ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) AGRARIS: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research Vol. 8 No. 1 January – June 2022, Pages: 46-57 Article history: Submitted : April 10th, 2021 Revised : November 19th, 2021 July 8th, 2021 Accepted : April 27th, 2022 Imelda*, Rakhmad Hidayat, Marisi Aritonang Social Economic Agriculture Department, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Prof. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, Indonesia *) Correspondence email: imelda@faperta.untan.ac.id The Effect of Individual Characteristics and Entrepreneurship on Rice Farming Performance DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/agraris.v8i1.11466 ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector produces creative, innovative, and independent farmers who can improve farm performance. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the impact of individual characteristics and entrepreneurship on rice farming performance. The method employed in this research was a descriptive method to provide a qualitative description of individual characteristics and entrepreneurship in the performance of rice farming. The research was executed in one of the rice-producing centers in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan. The simple random sampling method was used in selecting farmers with 150 respondents selected as the sample size. Furthermore, the research variables involved were individual characteristics, farmer’s entrepreneurship, and rice farming performance. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and observations, and analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SMART-PLS software. The results showed that individual characteristics and entrepreneurship had a significant and positive effect on rice farming performance. Consequently, it can be concluded to improve rice farming performance, farmers suggested strengthening their characteristics, particularly those related to farming motivation, and enhancing their entrepreneurial characteristics through their task and outcome-oriented behavior. Keywords: Individual characteristics; Farmer’s entrepreneurship; Rice farming performance INTRODUCTION Farmers’ competence and entrepreneurial skills are required for the development of the agricultural sector (Pindado, Sánchez, Verstegen, & Lans, 2018) and to achieve development in information technology. Entrepreneurship is an essential factor that influences farmers in improving farm productivity and market access for agricultural development (Opolot, Isubikalu, Obaa, & Ebanyat, 2018). In addition, a creative attitude, risk-taking, hard work, resource utilization, and the ability to identify business opportunities are all entrepreneurial behaviors. http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& mailto:imelda@faperta.untan.ac.id https://doi.org/10.18196/agraris.v8i1. ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 47 The Effect of Individual Characteristics and ….. (Imelda, Hidayat, and Aritonang) According to several studies, farmer’s entrepreneurship is essential in determining the success of a business, therefore, entrepreneurial skills need to be improved to tackle challenges in the business environment (Deka & Goswami, 2020; Dias, Rodrigues, & Ferreira, 2019; Fitz-Koch, Nordqvist, Carter, & Hunter, 2018; Nukpezah & Blankson, 2017). The barriers to becoming an entrepreneur are higher in the farm sector than in other sectors (Pindado et al., 2018) and the development of entrepreneurial skills alleviates poverty in rural areas (Lin, Winkler, Wang, & Chen, 2020; Liu, He, & Turvey, 2021; Naminse & Zhuang, 2018; Nukpezah & Blankson, 2017; Si, Ahlstrom, Wei, & Cullen, 2020). Therefore, farmers can develop their entrepreneurial skills by registering for entrepreneurship training and obtaining credit loans. Farmers who are interested in improving their entrepreneurship skills are willing to pay more (Pliakoura, Beligiannis, & Kontogeorgos, 2020). Mostly, farmers have a low level of formal and informal education which may contribute to their poor farming performance. In addition, the level of farmers’ participation in extension services is low and improving farm performance will be hampered by the lack of motivation and entrepreneurial skills. Conversely, farmers who have entrepreneurial skills are willing to adopt modern technology and equipment. They also overcome risks and uncertainties in the agricultural sector. Several studies have shown that entrepreneurship can increase farm diversification (Yoshida, Yagi, & Garrod, 2020), farmers’ innovation (Barzola Iza & Dentoni, 2020), promote farm activities (Deka & Goswami, 2020), productivity, creativity, and business orientation. Entrepreneurship is an essential aspect of a nation’s economy that drives the economic growth and development. As a result, the increasing of entrepreneurship rises the economic growth (Ratten, 2018). The government is always interested to improve farming performance; therefore, the best action is required to develop the agricultural sector