

Nature of family 1 -0.64**(0.33) 3.72 Travel by

train

1.00*(0.00) 3.34

Help parents -2.91*(0.40) 51.58 Work 3.56*(0.91) 4.95

Total members in

family

-0.25**(0.13) 3.66 Mothers’

education

1.08*(0.04) 2.27

Age at alcohol

consumption

0.33*(0.04) 49.05 Per capita

income

1.00*(0.00) 3.30

Consume alcohol

regularly

4.20(*0.52) 65.49 Car 3.04*(0.67) 5.06

Constant -1.60(1.26) 1.60 Log

likelihood =

-313.76

Pseudo R2 =

0.133

LR chi2 =

96.80

Prob >

chi2 =

0.0000

-2 Log likelihood

=217.47

Cox & Snell

R2

=0.60

Nagelker

ke R2

=0.86

 *Significant at 1 %, **Significant at 5 % *** significant at 10 %

 Standard error figures are in parentheses.



Alcohol consumption among youths increases the number of diseases and their efficiency of study

declines. It may result into poor academic performance. Alcohol consumption among youths is

positively co-related with age of the youths. Financial difficulty is positively co-related with alcohol

consumption among youths in region. Youths those consume alcohol are 6 per cent more likely to have

financial difficulty. The type of family is negatively corelated to alcohol consumption among youths.

Those youths take alcohol, 36 per cent less likely from joint family. Those youths consume alcohol do

not help their parents in various household tasks and it is statistically significant and positively

co-related. Those youths consume alcohol are 3 times less likely help to their parents. Total members in

family are less if the youths are drinking alcohol. Nuclear family have more chance that youths will

drink alcohol. Youths consume alcohol are 75 percent less likely from joint families. Age of youths for

alcohol consumption is positively co-related. If at the lower age, they consume alcohol then youth will

increase its consumption with increasing age. Youths with higher age are 33 per cent more likely to

consume alcohol. Those youths drink alcohol, they consume alcohol regularly. Youths those already

consume alcohol are 4 times more likely to consume alcohol regularly. It is positively co-related and

statistically significant.

Alcohol consumption is positively co-related to age. The older youths are 22 per cent more likely to



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drink alcohol than smaller youths. Those youths travel by train are more likely to drink alcohol.

Those youths take alcohol, the mothers are 8 per cent more educated than those do not take drink.

Those youths work after college hours, they are 3.5 times more likely to drink alcohol. Those youths

have high per capita income of family they drink more alcohol, those youths have car at home, drink

more alcohol than other youths those do not drink alcohol. Alcohol consumption is negatively

co-related to sex of the youth. It means girls are 41 per cent less likely to drink alcohol than male.

Table 20. Depression among Youths in Region during 2023 and 2013

2023 2013

Variables Co-efficient Wald test Variables Odd ratio Z stat

Actual Age 0.06**(0.02) 5.62 Age 1.16*(0.06) 2.70

Financial difficulty 0.70*(0.16) 17.66 Walk 1.00*(0.00) 2.19

Parents spend time -.51**(0.27) 3.46 Travel by train 1.00*(0.00) 2.29

Help parents -0.51**(0.29) 3.09 Work 1.69*(0.34) 2.62

Total members in

family

-0.07**(0.03) 4.27 Spend time 0.58*(0.14) -2.11

Per Capital Income 0.00*(0.00) 4.56 Loan 1.63*(0.24) 3.26

Loan taken by parents 0.36**(0.17) 4.71 Toilet 2.86*(0.86) 3.49

Medical help 1.97*(0.33) 34.83 Log likelihood

= -604.64

Pseudo R2 =

0.04

LR chi2 = 54.25

Prob > chi2

= 0.0000

Attempted suicide 1.36**(0.40) 11.57

Constant -0.37(0.73) 0.25

-2 Log likelihood

850.61

Cox & Snell R2

=0.18

Nagelkerke

R2

=0.25

*Significant at 1 %, **Significant at 5 % *** significant at 10 %.

 Standard error figures are in parentheses.

