Maataloustieteellinen Aikakauskirja Vol. 56: 255—263, 1984 Wood molasses as a preservative for high moisture barley. 1. Preservation and digestibility in pig PEKKA HUHTANEN Department of Animat Husbandry, University of Helsinki, SF-00710 HELSINKI 71, Finland Abstract. Wood molasses from sulphite spent liquor was tested as a preservative for high moisture barley. In Exp. 1 wood molasses was applied at levels of 8 and 16 % of barley dry matter (DM). In Exp. 2 an application level of 12 % was compared with AIV II solution used at a level of 3 1/1000 kg. Barley was rolled before ensiling and water was added so that the moisture content was 55 % in Exp. 1 and 55—60 % in Exp. 2. Digestibility and nitrogen reten- tion in growing pigs, liveweight 31 —81 kg, were determined for dried barley, propionic acid- treated barley and barleys ensiled with AIV II or wood molasses (12 % of barley DM). In Exp. 1 the application level of 8 % unneulralized wood molasses (pH 2) was sufficient to prevent deterioration during storage. The preservative effect was based mainly on the acidity provided by organic acids. With the higher level of application the lactic acid content was lower (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2 barley ensiled with neutralized wood molasses had a higher (P < 0.01) lactic and acetic acid content and a lower pH value (P < 0.05) than barley ensiled with AIV 11. Wood molasses decreased protein breakdown during the storage. The effect of DM content on fermentation and proteolysis was greater for AIV II ensiled barley. During the storage the sugar content increased because of starch hydrolysis. DM, organic matter (OM), NFE and starch digestibilities were lower on diets of barley ensiled with AIV II and wood molasses than on dried barley diet (P < 0.05). OM digestibilities for the diets were 82.2, 81.0 and 85.4 °/o, respectively. The digestibility ofbarley treated with propionic acid was slightly lower than that of dried barley. No differences were found in nitrogen retention. Introduction There has been increasing interest in the use of cereal grains as high moisture grain for livestock. Especially in Finland grain must often be harvested at moisture contents above 20 %, and the grain must be dried, stored in sealed containers or treated with chemicals to be preserved. The main chemical preservatives are or- ganic acids (Jones et al. 1975), but also form- aldehyde (Bothast et al. 1976) and mixtures of formaldehyde and organic acids can be used as well (Thomke and Tiden 1973). Al- ternative chemicals are ammonia (Bothast et al. 1975), urea (Schmidt et al. 1978) and sodium hydroxide (orskov et al. 1979). Index words: grain preserving, ensiling, barley, wood molasses, digestibility, pig 2 255 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN FINLAND https://www.c-info.fi/en/info/?token=qCFyv5jPSims1B_k.JAEVGH9O1IgrQ4hFB2jK7g.UZ5IE6-sFdb8dd1dhlvlTvytijhbA5oqcrhkCi8Zb6OP13fzvzZSfQWz_Mcqnu7fQyPrwCb3g7F75_IPsw0qeYaUjurdqLSWcd9tgkviFKAVFTzrm_HZSWRiryWNv-jP2IdijC0j8SYsRyDCh725WtNNjkvjE5W3CO9PsA Ensiling is a frequently used method to pre- serve high moisture grain in Finland. Rolled grain is stored in silos at moisture contents of 45 °7o and acids or other preservatives are added in amounts of 0.3 °7o. The additives are mainly the same as used in grass ensiling (Poutiainen et ai. 1973). Common to all silage making processes is that the high mois- ture grain undergoes fermentation, with pro- duction of acids and ethanol. During the fermentation process, the protein present changes from insoluble form to soluble form, and a part of the protein is degraded to NPN (Prigge et al. 1976). The ammonia N of the total N is typically 3—5 % in ensiled barley (Poutiainen et ai. 1973). Orth et ai. (1962) used molasses as a preservative to stimulate lactic acid fermentation, and Salo (1978) found an unneutralized wood molasses from