4 Maataloustieteellinen Aikakauskirja Vol. 57: 255—262, 1985 Distillers feeds from various grains as protein sources for pigs MATTI NÄSI Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Helsinki, SF-00710 HELSINKI, Finland Abstract. The nutrient digestibility and protein utilization of distillery feeds derived from dehulled barley, rye and wheat were studied with growing pigs receiving one of eleven diets in which the protein sources were BDDGS, RDDGS, WDDGS, BDDG, BDS or SBM. In a second trial BDDGS and BDDG were compared with the same feeds treated prior to cooking with cellulase enzyme. The diets, consisting of barley and distillers feed, were fortified with L-lysine and DL-methionine to achieve levels of 13.0 % DCP, 0.80 % lysine and 0.56 % S amino acids. The distillery by-products contained crude protein 24.8—41.5 %, crude fat 6.3—9.5 %, crude fibre 7.1 10.3 %, ADF 18.2—22.9 %, NDF 33.3—43.7 % and ADL 8.7—11.3 % on a dry basis. Their lysine content was 0.43—1.36 % of DM and their S amino acid content 0.58—1.36 %. The digestibilities of organic matter and crude protein were 56—83 and 56—79 %. DDGS from rye had low digestibilities and barley distillers solubles high. The cellulase treatment decreased the OM and CP digestibilities by 6.4—10.4 and 15.3—15.4 % units, respectively. FU/kg DM varied from 0.63 to 0.84 and DCP from 177 to 405 g/FU. The N retention of the BDDGS, RDDGS, WDDGS, BDDG, BDS and SBM diets was, respective- ly, 21.7, 21.1, 24.2, 23.0, 17.7 and 24.6 g/d (P < 0.01) and the biological values were 55, 60, 59, 56, 55 and 66. The daily gains varied from 700 to 762 g. The data indicated that dis- tilleryby-products could replace soybean meal quite satisfactorily as a protein source in amino acid-fortified diets. Index words: Distillery by-products, distillers dried grain with solubles, protein source, pig nutrition Introduction The desire to increase the domestic protein supply for animal feeding in Finland has prompted a search for alternatives to imported protein. The distillery by-products left after the alcohol process are rich in protein. When used for pigs, however, distillery feeds from the traditional ethanol process have been found to have a relatively low nutritive value (Alaviuhkola 1978, Salo 1978, Näsi 1984 c), due to their denatured protein and high fibre content. A new ethanol plant due to start operating 255 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN FINLAND https://www.c-info.fi/en/info/?token=a8yUgZSTd39AZYYW.ZlYSV2bqZKLZ8x_B5qGxqg.GZvzxDKEqs3TOWVbSIoh5_TUdydGNzCtegploI-Na7v-ap2qnn4NRnIfN7yhfq6R1xf5i9TR_DYz9Kkrbs7dv6R1aiW5q55jq0iM0xjsYCxw1ts8iKYKt8eDf0_QA7xAeyvtZUJQfumvBtVWIXvpRGe412bQzEi8FWRvSKY soon will use barley as raw material and em- ploy an integrated ethanol-starch process. In this process different grain fractions are ob- tained and they can be combined in different ways and subjected to different treatments (Lehmussaari 1984). The increased supply of distillery feed fractions expected in the next few years suggested the present study to eval- uate these products, especially those derived from barley, since little information is avail- able regarding utilization of this protein source in pig diets. Materials and methods Dehulled barley