Contribution of livestock to food production in developing countries Hank Fitzhugh International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya, e-mail: h.fitzhugh@cgnet.com On a global basis, livestock products - meat, milk, eggs and fibre - account for 40% of the value of total marketed agricultural product. Animal products provide essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals to help ensure nutritionally balanced diets. In developing countries, livestock traction and manure also contribute to food production through improved cultivation and soil fertility which in- crease crop yields. On average, the proportional contribution of livestock product to dietary calories and protein in developed countries is double that for developing countries. Demand for livestock products is fuelled by the population increase, income growth and urbanisation in developing coun- tries. Therefore, over the past decade, consumption of livestock product has sharply increased in developing countries, while slightly decreasing in developed countries where consumption is already relatively high on average. Increased demand in developing countries increases income for produc- ers, but also stresses the environment through pollution, soil erosion, overgrazing and deforestation. Research involving global partnerships of scientists and institutes can help ensure that the increased demands for livestock product in developing countries will be met in economically feasible and envi- ronmentally sustainable ways. Key words: developing countries, dietary quality, food systems, future demand, livestock ntroduction Livestock have often been denigrated as com- petitors for human food and degraders of the natural resources required for food production. In fact, livestock are most often complementary components of food production systems. Live- stock can convert otherwise unused feeds to highly desired human food. In developing re- gions, livestock are principal sources of draft power and manure to enhance crop production. For example, in sub-SaharanAfrica the farm lev- el values of draft power and manure add almost 50% to the total economic contribution of live- stock to totalagricultural value (Winrock 1992). This paper provides an overview of the role of livestock in meeting the food needs in develop- © Agricultural and Food Science inFinland Manuscript received February 1998 197 Voi 7(1998): 197-206. AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND ing countries - directly through meat, milk and eggs and indirectly through improved crop pro- ductivity. Food-producing livestock On a global basis, livestock products - meat, milk, eggs and fibre - constitute about 40% of the marketed value oftotal agricultural product. This proportional contribution is about 50% for developed regions and 25% for developing re- gions (USDA 1990). The principal food-produc- ing livestock species include: Poultry - chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and other fowl Mammals Monogastrics - swine, equine, rabbits and others Ruminants - cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, reindeer, yak and others Camelids - camels, llamas, alpaca The development of the livestock food-pro- ducing sector since 1950 has been remarkable. While human numbers have more than doubled, the numbers of poultry have grown from 3 to 12 billion and the numbers of food-producing mam- mals from 2.3 to over 4 billion. Until the middleof this century, livestock and poultry were traditionally grazers and scaven- gers of non-competitive feed resources. Rumi- nants continue to depend primarily on forages, crop residues and other non-competitive fibrous feeds for the vast majority of their nutrients. However, in the past five decades, there has been a significant increase in grain feeding. This in- crease has fuelled the substantial growth in meat production since 1950, but has been primarily limited to industrialised production systems for swine and poultry in developed countries (Sere and Steinfeld 1996). Grain feeding to livestock, primarily swine and poultry, will continue to increase in devel- oping countries. Some authors, including Brown (1995), argue that these increases are not sus- tainable, that staple grain prices will increase, and that the world’s poor will suffer. Others, in- cluding Delgado et al. (1998), are more optimis- tic about the potential for increasing grain feed- ing without major economic or environmental consequences. Contributions of livestock to food supply The food contributions of livestock have recent- ly been summarised by Delgado et al. (1998). The authors also estimated future contributions using the IMPACT model developed by the In- ternational Food Policy Research Institute (Rosegrant et al. 1995). Tables 1,2, 3 and 4 are adapted from those presented by Delgado et al. (1998). The percentages of dietary calories and pro- tein from animal products are summarised for developing and developed regions (Table 