spent sulphite liquor to be an effective pre- servative for high moisture barley, oats and Brewers’ grain in the laboratory scale experi- ment. The objective of this study was to investi- gate wood molasses as a preservative for high moisture barley and compare it with the widely used preservative AIV II solution. Wood molasses is derived from spent sulphite liquor of birch tree by decreasing the amount of lignosulphonates to one third of the initial content by ultrafiltration. The DM content of the molasses was increased from initial 12—13 % to about 55 °/o by evaporation. Wood molasses contains about 50 % sugars of DM, of which about 70 °7o is xylose (Salo 1978). The ration digestibility and nitrogen retention in growing pigs were compared for diets of dried barley, propionic acid treated barley and barleys ensiled with AIV II or wood molasses. Materials and methods Preservation experiment Two consecutive preservation experiments were carried out. In Exp. 1 barley was har- vested at a moisture content of 40 %. It was then either rolled and ensiled in 3 m 3 glass fibre silos (0 1.4 m) after addition of unneu- tralized wood molasses at levels of 8 (WMB8) or 16 % of barley DM (WMBI6) or it was dried (DB). The silos were covered with plas- tic and pressed (300 kg/m 2 ). In Exp. 2 barley was harvested at a moisture content of 17— 25 %. It was stored as in Exp. 1, after the ad- dition neutralized wood molasses at level of 12 % of barley DM (WMBI2) or 0.3 % v/w of AIV II solution (80 °7o formic acid, 2 % orthophosphoric acid) (AIVB). To increase the moisture content of ensiled barley to 40.0, 42.5 and 45.0 °7o water was added. Whole barley was dried (DB) or treated with 1 ®/o v/w of propionic acid (PAB) for digest- ibility trials. After an average 3 months the silos were opened. Barley taken out was weighed, pH measurements were made immediately and samples were taken for analysis. The DM content was determined by oven heating at 103°C. Before analysis the samples were vacuum-dried at 50°C and milled through a 1-mm screen. The DM contents of the ensiled barleys were corrected according to Jarl and Helleday (1948) by adding 80 % of acetic and all the other volatile fatty acids to DM at 103°C. The feed analyses were made by standard methods. Ammonia N (McCul- lough 1967), lactic acid (Parker and Sum- merson 1947), sugar (Nelson 1944, modified by Somogyi 1945) and volatile fatty acids (Huida 1973) were determined from pooled samples. The mineral composition in Exp. 2 was determined from pooled samples by atomic absorption spektrophotometry and phosphorus according to Taussky and Shorr (1953). Surface fungal contamination, sec- ondary fermentation and ensiling losses in Exp. 2 were also recorded. The differences were tested by one way analysis of variance and the correlations between quality parame- ters were calculated. Experiment with pigs A digestibility and nitrogen balance trial was carried out with three castrated Yorkshire 256 pigs weighing 31—86 kg, using a total collec- tion method. The experiment was designed as a 3 X 3 Latin square to compare DB, AIVB and WMBI2. The digestibility of PAB was determined afterwards with the same pigs. DB was milled through a 3-mm screen and the other barleys were rolled. Skim milk powder of 19 % was used as protein supple- ment. The daily rations were also supple- mented with 40 g mineral mixture (Kulta- Tuotos) and 15 g vitamin mixture (Vitamiini- Nasu). The crude protein contents of the diets were 16 %. Each period lasted 21 days, with transition, standardization and collec- tion periods of seven days each. Pigs were kept in metabolic cages, which allowed separate collection of faeces and urine. These were collected twice daily and representative samples were frozen and stored till analysis. Sulphuric acid was added the to urine collection pail to decrease the pH of urine. The pigs were fed twice