page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.101 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 the effect various of kinds organic fertilizer on gaharu seedling (aquilariamalaccesis lamk) in the field annadira 1* , ridwan 1 , muslimin 2 1 faculty of forestry, tadulako university, indonesia 2 faculty of agriculture, sintuvu maroso university, indonesia *corresponding author. email: annadiraahsan25@gmail.com article history: received: january 18, 2023; accepted: february 22, 2023 abstack this research aims to determine the effect of various types of organic fertilizer on the growth of agarwood seedlings (aquilaria malaccensis lamk). this research was conducted in august to november 2022. this study was conducted at arboretum of the faculty of forestry. tadulako university palu. this research uses a complete random design (ral) consisting of 3 treatments namely k1 (control) k2 (doami organic fertilizer) k3 (gresik organic fertilizer). the results showed that the administration of various types of organic fertilizer had a significant effect on high increase and seedling diameter, but did not significantly affect the increase in the number of leaves. k2 treatment gives better results than other treatment. average of seed height k1 = 4.5, k2 = 7.75 k3 = 6.75, the average increase in the diameter of the seedlings is k1 = 0.37 k2 = 0.72 k3 = 0.45. the average increase in the number of leaves of k1 = 6, k2 = 10.25, k3 = 7.75. keywords: gaharu (aquilaria malaccensis lamk), hhbk, organic fertilizer. 1. introductions gaharu is one of the forest plants that produces non -wood forest products (hbbk) (fitriana, et al. 2017). gaharu is one of the groups of high commercial aromatic -producing plants in the form of agarwood, high market demand and high selling prices make this plant feared its use will exceed the carrying capacity of the experience, this is due while the growth rate for each type of agarwood is not widely known (wiriadinata et al 2010). the high economic potential and value of the agarwood trees has triggered the community to seek to find in all areas of natural forest that are still available. this effort if it continues to be carried out will certainly threaten the existence of agarwood trees in nature, so it needs cultivation as a first step to preserve and a hope to earn income (kamaluddin, 2018). to support its sustainability, planting needs to be done. during this time planting agarwood is usually done under or between plantation plants such as rubber and coffee. (muin and fahrizal, 2015). one of the causes of agarwood cannot be planted on open land due to semi -semi agarwood nature. to plant in an open land, it is necessary to increase the adaptability of seedling to page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.101 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 the new environment one of the ways that can be done to increase the adaptation is intensive fertilization. the use of organic fertilizer can increase the growth response of plants that have been proven empirically and laboratory. ertilization is the addition of one or several nutrients to the soil/plant to maintain soil fertility aimed at achieving high yields/production (sari et al., 2020). there are 2 types of fertilizers, namely inorganic fertilizer (artificial fertilizer) and organic fertilizer organic fertilizer is fertilizer derived from nature, in the form of residual organisms both plants and animals, organic fertilizers contain nutrients both macro and micro needed by plants, so that they can grow fertile (handayani, et al 2011). at present organic fertilizer is widely available in the market and circulating widely in the community, especially in central sulawesi including gresik organic fertilizer and doami organic fertilizer . the fertilizer is widely used by farmers in cocoa, rice and annual crops. gresik organic fertilizer produced by pt pertrokimia gresik, in general gresik organic fertilizer can increase the yield of all types of plants (soim and farmers, 2008 in parmila et al 2019). based on the description above, the author is interested in conducting research with the title " the effect of various organic fertilizer on gaharu seeds (aquilaria malaccesis lamk) in the field 2. research methods this research was conducted in august to october 2022 located in the arboretum faculty of forestry, tadulako university. this study uses a complete random design (ral) consisting of 3 treatments and 4 ulangan, namely: p0 = without fertilizer, p1 = doami organic fertilizer ( 2 kg), p2 = gresik organic fertilizer ( 2 kg) , of the three treatments, it was repeated 4 times each so that the total total of 12 experimental units. data was analyzed using an analysis of the fulfricular test f with a 5 % level was carried out to find out whether or not the effect of treatment. the treatment that has a significant effect will be carried out further tests using the bnt test at a 5% level to determine different treatment. 3. results and discussions height addition to determine the effect of the treatment given to the height addition of the agarwood seedlings, an analysis of variance was carried out which is presented in table 1. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.101 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 table 1. analysis of variety of height addition (cm) of common gaharu seedlings 3 months after planting source of diversity degrees of freedom number of kuads middle square count factor table factor 5% treatment 2 477.13 238.56 57.25* 4.1 error 9 37.5 4.166 total 11 514.63 description *=significant in table 1 it shows that the treatment of two types of organic fertilizer on the growth of gaharu seedlings on height addition, then a further test was carried out with the honest significant difference test (bnj) at 5% level in table 2. table 2. results of the honest significant difference test (bnj) on height addition (cm) of gaharu seedlings 3 months after planting treatment average bnj k2 7.75 a 4.79 k3 6.75 b k1 4.5 b description: numbers followed by unequal letter notations are significantly different on the 5% bnj test page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.101 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 figure 1. diagram of the average high addition of gaharu seedlings for each treatment diameter addition to determine the effect of the treatment given to the increase in the diameter of the gaharu seedlings, an analysis of variance was carried out which is presented in table 3. table 3. results of the analysis of variation of the addition in diameter of gaharu seedlings 3 months after planting source of diversity degrees of freedom number of kuads middle square count factor table factor 5% treatment 2 3.208 1.6046 18.870 4.1 error 9 0.765 0.085 total 11 3.973 description *=significant in table 3 it shows that the treatment of two types of organic fertilizer on the growth of the agarwood seedlings on the height increase, then a further test was carried out with the honest significant difference test (bnj) at the 5% level in table 4. table 4. results of the honest significant difference test (bnj) on the average diamete addition (mm) of gaharu seedlings 3 months after planting treatment average bnj k2 0.725 a 0.68 k3 0.45 b k1 0.375 b description: numbers followed by unequal letter notations are significantly different on the 5% bnj test 7,75 6,75 4,5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 k2 k3 k1 the average of heigh addition page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.101 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 figure 2. diagram of the average diameter addition gaharu seedlings for each treatment number of leaves addition table 5. results of analysis of variety of addition in diameter of gaharu seedlings 3 months after planting source of diversity degrees of freedom number of kuads middle square count factor table factor 5% treatment 2 48.5 24.25 0.3153 ns 4.1 error 9 692 76.8889 total 11 64 description ns =not significant table 5 shows that the treatment of the two types of organic fertilizers did not have a significant effect on the increase in the number of leaves, so further tests were not carried out. the average increase in the number of leaves can be seen in table 6. table 6. the average addition number of leaves of gaharu seedlings 3 months after planting treatment average k2 10.25 k3 7.75 k1 6 0,725 0,45 0,375 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 k2 k3 k1 the average of diameter addition page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.101 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 figure 3. diagram of the average addition in the number of gaharuseedlings for each treatment the results showed that the application of various types of organic fertilizer had a significant effect on the growth of height and diameter of the seedlings, compared to no treatment, but had no significant effect on the increase in the number of leaves. the results showed that the average increase in seedling height was k1 (control) of 4.5 cm, k2 (doami organic fertilizer) of 7.75 cm and k3 (gresik organic fertilizer) of 6.75 cm. the average increase in seedling diameter was 0.725 k1, 0.725 k2, 0.45 mm k3. while the average increase in the number of leaves is k1 of 6, k2 of 10.25 and k3 of 7.75. treatment of various types of organic fertilizers in the k2 treatment (doami) gave a better effect on the increase in height, diameter and number of leaves compared to gresik organic fertilizer and no treatment. it is presumed that doami fertilizer is made from fermented fresh manure and quality natural ingredients and is enriched with natural microorganisms which are propagated by organic media. doami organic fertilizer contains high nutrients for plant growth. doami fertilizer contains 22.81% c-organic so it is easily absorbed by plants, resulting in faster growth. fertilizer compared to the c-organic content in petroganic fertilizers of 15%. this is suspected to be the cause of the difference in growth. doami organic fertilizer is also produced using cow dung. according to (zuraida and nuraini 2021) the application of cow manure compost has a significant effect on the chemical properties of the soil, increasing height, diameter and number of leaves. plant height, diameter and number of leaves are measurements that are often 10,25 7,75 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 k2 k3 k1 the average number of leaves addition page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.101 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 observed both as growth indicators and as parameters used to measure environmental influences or treatments applied. this is based on the fact that the height, diameter and number of plant leaves are the most easily observed growth measurements (riawati, et al 2022). addition the number of leaves requires nutrients, especially nitrogen as a form of leaf tissue, chlorophyll which can improve the quality of plants to produce many leaves. the existence of leaves on plants in addition to photosynthesis is also to stimulate roots and strengthen the effect of fertilizer application. the presence of leaves also affects the viability of the seedlings, because the seedlings lose water more quickly due to the transpiration process, so the plants wilt and dry quickly. in addition, fully developed leaves provide materials for growth through the process of photosynthesis (hartatik, et al 2020). 4. conclussion application of various types of organic fertilizers on the growth of gaharu seedlings in the field has a significant effect on the increase in height and diameter, but has no significant effect on the increase in the number of leaves. the k2 treatment (pupuk doami 2 kg) gave a better effect with an average increase in height of 7.75, an average increase in diameter of 0.72 and an average increase in the number of leaves of 10.25 references fitriana. n. muin. a. fahrizal. (2017). growth of gaharu plants (aquilaria spp) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (fma) under three shade conditions. journal of sustainable forests. 5(2) : 514-520 gaspersz, v. (1991). experimental design methods. cv armico. bandung handayani, f., mastur and nurbani. (2011). response of two soybean varieties to the addition of several types of organic materials, proceedings of the national seminar and workshop. collaboration between undip, central java bptp, central java provincial government. hartatik, s. payung, s. rachmawati, n. (2020). growth response of agarwood seedlings (aquilaria malaccensis) to the application of green tonic leaf fertilizer in the shade house, faculty of forestry, banjarbaru. journal of sylva scienteae. vol. 3 (5). kamaludin. (2018). the effect of applying cow manure on the growth of banyan agarwood (aquilaria malaccensis) in red-yellow podzolic soil. faculty of agriculture, university of kapuas sintang. pipers vol 26 (14) muin a, fahrizal. (2015). planting aquilaria spp is semi tolerant in open land in the context of plant expansion and increasing production and gaharu sapwood commodities. [annual page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.101 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 report on national priority research on the master plan for the acceleration and expansion of indonesia's economic development parmilla. p. purba. j.h. suprami. l. (2019). the effect of petroganic and potassium fertilizer doses on the growth and yield of watermelon (citrulus vulgaris scard). balinese agro. agricultural journal. vol 2 (1) 37-45 riawati, s. wulandari. r. wahyuni. d. rahmawati, wardah. muslim. (2022). the effect of various types and dosages of manure on the growth of gaharu seedlings (aquilaria malaccesis lamk) warta rima. vol 10 (3) sari, i. p., hidayati, s., ali, m., & purwanti, s. (2020). application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.). agricultural science, 4(1), 74–84. wiriadinata, h. semiadi, g. darnaedi, d. waluyo e.b. (2010). gaharu cultivation concept of cultivation on agarwood trees (aquilaria spp) in bengkulu province. journal of forest research and nature conservation. vol 7 (4) 371-380 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence effect analysis of corn production determinants (rural lenteng western district of lenteng sumenep) dody tri kurniawan page |28 analysis of corn production determinants (rural lenteng western district of lenteng sumenep) dody tri kurniawan lecturer at the faculty of agriculture, university wiraraja email:trikurnia.s100@gmail.com abstract carbohydrate biggest producer of rice and wheat in addition to corn. indonesia's corn consumption is not more than 2 kg per person per year compared with the expenditure of rice in indonesia amounted to 85kg per person per year. the phenomenon occurs because there are many obstacles in the maize farming such as lack of capital, the cost of fertilizer and the price of corn. lenteng village west is one of the villages located in the district lenteng with an agricultural land area and the most massive corn production. the land area reaches 1,027 hectares and the most massive corn production with the amount of 9243 tons. (bpp district of lenteng 2017). the purpose of this study was to determine how much influence the capital, land, and labor to the production of corn in the village of west lenteng. the approach is that researchers use associative data approach. the population in this study were farmers who were in lenteng west with a total population of 150 farmers and a sample of 60 people with a level of tolerance (error) of 10%. meanwhile, researchers in data collection using primary and secondary data, and data analysis researchers using multiple linear regression method by using spss 16. results of regression showed that the variables of capital, land, and labor in a positive and significant effect on maize production in the village of west lenteng. keywords: production of maize, the capital, land, and labor 1. introduction the primary target of today's agricultural development is the increase in agricultural production and farmers' income because the agrarian sector activity sought to be able to run smoothly with the rise in food products either through intensification, extension, and agricultural diversification. it is expected to improve the living standards of farmers, expand employment opportunities for vulnerable groups who are still dependent on agriculture (ali & wulan, 2018). indonesian agricultural development journey is still not able to show the maximum results when viewed from the level of welfare of farmers and their contribution to national income. agricultural development in indonesia is considered essential for the overall national development. there are some things that underlie why agrarian development in indonesia has an important role, among others: the potential of natural resources large and diverse, the share of the national income is large enough, the size of the percentage of the nation's exports, the magnitude of the indonesian population who depend on the sector, its role in the community food supply and become the basis of growth in the countryside. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence effect analysis of corn production determinants (rural lenteng western district of lenteng sumenep) dody tri kurniawan page |29 agricultural development in the future is not only exposed to solve existing problems, but also faced with the challenge to deal with changes in the political order in indonesia that led to the era of democratization which demands autonomy and empowerment of farmers. also, also faced with the challenge of anticipating changes in the world order that led to the globalization of the world. therefore, agricultural development in indonesia is not only required to produce agricultural products that are highly competitive but also able to develop regional growth and community empowerment. maize as farming effort been intensified by the farmer to get maximum results. however, there are still many constraints faced by farmers. the problems in the agricultural economy, among others: the distance of time between expenditure and revenue receipts in agriculture, because the income received by farmers only at every harvest season, even though the expenditure to be incurred every day. agricultural finance is also an obstacle to destitute farmers and the debt involved. the pressure of population and agriculture, where the population growth is not proportional to the number of peasant production. another issue of agriculture itself, regarding the determinants of the productivity in the agricultural sector, among others: first the external factors such as drought that inhibit agrarian productivity. the second factor is the shrinkage of agricultural land caused by the industrialization and urbanization. furthermore, the limited use of technology and the low quality of human resources is also a determinant of agricultural productivity (ali, 2014). as well as the problems faced by farmers corn lenteng west village area to the condition of wetland and upland. constraints faced by a corn farmer in the village of west lenteng is low selling prices of corn in the market, while on the one hand, the more fertilizer prices surged, while subsidies still help optimize their corn farming. 2. methodology by the observed variables, the operational definition can be explained as follows. 1. corn production is farmers in west lenteng produce the amount of corn production. 2. capital is the goods or the money together with other production factors produce new products, namely agricultural production in units of rupiah permanent (i.e., all the costs during the process of producing corn) 3. the land is the total area of land used by farmers to planted corn harvest per unit area, the area that, in trying farmer in the research area that is 0.5 to 1 ha and above. 4. labor is the amount of energy (people) used in production activity to complete the work in the farming, expressed in (number of working people) agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence effect analysis of corn production determinants (rural lenteng western district of lenteng sumenep) dody tri kurniawan page |30 the analysis model that will be used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis models. regression analysis was used to determine the effect of capital, land area, labor, against the amount of maize production in west lenteng that is expressed in the following functions: y = f (x1, x2, x3,) ........................................................................................... (3.2) or formulated in the form of cobb-douglas, becomes: y = β0x1β1x2β2x3 β3 eμ or y = a k β lα ....................................................................................................(3.3) will further facilitate the settlement by using the natural logarithm (ln), namely: ln y = β0 + β1 ln lnln β2 x1 + x2 + x3 + μ ln β3 .....................................(3.4) where : y = productioncorn x1 =capital x2 = land / sizeland x3 = powerwork β0 =constants β1, β2, β3, = coefficientregression μ = errorterm 3. results and discussion a. corn production in west lenteng based on figure 2 that the results of the agricultural output 7 to yield 6 tons, 8 to produce 4 tons, 8 to generate 7 tons, 8 to yield nine tons, 9 person with a production of 15 tons, ten people with the output of 8 tons, 10 to produce 12 tons. picture1.corn production in the village of west lenteng 8 7 0 4 12 9 6 15 10 8 0 8 10 8 7 9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 produksi petani agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence effect analysis of corn production determinants (rural lenteng western district of lenteng sumenep) dody tri kurniawan page |31 b. regression testing analysis regression test is an analysis to see the dependence of the dependent variable (bound) with one or more independent variables (free). regression analysis is a form of coefficients for each independent variable is obtained by predicting the value of the dependent variable with an equation. multiple linear regression equation in this study are as follows: ln y = β0 + β1 ln lnln β2 x1 + x2 + x3 + μ ln β3...........................................(4.1) where : y = productioncorn x1 =capital x2 = land / sizeland x3 = powerwork β0 =constants β1, β2, β3, = coefficientregression μ = errorterm after the regression test results are obtained coefficients spss output tables, anova and summary model table as follows: table 1. regression testing coefficients model coefficients unstandardized standardized coefficients t sig.b std. error beta 1 (constant) .593 .271 2,186 .033 capital .586 .098 .628 5964 .000 land area .179 .085 .207 2,100 .040 antenatal gov .287 .143 .148 2,016 .049 a. dependent variable: production so from the results above, the spss output obtained multiple linear regression equation as follows: y = 0.593 + 0,586x1 + 0,179x2 + 0,287x3 + e interpretation of the multiple linear regression equation is: 1) constants (α) had regression of 0.593, meaning that if the variable capital (x1), land (x2) and labor (x3) is considered zero, then there is an increase in maize production amounted to 0.593. 2) capital (x1) has a regression coefficient of 0.586, meaning that any increase in the agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence effect analysis of corn production determinants (rural lenteng western district of lenteng sumenep) dody tri kurniawan page |32 variable money amounting to 1%, it will increase corn production by 59.3% 3) land (x2) has a regression coefficient of 0.179, meaning that any increase in the variable equal to 1% of land area, there will be an increase in corn production of 17.9% 4) labor (x3) has a regression coefficient of 0.287, meaning that any increase in variable labor by 1%, there will be an increase in corn production of 28.7%. b. coefficient of determination tabel 2. test the coefficient of determination model summary model r r square adjusted r square std. an error of the estimate 1 .918a .843 .835 .15922 a. predictors: (constant), labor, land area, capital b. dependent variable: production based on the spss output correlation coefficient (r) of 0.918 which indicates that the degree of relationship (correlation) between the independent variables and the dependent variable of 91.8%. that is the coefficient of capital, land, and labor have a strong relationship with the production of corn. the coefficient of determination adjusted (adjusted r square) of 0.835. this means that other variables outside variables used explain 83.5% of the maize production dependent variable defined by the independent variables, namely capital, labor and land area, and the remaining 16.5% (100% -83.5%). c. hypothesis testing in partial (t-test) results hypothesis (t-test) seen in the table coefficients. t-test aims to determine the influence of each independent variable individually (partially) on the dependent variable. table 3.hypothesis testing somewhat coefficients model unstandardized coefficients standardized coefficients t sig.b std. error beta 1 (constant) .593 .271 2,186 .033 capital .586 .098 .628 5964 .000 land area .179 .085 .207 2,100 .040 labor .287 .143 .148 2,016 .049 dependent variable: production to see the value table that df (n) k = 60-3 = 57, α 5%. the output shows, results: a. capital variables obtained t 5.964> 2.0047 table and the significant level of 0.000 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence effect analysis of corn production determinants (rural lenteng western district of lenteng sumenep) dody tri kurniawan page |33 <0.0005; then the decision is to accept ha and h0 is rejected. these results indicate that capital a significant effect on maize production. results showed hypothesis is accepted. b. variable land area of 2,100 obtained t> t table 0,040 2.0047 and significant levels <0.0005, then the decision is to accept ha and h0 is rejected. these results indicate that the vast land a substantial effect on maize production. results showed hypothesis is accepted. c. labor obtained t variable 2.016> 2.0047 table and a significant level of 0.049 <0.0005; then the decision is to accept ha and h0 is rejected. these results indicate that the labor force has a substantial effect on maize. results showed hypothesis is accepted. d. simultaneous hypothesis testing basis (test f) results hypothesis (test f) can be seen from the results in table anova regression of spss output. f test showed independent variables together (simultaneously) the effect on the dependent variable.to determine the simultaneous analysis of a hypothetical test can be seen from the spss output table below: table 4. simultaneously hypothesis testing (test f) anovab model sum of squares df mean square f sig. 1 regression 7642 3 2,547 100 477 .000 a residual 1,420 56 .025 total 9061 59 a. predictors: (constant), labor, land area, capital b. dependent variable: production spss output the results above show sig 0.000 <0.05, significant meaning, fhitung 100.477>ftabel 3.16. to see the value ftable is df (n1) = 3-1 = 2, df (n2) = 60-3 = 57. that is capital, land, and labor was simultaneously / together have a significant effect on the production of corn, then the decision is rejected, and ha ho accepted means that the hypothesis is accepted. 4. conclusions and recommendations a. conclusion based on the results of research that has been done on the variable capital, labor, and land area to corn production in the village of west lenteng it can be concluded that: 1. capital variables positively affect the production of corn in the town of west lenteng. the higher the capital owned or used, the more the production of corn produced. supported by agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence effect analysis of corn production determinants (rural lenteng western district of lenteng sumenep) dody tri kurniawan page |34 land owned and the quality of seeds used. 2. variable land area positively affects the production of corn in the village of west lenteng. due to the growing field of land owned or used the more the production of corn that can be generated. the fertile soil conditions support sufficient land area and whether it will be able to increase the yield of corn production. 3. labor variables positively and significantly affect corn production in the village of west lenteng. this means that the longer the time spent processing the corn crop in both the treatment and control will be able to increase the production of corn. b. recommendations based on the research and the above conclusions, the author gives some ideas, as an implementation of the results of this study, as follows: 1. capital is used wisely for the sake of the continuation of the production of corn. money is not only used in per harvest but can also be used in the next harvest season. 2. for local government or any parties related to agriculture to provide counseling or direction to the corn farmers to increase production. also, it should be made agricultural sector development program, mainly maize, including efforts to improve capability, provision of capital, the availability of fertilizers, medicines and no less important is the improvement of road infrastructure because this is to facilitate freight transport crops. references ardisarwanto, (1999). increase corn production. jakarta atalia sembiring, (2013). "papers production and cost period long".http://goresankuliahku.blogspot.com/2013/05/makalah-production-and-costterm.html, posted tuesday, may 14, 2013. ali, m. (2014). agribisnis “bebek sinjay” dalam perspektif kewirausahaan dan pemasaran. ali, m., & wulan, w. (2018). effects of sand and sugar consentration rosella (hisbiscus sabdariffalinn) against quality of jelly candy. teknoboyo, 2(1). the central bureau of statistics (2017).lenteng sub-district in 2017. figures sumenep james dean, 1992. director general of food crops mubyarto. 1994. introduction to the agricultural economy. lp3es, jakarta mashuri. 2013. the role of farmer groups to improve rice farming income in the village of seder kecamatan lenteng sumenep. sumenep. mardikanto, t. 1993. extension agricultural development. eleven march university press. surakarta agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence effect analysis of corn production determinants (rural lenteng western district of lenteng sumenep) dody tri kurniawan page |35 hartono purnomo, 18: 2005. superior planting corn. bogor pangestusubagyo a and djarwanto mb (2005). inductive statistics (issue 5). bpfe.yogyakarta. philip riberu, (2011). "power work in economy agriculture" .http://riberuphilip.blogspot.com/2011/05/tenaga-kerja-dalam-ekonomi pertanian.html. trimo, stp. 2006. evaluation of agricultural extension and attempt to solve the problems in the district of boyolali district of banyudono. bptp banyudono, boyolali , agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect test the solving of seed skin and media type against germination of pumpkin seeds (cucurbita maschata) sri hidayati, sri purwanti page | test the solving of seed skin and media type against germination of pumpkin seeds (cucurbita maschata) *sri hidayati, sri purwanti agrotechnology study program, faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya email: hidayatisetyo@gmail.com abstract objectives of the research are (1) to test various treatments of seed skin breakdown and media types to pumpkin germination (2) to test various treatments splitting of seed skin on pumpkin germination, (3) to test various types of media treatments for pumpkin germination. factorial research methods in randomized block design (rbd), consisting of two factors, namely: treatment of seed skin breakdown with 2 levels of treatment and treatment of media types with 4 levels of treatment. each treatment combination was repeated three times and each treatment combination consisted of 20 pumpkin seeds. the first factor is the treatment of seed skin breakdown consisting of p0 : without breaking the seed skin and p1 : breaking the seed skin. while the second factor is media type treatment consisting of m1: merang paper; m2: garden land; m3: sand and m4 : fertilizer cage. observations carried out consisted of germination rate, germination percentage, plumula length and radicle length. the results of the study and discussion, can be concluded as follows: overall the combination of the treatment of seed skin breakdown and the type of media on gourd seeds germination has not given a significant interaction effect, except for the significant growth of radicle length. no significant effect on the length of the radicles and the length of pumpkin plumula, very significant effect on germination rate, and on the percentage of germination significantly. in the treatment of the type of media it has a very real effect on all observation parameters. the combination of the treatment of seed skin cracking and paper planting media (p1m1) gave the highest yield on the average length of radicles, germination on the paper medium (m1) gave the longest length of the radicle, the fastest germination rate, and the highest germination percentage obtained at skin stripping treatment (p1). keywords: yellow gourd; skin breakdown; media type 1. introduction yellow pumpkin (cucurbita moschata.) is one of the plant sources of food and is a suitable agricultural commodity to be developed. this fruit has enough nutrients and is beneficial for health which is rich in vitamins a and c, minerals, and carbohydrates. this plant is widely found in north america, central europe, australia, new zealand, india and other countries. pumpkin is often also referred to as pumpkin or pumpkin for the species cucurbita moschata and sweet pumpkin for species cucurbita maxima and cucurbita pepo. in some areas in indonesia pumpkin has several regional names such as labu parang (malay), waluh (javanese and sundanese). in english it is generally referred to as pumpkin or butternut squash (pumpkin) and winter squash (sweet pumpkin) (anonymous, 2009). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect test the solving of seed skin and media type against germination of pumpkin seeds (cucurbita maschata) sri hidayati, sri purwanti page | this pumpkin is an agricultural commodity that is suitable to be developed as a food alternative. this fruit has enough nutrients and is beneficial for health (purwanti, hidayati, & nurlina, 2017). as a food ingredient, yellow pumpkin is rich in vitamins a and c, minerals, and carbohydrates. this fruit also contains substances that are useful for health, including carotenoids in the form of beta-carotene. therefore, this pumpkin is nicknamed "king of beta-carotene," which serves to protect the eyes from cataract attacks. also attacks of cancer, heart disease, diabetes, dysentery, kidney, fever, and diarrhea. as well as containing antidotes and tapeworms. increasing numbers of population demands increasingly high fulfillment of needs. one of the needs that is now the international concern is the problem of adequate food. indonesia as an agrarian country has a lot of potential to overcome this. many sources of food can be produced, but so far not optimally optimized (ali & wulan, 2018). one source of these foods is pumpkin ( cucurbita moschata or pumpkin (english). pumpkin plants have a very high nutrient content and are very likely to be used as alternative food, but the productivity produced at the level of farmers is still low. this is due to the lack of attractiveness and the low quality of seeds circulating in the market (anonymous. 2012b ). 2. materials and methods this experiment was carried out in the laboratory of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university, surabaya, jalan ketintang madya vii number 2 surabaya. the height of the place is approximately 5 m above sea level. the research materials and tools used are: germination, sprayer, pumpkin seeds, planting media consisting of paper, garden soil, sand, manure, nail cuttings (scissors) and measuring instruments experiment arranged in a randomized block design (rak ), consisting of two factors: treatment of seed skin breakdown with 2 levels of treatment and treatment of media types with 4 levels of treatment. each treatment combination was repeated three times and each treatment combination consisted of 20 pumpkin seeds. factor i: treatment of breaking the seed skin consists of p0 : without breaking the seed skin, p1 : solving the seed skin. factor ii: treatment of media type, consisting of m1: paper, m2: garden soil, m3: sand, m4 : manure, to find out how far the effect of treatment is used analysis of variance (test f) with a level of 5% and 1%, and to find out the differences and each treatment usedbnt test 5%. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect test the solving of seed skin and media type against germination of pumpkin seeds (cucurbita maschata) sri hidayati, sri purwanti page | 3. results and discussion 3.1. radicle length the results of variance analysis showed that the interaction due to the treatment of seed skin breakage and type of media (pm) significantly affected the length of pumpkin radicles. separately the treatment of seed skin breakdown no significant effect on the length of the radicles and the treatment of the type of media had a very significant effect the average length of pumpkin radicles due to the treatment of seed skin breakdown and type of media can be seen in table 1. table 1 shows that the combination treatment of seed skin cracking and type of paper planting media ( p1m1) gave the longest length of radicle 12.65 cm, followed by a combination of treatment p1m4 (11.72 cm), p0m1 (11.55 cm), p0m3 (10.56 cm), p0m2 ( 10.38 cm), p0m4 (10.1cm), p1m3 (8.36 cm) and p1m2 (8.15 cm). \ table 1. average radicle length (cm) due to combination treatment treatment of skin seed and media type treatment average(cm) notation p0 m1 11.55 b p0 m2 10.38 ab p0m3 10.56 ab p0m4 10.1 ab p1 m1 12.65 b p1 m2 8.15 a p1 m3 8.36 a p1 m4 11.72 b description: the numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column showed no significant difference in the bnt test 5% 3.2. plumula length the results of variance analysis showed that the interaction due to treatment of seed skin breakdown and type of media had no effect real to the length of pumpkin plumula. separately the treatment of seed skin breakdown (p) no significant effect on the length of the plumula and the treatment of the type of media (m) has a very real effect (appendix 2). the average length of pumpkin plumula due to the type of media treatment can be seen in table 2. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect test the solving of seed skin and media type against germination of pumpkin seeds (cucurbita maschata) sri hidayati, sri purwanti page | table 2. average plumula length (cm) impact of planting media treatment (m) treatment average(cm) notation m1 15.68 a m2 17.28 bc m3 16.59 b m4 17.99 c bnt 5% 0.77 remarks: the numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column showed no significant difference in the bnt test 5% table 2 shows that the treatment of the type of manure media (m4) produced the longest plumula length of 17.99 cm, which was then followed by the type treatment garden soil media (m2) of 17.28 cm, type of sand media of 16.59 cm and finally by the treatment of medium type of paper paper at 15.68 cm. 3.3. germination rate the results of the variance analysis showed that the interaction due to seed treatment and planting media did not significantly affect the pumpkin germination rate. separately seed treatment (p) very significant effect on germination rate, as well as the treatment of media types (m) has a very real effect the average pumpkin germination rate due to seed skin treatment and media type treatment can be seen in table 3 table 3. average germination rate (days) due to treatment of seed skin breaking (p) and treatment of media types (m) treatment average(day) notation m1 2.54 a m2 2.84 b m3 2.73 b m4 2.76 b bnt 5% 0.12 p0 3.07 b p1 2.37 a bnt 5% 0.09 description: the numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference in the test bnt 5% agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect test the solving of seed skin and media type against germination of pumpkin seeds (cucurbita maschata) sri hidayati, sri purwanti page | table 3 shows that the treatment of the type of paper fertilizer media (m1) produced the fastest germination rate of 2.54 days, followed by the treatment of garden soil media type (m3) of 2.73 days, manure of 2.76 days and the last by sand type media treatment is 2.84 days. treatment of skin breakdown (p1) gives the fastest germination rate of 2.37 days, followed by treatment without skin breakdown (p0) of 3.07 days. 3.4. germination percentage the results of variance analysis showed that the interaction due to the treatment of seed skin cracking and the type of media did not significantly affect the percentage of pumpkin germination. separately the treatment of seed skin breakdown (p) very significant influence on the percentage of germination, and on the treatment of the type of media (m) significantly affected the average percentage of pumpkin germination due to seed treatment and planting media treatment can be seen in table 4. table 4 shows that the paper media treatment (m1) produces the highest percentage of germination is 78.32%, which is then followed by the treatment of media of manure (m4) of 76.16%, msand planting medium3 of 73.60% and finally by the treatment of sand planting media of 70.12%. whereas in the seed treatment, the highest percentage of germination was obtained on the skin stripping treatment (p1), which was 76.32% which was then followed by seed treatment without stripping (p0) of 72.78%. table 4. average germination percentage (%) due to treatment of seed skin breaking (p) and treatment of media types (m) before and after transformation. treatment before transformation after transformation average(%) notation average(%) notation m1 95.00 c 78.32 b m2 88.33 a 70.12 a m3 91.67 b 73.60 ab m4 94.17 bc 76.16 b bnt 5% 2.87 3.85 p0 90.83 a 72.78 a p1 93.75 b 76.32 b bnt 5% 2:03 2.72 description: the numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column show that there is no significant difference in the bnt test 5% agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect test the solving of seed skin and media type against germination of pumpkin seeds (cucurbita maschata) sri hidayati, sri purwanti page | 3.5. discussion overall in general the combination of treatment breaking the seed skin and the type of media against pumpkin seed germination has not given a real interaction effect, except in the long growth of significant influential radicles .. separately the treatment of seed skin breakage gives no significant effect on the length of the radicles and the length of pumpkin plumula, very significant effect on germination rate, and on the percentage of germination significantly (ali, hosir, & nurlina, 2017). in the treatment of the type of media it has a very real effect on all observation parameters. the average length of the longest pumpkin radicles due to a combination of the treatment of seed skin cracking and the type of planting medium was obtained in the treatment of seed skin cracking with the type of paper medium (p1 m1), which is 12.65 cm. in addition the treatment of skin breakdown gives the highest yield at germination rate (2.37 days) and germination percentage (76.32%). it is suspected that the seeds that are not broken down, water absorption is hindered, but by breaking the skin can accelerate germination, because seeds are easier to imbibe. sutopo, l. (1992), which says that seeds that have hard seeds take water are blocked by seed skin, so opening the skin will accelerate germination. saleh, ms. (2003), said that the seeds given special treatment namely scarification can improve germination and speed of germination. wirawan and wahyuni (2002), also said that seed skins also become a barrier to the emergence of sprouts in this germination and dormancy process can be broken by treating the seed skin to make it easy to pass through water and gas, such as skin peels. germination on the paper medium (m1) gives the longest length of the radicle, the fastest germination rate, and the highest percentage of germination, because the paper has a high absorption capacity, where seed germination needs water. in accordance with sadjad's opinion (1980) that the medium of paper is very good to be used as a germination test media in the laboratory because it has high absorption power and is easy to control. water collection in seeds generally occurs in 3 phases: initial absorption quickly, and the second phase is taking water with the appearance of roots. imbibisi is identified by the first phase of water uptake and is a physiological process, due to metabolic initiation before the seeds get food. water collection is controlled by the strength of cell walls that lack water, carbonhydrate and protein (arnold and sandjez, 2004). as it is known that the germination rate is influenced by humidity and temperature. in line with this, kamil (1979) states that seeds need to absorb a certain amount of water before agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect test the solving of seed skin and media type against germination of pumpkin seeds (cucurbita maschata) sri hidayati, sri purwanti page | starting germination. others also said that light and temperature are basic needs that must be met during the germination process. according to copeland (1976), seed germination requires water (humidity), oxygen and temperature, which is suitable for the seed needs of each type of plant. the average length of pumpkin plumula due to the treatment of the growing media is obtained on the media treatment of manure (m4) , which is 17.99 cm long. this is due to the subsequent growth of sprouts requiring nutrients, and the elements needed are in manure. in accordance with the opinion of akbar (1992; lakitan, 2004), that germination media is one of the factors that influence seed germination. sutopo (1984) states that the process of seed germination is a complex series of morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. the process consists of five stages. the first stage begins with the absorption of water by the seeds, softening of the seed coat, and hydration by the protoplasm. the second stage starts with cell activity and enzymes and increases the level of seed respiration. the third stage is the decomposition of ingredients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into dissolved forms and translocated to growing points. the fourth stage is assimilation of the ingredients that have been described in the enzymatic area to the systematic area to produce energy to form components and the growth of new cells. the fifth stage is the growth of sprouts through the process of division and enlargement. 4. conclusion overall the combination of seed treatment and type of media on gourd seeds germination has not given a real interaction effect, except for the significant growth of radicle length. separately the seed treatment has no significant effect on the length of the radicles and the length of pumpkin plumula, very significant effect on germination rate, and on the percentage of germination significantly. in the treatment of the planting medium, the effect was very significant on all parameters of observation and the combination of treatment of seed skin cracking and paper planting media (p1m1) gave the highest yield on the average length of radicles, germination on the medium of paper (m1) gave the length of radicles the longest, fastest germination rate, and the highest germination percentage obtained in the skin stripping treatment (p1). references anonymous. 2009. budidayalabu kuning. http://k03rim4n5.wordpress.com/2009 / 02/14 / pumpkin-yellow /cultivation agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect test the solving of seed skin and media type against germination of pumpkin seeds (cucurbita maschata) sri hidayati, sri purwanti page | anonymous. 2010. effect of rubbing seeds and planting media on rubber seed germination (hevea brassiliensis muell. arg.). http://4m3one.wordpress.com/2010/12/21 / influencerubbing-seed-and-media-planting-on-germination-seed-rubber-hevea-brassiliensis-muellarg / anonymous, 2012a. pumpkin seed extracts can prevent benign prostate disorders. http: //www.sidoharjo. com / en-health / kuaci-biji-pumpu-can-prevent-disorder-prostatebenign.html anonymous. 2012b. pumpkin rich in benefits. http: //alamendah.wordpress. com/ 06/20/2010 / pumpkin-rich-benefits / anonymous. 2012c. determination of waluh seed vigor (cucurbita maschata) through testetrazolium. http://alamendah.wordpress.com/2010/06/20/ pumpkin-rich-benefits / anonymous. 2012d . pumpkin fruit seeds (pumpkin seed squeezers can prevent benign prostate disorders http://www.sidoharjo.com/id-kesehatan/kuaci-biji-labu-bisa-prevent-prostrateprostat-jinak.html anonymous. 2012e. . http://bpptanggunggunung.blogspot.com / 2012/05 / aquaculture-waluh.html ali, m., hosir, a., & nurlina, n. (2017). perbedaan jumlah bibit per lubang tanam terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi (oryza sativa l.) dengan menggunakan metode sri. gontor agrotech science journal, 3(1), 1–21. ali, m., & wulan, w. (2018). effects of sand and sugar consentration rosella (hisbiscus sabdariffalinn) against quality of jelly candy. teknoboyo, 2(1). purwanti, s., hidayati, s., & nurlina, n. (2017). application of plus liquid organic fertilizer and leves truncation technique on onion growth and yields. jhp17: jurnal hasil penelitian, 2(1). ginting, ln, 2011. agribusiness studies program faculty of agriculture, university of north sumatra, medan kurniansyah. 