1). On average, the percentages for developed regions are more than double those for developing re- gions. However, there is a notable trend: in re- cent years the percentages have sharply increased in developing regions while slightly decreasing in developed regions. For livestock products, the growth market is in developing regions, where population increase, income growth and urbani- sation combine to increase demand from the rel- atively low consumption levels which have pre- vailed in the past. Demand in developed regions has plateaued at what are already high levels of consumption of animal product. The changes from 1973 to 1993 in the annu- al consumption per capita of selected products are shown in Table 2 for developed and develop- ing regions. Consumption of pork and poultry meat has increased in all regions, but most dra- matically in developing regions. Percentage in- creases are similarly dramaticfor eggs and dairy products. Nevertheless, consumption per capita remains substantially less than in developed re- 198 Seminar in honour of the 100th anniversary ofMTT AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND Table 1. Percentage of food calories and protein from animal products by year, 1973-1993. Region Calories from animal products (%) Protein from Animal Products (%) 1973 1983 1993 1973 1983 1993 Developing world 8 9 11 19 21 26 Developed world 28 28 27 55 57 56 World 15 15 16 34 34 36 Source: FAOSTAT 9/17/97. Notes: “Animal products", according to the FAO definition, includes meat, dairy and egg products, and freshwater and marine animal products. Calculated from 3-year moving averages. Adapted from Delgado et al. (1998). Table 2. Annual per capita consumption (kg) of selected livestock products by year. Livestock product Developed regions Developing regions 1973 1993 1973 1993 Beef 26 25 4 5 Mutton and goat 3 3 11 Pork 26 29 49 Poultry 11 20 2 5 Four meats 67 78 11 21 Eggs 13 13 25 Dairy products excluding butter 188 195 29 40 Four meats, eggs, dairy products 268 286 42 66 Sources:FAOSTAT 12/10/97 and Rosegrant et al. 1995. Notes:“Four meats” comprises beef, pork, mutton and goat, and poultry. Adapted from Delgado et al. (1998). gions, suggesting room for considerable growth in future. Past and projected trends for meat consump- tion are given in Table 3. Annual growth rates are predicted to decline from those observed between 1982 and 1993; however, the annual growth rates for developing regions continue to be about six times greater than those for devel- oped regions. The consequences of these differ- ential rates of growth are striking. By the year 2020, total meat consumption in developing re- gions will increase from being 10% lower in 1993 to becoming 72% greater than in developed regions. Per capita consumption of meat will continue to be lower in developing regions but decreasingly so. These trends and their conse- quences are particularly striking for China. In 1993, total meat consumption for China was only slightly more than for the USA. but by the year 2020, total meat consumption for China is ex- pected to be more than double that for the USA. and approaching the total meat consumption for all developed countries combined. Where will the meat to satisfy the increased demand be produced ? A related question is, where will the cereal grains to feed the swine and poultry be produced? Using results from the IMPACT model, which takes into account prices and production potential, Delgado et al. (1998) expect that the bulk of the increase in meat pro- duction will be within the same regions where the meat is consumed. However, the net balances for meat (and feed grain) trade are in favour of developed regions (Table 4). 199 Vol. 7(1998): 197-206. AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND Table 3. Past and projected consumption trends of meat, to the year 2020. Region Annual growth Projected annual Total meat consumption. Per capita meat consumption, in meat growth in meat million metric tons kg consumption, consumption, 1982-1993, 1993-2020, % per year % per year 1983 1993 2020 1983 1993 2020 Developing world 5.3 2.9 50 89 194 15 21 31 China 8.3 3.2 17 39 89 16 33 63 Developed world 1.2 0.5 88 99 113 74 78 81 United States 1.8 0.6 25 31 37 107 118 114 World 2.8 1.8 139 188 306 30 34 40 Sources: Annual growth in meat consumption, 1982-1993, is the compound growth rate from regressions fitted to FAO annual data (FAOSTAT 9/17/97). Notes: “Consumption” is direct use as food, uncooked weight bone-in. “Meat” comprises beef, pork, mut- ton and goat, and poultry. Metric tons and kg are 3-year moving averages centred on the year shown. Adapted from Delgado et al. (1998) Table 4. Total meat production, consumption, and net trade. Region Consumption, million metric tons 1993 2020 Production, million metric tons 1993 2020 Net exports (imports), million metric tons 1993 2020 Developing world 89 Developed world 99 194 88 182 -0.6 -11.5 0.6 11.5 0.0 0.0 99 112 100 124 306World 188 