




































AGORA International Journal of Economical Sciences, http://univagora.ro/jour/index.php/aijes 

ISSN 2067-3310, E-ISSN 2067-7669 

Vol. 18, No. 1 (2024), pp. 18-31 

 

18 
 

CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING 

THE FORMATION OF LEADERSHIP IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE 

MANAGEMENT: IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINE 

 

L. BATSENKO, R. HALENIN 

 

Liudmyla Batsenko¹, Roman Halenin² 

¹Royal Agricultural University, United Kingdom, Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine 

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2859-4448,  E-mail: liudmyla.batsenko@rau.ac.uk  

²International European University, Ukraine 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-0102, E-mail: rgalenin@gmail.com   

 

Abstract: New challenges for leaders in the field of sustainable management are 

awareness of cultural and socio-economic factors in the practice of organizational 

development and organizational change. The purpose of the article is to contribute to the 

existing body of knowledge through a systematic study of the influence of culture and socio-

economic factors on the formation of leadership in the context of sustainable management. The 

research methodology includes a literature review, analysis of cultural and socio-economic 

aspects that influence the formation of leadership for sustainable management. The study is 

based on the analysis of empirical data obtained through questionnaires.  The research results 

highlighted the impact of culture on leadership in Ukraine, some age differences in the 

perception of culture as an important element of the triad "sustainable management - 

leadership - cultural and socio-economic factors", the importance of socio-economic factors 

and the crucial role of education in the development of leadership for sustainable management. 

Leaders must adapt their approaches to management, considering cultural aspects, economic 

conditions and societal demands. 

Keywords: leadership, sustainable management, culture, social-economic factors, 

education, Ukraine. 

 

INTRODUCTION 

The triad "sustainable management - leadership - cultural and socio-economic factors" 

is an important complex of interrelated elements and is relevant in the modern world, as 

dynamic changes in the economy, social and cultural sphere require new approaches to 

management and development. Taking this triad into account will allow us to develop effective 

strategies for achieving sustainable development. 

Sustainable management is a key aspect of modern business. It is a strategic approach 

to management that considers environmental, social and economic aspects. Zvarych and Rivilis 

(2023) highlighted that “crises   have   encouraged   companies   to   increasingly   include   

social   and environmental aspects in their business activities”. Ensuring sustainable 

development is one of the most urgent problems in the world and is focused on human 

development, maintaining stability, and reducing social problems which in turn will enhance 

leadership development.  

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2859-4448
mailto:liudmyla.batsenko@rau.ac.uk
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-0102
mailto:rgalenin@gmail.com


Liudmyla BATSENKO, Roman HALENIN 

 

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Sustainable management should focus on the practices and strategies used to achieve 

sustainability in a specific context. This involves responsible and efficient use of resources, 

minimizing the negative impact on the environment and considering social and economic 

factors in the decision-making process. Turchyna et al. (2023) proved that businesses that have 

implemented the principles of environmental, social and management sustainability are easier 

to adapt to changes. 

Leadership plays an important role in implementing the principles of sustainable. 

Effective leaders can mobilize people by channelling their energy and efforts towards the 

achievement of sustainable development goals. Tarí et al. (2023) stated, leadership is an 

influence on groups of people that motivates them to achieve a common goal. Leadership 

researchers have noted that leadership has positive effects across cultures (Bass & Avolio, 

1994), while many scholars have noted the importance of culture, that the effects of leaders 

vary by geography (Budur & Demir, 2019a, 2019b). 

 Social and economic factors influence the ability of organizations and leaders to 

implement sustainable development strategies. In the framework of the implementation of this 

concept, World Commission on Environment and Development in their report (UN, 1987) 

mentioned there must be provision for equal dissatisfaction of people's needs and the 

development of life, including the quality of the environment, the level of culture and 

education. 

Understanding the factors helps leaders make balanced and effective management 

decisions. We note that culture and socio-economic factors are significant moderators of the 

relationship between leadership and sustainability, and also share the same values (see the 

conceptual framework in Fig. 1). 

