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Scholars
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African Journal of Pig Farming ISSN: 2375-0731 Vol. 11 (3), pp. 001-008, March, 2023. Available online at 
www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals 

 

Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. 
 

 

Full Length Research Paper     

Soil nitrate, phosphorus and potassium concentration 
after four years of liquid swine manure application on 

Tifton 85 

 
Tangriani Simioni Assmann1*, Alceu Luiz Assmann2, Laércio Ricardo Sartor1, 

and Talyta Zortéa1
  

1
Federal Technological University of Paraná, UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brasil. 

2
Agronomic Institute of Paraná, IAPAR, Pato Branco, PR, Brasil. 

 
Accepted 21 February, 2023  

 
One major problem of swine production is the huge volume of manure generated; this involve 
difficulties in proper handling of the residue when applied to the soil, given that such elements can be 
toxic to the environment. This study examined the vertical movement of the P, K and mineral N in the 
soil profile cultivated with Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85 which was submitted consecutively to rates 
of Liquid Swine Manure (LSM) application (four years). The experiment was done using a randomized 
block design with four replications in a split-plot arrangement, where the whole plots were semiannual 
applications (November, 2002 to September, 2006) of increasing levels of LSM (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 
m

3
 ha

-1
); while the sub-plots were the soil samples at different depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm). 

The N-NO3
-
 leaching was observed when application of LSM exceeded 90 m

3
 ha

-1
 twice annually or 

during the year, suggesting a limit level for fertilizer on Tifton 85 pastures. Phosphorous and potassium 
accumulation was observed at higher LSM rate, mainly at the 0-10 cm soil layer since the soil P levels 
increased up to the highest evaluated depth at the 180 m

3
 ha

-1
 LSM level. LSM meets the Tifton 85 

nutritional requirement regarding N, P and K when applied semi-annually at the rate of 90 m³ ha
-1

 
without causing pollution effects; although the grass production responds up to 180 m

3
 ha

-1
 levels. 

 
Key words: Cynodon dactylon, environmental contamination, mineral nitrogen, organic fertilizers.  

 
 
INTRODUCTION 

 
Swine production is an important part of the Brazilian 
agribusiness that consuming large quantities of grains 
and water, with daily water consumption of 9.05 to 22.05 

L
-1

 pig
-1

 (Nardi, 2009). Consequently, this activity 
produces large quantities of residue, since each liter of 

ingested water generates 0.6 L
-1

 of liquid swine manure 
(Oliveira, 1993); often times, distributed in small areas.  

 
 
 
 

 
Majority of swine growers in the country are smallholders 
(Mohedano et al., 2014). It is important to determine the 
Liquid Swine Manure (LSM) effect as a soil pollutant 
under different crops in order to illustrate the rates its use 
would be acceptable long term (Scherer et al., 2010; 
Maccari et al., 2016).  

LSM is a nutrient and organic  matter  source  for  
  

*Corresponding author. E-mail: tangriani@utfpr.br.  
 
Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 

License 4.0 International License  



2 

 

 
 
 

 

cultivated soils, and lots of plant production systems can 
benefit from the agriculture cycling of swine manure 
(Couto et al., 2013). Its usage in pastureland, if 
conducted properly, can contribute to the system’s 
sustainability, given that it is capable of increasing 
production and quality of pastures (Vielmo et al., 2011). 
In addition, lack of fertilization is one of the major factors 
contributing to the degradation of pasture land in Brazil 
and the LMS applications can remediate this kind of 
degradation.  

A significant amount of the macro and micronutrients 
ingested by the swine are excreted in dung and urine 
(Berenguer et al., 2008). If the organic fertilization is 
cautious, it can replace chemical fertilization of crops in 
part or whole (Ourives et al., 2010). However, when used 
irrationally, disregarding soil-support capability with no 
application rate limits, the LSM can become a great 
source of pollution for water springs (Domene et al., 
2007).  

Approximately 70% of the N present in the LSM 
stocked in dunghills is in ammoniacal form (Scherer et al., 
1996). When applied to the soil, it is oxidized to nitrate by 
nitrifying bacteria (Whitehead, 1995) in a relatively fast 
pace (Aita et al., 2006). Therefore, highly productive 
pastures like Tifton 85 can exhibit higher utilization rates 
of the mineral N present in the soil arising from the LSM 
application. Aita et al. (2006) observed higher mineral N 
in soils under fallow compared to soils cultivated with 

black oats under the 80 m
3
 ha

-1
 of LSM rate. This 

behavior can be maximized by the use of perennial 
pastures like the Cynodon ones.  