306 188 Notes: Net exports (imports) are defined as production minus consumption, subject to rounding error. Metric tons are 3-year averages centred on the year shown and refer to carcass weights. Adapted from Delgado et al. (1998). Contribution to dietary quality Human preferences for meat and milk are well documented.As shownby Delgado et al. (1998), when livestock products are available and afford- able, consumption increases. Lester Brown (1995), who has been a critic of the livestock industry, acknowledges this fact; “Even as pop- ulation grows at a record pace, those with low incomes, who account for most of humanity and who typically depend on a starch staple, such as rice, for 70% or more of their calories, want to diversity their diets by consuming more livestock products. This desire to move up the food chain appears to be universal. In every society where incomes have risen, so has consumption of live- stock products” (Brown 1995). Most humans intuitively recognise the value of livestock products in a balanced diet. Milk and eggs set the standards against which dietary protein sources are measured for the mix of es- sential amino acids for body protein synthesis. Milk is especially valuable as a supplement to cereal diets. Without milk, less than 30% of ce- real protein is used for growth. Meat products provide essential amino acids, iron, zinc, thia- mine, riboflavin, vitaminsA, B, and 8., and other 6 12 micronutrients (Fitzhugh et al. 1978). The health concerns voiced in developed countriesrelate to over-consumption of livestock products and the putative relationships with heart 200 Seminar in honour of the 100th anniversary ofMTT AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND disease, stroke and cancer. Over-consumption is not the concern of the poor in developing coun- tries; the concern is too little livestock product in the diet for good mental and physical devel- opment and health. The readily available essen- tialamino acids and micronutrientsfrom animal products are particularly valuable in the diets of children in poor urban households, where a lim- ited choice of foods makes it difficult to obtain a nutritionally balanced diet. Livestock, soil fertility and crop yields In many developed countries, livestock manures are a pollutant and a problem. However, in most developing regions, livestock manures are key to improving nutrient management in resource- scarce cropping systems (ILRI 1997a). Long- term fertility trials in West Africa indicate the value of animal manures in strategic combina- tion withchemical fertilisers (Fig. 1). In this 30- year trial, chemical nitrogen-phosphorous-potas- sium (NPK) only maintained sorghum grain yields at one tonne per hectare. The addition of manure with NPK resulted in a substantial in- crease in sorghum yield and this increasing trend still continued after three decades. The impact of livestock on the environment, including natural resource management in crop- livestock systems, is a priority for research by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). The processes of nutrient cycling from soils to plants and, through animals, back to the soils are being studied by ILRI scientists in the Sahelian region of West Africa. The Sahelian agropastoralists graze their livestock on common rangelands during the day. At night, the livestock are tethered on the croplands where most of the nutrients are consumed and ruminated during the day. Up to 95% of the nitrogen and phosphorous consumed is excreted by the tethered livestock: nitrogen in urine and faeces, phosphorous pri- marily in the urine. The potential benefits from urine and faeces are shown in Figure 2. These results were obtained by corralling six cattle in movable 4 m x 4 m pens for one, two or three nights on plots of sandy soil in Niger. For com- parison, faeces (manure without urine) equiva- lent in weight to that excreted by the penned cattle was deposited on other plots. Application of faeces to the nutrient-poor sandy soils sub- stantially increased grain yields. However, the most dramatic effect on yield was produced by the combination of faeces and urine. Yield increased in response to increased application rates of faeces and urine and also in response to increased available phosphorous be- cause the urine raised soil pH. The residual ef- fects of faeces and urine continued to increase soil fertility in the second and third years after initial application (Powell et al. 1998). Fig. 1. Effects of applying manure and artificial fertilisers to sorghum crops in Burkina Faso over 30 years. A 3:1:1 ratio ofNPK (nitrogen phosphorus potassium) was used in this experiment. Initial yields were apparently affected by previous cropping history; the long term trends show a char- acteristic decline in plots provided no inputs (Sedogo 1993). 