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African Journal of Environmental Economics and Management ISSN 2375-0707 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-009, April, 
2019. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals 

 

Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. 
 
 

Full Length Research Paper 

  

Seasonal variations of physico-chemical 
properties of the Great Vedaranyam Swamp, Point 
Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, South-east coast of 

India 

 
Ramalingam  Manikannan1*, Subramanian  Asokan1 and Abdul Hameed Mohamed 

Samsoor Ali2 
 

1
Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mannampandal - 609305, Mayiladuthurai, 

Tamil Nadu, India. 
2
New # 12, Old # 3/10, New Street, Kollapuram - 609608, Tiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India. 

 
Accepted 21 August, 2018 

 
The present study was attempted on the physico-chemical variability of the Great Vedaranyam Swamp of the Point 
Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, South-east coast of India. Seasonal variation study was carried out to examine level of 
varying physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, electrical 
conductivity, phosphate, turbidity, total dissolved solids and water depth. The physico-chemical parameters have 
exhibited considerable seasonal and spatial variations. The qualitative study revealed the present status of the 
physico-chemical parameters, which would be very helpful for policy makers to take precautionary measures to save 
the swamp. 

 

Key words: Seasonal variations, physico-chemical parameters, Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, pH, salinity, temperature. 

 
INTRODUCTION 

 
Aquatic bionetwork plays vital component on the earth since 
the origin of life. In addition to drinking, water is used for 
food production of all means that is agriculture, aquaculture, 
and animal farming. The quality of water in any ecosystem 
provides significant information about the available 
resources for supporting life in that ecosystem. Good quality 
of water resources depends on a large number of 
physicochemical parameters, the magnitude and source of 
any pollution load; and to assess that, monitoring of these 
parameters is essential. Researches are being carried out till 
present (Mishra et al., 1993; Satpathy, 1996; Das et al., 
1997; Padma and Periakali, 1999; Govindasamy et al., 
2000; Rajesh et al., 2002; Jayaraman et al., 2003; Sharma 
and Gupta, 2004; Rajasekar et al., 2005; Sridhar et al., 
2006; Anilakumary et al., 2007; Prabu et al., 2008; Raja et 
al., 2008; Pradhan et al., 2009; Srivastava et al., 2009; 
Damotharan et al., 2010; Prasanna and Ranjan, 2010). 

These include seasonal variations in the physico-chemical 
characteristics and nutrient dynamics in the network of  
 
 
 
*Corresponding author. Email: manikannanr@yahoo.co.in. 

 

 
 
water bodies found across the country. These works also 
include various types of water bodies like ponds, rivers, lakes, 
estuaries and reservoirs. However, very little information is 
available in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of water 
in the Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. Hence, the present 
study was conducted to study the physico-chemical properties 
of water in the Great Vedaranyam Swamp of the Point Calimere 
Wildlife Sanctuary, India for a period of October 2007 to March 
2010. 

 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 

 
The Point Calimere is located along the Coramandal coast, 
Nagapattinam district (10°18’ N, 79°51’ E) of Tamil Nadu, India; it is 
bounded by a part of the bay of Bengal towards the northeast and 
palk strait on the south-west embracing a vast swamp area called 
Great Vedaranyam Swamp. The Great Vedaranyam Swamp is 
famous for migratory waterfowl’s viz., flamingos, waders, ducks, 
gulls and terns. The entire swamp belt is about 30 km long and 9 
km wide. The swamp represents a mixed ecosystem, influenced by 
both fresh water and seawater. Two industrial salt companies 
chemplast (Chemical and Plastics Limited) and DCW 
(dharangadhra chemical works) and a number of small and large 
salt units that produce edible salt and industrial salt operate in this 



  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 1. Monthly variations of water temperature in different stations during the study period. 

 
 

 
area. The Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as a 
Ramsar site on 19th August, 2002.  

The swamp water samples were collected from five locations (in 
3 different stations) selected in the immediate fsurroundings of the 
area covered by swamp water. The samples were collected in from 
10 to 11am. One composite sample from each site was collected 
per month during the period of study. Physico-chemical properties 
such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical 
conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, pH, phosphate, salinity, total dissolved 
solids, turbidity and water depth of swamp water were determined 
following standard methods given by Welch (1952), Trivedy and 
Goel (1984), Wetzel and Likens (1991) and APHA (2005). Rainfall 
data were obtained from the meteorological unit (Government of 
India) located at Vedaranyam. 
 