Nevertheless, the swine manure application can be a 
possible source of soils and water contamination through 

nitrate (NO3
-
) (Puig et al., 2017). This can result from 

excessive fertilizer application in the soil, independent of 
the fertilizer type, which can be dangerous to both human 
and animal health (Robertson, 2005; Bryan et al., 2012). 
Various studies show N mobility to have higher depths 
when cultivated with annual crops (Ceretta et al., 2010). 
Such mobility can vary for soils under perennial forage 
species given their root system structure, greater 
cultivation period, and pasture utilization.  

Besides N, elements that are deeply required by the 
cultures like phosphorus and potassium are added to the 
soil when the LSM is applied and are absorbed by the 
plants when available (Ceretta et al., 2010) or can be lost 
by leaching, primarily P, which is the main element 
associated with eutrophication problems (Sharpley et al., 
2001; Gatiboni et al., 2015).  

Therefore, knowledge on N, P and K behavior in the 
soil profile under different rates and constant application 
of LSM is important to support the use of this organic 
fertilizer in pastures to ensure there is no environmental 
contamination. The research aim to evaluate the vertical 
movement of nitrate and ammonium as well as the P and 
K behavior in a soil cultivated with perennial summer 
grass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85) under a 

 
 
 
 

 

semiannual application. This was done within four years 
of increasing rates of LSM and the forage production 
response of the pasture. 
 

 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
 
Study area 
 
The research was conducted from November 2002 to September 
2006, in an area located at 26° 07’ S and 52° 41’ W , at 700 m a.s.l, 
under a climatic condition that transits from Cfb (temperate climate) 
to Cfa (subtropical climate), according to the KÖPPEN climate 
classification (Maak, 1968). The precipitation regime in the past 10 
years was on an average of 2000 mm. The soil is classified as a 
Dystrophic Red Oxisol (Ferritic Ferralsols, according to 
classification World Reference Base for Soil Resources, WRB, 
2014). The soil is on a hilly topography with a clay texture and 
under a 10 year no-tillage planting system. 

 

Sampling and experiment designs 
 
Sprigs of Cynodon sp cv. Tifton 85 were planted in November 2002. 
The first LSM application was in March 2003, when the pasture was 
established and subsequent applications happened semi-annually; 
totaling six LSM applications with rates of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 
180 m

3
 ha

-1.
 

The experimental design was in a randomized block with four 
repetitions in a split-plot. The treatments consisted of increasing 

LSM rates (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 m
3
 ha

-1
) for the whole plots 

and the sampling depths as the sub-plots. In September 2006, soil 
samples were collected at different depths of (0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 

and 40-60 cm) to evaluate the N-NO3
-
, N-NH4

+
, P and K 

concentrations. In 2004, P and K concentrations were evaluated 
under the same depths. Soil samples were collected at eight 
different sites per plot, which were later dried at 55°C for 72 h, and 

the N-NO3
-
 and N-NH4

+
 concentrations were determined through 

the method described by Pavan and Miyazawa (1996). The K and P 
contents were extracted by the double acid method Melich-1, and 
later flame photometer, and the P determined the K by atomic 
absorption spectrophotometry.  

The dry matter production of Tifton 85 evaluation started in 
November 2003 when the plant canopy in each plot was 30 cm high 

on average. Samples were cut to a 10 cm stubble, from a 0.25 m
2
. 

Four subsamples were taken in each plot, and mixed to represent 
one plot sample, which were dried at 55°C in a forced-air oven to 

constant weight. Forage production was calculated (kg ha
-1

 de MS) 
annually (from January to December of each year). Winter cuts 
were not performed due to minimal plant growth. 
 
 
Statistical analysis 
 
An analysis of variance multifactorial was conducted. The variables 
considered homogeneous had their treatments evaluated with the 
F-test. When the results were significant at 5%, polynomial 

regressions were fitted for LSM rates, versus N-NO3
-
, N-NH4

+
, 

phosphorus and potassium concentration, for different depths, 
seeking the model with higher significance level. 
 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

 

The  interaction  between  LSM  rates  and  sample depth 



3 

 

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 1. Soil nitrate concentration at different depths as a function of Liquid Swine Manure 
application rates. 