derived distillers feedstuffs and corresponding material derived from rye and wheat were obtained from the Kosken- korva factory of ALKO Ltd. In the second trial barley distillers feed treated with cellu- lase prior to cooking was compared with un- treated material. The ethanol process was tra- ditional one, comprising cooking, sacchari- fication, fermentation and distillation. The products used in the present trial were dehy- drated in a drum dryer except the solubles which were in semisolid form. The experi- mental diets were formulated to contain 13 % DCP, 0.80 % lysine and 0.56 % sulphur amino acids from barley meal and respective distillery feed by fortifying the diets with L- lysine HCI and DL-methionine. The control diets were barley soybean meal mixture and barley fortified with lysine and methionine. The protein digestibility coefficients used in formulating the diets were 0.78 for barley, 0.65 for the various distillery feeds and 0.90 for soybean meal. The distillery feeds used in the present study were (abbreviations in parentheses): Barley distillers dried grains with solubles (BDDGS) Rye distillers dried grains with solubles (RDDGS) Wheat distillers dried grains with solubles (WDDGS) Barley distillers dried grains (BDDG) Barley distillers solubles (BDS) BDDGS coming from the process using cellulase (BDDGSC) BDDG coming from the process using cellulase (BDDGC) The diets used in the digestibility trials were as follows (in percentages): Experiment 1. DDG/S Barley L-lys DL-meth. Diet 1 BDDGS 40.0 60.0 0.20 0.01 Diet 2 RDDGS 39.5 60.5 0.38 0.0 Diet 3 WDDGS 27.7 72.3 0.39 0.0 Diet 4 BDDG 28.3 71.7 0.11 0.0 Diet 5 BDS 61.0 39.0 0.21 0.0 Diet 6 SBM 14.4 85.6 Diet 7 OCONT 100.0 0.36 0.13 Experiment 2. Diet 8 BDDGS 38.8 61.2 0.20 0.01 Diet 9 BDDG 27.5 67.5 0.12 0.0 Diet 10 BDDGSC 36.9 63.1 0.34 0.01 Diet 11 BDDGC 32.4 67.6 0.21 0.0 Eleven digestibility and balance trials were conducted using 6-day adaptation periods and 6-day collection periods in a 6 x 6 Latin square design in trial 1 and 4 x 4 in trial 2. The pigs were kept in metal metabolism units equipped with collection trays for separate total collection of faeces and urine. The details of the procedures and analyses are the same as described by Näsi (1984 a, c). Results and discussion During the ethanol process, the starch is fermented and the other grain components concentrated. The dehydrated distillery prod- ucts had a crude protein content of 33.6 to 41.5 %, the protein content of the condensed solubles being lower, 24.8 % of DM (Table 1). The distillers feed had a crude fat content of 6.3—9.5 % of DM. The fibre contents of the BDDGS and BDDG were only two-thirds of that of distillers products from whole bar- ley (Näsi 1984 b). Dehulling of the barley is desirable from the nutritional point of view, since the highly lignified fibre of the hulls (Salo and Kotilainen 1970) decreases the feed value of distillers feed, and the dehulled material is easier to process (Lehmussaari 1984). The acid detergent lignin content was high in the present distillery feeds as well, 9—ll %, possibly being partly composed of products of the Maillard reaction. 