Voi 611997): 295-303.

Effects of variety, soil type and
nitrogen fertilizer supply on the nutritive value

of barley for growing pigs
Jarmo Valaja

Agricultural Research Centre ofFinland, Swine Research Station, Tervamäentie 179, FIN-05840 Hyvinkää, Finland.
Current address: Agricultural Research Centre ofFinland, Institute ofAnimalProduction, FIN-31600 Jokioinen,

Finland, e-mail: Jarmo, valaja @mtt.fi
Kaija Suomi, Timo Alaviuhkola

Agricultural Research Centre ofFinland, Swine Research Station, Tervamäentie 179, FIN-05840 Hyvinkää, Finland

Timo Mela
Agricultural Research Centre ofFinland. Institute ofCrop and Soil Science, FIN-31600, Jokioinen, Finland

The effects of variety, soil type and nitrogen (N) fertilizer supply on the nutritive value of barley
were studied with chemical analysis, in vitro digestibility and a growth experiment on 240 growing/
finishing pigs (live-weight 25-95 kg). Twelve barley batches were formed from three varieties (two-
rowed Kustaa and six-rowed Arra and Pokko) grown on mould or clay soil and fertilized with either
a low or normal level of N (43 or 71 kg N/ha to mould soil and 76.5 or 110 kg N/ha to clay soil). In
the growth experiment all the diets contained similar amounts of barley and soya bean meal
(845/120 g/kg).

Variety Arra contained 21 g/kg more CP than did Pokko or Kustaa. The N fertilizer supply slightly
increased the CP content of the barley samples (133 vs. 141 g/kg) but decreased the amount of lysine
in the protein (31 vs. 29 g/ 160g N). Regression equation showed that CP and (i-glucan were positive-
ly and neutral detergen fibre content negatively related to the in vitro digestibility of N in barley
samples. The content of CP and the in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and N were highest in var.
Arra. The daily gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the pigs on Arra-based diets was better than
that of those on Kustaa or Pokko (P<0.05). A higher N fertilizer supply increased slightly the CP
content of barley and improved the FCR and carcass quality of the pigs (P<0.05). Soil type had only
minor effects on the nutritive value ofbarley. It is concluded that, of the factors studied, variety has
the greatest effect on the nutritive value of barley.

Key words: daily weight gain, dry matter, feed conversion ratio, fibre, in vitro digestibility, protein

© Agricultural and Food Science in Finland
Manuscript received January 1997

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND

https://www.c-info.fi/en/info/?token=-lKRZZIobRjXnNoZ._p2HWeho1ErrtSEwZ1OOcQ._Oy7GYxEYDyMjrQxbepRLjGPXljgdbeBl6CprbvshBb_JU49tVWo2abKQ1jcvynBPvt2f7JSvVap1kxfklYPoQWlq5ubMx3K5nbFIcrzELZb1b9r2Z8Uiveyd-AmAoduCiqv9j4FJEvCKNVVQh2MmzNMG7x7ABU8euN4wwIAhr3aaoy3kSP7zADfjlMbKT3j5wSl7urI1SU4lPPiWNdeRhjI-xgFxYzckSsxf6qHADnzSxb87vQ4wR5Dahk-tbWwV9wtRqp5iyUS_ywxU9Ae96iHRdJ2u29q_AG3IfbgX-sM5Y1BhxRmo5Inm0M


Valaja, J. et al. Effects ofvariety, soil type andfertilizer supply on the nutritive value ofbarley

Introduction
Barley is the most commonly grown cereal crop
in Finland and is mainly used as pig feed. It pro-
vides most of the energy and also about half of
the protein in pig diets. However, the quality of
barley protein is not optimal for pigs since the
content ofessential amino acids, lysine and thre-
onine in particular, is very low. The main com-
ponent affecting the utilization of the nutrients
in barley is fibre (Taverner and Farrell 1981,
Jacyno 1995). An increased fibre content lowers
the energy content and can also impair the di-
gestibility of protein and amino acids (Taverner
and Farrell 1981, Bach Knudsen and Eggum
1984).