Figure 1: 

Conceptual Framework 

 
 

 

 

Political 

situation 

Economic 

grows 

Resources 

Education 

Value 



CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF 

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This study aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge through a systematic 

study of the influence of culture and socio-economic factors on the formation of leadership in 

the context of sustainable management. By studying how specific cultural aspects, as well as 

socio-economic factors such as access to education, economic growth, stability of the political 

situation, shape the formulation of leadership, this study seeks to provide practical information 

for leaders and practitioners in the development of sustainable management practices. 

Moreover, understanding the subtleties of this relationship can help in the development of 

leadership tools aimed at achieving the principles of sustainable development. 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

Sustainable development is focused on meeting current needs without compromising 

the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Buryak, 2023). The individual is the 

key source and engine of social progress in the context of sustainable development, and its 

successful provision depends on the creation of favourable conditions for the disclosure of 

intellectual and creative potential through the manifestation of leadership qualities and 

initiative of the individual. 

In Reichmann’s (n.d) research, the key competencies that are necessary for a 

sustainable development specialist are proposed for consideration: the competence of early, 

anticipatory thinking; competence of interdisciplinary work; the competence of cosmopolitan 

perception and change of perspective; competence to deal with incomplete and complex 

information; competence of participation; competence in interaction, cooperation; competence 

to deal with the conflict of goals; competence in self-motivation and motivating others; the 

competence of remote reflection in relation to individual and cultural models; competence to 

act independently and independently; competence to act ethically; capacity for empathy and 

solidarity  

Daft (2008) claims, that leadership is an interaction between a leader and group 

members that promotes change and results that meet common goals.  

Leaders must have a deep understanding of the cultural characteristics of stakeholders, 

which helps build trust and effective communication. Pastva (2005), researching leadership in 

the field of management, reveals it as follows: "Despite the fact that the concept of leadership 

can be understood differently in different cultures, it is basically defined as a process consisting 

of a series of constant interactions between the leader and by othersю Leadership is also about 

influence, because leaders motivate other people to do certain things, and this takes place in a 

group context, involving many individuals and a common goal.” 

 Psychologist Sheinov (2008) defines leadership as “the process of psychological 

influence of one person on others during their joint life activities, which is carried out on the 

basis of perception, imitation, understanding of each other. This is a psychological 

characteristic of the behaviour of group members, based on the principles of free 

communication and voluntary submission.” But this definition does not consider all aspects of 

leadership, such as societal structures, cultural influences, and political factors. Goldsmith and 

Clark (2008) state that the purpose of a leader is to create: “relationships based on trust; learning 

environment; organizational structures, culture and processes that would allow ... to achieve 

balance in ... life.” 



Liudmyla BATSENKO, Roman HALENIN 

 

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According to Tomšič et al. (2015) leadership is one of the most important factors of 

success, which allows achieving the goal of sustainable development (and is defined as "the 

ability to influence individuals and mobilize organizations to realize a vision of long-term 

environmental and social sustainability" (Wolfgramm et al., 2015). Galpin and Whittington 

(2012) point out that a necessary condition for sustainable development is the involvement of 

employees, and therefore the involvement of their cultural values for building and cultivating 

the culture of a sustainable organization. 

For all the importance of psychological sources of leadership, sociocultural factors 

exert the greatest influence on this phenomenon. Usually, scientists consider it as a mechanism 

of power, the emphasis is on studying its functionality or optimality, but at the time leadership 

is a culturally and historically determined phenomenon. This is due to the fact that culture is a 

phenomenon that characterizes the basic, truly human structures of the individual, including 

his motivational fields. Culture is how a person defines himself and his life and includes his 

thoughts, ideas and values. Culture is based on ordered systems of values and norms. Socio-

cultural factors have the ability to capture, perceive, adsorb, process determining impulses 

through their own system of value orientations, turning them, ultimately, into direct motives of 

leaders' activity. 