256 257 Table 1. Chemical composition of various distillers by-products and soybean meal and barley used in digestibility experiments with pigs. BDDGS RDDGS WDDGS BDDG BDS BDDGSC BDDGC SBM Barley Chemical composition, % in DM Dry matter 89.9 92.6 93.6 95.8 55.4 96.1 97.4 88.7 88.3 Ash 5.5 6.2 3.8 3.3 13.9 7.7 5.2 6.2 2.8 Crude protein 34.4 33.6 41.5 40.0 24.8 33.2 35.4 50.9 12.3 True protein 29.0 26.0 34.7 34.6 14.9 25.5 29.0 45.9 9.9 Ether extract 8.4 6.7 6.3 7.5 6.5 9.4 9.5 1.6 2.4 Crude fibre 7.8 8.4 9.9 10.2 1.4 7.1 10.3 6.9 6.0 NFE 43.9 45.1 38.5 39.1 53.5 42.7 39.6 34.5 76.5 Sugars 2.4 1.2 2.8 0.6 2.0 1.6 0.9 Neutral deterg. fibre 38.0 37.3 40.9 47.6 33.3 43.7 11.9 25.2 Acid detergent fibre 22.0 18.5 18.2 22.2 21.4 22.9 8.0 6.7 Acid detergent lignin 9.6 10.6 8.7 8.9 11.3 9.1 0.8 1.3 Pepsin-HCI solubility of crude protein, % 74.0 69.5 80.0 80.0 84.2 65.3 68.2 92.9 90.6 Amino acids, g/kg Alanine 14.3 13.5 14.7 17.7 6.3 13.2 14.8 21.4 5.0 Arginine 13.0 10.5 13.2 18.1 4.3 11.3 15.1 37.0 5.8 Aspartic acid 20.8 19.6 20.5 26.2 7.0 19.5 20.6 54.6 7.1 Cystine 4.9 5.5 6.8 7.4 2.0 5.5 6.9 6.6 2.7 Glutamic acid 69.4 69.7 96.0 87.8 28.1 69.5 81.9 88.0 24.5 Glycine 12.7 12.7 13.8 15.4 6.5 12.9 13.4 20.6 4.9 Histidine 5.8 5.1 6.7 7.6 2.5 5.4 6.4 12.4 2.4 Isoleucine 11.8 10.5 13.3 16.0 3.7 11.5 14.0 21.0 3.6 Leucine 23.6 20.2 26.3 32.1 7.3 23.2 27.9 37.4 8.1 Lysine 8,5 4.0 5.9 13.0 3.8 5.4 9.0 29.6 4.3 Methionine 3.0 3.1 2.8 5.6 1.2 2.1 4.1 4.2 1.5 Phenylalanine 16.1 13.9 17.3 22.0 4.6 15.6 19.5 24.0 5.2 Proline 34.3 28.6 36.8 47.6 11.2 33.8 43.2 26.1 11.6 Serine 14.8 14.1 18.0 18.5 6.0 14.1 16.1 26.3 5.1 Threonine 12.0 11.0 12.0 14.9 4.8 11.8 12.8 19.5 4.2 Tyrosine 9.5 7.9 10.9 13.6 4.1 9.2 10.6 16.2 3.4 Valine 16.9 14.4 16.5 22.1 5.5 14.4 17.5 21.5 5.5 Available lysine 6.4 1.3 3.4 10.8 2.3 2.6 6.6 28.3 4.1 Mineral composition Ca g/kg DM 1.23 1.47 1.16 0.92 1.62 1.06 0.78 2.14 0.55 P g/kg DM 7.04 7.63 6.73 4.27 15.59 9.58 6.62 6.71 4.20 Mg g/kg DM 2.19 2.29 2.10 1.02 5.40 2.89 1.85 2.63 1.08 K g/kg DM 8.87 9.17 7.94 3.93 25.18 13.16 8.28 22.56 6.28 Na g/kg DM 7.42 10.29 2.79 4.30 23.77 11.91 6.57 0.26 0 Fe mg/kg DM 111 116 92 80 149 84 78 127 79 Cu mg/kg DM 18.4 13.7 11.0 21.6 11.1 16.7 19.5 16.4 7.6 Zn mg/kg DM 115 60 73 83 81 58 48 49 58 Mn mg/kg DM 56 61 66 25 69 39 27 41 21 « The lysine content (0.4—1.3 %) of the products and its availability (0.33—0.83) were higher than in previous experiments with dis- tillers feeds from whole barley (Nasi 1983 c) or with those from wheat (Salo 1978). With BDDG the values for lysine, S amino acids and threonine were 3.4, 3.4 and 3.9 g/16 g N, respectively, and the availability of lysine was 0.83, values only slightly lower than those for the raw material, barley. Wheat, corn and bar- ley DDG have been found to have amino acid profiles fairly similar to those of the original grains (Satterlee et al. 1976, Newman and Gras 1983), but in distillers feed from rye Table 2. Digestibility coefficients of nutrients of barley diets containing distillery products and soybean meal as protein sources. Experiment 1 Diet no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Prot. source BDDGS RDDGS WDDGS BDDG BDS SBM Barley Dry matter 74.9bf 71.2'* 76.l bf 75.8bf 81.5"' 81.9“' 81.7 Ash 51.9cf* 53.7 bf* 50.4' f* 49.1'* 70.4" 53.9bf 49.6 Organic matter 76.4 bf 72.4'* 