 
 
 

(Figure 1) was observed for N-NO3
-
 soil concentration. 

After 46 months of the experiment establishment and six 
semiannual LSM applications according to stated rates, 

the highest N-NO3
-
 concentrations were observed in the 

topsoil layer (0-10 cm) using LSM application of 90 m³ ha
-

1
. For higher rates, N-NO3 

-
 accumulation was observed 

for layers from 20 to 60 cm depth, which indicates N-NO3
-

leaching potential for LSM applications from 90 to 180 m³ 

ha
-1

 (Figure 1). Therefore, these rates of LSM are not 
recommended for areas under C. dactylon cv. Tifton 85 
cultivation.  

The higher nitrate concentration in the 10 to 60 cm 
depth, as a consequence of the higher LSM rates, may 
result in contamination of the water table which depends 

on the leaching rate of N-NO3
-
 in the soil profile. The 

leaching rate of N-NO3
-
 is a consequence of the volume 

of infiltrated water and Tifton 85 root system’s ability to 

absorb N-NO3
-
 in the deep layers.  

Basso et al. (2005) observed higher N-NO3
-
 losses 

through percolated water when the LSM rate applied 

increased from 0 to 80 m
3
 ha

-1
, exposing that 40 m 

3
 ha

-1
 

rates do not present N-NO3
-
 leaching concern. Aita et al. 

(2006) have observed evidence of N-NO3
-
 leaching for 

layers beyond 60 cm depth using LSM at 80 m
3
 ha

-1
 with 

annual species (corn, weeds and black oat). Sacomori et 
al. (2016) verified that high doses of DLS applied to the 

soil surface (200 m
3
 ha

-1
) contributed to the leaching of 

 
 
 

 

nitric N at the depths of 40 and 80 cm.  
Nikiéma et al. (2013), when assessing the application 

of DLS in wheat cultivation up to the dose of 68 m
3
 ha

-1
 

in a sandy soil, verified that nitrate leaching is mainly 
related to annual rainfall. In years where rains were 
above average, DLS N losses extended to 29.3%. In 
addition to the climatic conditions, the soil characteristics 
determine the intensity of the leaching process 
occurrence, since it is inversely proportional to the 
number of adsorption sites (Mota et al., 2015). For the 
research presented here, this fact can also be stated for 

rates over 90 m
3
 ha

-1
 applied semiannually, indicating 

that Tifton 85 may present higher potential for N-NO3
-

utilization when LSM is used. Other studies evidenced 
the high potential of nitrogen utilization of organic 
fertilizers using grasses. Franzluebbers and Stuedemann 
(2005), after 5 years of application of different nitrogen 
sources (organic and inorganic), observed that there was 
little nitrate loss through leaching, despite the application 

of 200 kg N ha
-1

 year
-1

; this indicates that the uptake of N 
by bermudagrass (C. dactylon (L.) Pers) was efficient to 
reduce the losses, mainly by the habit of vigorous growth 
of the roots in a way that potentiates the use of this 
element by the plants.  

The N-NH4
+
 concentration were fitted to a positive 

linear model to the LSM rates applied to the soil (Figure 

2), with an increase of 2.3 mg dm
-3

, from the lower to the 



4 

 

  
 
 
 
 

 

(a)  (b) 
   

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 2. Soil ammonium concentration as a function of LSM application rates (Figure 2A) and for different soil 
depths (Figure 2B). 

 
 

 

higher LSM rate without considering the high fertilizer 
amount. This is justified by the fast nitrification of the 
ammoniacal N applied via LSM (Aita et al., 2006).  

Higher N-NH4
+
 concentrations were observed at the 

topsoil layer (0 to 10 cm), significantly higher from the 

deeper layers of the soil profile; with lower N-NH4
+
 

concentration at the 40 to 60 cm layer (Figure 2). This N-

NH4
+
 increment with higher LSM rates and the higher 

concentration at the topsoil layer were expected, since 
the ammonium, being a cation, is stable in the soil, and is 
adsorbed by the soil negative charges; consequently, 
presenting low mobility (Oliveira et al. 2011). Therefore, 
ammonium does not contribute extensively to 
contamination problems of subsurface water.  