Cultural beliefs and practices influence the acceptance and support of sustainable 

development initiatives. Hofstede (1980) defines culture as "the collective programming of the 

mind that distinguishes members of one human group from another." According to him, culture 

represents various characteristics such as religion, language, traditions, norms or systems and 

generally it differs from one place to another. Understanding cultural differences helps leaders 

communicate effectively and implement sustainable management strategies. Cultural factors 

also influence the formation of leadership in a significant way, because cultural values, beliefs 

and norms determine what qualities are considered important for a leader and how he is 

perceived by others. Hofstede (Hofstede, 1996, 2003, 2009, 2011; Hofstede & Bond, 1984) 

also noted cultural differences in people management as the perception of the value of 

employees, the behavior of managers, the behavior of consumers and marketing related 

activities of organizations and customer feedback according to their culture.  

The role of culture as a moderator of human resources and firm performance has been 

investigated (Den Hartog & Robert, 2004) and some types of culture, such as ethical culture, 

have been found to prevail over sustainability values (Closs et al., 2011). One type of 

organizational culture that seems compatible with people values (talent, leaders) and 

organizational outcomes (sustainability) is an ethical culture. Ethics have a strong influence on 

employee behavior, and an ethical culture ensures fairness and equality in the workplace 

(Pereira et al., 2017). Ethical values can also relate to the values of sustainable development: 

protecting the environment and supporting the regional economy (Closs et al., 2011). 

This literature review clearly shows the interaction between culture, socio-economic 

factors and leadership in achieving sustainable development. Organizational culture and socio-

economic factors serve as the foundation on which leadership is formed. Leaders must be aware 

of and attuned to the specifics of the culture, leveraging its strengths, and be able to anticipate 

and understand the impact of socio-economic factors while addressing potential challenges to 

create a sustainable environment. In the following sections of this study, an empirical study 



CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF 

LEADERSHIP IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT: IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINE 

 

22 
 

will be considered to reveal the influence of culture and socio-economic factors on the 

formation of leadership for achieving sustainable development. 

 

METHODOLOGY 

Research design 

To gain insight into the influence of cultural and socio-economic factors that influence 

the formation of leadership in achieving sustainable management, the authors developed a 

mixed methods study: in particular, a literature review was conducted from the following stages 

- planning, implementation, evaluation, and covered about 35 publications in English and in 

Ukrainian, related to the topic (reports in magazines and conferences, scientific works, official 

websites). The review process began with the development of research questions and a search 

strategy. After analyzing and summarizing the information, the authors compared them with 

the results obtained during their own survey. This was later confirmed by the collection of 

empirical data. The quantitative empirical research was conducted using a survey questionnaire 

designed according to individual steps within constructive alignment theory (Biggs & Tang, 

2011).  

Survey Questions 

The data were collected using the web survey mode, and the questionnaire was 

programmed in the Google Form online data collection tool. The form was distributed through 

social networks. The questions encompassed narratives:  

1.What role does culture play in shaping the concept of leadership in Ukraine? 

2.Do national characteristics affect the attitude to leadership in Ukraine? 

3.What socio-economic factors contribute to the development of leadership in Ukraine? 

4.Does education play an important role in the development of leadership qualities in 

Ukraine? 

Sample and Population 

The collected information was analyzed using deductive and inductive approaches. The 

survey sample included 111 respondents from Ukraine. The survey targeted higher education 

teachers/academics, graduate students and masters students.  All respondents are related to the 

High Education Sector of Ukraine. Sampling proved beneficial for this research due. However, 

with only 1111 represents this may not have represented the entire population, but that results 

show some trends. 

The main demographic characteristics of the sample are presented in Tables 1 and 2. 

The largest share of respondents was with a PhD (46/8%) and a Master’s degree (44/1%), and 

the sample was unbalanced by gender (51.0% men, 49.0% women). In the sample there were 

more people over 41 years old (69.1%), and the majority of respondents were pedagogically 

active in Ukraine (91.0%). 

 

 

 

 

 

 



Liudmyla BATSENKO, Roman HALENIN 

 

23 
 

 

Table 1:  

Representatives by sex/age 

From 20 to 30 years 12 

Women 9 

Men 3 

From 31 to 40 years 22 

Women 18 

Men 4 

From 41 to 50 years 43 

Women 41 

Men 2 

Older than 50 34 

Women 30 

Men 4 

Grand Total 111 

 

Table 2: 

Representatives by degree 

Bachelor 7 

PhD 52 

Master 49 

Secondary school 3 

Grand Total 111 

 

Culture acts as a prism through which people perceive events, make decisions and 

respond to challenges (Kilag, et al.,   2023). In the context of sustainable development, culture 

provides a meaning-making mechanism that guides leaders to achieve goals and determine 

appropriate responses (du Plessis et al., 2022). 

