Maataloustieteellinen A ikakauskirja Vol. 58: 157—162, 1986 Yield and glucosinolates in mustard seeds and volatile oils in caraway seeds and coriander fruit. I Yield and glucosinolate contents of mustard (Sinapis sp., Brassica sp.) seeds HÄLVÄ, S. 1 , HIRVI, T.2*, MÄKINEN, S. 3 and HONKANEN, E. 2 1 Dept of Horticulture, University of Helsinki, SF-00710 HELSINKI, Finland 2 VTT, Food Research Laboratory, SF-02150 ESPOO, Finland 3 Dept of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, SF-00710 HELSINKI, Finland Abstract. Different varieties of yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.), brown mustard (Bras- sica juncea (L.) Czern.) and black mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch) were tested in 1983—1985 at three locations in Finland. The average seed yield of yellow mustard was 2220 kg/ha, it’s sinalbine content being 2.2—5.2 g/100 g. There were no major differences between the tested varieties. Varieties ‘Kirby’ and ‘Gisilba’ produced the largest yields. ‘Gisil- ba’ and ‘Ochre’ had the shortest growth periods. The sinalbine content in yellow mustard seeds varied more between the years than between the varieties. The average yield ofbrown mustard was 1620 kg/ha. The variety ‘Picra’ was slightly better than the other varieties with respect to yield and early ripening. The sinigrine content in brown mustard seeds were approximately from traces to 4.4 g/100 g those of‘Dome’, ‘Blaze’, ‘Sv 8341001’ and ‘Trowse’ being highest. Black mustard yielded less than 700 kg/ha, the sinigrine content of the seeds being 1.8—4.5 g/100g. Key words; seed, yellow mustard, brown mustard, black mustard, sinigrine, sinalbine Introduction Mustard is grown on 120 hectares of land in Finland. That equals to a production of approximately 20 % of the self-sufficiency in mustard consumption (Hälvä 1985). The species cultivated are yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and brown mustard (Brassica juncea � Present address: Soil Analysis ServiceLtd, Vellikellon- tie 4, SF-00410 HELSINKI, Finland (L.) Czern.). There is a clear deficiency of varieties: the yellow mustard ‘Trico’ and the brown mustard ‘Picra’ are the major varieties grown. The growth period of ‘Trico’ is rather long for growing in Nordic countries. Thus there exists a need to a widerrange of varieties which would be rich in glucosinolates and suitablefor northern climates, with a relative- ly short growing period. There are only few studies concerning the cultivation of mustard in Finland. 157 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN FINLAND https://www.c-info.fi/en/info/?token=7zaIfwmmtEf8Et7W.h87Aq6frp06FbjdimcKmsA.tpYtIBhd5J8dyg6PcrqPEDBCbI1KgMe6uO-kyNEXC3FGu3jk36VL_Yvo0mUM7o6ICgJGAB3hZuXZOzPvyYvMf1ihV65dPQ4TzZwWwLvt-3pYrEugao1uMmJARxpPbVOvX94tye3VoP0rgWrDlhtrhMiU_SXh-bno0tB-4DKypIBgCPnzzQ24kjHO3QteTJ0sgTdGmHkGA7T_uyxeWVePMEKTpGFVDkDXUTB9uEOJtFE In addition to the above mentioned cultivars determined. The determinations were carried several new varieties were investigated in our study which is a part of a Herb Plant Research Project (1983—85). The purpose of the pro- ject was to determine the feasibility of large- scale herb production in Finland. Materials and methods Different varieties of yellow and brown mustard were tested and analysed in the years 1983—1985. Mustard was grown at three loca- tions in Southern Finland: Helsinki (60° 14'N), Kangasala (61°28'N) and Jokioinen (60°48' N). Black mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch) was also included in the study in 1985. The field tests in Jokioinen will be reported separately. Preliminary field tests were also carried out in Inari (69°04'N), in the north of Finland, but the growth period was too short to obtain a fully ripened crop there. Seven varieties of yellow mustard from dif- ferent origins were cultivated. ‘Trico’ and ‘Sv 04108’ were from Sweden, ‘Albatros’ and ‘Gisilba’ from West Germany, and ‘Kirby’ from England. ‘Ochre’ is widely cultivated in Canada and ‘Hungarian’ is a common type grown in Hungary. The eight brown mustard varieties tested were ‘Picra’ (France), ‘Domo’ and ‘Blaze’ (Canada), ‘Trowse’ (England), Sv 8341001 (Sweden) and common varieties in Europe ‘Pusa Bold’, ‘Prakash’ and ‘RLM 198’. Only one black mustard variety, ‘Giebra’, was available. Yellow mustard was sown at a density of 20 kg/ha and brown and black mustard at a density of 10kg/ha. The field tests were car- ried out using the method of randomized blocks, with plots of 10 m 2, and from three to four replications. Crop was cultivated using normal farming practices. After harvest the seed crop was dried and the glucosinolates were analysed. In yellow mustard sinalbinee.g. p-hydroxy- benzyl glucosinolate, and in black mustard sinigrine e.g. 2-propenyl glucosinolate were out by HPLC (high pressure liquid chroma- tography). Before the determinations approxi- mately 100 grams of seeds were ground for 30 seconds. One gram of ground seeds was ex- tracted with 70 °7o methanol in an ultrasonic apparatus for 10minutes at + 65°C. After the extraction the solution was diluted to 100 mil- liliters with 50 % methanol. Immediately be- fore the analysis the samples were purified by filtering. HPLC-determinations were per- formed using reverse phase ion pair liquid chromatography (CIS-reverse phase-column). The apparatus consisted of a Waters Model 6000 A pump, WISP-autosampler, Model M440 UV-absorbance detector with a wave length filter and dual-pen recorded. In the determination of sinalbine the column was eluted with acetonitrile water (70:30 vol %). The ion pair former used was 2 °7o 1-pentane sulphuric acid (0.5 M) in acetic acid (50 %). In the determinationof sinigrine the column was eluted with 10 mM tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxyde (TBAH)- methanol (90:10 vol %), pH 3. TBHA was used as an ion pair former. The instrumental conditions were as follows: wavelength 313 nm (sinalbine) or 254 nm (sinigrine), flow-rate 2.0 ml/minand detector attenuation 0.1 x . The injection volume was 10. The data of the field tests were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance according to the year and location. The means were sepa- rated with the test of Duncan or Tukey (Steel and Torrie 1980). Results and discussion Yellow mustard Mustard seeds germinated in 6 —12 days. Insects (Phyllotreta sp., Meligethes aeneus Fabr. and Plutella maculipennis Curt.) were controlled with insecticides. The vegetation reached a height of 112—157 cm by the end of seed ripening. The vegetation of ‘Albatros’ was tallest. None of the varieties showed tend- ency to be flattened down. The growth period 158 2 Table 1. The growth periods (days) for yellow mustard varieties compared with ‘Trico’ during 1983—85 at two locations. 1983 1984 1985Variety 1 12 12 115 119 142 121 123Trico Albatros Gisilba -7-19 -10 -22 -18 -10 - 8 -18 -10 -17 Kirby Ochre Hungarian Sv 04108 + o -10 -3-5 +o+l 112 113 129 115 120Mean Locations: 1 = Helsinki, 2 = Kangasala was 105—121 days in Helsinki and I—2 weeks longer in Kangasala (Table 1). The corre- sponding degree-days were 1203—1312°C and 1110—1214°C, respectively. ‘Trico’ had the longest growth period. The average yield of yellow mustard was 2220 kg/ha in Helsinki and 1860 kg/ha in Kangasala (Fig. 1). ‘Trico’ was the control variety. In one trial out of six ‘Trico’ gave the largest yield. In the other trials there were no significant differences between ‘Trico’ and the other varieties. In 1984 ‘Kirby’ yielded the largest crop, 3520 kg/ha, in Helsinki. The re- sult differed significantly (p<0.05) from ‘Gi- silba’. ‘Kirby’ also produced the largest crop in Kangasala. This yield and that of ‘Albatros’ differed significantly (p<0.05) from that of ‘Trico’. In 1985 there were no differences between the seed yields of varieties tested. The weight of one thousand seeds varied between 6.0 and 6.7 grams, with the excep- tion that the seeds of ‘Trico’ in a trial weighed only 4.6 grams. The sinalbine content of yellow mustard was 2.2—4.9 g/100 g(Table 2). For compari- son, seed samples from Canada were also ana- lysed. There were no differences between the varieties in sinalbine content. Different years caused more variation than differentvarieties or locations. The sinalbine content was highest in 1983 and lowest in the rainy summer of 1984. Figure I. Seed yield of yellow mustard varieties compared with Trico’ during 1983—85 at two locations 159 Table 2. The amounts of sinalbine in yellow mustard seeds during 1983—85. Variety Sinigrine, g/100 g dry matter 1983 1984 1985 1 I 2 3 I 2 3 Trico 3.9—4.7 2.7—2.9 3.7—3.8 4.1—4.7 3.3—3.5 2.9—3.0 3.6—3.8 4.0—4.6 3.4—4.4 4.4—4.9 Sv 04108 Gisilba 3.0—3.7 3.6—3.7 3.2—3.3 3.0 3.3 3.7—4.7 3.5—3.6 3.6—3.8 Albatros Kirby 3.3—3.4 2.1—3.4 4.1—4.9 3.2—3.3 2.8—3.0 3.2—3.3 4.0—4.4 Canadian sample 3.9—4.1 Locations: 1 = Helsinki, 2 =Kangasala, 3 = Jokioinen Table 3. The growth periods for brown mustard varie- ties compared with ‘Blaze’ in 1984 and 1985 at two locations. 1984 1985Variety 211 112 106 110 +5 +8 +2 -14 Blaze Domo Picra +0 +0 -2 -2 +2 -1 -2 -3 -2 +8 -3 Pusa Bold Prakash Trowse RLM 198 Sv 8341001 107 109noMean Locations: 1 =Helsinki, 2 = Kangasala Brown mustard The vegetation reached a height of 113—142 cm by the end of the growth period. ‘Blaze’ and ‘Domo’ had the tallest vegeta- tions. None of the varieties lay flat. In 1984 the seeds did not ripen by the end of the sea- son in Kangasala. The growth period was 98—117 days, with 1110—1295° degree-days. ‘Domo’, ‘Blaze’ and ‘Sv 8341001’ had the longest growth period. That of ‘Domo’ was significantly (p<0.05) longer compared with ‘Blaze’, ‘Prakash’, ‘Sv 8341001’ and ‘RLM 198’. The two last mentioned varieties and ‘Picra’ ripened in the shortest time (Table 3). The average yield of brown mustard in Hel- sinki was 1620 kg/ha. In Kangasala the seed yield was as small as 580 kg/ha because of weeds (turnip rape) and crusted silt soil. The data of the latter was not statistically analysed because of the deficiency in the data received. The soil type proved to be unsuitable for the cultivation of mustard. The varieties showed only a few differences in yields. In one trial of three ‘Picra’ had a significantly (p<0.05) larger yield than the control variety ‘Blaze’. No other differences were recorded. The results are presented in Figure 2. The weight of one thousand seeds was 2.4—3.3 grams, with the exception of the large seeds of ‘Pusa Bold’, which weighed 4.3 grams. The sinigrine content of brown mustard varied from traces to 4.4 g/100 g. Differences were observed between the varieties, ‘Domo’, Blaze’, ‘Sv 8341001’ and ‘Trowse’ having the highest content of sinigrine (Table 4). The va- rieties ‘Picra’, ‘Prakash’, ‘Pusa Bold’, ‘Jo 21’ and ‘RLM 198’ contained sinigrine at levels below the minimum (0.65 g/100 g) quoted in the literature (Melchior and Kastner 1974). None of the mustard varieties proved to be clearly superior with respect to several proper- ties such as yield, length of the growth period or glucosinolate contents. The yellow mus- tards ‘Gisilba’ and ‘Ochre’ ripened in a rela- tively short time but they did not have larger yields than the other varieties. ‘Picra’ was superior to the other brown mustard varieties because of the short growth period and good yield potential, however, the sinigrine content of ‘Picra’ was low. In this study the results concerning the 160 Table 4. The amounts of sinigrine in brown and black mustard seeds during 1984—85. Variety Sinigrine g/100 g dry matter 1984 1985 13 12 3 Domo 2.8 2.5—2.9 1.7—2.1 2.0—2.3 4.1—4.4 Blaze 2.1 1.8 2.0—2.2 1.7—1.8 3.7—3.9 Prakash 0.6—0.9 0.4—0.5 1.3—1.6 Pusa Bold 0.4—0.5 0.3—0.4 0.9—1.1 Jo 21 1.4 0.8—0.9 0.6—0.8 3.0 Trowse 1.8—2.1 2.1—2.3 1.6—1.8 3.5—3.6 Giebra 1.8 2.5—2.9 4.4—4.5 Locations: 1 = Helsinki, 2 =Kangasala, 3 = Jokioinen growth period and yields of yellow and brown mustards resemble those reported by Pahka- la (1984). A mustard study by Valle, made as early as 1943, indicates that brown mustard ripens three weeks later than yellow mustard whereas in our study some brown mustard va- rieties ripened earlier than yellow mustard. Apparently there has been a considerable de- velopment in the mustard varieties. The seed crops of both species resemble those reported by Henriksen (1975), Nordestgaard (1979) and Pahkala (1984), but they are larger than the national and European averages (Osvald 1959, Anon 1974, Hälvä 1985). According to our study there exists a need for introducing mustard species with short growth periods, large yields and high glucosinolate contents. Black mustard The black mustard variety ‘Giebra’ yielded less than 700 kg/ha, the height of the vegeta- tion being 120 cm. The ripening of seeds took 105 days in Helsinki and two weeks longer in Figure 2. Seed yields of brown mustard varieties compared with ‘Blaze’ during 1984—85 at two locations 161 Kangasala. The sinigrine content of black mustard seeds was 1.8—4.5 g/ 100 g (Table 4). Black mustard yielded a small crop and thus varieties with higher yields are needed. Acknowledgements. The authors express their gradi- tude to the Academy of Finland and Ministry of Agri- culture and Forestry for their financial support. References Henriksen, K. 1975. Hosttidspunktets, hostmädens og vejrinsbetingelsernes indflydelse pä froudbytte og frok- valitet hos gul sennep (Sinapsis alba). Tidsskr. Pl. avl. 79: 3: 337—356. Halva, S. 1985. Consumption and production of herbs inFinland. J. Agr. Sei. Finl. 57: 231—237. Melchior, H. & Kastner, H. 1974. Gewiirze, botanische und chemische Untersuchung, Grundlagen und Fort- schritte der Lebensmitteluntersuchung. 290 p. Berlin. Nordestoaard, A. 1979. Stigendekvallstofmaengder til gul sennep. Stat. Pl. avlsfor Medd. 81: 1481: I—4.1 —4. Osvald, H. 1959. Äkerns nyttoväxter. 59 p. Stockholm. Pahkala, K. 1984. Sinappi vaihtoehto öljykasvien vil- jelyssä. Koetoim. ja Käyt. 41: 51. Steel, R.G.D. & Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles and pro- cedures of statistics, a biometrical approach. 633 p. New York. Valle, O. 1943. Öljykasvien viljelymahdollisuuksista Suomessa. Erip. työväen kalenterista 1943. 7 s. Anon, . 1974, Dyrkning of gul sennep. tidsskr Froavl 62: 386—388. Ms received September 10, 1986 SELOSTUS Sinapin (Sinapis sp., Brassica sp.) siemensato ja glukosinaatlipitoisuus Häivä S., 1 Hirvi, T., 2* Mäkinen, S., 3 ja Mäkinen, S.3 1 Helsingin yliopisto, puutarhatieteen laitos, 00710 Helsinki 2 VTT, Elintarvikelaboratorio 02150 Espoo 3 Helsingin yliopisto, ravitsemustieteen laitos, 00710 Helsinki * Nykyinen osoite: Viljavuuspalvelu, Veilikellontie 4, 00410 Helsinki Eri sinappilajeja ja lajikkeita tutkittiin vuosina 1983 1985 kolmella paikkakunnalla; Helsingissä (60° 14'N), Kangasalla (61 °2B'N) ja Jokioisissa (60° 48'N). Kokeet kuuluivat Maustekasvien tutkimusprojektiin (SA 01/813), jonka tarkoituksena oli selvittää laajamittaisen mauste- tuotannon mahdollisuuksia Suomessa. Uusien tuotanto- vaihtoehtojen tarve on ilmeinen nyt kun monista perin- teisistä maataloustuotteista on ylitarjontaa. Sinapin vil- jelyala on Suomessa noin 120 hehtaaria, mikä vastaa 20 prosentin omavaraisuutta. Keskimääräinen keltasinappisato (Sinapis alba L.) oli 2220 kg/ha ja siementen sinalbiinipitoisuus oli22.5.22—5.2 g/100 g. Eri lajikkeiden välillä ei ollut suuria eroja. Seit- semästä tutkitusta lajikkeesta ‘Kirby’ ja ‘Gisilba’ olivat satoisimmat. Näistä jälkimmäisen ja ‘Ochre’-lajikkeen kasvuajat olivat lyhyimmät. Sinalbiinipitoisuus vaihteli enemmän eri vuosien kuin eri lajikkeiden välillä. Ruskeasinappi (Brassica juncea(L.) Czern) antoi sa- toa keskimäärin 1620 kg/ha. Sinigriinipitoisuus vaihteli hyvin pienistä pitoisuuksista4.4 grammaan/100 g. ‘Picra’- lajike erottui kuudesta tutkitusta lajikkeesta runsaan sa- don ja aikaisuuden perusteella. Sen sinigriinipitoisuus oli kuitenkin melko alhainen verrattuna lajikkeisiin ‘Domo’, Blaze’, ‘Sv 8341001’ ja ‘Trowse’. Mustasinapin (Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch) sato jäi alle 700 kg/ha. Ainoa viljelyyn saatu lajikeoli ‘Giebra’. Siementen sinigriinipitoisuus oli11.4.58—4.5 g/100 g. Mikään sinappilajikkeista ei osoittautunut muita paremmaksi usei- den ominaisuuksien, kuten satomäärän, kasvuajan ja glu- kosinaattipitoisuuden perusteella. Tästä syystä tulisi edel- leen kehittää ja etsiä lajikkeita, jotka soveltuisivat lyhyen kasvuajan sekä runsaan jahyvälaatuisen sadon takia vil- jeltäviksi pohjoisissa ilmasto-oloissa. 162