The effect of the interaction between LSM application 
rate and sample depth was not observed (Figure 3) for 
potassium concentration in year 2004 and 2006. The 
highest K concentration of the experiment was observed 

under the 180 m
3
 ha

-1
 rate, in the topsoil layer, with 

significant variations in the 0 to 10 cm layer and 10 to 20 
cm due to LSM applied rates. During the two evaluation 
years, K concentration was higher in the topsoil layer and 
higher accumulations were observed with higher LSM 
rates.  

These results are not the same with those found by 
Ceretta et al. (2003), who conducted an experiment in a 
Chromic Orthic Alfisol with low clay percentage under 
natural grassland, and observed decrease of available K 
quantity in the topsoil layer with LSM application, when 
compared with the control treatment. Results from this 
study suggest that the behavior of K present in the LSM 
in Dystrophic Red Oxisol with high clay percentage differs 
from its behavior in sandy soils. Queiroz et al. (2004), in a 
Red-Yellow Sposol in Rio Grande do Sul also observed 

 
 
 

 

exchangeable K accumulation in the topsoil layer when 
swine manure was applied.  

Therefore, it is possible to state that there is a tendency 
of higher K accumulation in the topsoil layers in soils with 
high clay percentage, when increasing LSM rates are 
applied; leaving the nutrient available to the pasture or to 

leaching. When the LSM is applied at 90 m³ ha
-1

, the K 
concentration at the 0-20 cm depth (Figure 3), depth at 
which analysis and correction of the soil under pastures 
are recommended, is within that recommended for high 
productivity forage species, such as Tifton 85.  

K accumulation in the soil was not observed from 2004 
to 2006 in the respective LSM rates (Figure 3). The only 
difference observed was between LSM rates and sample 
depths. Scherer et al. (2007) did not observe LSM rate 
effects on the K concentration in the soil with LSM 

application from 0 to 115 m
3
 ha

-1
 for three years, leading 

to decrease of K concentration with depth; which is 
similar to this research. Lourenzi et al. (2016) observed 
increases in the available K content, mainly in the 
superficial layers of the soil after 6 years of applying 
organic pig waste (DLS + shavings); reaching 159% K 

increase with application of 16 Mg ha
-1

 of the compound 
in the 0-4 cm depth layer.  

P concentration at the beginning of the experiment was 
below that recommended for the forage species Tifton 85, 

at approximately 5 mg dm
-3

; whereas the recommended 

is above 12 mg dm
-3

 (CQFSRS/SC, 2016), which is good 
for a soil located at the southwest of Paraná and west of 
Santa Catarina. However, with the semiannual LSM 
application, an increase in P concentration was observed 
in the soil to levels that are considered high. The 
CQFSRS/SC (2016) considers that P concentration 

extracted by the Mehlich
-1

 method, as 



5 

 

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 3. Soil potassium concentration at the depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm, as a function of the 0, 30, 60, 

90, 120, and 180 m
3
 ha

-1
 of LSM application rates. Year 2004 (Figure 3A) and year 2006 (Figure 3B). LSD: Least 

significant difference. 
 
 

 

performed in this study, should not exceed 24 mg dm
-3

 
since there is the possibility of fertilizer loss and waste, as 
well as surface water contamination by phosphates 
(Berwanger et al., 2008).  

Interaction between LSM rates and sample depth was 
observed for phosphorus concentration in the soil 
cultivated with Tifton 85 in 2004 and 2006 (Figure 4). The 
utilization of increasing LSM rates altered P concentration 
in the soil. Higher concentrations of this element were 

found when 180 m
3
 ha

-1
 LSM was applied. This 

increment in the concentration, as well as its tendency of 
higher concentration in the topsoil layer is consistent with 
results obtained by Ceretta et al. (2003).  

There was P accumulation from 2004 to 2006 only in 

the 0-10 cm layer, for up to 120 m
3
 ha

-1
 of LSM use 

(Figure 4). Under the application of 180 m
3
 ha

-1
, the P 

concentration also increased at deeper soil layers (0-60 
cm). This high LSM rate suggests the possibility of P loss 
from runoff (Ceretta et al., 2005) since the concentration 
remained the same between 2004 and 2006. Although 
higher P concentration was observed at deeper layers, 
there is evidence of nutrient loss from runoff, which 
characterizes a rate with potential polluting effect 
(Menezes et al., 2018).  