daily according to energy standards of Partanen (1976). Just before feeding the feed was mixed with water (1:2 w/v), and water was given freely after feeding. Feed spillages were collected and subtracted from the given feed. The pigs were weighed before and after the collection period. DM determinations and feed analyses were made as described above under preservation experiments. The starch content was deter- mined by the method of Salo and Salmi (1968) and the NE and ME values were cal- culated according to Salo et ai. (1982). Re- sults were tested by analysis of variance and the differences between the means by the Tukey-test. PAB was not compared statisti- cally with the other treatments. Results and discussion Preservation experiments Chemical compositions of raw materials and ensiled barleys, and also mineral com- position in Exp. 2, are presented in Table 1. The DM content of wood molasses averaged 55.0 % overall. The sugar content was 47.3 % in Exp. 1 and 31.6 % in Exp. 2 and the ash content 16.3 and 22.7 %, respectively. The YEA contents were fairly high; acetic and propionic acid contents were 5.3 and 5.8 % in Exp. 1 and 7.6 and 0.8 % in Exp. 2. The Table 1. The composition of dried, acid treated and ensiled barleys. Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Barley WMBB WMBI6 Barley AIVB WMBI2 Dry matter, % 60.0 56.2 54.7 76.3 57.8 53.9 In dry matter, % Ash 3.0 3.9 4.7 3.1 3.0 3.5 Crude protein 12.3 12.1 11.5 13.9 13.9 13.0 Ether extract 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Crude fibre 5.9 5.5 5.2 6.1 5.9 5.7 NFE 76.5 75.9 76.2 74.4 74.6 75.2 Mineral composition P, g/kg DM 4.3 4.4 3.8 Ca, g/kg DM 0.6 0.8 4.7 Mg, g/kg DM 1.3 1.3 1.1 K, g/kg DM 6.2 5.8 4.7 Na, g/kg DM 0.3 0.2 0.2 Cu, mg/kg DM 5.5 9.8 10.5 Fe, mg/kg DM 63 75 84 Zn, mg/kg LM 48 48 43 Mn, mg/kg DM 16 14 28 257 average DM content of WMPI2 was lower than expected because of water leaking into the grain from plastic presswater containers. CaC03 used to neutralize wood molasses in WMB 12 increased the Ca content sixfold relative to AIVB. The contents of Cu, Fe and Mn were also increased in WMBI2. The lower level of wood molasses in Exp. 1 was sufficient to prevent deteriotion during the storage. The effects of additives on fer- mentation and protein breakdown during the storage are shown in Table 2. No differences attributable to the level of wood molasses were observed in pH, levels of acetic and propionic acid and nitrogen solubility. Salo (1978), on the other hand, found nitrogen solubility to decrease with increasing level of wood molasses. Lactic acid content of WMBB was greater than that of WMB 16 (P < 0.05) and preservation was based on the acidity of the molasses. Earlier studies in our laboratory (Salo 1978) have also indicated Table 2. Changes during storage in barley ensiled with wood molasses or AIV II solution. Exp. 1 Exp. 2 WMBB WMBI6 AIVB WMBI2 pH 4.09 4.11 4.40* 4.08b In dry matter, % Sugars 9.5 12.0 8.5 6.5 Lactic acid 1.76a 0.85 b 0.93c 3.73d Acetic acid 0.74 1.04 0.18c 0.71 d Propionic acid 1.29 1.31 0.07 0.10 Butyric acid 0.001 0.001 % of total N Soluble N 51.7 50.8 42.1 40.0 Ammonia N 3.9 3.3 2.6 2.7 Means with different letters significantly different: a, b (P < 0.05), c, d (P < 0.01). Table 3. Correlations between some quality characteristics of ensiled barley. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. DM AIVB WMBI2 2. pH AIVB .73 WMBI2 .43 3. Sugars AIVB —.82 —.56 WMPI2 —.77 —.02 4. Lactic acid AIVB —.Bl —.87 .66 WMBI2 .11** —.66 .54 5. Acetic acid AIVB ,90 —.87 .69 .96 WMBI2 .20** —.3B* .82 .55* 6. Propionic acid AIVB —.42 —.02 .37 .09 .26 WMPI2 —.15 .11 .27 .37 .18 7. Soluble N % of AIVB —.85 —.71 .75 .93 .90 .12 total N WMBI2 —.33* —.45 .72 .56* .86 —.05 8. Ammonia N % of AIVB —.86 —.Bl .75 .84 .86 .24 .86 total N WMBI2 —.46* —.35* .82 .59 .88 .32 .80 Correlations were significant: Irl > 0.58 (P < 0.05), Irl > 0.71 (P < 0.01), Irl > 0.82 (P < 0.001). Correlations were significantly different: * (P < 0.05), ** (P < 0.01). 