Many factors, most notably climate, soil,
variety and fertilizer, can influence the grain
yield, composition and nutritive value of bar-
ley. Earlier experiments revealed differences
between barley varieties in digestibility and
utilization by pigs (Just et al. 1983a, b). Fuller
et al. (1989) found higher apparent ileal ami-
no acid digestibilities in high protein than in
low protein barley varieties. Nitrogen (N) fer-
tilizer has increased the crude protein content
of grain but lowered the lysine content in the
protein (Thomke 1970, 1976). In some experi-
ments soil type and cultivation location have
also caused variations in the nutritive value of
barley (Just et al. 1983b, Thomke 1972). The
effects of all three factors on the nutritive val-
ue have, however, only rarely been studied in
the same experiment (Just et al. 1983a, b).
Knowledge of differences in the protein and
energy value of barley may improve the accu-
racy of diet formulation and possibly also af-
fect the amount of supplementary protein con-
centrates needed in pig diets.

The objective of the present experiment was
to investigate the effects of variety, N fertilizer
supply and soil type on the nutritive value of
barley for growing pigs. The nutritive value of
barley samples was assessed by their in vitro di-
gestibility and the growth performance of the
pigs. Some observations of the utilization of the

protein by pigs related to N intake were also
made.

Material and methods

Barley batches
Three barley varieties, the two-rowed variety
Kustaa and the six-rowed varietiesArra and Rok-
ko, were chosen for the experiment. They were
grown on either mould or clay soil. N fertilizer
was applied at two levels to both soil types; 43
or 71 kg N/ha to mould soil and 76.5 or 110 kg
N/ha to clay soil, to represent a low or normal
level of N supply for each soil type. Twelve bar-
ley batches were produced at the Institute ofCrop
and Soil Science of the Agricultural Research
Centre in Jokioinen, southern Finland (60°49’N
and 23°30’E), in growing season 1990.

Animals, diets and experimental
procedure

A performance trial was conducted on 240 York-
shire and Landrace pigs. The pigs, with an aver-
age weight of 25.0 kg (SE 0.33), were assigned
by sex, weight and litter origin to one of 12 treat-
ments based on the 12barley batches. Two pigs
were placed in each pen, gilts and castrates be-
ing kept apart. Each diet was tested on five pens
ofgilts and five pens of castrates. The treatments
were arranged 3X2X2 factorially to test the
effects of variety, N fertilizer supply and soil type.

Each barley (845 g/kg) was supplement-
ed with a constant level of soya bean meal
(120 g/kg) and mineral and vitamin mixture
(35 g/kg).The barleys were ground in a hammer
mill to pass a 3.5- mm mesh. The protein and
amino acid supply of the pigs varied owing to
the variation in the protein and amino acid con-
tent of the barley batches. The digestible crude
protein (CP) and lysine contents in the diets

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Vol. 6 (1997): 295-303.

ranged from 121 to 144 g/kg and from 5.2 to
5.5 g/kg, respectively. The protein and lysine
contents in the diets were kept below the level
recommended in the nutritional requirements
(Salo et al. 1990) in order to maximizethe amount
of barley in the diets and to reveal differences in
the quality of protein in barley for pigs.

The pigs were housed in partially slatted,
concrete-floored pens providing free access to
water. They were weighed at 2-week intervals,
and their feed consumption was determined dai-
ly pen by pen. The pigs were fed twice a day on
a restricted scale in relation to age (1.4 to 2.9 kg/
pig/day); the daily allowance was increased by
0.2 kg/week at the beginning, and by 0.1 kg/week
after the eighth experimental week. Before feed-
ing the diets were mixed with water. The pigs
were slaughtered when they reached a weight of
95 kg, and their carcass weight was recorded 24 h
after slaughter. The carcass quality of the pigs
was determined as described by Valaja et al.
(1993).

