Analysis of Uneven Regional Development in North-East, Middle–Southeast, and West-South 

Regions of Aceh Province 

64 

 

8 Analysis of Uneven Regional Development in North-East, 

Middle–Southeast, and West-South Regions of Aceh Province 

Yayuk Eko Wahyuningsih1*, Irfan Syah Putra2, and Eni Meliana3 

1, 2, 3 Teuku Umar University, Meulaboh, Indonesia  

Abstract  

Aceh is a province of Indonesia that currently consists of 23 

districts/municipalities that are generally divided into three (3) regions, namely, 

the Northeast (11 districts/municipalities), the Middle-southeast (4 districts) and 

the Southwest (8 districts/municipalities) regions. These regions have different 

natural, human, social, political, and cultural resources. These differences have 

caused uneven economic development, which has further caused developmental 

disparity among the regions.  

This study aims to assess the extent of developmental disparity among 

regions and to analyze the impact of Gross Regional Domestic Product per capita 

on regional developmental disparity in the three (3) regions of Aceh province in 

the period of 2000-2014. The data used in this research are secondary data that 

were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and the Regional 

Development Planning Board (Badan Perencanaan Daerah/Bappeda) of Aceh 

Province. To identify the level of inequality, the researcher utilizes Williamson 

Index;whereas to determine theimpact of Regional GDP per capita on the 

inequality of regional development, the researcher utilizes a semi logarithmic 

linear regression model that includes a discussion on the correlationcoefficient 

(R), determination coefficient (R Square), and t test using SPSS. 

Based on estimation results, the researcher discovers that, for the North-

East region,the value of correlation coefficient (R) is 0.8032, the value of 

determination coefficient is 64.52%, and the equation for Y isY = -1.8942 + 

0,1263X;for the Middle-Southeast region, the value ofcorrelation 

coefficientis0.6760, the value of determination coefficient is 45.70%, and the 

equation for Y is Y = 0.6441 + 0,0400X, and;for the Southwest region,the value 

ofcorrelation coefficientis 0.4045, the value of determination coefficient is 16.36%, 

and the equation for Y is Y = -0.4703 + 0,0318X. As for the t test, the researcher 

discovers that for North-East region the per capita regional GDP wastcount> 

ttable(4.671> 1.7823);for the Middle-Southeast regional tcount<ttable(-

3.178<1.7823), and; for the Southwest region tcount<ttable (1.532 <1.7823). These 

per capita regional GDP values mean that only in the Northeast region does the 

variable of per capita regional GDP have a real impact on the variables of regional 

developmental disparity. This is consistent with the fact that the Northeast region 

is much more advanced and developed than the other two regions. 

JEL Classification: O10, O11, O15  

Keywords: GDP, Index of Williamson and Discrepancy, Per capita GDP, Total of 

population 

                                                           
* Corresponding author. Email address: yayukew@utu.ac.id    

mailto:yayukew@utu.ac.id


Analysis of Uneven Regional Development in North-East, Middle–Southeast, and West-South 

Regions of Aceh Province 

 

65 
 

1. INTRODUCTION  
Background 

Economic development is a process of income increase, total income or per 

capita income, which is followed by an increase in the number of people as well as 

income equalization for the people of a country. The goal of economic development 

of a country is to increase the welfare of the people. The welfare can be realized 

through an increase in the economic growth of the country occurring due to the 

income equalization of the people of the aforementioned country, obtained through 

the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of a region or the Gross Domestic 

Product (GDP) of a country.  

The GRDP values differ from one region to another because of comparative 

advantages that are affected by environmental conditions, the mastery of the people 

in advanced technologies, the mastery of the people in certain skills, central regions 

of activities, low wages for and plentiful availability of labor, and other factors. 

Such is the case for Indonesia, composed of 33 provinces, where the regional 

development condition among provinces is unequal or very different.  

Further, the Province of Aceh, a region of Indonesia which at this time 

(2016) is composed of 23 regencies and cities, possesses differences in natural, 

human, social, political, and cultural resources among its regencies and cities, and 

these differences are what have caused economic development to be uneven, 

creating gaps in development among the regions.   

