Agricultural and Food Science, Vol. 13 (2004): 268–275. 268 A G R I C U L T U R A L A N D F O O D S C I E N C E Vol. 13 (2004): 268–275. © Agricultural and Food Science Manuscript received October 2003 Meat and bone meal as nitrogen fertilizer to cereals in Norway Alhaji Jeng, Trond Knapp Haraldsen, Nils Vagstad, Arne Grønlund Norwegian Centre for Soil and Environmental Research, Frederik A. Dahls vei 20, N-1432 Ås, Norway, e-mail: trond.haraldsen@jordforsk.no Steinar Tveitnes Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, N-1432 Ås, Norway Meat and bone meal (MBM) contains appreciable amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus and calcium making it interesting as fertilizer to various crops. The effect of Norwegian MBM as N fertilizer has been evaluated in pot and field experiments. The soils used in the pot experiment were peat and a sand/peat mixture, both low in content of plant nutrients. The field experiment was carried out on a silt loam. In the pot experiment increasing amounts of MBM gave significantly increased yields, although there was a partly N immobilisation shortly after seeding the soil based on peat organic matter. In the field experiment there was no period of N immobilisation and good N effect was found also for small amounts of MBM (Total N 50 kg ha-1). At total N 100 kg ha-1 there were no significant differences in grain yield of spring wheat between the treatments with MBM, mineral N fertilizer, and combination of MBM and mineral N fertilizer (N 50 kg ha-1 from each). The results indicate that the relative N efficiency of MBM compared to mineral fertilizer is 80% or higher, if MBM is applied to cereals in spring. Key words: fertilizers, meat bone meal, nitrogen use efficiency, organic farming, organic fertilizers, phosphorus Introduction Meat and bone meal (MBM) has been widely used as a valuable protein and mineral source in diets of production animals (Hendriks et al. 2002). Development of animal transmissive spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), like ovine scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has been linked to feeding ruminants with MBM contaminated with transmissive agents (Brewer 1999). Therefore the use of MBM to ruminants was banned in the European Union in 1994, and the use of MBM to all production an- imals was banned in 2000 in the European Un- ion and most other European countries (Kam- 269 A G R I C U L T U R A L A N D F O O D S C I E N C E Vol. 13 (2004): 268–275. phues 2002). This situation has forced the meat production industry to look for alternative use of MBM. The large content of nitrogen (N), phospho- rus and calcium in MBM makes it interesting as fertilizer to various crops. The effects of MBM as N fertilizer to wheat were evaluated by Salo- monsson et al. (1994, 1995). They found better utilization of N from MBM than from pig slur- ry, and similar N utilization as urea N. MBM has been found to give sufficient N supply for good baking performance of organically grown wheat (Fredriksson et al. 1997, 1998). Mixing MBM in soil has been found to increase the po- tato quality, due to reduced incidence of potato scab (Verticillium dahliae) and decreased popu- lations of parasitic nematodes (Lazarovits et al. 1999, Lazarovits 2001). Norway produces about 40,000–45,000 met- ric tons of MBM annually. Based on the fact that BSE has not been recorded in Norway, minimal import of cattle and no import of meat and bone meal to Norway have been executed, the risk for spread TSE agents in Norway has been found to be negligible (EU commission 2000, Fossum et al. 2001, EFSA 2004). Meat and bone meal is therefore allowed to be used as fertilizer in Nor- way to all crops, except grassland which are used for grazing or mowing (Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture 2002). Because most of the N in MBM is organical- ly bound and must be transformed to inorganic N in order to be available for plants, a pot ex- periment for evaluation of the N fertilizer value was started in 2001, and followed up by a field experiment in 2002. The practical aim of these experiments was to achieve sufficient scientific basis for fertilizer recommendations for MBM. Material and methods Analysis of meat and bone meal Four samples of MBM, representing four differ- ent daily productions, were collected from Norsk Protein’s destruction factory at Hamar, and ana- lyzed at the laboratory. pH was determined according to NS-EN 12176. Total contents of phosphorus (P), calci- um (Ca) magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) were determined after aqua regia dissolution of the material according to the Norwegian Stand- ard 4770 (NS 4770) by simultaneous ICP-AES, using a Perkin Elmer 3000 DV. Kjeldahl-nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method (Bremner 1960). NO3-N and NH4-N were determined after extraction with 2 M KCl (Henriksen