Chemical analyses
A standard feed analysis was conducted on the
barley samples and soya bean meal (AOAC
1984). The dry matter (DM) of the feeds and in
vitro residues was determined after 24 h at
105°C. The DM content of the diets was deter-
mined at 2-week intervals. The CP content of
the feeds and in vitro residues were analysed as
6.25 * Kjeldahl N. Ether extract (EE) was ana-
lysed after acid hydrolysis. The amino acids of
the barley samples and soya bean meal were de-
termined by gas chromatography after hydroly-
sis with 6 N HCI at 110°C for 20 h (Näsi and
Huida 1982). The barley samples were also ana-
lysed for neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content
by the method of Robertson and Van Soest
(1981), for total dietary fibre content by the
method of Asp et al. (1983) and for (3-glucans
content by the method of McClear and Glennie-
Holmes (1985). In vitro assay was performed on
the barley samples by the method ofBoisen and
Fernandez (1991), a two-step procedure compris-

ing a 6-hour incubation in pepsine solution fol-
lowed by an 18-hour incubation in pancreatin
solution. Instead ofcontinuous magnetic stirring,
handmixing every half-hour was used during the
first incubation step.

Calculations and statistical analysis
The net energy content and feed unit values of
the barley samples were calculated with theFinn-
ish energy evaluation system for pigs (Tuori et
al. 1995) using constant digestibility coefficients.
The data were analysed by the GLM procedure
of SAS (1985). The four-way analysis of vari-
ance model used to analyse the data was:

Y..., =ii+V. + S. +N.+ SE + VS, +VN,ijklmn • j k I m jk jl

+ SN kl +e,

where Y.jk|mn is the dependent variable, pis
the overall mean, V. is the effect of variety, S. is
the effect of soil type and Nk is the effect of N
fertilizer; VS.., VN, and SR, are the interactions’ jk’ jl kl
between the factors; and SE is the effect ofsex.m
e is a normal distributed random variable. The
N fertilizer supply was pooled to two levels, low
and normal, for the statistical analysis as it was
assumed that the total available N from soil and
fertilizer was approximately the same in both
soils. The difference between variety means was
tested with Tukey’s test. The relations between
in vitro digestibilities and chemical constituents
were calculated by linear regression equations.
In all analyses the data on one pen were treated
as an experimental unit.

Results

Chemical composition and in vitro
digestibility

The CP and lysine contents of the barley batches
ranged from 120to 161 g/kg DM and from 27 to

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Valaja, J. et al. Ejfects of variety, soil type andfertilizer supply on the nutritive value ofbarley

35 g/160 g N, respectively (Table 1). Arra con-
tained, on average, 21 g/kg more CP than did
Pokko or Kustaa. The lysine content in the pro-
tein was fairly similar in all varieties, whereas
the lysine content in DM was highest in Arra (4.0,
4.3 and 4.0 g/kg DM in Kustaa, Arra and Pokko,
respectively). Pokko contained slightly less P-
glucans than did Kustaa or Arra. The N fertiliz-
er supply slightly increased the CP content of
the barley samples (133 vs. 141 g/kg) but con-
comitantly decreased the amount of lysine in the
protein (31 vs. 29 g/!6og N).

The in vitro digestibility of DM and N in bar-
ley batches ranged from 65.9% to 71.9% and
from 85.1 % to 88.6%, respectively, the variation
being higher in DM digestibility. The mean di-
gestibility of DM in Kustaa, Arra and Pokko was
67.3%, 71.0% and 69.8%, respectively, being
highest in Arra. The mean digestibility of N in

Kustaa, Arra and Pokko was 87.3%, 88.1% and
85.9%, being also highest in Arra (Table 1). The
following regression equation was calculated for
the in vitro digestibility of N (Y) as dependent
and the CP, NDF and (i-glucan contents as inde-
pendent variables:
Y = 86.38 (SE 3.784) + 0.49 (SE 0.093) X CP

-0.40 (SE 0.117) X NDF +0.76 (SE 0.332)
X p-glucan (P<0.001; r2 =0.91).

No such equation could be calculated for the
in vitro digestibility of DM.

