Maataloustieteellinen A ikakauskirja Vol. 61: 441—450, 1989 Barley feed fractions from integrated ethanol-starch process in diets of pigs MATTI NÄSI University of Helsinki, Department of Animal Husbandry SF-00710 Helsinki, Finland Abstract. The nutritive value of feed fractions ofbarley obtained from integrated ethanol- starch production was evaluated in a feeding trial and five digestibility and balance trials with growing pigs. The products examined were barley protein, (375 g CP/kg), barley fibre (166 CP and 653 NDF), barley molasses (298 CP) and distillers solubles (333 CP); their respec- tive digestibilities for OM were 0.895, 0.633, 0.864 and 0.834 and for CP 0.910, 0.577, 0.809 and 0.851. Barley protein fortified with pure lysine gave a nitrogen balance similar to that of the isonitrogenous soybean-barley diet. In the growth trial, one third and two thirds of soy- bean meal protein were replaced with barley protein and barley was replaced with 200 g/kg barley fibre or processed fibre. There was no significant difference in performance between the control and treatment groups, the mean growth rate being 795 g/d and the feed conversion rate 2.9 FU/kg gain. Carcass quality was inferior (P<0.05) in pigs fed barley protein but higher in pigs receiving barley fibre diets. Hydrothermal or multienzyme treatments of barley fibre did not improve its feed value for growing pigs. The overall results of these experiments indi- cate that the feed fractions, rich in protein have good potential as protein supplements in pig diets. The satisfactory feed conversion when barley fibre was used as an energy source was in line with the results of the digestibility trial. Index words: Barley fractions, grain protein, digestibility, pig feeding introduction A new integrated ethanol-starch process, developed by Alko Ltd., is replacing the tradi- tional alcohol process technology in Finland (Lehmussaari and Ham 1987). Barley is used as the main raw material in this process. The starch, which constitutes about half the grain raw material, is utilized in the manufacture of alcohol and starch leaving theremaining con- stituents of the grain to be used as animal feed (Näsi 1988 a). In the integrated process the majority of the feed constituents are removed before alcohol manufacturing, thus avoiding many heating steps which impair feed quali- ty. Barley distillers feeds from the traditional ethanol process have been found to have a relatively low nutritive value for pigs, due to 441 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN FINLAND https://www.c-info.fi/en/info/?token=8NMCRC82UVBavjA4.ywBMnK95-rK5aBP_xUq-Rg.rCmeYkmDcDqQ2a2H7RYevC8fCFtGV4CpUDilF3GtdbWmIxrhgY9VhpV3TPXQp-n1eoMILfwk-U2xc0BSMAOy1cACTy_OEZvKH_X7-Kx1vijRzauJX652ZgN7KEo7wQtcN9C6o1BMeHmtemjFzsLfUXO-VW4nb_w9F-cubgk 442 their denatured protein and high fibre content (Näsi 1984 a, 1985). The integrated process also enables the fractionation of the barley feedstuffs into specific feed products which meet the needs of different animal species (Näsi 1988 a, Huhtanen et ai. 1988, 1989, Ala-Seppälä et ai. 1988). With the present technology, four different feed fractions can be obtained: barley protein, fibre, molasses and distillers solubles. A description of the process and detailed charac- terisation of the barley feed fractions were presented by Näsi (1988 a). As the supply of barley by-products from the distillery and starch industry increases, more barley feed ingredients will be available for the animal feed industry and for delivery direct to pig producers. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritive value and utilization of barley feed fractions in pig production, especially their use as protein supplements. Materials and methods Feed evaluation and nitrogen balance The evaluation of the barley fractions in pig feeding involved five digestibility and balance trials and one performance trial with growing pigs. The barley feed fractions for the present investigation were obtained from ALKO Ltd, from a pilot-scale starch ethnaol factory in Rajamäki. Details of the products and the process technology have been given by Näsi (1988 a). The treatments in the digestion trials were as follows: Expt. 1. barley replaced by 200 or 400 g/kg of barley protein, Expt. 2. barley replaced by 200 or 400 g/kg of barley fibre, Expt. 3. barley replaced by 330 g dry matter (DM)/kg of barley molasses and diet com- pared with isonitrogenous barley-soybean meal (SBM) and barley-barley protein diets, Expt. 4. barley replaced by 250 or 500 g/kg of barley distillers solubles, Experiment 5. consisted of six treatments, the diets being isonitrogenous (160 g crude protein, CP/kg) or having equal lysine levels (7.6 g/kg) with supplements of barley protein and pure ly- sine or lysine added together with methionine and threonine. The control diet was barley- SBM (870+ 130 g/kg). In one of the treat- ments, normal barley meal was replaced with hydrothermally and enzymatically processed barley meal manufactured as presented by In- borr and Ogle (1988). Expt. 1, 2 and 4 were made with four cas- trates (65—85 kg liveweight) with a switchover experimental design. Expt. 3. had a duplicate 3x3 Latin square design and Expt. 5 was designed as a 6x6 Latin square with pigs weighing 30—65 kg. Each period comprised 5 days of adjustment and 5 days of total col- lection of faeces and urine. The pigs were fed twice daily according to a restricted feeding regime and their diets were adequately forti- fied with minerals and vitamins (Salo et ai. 1982). The details of the procedure are the same as described by Näsi (1984 b) and the chemical analyses were performed as present- ed by Nasi (1988 a). The digestibilities of the ingredients were calculated with a regression equation from the quantities of each feed con- sumed and the digestion coefficients of the diet (Schneider and Flatt 1976). Performance trial The pigs used in this trial numbered 144. There were six diets: the control diet and five diets formulated with the intention of achiev- ing a similar concentrations of energy and digestible crude protein (DCP) and lysine. In two diets, one thirdand two thirds of the bar- ley protein was replaced by barley protein. In three diets, 200 g/kg of barley fibre was substituted for the barley: in one of these diets the barley fibre was processed hydro- thermally and in one it was treated hydro- thermally and enzymatically (Porzyme, Finn Sugar Ltd.; Inborr et al. 1988). Pure lysine and methionine were added to adjust the amino acid levels in the rations. The compo- sition of the feeds and their nutrient contents are given in Table 6. The pigs were assigned 443 at random to the different feeds, the varia- tions in starting weight between the groups being kept as small as possible. Four pigs were placed in each pen, the gilts and castrates being kept separate, and each diet was tested on three pens of gilts and three pens of cas- trates. The pigs were fed on a 180 g CP/kg pretest diet during 20 days. At 36 kg weight the pigs were transferred to the test diets con- taining 165 g CP/kg and were fed according the schedule of Salo et ai. (1982). The pigs were weighed every two weeks and the feed consumption was determined for each pen. The individual pigs were slaughtered at an average weight of 100 kg, at which time the carcass weight was recorded and the carcass classified. Results and discussion Composition of the barley fractions The chemical composition of the feed frac- tions from barley is presented in Table 1. The composition of the various ingredients was similar to that in the previous experiments (Nasi 1988 a, Ala-Seppälä et ai. 1988 and Huhtanen et ai. 1988, 1989). The barley fractions mainly deviated from the raw ma- terial in their contents of protein and fibre. Barley protein, molasses and distillers solubles contain protein 300—380 g/kg DM, which is three times as high as in the barley grain. They also have a low fibre content, but twice as high fat content as the original material. Barley fibre, obtained by sieving grain slur- ry, contains mainly barley kernel cell wall ma- terial. The hemicellulosecontent