258 lower fermentation rate with increasing level of wood molasses. In Exp. 2 the more neutralized wood mo- lasses increased lactic acid fermentation. The buffering action of CaCOj probably encouraged acid production by providing a more suitable environment for continued microbial growth (Merrill 1971, Prigge et al. 1976). WMBI2 contained more lactic and acetic acid (P < 0.01) than AIVB and the pH value was lower (P < 0.05). Both AIVB and WMBI2 contained more sugars than the same barley before ensiling. This can be explained by starch hydrolysis during the storage. The same effect has been found in propionic acid-treated corn (Holmes and Bayley 1973). The clearly positive correla- tion between the sugar and lactic acid con- tents (Table 3) is further indication of starch hydrolysis during the storage. In grass silage this correlation has been negative (Ettala et al. 1975). Wood molasses was more effective than AIV II solution in preventing starch hydrolysis during storage, because the sugar content of WMBI2 was lower than that of AIVB in spite of the sugar increase during preservation. There were no differences between addi- tives in preventing proteolysis, but if the dif- ferent DM content of the barleys is elimi- nated, the proportion of soluble N of total N was lower in WMBI2 (P < 0.05). This agrees with the results of Salo et ai. (1981). Spent sulphite liquor, which contains more ligno- sulphonates, was more effective in preventing proteolysis than wood molasses or AIV II solution (Salo et al. 1981). Ammonia and soluble N values correspond with the values reported by Poutiainen et al. (1973) and Salo et al. (1981). With increasing moisture levels the con- tents of fermentation products and sugar increased and pH decreased (Table 3). There were also clearly positive correlations between fermentation products. The effect of DM content on lactic and acetic acid fermenta- tion and protein degradation was significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) lower for WMBI2 than for AIVB. The smaller effect of DM content on lactic acid fermentation and pH for WMBI2 suggest that with wood molasses the grain can be ensiled at higher DM con- tent, and by that means proteolysis (Thyse- lius 1971, Thornton et al. 1977) and DM losses (Byers et al. 1971) be decreased. When the grains are ensiled in whole form, slight proteolysis occurs and acid production is less and tends to favour acetic acid (Prigge et al. 1976). However, it is recommended that the grain be ensiled in ground or rolled form to minimize risks of high storage losses and aerobic deterioration after opening of the silo (Merrill 1971). OM, ash and crude protein losses were 3.3, 5.6, and 3.7 % for AIVB and 4.2, 20.5, 5.6 °7o for WMBI2, respectively. The higher moisture content of WMBI2 increased the effluent losses. The results agree with those of Orth et al. (1962), Byers et al. (1971) and Chandler et al. (1975). In contrast, Poutiainen (1971) recorded DM losses of 7—B %. Table 4. Chemical composition of experimental feeds. DB AIVB WMBI2 PAB Skim milk powder Dry matter, °Jo 87.6 55.3 54.8 83.7 93.5 Ash 2.7 3.2 3.8 2.7 8.4 Crude protein 11.1 11.9 11.2 11.5 37.4 Ether extract 2.3 2.8 2.7 2.7 1.3 Crude fibre 5.5 5.8 5.3 5.2 NFE 78.3 77.3 77.0 78.0 53.0 Starch 59.1 56.2 56.0 56.2 259 Experiment with pigs The chemical composition of the experi- mental feeds is presented in Table 4. The starch content of DB was higher than that of AIVB and WMBI2 (P < 0.05). The solubility of crude protein in pepsin HCI was 87.5 % for DB, 91.5 % for AIVB and 89.6 % for WMBI2. The digestibilities of the diets are presented in Table 5. The AIVB and WMBI2 diets had lower digestibilities for DM, OM, NFE and starch than the DB diet (P < 0.05). The digestibility of ether