Performance and carcass quality
of the pigs

The performance results are presented as the
main factors in Tables 2 and 3 since the interac-

Table 1. Chemical composition of barley batches (g/kg DM)

Variety Kustaa Aira Pokko

Soil type Mould Clay Mould Clay Mould Clay
N supply, kg/ha 43 71 76.5 110 43 71 76.5 110 43 71 76.5 110

Dry matter, g/kg 881 884 903 858 882 886 883 885 883 885 906 894
Crude protein 134 137 122 127 148 149 147 161 127 140 120 132
Etherextract 13 18 17 18 22 18 23 25 21 22 21 22
Crude fibre 55 54 54 53 58 51 49 51 53 58 53 52
Nitrogen free extract 777 769 782 777 749 759 753 737 776 757 782 769
Ash 22 21 25 24 23 23 27 26 22 23 24 25
NDF 212 220 225 235 237 217 207 227 237 241 233 231
Total dietary fibre 212 225 234 235 244 233 226 209 226 221 224 224
(3-glucans 42 43 48 43 42 44 42 43 35 38 36 37
Amino acids, g/160 g N

Lysine 32 28 31 32 31 29 29 27 35 28 31 31
Threonine 27 28 31 31 28 30 31 29 33 33 33 32
Methionine 12 11 14 14 13 14 12 12 12 15 13 13
Histidine 19 21 31 24 20 18 22 25 24 20 27 30
Leucine 53 53 53 55 54 54 55 54 55 55 57 57
Isoleucine 25 25 28 27 25 26 26 25 25 26 27 27
Phenylalanine 41 40 41 42 37 39 40 41 40 40 39 40
Arginine 40 41 44 43 41 44 43 41 46 45 44 45
Valine 37 37 38 39 37 37 38 36 37 38 40 39

hi vitro digestibility, %

DM 68.1 68.8 65.9 66.6 70.4 70.8 71.9 71.1 69.1 70.6 68.9 70.8
N 87.7 87.9 86.7 86.8 87.6 88.1 88.6 88.0 85.7 86.5 85.1 86.5

NDF=neutral detergent fibre. V=variety, S=soil type, N=nitrogen supply.

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tions were insignificant. The pigs on diets com-
posed ofArra grewfaster than did those on diets
composed of Kustaa (P<0.05); the growth rate
of pigs on diets composed of Pokko was inter-
mediate. The pigs on Arra-based diets consumed
less feed as DM than did the pigs on Kustaa-
based diets (P<0.05). However, the N intake of
the pigs on Arra-based diets was the highest
among the varieties (P<0.05). The feed conver-
sion ratio (FCR) of the pigs on diets composed
of Arra was better than that of the pigs on diets
composed ofKustaa or Pokko (P<0.05). A high-
er N fertilizer supply ofbarley improved theFCR
of the pigs (P<0.01), but also increased their N
intake (P<0.01). The pigs fed barley grown on
mould had a better FCR than did those fed bar-
ley grown on clay soil (P<0.05).

The carcass lean content of the pigs on Arra-
based diets was higher than that of the pigs on
Kustaa-based diets (P<0.05) and intermediate for
the pigs on Pokko-based diets. The N fertilizer

supply of barley increased the content of car-
cass lean (P<0.05) and lean in valuable parts
(P<0.05).

The castrated male pigs gained weight faster
(P<0.001) and had a better FCR (PcO.OOl) than
did the gilts. In contrast, the gilts produced leaner
carcasses than did the castrated males. The dif-
ferences were highly significant in all carcass
quality measurements.

Discussion
Chemical composition

N fertilizer supply increased the CP content of
the barley samples and decreased the content of
lysine in the protein. A similar trend in CP and
lysine contents was observed in the experiments

Table 2. Effect of barley variety and sex on pig performance. LS means of factors are presented.