is high, but little lignified fibre remains. The product con- tains 150—170 g protein and 100—150 g/kg starch. The amino acid content of the barley feed fractions is almost the same as in the bar- ley grain. The contents of lysine and sulphur containing amino acids is slightly higher in barley molasses than in the other feed frac- tions and lower in distillers solubles. Digestibility and feed values All the barley feed fractions seemed to be palatable to pigs even at the higher levels of inclusion. Barley fibre was an exception when its proportion of the total feed intake was high, 400 g/kg of the diet. The digestibilities of barley protein, molasses and distillers solu- bles were high, 0.83 —0.90 for organic matter (OM) and 0.81 —0.91 for CP, but the values for barley fibre were rather poor, 0.63 for Table 1. Chemical composition of feed fractions from integrated starch-ethanol process and other experimental feeds used in the experiments. Composition Barley Barley Barley Distill Barley Soybean g/kg protein fibre molasses solubles meal meal Dry matter 958 959 324 948 875 857 Ash, in DM 38 37 183 165 30 62 Crude protein 375 166 298 333 133 508 Ether extract 59 65 47 67 34 16 Crude fibre 23 148 34 72 66 NFE 506 584 472 402 730 349 NDF 30 653 . 53 172 111 ADF 30 168 10 41 57 ADL 06 21 17 10 g/kg protein Lysine 32 34 44 24 35 59 Methionine 18 16 21 14 20 19 Cystine 22 27 28 17 27 15 Threonine 34 35 41 32 33 38 Available lysine 31 33 38 23 34 56 OM and 0.58 for CP (Table 2). Barley pro- tein consists of storage protein of the grain endosperm and its starch content is usually 150—300g/kg, but its cell wall content is very low and its constituents are thus highly digest- ible (Näsi 1988 a). Correspondingly, Knaebe et al. (1989) have shown high ileal (0.88) and faecal (0.92) protein digestibilities of corn glu- ten feed (590 g/kg CP and 20 g/kg CF), and thebarley protein fraction (256 g/kg CP) ob- tained by finely grinding and air-classifying showed 0.75 apparent and 0.92 true protein digestibility (Bell et al. 1983). Barley molasses and distillers solubles con- sist of the soluble cereal material. Evapora- tion was used to increase the dry matter con- tent of these products and, in spite of their high contents of soluble protein and carbohy- drates, the dehydration treatment did not re- duce the nutrient digestibilities, as was the case with barley distillers grain with solubles (Näsi 1984a, 1985). Similarly, the values for grain distillery spent wash (296 g CP and 41 g/kg CF) in pigs were 0.87 for OM and 0.73 for CP (Peers et al. 1978). Since barley fibre is mainly composed of cell wall constituents, its digestibility in pigs is low, due to the limited capacity of their lower digestive tract. Longland et al. (1988) and Graham et al. (1986, 1988) have, how- ever, shown that substantial quantities of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) can be fer- mented in the small intestine of pigs. The na- ture of the NSP affects digestion; those of vegetable origin and P-glucans are highly fer- mentable, but the digestibility of, for exam- ple, wheat bran is rather low (Fadel et al. 1988, Graham et al. 1988, Longland et al. 1988). The endosperm cell walls of barley con- sist mostly of P-glucan and arabinoxylans (Fincher 1975, Äman et al. 1988). Dietary fibre (neutral detergent fibre, NDF) is most efficiently digested in pigs consuming grain- soybean meal diets containing up to 100— 130 g/kg NDF, but in diets containing more than 150g/kg NDF the digestibility of the ad- ditional fibre is minimal and NDF appears to depress the digestibility of other dietary energy components (Cromwell and Stahly 1986). This was also seen in the present diets at the barley fibre inclusion levels of 200 and 400 g/ kg, when the NDF contents of the diets were 268 and 363 g/kg; the diet OM digestibilities were, respectively, 0.83 and 0.78, and the cor- responding CP values were 0.82 and 0.77. Multienzyme treatment (Diet 6) did not im- prove the digestibility of any of the diet nutrients (P>0.05), compared with the unsup- plemented