and Selmer-Olsen 1970, Selmer-Olsen 1971) Total organic carbon was determined by combustion of a crushed sample at 925˚C using a Perkin Elmer 2400 CHN ana- lyzer, after treatment with 2 M HCl to remove any inorganic carbon. Readily available P (P-AL) was determined on ICP after extraction with a solution composed of 0.4 M acetic acid and 0.1 M ammonium lac- tate, buffered to pH 3.75 (Egnér et al. 1960). Evaluation of fertilizer effects of MBM The effect of MBM as fertilizer was studied in both the greenhouse and in the field in autumn of 2001 and spring of 2002, respectively. Pot experiment The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using constructed growth media [pure peat (Sphagnum) and sand-peat mixture (peat 0.3 m3 m-3)]. The soils were limed with CaCO3, equivalent with 12 Mg ha-1 for the peat and 4.5 Mg ha-1 for the sand/peat mixture in order to in- crease the pH to 6.5. At start of the experiment the C/N ratio was 68 in the peat and 20 in the sand/peat mixture. MBM was applied in rates of 0, 760 and 2280 kg ha-1, to give total N applica- tions of 0, 60 and 180 kg ha-1. The highest rate should represent normal N fertilization for grain under greenhouse conditions in Norway. MBM was applied alone or in combination with min- eral N in the form of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2). 270 A G R I C U L T U R A L A N D F O O D S C I E N C E Jeng, A. et al. Meat and bone meal as nitrogen fertilizer Mineral N was given at the rates of 0, 90 and 180 kg ha-1. The total N supply to the different treatments is shown in Table 1. All treatments received a base fertilizer of macro- and micro plant nutrients, based on K2SO4 (K 240 kg ha -1, S 90 kg ha-1) and chlorides of Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe, causing nitrogen to be the growth limit- ing nutrient. Treatments without MBM were giv- en a P supply of 20 kg or P 40 kg ha -1 as Ca(H2PO4)2. Treatments with MBM received 0, 20 or 40 kg P ha-1. Because the P supply was sufficient for normal plant growth at each level of N fertilization, the experiment could not be used to quantify the P fertilization potential of MBM. There were three replicates for each of the original treatments. Because the differences in P application gave no yield effects, the treat- ments with P (20 and 40 kg ha-1) were combined giving six replicates for the N treatments. Thirty seeds of spring barley (Hordeum vul- gare, cv. Thule) were sown in the Kick-Brauck- man pots in the first week of October. After ger- mination the number of seedlings per pot was thinned to 20. These reached maturity and were harvested in the last week in January. The day temperature was 20˚C and the night temperature was 15˚C. In the period 0800–1600 the light was daylight, while artificial light 10000–15000 Lux was given 1600–0800. An invasion by the Black- berry aphid (Sitobion avenae), six weeks before harvest, was treated with the systemic insecti- cide Croneton. Field experiment Experiences from the greenhouse experiments were used to develop the experimental plan for the field experiment. The plan was a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and four replicates (Table 2). The experiment was located to the Agricul- tural University of Norway (59˚39’N, 10˚45’E). The soil at the experimental was a poorly drained silt loam (17% clay) of marine origin, which was slightly acidic (pH 6.3). The soil belongs to the 271 A G R I C U L T U R A L A N D F O O D S C I E N C E Vol. 13 (2004): 268–275. series Eko6 (Kolkind silt loam above silty clay loam), which has been classified as Stagni-Um- bric Albeluvisol according to FAO (1998). The contents of readily available (AL-extractable) P was low (3.5 mg 100 g-1 soil), K was medium high (8.5 g 100 g-1 soil) and Mg was high (13.5 g 100 g-1 soil). This soil normally has relatively large content of non-exchangeable K (K-HNO3 > 90 mg 100 g-1), which is important for K sup- ply to the plants. Organic C was 2.8 g 100 g-1 DM and total N was 0.32 g 100 g-1 DM, giving a C/N ratio of nine. A base fertilization with magnesium sulphate (Mg 15 kg ha-1, S 20 kg ha-1) was applied to all plots. MBM was applied to give N rates of 50, 100, 200 kg ha-1 after tilling in early April, in the form of a coarse textured (< 2 mm) powder with a dry matter content of 97%. Even applica- tion of the small MBM amounts required for some of the plots was complicated because of the powder form. A commercial mineral N ferti- lizer (YARA KAS 27) was applied to compare with equal amounts of total N in MBM. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Avle) was sown in the second week of April 2002 at a seeding rate of 190 kg ha-1. Herbicide treatment (a mixture containing Storane 400 ml ha-1 and Express 15 g ha-1) was undertaken in May, and the plots were harvested in middle of August. After harvest grain yields were recorded for both the pot and field experiments. Samples of grain from individual treatments were analyzed. N uptake was determined and nitrogen use effi- ciency (NUE), sometimes referred to as nitro- gen recovery, calculated using Equation 1 (Lin- dén 1997). NUE (%) = 100(Xf – X0)/Xr , (1) Xf = N yield (kg ha -1) from fertilized plots X0 = N yield (kg ha -1) form unfertilized plots Xr = N application rate (kg ha -1). For a specific N application rate, the ratio of NUE for applied MBM to NUE for applied min- eral N was used as an expression of the relative nitrogen use efficiency (RNUE) compared to mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Statistical analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data was carried out according to the experimental design for the plot experiment and the field experiment. For multiple comparisons the Tukey’s studen- tized range test (HSD) was used (α = 0.05). Results Nutrient content in meat and bone meal Meat and bone meal is weakly acidic (pH 6.5), with an organic matter content of about 50% (cal- culated from organic C) (Table 3). The Norwe- gian MBM is a dry powder (97% DM), consist- ing of particles <2 mm. The content of the plant nutrients Ca, N and P represent approximately 25 g 100 g-1DM, and total nitrogen content is about 8 g 100 g-1 DM. The mineral N content (ammonium (NH4-N) and nitrate (NO3-N)) rep- resent approximately 3.5% of total N. The C/N ratio of 3.7, however, indicates a large potential for N mineralization. 272 A G R I C U L T U R A L A N D F O O D S C I E N C E Jeng, A. et al. Meat and bone meal as nitrogen fertilizer Total (aqua regia extractable) P was 5.6 g 100 g-1 DM. Approximately 40% of this was extract- able by the AL-method (Table 3). The concen- trations of potassium and magnesium in MBM are low, 0.36 g 100 g-1 DM and 0.21 g 100 g-1 DM, respectively. Grain yields Pot experiments Increasing amounts of MBM gave significantly increased yields (Table 4). This effect was sig- nificant both without extra N-fertilizer (Treat- ments 1 and 2), and with increasing amounts of mineral N (N1, Treatments 4 and 5, N2, Treat- ments 7 and 8). Application of mineral N-ferti- lizer caused larger yield response for the largest MBM application (MBM2) compared to Treat- ment 2 without added mineral N. The treatments 2, 3 and 4 gave approximately the same grain yields (Table 4). The yield level at Treatments 5 and 6 was not significantly different. The best N-fertilizer response of MBM was found at Treatment 8, which represented the highest lev- els of MBM and mineral N, and also had the highest yield. Field experiment In the field experiment the treatments without N-fertilizer (Treatments A and F) gave small yields (Table 5). The yield obtained by the small- est amount of MBM (MBM1, 630 kg ha -1, N 50 kg ha-1) was not significantly different from Treatment G, which had received the same amount of MBM and N 50 kg ha-1 in mineral fertilizer. There were no statistical significant yield differences (P < 0.05) between the treat- ments where N 100 kg ha-1 was applied (Treat- ments C, E and G). The treatment D with the double amount of MBM compared to Treatment C gave marginal and not significant yield in- crease for the increased MBM application. Nitrogen uptake and efficiency In the pot experiment N uptake increased with N application. The N uptake was greater for min- eral N fertilization treatments than for fertiliza- tion treatments with MBM. The control removed only about N 3 kg ha-1, emphasizing the poor N status of the soils used in the pot experiment. While the application of N 180 kg ha-1 as MBM resulted in yield removal of about N 35 kg ha-1, 273 A G R I C U L T U R A L A N D F O O D S C I E N C E Vol. 13 (2004): 268–275. the same levels applied of mineral N resulted in the removal of twice as much (> N 70 kg ha-1) (Table 6). In the field experiment increased N uptake with increasing N fertilization was found both for mineral fertilizer and MBM. Application of N 100 kg ha-1 gave N-uptake between N 66 and 75 kg ha-1, and there was no significant differ- ence between the N sources mineral N fertilizer, MBM, or mixture with equal amount of total N from mineral N fertilizer and MBM (Table 5). The N use efficiency was lower for MBM treatments than mineral fertilizer treatments in the pot experiment. The relative nitrogen use efficiency (RNUE) was found to be only 47%. In the field experiment NUE for grain grown on MBM-treated soils (Treatment C) were compa- rable to that of grain grown on mineral N treat- ed soils (Treatment E). Calculated RNUE was as high as 91% for treatment C. For Treatment G (N 100 kg N ha-1, equal amounts of total N from MBM and mineral N), NUE was somewhat lower than for Treatment C. RNUE for Treat- ment G was calculated to be 81%, i.e. lower than for MBM alone as N supplier. Discussion The differences in N efficiency of MBM in the pot experiment and field experiment may be re- lated to the