 

RESULTS 

 

Temperature 

 

Water temperature was recorded more or less similar in 
all the stations and differs during seasons (Figure 1). 
Water temperature during the sampling of different 
seasons was found to vary from 20. 6 to 34.0ºC. The 
maximum temperature was observed during summer 
(January to March) and minimum was recorded during 
monsoon (October to December). 
 

 

Salinity 

 

Water salinity varied between 8.0 and 61.0 ppt (Figure 2). 
The maximum salinity was recorded during the month of 
May (summer) and the minimum was observed during the 
month of December (monsoon). The station wise 
variations of salinity maximum in station 3 and the 

 
 
 

 

minimum in station. 
 

 

pH 

 

Water pH was recorded more or less similar in all the 
stations as well as seasons (Figure 3). The pH for the 
water samples varied between 7.0 and 9.8 and these 
values ranged from a minimum average in October to 
December (monsoon) to a maximum average in April to 
June (summer). 
 

 

Dissolved oxygen 

 

The dissolved oxygen content was showed more or less 
similar in all seasons except monsoon, it is high (Figure 
4). The dissolved oxygen content varied from 5.00 to 9.11 
ml/l. The seasonal variation of the dissolved oxygen 
content maximum observed during November to 
December (monsoon) and the minimum during April to 
May (summer). The station wise variations of DO 
maximum in station 3 and the minimum in station 1. 
 

 

Electrical conductivity 

 

The EC was showed very narrow changes in all stations 
as well as seasons. The EC values varied between 344 
and 888 mho/cm. The maximum value was recorded in 
station 3 and the minimum in station 1. The seasonal 
variation of the EC values was showed higher during 
summer season and lower during monsoon season 
(Figure 5). 



   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 2. Monthly variations of salinity in different stations during the study period.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

Figure 3. Monthly variations of pH in different stations during the study period. 
 
 
 

Nitrate 

 

The nitrate content was fluctuated between the stations 
as well as the seasons (Figure 6). The nitrate values 
varied from 0.11 to 0.90 mg/l. The maximum value was 
observed in station 3 and the minimum in station 1. The 
seasonal variations of nitrate values were recorded 
maximum during monsoon / post-monsoon and minimum 
during summer season. 
 

 

Nitrite 

 
Nitrite was recorded more or less similar in all the stations 
and seasons (Figure 7). Nitrite contents 

 
 
 

 

fluctuated between 0.01 and 0.06 mg/l. The maximum 
nitrates was observed during monsoon (October to 
December) and minimum was recorded during summer 
(January to March). 
 

 

Phosphate 

 

The phosphate was fluctuated between the stations as 
well as the seasons (Figure 8). The phosphate values 
varied from 0.01 to 0.24 mg/l. The maximum value was 
observed in station 2 and the minimum in station 3. The 
seasonal variations of phosphate values were recorded 
maximum during monsoon / pre-monsoon and minimum 
during summer season. 



  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 4. Monthly variations of dissolved oxygen in different stations during the study period.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 5. Monthly variations of electrical conductivity in different stations during the study period. 

 
 

 

Total dissolved solids 

 

The TDS varied between 236.0 and 503 mg/l (Figure 9). 
The maximum TDS was recorded during the month of 
November to December (monsoon) and the minimum 
was observed during the month of May to June 
(summer). The station wise variations of salinity 
maximum in station 2 and the minimum in station 3. 
 

 

Turbidity 

 

The turbidity varied from 3.0 to 18.0 NTU (Figure 10). The 
seasonal variation of the turbidity maximum observed 
during monsoon and the minimum during summer. The 
station wise variations of turbidity maximum in station 1 
and the minimum in station 3. 

 
 
 
 

Water depth 

 

The water depth was showed very narrow changes in all 
stations as well as seasons. The depth of water column 
varied between 6.0 and 28.0 cm. The maximum value 
was recorded in station 1 and the minimum in station 3. 
The seasonal variation of the water depth was showed 
higher during monsoon season and lower during summer 
season (Figure 11). 
 