Variety SEM Signif. Sex SEM Signif.
Kustaa Aira Pokko n=4o Gilts Castr. n=6o

males

Initial weight, kg 25.0 25.0 25.0 0.17 NS 25.0 25.1 0.13 NS
Final weight, kg 96.7 96.6 96.4 0.23 NS 96.7 96.4 0.19 NS
Final weight, corr.kg 96.7 96.6 96.4 0.10 NS 97.0 96.1 0.33 o
Carcass weight, kg 71.0 70.9 70.7 0.30 NS 71.2 70.5 0.24 o
Loss at slaughter, % 26.6 26.6 26.6 0.20 NS 26.4 26.8 0.17 *

Daily gain, g/day 820” 841b 827* 6.14 * 812 846 5.0 ***

Days in exp. 88.1 85,8 86.8 0.76 o 89.6 84.3 0.62 ***

Feed consumption,
kg DM/animal 185.7” 178.2b 182.2* 1.50 ** 186.0 178.0 1.22
Nitrogen kg/animal 5.09” 5.39b 4.99” 0.042 *** 5,28 5.04 0.034 ***

FCR,
kg DM/kg gain 2.59“ 2.49b 2.56’ 0.019 *** 2.58 2.51 0.015 ***

FU/kg gain 2.84" 2.72b 2.82” 0.021 *** 2.84 2.75 0.017 ***

MJ NE/kg gain 26.4* 25.3 b 26.2” 0.19 *�* 26.4 25.6 0.16 ***

Back fat thickness, mm 24.5 24.0 23.9 0.34 NS 23.1 25.6 0.28 ***

Lean in valuable cuts, % 79.7 80.4 80.2 0.24 o 81,1 79.1 0.20 ***

Carcass lean, % 53.0” 53.7 b 53.5* 0.20 * 54.2 52.7 0.16 ***

Significance:NS=non-significant, o=P<o.lo, *=P<o.os, **=P<o.ol, ***=P<o.ool.
SEM=standard error of means. LS=least square. FCR=feed conversion ratio. FU=feed unit. NE=net energy. MJ=mega
joule.

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Valaja, J. et al. Ejfects ofvariety, soil type andfertilizer supply on the nutritive value ofbarley

Table 3. Effect of soil type and nitrogen fertilizer level on pig performance. LS means of factors are presented.

Soil type
Mould

N-supply SEM
n=6o

Significance
S NClay Low Normal N

Initial weight.kg 25,1
Final weight.kg 96.7
Final weight.corr.kg 96.8
Carcass weight, kg 71.0
Loss at slaughter, % 26.6
Daily gain, g/day 834
Days in exp. 86.7
Feed consumption,

kg DM/animal 181.3
Nitrogen kg/animal 5.18

FCR,
kg DM/kg gain 2.53
FU/kg gain 2.77
MJ NE/kg gain 25.7

Back fat thickness, mm 24.0
Lean in valuable cuts, % 80.12
Carcass lean, % 53.33

25.0 25.1 25.0 0.13 NS NS
NS *96.3 96.2 96.9 0.19 �

96.3 96.3 96.8 0.33 NS NS
NS NS
NS NS
NS NS

70.7 70.6 71.1 0.24
26.6 26.6 26.6 0.16

824 824 834 5.01
87.1 86.9 87.0 0.62 NS NS

182.7 182.7 181.4 1.23 NS NS
0.034 NS **5.13 5.08 5.24 **

2.56 2.57 2.52 0.015 NS *

2.82 2.82 2.76 0.017 * �*

0.16 * »*

0.28 NS NS
0.20 NS *

0.16 NS *

26.2 26.3 25.7
24.3 24.4 23.8
80.11
53.51

79.77
53.13

80.46
53.71

Significance:NS=non-significant, *=P<o.os, **=P<o.ol.
S=soil type. N=nitrogen supply. SEM=standard errorof means. LS=least square. FCR=feed conversion ratio. FU=feed unit.
NE=net energy. MJ=mega joule.

of Bengtsson and Eggum (1969), Just et al.
(1983b), Truelsen and Sorensen (1986) and Full-
er et al. (1989). N fertilizer increases mainly the
amount of storage proteins, hordeins, which are
low in lysine, whereas the amount of albumins
and globulins remains rather constant (Kirkman
et al. 1982). Usually, however, the relative de-
cline in lysine has been so slight that the total
content of lysine in grain has increased (Jones
et al. 1968, Thomke 1970). Arra clearly had the
highest CP content of all the varieties studied. It
has the highest CP content of the varieties com-
monly grown in Finland and is mostly used as
animal feed.Kustaa and Pokko, with their lower
protein contents, are also used for distilling and
malting.