and enhance farmers’ entrepreneurial skills (Dobryagina, 2020). All this time, the governments’ focus has been more on the on-farm approach to increasing farm productivity. Studies on farmers’ internal conditions, especially farmer’s entrepreneurship, have not been analyzed to support farm performance success. Therefore, research on the effect of individual characteristics and farmer’s entrepreneurship on rice farming performance is required. This research was expected to contribute information about the role of farmer’s entrepreneurship in improving the performance of rice farming, namely increasing farm productivity, market expansion, and farmers’ competitiveness. RESEARCH METHOD The principal method used in this research was a descriptive method for gathering necessary information, identifying problems, evaluating, and determining future decisions. In this research, a descriptive approach was used to provide a qualitative description of rice farming entrepreneurship characteristics and performance. The research was carried out in one of the rice-producing centers in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan. In 2019, the rice harvesting area in the Kubu Raya Regency was 39,017.30 ha, with a yield of 116,454.98 tons. http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 48 AGRARIS: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research Rice farming spread in several regions in Kubu Raya Regency with the highest production in Sungai Kakap District, Batu Ampar District, and Kubu District contributing 39.07%, 16.96%, and 14.38% of total rice production in Kubu Raya Regency respectively. Questionnaires and interviews with farmers were performed to collect primary data which include individual characteristics (X1), farmer’s entrepreneurship (X2), and rice farming performance (Y). The number of samples was determined using the Hair formula because the population size was unknown. Furthermore, Hair, Black, Blac, Babin, & Anderson2010) stated that the minimum sample ratio is 10:1, meaning that a minimum of 10 samples is required for each independent variable studied. The sample size was determined by multiplying the number of indicators by 10 resulting in 150 respondents, and determination of the sample was done using a simple random sampling method. Descriptive analysis was used to qualitatively describe the individual characteristics and entrepreneurship of rice farming in Kubu Raya Regency. Individual characteristics of farmers include education, farming experience, motivation, perceptions, and desire to do business. Farmer’s entrepreneurship characteristics namely future-oriented, task and outcome-oriented, innovative, self-confident, hard-workers, risk-takers, and independent. Rice farming performances include increased farm productivity, market expansion, and competitive ability. The data was quantified using a Likert scale ranging from very good (score 5), good (score 4), average (score 3), bad (score 2) to very bad (score 1). The effect of individual characteristics and entrepreneurship on rice farming performance was analyzed using SEM with SMART-PLS software. The hypothesis proposed in this study states that Individual characteristics (X1) and entrepreneurial characteristics (X2) have a significant effect on rice farming performance (Y) in Kubu Raya Regency. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS Individual Characteristics and Farmer’s Entrepreneurship The descriptive analysis of individual characteristics and entrepreneurship on rice farming performance are presented in Table 1. According to Table 1, the overall individual characteristics of rice farmers were in a good category. This means that farmers have a good education, farming experience, farming motivation, perception, and desire to do business. Furthermore, highly motivated and educated farmers have a better chance of increasing farming productivity and performance (Paltasingh & Goyari, 2018) while experienced farmers find it easier to farm and implement strategies that improve farm performance. Farmers’ perceptions of how farming was implemented include counselling activities, technological innovation features, and information media that affect farming performance. The overall entrepreneurial characteristics of rice farmers were in a good category. This indicates that farmers were good future-oriented, task and outcome oriented, innovative, self- confident, hard workers, risk-takers, and independent. Farm entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills can improve farm management (Mcekwee, 2006) and are also perceived http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 49 The Effect of Individual Characteristics and ….. (Imelda, Hidayat, and Aritonang) as the best strategy to alleviate poverty (Díaz-Pichardo, Cantú-González, López-Hernández, & McElwee, 2012). The overall rice farming performance was in a good category which means that farmers can increase farm productivity, market expansion, and competitive ability. TABLE 1. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS, FARMER’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND RICE FARMING PERFORMANCE IN KUBU RAYA REGENCY Measurement Indicator Respondent Answers (%) 5 very good 4 good 3 average 2 bad 1 very bad Individual Characteristics (X1) Farmer’s education (X1.1) 21 49 22 7 1 Farming experience (X1.2) 13 39 27 21 0 Farming motivation (X1.3) 31 54 12 3 0 Farmer’s perceptions (X1.4) 36 53 8 3 0 Farmer’s desire to do business (X1.5) 18 66 14 2 0 Farmer’s Entrepreneurship (X2) Future-oriented (X2.1) 17 44 21 13 5 Task and outcome-oriented (X2.2) 14 55 21 10 0 Innovative (X2.3) 17 54 27 2 0 Self-confident (X2.4) 20 55 23 2 0 Hard worker (X2.5) 6 41 38 14 1 Risk-taker (X2.6) 9 53 30 7 1 Independent (X2.7) 7 42 37 14 0 Rice Farming Performance (Y) Increased farm productivity (Y1) 10 55 32 3 0 Market expansion (Y2) 9 50 34 7 0 Competitive ability (Y3) 9 36 30 25 0 Effect of individual characteristics and entrepreneurship on rice farming performance Preliminary Research Model The effect of farmers’ characteristics and entrepreneurial characteristics on farm performance was analyzed using SEM PLS (Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square). This model consists of two exogenous latent variables, namely individual characteristics (X1) and farmer’s entrepreneurship (X2), and one endogenous latent variable, rice farming performance (Y). Evaluation of the Measurement Model (Outer Model) This evaluation aimed to ensure that each construct and indicator used was proven reliable and valid by examining the convergent and discriminant validity. Convergent validity uses three measurements, namely (i) standardized loading factor, (ii) Composite Reliability (CR), and (iii) Average Variance Extracted (AVE). The results of the SEM PLS model analysis are described in Figure 1. The standardized loading factor shows the magnitude of the correlation between the indicator item and the construct with the loading factor value ≥ 0.5 considered valid. Based on the PLS results (Figure 1), all indicators were valid with a loading factor value ≥ 0.5, which shows that all indicators had a strong correlation with the construct. Subsequently, the next http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 50 AGRARIS: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research step was to ensure that Composite Reliability (CR) and Average Variance Extract (AVE) values meet the criteria if CR is above 0.7 and AVE is above 0. FIGURE 1. SEM PLS RESULT ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP EFFECT ON RICE FARMING PERFORMANCE IN KUBU RAYA REGENCY Table 2 shows that all the CR values of the construct were satisfactory, which means that the indicators consistently measure the construct. The AVE value indicates the best measure of convergent validity, meaning that the construct variable can explain most of the indicators’ variants. TABLE 2. CONSTRUCTIVE RELIABILITY TEST OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS, FARMER’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND RICE FARMING PERFORMANCE IN KUBU RAYA REGENCY Construct AVE Composite Reliability Cronbach's Alpha X1 (Individual Characteristics) 0.560 0.862 0.801 X2 (Entrepreneurship Characteristics) 0.526 0.885 0.847 Y (Rice Farming Performance) 0.713 0.882 0.799 The following construct reliability test was to evaluate the discriminant validity by examining cross-loading and comparing the AVE root value with an inter-construct conversion. Table 3 shows the cross-loading values and illustrates that almost all indicators had a higher value with each construct than the coefficient value of the indicators in the construction block in the other column. As a result, each indicator in the block serves as the constructor of the construct in the column. The next check proves that the square root of AVE for each construct was higher than its correlation with other constructs. Based on Table 4, the square root of AVE and correlation between constructs can explain that the root of AVE for construct X1 (individual characteristics) is 0.748, while the maximum correlation of X1 with other constructs is 0.677, therefore, the square root of AVE construct X1 was higher than the value of the correlation http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 51 The Effect of Individual Characteristics and ….. (Imelda, Hidayat, and Aritonang) of other constructs. This value shows that other discriminant validity requirements were fit. Other constructs also show that the square root of AVE was higher than its correlation construct. TABLE 3. CROSS LOADING OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS, FARMER’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND RICE FARMING PERFORMANCE IN KUBU RAYA REGENCY X1 X2 Y Farmer education (X1.1) 0.828 0.607 0.498 Farming experience (X1.2) 0.538 0.356 0.275 Farming motivation (X1.3) 0.833 0.616 0.475 Farmer perceptions (X1.4) 0.751 0.446 0.306 Farmer desire to do farm business (X1.5) 0.755 0.458 0.505 Future-oriented (X2.1) 0.357 0.527 0.260 Task and outcome-oriented (X2.2) 0.671 0.829 0.500 Innovative (X2.3) 0.637 0.766 0.391 Self-confidence (X2.4) 