 

Meteorological observations 

 

The rainfall recorded during the study period (October 
2007 to March 2010) is given in Figure 12. The maximum 
rainfall was recorded during the month of November 2008 
(1105 mm) and the minimum was in the months of March 



   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

Figure 6. Monthly variations of nitrates in different stations during the study period.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 7. Monthly variations of nitrites in different stations during the study period. 
 
 

 

2010 (6.2 mm). The quantum of rainfall was more 
(72.1%) during the northeast monsoon period (October to 
December). 
 

 

DISCUSSION 

 

The physico-chemical variable of the present study area 
is subjected to wide spatial temporal variation. Rainfall is 
the most important cyclic phenomenon in tropical 
countries as it brings important changes in the 
hydrographical characteristics of the marine and 
estuarine environments. In the present study, the peak 
values of rainfall are records during the monsoon month 
(October to December). The rainfall in India is largely 
influenced by two monsoons viz., southwest monsoon on 

 
 
 

 

the west coast, northern and northeastern India and by 
the northeast monsoon on the southeast coast.  

The temperature is one of the important physical 
factors, which affects the chemical and biological 
reactions in water. It regulates the rate of photosynthesis 
in aquatic ecosystem. The temperature variation is one of 
the factors in the swamp and estuarine system, which 
may influence the physico-chemical characteristics and 
also influence the distribution and abundance of flora and 
fauna (Soundarapandian et al., 2009). In the present 
study, it has been observed that high temperature is 
noticed in the months of April to June at all stations 
associated with longer photoperiod, bright sunshine and 
dry wind and lower temperature in the months of October 
to December was due to cloudy sky and rainfall brought 
down the temperature to the minimum. Similar 



  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 8. Monthly variations of phosphates in different stations during the study period.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 9. Monthly variations of total dissolved solids in different stations during the study period. 
 

 

observations have been reported by Senthilkumar et al. 
(2002),  Santhanam  and  Perumal  (2003),  Gupta  et  al. 
(2008), Sundaramanickam et al. (2008) and Jayabhaye 

(2009) from different wetlands.  
Salinity is one of the important factors which profoundly 

influence the abundance and distribution of the animals in 
estuarine environment and inshore waters. Generally, the 
maximum salinity value is recorded during summer may 
be describe to the higher degree of evaporation in the 
study area. The low values are found during October to 
December is due to heavy rainfall and large quantity of 
freshwater inflow. Similar trend in the salinity values were 
also observed from various parts in southeast coast of 
India (Seenivasan, 1998; Palanichamy and Rajendran, 
2000; Sulochana and Muniyandi, 2005; Prabu et al., 
2008; Soundarapandian et al., 2009; Damotharan et al., 
2010).  

The effect of pH on the chemical and biological 
properties of liquids makes its determination very 

 
 

 

important. It is one of the most important parameter in 
water chemistry and measured as intensity of acidity or 
alkalinity on a scale ranging from 0 to 14. The pH 
concentration gets changed with time due to the changes 
in temperature, salinity and biological activity. Most of the 
natural waters are generally alkaline due to the presence 
of sufficient quantities of carbonate (Trivedy and Goel, 
1984). The pH remains alkaline throughout the study 
period at all stations registering a maximum during 
monsoon, which could be attributed to the high salinity of 
water. The high pH observe during monsoon season may 
be due to the influence of fresh water influx, dilution of 
sea water, low temperature and organic matter 
decomposition as suggested by Ganesan (1992). Similar 
trend in pH was reported by Seenivasan (1998) from the 
Vellar estuarine system, Palanichamy and Rajendran 
(2000) from Palk Bay, Prabu et al. (2008) from 
Pichavaram mangroves, Damotharan et al. (2010) from 
Point Calimere coastal waters and Sundaramanickam et 



   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 10. Monthly variations of turbidity in different stations during the study period.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 11. Monthly variations of water depth in different stations during the study period. 
 