Based on regional classification, this province can be divided into three 

regions, which are North-East, Middle-Southeast, and West-South. In the 1980s up 

until the 2000 millennial year, the North-East region represented the region of 

which its development condition was the best compared to the other regions of the 

Province of Aceh, because this region is an industrial zone with the establishment 

of several giant factories in the fields of oil and gas, fertilizer, paper, and other 

industries. One of them is the ASEAN Aceh Fertilizer (AAF) factory, which is 

owned by several ASEAN countries. In addition, the region is strategically placed, 

where the cities and regency capitals are situated along the national road, which 

allows good access to its neighboring province, North Sumatera. 

The Middle-Southeast region represented the region for which the 

development of physical and non-physical infrastructure lags far behind, compared 

to North-East region,  because this region is composed of forests and plantations, 

most of which were not very productive. The same is true of the West-South region, 

which is an agricultural zone, but still at a small scale. 

One of the indicators that show the gap in economic development of a region 

in a certain time period is the constant-price GDP. The GRDP of Aceh from 2009 

to 2013 experienced an increase, though this was not significant. In 2009,the 

constant-price GRDP was Rp. 32,219.09 billion and the constant-price GRDP 

growth was -5.51%;up to 2013 the constant-price GRDP was Rp. 38,012.97 billion 

and its growth was 4.18%.The GRDP data of every regency or city can be seen in 

Appendix 1. 

The increasing number of people will cause the number of laborers to 

increase. The increasing number of laborers, balanced by a greater number of work 

openings, will result in more people being able to work. The populations of the 

regencies and cities can be seen in Appendix 2. One of the ways to increase the 

welfare of the people is by increasing economic growth. Meanwhile, the increase 



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in economic growth is shown by the increase of per capita GRDP and per capita 

income of the region.  

Formulation of the Problem 

The following is the formulation of the problem for this research: 

a. How great is the gap of regional development among the North-East, Middle-
Southeast, and West-South regions of the Province of Aceh? 

b. What is the influence of the per capita GRDP toward the gaps of the North-
East, Middle-Southeast, and West-South regions of the Province of Aceh? 

Objectives of the Research 

The objectives of this research are, among others: 

a.  To analyze how great the gap of regional development is among the North-
East, Middle-Southeast, and West-South regions of the Province of Aceh. 

b. To analyze the influence of the per capita GRDP toward the gaps of the North-
East, Middle-Southeast, and West-South regions of the Province of Aceh. 

 

2. LITERATURE REVIEW  
2.1 Economic Development 

According to Sukirno (2006:3), economic development is a series of 

economic efforts to develop economic activities to increase available 

infrastructure, create and develop more factories, elevate the level of education, 

and make more technologies available, and thus the implication of this 

development are expected to be greater work opportunities, increased income 

levels, and greater welfare for the people.    

Next, economic development is taken to be a process that causes the per 

capita income of a certain group of people to increase, where the increased income 

is a reflection of the improvement in economic welfare of the people, yet is also 

accompanied by the eradication of poverty and management of income gaps 

(Amalia, 2007:1).  

2.1.1 Regional Economic Development 

Regional economic development is the increase of income of the people as 

a whole that occurs in a certain region, which is the occurrence of the increase of 

all added values. The calculation of regional income is initially in the form of 

applicable prices, but in order to see the development from one time period to the 

next, the real prices must be stated, which means stating constant prices (Tarigan, 

2005: 46). 

2.2 Regional Development Gap 

According to Adisasmita (2005:116),disparities among regions show the 

existence of a gap or difference in the level of progress or welfare or a difference 

in the level of progress or welfare of one region with another due to the effects of 

mobility and accessibility (ease of transport). Mobility represents the level of 

movement of people and goods from one place (region) to another. A high rate of 

mobility is shown by the availability of facilities and infrastructure of 

transportation in a sufficient capacity, which provides transportation services in a 

smooth (quick) manner. 