extract was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for the WMBI2 diet. Thomke (1968) and Weissbach and Schade- reit (1968) did not find any significant dif- ferences in the digestibility of dried and en- siled rolled grain. The lower starch digestibil- ity for AIVB and WMBI2 diets in present ex- periment indicates that not every grain was thoroughly flattened in rolling. Holmes and Bayley (1973), using fistulated pigs, found slightly lower digestibility of DM, starch and nitrogen for dried than for ensiled corn. Al Chalabi et al. (1974) reported decreased live weight gain at a wood molasses level of 10 % of the diet and Näsi (1984) found wood mo- lasses at 10—20 % level to decrease DM, OM and NFE digestibilities. At higher levels of wood molasses, also protein utilization tended to decrease. A slightly lower digestibility of PAB than of DB agrees with the results of Just et al. (1981) and Pringle et al. (1983). Thomke and Tiden (1973), on the other hand, re- ported significantly lower digestibilities for acid treated barley than for dried barley. In the present experiment the digestibility of PAB was determined in heavier pigs, which may have improved the digestibility (Roth and Kirchgessner 1984). Acid treated high moisture barley has, on DM basis, feeding value equal to dried barley according to Li- vingstone et al. (1973), Madsen et al. (1973) and Alaviuhkola (1973). But English et al. (1971) and Thomke and Tiden 1973) observed poorer performance on acid-treated barley diets. Alaviuhkola (1973) found no dif- ferences in performance of pigs fed on ensiled and dried barley diets, but Partanen (1969) found decreased feed utilization in pigs on ensiled barley. Because of the lower digestibilities cal- culated NE and ME values were lower for ensiled barleys (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in DCP values between treatments. Table 5. Digestibility of the diets, nitrogen retention and calculated feed values of barleys. DB AIVB WMBI2 PAB x s.d. x s.d. x s.d. x s.d. Digestibility, % Dry matter 83.6» 1.680.5» 1.578.8b 1.582.9 0.2 Organic matter 85.4a 1.482.2b 1.381.0b 1.384.7 0.1 Crude protein 82.02.9 81.52.5 79.91.7 80.20.6 Ether extract 78.3a 5.3 77.8a 1.9 68.8» 2.7 72.6 3.8 Crude fibre 17.3 11.7 15.4 5.7 12.3 7.2 15.4 4.6 NFE 90.4a 0.8 87.1» 0.7 85.7» 1.1 90.0 0.0 Starch 99.1a 0.1 97.3» 0.7 96.9» 0.3 99.2 0.0 N retention, g/d 25.5 24.7 25.1 25.7 Feed values FU/kg DM 1.12» 0.02 1.07» 0.02 1.04» 0.02 1.11 0.00 ME MJ/kg DM 14.6» 0.3 14.0» 0.3 13.5» 0.3 14.5 0.0 DCP g/kg DM 78 8 84 7 74 2 77 1 FU = 0.7 kg starch. Means with different letters were significantly different: a, b, c (P < 0.05). 260 The increased protein solubility did not have an adverse effect on protein utilization (Table 5). Just et al. (1981) reported 10 % lower nitrogen retention for propionic acid- treated than for dried barley. In the present experiment the protein intake of 120 g/FU did not exceed the Finnish standards pre- sented by Salo et ai. (1982). At a lower level of protein intake, however, the high content of soluble nitrogen in ensiled barley might have a negative effect on protein utilization by pig. The results indicate that wood molasses can be used as a preservative of high mois- ture barley. The levels of B—l 28—12 % of barley DM were adequate to prevent deterioration during storage. Wood molasses was also more effective than AIV II solution in pre- venting aerobic deterioration after opening of the silo. The digestibility trial suggest that barley should be thoroughly flattend before ensiling. A feeding trial is now needed to evaluate the feeding value for pigs of barley ensiled with wood molasses. Acknowledgemenls. I wish to express my warm thanks to Mrs. Eija Helander and to Mr. Matti Järvi for their assistance with the experiments. References Alavihkola, T. 1973. Säilöviljaa sioille. Käyt. Maam. 1973, 8: 40—41, Al-Chalabi, K., Schneider, W., Lantschand, K.H. & Menke, K.H. 1974. Futterwert von Holzzuckermelas- se in Rationen fur Schafe, Schweine und Mastkiiken Lantwirtsch. Forsch. 