2011. growing media influence on germination process http: // kurniansyah rizki.blogspot.com/2011/03/paruh-media-tanam-terhadap-proses.htmlsaturday, march 05, 2011 litna nurjannah ginting 2011. pumpkin, agribusiness study program, faculty of agriculture, university of north sumatra medan sadjad, s. 1975. seed technology and seed viability test problems page: 127145. capita selecta department of agronomy, bogor agricultural university, bureau of planning, bogor 216 pp. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect test the solving of seed skin and media type against germination of pumpkin seeds (cucurbita maschata) sri hidayati, sri purwanti page | sutopo, l. 1992. seed technology cv. rajawali pers. jakarta. 248 p wanafiah, k. 2003. testing review. quality control production, pt east west seed indonesia. jember widiagungnugroho. 2010. fruit waluh. http: //widiagungnugroho.wordpress. com / 2010/09/20 / buh-waluh / the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) budi utomo page | 78 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) budi utomo faculty of agriculture,mayjen sungkono university mojokerto, indonesia correspondence e-mail: budi.utomo@unimas.ac.id article history: received: agustus 28, 2022; accepted: september 27, 2022 abstract this study aims to determine the extent to which the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants. this study used a simple randomized block design (rbd) consisting of eight treatments with three replications and for observation, each treatment was represented by two sample plants. the placement of the treatments in the experimental plots was carried out randomly, the growth and yield variables of the mustard plants observed in this study were the length of the plants, observed at the age of 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after transplanting, the number of leaves were observed at the ages of 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after transplanting and plant wet weight. this was done when the plants were 30 days after transplanting. while the results of the study showed a significant effect on the observation variables of plant length, number of leaves and fresh weight of mustard plants due to the use of npk compound fertilizer and effective (effective) doses in the use of npk compound fertilizer during growth and yield of mustard plants tended to be achieved by treatment with doses of npk compound fertilizer. 250 kg per hectare, although the highest growth and yield tended to be shown in the treatment of 350 kg of npk compound fertilizer per hectare, followed by the treatment of 300 kg of npk compound fertilizer per hectare. keywords: fertilizers, plants, mustard greens, vegetables, npk 1. introduction sawi is a type of vegetable that is favored by the people of indonesia. the consumers range from the lower class of society to the upper class of society. another advantage, mustard is able to grow both in the lowlands and highlands. mustard greens have high economic value after crop cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli. mustard greens are thought to have originated from china (china), this plant has been cultivated since 2500 years ago, then spread to the philippines and taiwan (anggraeni et al., 2022). from a climatological perspective, it is timely for indonesia to develop a vegetable business. the growth rate of vegetable production in indonesia ranges from 7.7–24.2% per year. several types of vegetables such as shallots, chinese cabbage or mustard greens, kale and cucumbers increased production as a result of the application of cultivation technology (ngantung et al., 2018). mustard greens when viewed from the economic and business aspects are feasible to be developed or endeavored to meet consumer demand and the existence of market opportunities. the feasibility of developing mustard cultivation is shown, among other things, by the comparative the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) budi utomo page | 79 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 advantage of the conditions in the tropical region of indonesia which are very suitable for this commodity, besides that the harvesting age of mustard greens is relatively short, namely 40-50 days after planting and the results provide adequate profits (rizka, 2022). in addition, the technical, economic and social aspects are also very supportive of vegetable cultivation in our country. judging from the technical aspect, the cultivation of mustard greens is not too difficult. mustard greens, we often encounter in our daily diet. mustard greens are usually processed into stir-fried vegetables or a complement to eating meatballs. this green vegetable has many benefits. mustard greens contain lots of antioxidants and have lots of vitamins. according to experts, mustard greens, like other green vegetables, function as cancer prevention. for women, mustard has many benefitsat time menopause, because it can protect women from heart disease and breast cancer. the content of nutrients such as calcium, folic acid and magnesium can also support bone health. for those of you who don't like to eat vegetables, you don't need to worrylose all these healthy benefits, because it turns out, mustard greens can not only be eaten as a vegetable, but also mixed into a refreshing healthy drink (situmorang & alamsyah, 2015). mustard production during the period 2005 to 2008 decreased minus 1.44% per year. this happened due to reduced land area, in 2008, the largest mustard production was 77,147 tons, an increase of 2,036 tons. when compared to the production of mustard greens in 2007 amounting to 75,111 tons, there were almost mustardin the whole regions in indonesia (susila, 2005). one important factor in cultivation that supports the success of plant life is the problem of fertilization. a common problem in fertilization is the low efficiency of nutrient uptake by plants (sari et al., 2020). the efficiency of n and k fertilization is low, ranging from 30-40%. the efficiency of p fertilization by plants is also low, ranging from 15-20% (gunawan et al., 2015). plants are not enough just to rely on nutrients from the soil alone. therefore, plants need to be given additional nutrients from outside, namely in the form of fertilizer. efforts to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use can be achieved through the principles of the right type, right dose, right method, timely application and balanced according to plant needs (tando, 2019). to be able to grow and produce optimally, vegetable plants need essential nutrients in addition to solar or solar radiation, water and co2. essential nutrients are nutrients that play an important role as a source of nutrients for plants. availability of each of these elementsinside soil differs between plants (hartati et al., 2012). increasing mustard production can be done by fertilizing. fertilization through the soil can be done with artificial fertilizers and natural fertilizers. fertilization can also be given according to its type, including single fertilizer, compound fertilizer, macro element fertilizer and micro element fertilizer. the lack of farmer knowledge regarding the amount and type of nutrients needed by the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) budi utomo page | 80 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 plants is also a problem which results in a low increase in production per unit area (sari et al., 2020). the use of npk fertilizer can be a solution and alternative in increasing plant growth, especially mustard greens. the use of npk fertilizer is expected to increase the nutrient content needed in the soil so that it can be used directly by plants, and is intended to provide ease of application.in the field (son, 2012). this study aims to determine how effective (effective) the use of npk compound fertilizer is on the growth and yield of mustard greens (brassica juncea l.) 2. research method this study used a simple randomized block design (rbd) consisting of eight treatments with three replications and for observation, each treatment was represented by two sample plants. the placement of the treatments in the experimental plots was done randomly. the treatment given was npk compound fertilizer consisting of eight doses, including: a = without fertilizer (control) b = npk fertilizer 100 kg/ha (1.11 grams per plant) c = npk fertilizer 200 kg/ha (2.22 grams per plant) d = npk fertilizer 300 kg/ha (3.33 grams per plant) e = npk fertilizer 400 kg/ha (4.44 grams per plant) f = npk fertilizer 500 kg/ha (5.55 grams per plant) g = npk fertilizer 600 kg/ha (6.67 grams per plant) h = npk fertilizer 700 kg/ha (7.78 grams per plant) to determine the effect of npk compound fertilizer application on the growth and yield of mustard greens, the f test was used with a level of 5%, namely the sidik analysis test (asr). if from the results of the 5% f test there is a significant effect, then proceed with the t test (smallest significant difference test) with a level of 5% in order to determine the difference between the treatment doses of npk compound fertilizer, so that the appropriate treatment dose (effective dose) can be determined. variable types of growth and yield of mustard plants observed in this study include: a. plant length: that is by measuring the length of the plant that starts from the base of the existing pseudo stemon surface soil to plant parts the longest. observed on plants aged 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after transplanting. b. number of leaves: that is by counting all the leaves that have opened perfect. observed on plants aged 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after transplanting. c. plant wet weight: that is by weighing all parts of the plant after being harvested and previously washed with water and cleaned of soil or dirt, and air-dried so that there is no the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) budi utomo page | 81 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 residue water on plant parts. this is done when the plants are 30 days old after transplanting. d. 3. results and discussion plant length the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment using npk compound fertilizer had a significant effect on the observation of plant length during the growth of mustard plants, both at the age of 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after transplanting. table 1. average plant length (cm) due to influence use of npk compound fertilizer in various age of observation npk compound fertilizer treatment average plant length (cm) 10 days 20 days 30 days no fertilizer 10,50 a 21,17 a 32,17 a npk fertilizer 50 kg/ha 11,17 a 23,50 a 36,50 b npk fertilizer 100 kg/ha 13,00 b 26,67 b 37,50 b npk fertilizer 150 kg/ha 13,50 bc 28,17 bc 41,33 c npk fertilizer 200 kg/ha 15,17 c 29,50 c 45,67 d npk fertilizer 250 kg/ha 17,67 d 32,67 d 48.00 from npk fertilizer 300 kg/ha 18,17 d 33,00 d 49.33 and npk fertilizer 350 kg/ha 19,17 d 35,17 d 49.83 and bnt 5% 1,85 2,37 3,45 note: numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column is not significantly different in the 5% bnt test in table 1. shows, that with increasing the use of compound fertilizer doses will also be followed by an increase in plant length during the growth of mustard plants. the shortest plant length tended to be shown in the treatment without fertilizer (32.17 cm) and was statistically different from the treatment with other npk compound fertilizers. the longest plants tended to be achieved by using npk compound fertilizer 350 kg/ha (49.83 cm), although the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) budi utomo page | 82 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 statistically not significantly different from the treatment using npk compound fertilizer 300 kg/ha (49.33 cm) and the treatment using npk compound fertilizer 250 kg/ha (48.00 cm). number of leaves the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment using npk compound fertilizer had a significant effect on the observation of the number of leaves during the growth of mustard plants, both at the age of 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after transplanting (appendix 2). table 2. average number of leaves due to the effect of use npk compound fertilizer at various ages observation npk compound fertilizer treatment average number of leaves 10 days 20 days 30 days no fertilizer 3,50 a 10,33 a 16,67 a npk fertilizer 50 kg/ha 4,33 b 13,00 b 19,00 b npk fertilizer 100 kg/ha 4,50 b 14,33 b 20,33 b npk fertilizer 150 kg/ha 5,83 c 16,67 c 22,87 c npk fertilizer 200 kg/ha 5,83 c 18,67 d 23,67 c npk fertilizer 250 kg/ha 6,00 c 19.33 from 25,87 d npk fertilizer 300 kg/ha 6,67 d 20.00 from 26,33 d npk fertilizer 350 kg/ha 6,83 d 20.67 and 27,00 d bnt 5% 0,53 1,86 2,12 note: numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column is not significantly different in the 5% bnt test in table 2. shows, that with increasing the use of compound fertilizer doses will also be followed by an increase in the number of leaves during the growth of mustard plants. the smallest number of leaves tended to be shown in the treatment without fertilizer (16.67 leaves) and was statistically different from the use treatment other npk compound fertilizers. the highest number of leaves tended to be achieved by the treatment using npk compound fertilizer 350 kg/ha (27.00 strands), although statistically this was not significantly different from the treatment using npk compound fertilizer 300 kg/ha (26.33 strands) and the treatment using npk compound fertilizer 250 kg/ha (25.87 strands). the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) budi utomo page | 83 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 plant wet weight the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment using npk compound fertilizer had a significant effect on the observed fresh weight of the mustard plants. table 3. average wet weight of mustard plants (grams) as a result effect of using npk compound fertilizer npk compound fertilizer treatment average wet weight of plants (gram) no fertilizer 125,90 a npk fertilizer 50 kg/ha 179,07 b npk fertilizer 100 kg/ha 209,95 b npk fertilizer 150 kg/ha 256,23 c npk fertilizer 200 kg/ha 298,77 d npk fertilizer 250 kg/ha 351.43 and npk fertilizer 300 kg/ha 364.22 and npk fertilizer 350 kg/ha 372.03 and bnt 5% 40,52 note: numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column is not significantly different in the 5% bnt test table 3 shows that increasing the use of compound fertilizer doses tends to be followed by an increase in the wet weight of mustard plants. the smallest plant wet weight tends to be shown without fertilizer treatment (125.90 gram) and statistically different from the treatment of other npk compound fertilizers. the highest plant wet weight tended to be achieved by the treatment using npk compound fertilizer 350 kg/ha (372.03 grams), although statistically it was not significantly different from the treatment using npk compound fertilizer 300 kg/ha (364.22 grams) and the treatment using npk compound fertilizer. 250 kg/ha (351.43 grams). from the results of measurements and statistical analysis on all observed variables, including: length, plant length, number of leaves and fresh weight of plants showed a significant effect with the f test (5%) due to the use of npk compound fertilizer doses. this proves that there are enormous benefits and the importance of macro elements (npk) for the growth and yield of mustard greens. the use of npk compound fertilizer will increase the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which is quite large in the soil, so that the needs of plants for growth and development can also be fulfilled. the function of nitrogen as fertilizer is to improve the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) budi utomo page | 84 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 vegetative growth of plants and help the process of protein formation. deficiencyphosphorus causing plant growthslow, weak and stunted. the nutrient element potassium, functions in the formation of sugar and starch, protein synthesis, a catalyst for enzymatic reactions and plays a role in the growth of meristem tissue, thereby increasing plant resistance to disease and improving yield quality (ali, 2015) in the smallest significant difference test (5% bnt).between the treatment of using npk compound fertilizer doses tended to show statistically significant differences. lowest growth and yields always tend to show treatment without npk compound fertilizer and this was significantly different from the treatment using npk compound fertilizer. an increase in the use of npk compound fertilizer doses tends to always be followed by an increase in all plant observation variables, although effective (effective) doses of npk compound fertilizer use tend to be shown in the treatment of npk compound fertilizer doses of 250 kg per hectare. it is presumed that the dose of npk compound fertilizer used has met the optimum requirement for plant growth and yield. the results of this study are in accordance with the research of daud saribun (2008) which showed that the application of npk compound fertilizer at a dose of 300 grams per plot or300 kg per hectare (4 grams of npk per plant) was able to increase the highest yields of mustard greens (brassica juncea l.) and as the best result obtained a plant weight of 8.22 kg per plot equivalent to 6.85 tonnes per hectare. 