201 Vol. 7(1998): 197-206. AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND Small-scale farmers in Asia face similar prob- lems to those in West Africa: they, too, cannot afford to purchase large amounts of inorganic fertilisers to feed their soils to enable their crop- ping systems to remain productive and sustaina- ble. Asian farmers face additional constraints imposed by the region's higher population den- sities. Farming in the humid and subhumid re- gions of Asia is characteristically done on tiny plots of land that are cropped continuously. More livestock are raised in Asia than in any other region of the world. Animals are common- ly kept in stalls in backyards rather than on range- or croplands. Livestock are managed in highly intensified systems purposely to produce manure as well as food traction. For example, sustainable small-scale farming in Java is based on use of livestock to produce manure to feed continuously cropped soils. The "kadang" ani- mal enclosure houses from four to six sheep on a bamboo slatted floor over a pit where animal faeces, urine and rejected feed accumulate to form high-quality compost. This compost is used to fertilise the rice, maize and pulses that sus- tain the household (J. Tanner, pers. comm.). In the late nineteenth century, after rapid pop- ulation growth on Java forced farmers to move into marginal upland areas, the colonial govern- ment predicted widespread soil exhaustion and decline in yields. Despite such gloomy prophe- sies, these upland areas today represent 42% of the land used for annual crop production and support an average population density of some 600 persons per sq. km. This is largely because the Javanese farmers integrated livestock produc- tion into their intensive cropping systems and devised systems for rearing livestock that effec- tively recycle nutrients in economically efficient ways. International livestock research The challenges of meeting increased demands for livestock products while protecting the na- tional resource base are formidable. Research can help meet these challenges. For most developed countries, including Fin- land, research-based interventions have trans- formed the livestock food production sector over the past 50 years by improving productivity, re- ducing costs and mitigating adverse environmen- tal effects. For most developing countries, the contribu- tions of research have been limited. Knowledge and technologies that work in temperate devel- oped countries are usually not directly transfer- able for the socioeconomic and agroecological conditions of developing countries. Moreover, few developing countries have the capacity to meet their own agricultural research needs. These needs for appropriate research led three decades ago to the establishmentof the Consult- ative Group for International Agricultural Re- search (CGIAR). The CGIAR is a consortium of more than 55 donors, including Finland, which provide US$ 350 million per year to support 16 international agricultural research centres. These centres, working in partnership with national research institutes in both developed and devel- oping countries, address the biotechnical, socio- economic and agroecological constraints on ag- ricultural development. The goals of the CGIAR are poverty alleviation, food security and envi- ronmental protection. The InternationalLivestock Research Insti- tute (ILRI) is one of the 16centres supported by the CGIAR. ILRI was established in 1995,build- Fig. 2. Effects of cattle faeces and urine on pearl-millet grain yields in Niger (Powell et al. 1998). 202 Seminar in honour ofthe 100th anniversary ofMTT AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND ing on the resources of the International Live- stock Research Centre for Africa (ILCA) and the International Laboratory for Research on Ani- mal Diseases (ILRAD), which had been estab- lished in the mid-1970s to address constraints on African livestock production. ILRI has a global mandate for research to improve the productivity of smallholder livestock systems and protect the natural resources that support these systems. ILRTs research agenda for the medium term draws on capacity and com- parative advantage in four areas: ruminant ge- netics, ruminant health, ruminant feed resources and crop-livestock systems. The first three areas of component research involve upstream biolog- ical/animal-level research, while the strategic and applied crop-livestock systems research draws from and feeds back to the outputs of the biological research (ILRI 1997b). Ruminant genetics ILRI has a successful record ofresearch into dis- ease resistance and is a world leader in research on resistance to haemoparasitic disease. Empha- sis is on characterising indigenous livestock ge- netic resources for disease-resistance traits and using genetic markers for marker-assisted intro- gression to produce novel livestock genotypes combining trypanosomosis resistance with “oth- er” desirable traits. Research on characterisation of livestock genetic resources is closely linked with FAO’s global initiative for domesticanimal diversity. Research on