77.5bf 77.3bf 83.0»' 83.6»' 83.4 Crude protein 72,0'* 63.6' h 75.2bf 76.9b 'f 66.0«h 82.3'* 78.4 Ether extract 85.0»' 74.6 bcf* 79.8» bf« 80.9» bcf 82.1»' 72.0*8 71.3 Crude fibre 24.4bf 27.0 bf 26.9br 26.Ibf 35.4»' 29.0b 'f 25.9 NFE 82.7'e 80.1 dh 83.6'* 82.9'* 91.0»' 88.9bf 89.0 Means with different letters were significantly different: a—d (Pc0.05), e—h (P<0.01). Experiment 2 Diet no 8 9 10 11 Prot. source BDDGS BDDG BDDGSC BDDGC Dry matter 76.5' f 77.4cf 74.2b' 73.1” Ash 50.5 bf 46.1»' 53.8'* 46.3" Organic matter 78.0 bf 78.9 br 75.7be 74.6»' Crude protein 74.1' fe 78.8d* 64.5»' 69.5b 'r Ether extract 87.4b 84.4» 86.7ab 86.2» b Crude fibre 29.4 b'f 31.7 br 22.6" 23.6»'f NFE 83.6 bf 83.7 br 83.7bf 81.2" Means with different letters were significantly different: a—d (P<0.05), e — g (P<0.01). (RDDGS) the lysine content and availability were low. The protein quality and its deterio- ration are evidently closely connected with the drying method and conditions. The pepsin- HCI solubility of the protein varied from 65 to 84 °7o in the samples, indicating no serious denaturation in drying (Table 1). The use of cellulase in the process decreased the avail- ability of lysine (10 —27 %) and the protein solubility (9—12 % units). The organic matter and NFE digestibilities of BDS exceeded those of the other products (P < 0.01), 83 vs. 63—65 % for OM and 93 vs. 54—66 for NFE, but RDDGS had lower digestibilities (P < 0.01). In BDS and RDDGS the crude protein was less digestible (P < 0.01) than in the other distillers by- products (Table 3). The crude protein digestibilities of BDDG and WDDGS (73 —76 %) are quite promising and close to the value of barley protein (78 %). Erixon and Pettersson (1982) con- eluded from a digestibility trial with piglets that in wheat DDG organic matter was 10 % less digestible than in barley, but CP digest- ibility was of the same magnitude as in bar- ley and removing the bran from DDGS in- creased the digestibility of both OM and CP. The cellulase treatment in the ethanol process decreased organic matter digestibility by 6—lo % units and that of crude protein by 15 % units. This was evidently due to the cellulase increasing the content of reducing sugars, which reacted with amino acids and in the drying process formed Maillard reac- tion products, which are in largely unavail- able. The digestibilities and calculated feed values were considerably higher than those of whole barley distillers feeds (Näsi 1984 c). The FU values of 0.75 —0.79 per kg DM (Table 3) are sufficiently high for inclusion in pig feed for- mulas at the level of 10—20 %. However, an evaluation should also be made with produc- 258 Table 3. Digestibility coefficients of nutrients of distillery by-products and their calculated feed values. Experiment I BDDGS RDDGS WDDGS BDDG BDS SBM Barley Digestibilities, % Dry matter 64.4 f 55.2 f 61.8f 61.7 f 81.4' 83.1' 81.7 Ash 55.8' 59.9* 53.2f 46.4 f 77.6' 76.9' 49.6 Organic matter 65.7f 55.7* 62.9f* 63.0 f* 82.8' 84.6' 83.4 Crude protein 68.7f* 55.6h 72.8f* 75.9 f 62.6*b 87.5' 78.4 Ether extract 90.7“ 76.3* 87.6“ 87.9“ 84.3* 78.3* 71.3 Crude fibre 22. V 28.lf 28.3f 26.4 f 58.7' 44.8' f 25.9 NFE 66.3 r 57.9* 57.1* 54.3* 92.6" 87.9" 89.0 Feed values FU/kg DM 0.795 0.652 0.745 0.763 0.877 1.041 1.120 kg/FU 1.401 1.656 1.435 1.368 2.062 1.083 1.018 DCP in DM, % 23.6 18.7 30.2 30.3 15.5 44.5 9.2 DCP/FU, g 297 286 405 397 177 428 82297 286 405 397 177 428 82 ME, MJ/kg DM (Just) 13.25 10.81 12.81 13.10 14.04 15.71 14.65 NE, MJ/kg DM » 8.06 6.23 7.73 7.95 8.65 9.90 9.118.06 6.23 7,73 7.95 8.65 9.90 9.11 NE, FU/kg DM » 1.044 0.807 1.001 1.030 1.120 1.282 1.180 ME, MJ/kg DM (Axelss.) 