In vitro digestibility
The variation in the in vitro digestibility of DM
among barley samples indicated that there may

have been differences in the energy value of the
barley batches. DM digestibility was highest in
variety Arra. Similarly, Just et al. (1983a) found
differences in in vivo energy and organic matter
digestibility between barley varieties. Thomke
and Frölich (1968), however, found no differ-
ences in energy digestibility between high- and
low-protein barley varieties. The energy digest-
ibility and energy value ofbarley are usually neg-
atively related to the fibre content (Bell et al.
1983,Jacyno 1995,Darrouch et al. 1996, Beames
et al. 1996) but no such relationship was estab-
lished in our experiment. We did, however, find
a very narrow variation in the fibre content
between our barley samples.

The high in vitro digestibility of N in Arra
also indicated its higher feeding value. The high
CP content of Arra explained some of the better
in vitro digestibility of N, a positive relationship
having been found between the protein content
of the grain and in vivo digestibility in many oth-
er studies, too (Eggum 1970,Eggum and Chris-

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Vol. 6 (1997): 295-303.

tensen 1975, Taverner and Parrel 1981, Just et
al. 1983b, Jacyno 1995). Fuller et al. (1989)
showed that the apparent ileal digestibility of CP
and most of the essential amino acids was high-
er in high-protein than in low-protein varieties
of barley. In the experiment of Thomke and
Frölich (1968), the differences in the feeding
value of barley varieties were related to the CP
content, a conclusion that is also in agreement
with our results because Arra contained more CP
than did Kustaa or Pokko.

The regression equation showed that CP,
NDF and (3-glucan contents explained the varia-
tion in in vitro digestibility ofN reasonably well.
The relationship between CP and (3-glucan con-
tents and protein digestibility was positive but
NDF impaired protein digestibility. A similar
relationship between protein digestibility and (3-
glucan content was found in the study of Bach
Knudsen and Eggum (1984), because (3-glucans
are mostly located in the cell walls of the en-
dosperm, which also has the highest protein di-
gestibility. Likewise in the experiments of Tav-
erner and Farrell (1981) and Hall et al. (1987),
hemicellulose and NDF, of which hemicellulose
is the major component, were the most closely
negatively related to protein digestibility and
amino acid availability.

Pig performance
Barley variety had a greater effect on the perfor-
mance of the pigs than did soil type or N fertilizer.
The feeding value of variety Arra, measured by
in vitro digestibility or pig performance, was
slightly better than that of the other two varie-
ties, Kustaa and Pokko. The diets composed of
Arra contained slightly more lysine than did
those composed of Kustaa or Pokko (5.5 vs.
5.3 g/kg). The daily lysine intake of the pigs on
Arra diets was therefore higher than that of the
pigs on Kustaa or Pokko diets. The combined
effects of both increased lysine intake and high-
er digestibility resulted in the performance re-
sponses of the pigs on Arra-based diets.

The amount of soya bean meal in our diets

was higher than that used elsewhere (Thomke
and Frölich 1968, Thomke 1972) and may have
masked some of the difference in the protein
value of the barley samples. The DM intake and
FCR of the pigs fed different barley varieties
followed the same pattern as in vitro DM and N
digestibility. The feed energy values of the bar-
ley samples were calculated with the constant
digestibility coefficients from feed tables(Tuori
et al. 1995) and did not take into account the
differences, if any, in the digestibility values. The
actual differences in FCR calculated as feed units
may therefore have been less than was reported.