Depression is positively co-related with increase in age of youths. It is positively co-related and

statistically significant. Depression among youths is positively co-related to financial difficulty of

youths and it is statistically significant. Those youths are in depression are 70 per cent more likely to

face financial difficulty. The parents do not spend enough time with youths that is why they are

depressed which is statistically significant and negatively co-related with depression. Those youths are

in depression, the parents spend 49 per cent less time with them. The youths do not help parents in

households work which is statistically significant and negatively co-related with depression among



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youths. Total members in family are less and that is why youths are depressed which is negatively

corelated and statistically significant. Per capita income of the household is higher, but youths are in

depression. Such result is statically significant and positively corelated to depression among youths in

region. The parents have taken loan from financial institutions which is statistically significant and

positively corelated to depression among youths. Youths those in depression, the 36 per cent parents

have taken loan from different sources. Students are depressed but they took the medical help which is

statistically significant but positively co-related. The youths also tried to do suicide due to depression.

Attempt to suicide is positively co-related and it is statistically significant. Almost 97 per cent youths

have taken medical help during those depression is tired of suicide.

From 2013 survey, the depression among youths is positively co-related to age of youth. As the youths

age increases, they are 16 percent more depressed than younger youths. Those youths walk to college

are more likely to depressed. Maybe they poor and walk to attend college. Those youths travel by train

are more likely to depressed. It might be because of crowded local trains in Mumbai. Those youths

work after college hours are 69 per cent more likely to depressed. The youths’ parents those took loans

from financial institutions are 63 percent more likely to be depressed. Those parents have toilet at home

the youths are 2.86 per cent more likely to be depressed. It is difficult to explain this point at this level.

The depression among youths is negatively co-related to spend time by youth. Youths do not spend

time in educational institute because they are depressed.

Table 21. Physical Fight among Youths in Region

2023 2013

Variables Odd ratio Z test Variables Odd ratio Z test

Sex -0.77*(0.20) 13.97 Sex 0.64*(0.09) -3.06

Physical injuries 3.71*(0.44) 71.07 Car 1.66*(0.26) 3.22

Treatment due to

physical fight

1.91**(0.59) 10.33 Bike 1.11(0.07) 1.70

Molestation 0.53**(0.26) 4.21 Log likelihood

= -569.62

Pseudo R2 = 0.02

LR chi2 = 25.45

Prob > chi2 =

0.0000

Constant -0.92*(0.15) 39.33

-2 Log

likelihood=

685.22

Cox & Snell

R2

=0.355

Nagelkerke

R2

=0.48

 *Significant at 1 %, **Significant at 5 % *** significant at 10 %

 Standard error figures are in parentheses.



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The physical fight is negatively co-related to sex of the youths. Females are less likely to fight. The

female is 33 per cent less likely to fight physically as compared to male. The physical injuries are

positively co-related and statistically significant and positively co-related. During physical fight, 3

times more chance that the youths is physically injured. The treatment due to physical fight is

positively co-related with physical fight and statistically significant. Nearly 91 per cent youths who had

physically fight took treatment due to physical fight. Molestation is positively co-related physical

fight among youths in region. During physical fight nearly 53 per cent youths had molestation issue.

The 2013 survey explains that the physical fight among youths is positively co-related to car and bike

at home. Those youths have car at home are 66 percent more likely to fight physically. The physical

fight among youths is negatively co-related to sex of the youths. The girls are 64 per cent less likely

to fight than boys.

Table 22. Malnutrition among Youths in Region

2023 2013

Variables Odd ratio Z test Variables Odd ratio Z test

An issue of

malnutrition

2.00*(0.16) 143.63 Travel by train 0.98*(0.00) -3.12

Parents spend

time

-0.51(0.24) 4.52 Per capita

income

0.99**(0.00) -1.83

Constant -0.47(0.24) 4.02 Loan 1.43**(0.27) 1.89

-2 Log

likelihood

=901.22

Cox & Snell R2

=0.20

Nagelkerke

R2

=0.27

Log likelihood

= -405.73

Pseudo R2 =

0.02

LR chi2 =

18.37

Prob > chi2 =

0.0000

 *Significant at 1 %, **Significant at 5 % *** significant at 10 %

 Standard error figures are in parentheses.