4. conclusions based on the results of observations and discussion of research on the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard greens (brassica juncea l), it can be concluded as follows, there was a significant effect on the observed variable plant length, number of leaves and fresh weight of mustard plants due to the use of npk compound fertilizer and effective (effective) doses in the use of npk compound fertilizer during growth and yield of mustard plants tended to be achieved in the npk fertilizer dose of 250 kg per hectare, although the highest growth and yield tended to be shown in the npk compound fertilizer dose treatment of 350 kg per hectare followed by the npk fertilizer dose treatment 300 kg per hectare. references ali, m. (2015). effect of npk fertilizer dosage on capsaicin production and content in fruits of chilli plants (capsicum frutescens l.).journal of agrosains: creative and innovative works, 2(2), 171–178. anggraeni , a. y. , raksun , a. , & mertha , i. g. (2022).the effect of vermicompost and npk fertilizer on the growth of green mustard (brassica juncea l.). journal of tropical biology, 22(2), 525–533. the effectiveness of using npk compound fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) budi utomo page | 85 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 gunawan, r., kusmiadi, r., & prasetiyono, e. (2015). study on the utilization of mustard greens organic waste (brassica juncea l.) and blue swimming crab waste (portunus pelagicus) for the manufacture of liquid organic compost.enviagro: journal of agriculture and the environment, 8(1), 37–47. hartati, s., winarno, j., & novarizki, g. (2012). status of ca, mg, and s nutrients as basis for fertilizing peanut plants (arachis hypogaea l.) in punung district, pacitan regency.sains tanah-journal of soil science and agroclimatology, 9(2), 108–121. ngantung, j. a. b., rondonuwu, j. j., & kawulusan, r. i. (2018). the response of green mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) to the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in rurukan village, east tomohon district.eugenia, 24(1). putra, s. (2012). effect of single, compound and foliar npk fertilizers on increasing production of situ patenggang upland rice variety.agrotrope. west java agricultural technology study center, 2(1), 55–61. rizka, s. (2022). analysis of the feasibility analysis of hydroponic mustard greens business in kambu district, kendari city.agribusiness management: journal of agribusiness, 22(2), 123–132. sari, r. p., chaniago, i., & syarif, z. (2020). banana peel liquid organic fertilizer to increase growth and yield of strawberry (fragaria vesca l.).gem agro, 25(1), 38–43. situmorang, t. s., & alamsyah, z. (2015). analysis of marketing efficiency of sweet mustard greens using the structure, conduct, and performance (scp) approach in south jambi district, jambi city.scientific journal of socio-economics of business, 18(2). susila, w. r. (2005). opportunities for oil palm development in indonesia: long-term perspective 2025.soca: agricultural socioeconomic journal, 6(3), 44004. sari, i. p., hidayati, s., ali, m., & purwanti, s. (2020). application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.). agricultural science, 4(1), 74–84. tando, e. (2019). efforts to increase efficiency and increase the availability of nitrogen in the soil and nitrogen uptake in lowland rice (oryza sativa l.).continent of science, 18(2), 171–180. page | analysis of red onion supply (allium ascalonicum l.) in sumenep district fatmawati, moh. kurdi agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of red onion supply (allium ascalonicum l.) in sumenep district fatmawati1, moh. kurdi2 1faculty of agriculture, university of wiraraja 2faculty of economics and business, university of wiraraja email: fatmawati.ir@gmail.com2kurdi.em@gmail.com abstract this study was conducted to determine the factors that affect the supply of onion, such as onion price factors, prices of onion seeds, the total acreage of production factors, and the supply elasticity of onion. location research done by purposive, although not sumenep onion production center in east java, but sumenep has the potential for the development of onion production with planting area 429.99 ha, with production quantities 5258.89 tons and productivity levels 12, 23 tons/ha. the method used in this research is quantitative data analysis. based on the test results simultaneously (together) this indicates that the observed variables are the variable price of onion (hb), the variable cost of seed onions (hbb), variable production number (prod), and variable acreage (la) together are very significant to the offer of onion (qs) in sumenep. for the partial test results (one by one), the variable price of onion (hb) is very significant to the offer of onion (qs) at an error rate of 5% and a rate of 1% mistake. as for the variable production number (prod) individually at 5% significant real impact on red onions deals (qs) in sumenep. for the variable price of seed onions (hbb) and variable acreage (la) did not significantly affect red onion deals (qs) in sumenep. based on the results of the analysis of the supply elasticity of onion in sumenep of 2018 s / d in 2019 is equal to 0, keywords: special analysis, shallots, sumenep 1. introduction agriculture is one sector that is strategic within the economic development of indonesia. this is because most of the indonesian people who depend on agriculture. based on data from the central statistics agency (bps) in 2018, amounting to 40.3 percent of indonesia's population are dependent on the sector. in general, the agricultural sector consists of several sub-sectors, namely food subsector, horticulture, and gardening. one reasonably necessary subsector is horticulture. horticulture includes vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants, and medicinal or drugs. shallots (allium ascalonicum l) is one of the strategic horticultural commodities in indonesia because of its function as the main ingredient basic spices of indonesian cuisine. red onion is a vegetable that is most used in the entire menu of food in indonesia. therefore, the demand for onion is very high and even tends to increase from year to year. red onion consumption level per capita in indonesia ranges from 2,175 kg per year. page | analysis of red onion supply (allium ascalonicum l.) in sumenep district fatmawati, moh. kurdi agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence onion production centers in indonesia are dominated by the island of java that is equal to 73 percent of total production in indonesia. region production centers in java consists of west java area of 12 979 hectares which includes kuningan, cirebon and majalengka, central java area of 34 966 ha, including brebes, tegal, and pemalang, di yogyakarta include bantul, as well as the east java area of 27 480 hectares, covering nganjuk, probolinggo, and sumenep. in 2008, east java was the second largest production center after central java, with total production, reached 235 503 tonnes (farmer ray, 2008). sumenep regency is one of the giant onion quite high in east java. it can be seen from the total production of onion in sumenep, reaching 5258.9 tonnes with productivity of 12.23 tonnes/ha, so sumenep is one that has an essential role in meeting the needs of onion in east java (disperta sumenep, 2018 ). the rate of increase in the production of onion in sumenep which indicates their fluctuating factors affecting the production activities (hariyadi, huda, ali, & wandik, 2019). the existence of these factors leads to the level of output of onion potentially decreasing. meanwhile, the size of a commodity deal is influenced by the amount produced. in addition to the aspects of production, the level of supply of a commodity is also influenced by the price level (nicholson, 1991). above the description of the problem, this research considered necessary to be done to determine the factors that affect the supply of onion, such as onion price factors, prices of onion seeds, the total acreage of production factors and the supply elasticity of onion. the study was conducted in sumenep. 2. research methods in this study conducted in sumenep. determining the location of this research was done intentionally (purposive), with consideration of sumenep, not onion production center in east java, and as an alternative to tobacco, which during this period in sumenep tobacco farmers suffered continual losses. the population in this study is an onion farmer, population been intentionally (purposive) that the district and sub-district pasongsongan rubaru with the consideration that both the subdistrict is the district centers in sumenep. furthermore, from each subdistrict been intentionally (purposive) villages rajun center of the village and the village mandala pasongsongan subdistrict subdistrict rubaru. page | analysis of red onion supply (allium ascalonicum l.) in sumenep district fatmawati, moh. kurdi agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence methods of data analysis used in this research are quantitative data analysis. this method is used to make it easier to analyze various destinations with the confidence level that can be justified. to test the hypothesis about the factors that influence red onion deals in sumenep, using econometric statistical analysis (regression). multiple regression model proposed is as follows (supranto, 2004): y = o  + 1 1x + 2 2x + .... + k kx + i where : y: qs: offer (kg) o : constants 1 ... k : partial regression coefficient 1x hb: prices of onion (usd / kg) 2x : hbb: onion seed prices (usd / kg) 3x : prod: total production (kg) 4x : la: the area (ha)  : error then, from the results of multiple linear regression analysis, it can be analyzed with the r2 test, f test (f-test), and t-test (t-test). 3. research result from the research that has been done, it can be explained as follows: 3.1 multiple linear regression analysis a. r2 test to determine the accuracy of the model used coefficient r2. as for knowing donations of more than two independent variables, we used adjusted r2. from the results obtained by analysis of the value of r2 (coefficient of determination) of 0.998 and the value of adjusted r2 of 0.998. therefore, based on the value of adjusted r2 can be said that 99.8% of the variation of red onion deals (qs) is affected by the variable price of onion (hb), the variable cost of seed onions (hbb), variable production number (prod), and variable acreage (la), only 0.2% were influenced by variations variables included in the model, so this research deserves to be continued. page | analysis of red onion supply (allium ascalonicum l.) in sumenep district fatmawati, moh. kurdi agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence b. test f hypothesis testing regression coefficients simultaneously (together) on a multiple regression necessarily to show the sources of variation that are components of the total variation model. the statistical test used is the f test with f test analysis results can be seen in the table below: table 1. results of simultaneous test (together) with ordinary least square method no. model sum of squares df mean square f count f table 1% f table 5% 1 regression 1,709 4 4272 7,922 3695 2,546 2 residual 285785.436 53 5392.178 total 1712 57 source: primary data from the analysis of the f test obtained by value fhitung 7,922 and a degree of freedom k = 4 and n k 1 = 58 4-1 = 53 with a significance value of 0.000. so it can be seen that the value of f count = 7,922 is far greater than the value of f table (0.05; 53) = 2,546 and f table (0.01; 53) = 3,695 and its significance = 0.000 smaller than α = 0.05. this shows that the variables observed were variable prices of onion (hb), the variable price of seed onions (hbb), variable production number (prod), and variable acreage (la) jointly highly significant effect on deals onions (qs) in sumenep. c. t-test to determine the effect of each variable that affects the red onion deals (qs) in sumenep can be used the t-test. the results of the analysis can be seen in the following table: table 2. results of analysis of factors affecting quote shallots in sumenep no. variables regression coefficients t t table 1% t table 5% 1 onion prices 2,616 7.762 ** 2668 2 onion seed prices -0.020 -0,793ns 3 total production .598 2.471 * 2004 4 total area 5480.764 1,559ns 5 constants -25,418.739 -7.132 source: primary data according to the table above can be explained that individually variable prices of onion (hb) are very significant to the offer of onion (qs) at an error rate of 5% and a rate of 1% page | analysis of red onion supply (allium ascalonicum l.) in sumenep district fatmawati, moh. kurdi agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence mistake. this is demonstrated by the significant value = 0.000 and t value variable prices of onion (hb) = 7.762 is much larger than t table (0.05; 55) = 2.004 and (0.01; 55) = 2,668. it shows that the error rate of 5% and 1% variable prices of onion (hb) very significant effect on red onions deals (qs) in sumenep. as for the variable production number (prod) individually at 5% significant real impact on red onions deals (qs) in sumenep. it is based on the results of the analysis showed that the error rate of 5% variable production number (prod) has a significant value of 0.017 and the value of t = 2.471 is greater than t table (0.05; 55) = 2.004. while the error rate of 1% t value variable production number (prod) = 2.471 is smaller than t table (0.01; 55) = 2,668. so it can be said to be variable production number (prod) only significantly affect red onion deals (qs) at sumenep districts. the variable price of seed onions (hbb) and variable acreage (la) did not significantly affect red onion deals (qs) in sumenep. the t value of each variable indicates this is smaller than the value t tables used. t value variable price of seed onions (hbb) = -0793 and variable acreage (la) = 1,559 less than the value t tables used (0.05; 55) = 2004. this shows that the error rate of 5 %, the variable price of seed onions (hbb), and variable acreage (la) did not significantly affect the supply (qs) of onion in sumenep. 1. classic assumption testing the test results with the classical assumption of the ordinary least square method (ols) linear regression against the factors that affect the supply of onion in sumenep shows that there is no indication of symptoms violation classical assumption, that there are no issues heteroskesdisitas, multicollinearity, and autocorrelation. the value of the correlation matrix (matrix correlations) between variables in the test did not reach 0.80 for the multicollinearity test, and the value of the durbin-watson test (dw-test) is higher than the cost of du on statistics auto correlation d for the test. 2. elasticity of supply shallots in sumenep supply elasticity is the ratio between the percentage change in the number of items offered to the percentage change in price, with the understanding and the assumption that the price is the only factor of the cause and other factors held constant. the law of supply explains that the higher the cost of an item, the more the number of the goods offered, conversely the lower the price of a topic, the lower the number of products on offer. the existence of the sensitivity of price changes significantly affects the number of goods on offer that can be seen from the elasticity of supply. table 3. elasticity of supply shallots in sumenep page | analysis of red onion supply (allium ascalonicum l.) in sumenep district fatmawati, moh. kurdi agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence no. variable 2018 2019 elasticity 1 2 q (quote) h (price) 4.580 9.928 4,542 9822 0.998 source: primary data based on the results of the analysis of the supply elasticity of onion in sumenep of 2018 s / d in 2019 is equal to 0.998 which means that the flexibility is less than one (ice <1) so that the nature of the offer of onion (qs) in sumenep is inelastic. this means that changes in the offers less sensitive to price changes. in other words, the number of onion that is offered is not vulnerable to price changes. so although onion prices rise or fall, the number of onion deals in sumenep not unduly influenced price changes. the above table shows that with the high prices of onion in the previous year, which amounted to rp. 9.928 / kg, the initiative of farmers to plant onions rose with expectations onion production amount increases so that the onion has to offer will also increase. manon, in fact, with the growing initiative of farmers growing onions, the number of onion production showed no change. as a result, the number of red onion offered no change. that is because, at the time of rainfall in sumenep, relatively high so that pests and diseases quickly appear, so farmers have problems managing. this concurs with mubyarto (1995), stating that the raising and lowering of agricultural production much more complicated than raising or lowering industrial products, which are all made in the factory and are not directly tied to natural factors. it also concurs with the opinion alfianto hendry (2007), in his research, which aims to analyze the factors that affect the supply and the supply elasticity of onion in karanganyar stated that the supply elasticity of onion in karanganyar district is inelastic. 