diets 2, 3 and 4 in Expt. 5. En- zymatic processing did not increase the nutri- tive value of barley fibre in the growth trial either (Table 7). This agrees with the obser- Table 2. Digestibility of nutrients and calculated feed values of barley fractions fed to growing pigs. Barley fraction Protein Protein Fibre Molasses Distill. Expt. 1 Expt. 5 solubles Digestibility Org. matter 0.892 0.898 0.633 0.864 0.834 Crude protein 0.897 0.914 0.577 0.809 0.851 Ether extract 0.634 0.674 0.163 0.756 0.740 Crude fibre 0.192 0.245 0.498 0.355 NFE 0.928 0.941 0.741 0.946 0.876 Feed values FU/kg DM 1.13 1.16 0.80 1.01 0.95 kg/FU 0.92 0.92 1.30 3.06 1.11 DCP, g/kg 335 343 96 241 283 DCP g/FU 297 295 119 239 298 ME, MJ/kg DM 16.82 17.09 11.13 14.17 14.19 NE, MJ/kg DM 10.74 10.94 6.47 8.75 8.76 NE, FU/kg DM 1.39 1.42 0.84 1.13 1.13 444 vations of Inborr et al. (1988), who did not find differences in nutrient digestibilities be- tween enzymatically treated barley and nor- mal barley. Nasi (1988 a) showed that en- zymatic processing increased the OM and CP digestibility of SBM but not in the case of rapeseed meal. Graham et al. (1988) conclud- ed that supplementation with appropriate en- zymes can lead to a partial degradation of en- dosperm cell walls in feeds, thus increasing the proportion of the diet digested in the small in- testine. Barley protein had a high energy value, 1.15 FU and 17.0 MJ ME / kg DM, owing to its low cell wall contents and high nutrient diges- tibilities. Barley molasses and distillers solu- bles had slightly lower values, 0.95—1.01 FU and 14.2 MJ ME / kg DM, due to their rather high ash content (16.5—18.3 % in DM). Bar- ley fibre had a low FU value, 0.80 and 11.1 MJ ME / kg DM. Edwards et al. (1985) reported that maize gluten feed contained 11.7 MJ ME / kg. The digestible protein con- centrations expressed per FU were high, 240— 300 g, for barley protein, molasses and dis- tillers solubles. Protein utilization Data on the nitrogen balance and protein utilization are presented in Tables 3—5. In Expt. I—4, the protein contents of the diets varied and thus comparisons between treat- ments are difficult. A higher protein supply Table 3. Nitrogen balance and protein utilization in pigs fed diets containing various barley fractions. Table 4. Nitrogen balance and protein utilization in pigs fed diets containing various barley fractions. Experiment 3. Expt. 1 Expt. 2 Expt. 4 Barley fraction Barley protein Barley fibre Distill, solubles Level in diet, g/kg 200 400 200 400 250 500 N intake, g/d 61.6 84.6 54.2 45.3 62.4 85.0 N excreted in faeces 10.3 11.7 10.0 10.5 15.7 18.2 N absorbed 51.3 72.9 44.2 34.8 46.7 66.7 Apparent digestibil. 0.84 0.85 0.82 0.77 0.75 0.78 N excreted in urine 33.1 48.1 30.3 27.4 29.0 30.2 N retained, g/d 18.2 24.9 14.0 7.4 17.7 36.5 of intake 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.17 0.27 0.43 of absorption 0.35 0.34 0.30 0.22 0.37 0.54 g/kg Wo7 ’ 0.62 0.85 0.53 0.29 0.88 1.78 Biological value 44.9 40.9 39.9 33.9 44.6 59.3 Supplement Contr. Barley Barley SEM Level of Level in diet, SBM molass. protein signif g DM/kg 120 330 170 N intake, g/d 51.8 58.6 53.0 1.23 * N excreted in faeces 8.6 10.4 7.4 15.7 * N absorbed 43.3 48.2 45.7 46.7 NS Apparent digestibil. 0.832 0.820 0.863 0.014 NS N excreted in urine 20.5 20.0 21.6 1.09 NS N retained, g/d 22.8 28.2 24.1 1.92 NS of intake 0.44 0.48 0.45 0.027 NS of absorption 0.53 0.58 0.52 0.026 NS g/kgW075 1.14 1.41 1.19 0.092 NS Urea excretion, g/d 23.6 20.6 23.9 2.07 NS g/kg W°- 7! 1.20 1.03 1.22 0.106 NS Biological value 59.9 64.4 58.9 5.37 NS SEM =standard error of the means; significance: NS (non-significant), * P(<0.05), ** (P<0.01) 445 446 Table 5. Nitrogen balance and protein utilization in pigs fed diets with different contents of barley protein. Ex- periment 5. Diet no 1 2 3 4 5 6 SEM Level of Level in diet, g/kg 130 174 174 174 428 174 signif. Crude protein, g/kg 160 160 160 160 222 160 Lysine, g/kg 7.6 5.8 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 N intake, g/d 50.0 52.4 54.3 53.0 72.5 53.5 1.07 •• N excreted in faeces 10.2 9,7 10.2 10.7 10.0 10.0 0.44 NS N absorbed 39.8 42.7 44.1 42.4 62.6 43.4 0.90 •» Apparent digestibil. 