Russia's aggression against Ukraine has created obstacles to achieving sustainable 

development, such as collecting quality and timely data. But authors were able to collect data 

and analyse it. In the next section, the authors will present research results on  the influence of 

cultural and socio-economic factors that contribute to sustainable development on the 

formation of leadership in Ukraine. 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

The analysis based on the literature provided insight into the complex interaction 

between culture and leadership formation in the context of sustainable development. As a result 

of the generalization of empirical data, the following important questions- themes arose 

proposed by the authors for discussion. 

Question 1: What role does culture play in shaping the concept of leadership in 

Ukraine? (fig.2) 

A synthesis of the results of the literature analysis revealed the influence of culture on 

the formation of leadership (Uy et al., 2023). 

Previous research emphasizes that leadership has a strong connection with culture, 

which in turn affects competitive advantage in the long run. 



CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF 

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24 
 

 

Figure 2: 

The role of culture in the formation of the concept of leadership in Ukraine 

 

 
Leaders who work within the framework of cultural characteristics demonstrate the 

ability to innovate strategies in ensuring sustainable development, emphasizing the importance 

of matching cultural norms with dynamic requirements. The literature emphasizes the role of 

adaptability as a key attribute in culture that affects the orientation of leaders (Uy et al., 2023). 

The mode in this case would be “A very important role" since it appears most frequently 

in the data. This shows that a significant proportion of respondents believe that culture plays a 

very important role in the formation of leadership concepts in Ukraine. 

The difference in awareness of the role of culture in leadership formation between 

people aged 40+ and young people may be related to their experience and life situations. People 

40+ have more opportunities to observe and experience, which allows them to better 

understand the influence of culture on leadership. While youth may be less aware due to lack 

of such life experience and limited opportunities to observe other cultural contexts. In addition, 

young people may be more prone to innovation and change, leading to less focus on traditional 

aspects of culture. 

Leaders who consider the postulates of culture demonstrate understanding, confidence 

and a proactive position in ensuring sustainable development. This approach is characterized 

by openness to change, clear identification and will allow to form a leadership that is ready to 

give challenges in ensuring sustainable development. Question - theme 1 emphasizes the key 

role of culture in the formation of leadership in the conditions of sustainable development, 

particularly in the context of Ukraine. This widespread recognition suggests a strong belief in 

the influential role of culture in shaping leadership paradigms, thereby emphasizing its 

relevance for sustainable management practices (incorporating diverse perspectives and 

cultural values into decision-making processes promotes inclusivity, implementation of 

effective cross-cultural communication mechanism, management to align with local cultural 

norms and practices what demonstrates respect for indigenous knowledge and traditions etc.). 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Some role A very important
role

I don’t know There is no role

20-30

31-40

41-50

50 and older



Liudmyla BATSENKO, Roman HALENIN 

 

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The positive correlation emphasizes the importance of the fact that the knowledge of cultural 

attributes will create a basis for the formation of leadership aimed at sustainable development. 

This aspect contributes to understanding and practical perception, emphasizing the need to 

explore cultural specificities as an asset for navigating sustainable development. 

Question 2: Do national characteristics affect the attitude to leadership in Ukraine? 

(fig.3). Leaders who use cultural attributes to create a climate of trust, fostering an enabling 

environment for making more informed and optimal decisions (Meng & Berger, 2019). 

Figure 3: 

The influence of national characteristics on the attitude to leadership in Ukraine 

 

 
The majority of respondents believe that national characteristics do not have a very 

significant influence on attitudes to leadership, which somewhat contradicts generally known 

facts. The reason for this may be Ukrainian society's tendency towards collectivism, where 

many people jointly make decisions, which can reduce the importance of an individual leader. 