0.680 0.701 0.361 Hard work (X2.5) 0.373 0.783 0.483 Risk-lovers (X2.6) 0.401 0.721 0.453 Independent (X2.7) 0.340 0.714 0.423 Increased farm productivity (Y1) 0.531 0.488 0.821 Market expansion (Y2) 0.489 0.535 0.871 Competitive ability (Y3) 0.422 0.430 0.840 TABLE 4. THE SQUARE ROOT OF AVE AND CORRELATION BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS, FARMER’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND RICE FARMING PERFORMANCE IN KUBU RAYA REGENCY Variable Construct Square Root of AVE Correlation between constructs X1 X2 Y X1 (Individual Characteristics) 0.748 1.000 0.677 0.573 X2 (Entrepreneurship Characteristics) 0.725 0.677 1.000 0.577 Y (Rice Farming Performance) 0.844 0.573 0.577 1.000 Inner Model (Structural Model) The first step was to observe the significance of the relationship between constructs which was deduced from (i) R2 value, (ii) path coefficient, and (iii) t-statistics. The value of R2 for the construct “Rice Farming Performance” was 0.395 indicating that the rice farming performance variables that the individual characteristics and farmer’s entrepreneurship account for is 39.5%, with the rest explained by other factors outside this model. Subsequently, the value of the path coefficient and t-statistics of each construct was tested. According to Table 5, it was observed that individual characteristics and farmer’s entrepreneurship affect rice farming performance. Furthermore, individual characteristics variables were significant and had a positive effect on rice farming performance. This was deduced from the value of the “path coefficient” which was 0.337. The value of “T statistics” was 3.373, with a “P-value” of 0.001. Farmer’s entrepreneurship variables were also significant and had a positive effect on rice farming performance; this can be seen from the value of the “path coefficient” which was 0.349. The value of “T statistics” was 3.199, with a “P-value” equal to 0.002. http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 52 AGRARIS: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research TABLE 5. PATH COEFFICIENTS OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP EFFECT ON RICE FARMING PERFORMANCE IN KUBU RAYA REGENCY Original Sample Sample Mean Standard Deviation T Statistics P Values X1 → Y 0.337 0.349 0.100 3.373 0.001* X2 → Y 0.349 0.339 0.109 3.199 0.002* DF=N-K (150-3=147), N=sample, K= variable (construct) *significant at the 1% level Effect of Individual Characteristics on The Rice Farming Performance The results showed that the farmers’ characteristics increase rice farming performance. This indicates that the better characteristics of farmer such as education, farming experience, farming motivation, farmers’ perceptions, and desire to do farm business will improve the farm performance. Furthermore, formal, and informal farmers’ education plays a role in increasing productivity, profits, and farm household performance (Paltasingh & Goyari, 2018; Rahman, Nielsen, Khan, & Ankamah-Yeboah, 2020). Educated farmers can improve entrepreneurship behavior (Khokhar, 2019; Pindado et al., 2018), influencing the farmers risk attitude (Ahmad, Afzal, & Rauf, 2019; Fahad & Wang, 2018; Meraner & Finger, 2019) and risk management adoption (Adnan et al., 2021; Thi Lan Huong, Shun Bo, & Fahad, 2017). Farmers’ experience has a positive effect on increase in farm productivity and performance (Rahman et al., 2020; Ume, Enete, Onyekuru, & Opata, 2020), determining farmer risk attitude (Ahmad et al., 2019), and increasing the adoption of risk strategy (Thi Lan Huong et al., 2017). The role of farmers’ motivation increases sustainable agricultural practices (Bopp, Engler, Poortvliet, & Jara-Rojas, 2019; Hammond et al., 2017; Jambo, Groot, Descheemaeker, Bekunda, & Tittonell, 2019; Mellon-Bedi, Descheemaeker, Hundie-Kotu, Frimpong, & Groot, 2020), especially for financial motivation, which can increase agricultural entrepreneurship (Dobryagina, 2020). Farmers’ perception is also essential however, even if the farmer does not have good perceptions, it does not prevent the farmer from becoming an entrepreneur (Arafat, Saleem, Dwivedi, & Khan, 2020). Based on the analysis results, the variable of farming motivation (X1.3 = 0.833) plays the dominant role in constructing individual farmer characteristics, which means that if farmers had better farming motivation, they can improve their rice farming performance. In other words, farmers must increase their farming motivation so that it is easy for the farmer to absorb information and technological developments, leading to improved rice farming performance. Effect of Farmer’s Entrepreneurship on The Rice Farming Performance The analysis results described that the farmer’s entrepreneurship characteristics had a positive effect on rice farming performance. This indicates that the better entrepreneurial characteristics of farmer such as future-oriented, task and outcome-oriented, innovative, self- confident, hard worker, risk-taker, and independent will improve rice farming performance. This result was in line with several other