0.793 0.814 0.811 0.798 0.861 0.810 0.008 •* N excreted in urine 19,1 24.9 22.3 23.7 38.1 21.2 1.10 ** N retained, g/d 20.7 17.8 21.8 18.7 24.5 22.2 1.05 ** of intake 0.41 0.34 0.41 0.35 0.34 0.42 0.019 NS of absorption 0.52 0.41 0.50 0.44 0.40 0.52 0.021 •* -g/kg W 0 . 1.12 0.97 1.18 1.01 1.32 1,23 0.06 •» Urea excreted, g/d 44.5 62.1 48.2 50.0 88.2 52.6 4.20 *• g/kg W 075 2.3 3.4 2.5 2.7 4.8 2.9 0.25 »» Biological value 59.4 48.8 56.9 51.8 45.0 58.3 1.92 Daily gain, g/d 775 653 758 762 801 738 13.1 SEM =standard error of the means; significance: NS (non-significant), * P(<0.05), ** (PcO.Ol) Table 6. Components and composition of the experimental diets fed to growing pigs. Diet no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Supplement CONT BP 1/3 BP2/3 BF 200 BF 200 BF 200 Proc. Proc + Enz. Ingredients, g/kg Barley 670 649 627 505 505 505 Oats 50 50 50 50 50 50 Molasses 20 20 20 20 20 20 Soybean meal 202 138 75 157 157 157 Barley protein 89 178 Barley fibre 200 200 200 Fat mixture 15 10 6 25 25 25 Dicalcium phosphate 22 22 18 22 22 22 Calcium carbonate 5 5 8 5 5 5 Sodium chloride 3 3 3 3 3 3 L-lysine 1.2 2.0 2.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 DL-methionine 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 Min. Vit. premix. 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 Serla Bondex 10 10 10 10 10 10 Calculated nutrients: Dry matter, g/kg 877 882 888 896 896 896 Dig. crude protein 141 142 143 135 135 135 NDF 150 143 135 234 234 234 FU/kg feed 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.96 Lysine, g/kg 9.4 9.4 9.3 8.9 8.9 8.9 Meth. + Cyst. 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.1 6.1 6.1 Ca 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 P 7.5 7.7 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 Analysed composition, g/kg DM Dry matter 863 872 871 886 878 889 Ash 65 61 59 63 59 59 Crude protein 185 189 187 188 188 192 Ether extract 42 39 40 55 55 53 Crude fibre 67 57 59 79 79 69 N F E 641 654 615 619 619 627 promoted nitrogen retention in Expt. 1 and 3. Barley molasses as protein supplement tended to give a higher nitrogen balance than the con- trol barley-SBM (P>0.05). Barley molasses had a favourable amino acid composition compared with the other barley fractions. Ly- sine supplementation, to give the same level in the barley protein diet as in the control diet based on barley-SBM, gave a higher nitrogen balance than in the control (21.8 vs 20.7 g/d) and a significantly (PcO.Ol) higher balance than in the isonitrogenous barley protein barley diet (Table 5). Further supplementation with methionine and threoninedid not evoke any response. The barley protein barley diet formulated to have the same lysine level as the control barley-SBM diet had a significantly (P<0.01) higher nitrogen balance than the control one. Urinary urea excretion also in- dicated fairly good protein utilization in Expt. 5, but, diet 6 deviated statistically significantly (PcO.Ol) from the others. The storage pro- teins of barley endosperm are mainly hordeins and glutelins, which are rich in proline and glutamic acid, but low in essential amino acids, such as lysine (Bach Knudsen 1982). The quality of barley protein can thus be improved by amino acid supplementation. Table 7. Performance of pigs on diets supplemented with barley protein or barley fibre. 