12.46 10.19 11.92 12.18 13.51 14.66 14.36 Means with different letters were significantly different: a—d (P<0.05), e—h (PcO.Ol). Experiment 2 BDDGS BDDG BDDGSC BDDGC Digestibilities, % Dry matter 68. l c « 66.7 cf* 62.3bf 56.4“ Ash 51.9 bcf 32.7“ 58.6d 39.8"bd Organic matter 69.3'* 67,9 C* 62.9bf 57.5“ Crude protein 71.8cf* 79.(P* 56.4“ 63.7bef Ether extract 94.5* 94.6" 92.8“ 93.3" Crude fibre 33.5b'f 18.2“ 21.1“b'f NFE 68.58.5bc 68,8'-' 52.8“ Feed values FU/kg DM 0.837 0.823 0.765 0.725 kg/FU 1.330 1.267 1.361 1.416 DCP in DM, % 24.7 31.6 18.7 22.5 DCP/FU, g 295 383 244 311295 383 244 311 ME, MJ/kg DM (Just) 13.95 14.08 12.57 12.71 NE, MJ/kg DM » 8.58 8.68 7.55 7.258.58 8.68 7.55 7.25 NE, FU/kg DM » 1.111 1.124 0.978 0.939 ME, MJ/kg DM (Axelss.) 13.10 13.08 11.86 11.34 Means with different letters were significantly different: a—d (P<0.05), e—g (PcO.Ol). tion trials. In growing pig diets, SBM was re- placed by BDDG up to 10 % and by WDDGS up to 9 % without any effect on the daily gain (Erixon and Pettersson 1982, Newman and Gras 1983). The feed values are in agreement with those presented by Salo (1978) and Salo et ai. (1982), but Erixon and Petters- son (1982) found higher values for wheat DDGS. The BDDG and WDDGS diets fortified with amino acids gave N retentions similar to that of the SBM diet (P > 0.05), but the BDDGS, RDDGS and BDS diets gave poorer results (P < 0.01). Although this was in- tended, the absorbed nitrogen intake was not exactly the same, because the pigs did not eat all the ration and the protein digestibility coef- ficient 0.65 was not valid in every case. The 259 Table 4. Nitrogen balance and protein utilization of diets containing distillery by-products and soybean meal as protein sources. Experiment 1 Diet no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Prot. source BDDGS RDDGS WDDGS BDDG BDS SBM Barley Nitrogen intake, g/d 62.9“' 63.4ac 62.5abe 61.5“b' 58.3be 51.4 cf 37.9 N excreted in faeces 17.3f* 22.7' 15.4 1* 13.9»" 20,O r 8.9b 7.8 N absorbed, g/d 45.6'f 40.7* h 47.1' 47.6' 38.3h 42.5 f * 30.0 Apparent N digest. % 72.0 1* 63.6'b 75.2 bf 76.9 b'f 66.0«h 82.3'* 78.4 N excreted in urine 23.9“ 19.6“ 22.9“ 24.6“ 20.6“ 17.9“ 11.2 N retained, g/d 21.7 f* 21.1* 24.2' f 23.0“'* 17.7b 24.6' 18.8 % of intake 34.3 f*b 33.1* b 38.8 f 37.4 f* 30.5" 47.9' 49.2 % of absorption 47.8 f' 52.0 r 51.7 f 48.7 f' 46.2' 58.3' 62.7 g/kgWO75 1.01 r * 0.99h * 1.14'f 1.08'f* 0.84 h 1.16' 0.80 Urea excreted g/d 47.6' 32.5f* 44.0'" 43.5' r 28.0* 31.6f * 14.5 g/kgWO75 2.18' 1,50f* 2.02' f 2.00' f 1.31* 1.44* 0.57 Biological value 55.1* 60.0 f 58.6 f* 55.7 f* 54.7* 65.5' 73.0 Daily gain, g/d 742“ 741“ 700“ 732“ 700“ 762“ 542 Means with different letters were significantly different: a—d (P<0.05), e—h (P<0.01). Experiment 2 Diet no 8 9 10 11 Prot. source BDDGS BDDG BDDGSC BDDGC