The accumulation at the topsoil layer was expected, 
since it presents low mobility in the soil. According to 
Scherer et al. (1996), approximately two thirds of soil 
phosphorus is not soluble in water; potentially being part 
of organic structures and this contributes to the residual 
effect of manure. Thus, it can be stated that this nutrient 
stays practically unavailable to plants right after its 
application, requiring microorganism participation to 
become available in larger quantities. Phosphorus 

 
 
 

 

residual effect in the soil is therefore a consequence of 
that exposed.  

Results published by Berwanger et al. (2008) also point 
to P increments in deeper soil layers (0-15 cm), attesting 
nutrient mobility within the soil profile and a contamination 
risk to subsurface water (Ceretta et al., 2003). 
 

Some studies indicate that 90% of the P applied via 
LSM might be organic, that is insoluble (Takalson and 
Leytem, 2009), which contributes to the low leaching of 
the element in soil profile (Figure 4), under applications 

that is up to 120 m
3
 ha

-1
 and accumulation at the 0-10 cm 

soil layer. This is not the case for soluble mineral 
fertilizers which present higher leaching potential of 
soluble reactive P when compared with organic fertilizers 
(Bertol et al., 2010). Consequently, LSM stands as an 
option for fertilization of forage production fields.  

The increase in soil fertility, provided by successive 
LSM applications, led to higher levels of forage 
production of Tifton 85 in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 
(Figure 5), which was observed under higher LSM 
application rates. In 2003, measured forage production 
was lower when compared with subsequent years, 
possibly due to winter and first-year (establishment) 
carryover effect, even though fertilization responses were 
already noticeable. Quantification of forage production 
started in November, 2003.  

For 2004, 2005 and 2006, the responses to the organic 
fertilizer were fitted to positive quadratic models (Figure 
5a). There was response to the forage production at 180 

m³ ha
-1

 LSM rate, although N-NO3
-
 concentrations were 

observed at deeper layers of the soil.  
Drumond  et  al.  (2006)  observed forage production 



6 

 

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Figure 4. Soil phosphorus concentration at the depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm, as a function of 

0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 m
3
 ha

-1
 of LSM application rates. Year 2004 (Figure 4A) and year 2006 (Figure 

4B). LSD: Least significant difference.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 5. Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85 dry matter production as a function of Liquid Swine Manure application rates (0, 30, 60, 

90, 120, 180 m
3
 ha

-1
) for the years of 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 (Figure 5a) and total accumulated during four years (Figure 5b). 

IAPAR: Research Station of Pato Branco, 2006. 
 
 

 

(Tifton 85) of 5828 DM kg ha
-1

 when 200 m³ of LSM were 
applied. Their result is not in agreement with the findings 
of this study, since the LSM application of 180 m

3
 ha

-1
 

resulted in an annual production of 25000 to 30000 kg ha
-
  

1 of dry matter between 2004 and 2006 (Figure 5). 
Accumulated forage increase with LSM application

 
 
rates in the four years of study (Figure 5b), portraying the 

 
 
 

 

potential of LSM as a fertilizer for perennial forage species, 
enabling its use as nutrient source to these plants and an 
option for discard of the manure, which is a concern since it 
is an environmental contaminant. Given the forage 
production levels obtained with the application LSM rates of 

90 and 120 m
3
 ha

-1
, it is suggested that high quantities 

should not be used, given the N-NO3 and P 



7 

 

 
 
 

 

potential for contamination, as shown in this study. 
 

 

Conclusions 
 

N-NO3 leaching occurs in Tifton 85 pastures when LSM is 

applied semiannually, at the rate of 90 m
3
 ha

-1
. This rate 

is suggested as the limit to the use of this fertilizer in 
respective pasture.  

The LSM supplies the nutritional need of Tifton 85 in 

respect to the availability of N, P and K at a 90 m³ ha
-1

 
rate, applied semiannually without causing polluter effect.  

Tifton 85 dry matter production responds up to 180 m³ 

ha
-1

 of LSM application rates. However, the fertilizer 
utilization efficiency decreases at higher LSM rates, when 
mineral N, P and K are accumulated in the soil with 

applications of 120 m³ ha
-1

 of the organic fertilizer 
presenting an environmental contamination risk. 
 

 

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS 

 

The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. 
 
 
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