1 Linear effect of barley protein SEM =standard error of the means; significance: NS (non-significant), * P(<0.05), (PcO.Ol) Diet no 12 3 SEM Statistical significance Supplement CONT BP 1/3 BP2/3 of effect 1 Protein Sex No. of pigs in expt. 24 24 23 Weight at start I, kg 23.1 23.1 23.0 0.38 NS NS Weight at start 11, kg 36.2 36.3 35.6 0.58 NS NS Final liveweight, kg 104.5 105.0 106.4 1.29 NS NS Days on test I 20 20 20 Days on test II 84.3 84.6 84.0 1.52 NS � Daily gain, g I 656 658 633 19.9 NS NS Daily gain, g II 817 818 848 20.8 NS * Daily gain, g 786 787 806 20.9 NS NS Feed intake, kg/d 2.18 2.24 2.22 0.026 NS ** FU/gain, II 3.06 3.14 3.00 0.057 NS NS FU/gain 2.85 2.91 2.82 0.047 NS NS Dressing % 73.1 73.2 72.8 0.36 NS ** Carcass points 3.91 3.46 3.43 0.147 * Diet no 4 5 6 SEM Statistical significance Supplement, g/kg BF 200 BF 200 BF 200 of effect Proc. Proc + Enz. TT “ “ Fibre Proc. Sex No. of pigs in expt. 24 24 24 Weight at start 1, kg 23.1 23.1 23.1 0.35 NS NS NS. Weight at start 11, kg 35.6 36.1 36.2 0.59 NS NS NS Final liveweight, kg 105 102.2 104.2 1.16 NS NS NS Days on test I 20 20 20 Days on test II 83.7 80.8 81.8 1.54 NS NS • Daily gain, g 1 644 650 651 21.7 NS NS NS Daily gain, g II 830 826 840 22.4 NS NS • Daily gain, g 793 791 800 18.2 NS NS NS Feed intake, kg/d 2.22 2.23 2.26 0.037 NS NS *� FU/gain, II 3.12 3.16 3.20 0.092 NS NS NS FU/gain 2.91 2.95 2.96 0.077 NS NS NS' Dressing % 72.3 70.6 71.4 0.43 •* * NS Carcass points 3.46 3.88 3.83 0.147 » » »« 447 The water-soluble proteins in barley molasses are higher in lysine and other amino acids (Briggs 1978). Performance of pigs fed barley fractions The average daily gain in the experiment was 0.79 kg and the feed conversion was 2.9 FU/kg gain. There were no statistically sig- nificant differences in performance between the control group and the animals given barley protein or barley replaced by barley fibre (Ta- ble 7). Gilts had a lower daily gain than cas- trates, 804 vs. 853 g/d (P<0.05). The dress- ing percentage was significantly (P<0.01) higher in gilts receiving barley protein than in the controls (73.8 vs 72.3), but lower in the pigs fed on barley fibre (PcO.Ol). The processing of the barley fibre decreased the dressing percentage still further (P<0.05). The differences probably indicate variability in the gut fill. The carcass quality assessed on side fat thickness (points s—l)5 —1) was sig- nificantly lower (P<0.05) in pigs fed on bar- ley protein than in the control group, but significantly higher in the animals fed on bar- ley fibre (P<0.05). Pigs fed on processed bar- ley fibre also showed improved carcass quality (P<0.05). Correspondingly, Edwards et al. (1985) found that carcass backfat thickness was reduced with increasing maize gluten feed. It appeared from these performance data that barley protein fortified with lysine could be substituted for a major proportion of the protein of SBM, over 0.50, in barley-soy bean pig diets, without an adverse effect on pro- duction. This is in agreement with the nitro- gen balance experiments (Expt. 3 and 5). The present observations are in line with the results showing that a considerable saving of soybean meal was achieved with the use of high-protein barleys in diets for growing pigs (Thomke et al. 1978, Newman et al. 1978). Distillery spent wash at a level of 540 g/kg diet DM has given a similar performance in pigs to that obtained with an equal nutrient supply from a barley-soybean diet (Peers et al. 1978). A slightly poorer carcass quality in pigs fed barley protein may indicate some deficiency in the protein quality, although the lysine con- tents were the same. This is not, however, sup- ported by the results of the nitrogen balance trial, in which supplementation with methio- nineand threoninegave no improvement. An explanation of the slightly greater side fat thickness could be that the energy value of barley protein is higher than that based on the digestible nutrients, since the feed conversion was equal. An equivalent performance was achieved with the test animals when 200 g/kg of bar- ley was replaced by barley fibre. This is in agreement with the results of Edwards et al. (1985), which showed that maize gluten feed at inclusion rates of up to 300 g/kg did not influence pig performance or carcass charac- teristics adversely. Similar results were ob- tained by Yen et al. (1971) when substituting corn gluten feed as an energy source. How- ever, increasing levels of gluten feed also in- creased the levels of linoleic acid, which indi- cated that progressively softer fat would be produced (Edwards et al. 1985). Erickson et al. (1985) reported depressed gains and feed efficiency when pigs were fed diets in which maize was replaced with more than 200 g/kg wheat middlings, rather similar in composi- tion to the present barley fibre. Cromwell and Stahly (1986) reported that diets containing 100—200 g/kg dried dis- tillers grains with solubles were utilized fairly efficiently by growing pigs, whereas diets con- taining 300 or 400 g/kg DDGS resulted in depressed feed efficiency. They concluded that dietary levels of NDF exceeding 150 g/kg had an adverse effect on the digestibility of fibre and other dietary components. In the present experiment, the diets with barley fibre had NDF 234 g/kg and the control diet 150 g/kg. The feed conversion in pigs on diets contain- ing barley fibre was equal to that in the con- trol group, which indicates that the energy value for barley fibre obtained in the diges- tion trial was valid. Flydrothermal or multien- zyme treatments of barley fibre did not im- prove its feed value for growing pigs. The 448 fibre polysaccharides of barley fibre are prob- with pigs have shown only small and often in- ably degraded during the manufacturing, so significant increases in growth rate on addi- that no further improvement could be seen af- tion of enzyme (Näsi 1988 b, Inborr and ter the present treatments. Other feeding trials Ogle 1988). References Ala-SeppAlä, H., Huhtanen, P. & Näsi, M. 1988. Silage intake and milk production in cows given barley or barley fibre with or without dried distillers solubles. J. Agric. Sci. Finl. 60: 723—733. Bach Knudsen, K.E. 1982. The nutritive value of botan- ically defined mill fractions of barley. 1. The protein value of husk and endosperm of Bomi and high-lysine variety M-1508. Z. Tierphysiol., Tierernähr. u. Fut- termittelk. 48: 90—104. Bell, J.M., Shires, A. & Keith, M.O. 1983. 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Ms received May 10, 1989 SELOSTUS Integroidusta alkoholi-tärkkelystuotannosta saatavat ohrarehujakeet lihasikojen rehuna Matti Näsi Helsingin yliopisto, kotieläintieteen laitos Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin yhdistetystä alkoholi- ja tärk- kelystuotannosta saatavien ohrarehujakeiden rehuarvoa ja käyttömahdollisuuksia lihasikojen ruokinnassa. Tut- kittavina rehuina olivat ohravalkuaisrehu (375 g/kg raa- kavalkuaista RV), ohrarehu (166 g/kg RV ja 653 g NDF), ohramelassi (298 g/kg RV) jakuivattu ohratärkkelysrakki (333 g/kg RV). Ohrarehujakeiden ravintoaineiden sulavuutta ja val- kuaisen hyväksikäyttöä tutkittiin viidessä sikojen sula- vuus- ja typpitasekokeessa, Ohravalkuaisen, -melassin ja -tärkkelysrankin sulavuudet olivat korkeita, orgaaninen aine (OA)00.80.893—0.89 ja RV 0.81—0.91. Ohrarehu sitä- vastoin suli huonommin, OA 0.63 jaRV 0.57, korkeasta kuitupitoisuudesta johtuen. Ohravalkuaisrehun rehuyk- sikköarvoksi saatiin 1.15/kgKA sekä -melassin ja tärk- kelysrankin vähän alemmat arvot johtuen niiden kor- keahkosta tuhkapitoisuudesta((0.91.01). Ohrarehun energia-arvo oli edellisiä alempi, 0.80 RY/kg KA. Ohravalkuainen täydennettynäpuhtaalla lysiinillä vas- tasi typpitaseen perusteella ohrajauhodieetissä soijaval- kuaistäydennystä. Metioniini ja treoniinitäydennys ei pa- rantanut typen pidättymistä. Lihasikojen tuotantokojceessa käytetystä soijavalkuai- sesta korvattiin ohravalkuaisella 0.33 tai 0.67. Samoin oh- rasta korvattiin 200 g/kg ohrarehulla tai prosessoidulla ohrarehulla. Rehuseosten aminohappotasot ja energiavä- kevyys pidettiin samoina. Ohravalkuaisryhmät ja ohra- rehuryhmät kasvoivat yhtä hyvin kuin vertailuryhmä (kes- kimäärin 795 g/d) ja rehunkäyttö lisäkasvukiloa kohti oli yhtä tehokasta (2.9 RY/kg lisäkasvua). Prosessointi ei pa- rantanut ohrarehun rehuarvoa. Ohravalkuaista saaneil- la ryhmillä sikojen teurasluokitus oli vähän heikompi kuin vertailuryhmällä. Yhteenvetona tuloksista voidaan esittää, että ohra- rehujakeet ovat sopivia käytettäväksi sikojen ruokinnassa. Ohravalkuaisella pystyttiin korvaamaan huomattava osa soijarouhettakun rehuseosta täydennettiinpuhtaalla ly- siinillä. Ohrarehu vastasi tuotantotulosten perusteella su- lavuuskokeessa saatua rehuarvoa. 450