Gaps have positive and negative effects. The positive effect of gaps is to 

encourage other underdeveloped regions to be able to compete and boost 

development to increase prosperity. Meanwhile, the extreme negative effects of 

gaps are among others economic inefficiency, lowered stability and solidarity, and 

unfairness based on the size of the gap (Tadaro, 2006: 249). 



Analysis of Uneven Regional Development in North-East, Middle–Southeast, and West-South 

Regions of Aceh Province 

 

67 
 

2.2.1 Factors That Affect Regional Development Gaps 

The primary factors that cause or trigger the existence of regional gaps are 

among others: (Sjafrizal, 2008:117-120) 

a. Differences in natural resource content 

b. Differences in demographic conditions 

c. Lack of smooth mobility of goods and services 

d. Concentrated regional economic activities 

e. Allocation of interregional development funds 

2.2.2 Management of Regional Development Gaps 

The efforts to overcome the issue of regional development gaps can be 

performed through the distribution of transportation infrastructure development to 

make smooth the mobility of goods and interregional production factors, 

encouragement of spontaneous transmigration and migration to resolve the issues 

of shortages and excesses of laborers, development growth centers to reduce 

interregional gaps, and execution of regional autonomy so that regional 

development activities, including in lagging regions, will and can be encouraged 

due to authority of the government and people; as such the initiative and aspirations 

of the people to uncover regional potential can be encouraged, enabling the 

elevation of the process of regional development (Sjafrizal, 2008. h. 121-124). 

2.3 Williamson Index and Agglomeration 

Sjafrizal (2008:108) stated that the Williamson Index is one of the tools for 

measuring the size of regional gaps, which was first used by Jeffrey G. Williamson. 

The calculation of the Williamson Index is based on the GRDP data of each region. 

The measurement results of the Williamson Index is shown by a value from 0 to 1, 

or 0 < VW < 1; as the Williamson Index approaches 0, the regional development 

gap becomes smaller, and as the Williamson Index approaches 1,the regional 

development gap becomes larger. 

2.4. Formulation of the Hypothesis 

 The hypothesis is that: 

a. It is suspected that the highest gap occurs with the Middle-Southeast region, 
followed by the West-South and North-East region. 

b. It is suspected that the per capita GRDP has a real influence toward regional 
development gaps. 

 

3. RESEARCH METHOD 
3.1 Research Scope 

The scope of this research covered the constant-price Gross Regional 

Domestic Product (GRDP) of the year 2000, the size of the population, and the per 

capita GRDP of three regions in the Province of Aceh in the years of 2000-2014 

with secondary data from BPS.  

3.2 Data Analysis Model 

The data analysis model used in this research was quantitative analysis 

using the Williamson Index and semi-logarithm regression processed using the 

SPSS software. 

3.3.1 Williamson Index 

According to Safrizal (2008:1), in order to provide a better picture of the 

development of each region based on the equalization of the development, the 



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index of interregional gaps as initially used by Jeffrey G. Williamson can be used, 

as formulated below: 

                Vw = 
√∑ (𝑌𝑖− 𝑌)²

𝑛
𝑘=0

 (𝑓𝑖 / 𝑛)

𝑌
  0 < Vw < 1                                                   (1) 

Where:  

 Yi  =  Per capita GRDP of region i (regional) 

 Y = Average per capita GRDP of all regions (Aceh) 

 fi = Population size of region i (regional) 

 n = Population size of all regions (Aceh) 

3.3.3 Semi-Logarithm Analysis 

According to Sarwoko (2005: 93), to obtain more significant results and 

ease the calculation process, the linear regression equation is formulated in the 

semi-logarithm form as below: 

                                     y = b0 + b1Lnx + e                                                (2) 

Where: 

 y   = Gap (dependent variable) measured on a scale of 0-1 

 x = Per capita GRDP (independent variable) measured in rupiahs 

 b0 =Intercept (constant) 

 b1 =Regression coefficient of factor x 

 e    = Error term 

3.4 Hypothesis Testing 

Based on the testing of the hypothesis: 

a. If the Williamson index approaches 0 then the regional development gap is 

small and if the Williamson index approaches 1 then the regional development 

gap is large. 

b. A greater agglomeration on value of a certain region indicates a higher 

concentration of economic activities in that region. 

c. If H0 : β1 = β2 = 0, it is suspected that the per capita Gross Regional Domestic 

Product being researched does not have a significant influence on the regional 

development gaps among regions in the Province of Aceh. If H1 : β1 = β2 ≠ 0, 

it is suspected that the per capita Gross Regional Domestic Product being 

researched does have a significant influence on the regional development gaps 

among regions in the Province of Aceh.  