4. conclusion for the partial test results (one by one), the variable price of onion (hb) is very significant to the offer of onion (qs) at an error rate of 5% and a rate of 1% mistake. as for the variable production number (prod) individually at 5% significant real impact on red onions deals (qs) in sumenep. for the variable price of seed onions (hbb) and variable acreage (la) did not significantly affect red onion deals (qs) in sumenep. based on the results of the analysis of the supply elasticity of onion in sumenep of 2018 s / d in 2019 is equal to 0, references the central bureau of statistics sumenep. sumenep in figures. (2019). in 2018 bps sumenep. page | analysis of red onion supply (allium ascalonicum l.) in sumenep district fatmawati, moh. kurdi agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence department of agriculture sumenep. (2018). total area and total production onion each subdistrict in sumenep. sumenep 2018. department of agriculture sumenep. (2018). development area, productivity, and production onion local varieties sumenep. sumenep 2018. alfianto. h (2007). analysis of special onion in karanganyar (thesis). bogor: faculty of agriculture of the institute pertanian bogor. hariyadi, b. w., huda, n., ali, m., & wandik, e. (2019). the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland. agricultural science, 2(2), 127–138. mubyarto. (1995). introduction of agricultural economics. third edition. lp3es. jakarta. nicholson, w., (1991). microeconomic theory basic principles and expansion. jakarta: binarupa script. supranto, j. (2004). multivariate analysis meaning and interpretasi.pt rineka reserved. jakarta. http: // www, farmer rays. com / buahsayur / overview perkebangan onion varieties. 1229311815. htm. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa media influence of planting and concentration of organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and results lettuce (lactucasatival.) sri purwanti, bambang gunawan, ari yulianto page | r) media influence of planting and concentration of organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and results lettuce (lactucasatival.) sri purwanti, bambang gunawan, ari yulianto faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya email: purwantialea@gmail.com abstract the lettuce is a leafy vegetable that comes from the (state) temperate. historically, this plant has been cultivated since 2500 years ago. lettuce plants came from the americas. this is evidenced by christopher columbus in 1493 that found the plant lettuce in the western hemisphere and the bahamas (rukmana, 1994). this study aims to determine the effect of growing media on growth factors, the influence of the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc), the interaction effect of these two factors and yield of lettuce. the results showed there is a very real effect of growing media composition in all parameters studied were long observation of plants, number of leaves and fresh weight per plant. the best results were achieved by treatment k2 is 2 kg of manure per plant. there is a very real effect of concentrated liquid fertilizer (poc) "supermer" on all parameters studied were long observation of plants, number of leaves and fresh weight per plant. the best results are achieved by p4 treatment the concentration poc 2 ml / liter of water. there is no real interaction due to a combination treatment of the media composition and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) "supermes". keywords: growing media, concentration liquid organic fertilizer and growthcrop 1. introduction lettuce is the leaf vegetables from the region (country) temperate. historically, this plant has been cultivated since 2500 years ago. lettuce plants came from the americas. this is evidenced by christopher columbus in 1493 that found the plant lettuce in the western hemisphere and the bahamas (rukmana, 1994). lettuce is a vegetable species favored by the people of indonesia. customers ranging from lower-class society to the upper-class society. lettuce is often eaten raw as a salad side dish delicious meal accompanied by sambal. foreign cuisine such assaladusing lettuce to the mix, as well ashamburgers,hotdogs,and several other types of cuisine. this shows that the social aspect of indonesian people easily accept the presence of lettuce for daily consumption (haryantoetal.,1995). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa media influence of planting and concentration of organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and results lettuce (lactucasatival.) sri purwanti, bambang gunawan, ari yulianto page | r) in 2000, the singapore government wants to develop vegetable crops in riau, one of which is the lettuce. vegetable production in riau province is still relatively low. the low production of leafy vegetables particularly apparent width of production in 2005, reaching 2,516 tons with an area of 365 ha of arable land are scattered throughout the district (central statistics agency of riau province, 2006). the low productivity of lettuce plants is affected by many factors. one important factor that can affect the growth and production of a plant is the availability of nutrients. can be improved nutrient availability in the soil to improve soil conditions through fertilization. in the ground is already available in natural foods, but not all of the land provide enough food for the plant. land that does not provide the food needs to be assisted to increase the levels of the food in the ground, by giving fertilizer. one type of fertilizer given is an organic fertilizer that serves to provide organic nutrients for plants, improve soil structure and water retention in the soil. organic fertilizers have an important function to loosen the surface soil layer, increasing the population of microorganisms, enhance absorption and store water, all of which can increase soil fertility as well (sunardjono, 2005). manure as well as organic fertilizer derived from domesticated animals include cow manure, dung water buffalo, goat manure, chicken manure and others. cow dung is the type most dominant manure is used, because in addition to high haranya content is also readily available, it is caused by a number of cattle keepers so that the chairs can be used as fertilizer. manure has many advantages over synthetic fertilizers. besides nitrogen (n), phosphorus (p) and potassium (k) is quite high, manure contains enough nutrients complete. given the importance of organic fertilizers mentioned above, it is necessary to do research on the growing media composition and the use of other organic fertilizers on growth and yield of lettuce plants. 2. methods this study used a randomized block design (rak), where treatment using two factors: the first factor and the second factor media composition concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) "supermes". each treatment was repeated 3 with two plant samples. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa media influence of planting and concentration of organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and results lettuce (lactucasatival.) sri purwanti, bambang gunawan, ari yulianto page | r) analysis of the data used to determine the effect of treatment on the experimental analysis of variance f table is 5%. as for knowing which treatment is different then used to test the least significant difference (lsd) with a level of 5% (yitnosumarto, 1991). 3. results and discussion 3.1. plant long long statistical analysis showed that the plant no significant interactions between the planting medium with a concentration factor of liquid organic fertilizer to the variable length of lettuce plants. separately treatment plant media provides highly significant effect (f count> f1%> f5%) to the length of the plant at the age of observations 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after transplanting, whereas treatment concentration of liquid organic fertilizer significant effect (f1%> fhitung > f5%) of the variable length crop at age 14, a significant influence (fhitung> f1%> f5%) in the observation aged 21, 28 and 35 days after transplanting. average length of lettuce plants at the media's treatment plant and the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer at various ages observations can be seen in table 1 below. table 1. average length of lettuce plants in treatment media concentration plant and fertilizer in different ageobservation treatment age observation(hst) 14 21 28 35 k1 k2 6.13 a 6.75 b 9.08 a 11.08 b 15 , 42 a 16.25 b 21.79 a 24.67 b bnt 5% 0,37 0,79 0,54 0,94 p1 p2 p3 p4 6,00a 6.25 ab 6.58 b 6.92 b 9.00 a 9.50 ab 10.25 b 11.58 c 14.58 a 15.25 a 16.17 b 17.33 c 20.25 a 22.67 b 24.25 c 25.75 d bnt 5 % 0.52 1.12 0.77 1.33 remarks: the figures are accompanied by the same letter are not significantly different shows on lsd 5% in table 1 above shows that in some of the observations seen growing media factor k2 treatment gives better value than k1. at the end of the observation value 24.67 cm k2 and k1 are significantly different with 21.79 cm. while liquid organic fertilizer concentration factor at the end of the treatment observation p4 provide better value is 25.75 cm and significantly different from the p3 (24.25 cm), p2 (22.67 cm) and p1 (20.25 cm). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa media influence of planting and concentration of organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and results lettuce (lactucasatival.) sri purwanti, bambang gunawan, ari yulianto page | r) sri opinion setyadi accordance harjadi (2002), extension of the cells occurs due to the enlargement of new cells. this is supported by the presence of certain hormones that existed at the plant itself and the water content in the soil is also the sugar. this enables the cell walls stretch. cell enlargement area directly behind the growing point. if the cells in this area is enlarged vacuole-vacuoles absorb relatively large amounts of water. as a result of the absorption of water and the presence of cell extenders hormone, it will be elongated cells, the cell walls grow thicker and stacked cellulose made from sugar so that it causes the cells to multiply and length. manure contains macro and micro nutrients. solid manure (macro) a lot of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium (mahrus, bambang wicaksono, nurlina, cholil, & sri wiwoho, 2017). micro-nutrients contained in the manure such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, iron, copper, and molybdenum. the above nutrients very useful to improve plant growth and development. manure and other organic fertilizers may serve to increase soil organic matter content, providing micro-nutrients and improve soil structure. the use of these materials can also enhance microbial growth and turnover of nutrients in the soil. other organic matter that can cause the nutrients they contain and increase the availability of other nutrients in the soil. organic matter can save n fertilizer, but can also reduce the use of fertilizer p and k as well as increase crop production (anonymous, 2010). 3.2. number of leaves statistical analysis showed that the number of leaves was no significant interaction between the factors of planting medium with a concentration of liquid organic fertilizer to variable number of leaves of lettuce plants. separately treatment plant media give real effect (f1%> of f> f5%) of the number of leaves of the plant at the age of observation of 14 and 21 days after transplanting, the effect is highly significant (f count> f1%> f5%) to variable number of leaves of the plant on age 28 and 35 days after transplanting, whereas treatment concentration liquid organic fertilizers do not provide significant effect (f count <f5% <f1%) at the age of observation of 14 days after transplanting, the real influence (f1%> of f> f5%) at the age of observation of 21 days after transplanting and highly significant effect (f count> f1%> f5%) in the observation age 28, 35 days after transplanting. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa media influence of planting and concentration of organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and results lettuce (lactucasatival.) sri purwanti, bambang gunawan, ari yulianto page | r) the average number of leaf lettuce plants on the media's treatment plant and the concentration of organic liquid fertilizer at various ages observations can be seen in table 2 below. table 2. average number of plants leaf lettuce on media treatment plant and fertilizer concentration in various ageobservation treatment age observation(hst) 14 21 28 35 k1 k2 3.83 a 4.13 b 5.83 a 6.25 b 7.92 a 8.29 b 10.67 a 11.96 b bnt 5% 0,28 0,31 0,26 0,49 p1 p2 p3 p4 3,75a ab3.92 4.08b 4.17b 5.58 a ab5.92 6.17 b 6.50 b 7.75 a 8.00 ab 8.17 b 8.50 b 10.50 a 11.08 ab 11.58 b 12.08 b bnt 5% 0.40 0.44 0.36 0.69 remarks: the figures are accompanied by the same letter are not significantly different shows on lsd 5% in table 2 above shows that in some of the observations seen growing media factor k2 treatment provide better value than k1. at the end of the observation k2 provides significantly different value of 11.96 and with k1 is 10.67. while liquid organic fertilizer concentration factor at the end of the treatment observation p4 provide better value is 12.08 and not significantly different from p3 (11.58) and p2 (11,08) but significantly different from the p1, which is 10.50. vegetative growth phase include the growth of roots, stems and leaves. in this phase of photosynthesis plants require a form of carbohydrates which will then be converted into energy for plant growth and development (ali, 2015). at first, the carbohydrate derived from the endosperm storage network, when growth begins from the next carbohydrate germination will be formed from the process of photosynthesis after the plants have leaves. the process of photosynthesis allows the rapid increase in size as the number of leaves (ashari, 1995). according kusumo (1984) in darliah et. al. (1994) that plant growth is the result of the growth and development of cells that depend on the supply of food, whether provided through the leaves and is absorbed by the roots out of the ground for the process of metabolism and protein synthesis. meanwhile, according sitompul and guritno (1995) stated that an increase of the cells causing the cell walls grow thicker. in such a situation we agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa media influence of planting and concentration of organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and results lettuce (lactucasatival.) sri purwanti, bambang gunawan, ari yulianto page | r) need a sufficient amount of carbohydrates, because with enough carbohydrates will produce enough energy to accelerate plant cell enlargement, which in this case is expressed in the form of long plant. liquid organic fertilizer is a fertilizer that has a high effectiveness which can speed up or improve the growth, flowering and fruiting. many contain liquid organic fertilizer npk which is the main nutrient for plant growth and development are indispensable for the growth of vegetative parts of plants such as leaves, stems and roots (sutejo, 1992). 