Malnutrition is positively corelated to an issue of malnutrition. It is positively co-related and

statistically significant. Those youths had malnutrition issue, they are twice suffering from issues

related to malnutrition such as blood pressure, tension, anxiety, tiredness. The parents do not spend

time with malnourished youths. They have number of assignments and travel to job, meetings. It is

negative and statistically significant. Those suffer from malnutrition, the 49 per cent parents less likely

to spend time with youths. They think that their time sharing will not improve the health of youths.

The survey of 2013 shows that malnutrition among youths is positively corelated with loan taken by

parents. The youths are 43 per cent more likely to be malnourished. Those youths travel by train are



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98 per cent less likely to be malnourished. The youths malnourished are 99 per cent have less per capita

income than those are healthy. Therefore per capita income is negatively co-related to malnutrition

among youths.

Table 23. Sexual Behaviours of Youth in MMRDA from 2023 to 2013

2023 2013

Variables Odd ratio Z test Variables Odd ratio Z test

Multiple sex partner 3.47*(0.72) 23.06 Sex 0.28*

(0.07)

-4.83

Used contraceptives 4.39*(0.46) 88.01 Walk 1.01*

(0.00)

2.08

Forced sex 1.50**(0.58) 6.74 College

time

0.90*

(0.04)

-2.07

Forced to watch porn

movies

1.05**(0.55) 3.63 Work 2.68*

(0.74)

3.57

Actual Age 0.15*(0.03) 17.87 Electricity 0.26*

(0.15)

-2.27

Type of family

1-Nuclear 2-Joint 3

-self

-0.53***(0.29) 3.32 Toilet 2.49***

(1.33)

1.71

Help parents -0.92**(0.44) 4.31 Car 1.62**

(0.41)

1.90

Per Capita Income 0.00**(0.00) 4.12 Log

likelihood

= -259.16

Pseudo R2 = 0.10

LR chi2 = 62.40

Prob >

chi2 =

0.0000

Constant -5.08*(0.94) 29.20

-2 Log likelihood Cox & Snell R2 Nagelker

ke R2

292.92 0.38 0.65

 *Significant at 1 %, **Significant at 5 % *** significant at 10 %

 Standard error figures are in parentheses.

Sexual health is positively co-related to multiple sex partner. It is statistically significant and positively

corelated. Those youths involved in sexual relationship have 3.5 times more likely to have multiple sex

partners. The used contraceptives are positively corelated and statistically significant with sexual



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behaviour of youths. Youths involved in sexual relationship are 4 times more likely to use

contraceptives. Many females said that they had forced sex in past life. Few friends and relative show

them porn. it is forceful activity therefore it is positively corelated and statistically significant. Nearly

1.5 youths involved in sexual relationship said that they forced for such relationship. Youths have

sexual relationship at higher age. It is risky behaviour to have sexual relationship even at early age.

Those youths involved in sexual behaviour are from nuclear families. The youths involved in sexual

relationship are 47 per cent but they are not from joint family. The family size is negatively co-related

with sexual behaviour of youths. Those involved in sexual behaviour do not help parents. Help to

parents by youths is negatively co-related and statistically significant. Youths involved in sexual

relationship, 92 per cent are less likely to help to parents. The youths involved in sexual behaviour

are from rich households. Per capital income of youth’s household is positively co-related and

statistically significant to his sexual behaviour.

The 2013 survey shows that the sexual involvement of youths is positively co-related to walking of

youths to college. The youth’s sexual involvement is 2.5 percent more likely to work. Those youths

have toilet facility at home are 2.5 times more likely to involved in sexual relationships. Those parents

have car owned; the youths are 62 per cent more likely to involved in sexual relationship. The sexual

involvement of youths is negatively co-related to sex of the youths. The girls are 28 percent less likely

to be involved in sex than boys. Those youths do not have electricity at home, they are 26 percent less

likely to involve in sexual relationship.