properties of the growth medium 274 A G R I C U L T U R A L A N D F O O D S C I E N C E Jeng, A. et al. Meat and bone meal as nitrogen fertilizer used. In the pot experiment peat and sand/peat mixture were used. These had initially relative- ly high C/N ratio, 68 and 20 respectively. The field experiment was carried out on a silt loam with C/N-ratio of nine. It is likely that applica- tion of smallest amounts of MBM (N 60 kg ha-1) caused a relatively high proportion of the applied N to be immobilised in the peat and sand/peat mixture shortly after seeding. When more min- eral N (N 90 or 180 kg ha-1) was applied, this immobilisation of N had less effect on the N uptake. In the field experiment there was no ev- idence of N immobilisation, and even the small- est amount of MBM showed good N efficiency. The efficiency of MBM in the field experiment was equal or slightly better than that Salomons- son et al. (1994) found for Biofer, which is an organic fertilizer based on meat and bone meal. Salomonsson et al. (1995) found considerably lower NUE values for Biofer than was found for MBM in the present study. The NUE values for MBM found in our field experiment are normal under field conditions using organic fertilizers. Although almost all the N in MBM is organ- ic, our field experiment show that the RNUE was higher than 80%. Based on 15 field experiments in organic cropped winter wheat Lundström and Lindén (2001) found that the grain yield increase per kg N ha-1 was 10 kg grain ha-1 for Biofer com- pared to 39 kg grain ha-1 for mineral fertilizer. This indicates a lower N utilization of the MBM- based product than was found in previous Swed- ish experiments and our field experiment. In ex- periments with spring wheat and barley, Lund- ström and Lindén (2001) found very limited yield increase for more than N 40 kg ha-1 in Biofer. This was associated with the large supplies of plant-available soil N, partly present in the soil in spring and partly released by mineralization during the growing season. The differences in N efficiency between the Norwegian MBM and the Swedish MBM-based product, Biofer, may also be due to differences in product form and texture. The Norwegian MBM is a dry powder (particle size < 2 mm), commonly spread using liming equipment. Bi- ofer is in the form of pellets, commonly spread using ordinary fertilizer spreading equipment. As powdered lime and fertilizers often have a more rapid effect than granulated or pelletted prod- ucts, it is likely that N mineralization will start more rapidly after application of powdered MBM compared to MBM pellets. Based on representative analyses from Norsk Protein, the mean nutrient content (N–P–K) of Norwegian MBM (8–5–0) represent lower con- tent of N relative to P than the Swedish MBM products (Biofer 10–4–0 and 11–3–0). The nar- rower N/P ratio (approximately 1.8) is an indi- cation that the applied P will invariably exceed the crop P requirements if MBM is applied to meet the N requirement. Most crop N/P uptake ratios range from 4.5 to 9 (Eghball 1996). The plant available proportion of P in MBM has not been documented in scientific papers. In the present investigation the treatments with MBM and no extra P fertilizer showed adequate growth limited by the N supply in soils with small amounts of readily available P. Because the P fertilization effects of MBM have not been thoroughly studied, the N fertilization value has so far been found to be of greatest interest for the fertilization practice. The potassium content of MBM is negligible. Unless there is large re- serves of K in the soil, K should be supplied when MBM is used as nitrogen fertilizer. In Norway N 100–140 kg ha-1 is normally used for cereals. If MBM is used in order to meet the N requirement of the plants, it is recommended to expect 80% of total N as the N fertilizer effect. The implications are that P supplied through the MBM may exceed P crop demands in the first year. Knowledge about the P fertilizer value of MBM is of great interest because i) to high fer- tilization with P may cause P accumulation in soils and eutrophication of water bodies, and ii) uncontaminated P sources in the world are a lim- ited resource. Acknowledgements. This paper is an outcome of the project Meat and bone meal – documentation of fertilization and soil improvement effects, which was funded by Norsk land- brukssamvirke, Norsk Protein A/S and the programme ORIO – Organic Waste Products and Recycling of Resourc- es (Grant no. 0124). 275 A G R I C U L T U R A L A N D F O O D S C I E N C E Vol. 13 (2004): 268–275. References Bremner, J.M. 1960. Determination of nitrogen in the soil by the Kjeldahl method. Journal of Soil Science 55: 11–33. Brewer, M.S. 1999. Current status of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy – a review. Journal of Muscle Foods 10: 97–117. EFSA 2004. 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