research that show farmer’s entrepreneurship behavior can affect farming performance (Hassink, Hulsink, & Grin, 2016; Morris, Henley, http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 53 The Effect of Individual Characteristics and ….. (Imelda, Hidayat, and Aritonang) & Dowell, 2017; Yessoufou, Blok, & Omta, 2018). Furthermore, self-confidence, optimism, hope, and resilience are characteristics to measure psychological capital that affect entrepreneurship development (Chipfupa & Wale, 2018). Farmers’ courage in taking risks and their orientation in their tasks and results are characteristics that build entrepreneurship behavior in farmers (Asmit & Koesrindartoto, 2015; Deka & Goswami, 2020). Future- oriented, confident, and innovative attitudes also develop farmers’ entrepreneurship behavior (Asmit & Koesrindartoto, 2015; Deka & Goswami, 2020; Jia & Desa, 2020). Task, relations, and change-oriented is positively related to entrepreneurship (Demircioglu & Chowdhury, 2021). Farms with greater risk and larger farm capital generally require higher farmer’s entrepreneurship to optimize their farm performance. Even if the farmer is risk-averse, it will encourage the farmer to become an entrepreneur (Hsieh, Parker, & van Praag, 2017). Entrepreneurial behavior is essential in the field of farming and agribusiness (Ume et al., 2020), agro-tourism (Yuan, Liu, Ju, & Li, 2017), and SME activities (Alzaghal & Mukhtar, 2017; Auwal, Mohamed, Shamsudin, Sharifuddin, & Ali, 2020) and it is reflected by a proactive attitude, results-oriented, and commitment to facing competitors. Based on the analysis results, the task and outcome-oriented variables (X2.2 = 0.829) play the most dominant role in constructing farmer’s entrepreneurship. This shows that the farmer’s better task and outcome-oriented performance will improve the rice farming performance. Furthermore, the entrepreneurial character of job-oriented farmers and optimism about the results will have a positive influence on improving the performance of rice farming. CONCLUSION Individual characteristics and entrepreneurship had a significant and positive influence on rice farming performance; this indicates that if individual characteristics and farmer’s entrepreneurship were improved, there will be an enhancement in the rice farming performance. Therefore, farmers can increase rice farming performance by improving individual characteristics, mostly related to farming motivation and entrepreneurial skills, through a task and outcome-oriented behavior. The government plays an essential role in enhancing rice farming performance through non-formal education, counseling, mentoring, and entrepreneurial training. Furthermore, recommendations for further research include utilizing a larger sample size to improve the model and adding other variables related to individual characteristics and farmer’s entrepreneurship to determine the most suitable model for rice farming performance. Acknowledgments: We appreciate the funding research provided by the Agriculture Faculty, Tanjungpura University. We'd also want to thank anonymous reviewers for their recommendations and useful comments. Author contributions: I: designed the work idea, collected data, analyzed data, draft the article and responded to reviewer comments; RH: review the literature, collected data, http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 54 AGRARIS: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research analyzed data, draft and editing the article. MA: collected data, analyzed data, draft and editing the article. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest REFERENCE Adnan, K. M. M., Ying, L., Sarker, S. A., Yu, M., Eliw, M., Sultanuzzaman, M. R., & Huq, M. E. (2021). Simultaneous Adoption of Risk Management Strategies to Manage the Catastrophic Risk of Maize Farmers in Bangladesh. GeoJournal, 86, 1981–1998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10154-y Ahmad, D., Afzal, M., & Rauf, A. (2019). Analysis of Wheat Farmers’ Risk Perceptions and Attitudes: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan. Natural Hazards, 95, 845–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3523-5 Alzaghal, Q., & Mukhtar, M. (2017). Factors Affecting The Success of Incubators and The Moderating Role of Information and Communication Technologies. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 7(2), 538–545. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.7.2.1678 Arafat, M. Y., Saleem, I., Dwivedi, A. K., & Khan, A. (2020). Determinants of Agricultural Entrepreneurship: a GEM Data based Study. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16, 345–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0536-1 Asmit, B., & Koesrindartoto, D. P. (2015). Identifying the Entrepreneurship Characteristics of the Oil Palm Community Plantation Farmers in the Riau Area. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 17(3), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.8500 Auwal, A. M., Mohamed, Z., Shamsudin, M. N., Sharifuddin, J., & Ali, F. (2020). External Pressure Influence on Entrepreneurship Performance of SMEs: A Case Study of Malaysian Herbal Industry. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 32(2), 149–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2018.1509504 Barzola Iza, C. L., & Dentoni, D. (2020). How Entrepreneurial Orientation Drives Farmers’ Innovation Differential in Ugandan Coffee Multi-Stakeholder Platforms. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 10(5), 629–650. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-01-2020-0007 Bopp, C., Engler, A., Poortvliet, P. M., & Jara-Rojas, R. (2019). The Role of Farmers’ Intrinsic Motivation in The Effectiveness of Policy Incentives to Promote Sustainable Agricultural Practices. Journal of Environmental Management, 244, 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.107 Chipfupa, U., & Wale, E. (2018). Farmer Typology Formulation Accounting for Psychological Capital: Implications for On-Farm Entrepreneurial Development. Development in Practice, 28(5), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2018.1467377 Deka, N., & Goswami, K. (2020). Organic Cultivation and Farm Entrepreneurship: A Case of Small Tea Growers in Rural Assam, India. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 44(4), 446–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2019.1646373 http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 55 The Effect of Individual Characteristics and ….. (Imelda, Hidayat, and Aritonang) Demircioglu, M. A., & Chowdhury, F. (2021). Entrepreneurship in Public Organizations: The Role of Leadership Behavior. Small Business Economics, 57, 1107–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00328-w Dias, C. S. L., Rodrigues, R. G., & Ferreira, J. J. (2019). What’s New in The Research on Agricultural Entrepreneurship? Journal of Rural Studies, 65, 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.11.003 Díaz-Pichardo, R., Cantú-González, C., López-Hernández, P., & McElwee, G. (2012). From Farmers to Entrepreneurs: The Importance of Collaborative Behaviour. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 21(1), 91–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/097135571102100104 Dobryagina, N. (2020). Agricultural Entrepreneurship Fostering from Behavioral Decision Theory Perspective. Celebrity Branding Impact on Financial and Non-Financial Motivation. The European Journal of Finance, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2020.1841663 Fahad, S., & Wang, J. (2018). Farmers’ Risk Perception, Vulnerability, and Adaptation to Climate Change in Rural Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 79, 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.08.018 Fitz-Koch, S., Nordqvist, M., Carter, S., & Hunter, E. (2018). Entrepreneurship in the Agricultural Sector: A Literature Review and Future Research Opportunities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(1), 129–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717732958 Hair, J. F., Black, B., Blac, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: Global Edition, 7th Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hammond, J., van Wijk, M. T., Smajgl, A., Ward, J., Pagella, T., Xu, J., … Harrison, R. D. (2017). Farm Types and Farmer Motivations to Adapt: Implications for Design of Sustainable Agricultural Interventions in The Rubber Plantations of South West China. Agricultural Systems, 154, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.02.009 Hassink, J., Hulsink, W., & Grin, J. (2016). Entrepreneurship in Agriculture and Healthcare: Different Entry Strategies of Care Farmers. Journal of Rural Studies, 43, 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.11.013 Hsieh, C., Parker, S. C., & van Praag, C. M. (2017). Risk, Balanced Skills and Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 48, 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9785-y Jambo, I. J., Groot, J. C. J., Descheemaeker, K., Bekunda, M., & Tittonell, P. (2019). Motivations for The Use of Sustainable Intensification Practices among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania and Malawi. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 89(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2019.100306 Jia, X., & Desa, G. (2020). Social Entrepreneurship and Impact Investment in Rural–Urban Transformation: An Orientation to Systemic Social Innovation and Symposium Findings. Agriculture and Human Values, 37, 1217–1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-020-10133-6 Khokhar, A. S. (2019). What Decides Women Entrepreneurship in India? Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 5(2), 180–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/2393957519862465 http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 56 AGRARIS: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research Lin, S., Winkler, C., Wang, S., & Chen, H. (2020). Regional Determinants of Poverty Alleviation through Entrepreneurship in China. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 32(1–2), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640477 Liu, T., He, G., & Turvey, C. G. (2021). Inclusive Finance, Farm Households Entrepreneurship, and Inclusive Rural Transformation in Rural Poverty-stricken Areas in China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 57(7), 1929–1958. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2019.1694506 Mcekwee, G. (2006). Farmers as Entrepreneurs: Developing Competitive Skills. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11(03), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946706000398 Mellon-Bedi, S., Descheemaeker, K., Hundie-Kotu, B., Frimpong, S., & Groot, J. C. J. (2020). Motivational Factors Influencing Farming Practices in Northern Ghana. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 92(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2020.100326 Meraner, M., & Finger, R. (2019). Risk Perceptions, Preferences and Management Strategies: Evidence from A Case study using German Livestock Farmers. Journal of Risk Research, 22(1), 110–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351476 Morris, W., Henley, A., & Dowell, D. (2017). Farm Diversification, Entrepreneurship and Technology Adoption: Analysis of Ppland Farmers in Wales. Journal of Rural Studies, 53, 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.05.014 Naminse, E. Y., & Zhuang, J. (2018). Does Farmer Entrepreneurship Alleviate Rural Poverty in China? Evidence from Guangxi Province. PLoS ONE, 13(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194912 Nukpezah, J. A., & Blankson, C. (2017). Microfinance Intervention in Poverty Reduction: A Study of Women Farmer-Entrepreneurs in Rural Ghana. Journal of African Business, 18(4), 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2017.1336915 Opolot, H. N., Isubikalu, P., Obaa, B. B., & Ebanyat, P. (2018). Influence of University Entrepreneurship Training on Farmers’ Competences for Improved Productivity and Market Access in Uganda. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 4(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2018.1469211 Paltasingh, K. R., & Goyari, P. (2018). Impact of Farmer Education on Farm Productivity under Varying Technologies: Case of Paddy Growers in India. Agricultural and Food Economics, 6, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-018-0101-9 Pindado, E., Sánchez, M., Verstegen, J. A. A. M., & Lans, T. (2018). Searching for the Entrepreneurs among New Entrants in European Agriculture: The Role of Human and Social Capital. Land Use Policy, 77, 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.014 Pliakoura, A., Beligiannis, G., & Kontogeorgos, A. (2020). Education in Agricultural Entrepreneurship: Training Needs and Learning Practices. Education + Training, 62(7/8), 723–739. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-04-2020-0095 Rahman, M. T., Nielsen, R., Khan, M. A., & Ankamah-Yeboah, I. (2020). Impact of Management Practices and Managerial Ability on the Financial Performance of Aquaculture Farms in Bangladesh. Aquaculture Economics & Management, 24(1), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2019.1647578 http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&& ISSN: 2407-814X (p); 2527-9238 (e) 57 The Effect of Individual Characteristics and ….. (Imelda, Hidayat, and Aritonang) Ratten, V. (2018). Sustainable Farming Entrepreneurship in the Sunraysia Region. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 38(1/2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-02-2017-0013 Si, S., Ahlstrom, D., Wei, J., & Cullen, J. (2020). Business, Entrepreneurship and Innovation toward Poverty Reduction. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 32(1–2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640485 Thi Lan Huong, N., Shun Bo, Y., & Fahad, S. (2017). Farmers’ perception, Awareness and Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from Northwest Vietnam. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 9(4), 555–576. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM- 02-2017-0032 Ume, C. O., Enete, A. A., Onyekuru, A. N., & Opata, P. I. (2020). Evaluation of Agribusiness Performance in Nigeria. Africa Journal of Management, 6(4), 327–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322373.2020.1830690 Yessoufou, A. W., Blok, V., & Omta, S. W. F. (2018). The Process of Entrepreneurial Action at the Base of the Pyramid in Developing Countries: A Case of Vegetable Farmers in Benin. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 30(1–2), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2017.1364788 Yoshida, S., Yagi, H., & Garrod, G. (2020). Determinants of Farm Diversification: Entrepreneurship, Marketing Capability and Family Management. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(6), 607–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2019.1607676 Yuan, P., Liu, Y., Ju, F., & Li, X. (2017). A Study on Farmers’ Agriculture related Tourism Entrepreneurship Behavior. Procedia Computer Science, 122, 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.432 http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1420518152&1&&