In addition, in the historical context of Ukraine, there were many changes in the power and 

political system, which could lead to a more sceptical attitude towards leadership as such and 

considering the peculiarities of culture in management. Despite this, it is a positive fact that 

35% of respondents believe that national characteristics significantly influence the attitude to 

leadership in Ukraine, because culture has its own unique values, beliefs and requirements for 

leaders. Cultural norms can determine what qualities are considered important in a leader, for 

example, whether an authoritarian leadership style is valued or whether teamwork is more 

sought after. 

This question-topic has implications for leaders who seek to expand knowledge about 

the influence of national characteristics for the development of cultural strategies of 

management and communication in the international arena. The practical application of such 

knowledge can contribute to the improvement of cooperation and understanding of 

international partners and contribute to the successful sustainable management of business in 

the conditions of globalization. 

Question 3: What socio-economic factors contribute to the development of leadership 

in Ukraine? (fig.4) 

0

5

10

15

20

25

I dont know No, they do not
affect

Yes, but not
very much

Yes, they have a
significant

impact

20-30

31-40

41-50

50+



CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF 

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Socio-economic factors are vital for understanding the complexity of society, 

promoting economic development, making business decisions, and developing human capital. 

Recognizing the importance of these factors is essential to building a resilient, sustainable and 

thriving company. 

Figure 4: 

Socio-economic factors what contribute to the development of leadership in Ukraine 

 

 
 

Literature highlights socio-economic factors that can create challenges and 

opportunities for organizations (Masuo et al., 2001). Some researchers (Thapa, 2007; Indarti 

& Langenwerg, 2008) stated that education has a positive effect on business success. Raman 

(2004) noted that economic conditions lead to success. Rogoff et al. (2004) found that 

economic conditions, competitive environment, and governmental regulations significantly 

influence the success of businesses. Muhammad (2012) discovered that higher general 

education enables business people to understand the world. Leaders must understand the social 

and economic context in which they operate. This includes understanding the level of income, 

education, employment and other socio-economic indicators that affect the lives of their 

subordinates and stakeholders (Indarti & Langenverg, 2008). 

Respondents noted that organizations that understood their socio-cultural factors were 

particularly associated with leaders who adopted optimal approaches to decision-making. 

Some respondents noted that self-development, self-sufficiency, ability to learn are a 

group of factors that influence the development and formation of leadership. Leaders who work 

on self-development and have the ability to learn constantly increase their skills and 

understanding in their field. They are open to new ideas and approaches, as well as to feedback 

from their colleagues and employees. 

The results of the theme 3 analysis confirmed statements, demonstrating that social-

economic factors such as access to education, economic growth, and the stability of the political 

situation contribute to the development of leadership in Ukraine. 

Question 4: Does education play an important role in the development of leadership 

qualities in Ukraine? (fig. 5) 

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

All is listed

Access to education

Economic grows

None of the above

There is no effect on today

Self-development, self-sufficiency, ability to learn

Stability of the political situation

50+

41-50

31-40

20-30



Liudmyla BATSENKO, Roman HALENIN 

 

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Some researchers found that the education has positive effect on business success 

(Lussiers & Pfeifer, 2001; Masuo et al., 2001; Thapa, 2007; Indarti & Langenverg, 2008). Astin 

and Astin (2000) stated leadership is based on personal status and professional recognition. At 

the same time professional recognition related to the development of professional knowledge, 

which is turn is obtained through the appropriate level of education. Black S. (2015) noted that 

leaders need a combination of leadership and management competencies. In order to get people 

knowledge, skills and opportunities for improvement, it is necessary to study and get a degree. 

And as a result, learn various aspects of leadership, such as communication, decision-making. 

Leadership contributes to the implementation of innovations, the development of new ideas 

and strategies, which balances social, economic and environmental development. 

Figure 5: 

Importance of education in the development of leadership qualities in Ukraine 

 
The results of the analysis highlighted the importance of education in developing 

leadership skills. 75% said education plays an important role in developing leadership skills. It 

is worth noting that people over 40 have more self-confidence and are aware of this statement. 