identification of correla- tions between both trypanotolerance and helmin- thiasis resistance and other disease resistance traits and on the identification of genes respon- sible for trypanotolerance and helminthiasis re- sistance is an important activity. identify recommendation domains for animal health interventions and testing vaccine effica- cy. ILRI focuses on trypanosomosis and East Coast fever (ECF) and on the other major tick- borne diseases of the developing world. Major emphasis is given to developing and validating improved diagnostics for haemoparasitic diseas- es, field testing vaccines in East Africa and eval- uating antigens of Theileriaparva to develop an improved second-generation vaccine. Research continues on the isolation and characterisation of protective antigens for immunisation against trypanosomosis. ILRI is also investigating and defining the complex interactions between health, genetics and nutrition at the smallholder farmer level. These studies are incorporated in the work on crop-livestock production systems. Ruminant feed resources Poor nutrition due topoor-quality feeds and fluc- tuating feed supply limits the productivity of tropical livestock. The need for greater quanti- ties of quality fodder requires new forages and feeding strategies that enhance the efficiency with which conventional on-farm feed resources are used. Strategic research on the estimation of nutritional value and use of forages and crop res- idues is linked with new research capacity in rumen microbiology and phytochemistry. Rumen ecology research concentrates on identifying and detoxifying antinutritional factors in fodder trees, forages and crop residues. Research on forage genetic resources includes molecular ge- netic characterisation and phytochemical evalu- ation. Research on conservation emphasises in situ conservation, including effects of grazing on forage biodiversity. Interdisciplinary crop-livestock systems research Ruminant health Research on ruminant health includes laborato- ry-based strategic research on development of vaccines and diagnostics, field-based studies to ILRFs crop-livestock systems research takes a holistic production-to-market approach. Re- 203 Vol. 7(1998): 197-206. AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND search outputs are developed and tested interac- tively with national partners. Systems research in ILRI incorporates socio-economic and live- stock policy analysis with biological research on genetics, health and feed resources. Emphasis is on natural resource management and nutrient cycling research to meet demands for produc- tion from limited land area. ILRI coordinates its systems research across agro-ecological zones to facilitate transregional analysis and to broad- en the recommendation domains for theresearch outputs. The CGIAR has identified Asia and Africa as high-priority regions for future research. Crop-livestock systems research continues to focus on Africa and will be expanded to Asia through ecoregional consortia, with particular emphasis on feed resources research for small- holder dairy and small ruminents in South Asia and on the integration oflivestock into rice-based or tree-crop systems in the uplands of Southeast Asia. This research includes the following projects: increasing returns to livestock research through systems analysis and impact assess- ment; policy analysis for improving productivity and sustainability of crop-livestock systems; ecoregional projects to improve productivity and sustainability of crop-livestock systems in Africa, Asia and Latin America; improving livestock productivity under dis- ease risk; and improving productivity and sustainability of smallholder dairy systems As part of ILRFs research on crop-livestock systems, ILRI serves as the lead centre for the Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). The SLP is a CGIAR research initiative to improve livestock feed resources and natural resource management in crop-livestock systems. The SLP works through crop centres and their national partners in ecoregional consortia. The SLP re- search themes link high-priority work on feed resources and natural resource management and facilitate transregional analyses and technology transfer. These themes include: - improvement of the nutritive value of crop residues; - improvement offeed resources for smallhold- er dairying; - matching livestock nutritional requirements and local feed resources in different agro- ecological zones; - nutrient recycling that sustains cropping sys- tems; - use of forage legumes in cropping systems; - use of fodder shrubs for livestock feed; and - practices and policies that improve manage- ment of fragile lands. Strengthening partnerships With a few exceptions, livestock research capac- ity is not well developed in national research institutes, especially in Asia and Africa. There- fore, ILRI gives priority to strengthening capac- ity for livestock research through training and information