Nitrogen intake, g/d 84.3' 82.4r 84.7d 82.1* N excreted in faeces 21.8 dc 17.4' 30.1 f 25.l d N absorbed, g/d 62.5' 65.0» 54.6d 57^ Apparent N digest. % 74.1' f* 78.8 d * 64.5“' 69.5 b'f N excreted in urine 37.2“ b 38.2 b 28.6' 31.6 bc N retained, g/d 25.3“ 26.8“ 26.0“ 25,4“ % of intake 30.0“ 32.7“ 30.8“ 30.9“ % of absorption 40.5“ 41.6“ 48.0“ 44.5“ g/kg W°” 0.79“ 0.84“ 0.81“ 0.82“ Urea excreted g/d 66.l d 63.9 df 45.5' 54.5 d' Biological value 48.6“ 49.5“ 56.8“ 52.9“ Means with different letters were significantly different: a—c (PC0.05), d—g (P<0.01). urea excretion on the RDDGS and BDS diets was low and at the same level as on the SBM diet, but the other diets had significantly higher values (P < 0.01). The biological values of the diets including distillery products were significantly lower than those of the SBM-barley diet (P < 0.01) (Table 4). The results of Newman and Gras (1983) in- dicated that apparent nitrogen retention was not affected when BDDG replaced SBM, composing up to 20 % of the diet. Thong et al. (1978) measured nitrogen retention in gilts and found no differences between diets in which DDGS and SBM were used as protein supplements. Näsi (1984 c), however, found that nitrogen retention on a WDS diet was similar to that on the control diet, but was reduced on the diets with BDDGS or BDS, due to the lower amount of protein absorbed and especially the lower lysine intake. With WDDGS diets Salo (1978) recorded low ni- trogen retention (10 —12 g/d), when DDGS was used as sole protein supplement. Here, the daily gains of 700 —742 g for the pigs on barley-distillery product diets were satisfactory compared with the value of 762 g/d for the pigs fed on SBM-barley, and higher than for the pigs on the barley amino acid supple- mented diet, 542 g. The present experiment performed to assess 260 the nutritive value of barley distillers by- products indicated that the products obtained from dehulled barley are similar in feed value to products derived from the wheat. Accord- ing to the N-balance results, distillers by- products fortified with lysine and sulphur amino acids could replace SBM quite satisfac- torily, but further production experiments are needed. In a feeding trial with laying hens in which SBM was replaced with BDDGS and WDDGS at level of 10—20 % in diet forti- fied with lysine ans sulphur amino acids the performance of thebirds on the test diets was similar to that of the controls (Näsi 1985). Although it has many technical advantages, the cellulase treatment in the ethanol process decreases the nutritive value of distillers feeds, at least in the process in which distillers solu- bles are dried with distillers grains. It would thus be desirable to investigate alternative pro- cessing methods. This study gives some data that deserve consideration in planning the integrated starch-ethanol process. The many feed fractions yielded by the process can be treated and combined in different ways to provide suitable feeds for domestic animals, including monogastrics. References Alaviuhkola, T. 1978. Rankkijauho lihasikojen rehuna. Koet. ja Käyt. 31.10. 1978. Erixon, R. & Pettersson, A. 1982. New technique for making ethanol from grain improves feed quality of the by-product. Mimeogr. Lantmännen. 