The t-test criteria for the hypothesis established in the research are: 

a. If tcount > ttable, then H0is rejected and H1 is accepted, which means that there is 

partially a significant influence between the per capita Gross Regional 

Domestic Product and the interregional development gaps among the regions 

in the Province of Aceh. 

b. If tcount < ttable, then H0is accepted and H1 is rejected, which means that there is 

partially not a significant influence between the per capita Gross Regional 

Domestic Product and the interregional development gaps among the regions 

in the Province of Aceh. 

 



Analysis of Uneven Regional Development in North-East, Middle–Southeast, and West-South 

Regions of Aceh Province 

 

69 
 

4. RESEARCH And RESULTS 
4.1 GRDP of the Province of Aceh 

The Gross Regional Domestic Product is a picture of the economic 

development of a region that is resulted from the production values of goods and 

resources produced by a certain region in a certain year. The following is the 

constant-price Gross Regional Domestic Product of the Province of Aceh in the 

years 2000-2013.  

Table 1 Constant-Price GRDP of the Province of Aceh, 2000-2013 

No Year 
Constant-Price Gross Regional Domestic Product in 2000 

(Million Rupiah) 

1. 2000 17.397.989,02 

2. 2001 17.766.923,24 

3. 2002 18.221.417,04 

4. 2003 18.843.073,79 

5. 2004 19.803.550,26 

6. 2005 19.991.350,51 

7. 2006 22.760.622,49 

8. 2007 24.542.943,10 

9. 2008 25.682.967,11 

10. 2009 26.847.009,10 

11. 2010 28.118.582,51 

12. 2011 29.459.224,26 

13. 2012 30.904.408,44 

14. 2013 32.349.707,68 

Source: The Central Agency for Statistics of the Province of Aceh (data 

processed in November 2014) 

  

Table1 shows the development of the constant-price GRDP of the Province 

of Aceh, where in the period of years of 2000-2013, the GRDP continued to 

increase. The highest GRDP occurred in 2013 and the lowest GRDP occurred in 

2000; this condition has a positive impact on the economy of the Province of Aceh. 

 



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Figure 1 Constant-Price GRDP of the Province of Aceh of Years 2000-2013 

Source: The Central Agency for Statistics of the Province of Aceh 

 

Figure 1 shows the development of the constant-price GRDP of the 

Province of Aceh in the period of years of 2000-2013, with the highest GRDP 

having occurred in 2013 and the lowest GRDP having occurred in 2000. 

4.2 GRDP Per Capita of the Province of Aceh 

The per capita Gross Regional Domestic Product is the rough size of the 

level of welfare of a certain region at a certain time. The per capita Gross Regional 

Domestic Product is obtained by dividing the GRDP by the population size of a 

certain region.  

4.3Analysisof the Regional Development Gap 

The gap for this region is due to the comparative differences between 

regions, which cause one or several areas to be more advanced than others. The 

following are the Williams on indices of three regions. 