Based on their experience and professional knowledge and skills, they know that managers 

with a solid education are able to better understand the complex problems of the modern world, 

work to solve them and implement sustainable development strategies in various areas of 

society, economic, social and ecological aspects. 

Educated leaders are better equipped to devise and implement sustainable management 

practicies across diverse sectors, encompassing societal, economic, and environmental aspects. 

This topic provides valuable information for organizational leaders and highlights the 

need for a strategic and differentiated approach to human capital development. Together, these 

four themes contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of how cultural and 

socioeconomic factors influence leadership development in achieving sustainable governance. 

The results highlight the need for managers to recognize the influence of cultural and 

socioeconomic factors on leadership development in order to achieve sustainable management. 

The identified themes provide a basis for further research and the clarification of theoretical 

foundations that guide the knowledge and integration of cultural and socioeconomic factors in 

the training of managers to achieve sustainable management. 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

No, it does not play an
important role

Yes, but not very much Yes, a very important
role

20-30

31-40

41-50

50+



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CONCLUSIONS 

This meta-analytic study is based on the analogy of the triad "sustainable management 

- leadership - cultural and socio-economic factors". The four identified questions - topics 

contribute to the generalization of information that emphasizes the relationship between 

culture, education, socio-economic factors and the development of leadership in Ukraine in 

conditions of sustainable development. Understanding and mastering these interrelated 

elements is essential to developing and shaping effective leadership practices that are 

responsive to cultural dynamics and promote sustainable management.  

The first theme highlighted the positive relationship between cultural norms and values 

on leadership practice, emphasizing the need for leaders to align strategies with cultural 

dynamics. It has been found that leaders who cultivate a culture demonstrate increased 

resilience and a willingness to implement innovative strategies. It was also found that there is 

a marked difference in the perception of the role of culture in leadership between people aged 

40+ and younger people. Older people, having more life experience, are more likely to 

recognize the influence of culture on leadership.  

The second theme revealed some differences with the generally accepted notions, but 

despite the fact that the majority of respondents did not agree with the statement about the 

significant influence of national characteristics on attitudes towards leadership, a significant 

proportion of them still recognized their importance. This disagreement may follow from 

collectivist tendencies in Ukraine.  

The third question-topic emphasized the importance of socio-economic factors such as 

access to education, economic growth and political stability in promoting leadership 

development in Ukraine, but respondents noted that leaders who constantly invest in self-

improvement and self-sufficiency, as well as take advantage of opportunities for learning and 

improving their skills positively influence their leadership effectiveness. 

 Education became a central theme in the fourth question, emphasizing its role in 

building leadership skills. Well-educated leaders are better equipped to understand today's 

challenges, develop effective solutions, and implement sustainable development strategies. 

We support Smolović et al (2023) with the conclusions that sustainable management 

assumes different   knowledge   and   skills   acquired   by   studying   social   sciences and 

different areas of natural sciences because it enables a comprehensive understanding of 

sustainability challenges, facilitates stakeholder engagement, supports evidence-based 

decision-making, and fosters innovation and problem-solving. 

Leaders who integrate cultural and social-economic insights into their practices will be 

able to demonstrate proactive engagement and readiness to tackle challenges associated with 

sustainable development. This proactive stance, characterized by openness to change and clear 

identification of cultural, social and economic nuances, lays the foundation for cultivating 

leadership capable of effectively creating sustainable management. 

Limitations of research. 

More than 111 responses were required for clear trends in statistical tests. One of the 

limitations of this research was the time. It is generally accepted that people do not dare to 

spend their time on the survey, and the effectiveness of the survey largely depends on the 

response rate. Another limitation concerns response bias. This bias occurs when respondents 



Liudmyla BATSENKO, Roman HALENIN 

 

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tend to give answers that they think are socially acceptable, rather than express their true 

opinions. Additionally, the validity of multiple-choice surveys may be compromised by the 

limited range of available responses. 

Future research directions. 

Future research directions could include investigating how leaders can innovatively use 

cultural aspects to achieve sustainable management, such as using cultural flexibility to drive 

change, or could focus on developing and testing leadership training methods that take cultural 

and socio-economic factors into account. 

 

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