9 p. Lehmussaari, A, 1984. integroitu tuotanto. Etanoli tärkkelys tärkkelyssokeri. Esitelmä. Oy Alko Ab. Process Engin. Division Rajamäki. 5 p. Newman, C.W. & Gras, P.W. 1983. Utilization of bar- ley distillers dried grains in swine growing diets. Proc. West. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci, 34: 138—141. Näsi, M. 1984 a. Nutritive value and metabolic effects of whey protein concentrate and hydrolysed lactose for growing pigs. J. Agric. Sci. Finl. 56: 227—238. 1984 b. Distillers dried by-products from barley as pro- tein source for ruminants. J. Agric. Sci. Finl. 56: 213—219. 1984 c. Evaluation of barley distillers dried grains with solubles, and condensed distillers solubles in the diet of growing pigs. J. Agric. Sci. Finl. 56: 221—226. 1985. Distillers feeds from barley and wheat as pro- tein source for laying hens. To be published. Salo, M-L. 1978. Vehnärankkijauhon rehuarvo lihasiko- jen ruokinnassa. J. Scient. Agric. Soc. Finl. 50: 291—295. & Kotilainen, K. 1970. On the carbohydrate com- position and nutritive value of some cereals. J. Scient. Agric. Soc. Finl. 42; 21—29. —, Tuori, M. & Kiiskinen, T. 1982. Rehutaulukot ja ruokintanormit. Helsinki. 70 p. Satterlee, L.D., Vavak, D.M., Abdul-Kadir, R. & Kendrik, J.G. 1976. The chemical, functional and nutritional characterization of protein concentrates from distillers grains. Cer. Chem. 53; 739—749. Thono, L.A., Jensen, A.H., Harmon, B.G. & Corne- lius, S.G. 1978. Distillers grains with solubles as a supplementalprotein source in diets for gestating swine. J. Anim. Sci. 46: 674—677. Ms received September 30, 1985 SELOSTUS Eri viljoista saadut rankkirehut lihasikojen ruokinnassa Matti Näsi Helsingin yliopisto, kolieläinlieleen laitos, 00710 Helsinki Sulavuus- ja tasekokeissa tutkittiin kuoritusta ohrasta saatujen rankkirehujen sekä venhä- jaruisrankin rehuar- voa ja valkuaisen hyväksikäyttöäkasvavilla lihasioilla sekä prosessiteknisistä syistä lisätyn sellulaasientsyymin vaiku- tusta ohrarankkirehuihin. Kuivattujen rankkien raaka- valkuaispitoisuus oli 34—42 % ja ohrarankkiuutteen 261 25 %: ka:ssa. Ohrarankkien kuitupitoisuudet olivat puol- ta pienempiä kuin koko-ohrarankeissa. Lysiinipitoisuu- det olivat korkeampia kuin aikaisemmin saadut tulokset. Eri rankkirehut olivat yksinomaisena valkuaistäydennyk- senä aminohappotasapainotetuissadieeteissä, joissa srv- pitoisuus oli 13 %, lysiiniä 0.80 % ja rikkipitoisia ami- nohappoja 0.56 %. Eri rankkien orgaaninen aine suli 56—83 % ja raakavalkuainen 56—76 %. Energia-arvoksi saatiinoo.6o.BB5 —0.88 ry/kg ka eri rankkirehuille ja srv oli 177—405 g/ry. Ruisrankki oli muita rankkirehuja huo- nommin sulavaa. Sellulaasikäsittely alensi ohrarankkire- hun sulavuutta ja rehuarvoa. Typen pidättyminen ami- nohapoilla täydennetyillä ohra- ja vehnärankkidieteillä oli samanlaista kuin soijadieetillä, 23—24 vs. 24.6 g/d. Valkuaisen hyväksikäyttö rankkirehuja sisältävillä dieteillä oli alempi kuin soijadieetillä. Kuoritusta ohrasta saadut rankkirehut olivat vehnärankin kanssa samanarvoisia. Aminohapoilla täydennettyjärankkirehuja voitaisiin ta- sokokeen tulosten perusteella käyttää sikojen rehuna, jos- kin kasvatuskokeissa on selvitettävä näiden rehujen tuo- tantovaikutus. 262