Table 2 Regional Development Gap of the Province of Aceh, 2000-2013 

No Year North-East 

Region 

Middle–

Southeast 

Region 

West-South 

Regions 

1.  2000 0,00 0,03 0,01 

2. 2001 0,06 0,04 0,01 

3. 2002 0,05 0,03 0,01 

4. 2003 0,05 0,03 0,02 

5. 2004 0,04 0,06 0,05 

6. 2005 0,05 0,04 0,02 

7. 2006 0,08 0,02 0,02 

8. 2007 0,09 0,02 0,02 

9. 2008 0,10 0,03 0,02 

10. 2009 0,11 0,03 0,03 

11. 2010 0,09 0,02 0,02 

12. 2011 0,08 0,02 0,02 

13. 2012 0,08 0,02 0,02 

14. 2013 0,08 0,02 0,02 

Source: Research Results 

0.00

5,000,000.00

10,000,000.00

15,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

25,000,000.00

30,000,000.00

35,000,000.00



Analysis of Uneven Regional Development in North-East, Middle–Southeast, and West-South 

Regions of Aceh Province 

 

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Table1 shows the condition of the regional development gap in three areas 

of the Province of Aceh, all of which were varied. The largest gap occurred for the 

North-East region with a value of 0.11 in 2009, and this occurred due to the 

difference between the total average per capita GRDP of all regions and the per 

capita GRDP of the North-East region, which was too great; the smallest gap 

occurred in 2000 with 0,and this was caused by the per capita GRDP of the North-

East region being balanced by the population. The second-largest gap was 

experienced by the Middle-Southeast region with a high of 0.09 in 2004, while the 

smallest gap was experienced by the West-South region with a high of 0.05 in 2004. 

 

Figure 2 Regional Development Gap of the Province of Aceh, Years 

2000-2013 

Source: Research Results 

Figure 2 shows the condition of the regional development gap in three areas 

of the Province of Aceh also seen in Table2, for which the largest gap was for the 

North-East region, followed by the Middle-Southeast region, and finally the West-

South region as having the smallest gap. 

4.4 Discussion 

4.4.1 Semi-Logarithm Regression 

Table 3 Semi-Logarithm Regression 

Variable Co efficiency  of 

Estimation 

Sandard 

Error 

t-Ratio Sig 

Per capita 

Constant-Price 

GRDP of North-

East Region 

 

-1,8942 

0,1263 

 

0,4202 

0,0270 

 

-4,508 

4,671 

 

0,001 

0,001 

R = 0,8032 

R Square = 0,6452 

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

2
0
0

0

2
0
0

1

2
0
0

2

2
0
0

3

2
0
0

4

2
0
0

5

2
0
0

6

2
0
0

7

2
0
0

8

2
0
0

9

2
0
1

0

2
0
1

1

2
0
1

2

2
0
1

3

North-East

Middle-Southeast

West-South



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Per capita 

Constant-Price 

GRDP of Middle–

Southeast Region 

 

0,6441 

0,0400 

 

0,1935 

0,0126 

 

3,329 

-3,178 

 

0,008 

0,006 

R = 0,6760 

R Square = 0,4570 

Per capita 

Constant-Price 

GRDP of West-

South Regions  

 

-0,4703 

0,0318 

 

0,3205 

0,0208 

 

-1,468 

1,532 

 

0,168 

0,151 

R = 0,4045 

R Square = 0,1636 

Source: Research Results 

Based on Table3, it can be seen that in the North-East, Middle-Southeast, 

and West-South regions, the per capita GRDP had a positive influence on the 

regional development gap of the Province of Aceh. The constant estimation 

coefficient for the North-East region had a value of -1.8942; this showed that if the 

per capita GRDP for the North-East region was equal to zero (0) or unchanged, 

then the regional development gap for the Province of Aceh would decrease by 

1.8942. The constant estimation coefficient for the Middle-Southwest region had a 

value of 0.6441;this showed that if the per capita GRDP for the Middle-Southeast 

region was equal to zero (0) or unchanged, then the regional development gap for 

the Province of Aceh would increase by 0.6441. The constant estimation 

coefficient for the West-South region had a value of -0.4703; this showed that if 

the per capita GRDP for the West-South region was equal to zero (0) or unchanged, 

then the regional development gap for the Province of Aceh would decrease by 

0.4703. 

The regression coefficient for the per capita GRDP for the North-East 

region had a value of 0.1263; this showed that if the per capita GRDP increased by 

1 percent, then the regional development gap for the Province of Aceh would 

increase by 0.1263 percent with the assumption that other factors did not change. 