27: I—7. Barker, S.B. & Summerson, W.H. 1941. The colorime- tric determination of lactic acid in biological material. J. Biol. Chem. 138; 535—554. Bothast, R.J., Adams, G.H., Hatfield, E.E. & Lan- caster, E.B. 1975. Preservation of high-moisture corn: A microbiological evaluation. J. Dairy Sci. 58; 386—391. —, Black, L.T., Wilson, L.L. & Hatfield, E.E. 1976. Methylene-bis-propionate as a preservative of high moisture corn. J. Anim. Sci. 46: 486—489. Byers, F.M., Goodrich, R.D., Piesson, D.C. & Meisske, J.C. 1971. Fermentation studies with high-moisture grain. J. Anim. Sci. 33: 378. (Abstr.). Chandler, P.T., Miller, C.N. & Jane, E. 1975. Feed- ing value and nutrient preservation of high moisture corn ensiled in conventional silos for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 58: 682—688. English, P.R., Topps, J.H. & Demster, D.G. 1973. Moist barley preserved with propionic acid in the diet of growing pigs. Anim. Prod. 17; 75—83. Ettala, E., Pohjanheimo, 0., Huida, L. & Lampila, M. 1975. Hapot sekä hapon ja formaldehydin seokset ruohon säilönnässä. I Säilöntätulokset. Kotieläinhoi- don tutkimuslaitoksen tiedote 1: 1—27. Holmes, J.H.G. & Bailey, H. S. 1973. Digestion and absorption of dry and high moisture maize diets in small and large intestine of the pig. Br. J. Nutr. 30: 401—410. Huida, L. 1973. Haihtuvien rasvahappojen kvantitatii- vinen määrittäminen pötsinesteestä. J. Scient. Agric. Soc. Finl. 45: 483—488. Jarl, F. & Helleday, T. 1948. Ensileringsförsök och utfodringsförsök med ensilage. II Sta. Husd. Förs. Medd. 37: 1—63. Jones, G.M., Mowat, D.N., Elliot, J.l. & Moran, E.T., Jr. 1974. Organic acid preservation of high moisture corn and other grain and the nutritional value: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 54: 499—517. Just, A., Jorgensen, H., Fernandez, J., Jacobsen, E.E. & Skov-Larsen, C. 1981. Byggens fördojlighet og fodervärdi. Stat. Husd.br.fors. Medd. 348. Livingstone, R.M., Denerley, H., Stewart, C.S. & Elsley, F.W.H. 1971. Moist barley for growing pigs: some effects of storage method and processing. Anim, Prod. 13: 547—556. Madsen, A., Mortensen, H.P., Larsen, A.E., Laur- sen, B. & Keller Nielsen, E. 1973. Moist barley preserved with propionic acid in the diet for bacon pig. Beretn. Forsogslab. 407: 1—63. Kobenhavn. McCullough, H. 1967. The determination of ammonia in whole blood by direct colorimetric method. Clin, chem. Acta 17: 297—309. Merrill, W.G. 1971. Feeding high moisture grain si- lages. Proc. Int. Silage Res. Conf. Washington D.C. p. 156—219. Nelson, N. 1944. A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose. J. Biol. Chem. 153: 375—380. Näsi, M. 1984. Trämelass som svinfoder. NJF Semi- narium Nr. 57. 29.—30. 3. 1984. Stenhamra. Sverige. 6 p. ORSKOV, E.R., Stewart, C.S. & Greenhaloh, J.F.D. 261 1979. The effect of sodium hydroxide and urea on some storage properties of moist grain. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 92: 185—188. Orth, H.A., Kaufman, W. & Koch, G. 1962. Versuche zur Silierung von Getreide. Das wirtschaftseigene Put- ter 8: 127—136. Partanen, J. 1969. Tuoreena säilötty vilja teruassiko- jen rehuna. MTTKm tietokortti 7D14. 1976. Lihasian uudet viikottaiset ry-normit. Sika 1976, 3: 6—7.. Poutiainen, E. 1971. Tuoreena säilötyn ja kuivatun vil- jan vertailu broilerkokeissa. Koetoim. ja Käyt. 28: 23—24. —, Korhonen, 1., Tuori, M. & Lampila, M. 1973. Eri menetelmillä tuoreena säilötty ohra lihanautojen re- huna, 1. Lisäaineiden vertailu märkäsäilönnässä. Ke- hittyvä Maatalous 15: 19—31. Prigoe, E.C., Johnson, R.R., Owens, F.N. & Wil- liams, D.E. 1976. Soluble nitrogen and acid produc- tion of high moisture corn. Anim. Sci. 42: 490 —496. Prinole, D., Beames, R.M., Tait, R.M. & Litsky, J. 1983. Effect of storage and processing of barley by pigs and rats. Anim. Feed. Sci. & Technol. 