3.3. wet weight per plant statistical analysis of wet weight per plant showed that no significant interaction between the factors of planting medium with a concentration of liquid organic fertilizer to variable number of leaves of lettuce plants. separately treatment plant media provides highly significant effect (f count> f1%> f5%) of the fresh weight per plant at the end of treatment, while treatment concentration of liquid organic fertilizer did not give a significant influence (fhitung <f5% <f1%) at the end observation. the average wet weight per plant lettuce in the treatment of planting medium and the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer at various ages observations can be seen in table 3 below. table 3. average weight per plant wet lettuce on media treatment plant and fertilizer concentration on final observations (35 days after transplanting. treatment of wet weight per plant (g) k1 k2 183.33 a 191.58 b bnt 5% 5 , 31 p1 p2 p3 p4 172.67 a 182.67 b 189.17 b c205.33 bnt 5% 7.50 description: the figures are accompanied by the same letter are not significantly different shows on lsd 5% in table 3 above shows that at the end of the observation k2 provides better value than the 191.58 gr 183.33 gr k1 and k2 which provide significantly different values k1. while liquid organic fertilizer concentration factor at the end of the treatment observation p4 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa media influence of planting and concentration of organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and results lettuce (lactucasatival.) sri purwanti, bambang gunawan, ari yulianto page | r) provide better value ie 205.33 g and significantly different from the p3 (189.17 grams), p2 (182.67 grams) and p1 (172.67 grams). plant lettuce has shallow roots and require that unstructured loose soil to support plant growth and development optimal. according harjati and indrawati (2004) that the pad a generally shallow rooted plants will have the sensitivity to drought and will show a faster response to variations of fertilization when compared to plants rooted in. crop yields depend on all the events that occurred during the previous period. furthermore, plant growth is a measure that can not be behind where the indicator can be seen from the increase of the size and number of parameters of vegetative growth and generative plant (harjadi, s, 1979). according sinamungkalit (2006) that organic fertilizer is very useful for the improvement of agricultural production both in quality and quantity, reduce environmental pollution and improve the quality of land in a sustainable manner. organic fertilizer is a major source of soil nitrogen and contribute to improve the physical, chemical and biological soil. there are several advantages of organic fertilizers include: organic fertilizer contains micro elements are more complete than inorganic fertilizers; organic fertilizer will give life soil microorganisms which have become better friends with the farmers; organic fertilizer helps maintain soil moisture and reduce the pressure or tension structure of soil on the roots of the plants; use of organic fertilizer also plays an important role in treating / maintaining soil fertility levels are already in a state of excessive fertilization with inorganic fertilizers / chemicals in the soil; quality plants that use organic fertilizers would be great if compared with chemical fertilizers that plants are not susceptible to disease and healthier plants (anonymous, 2012) 4. conclusion there is a significant influence on the composition of the growing media in all parameters of observation under study is long crop, the number of leaves and fresh weight per plant. the best results were achieved by treatment k2 is 2 kg of manure per plant. there is a very real effect of concentrated liquid fertilizer (poc) "supermer" on all parameters studied were long observation of plants, number of leaves and fresh weight per plant. the best results are achieved by p4 treatment the concentration poc 2 ml / liter of water and agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa media influence of planting and concentration of organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and results lettuce (lactucasatival.) sri purwanti, bambang gunawan, ari yulianto page | r) there is no significant interaction due to a combination treatment of the media composition and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) "supermes". references anonymous, 2013a.(http://distan.riau.go.id/index.php/component/content/article / 53fertilizer /144-fertilizer-cage). ashari, s., 1995. horticultural aspects of aquaculture. university of indonesia (ui press). jakarta ali, m. (2015). pengaruh dosis pemupukan npk terhadap produksi dan kandungan capsaicin pada buah tanaman cabe rawit (capsicum frutescens l.). jurnal agrosains: karya kreatif dan inovatif, 2(2), 171– 178. mahrus, a., bambang wicaksono, h., nurlina, cholil, h., & sri wiwoho, m. (2017). mapping of biomass production of land damage assessment to reduce environmental changes in east java probolinggo. in matec web of conferences (vol. 138, p. 9004). edp sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201713809004 central statistics agency. (2006). riau infigures.the central statistics agency of riau. pekanbaru. cahyono, 2005. cultivation and analysis technique lettuce farm. arts, science. semarang chotimatul a. (2007). planting the kale and spinach. dynamics of media, jakarta. darliah, tohar d, s and i sumarjatin kurnia. (1994). effect of soaking duration and concentration of iba on vegetative growth rose cuttings. ornamental crops research bulletin. bogor. haryadi, s. (1991). introduction to agronomy. gramedia. jakarta. haryanto, e. tina, s, and estu, r. 1995.mustard andlettuce.governmental spreader. jakarta. 117 p. indra kusuma, (2000). proposal of liquid organic fertilizer supra a. 1 am lestari. surya pratama nature. jakarta. nazaruddin, (2003). cultivation and vegetable harvest datadran low settings. governmental spreader. jakarta. prihantoro, h, (1996). cultivating vegetable crops. governmental spreader. jakarta. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa media influence of planting and concentration of organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and results lettuce (lactucasatival.) sri purwanti, bambang gunawan, ari yulianto page | r) rubatzky, ve and m. yamaguchi. (1998). world vegetables: principles, production and nutrition. ed. translation. c. herison. itb. bandung. rubatzky, ve and m. yamaguchi. (1998). world vegetables: principles, production and nutrition. ed. translation. c. herison. itb. bandung. rukmana, 1994. planting lettuce and endive. doubleday. yogyakarta. simonangkalit rdm, (2006). organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer. research center for agricultural land resources research and development agency pertanian bogor. sitompul, sn and guritno b. (1995). analysis of plant growth. gajah mada university press. yogyakarta. sri, consisted h. 2002. introduction to agronomy. gramedia pustaka utama, jakarta. sunardjono, h. 2005.planting 30vegetables.governmental spreader. jakarta. 184 p. sunaryono, 1990. key to grow vegetables important plant in indonesia. sinar baru. bandung. suprayitna, i. 1996. vegetable and fruit quality. miscellaneous. solo. sutejo, 1992. fertilizer and fertilization method. rineka reserved. jakarta. yitnosumarno, s., 1991. experimental, design, analysis and his interpretation. dep. p and k program mipa unibraw malang. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning1, sundahri1, setiyono1, gatot subroto1 1faculty of agriculture, university of jember email: hardiyantiningtiyas30@gmail.com abstract the aim of this research was to identify the influence of giberellin hormone concentration and its application frequency on the growth and the yield of tomato fruit. this research had been undertaken at agrotechnopark, the university of jember 6 november 2017 10 february 2018. the experiment using randomized complete block design (rcbd) with two factors namely the concentration of giberellin hormone consisted of 4 levels (0 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm) and the second was its frequency application consisted of three levels (spraying once every 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days). reviews these were arranged in a factorial design and each combination was repeated by three times. the results showed that (1) siqnificantly influenced concentrations of hormone on the growth and the yield of tomatoes. (2) the frequency of its application on the number affected siqnificantly productive branches, the number and weight of fruit, the weight of the tomato fruit. (3) there was no interaction of giberellin and its aplication on all paramters. (4) the best treatment is g3f3, the gibereellin concentration of 100 ppm and the frequency of 21 days once. keywords:concentration, frequecy, gibberellins, tomato. 1. introduction the tomato plant is widely cultivated commercially in indonesia, usually cultivated in the highlands. according harjadi and sunarjono (1990), a good quality tomatoes only be achieved at an altitude of 800 meters above sea level. cultivation of tomato plants will produce good growth which will lead to the production of fruit and fruit quality, when the tomato plant food needs can be met. food needs enough plants then can menghailkan normal plant growth and high production. food for plants especially tomato plants that must be met consisting of nutrients, and plant growth regulators (martodireso, 2001). plant growth regulators are organic compounds which are not nutrients in low concentrations (<1 mm) may encourage, inhibit or qualitatively can alter plant growth and development (moore, 1979). plant growth regulators play a role in regulating plant growth and development. in the absence of growth regulators it will directly affect the growth and production. in the plant has provided fitohormon to mondorong growth and development agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | also exist that hinder reverse (salisbury and ross, 1995). one of the hormones that can stimulate the growth of tomato plants, especially the development and growth of tomatoes and help to generate higher production is the hormone gibberellin. according wattimena (1988), that gibberellin (ga3)a growth regulator that has a physiological role in the elongation of stems (buds) and suppress the aging process as well as threshing plant organs. giberelin applications have been carried out by researchers and has many inventions, such as the example, by wearing giberellat acid on dwarf beans, the plants will grow into a normal pea (ali, 2015). in the dwarf maize varieties will grow normally if slightly acidic giberellat put didaun. many plants two years can be induced to have a life cycle of one year (annual) using giberellat acid, if given the gibberellic acid kool, kool are usually short round with dense leaves are stimulated to grow panhandle (heddy, 1996). gibberellins have a variety of functions for the physiology of plants, so it has more than one location for the main action. the first is stimulated cell division at the top of the stem, the second two are giberelin can stimulate cell growth, and a third three gibberellins increase the plasticity of the cell wall (lakitan, 1996). to increase the production of tomatoes, of course, all the crop needs to grow to be fulfilled, with the addition of plant growth regulator that is giberelin as hormone administered exogenously is expected to spur the growth of tomato plants, so the tomato plants are able to produce optimal growth, high production and fruit quality good. 2. materials and methods this study was conducted on land agroteknopark, university of jember in 6 november 2017 10 february 2018. the experiment effect of the concentration and frequency of administration of hormone gibberellins on growth and yield of tomatoes use using randomized design group (rak) factorial (4 x 3) with two factors: the concentration of gibberellins comprising 4 levels g0 = 0 ppm gibberellin, g1 = 50 ppm gibberellin, g2 = 75 ppm giberelin and g3 = 100 ppm gibberellin and factors the second frequency comprising gibberellin 3 levels f1 = frequency of 7 days, f2 = frekuensi14 days, and f3 = frequency of 21 days, and each combination is repeated three times. materials used in the study of compost, sand, tomatoes are varieties of gems, hormone gibberellin gawith a concentration3 of 40%, polybag size 40x60 cm, stakes, rope, water, and fertilizer npk. tools used include, knife and cutter, sprayer, measuring cups, glass agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | beaker, pipette ruler, hoes, sickles, shovels, sieve wire diameter of two millimeters, yells, oven, analytical balance, calipers, tape measure. 3. results and discussion the results of the analysis of variance of all parameter above effect of the concentration and frequency of administration of hormone gibberellins on growth and yield of tomatoes is shown in table 1. table 1 summary of f-calculate entire parameter experiment no. parameter treatment concentration giberelin (g) frequency giberelin (f ) intraksi giberelin g x f 1 plant high 4.79 * 0.18 ns 0.60ns 2 diameter 4.87** 0.23 ns 2.22ns 3 leaf number 5.23** 3.77 ** 0.65 ns 4 number of branches productive 4,09 * 1,58 ns 2,12ns 5 moisture 3.51 * 0.58ns 0.79ns 6 dry weight 3.87 * 0.34 ns 1.00 ns 7 long roots 6.72 ** 0.08 ns 1.00ns 8 volume root **5.64 1.89ns 1.00ns 9 total fruit harvest cropping 12.07 ** 6.88 ** 2.44 ns 10 planting harvest fruit weight 3.47 * 6.69 ** 0.76 ns note: * = real contrast ** = very real contrast ns unreal = different table 1 shows that the concentration of the hormone gibberellin effect on all parameters. in the treatment of hormone gibberellin frequency effect on the number of leaves, fruit number and weight of fruit crop cultivation. while the interaction between hormone concentration of gibberellins and gibberellin hormones frequency showed no significant effect on all parameters of the study. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | 3.1. effect of gibberellins on growth hormone concentration and tomato crop production according lakitan (1996), the size of the plant as an indicator of the growth can be viewed in one dimension, for example by measuring plant height, two dimensions by measuring the growth of leaves, and three dimensions by measuring the root growth. the results of the treatment concentration plant height parameter can be seen in figure 1. figure 1. effect of high concentration giberelin against plant based on the analysis by duncan test at level of 95% in figure 1, show that the concentration of gibberellins significant effect on plant height. treatment of 100 ppm (g3) provides high response kindest plant is 343.00, compared to the control treatment (g0) of 241.00. an increase of 42% due to the application concentration of gibberellin, while on treatment 75 ppm (g2), plant height achieved is still lower compared to the treatment of 50 ppm gibberellin (g1) at 10%, but gibberellins 50 ppm (g2) is lower compared with 100 ppm gibberellin (g1) that is equal to 4%. this is consistent with the statement abidin (1990) giberelin has a role in supporting the extension of the cells, the activity of the cambium. prawiranata etal.