Multiple risky behaviours:

The onset of multiple risk behaviours, such as smoking, anti-social behaviour, hazardous alcohol

consumption and unprotected sexual intercourse, cluster in adolescence and are associated with

increased risk of poor educational attainment, future morbidity, and premature mortality. These

behaviours go beyond pure ‘risk-taking’ behaviours and embrace behaviours which are ubiquitous in

society, such as low levels of physical activity. These behaviours shape adult behaviour and the

consequences are costly to society and young people. Further, people who engage in any one risk

behaviour are likely to engage in others (Kipping R.R. et.al. 2004)

Table 24. Multiple Risky Behaviours among Youths

2023 2013

Variables Odd ratio Z test Variables Odd ratio Z test

Age 0.07**(0.04) 3.70 Sex 0.52* (0.07) -4.76

help parents. -1.53**(0.73) 4.42 Walk 1.13*** (0.07) 1.89



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loan taken by

parents.

0.42***(0.26) 2.75 Travel by train 1.08**(0.04) 1.90

Constant 1.98***(1.22) 2.67 College time 1.16*(0.08) 2.19

-2 Log

likelihood=

Cox & Snell R2 Nagelkerke

R2

Per capita

income

1.00**(0.00) 1.95

432.47 0.18 0.4 Car 1.94* (0.29) 4.42

Log likelihood

= -653.41

Pseudo R2 = 0.046

LR chi2 = 63.37

Prob >

chi2 =

0.000

 *Significant at 1 %, **Significant at 5 % *** significant at 10 %

 Standard error figures are in parentheses.

Age of the youths is positively co-related to multiple sex behaviours. As age of the youth increases,

they involved in either driving, depression, malnutrition, sexual behaviour, physical fight etc. They

must protect themselves from risky behaviours. But age of youths is positively co-related and

statistically significant. Youths involved in risky behaviours do not help parents at home. Youths those

involved in multiple sex are 53 per cent do not help parents at home. It is statistically significant and

positively co-related. The parents taken loan from different financial institutions. The parents, those

took loans, the 43 per cent youths are involved in multiple risky behaviours. Therefore, it is statistically

significant and positively corelated with multiple risky behaviours among youths.

The multiple risky behaviours are positively co-related to walking. They have 13 percent more likely to

involved in multiple risk. Those youths travel by train are 8 per cent more likely to involved in multiple

risk. Those youth involved in multiple risk have per capita income higher and positively significant.

Those have car at home are 94 per cent more likely to involved in multiple risk behaviours. Multiple

risky behaviours are negatively co-related to sex of the youths. The females are 52 per cent less likely

to involved in multiple risky behaviours.

Policy implication and conclusion:

Adolescence is a critical transitional period that includes the biological changes of puberty, the need to

increase independence, preoccupation with the self, and normative experimentation. A number of

health risk behaviours begin in adolescence that affect health both at the time and in later years. Some

of these behaviours contribute to the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among adolescents,

such as suicide attempts, injuries and the various risks associated with unprotected sexual behaviour,

conditions related to tobacco or alcohol use and overweight or obesity (K.Preethi 2019).

Youths are involved driving two and four wheelers. They are drinking alcohol due to number of reasons.

Youths are depressed and they fight physically. The youths are involved in sexual relationship without



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knowledge of contraceptives. Those have driving licence drive vehicles 3 times more. Youths those are

smoke cigarettes smoke four times more due to depression and three times more if they are smoking

cigarettes very day. Those youths consume alcohol, do not help parents twice. Those consume alcohol

drink it four times every day. Those are depressed took medical help twice. Those youths physically

fight had injury four times more and took treatments twice in hospital. Those youths malnourished,

then twice they have issue of malnutrition. Those youths involved in sexual relationship have three

times more of multiple sex partners and four times they have used the contraceptives during intercourse.

Youths in regions required number of alternative policies to deal with risky behaviours. Few youths are

from rich families where families have car, bikes etc. They need guidance to drive four wheelers in city.

They are not skilled driver. Phone call should be strictly avoided while driving vehicles. They must

avoid driving at highway where trucks and tempos are carrying the goods. Chances of accidents is very

high. Youths smoke cigarettes at younger age. Somewhere parents’ behaviour of smoking is responsible

for smoking among youths. Youths drink alcohol at lower age. They do not help parents in household

tasks. They consume alcohol due to peer pressure. The regular consumption of alcohol must be stopped

of the youths. Parents must take help of counsellor in this direction. If parents are consuming alcohol,

then they must stop it immediately. In nuclear family parent must pay attention on development of

youths. Youths are in depression due to number of reasons. Most of them tell that due to financial

difficulty, they are in depression. If the youth is in depression, then parent must spend more time with

them. Identify their issues and provide them solutions. Youths are very serious in their thinking and

acting differently. Behavioural modification is urgent need to stop suicide attempt among youths.

Councillors will provide the best solutions for it. Adolescents displaying risk behaviour commonly did

not use the social counsellor, psychiatric outpatient care and study counselling services, even if they

would have needed them. There should be a focus on the comprehensive identification of various forms

of high-risk behaviour among adolescents to gain insight into how adolescents’ healthy development

can be supported and how high-risk behaviour can be effectively mitigated (Petäjä et.al 2022).

Parents must check phone calls of youths. They must monitor what’s app chats. They must observe the

friend circle of youths. They must visit college and ask youths daily attendance record in college. They

must attend Parent and Teachers Meetings in school and college. Any risky behaviour is found then

they must ask the precautionary measures to teacher. They must see what time college get over and

youth return to home. If any youth spends time with friend circle, then they must ask teacher about

class hours. They must discuss the overall student’s performance in college. Parents should check

youths access to vehicle of their own and friend circle. They must provide permission with valid

driving licence. They must teach youth about safe driving. Parents must force youths to follow rules of

traffic in city. They must sit with them in vehicle and guide them for safe driving. They must ask about

driving of friend’s vehicle and issues happened. Parents must know about smoking of youths if any.

Parents must have information of friends those have daily smoking habits. They must ask money spent

on cigarettes. The youths have smoke and health related issues, then they must discuss with doctor.



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Parents must observe behaviour of youth’s friend circle regularly. They often go to night parties.

Parents must ask the nature of parties organised and who organised it. Youths should not drink wine

and drive vehicle which would lead to violation of traffic rules. Police can catch them immediately

therefore parents must be alert. Parents must discuss and follow the Gandhian philosophy in life. They

should discourage the youths to not fight with other youths. They must ask youths to bring any issue to

their notice. They must suggest that the youth should discuss issue with friends. Regular what’s app

chats and talk are important to keep watch on youths’ behaviour with their friend circle. If any fight

takes place, then parents must discuss immediately the nature of fight and tell them not to fight again

on such issues. Parents must understand cause of concern and detail of fight and try to improve youth at

every point of time. Parents must provide balanced diet to youth. Parents should not provide money but

suggest youths to eat homemade food. If any issue exists, they must take youths to doctor. Most of the

time, youths accompany only girls in the group. Parents must check study and friend circle. They

should know who is chatting with youths. They must keep watch on outdoor activities of youth from

time to time. If youths are meeting at point with opposite sex, then they must know such points. They

must suggest youths to avoid the opposite sex relationship. They must help youths to set up future goals

and help their dreams. If required parents must take help of counsellors but focus on long term goals as

education, health, and carrier.

Parents must check the cell phone of youths about contact numbers of friends and porn clips. Most of

the youths from rich community and it does not guarantee that they will develop contacts and will

indulge in sexual activities. They must focus on study and learn skills. Parents have taken loan, and

they are busy with maximum workload. They must reduce few assignments immediately and spend

some time with youths. If required, then youths must be taken counsellors immediately. Sharing and

caring by parents will solve the multiple risky behaviours among youths in region. Educational

materials about the negative effects of the risky behaviours should be included in the curriculum of

universities to improve students’ perception of risky behaviours and their consequences. There should

be awareness campaigns on risky behaviours for students and the public. Media and social network

applications should be used actively to enhance the knowledge of the public and students about risky

behaviours (Ansari T. et.al 2016). Youths is the future of country and family. Therefore, such policies

are required on priority basis.

References

Agrawal, S., & Praveen, A. (2012). Adolescent Risk-taking Behaviour in India: The influence of

Socio-economic Characteristics and Living Arrangement. Journal of Community Nutrition &

Health, 1(2), 26-31.

Ansari, T., Alghamdi, T., Alzahrani, M., Alfhaid, F., Sami, W., Aldahash, B. A., Aldukhayel, D. S.,

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