services. ILRI scientists also work in close partnership with national scientists from both developing and developed countries. For example, collaboration with Finnish scientists on ruminant nutrition research has proven particu- larly productive over the past decade. Conclusions Demand for livestock products - meat, milk and eggs - will substantially increase in the foresee- able future. Increases will be greatest in devel- oping countries where current levels ofconsump- tion are relatively low. Increased demand will be fuelled by population increase, income growth and urbanisation. Meeting this demand will place more stress on the natural resources supporting agriculture, as well as increasing chances for pollution and other environmental problems. 204 Seminar in honour of the 100th anniversary ofMTT AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND The solution is not to deny families in devel- oping countries the benefits of livestock prod- ucts long enjoyed by families in developed coun- tries. Through research, involving global part- nerships of scientists, knowledge and technolo- gies can be produced to improve livestock pro- ductivity in economically feasible and environ- mentally sustainable ways. References Brown, L.R. 1995. Facing food scarcity. In; World Watch, Washington, D.C. November/December. p. 10-20. Delgado, C., Coubois, C. & Rosegrant, M. 1998. Global food demand and the contribution of livestock as we enter the new millennium. In: Gill, E.M. et al, (eds.). Food, lands and livelihoods: Setting research agen- das for animal science. Proceedings BSAS/CTA In- ternational Conference, Nairobi, Kenya, (in press). FAOSTAT 1997. Agricultural databases. Food and Agri- cultural Organisation, Rome. Fitzhugh, H.A., Hodgson, H.J., Scoville, 0.J., Nguyen, T.D. & Byerly, T.C. 1978. The rote of ruminants in support ofman. Winrock International, Morrilton, Ar- kansas. 136 p. 1LR11997a. Livestock and soil fertility: exploiting the nat- ural balance. International Livestock Research Insti- tute. Nairobi, Kenya. 7 p. -1997b. ILFtI Medium-term plan 1998-2000. Interna- tional Livestock Research Institute. 75 p. Powell, J.M., Ikpe, F.N., Somda, Z.C. & Fernåndez- Rivera, S. 1998. Manure and urine effects on pearl millet yield and soil chemical properties. Experimen- tal Agriculture (in press). Rosegrant, M.W., Agcaoili-Sombilla, M. & Perez, N. 1995. Global food projections to 2020: Implications for in- vestment. 2020 Vision Discussion Paper No. 5. In- ternational Food Policy Research Institute, Washing- ton, D.C. Sédogo, P.M. 1993. Evolution des sols ferrugineux ies- sivé sous culture: influences des modes de gestion sur ta fertitité. These Doctorat, Université Nationals de C6te d’lvoire, Abidjan. Sere, C. & Steinfeld, H. 1996. World livestock produc- tion systems: current status, issues and trends. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 127. Food and Agricultural Organisation, Rome. 82 p. USDA 1990. World agriculture: Trends and indicators. 1970-1989.Agriculture and Trade Analysis Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Statistical Bulletin No. 815. Winrock 1992. Assessment of animalagriculture in Sub- Saharan Africa. Winrock International. Morrilton, Ar- kansas. 125 p. 205 Vol. 7(1998): 197-206. AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND SELOSTUS Kotieläintuotannon osuus kehitysmaiden ruoantuotannosta Hank Fitzhugh International Livestock Research Institute, Kenia Maailman maataloustuotteidenkaupan arvosta 40 % koostuu kotieläintuotteista - lihasta, maidosta, mu- nista ja eläinkuiduista. Kotieläintuotteiden sisältämät välttämättömät aminohapot, vitamiinit ja hivenaineet ovat ravitsemuksellisesti tasapainoisen aterian perus- ta. Lisäksi viljelytekniset toimenpiteet, kuten koti- eläinten käyttö vetojuhtina ja lannan käyttö lannoit- teena, lisäävät satoa varsinkin kehitysmaissa. Näin saatu suurempi sato taas osaltaan edesauttaa kehitys- maiden ruoantuotantoa. Kotieläintuotteista saadun energian ja valkuaisen suhteellinen osuus ravinnon energiasta ja valkuaisesta on teollisuusmaissa keski- määrin kaksinkertainen kehitysmaihin verrattuna. Väestönkasvu, käytettävissä olevien tulojen kasvuja väestön muutto kaupunkeihin lisäävät kotieläintuot- teiden kysyntää kehitysmaissa. Niinpä viimeisen vuo- sikymmenen aikana kotieläintuotteiden kulutus on jyrkästi lisääntynyt kehitysmaissa, mutta sen sijaan hieman vähentynyt teollisuusmaissa, joissa jo nyt kulutetaan paljon kotieläintuotteita. Lisääntynyt ku- lutus kehitysmaissa lisää tuottajien tuloja, mutta sa- malla saastuminen, eroosio, liikalaiduntaminen ja metsien hakkuut rasittavat ympäristöä. Tutkijoiden ja tutkimuslaitosten kansainvälisellä yhteistyöllä voi- daan varmistaa, että kehitysmaiden lisääntyvään ko- tieläintuotteiden kysyntään vastataan taloudellisesti kannattavalla ja ympäristön huomioon ottavalla ta- valla. 206 Seminar in honour of the 100th anniversary ofMTT AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND