Maataloustieteellinen A ikakauskirja Vol. 58: 169—172, 1986 Yield and glucosinolate of mustard seeds and volatile oils of caraway seeds and coriander fruit. 11l Yield and volatile oils of coriander fruit (Conundrum sativum L.) HÄLYÄ, S. 1, HIRVI, T.2*, MÄKINEN, S. 3 and HONKANEN, E.2 ' Dept of Horticulture, University of Helsinki, SF-00710 HELSINKI, Finland 2 VTT, Food Research Laboratory, SF-02150 ESPOO, Finland Dept of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, SF-00710 HELSINKI, Finland Abstract. Certain cultivars of coriander were tested during 1983—1985 at two locations in Finland, namely Helsinki and Kangasala. Only five cultivars were available for the trials: ‘Kultive’, ‘Hungarian’ 1 and 11, ‘Coriander’ LD and ‘Lucs’. The seeds germinated in 11—19 days and the vegetation reached a height of 36—115 centimeters by the end of the growing season. The growth period ranged from 108 to 132 days. The fruit yields ranged from 790 to 1900 kg/ha in loamy soil in Helsinki, and from 120 to 390 kg/ha in crusted silt soil in Kangasala. There were no significant differences between the yields of different cultivars in any single trial, despite the considerable annual variation. The amount of volatile oils in the fruit ranged from 0.34 to 1.49 ml/100 g and the propor- tion of the main compound, linalool, was 48.7—72.7 °/o. The small-fruited cultivars (‘Hungarian’ I and It, ‘Lucs’) had a higher oil content than those with larger fruits (‘Kultive’, ‘Coriander’ LD) but growth period of the small-fruited cultivars was too long for cultivation in the cli- made conditions of the Nordic countries. Index words: variety, oil yield, fruit yield introduction Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is not cultivated in the Nordic countries in signifi- cant amounts. Finland imports approximate- � Present address: Soil Analysis Service Ltd, Vellikellontie 4, SF-00410 HELSINKI, Finland ly 20 tonnes coriander seeds (botanically fruits) annually. There exists a growing inter- est in the cultivation of special crops such as coriander in Finland but few varieties are suit- able for growing in the northern climate. In most cases, seeds of coriander are sold without a variety name. Variety studies have been car- 169 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN FINLAND https://www.c-info.fi/en/info/?token=sRri_DIZ1WI6xiQ8.fXO8a50vCALXUakf0m7XZA.9fu4_zHgJXfrxEe96bvxqNUg0yDhltuS91tvfeRJWxFg26L4C_rrEGnHQYeMyxYZguyTHyzdMUTjpA6rwxdDTfwhkA5qSvKIUZq5atD8pAv0NnrkIjCJtbw74Yhb-ed0bgpAXnbNkRslB6b8_uZMCvGwKLaD_MO1itylXr_Zxn65gOr-2loKv71I6mF9hIFTErS1zO3nqSVL_lz4fPCEGLyUPLwKv2lJTRH4jYhKsh8 ried out for instance in the Soviet Union and India (Jukneviciene 1977, Kumar et al 1977, Peneva and Krilov 1977). The only earlier studies on coriander pro- duction in Finland were carried out almost 30 years ago (Rautavaara et al 1953) and the research in the other Nordic countries is also scarce. Knowledge on the current varieties and growing techniques was therefore needed. Certain coriander varieties were tested in 1983—1985 as part of a Herb Plant Research Project, the aim of which was to determine the feasibility of large-scale herb plant produc- tion in Finland. Materials and methods Coriander varieties were tested during 1983—1985 at two locations in Finland: Hel- sinki (60°14'N) and Kangasala (61°28'N). Only a limited number of varieties was avail- able for the trials. In 1983 the variety ‘Kul- tive’ and two cultivars from Hungary named ‘Hungarian’ I and II were tested. In the fol- lowing years ‘Coriander’ LD (Denmark) and ‘Lucs’ (Soviet Union) were also included. The field experiments were set up according to the method of randomized blocks with plots of B—lo m 2. The data was statistically ana- lysed by the analysis of variance. The means were separated by the Tukey’s test (Steel and Torrie 1980). Coriander seeds were sown at a density of 20 kg/ha. Weeds were controlled by applica- tion of linuron (20 g/a) before the germina- tion of coriander seeds. The volatile oil con- tent of the dried fruit was assayed by steam distillation (Williams 1984). The fruits were groundrapidly in a Bamix spice mill and 100 grams of ground fruit were steam distilled for four hours. After the distillation the amount of the oil was measured (to the nearest 0.01 ml) from the scale of the side tube of the dis- tillation apparatus. The results were presented in ml/100 g. The oil concentrates were ana- lysed as described previously (Hälvä et al 1986). Results and discussion Fruit yield The coriander seeds germinated in 11—19 days. Germinationof the seeds was uneven in the crusted silt soil in Kangasala compared with germination in the humous loamy soil in Helsinki. In thefirst year no plant diseases or insects were recorded whereas in the rainy summer of 1984 the fungus Cladosporium sp was iden- tified in the vegetation. Purseglove et al (1981) also reported that this fungus may harm coriander. Other plant diseases or in- sects commonly found in Europe (Heeger 1956, Nemeth et al 1969, Mathur et al 1971, Purseglove et al 1981) were not found. The vegetation reached a height of 36 115 cm by the harvest in Helsinki and 79—111 cm in Kangasala. The only variety which showed a slight tendency to be flattened down was ‘Kultive’. The growth period varied between 108 and 133 days, with degree-days between 1210 and 1228 (Table 1). The varieties ‘Hungarian’ I Table 1. The growth periods of different coriander varieties compared with ‘Kultive’ during 1983—1985 at two locations. (The ‘Hungarian’ varieties I and II (1983) did not reach full fruit ripening in Finnish conditions.) Variety Helsinki Kangasala -83 -84 -85 Mean -84 -85 Mean ‘Kultive’ 108 130 110 116 118 128 123 ‘Coriander’LD 130 110 + 4 119 128 +1 ‘Lucs’ 133 131 + 16 132 +9 Mean 123 126 170 Table 2. The amount of volatile oils (ml/100 g) in coriander fruit in 1983—85 at two locations. Volatile oils ml/100 g Variety 1983 1984 1985 Helsinki , .Helsinki Kangasala Helsinki Kangasala ‘Hungarian’ I 1.33 ‘Hungarian’ II 1.48 ‘Kultive’ 0.34 ‘Coriander’ LD 0.43 0.52 0.46 0.54 ‘Lucs’ 0.42 0.46 0.53 0.55 and 11, and ‘Lucs’ had small fruits, the weight of one thousand seeds being 2.3 —3.4 g. The growth period required by these varieties was too long for cultivation in the Nordic coun- tries: the fruit of the ‘Hungarian’ cultivars did not reach full ripeness, and the growth period of ‘Lucs’ was more than 130 days (Table 1). ‘Kultive’ and ‘Coriander’ LD had larger fruits: the weight of one thousand seeds was 4.6—8.1 g. The growth period of these varie- ties was 108—130 days. The coriander fruit yield was 790—1900 kg/ha in Helsinki but only 120—390 kg/ha in Kangasala (Fig. 1). These figures are smaller than or as large as those reported earlier (Rautavaara et ai 1953, Maghami 1979, Anon 1980). The yields varied annually al- though there were no significant differences between the varieties in any single trial. Volatile oils The amount of volatile oils in coriander fruit ranged from 0.34 to 1.49 ml/100 g (Table 2). The proportion of the main component, linalool, was 48.7—76.6 % (Table 3). The amount of volatile oils is within the figures re- ported earlier. The contents of limonene and linalool proved to be lower, and that of y- terpinene, camphor, terpineol, geranyl asetate and geraniol higher than the figures cited in literature (Furia 1975, Formacek & Kubecz- ka 1982). There is, however, prominent vari- ation in the values. The small-fruited varie- Figure I. Fruit yields of coriander varieties during 1983—85 at two locations. 171 172 Table 3. The variation in the proportional amounts of the major compounds of the volatile oils in coriander fruit in 1983—85. %Compound 48.7—76.6 7.2—16.5 I.l—- 1.9 4.8 1.2 3.9 o.o 2.1 Linalool 7-terpinene Geranyl asetate Camphor Geraniol Limonene a-terpineol ties had higher oil contents (1.2 ml/100 g) than those with larger fruits (0.4 ml/100 g). A simi- lar observation has also been reported in sev- eral studies earlier (Varenzow 1927, Althau- sen et al 1940, Kolachov 1940). The oil con- tent of the ‘Hungarian’ cultivars was particu- larly high and their smell and taste were sig- nificantly (p<0.01) stronger in comparison with ‘Kultive’ (Mäkinen et al 1986). The fact that the fruits were not fully ripe at the end of the growing season probably influenced the quantity and composition of the oil. Purse- glove et al (1981) also reported that the raw fruits of coriander are more aromatic than the ripe ones. However, the oil of raw fruit is not highly valued in Western countries. According to the results of this study there is a need to breed and introduce new coriander varieties with larger yields and higher contents of volatile oils for cultivation in the Nordic countries. Acknowledgements. We would like to express our grati- tude to the Academy of Finland and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the TIURA-foundation for financial support. References Althausen, D., Boruff, C.S., Camlin, E.R., Koenig, C.J. & Landes, K.H. 1940. Coriander. The Spice Mill 63: 8: 32—33. (Ref. Purseglove, J.W. et al. 1981). Formacek, V. & Kubeczka, K.-H. 1982. Essential oils analysis of capillary gas chromatography and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. 372 p. Bristol. Furia, T.E. & Bellanca, N. (ed). 1975.Fenaroli’s hand- book of flavor ingredients 1. 551 p, Ohio. Heeger, E.F. 1956. Handbuch des Arznei- und Gewurzphlanzenbaues,Drogenwinnung. 776 p. Leipzig. Hälvä, S., Hirvi, T., Mäkinen, S. & Honkanen, E. 1986. Yield and glucocinolate of mustard seeds and volatile oils ofcaraway seeds and coriander fruit. II Yield and volatile oils in caraway seeds (Carum carvi L.). J. Agr. Sci. Finl. 58: 163—167. Jukneviciene, G., Dagyte, S. & Stankeviciene, N. 1977. Biological properties and ethereality of some spice plants grown up at the Kaunas Botanical Garden. Lie- tuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbaj C: 3: 9—16. Kolachov, P. 1940. Domestic cultivation of coriander. The Spice Mill 63; II: 34/35. (Ref. Purseglove, J.W. et al. 1981). Kumar, C.R., Sarwar, M. & Dimri, B.P. 1977. Bul- garian coriander in India and its future prospects in ex- port trade. Ind Perfumer 21: 11: 34—35. (Ref. Purse- glove, J.W. et al. 1981). Nemeth, J., Paizs, L. & Klement, Z. 1969. The flower- stand blight and seed decay ofcoriander. Acta Phyto- path. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 4: 57—62. Maohami, P. 1979. Culture et cueillette des plantes medi- cinales. 