The Middle-Southeast region had a regression coefficient for the per capita GRDP 

of 0.0400; this showed that if the per capita GRDP increased by 1 percent, then the 

regional development gap for the Province of Aceh would increase by 0.0400 

percent with the assumption that other factors did not change. The West-South 

region, based on the research results, had a regression coefficient for the per capita 

GRDP of 0.0318; with this, if the per capita GRDP increased by 1 percent, then the 

regional development gap for the Province of Aceh would increase by 0.0318 

percent, with the assumption that other factors did not change.   

4.4.2 Correlation Analysis and Determination 

Based on the research that was conducted, it can be explained that the 

coefficient for the independent variable (per capita GRDP) for the North-East 

region was R = 0.8032,which positively explained that there was a relationship 

between the per capita GRDP and the regional development gap of the Province of 

Aceh by a factor of 0.8032. The Middle-Southeast region had a value of R = 0.6760, 

which positively explained that there was a relationship between the per capita 

GRDP and the regional development gap of the Province of Aceh by a factor of 



Analysis of Uneven Regional Development in North-East, Middle–Southeast, and West-South 

Regions of Aceh Province 

 

73 
 

0.6760. The West-South region had a value of R = 0.4045,which positively 

explained that there was a relationship between the per capita GRDP and the 

regional development gap of the Province of Aceh by a factor of 0.4045.  

The coefficient of determination value (R Squared) for the North-East 

region was R2 = 0.6452, which meant that the regional development gap for the 

Province of Aceh was affected by 64.52 percent by the per capita GRDP, while the 

remaining 35.48 percent was the effect of other variables outside of this research. 

The Middle-Southeast region had a coefficient of determination value of R2= 

0.4570, which meant that the regional development gap for the Province of Aceh 

was affected by 45.70 percent by the per capita GRDP, while the remaining 54.30 

percent was the effect of other variables outside of this research. Meanwhile, the 

coefficient of determination value for the West-South region was R2 = 

0.1636,which meant that the regional development gap for the Province of Aceh 

was affected by 16.36 percent by the per capita GRDP, while the remaining 83.64 

percent was the effect of other variables outside of this research.   

4.4.3 t-Test 

Based on the research results for the per capita GRDP variable for the 

North-East region, it was found that tcount> ttable, as 4.671 > 1.7823; with α = 0.05,the 

degree of significance was less than 0.05 as 0.001 < 0.05 and thus H0was rejected 

and H1was accepted, meaning that the per capita GRDP variable individually had 

a significant effect on the regional development gap of the Province of Aceh. For 

the Middle-Southeast region, the per capita GRDP variable was found to have 

tcount<ttableas -3.178 < 1.7823;with α = 0.05,H0was accepted and H1was rejected, 

meaning that the per capita GRDP variable individually had no significant effect 

on the regional development gap of the Province of Aceh. For the West-South 

region, the per capita GRDP variable was found to have tcount<ttableas 1.532 < 

1.7823; with α = 0.05,H0was accepted and H1was rejected, meaning that the per 

capita GRDP variable individually had no significant effect on the regional 

development gap of the Province of Aceh. 

Further, the results of regression in this research resulted in regression 

coefficients that stated that for the North-East, Middle-Southeast, and West-South 

regions, there was a positive relationship between the per capita GRDP variable 

and the regional development gap variable. 

5. CONCLUSION    
5.1 Conclusion 

a. The regional development gap of three regions in the Province of Aceh 

measured by the Williamson Indices for the research time period of years 

2000-2013 showed that the largest gap was experienced by the North-East 

region, followed by the Middle-Southeast and West-South regions. 

b. Based on the results of the regression coefficients for the North-East, Middle-

Southeast, and West-South regions, there was a positive relationship between 

the per capita GRDP variable and the regional development gap variable.  

5.2 Suggestions 

a. The Province of Aceh should conduct efforts to reduce the regional 

development gap caused by the uneven per capita income, in particular efforts 

to even out the per capita income and employment. 



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b. There should be a hands-on people empowerment program from the 

government so that the people can independently pursue opportunities. 

 

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