 

Parangipettai and Cuddalore coast of India.  
The oxygen dissolved in water is a very important 

parameter in water analysis as it serves as an indicator of 
the physical, chemical and biological activities of the 
water body. Two main sources of dissolved oxygen are 
diffusion of oxygen from the air and photosynthetic 
activity. Oxygen is considered to be the major limiting 
factor in water bodies with high concentration of organic 
materials. It is well known that the temperature and 
salinity affect the dissolution of oxygen (Vijayakumar et 
al., 2000). Higher dissolved oxygen concentration 
observed during monsoon season may be due to the 

 
 

 

cumulative effect of higher wind velocity joined with heavy 
rainfall and the resultant freshwater mixing (Das et al., 
1997; Prabu et al., 2008; Sundaramanickam et al., 2008; 
Damotharan et al., 2010).  

Nitrates are the most oxidized forms of nitrogen and the 
end product of the aerobic decomposition of organic 
nitrogenous matter. Natural waters in their unpolluted 
state contain only minute quantities of nitrates. The 
recording highest nitrates value during monsoon / post-
monsoon season may be mainly due to the organic 
materials receiving from the catchment area during 
rainfall (Das et al., 1997). The increasing nitrates level is 



  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 12. Monthly variations of rainfall in the study area during the study period. 

 
 

 

due to fresh water inflow, litter fall decomposition and 
terrestrial run-off during the monsoon / post-monsoon 
season (Karuppasamy and Perumal, 2000). Another 
possible way of nitrates entry is through oxidation of 
ammonia form of nitrogen to nitrite formation (Rajasegar, 
2003). The low values records during summer / pre-
monsoon period may be due to its utilization by 
phytoplankton as evidenced by high photosynthetic 
activity and also due to the neritic water dominance, 
which contained negligible amount of nitrate (Rajashree 
and Panigrahy, 1996; Das et al., 1997; Govindasamy et 
al., 2000).  

The peak values of nitrite observe during the monsoon 
may be attributes to the influence of seasonal rainfall. 
The higher concentration of nitrite and seasonal variation 
may also be attributes to the variation in phytoplankton 
excretion and oxidation of ammonia (Kannan and 
Kannan, 1996). Low values of nitrite observed during the 
summer may be due to the lesser amount of freshwater 
inflow and higher salinity. Similarly maximum value in 
monsoon and minimum value in summer season was 
also recorded by Satpathy (1996) from coastal waters of 
Kalpakkam, Prabu et al. (2008) from Pichavaram 
mangroves, Sundaramanickam et al. (2008) from 
Parangipettai and Cuddalore coast and Damotharan et al. 
(2010) from Point Calimere coastal waters, India.  

The phosphates are essential for the growth of 
organisms and a nutrient that limits the primary 
productivity of the water body. Inorganic phosphorous 
plays a dynamic role in aquatic ecosystem, when present 
in low concentration is one of the most important 
nutrients. High concentration of phosphates observed 
during monsoon / post-monsoon seasons may possibly 
be due to intrusion of upwelling seawater into the swamp, 
which increased the level of phosphate. The result of low 
phosphates value during summer / pre-monsoon may be 

 
 
 

 

attributed to the limited flow of freshwater, high salinity 
and utilization of phosphate by phytoplankton 
(Senthilkumar et al., 2002; Rajasegar, 2003). The 
variation may be due to the various processes like 
adsorption and desorption of phosphates and buffering 
action of sediment under varying environmental 
conditions (Rajasegar, 2003).  

Turbidity is a measure of water clarity how much the 
material suspended in water decreases the passage of 
light through the water. In the present study, maximum 
turbidity is during monsoon season, while minimum value 
is during summer season. During monsoon season silt, 
clay and other suspended particles contribute to the 
turbidity values while during summer season settlement 
of silt, clay resulting low turbidity. Bathusha and 
Saseetharan (2007), Garg et al. (2006), Prasad and Patil 
(2008), Saravanakumar et al. (2008) and Upadhyay et al.  
(2010) have also reported high turbidity during rainy 
season.  

The present baseline information of the physico-
chemical properties of water would form a useful tool for 
further ecological assessment and monitoring of this 
wetland of Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. 
 

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

 

We sincerely acknowledge the Department of Forests, 
Nagapattinam and Chief Conservator of Forests for 
providing overall support during the fieldwork. Authors are 
grateful to the Management, Principal, Head of 
Department and other staff of Zoology, A.V.C. College 
(Autonomous), Mannampandal, India for providing 
necessary facilities. We sincerely express our thanks to 
the anonymous referees for their valuable comments on 
the manuscript. 



 
 
 

 
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