N fertilizer supply improved the FCR and
carcass quality of the pigs in our experiment.
Similarly, the higher N fertilizer supply of bar-
ley has had a positive effect on the daily N re-
tention (Just et al. 1983a, b) and performance of
pigs (Thomke 1976). Thomke (1970), however,
concluded that the protein quality of barley de-
clined with higher CP content since the relative
content of most of the essential amino acids de-
creased in the protein. This finding is in agree-
ment with our results, which suggest that extra
N is mainly excreted in urine. Soil type did not
have a marked effect on the nutritive value of
barley. In other experiments, in contrast, soil type
or growth locality has affected the chemical com-
postion and nutritive value of barley (Thomke
1972, Just et al. 1983a). In the study of Thomke
(1972) growth locality affected both the content
and digestibility of CP in barley samples. Simi-
larly, Just et al. (1983a) found a difference in
the digestibility of CP and energy between bar-
ley samples grown on different soil types. How-
ever, the differences were not very consistent
because soil type and barley variety strongly in-
teracted in both digestibilities.

Conclusions
Variety affected the feeding valueofbarley more
than did soil type or level of N fertilizer. The in
vitro digestibility of DM and N and the perform-

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Valaja, J. et al. Effects ofvariety, soil type andfertilizer supply on the nutritive value ofbarley

ance of pigs were higher in variety Arra than in
Kustaa or Pokko. N fertilizer increased the CP
content of barley and slightly improved theFCR
and carcass quality of the pigs. Soil type had only
minor effects on the nutritive value of the barley
studied. The in vitro digestibility of N was pos-

itively related to the CP and P-glucan contents,
and negatively to the NDF content of barley sam-
ples. The results indicated that in vitro assay
could be used as a preliminary tool to detect dif-
ferences in the feeding value of barley samples.

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SELOSTUS
Lajikkeen, typpilannoitustason ja maalajin vaikutus ohran

ruokinnalliseen arvoon lihasioilla
Jarmo Valaja, Kaija Suomi, Timo Alaviuhkola jaTimo Mela

Maatalouden tutkimuskeskus

Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin lajikkeen, typpilannoitus-
tason ja maalajin vaikutuksia ohran kemialliseen
koostumukseen, in vitro -sulavuuteen sekä ruokinnal-
liseen arvoon lihasioilla. Tutkimuksessa käytetyt 12
ohraerää muodostuivat kolmen ohralajikkeen (Arra,
Kustaa ja Hankkijan Pokko), kahden raaalajityypin
(multamaa ja savi) ja typpilannoitustason (matala ja
normaali molemmilla maalajeilla) yhdistelmistä. Kas-
vatuskokeessa oli mukana 240 lihasikaa (painoväli
25-95 kg). Jokaista ohraerää kohti oli 20 pariruokit-
tua sikaa, jotka kasvatettiin sukupuolet erillään. Kaik-
ki rehuseokset sisälsivät saman määrän ohraa
(84,5 %) ja valkuaisrehuna soijarouhetta (12 %).

Raakavalkuais- ja (3-glukaanipitoisuuden kasvu
paransi ohran valkuaisen in vitro -sulavuutta. NDF
kuitupitoisuus sen sijaan huononsi valkuaisen in vit-

ro -sulavuutta. Ohran raakavalkuais-, (3-glukaani- ja
NDF-pitoisuudet selittivät 91 % valkuaisen in vitro
-sulavuudessa esiintyvästä vaihtelusta.

Ohralajikkeista Arran raakavalkuaispitoisuus sekä
valkuaisen ja kuiva-aineen in vitro -sulavuudet oli-
vat hiukan parempia kuin Kustaan tai Hankkijan Pe-
kon. Arra menestyi parhaiten myös kasvatuskokees-
sa. Arra-ohralla ruokittujen sikojen päiväkasvu jare-
huhyötysuhde olivat parempia kuin Kustaa tai Pok-
ko lajikkeita syöneiden sikojen. Typpilannoitus nos-
ti ohraerien raakavalkuaispitoisuutta ja paransi siko-
jen rehuhyötysuhdetta. Myös runsaasti typpilannoi-
tettua ohraa syöneiden sikojen lihaprosentti oli hiu-
kan suurempi. Maalajityypillä ei ollut suurta vaiku-
tusta sikojen kasvutuloksiin.

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