9: 89—97, Roth, F.X. & Kirchgessner, M. 1984. Verdaulichkeit der Energie und Rohnährstoffe. Z. Tierphysiol. Tier- ernähr. u. Futtermittelkde. 51: 79—87. Salo, M-L. 1978. Puumelassi tuoreen viljan säilöntä- aineena. J. Scient. Soc. Agric. Soc. Finl. 50: 206—211. & Salmi, M. 1968, Determination of starch by amyloglucosidase method. J. Scient. Agric. Soc. Eini. 40: 38—45. —, Huhtanen, P. & Virtanen, E. 1981. Sulfiittisellu- loosateollisuuden sivutuotteet tuoreviljan säilöntä- aineena. Koetoim. ja Käyt. 1981: 24. —, Tuori, M. & Kiiskinen, T. 1982. Rehutaulukot ja ruokintanormit. 70 p. Helsinki. Schmidt, L., Weissbach, F. & Petters, G. 1978. Harn- stoff als Konservierungsmittel bei der Lagerung von Feuchtgetreide. 1. Mitteilung. Konservierung von Feuchtgetreide. Arch. Tierernähr. 28: 123—129. Taussky, H.H. & Shorr, E. 1953. A microcolorimetric method for the determination of inorganic phospho- rus. J. Biol. Chem. 202: 675—685. Thomke, S. 1968. Einfluss der Wassergehaltes und des Zerkleinerungsgrades auf die Verdaulichkeit silierten Getreide bei Schweinen. Das wirtschaftseigene Fuller 15: 93—101. & Tiden, A. 1973. Moist barley treated with propi- onic, acetic and formic acid in rations to growing pigs. Swed. J. agric. Res. 3: 145—151. Thornton, J.H., Owens, F.N., Williams, D.E. & Ar nolo, M. 1977. Chemical characterization of ensiled high moisture corn grain. Okia. Agr. Exp. Sta. MP-101: 56—62. Thyselius, L. 1971. Kemiska och mikrobiologiska för- ändringar vid spannmälsensilering. JTI Specialmed- delande S2l: 1—45. Weissbach, F. & Schadereit, R. 1968. Untersuchungen zur Konservierung von Feuchtgetreide durch Silierung. 2. Mitteilung. Verdauugsversuche mit Silagen aus Feuchtgetreide, Arch. Tierernähr. 18: 61—67. Ms received October 12, 1984 262 SELOSTUS Puumelassi tuoreen ohran säilöntäaineena. I. Säilöntäkokeet ja sulavuus sioilla Pekka Huhtanen Helsingin yliopisto, Kotieläinlieleen laitos, 00710 Helsinki 71 Kahdessa kokeessa selvitettiin sulfiittijäteliemestä val- mistetun puumelassin soveltuvuutta rehuviljan murske- säilöntään. Kokeessa I puumelassin annostelutaso oli 8 ja 16 % ohran kuiva-aineesta. Kokeessa 2 annostelutaso oli vastaavasti 12 % ja vertailuna käytetyn AIV ll- liuoksen 3 1/1000 kg. Säilötyn viljan kuiva-ainepitoisuus oli kokeessa 1 noin 55 % ja kokeessa 2 55—60 %. Sula- vuus- ja tasekokeessa 31—86 kg:n painoisilla lihasioilla verrattiin kuivatun, propionihapolla jyväsäilötyn ja AIV 11-liuoksella tai puumelassilla murskesäilötyn oh- ran sulavuutta sekä vaikutusta typen hyväksikäyttöön. Kokeessa I 8 %:n annostelutaso osoittautui riittäväk- si. Puumelassin vaikutus perustui pääasiassa sen sisältä- mien orgaanisten happojen aiheuttamaan happamuu- teen. Maitohappopitoisuus oli 16 %:n annostelutasolla alempi (P < 0.05). Kokeen 2 voimakkaammin neutra- loitu puumelassi aiheutti voimakkaan maitohappokäy- misen. Puumelassilla säilötyn ohran maito- ja etikka- happopitoisuus olivat korkeammat (P < 0.05) ja pH alempi (P < 0.05) kuin AIV 11-liuoksella säilötyn. Puu- melassi vähensi valkuaisen pilkkoutumista säilönnän ai- kana. Viljan kosteuspitoisuuden vaikutus käymiseen ja valkuaisaineiden hajoamiseen oli AIV 11-liuoksella säi- lötyssä viljassa suurempi. Murskesäilönnässä osa viljan tärkkelyksestä hydrolysoitui sokeriksi. AIV 11-liuoksella japuumelassilla murskesäilötyn oh- ran kuiva-aineen, orgaanisen aineen, typettömien uute- aineiden ja tärkkelyksen sulavuudet olivat merkitsevästi (P < 0.05) huonommat kuin kuivatulla ohralla. Dieetin orgaanisen aineen sulavuudet olivat 82.2, 81.0 ja 85.4 %. Osaltaan murskesäilötyn ohran huonompi sulavuus joh- tui viljan epätäydellisestä litistyksestä. Propionihapolla säilötyn ohran sulavuus oli hieman huonompi kuin kui- vatun. Typpitaseessa ei ollut merkitseviä eroja ruokinto- jen välillä. 263