222 p. Hachette. Mathur, S.C., Anwer, M. & Chandola, R.P. 1971. Note on screening coriander (Conundrumsativum L.) varieties against Aphid Hyadaphis coriandri (Das) Vagrants. Sci. Culture 37: 3: 162—163. Mäkinen, S., Hälvä, S., Pääkkönen, K., Huopalahti, R., Hirvi, T., Ollila, P., Nykänen, I. & Nykänen, L. 1986. Maustekasvitutkimus (SA 01/813). Loppuraport- ti. Sadon käsittely ja aistinvarainen laatu [Report on the Herb Plant Research project crop processing and sensory tested quality.]: 40—65. Purseglove, J.W., Brown, E.G., Green, C.L. & Rub- bins, S.R.J. 1981. Coriander. Spices 2: 736—813. London. Rautavaara, T., Vaarama, A. & Valle, O. 1953. Maus- tekasvien viljely Puutarhavilj. Liiton opassarja 2. 56 p. Helsinki. Steel, R.G.D. & Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles and pro- cedures of statistics, a biometrical approach. 633 p. New York. Varenzov, V.I. 1927. The mutual relation between the size of the seed and the yield of essential oil from co- riander. Trans. Sci. Chem. Inst. Moscow 17; 183 1986, (Ref. Purseglove, J.W. et al. 1981). Williams, S. (ed) 1984. Official method of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists, method no 30 021. Volatile oil in spices. 1141 p. Arlington. Ms received October 29, 1986 SELOSTUS Korianterin sato ja haihtuva öljy Häivä, S. 1 , Hirvi, T.2*, Mäkinen, S. 3 , Honkanen, E. 2 ' Helsingin yliopisto, puutarhatieteen taitos, 00710 Helsinki 2 VTT, elintarvikelaboratorio, Biologinkuja I, 02150 Espoo 3 Helsingin yliopisto, ravitsemustieteen laitos, 00710 Helsinki * Nykyinen osoite: Viljavuuspalvelu, Vellikellonlie 4, 00410 Helsinki Kun uusia tuotantovaihtoehtoja etsittäessä on kiinnos- tuttu useiden vähän viljeltyjen kasvilajien tuottamisesta, on yhtenä vaihtoehtona nähty myös maustekasvien vil- jely, Yksi maustekasvilajeista on laajamittaiseen pelto- viljelyyn sopiva korianteri, jonka viljely on ollut vähäis- tä Pohjoismaissa. Lajikkeita on saatavilla vain muuta- mia, mikä osoittaa korianterin jalostuksenvähyyttä. Ko- rianterin viljelyä on selvitetty edellisen kerran Suomessa yli 30 vuotta sitten (Rautavaara ym. 1953). Nykyisten lajikkeiden viljelykelpoisuutta ja öljypitoi- suutta pohjoisissa oloissa tutkittiin Maustekasvien tutki- musprojektin (SA 01/813) yhteydessä vuosina 1983 — 1985. Hankkeen tarkoituksena oli selvittää laajamittai- sen maustetuotannon mahdollisuuksia Suomessa. Kokeessa vertailtiin viittä korianterilajiketta tai vilje- lymuotoa kahdella koepaikalla, Helsingissä ja Kangasalla. Siemeniä kylvettiin 20 kiloa hehtaarille. Helsingissä kas- vualusta oli multavaa hietaa ja Kangasalla hiesumaata. Keskimääräinen korianterisato oli Helsingissä 790—1900 kg/ha jaKangasalla 120—390 kg/ha. Sadot vaihtelivat huomattavasti vuosittain, eri lajikkeiden välillä ei kuiten- kaan ollut merkittäviä eroja missään yksittäisessä kokees- sa. Tutkituista lajikkeista neuvostoliittolainen ‘Lucs’ ja ‘Unkarilainen’ I ja 11 ovat pienisiemenisiä (kasvitieteelli- sesti hedelmiä) lajikkeita, jotka eivät ehtineet tuleentua täysin meidän oloissamme. Suurisiemenisten lajikkeiden (‘Korianteri’ LD ja ‘Kultive’) kasvuaika oli 108—130 vuo- rokautta. Siementen eteerisen öljyn kokonaismäärä oli00.31.49 ml/100 g. Tärkeimmän yhdisteen, linalolin, pitoisuus vaihteli 48.7 ja 76.6 prosentin välillä. Pienisieraenisten la- jikkeiden ja viljelymuotojen öljypitoisuus oli korkeampi kuin suurisiemenisten. Korianterilajikkeiden jalostustanion edellisen perus- teella ilmeinen. Mikäli pohjoisilla alueilla, kuten Suomessa halutaan viljellä korianteria tarvitaan satoisia lajikkeita, joilla on runsas ja hyvälaatuinen öljy sekä lyhyt kasvu- aika. 173