(1981), ga3 included in the group of gibberellins that function in the trunk spur growth, increase the magnification and multiplication of cells in plants, so the plants can reach the maximum height. the increasing plant height will affect the growth of stem diameter tanamam tomatoes. results of treatment concentration of the trunk diameter parameter can be seen in figure 2. concentration giberelin (ppm) a g ai n st p la n t (c m ) agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | figure 2. effect concentration giberelin against diameter in figure 2 shows that the concentration of gibberellins significant effect on stem diameter. highest stem diameter due to the application of gibberellins concentrations indicated in the treatment of 100 ppm (g3) on the outcome of 3.52 compared with controls (g0) of 2.99, an increase of 0.18% in response to the administration of the concentration of gibberellins. according to salisbury and ross (1995) note that giberelin encourage giberelin spur cell division because cells in the g1 phase to enter s phase, and because giberelin also shortens the phase s. increasing the number of stem cells causing faster growth because each cell will grow. vegetetif growth than can be measured by plant height, stem diameter can also be seen from the growth in the number of leaves. results giberelin concentration treatments against leaf number of parameters can be seen in figure 3. figure 3. effect concentration giberelin against total leaves on parameter number of leaves (figure 3) shows, the best giberelin concentration at 100 ppm treatment (g3) by the number of leaves to be 262, 00 compared to the control treatment (g0). an increase of 1.34% in response to gibberellins of concentration .. according wattimena (1987), in addition to the extension of the rod, giberelin also memeprbesar leaf area, as well as influencing growth in the number of leaves. this is similar to that expressed by heddy (1996) and lakitan (1996) that the application directly to the leaves gibberellins stimulate concentration giberelin (ppm) a g ai n st d ia m et er (c m ) concentration giberelin (ppm) t o ta l l ea v es (c m ) agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | leaf growth. leaves of tomato plants growing attached to the tomato plant branches, the more the number of leaves the more the number of branches produced tomato plants. the result of the concentration of gibberellin treatment on parameters the number of productive branches can be seen in figure 4. figure 4. effect concentration giberelin to total productive branch in figure 4 shows that the concentration of gibberellin significantly affect the number of productive branches. the highest number of productive branches generated at a concentration of 100 ppm gibberellin (g3) is 40.00 compared to the control treatment (g0) 20.67, an increase in the number of productive branches of 0.93% in response to the concentration of gibberellins towards productive branches, it is appropriate with the opinion of wilkins (1989), the hormone gibberellins acting on genes and thus require proper concentration in plants, gibberellin hormone concentration of 100 ppm in the research can provide significant results in flowering tomato, and provide significant results on the percentage of fruit at the plant flowers. observation of plant growth has many components including the measurement of biomass). the result of the concentration of gibberellin treatment on parameters of water content and dry weight can be seen in figure 5 and figure 6. figure 5. effect concentration giberelin against heavy wet on moisture content parameters (figure 5) shows the best giberelin concentration at 100 ppm treatment (g3) by the number water content of 524.33 concentration giberelin (ppm) t o ta l l p ro d u ct iv e b ra n ch concentration giberelin (ppm) h ea v y w et (g ) agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | compared to the control treatment (g0) is 274.33. there was an increase of 0.91% in response to gibberellins of concentration. figure 6. effect concentration giberelin to plant dry weight plant dry weight in the image (6) treatment of 100 ppm gibberellin (g3) with a weight of 172.00 showed the highest value compared to the control treatment (g0) that occur peningkatam 80.33 by 1, 14%, the control treatment (g0) is the lowest compared to all other treatments treatments. wet weight parameter is only used as an indicator of how the water content contained in the crop after a dry weight unknown. according lakitan (1996), plant dry weight reflects the accumulation of organic compounds synthesized plants from inorganic compounds, mainly water and carbon dioxide (co2).nutrients that have been absorbed by the roots, both of which are used in the synthesis of organic compounds and which remain in ionic form in the tissues of the plant, will memberkontribusi to plant dry weight gain. according sitompul (1995), the measurement of plant biomass consisting of fresh weight and dry weight, then obtained the water content in all organs of useful plants in the application example fiiologi crops in agriculture. the result of the concentration of gibberellin treatment on parameters root length and root volume can be seen in figure 7 and 8. figure 7. effect concentration plant roots giberelin against long concentration giberelin (ppm) p la n t d ry w ei g h t (g ) concentration giberelin ag ai n st l o n g (c m ) agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | figure 7 shows the concentration of highly significant giberelin against tomato plant root length, root length with a concentration of 100 ppm ( g3) giving the best response to the value of 154.10 compared to the control treatment (g0) of 80.37, an increase of 0.92% root length, followed by 75 ppm (g2) with a value of 119.83, higher of a concentration of 50 ppm (g1) amounted to 110.30. there was an increase of 0.07%. figure 8. effect concentration plant roots volume giberelin against root volume parameter in figure 8 gave the same response to the length of the root that is highly significant. according to salisbury and ross (1995), roots also synthesise exogenous gibberellin giberelin but little effect on root growth, and inhibit the growth of wild roots, most of the supply of gibberellins in the header comes from the roots through the xylem. giberelin not only useful for stem elongation, but also the growth of all organs of plants, including the leaves and roots, the hormone gibberellin exogenously not directly visible effect on the roots but can increase cell division and the apex of the canopy, which can stimulate the growth of stems and young leaves, and thus more accelerated the process of photosynthesis and produce increased growth in all organs of the plant, including the roots. the result of the concentration of gibberellin treatment on parameters of fruit number and fruit weight can be seen in figure 9 and 10. figure 9. effect concentration giberelin of the total fruit concentration giberelin (ppm) v o lu m e g ib er el in ag ai n st concentration giberelin (ppm) to ta l f ru it agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | amount of fruit (picture 9) highly significant effect on the concentration of gibberellins, gibberellin concentration of 100 ppm (g1) has the best result is 42.67, compared to the control treatment (g0) 12,67 which has the lowest value compared to all treatment, a decline of 2.37%. gibberellin concentration treatments by 75 (g2) has a value of 46 ppm, while the concentration of gibberellins 50 ppm (g1) has a value of 32, and also an increase of 0.44%. figure 10. effect of concentration on weight giberelin fruit in figure 10 the effect of hormone concentration against the weight of the fruit giberelin significantly different effect, after the duncan test with a level of 5%, treatment giberelin concentration of 100 ppm (g1) has the highest value is 1176.67 , compared to the control treatment (g0) at 486.33 an increase of 1.42%. gibberellins 50 ppm treatment concentration (g2) is the second largest after the g1 with a value of 1067.33 and has a higher value than the concentration of gibberellins with 75 ppm (g2), a decline of 0.43%. according to salisbury and ross (1995), the hormone gibberellin concentrations suitable, not only for stem elongation growth alone but the entire plant can be motivated and will lead to the production. giberelin on grape plants are sprayed 2 times that at the flowering and the fruit formation phase resulting in grapes have good fruit and not beregerombol, so that the production of grapes widened increases (nickell, 1979). giberelin when sprayed on the fruit and leaves of citrus can prevent skin irritation fruit during storage, here hormones can delay aging and maintain rind still tight (salisbury and ross, 1995). 3.2. effect of gibberellins on growth hormone frequency and tomato crop production giberelin exogenous application will provide optimum response if there is a hormone gibberellin spraying frequency setting in accordance with the needs of the tomato plants. according to salisbury and ross (1995), is a plant hormone concentration giberelin (ppm) w ei g h t f ru it (g r) agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | biosynthesized organic compounds in one part of the plant and transferred to another place, and at very low concentrations capable of causing a physiological differences. so the need for regulating the concentration and frequency appropriate to generate growth and high production in tomato plants. results giberelin frequency treatment on parameters number of leaves, fruit number and fruit weight can be seen in figure 12. figure 12. effect of frequency giving giberelin against leaf number. gambar13. effect of frequency giving giberelin against total fruit. figure 14. effect of frequency giving fruit weight giberelin against parameter leaf number, fruit number and fruit weight in the figure 12, 13 and 14 showed 12 shows treatment with spraying frequency of 21 days (f3) giving the best response, spraying gibberellin with a frequency of 14 days (f2) and 7 days (f1), a response that was not significantly different and have the same value, so the frequency of 21 days (f3) is the best frequency. treatment frequency on tomato plants only provide a response to the parameters of the number of productive branches, fruit number and fruit weight it can be expected because of the usefulness of hormone gibberellin to support the frequency giberelin (hsk) t o ta l f ru it frequency giberelin (hsk) frequency giberelin (hsk) f ru it w ei g h t agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | extension of the cells, the activity of the cambium, flowering, as well as for the growth of fruit, especially partohenocarpy (abidin, 1990) so that with the frequency regulation of the hormone gibberellin could spur the growth and production of tomato fruit. this is in accordance with the opinion of wilkins (1989), that the hormone gibberellins acting on genes and thus require appropriate concentrations in plants, the concentration of the hormone gibberellin 100 ppm in the research can provide significant results in flowering tomato, and provide significant results in the percentage of interest into the fruit on the plant. 3.3. influence interaction giberelin against growth and results crop tomato treatment interaction between the concentration of gibberellins and frequency giberelin give different results is not real and this is because the treatment has its own function, so that when combined or in intraksi not visible effects of the two factors (concentration of gibberellins x frekuesi gibberellins). according to salisbury and ross (1995), when more hormones can be characterized and studied the effects and the endogennya concentration, two things become apparent. first, each of hormones affect the response in many parts of the plant. the response depends on the species, plant parts, phases of development, hormone concentrations, the interaction between hormones, and various environmental factors. 4. conclusion based on the results of data analysis and discussion, can be obtained some conclusions as follows, the concentration of the hormone gibberellin significant effect on the growth and yield of tomato plants, frequency of gibberellin significant effect on the number of productive branches, the number of pieces, and the weight of tomatoes, no interaction between treatment concentration and frequency giberelin on all parameters and giberelin treatment concentration of 100 ppm, and the frequency of spraying 21 days (g3f3) as a single factor showed the best results on the growth and yield of tomato. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of hormone concentration and frequency of administration of gibberellins on growth and yield of tomato fruit hardiyanti tiyas ning, sundahri, sigit soeparjono page | references abidin, z. (1990). basics knowledge of plant growth regulator. space. bandung. ali, m. (2015). pengaruh dosis pemupukan npk terhadap produksi dan kandungan capsaicin pada buah tanaman cabe rawit (capsicum frutescens l.). jurnal agrosains: karya kreatif dan inovatif, 2(2), 171–178. heddy, s. (1986). plant hormones.cv rajawali. jakarta. heddy, s. (1996). plant hormones. pt raja gravindo persada. jakarta. lakitan, b. (1996). growth and development of plant physiology. king grafindo persada. jakarta. martodireso, s and suryanto.(2001).trobosan fertilization technology in the age of organic agriculture food crops, hortikulturan, and plantation. doubleday. yogyakarta. moore, r. (1979). biology.the me graw-hill. calivornia. nickell, lg (1979). controlling biological behavior of plant with plant growth regulating shynthetic chemichals.pages 263-279 in nb mandawa (ed.), plant growth subtancess. american chemical society, washington, dc prawiranata, ws harran and p. tjondronegoro. (1981). basic basic plant physiology ii. faculty of agriculture ipb. bogor. salisbury, fb and cw ross. (1995). plant physiology.plant biochemistry, volume 2. translator: lukman dr and sumaryono. publisher itb. bandung. sitompul, bc and b. guritno.(1995). analysis of plant growth. gadjah mada university press. yogyakarta. wattimena. (1988). plant growth regulator substances. biotechnology pau ipb. bogor. willkins, mb (1989). plant physiology.earth literacy. jakarta. template jurnal ijccs agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence determining comparative and competitive advantages of indonesian tobacco through policy analysis matrix (pam) a faroby falatehan, yusman syaukat, hastuti, arini hardjanto , deffi ayu puspito sari page |75 determining comparative and competitive advantages of indonesian tobacco through policy analysis matrix (pam) a faroby falatehan1, yusman syaukat1, hastuti1, arini hardjanto 1, deffi ayu puspito sari 2 1 faculty of economics and management, bogor agricultural university e-mail: affalatehan@gmail.com 2 environmental engineering program study, universitas bakrie e-mail: deffi.sari@bakrie.ac.id abstrak indonesia is one of the countries with the largest number of smokers in the world after china, the united states and russia. unfortunately, the indonesian government has not signed the framework convention on tobacco control (fctc). some of the indonesian government's considerations, the cigarette industry has a multiplier effect on economic growth, state revenues, employment in cigarette industry and tobacco farmer income. according to the association of indonesian cigarette manufacturers association (gappri), indonesia's tobacco needs about 50% is imported tobacco. this study therefore aims to analyze the competitive and comparative advantages of indonesian tobacco through policy analysis matrix (pam). this study was conducted in temanggung as one of the tobacco producers in indonesia. all models of tobacco farming in temanggung is feasible in financially and economically. this commodity has comparative and competitive advantages. keywords: tobacco, fctc, competitive advantage, comparative advantage, policy analysis matrix (pam) 1. introduction considering the utilization of tobacco production, one of them is being used as cigarette raw material. indonesia is one of countries with the highest number of cigarette smoker in the world after china, the united states, and russia. cigarette industry has multiplier effect on economic growth, national revenue, employment absorption, as well as income of farmer/labor in cigarette industry and tobacco plantation. one of regulations which supports the government as an effort to overcome health problem is the framework convention on tobacco control (fctc). fctc is a treaty drafted by world health organization (who) since 1999 and agreed on may 21, 2003 in geneva, swiss. fctc has been ratified in 172 countries. the government has not yet ratified fctc in indonesia since there are still pros and cons from stakeholders, both in tobacco plantation and cigarette industry, on concern of impact resulted from the existence of fctc ratification. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence determining comparative and competitive advantages of indonesian tobacco throug h policy analysis matrix (pam) a faroby falatehan, yusman syaukat, hastuti, arini hardjanto , deffi ayu puspito sari page |76 vol. x, no. x, july 201x : first_page – end_page tobacco is one of leading commodities in indonesia, particularly in the province of central java and east java. indonesia placed the sixth as the biggest tobacco producer in the world. province of central java and east java is the central area for tobacco in indonesia (ali & hariyadi, 2018). in 2012, about 90% of domestic tobacco production is centrally in the province of east java (52.05%), west nusa tenggara (23%), and central java (16.63%) (directorate general of plantation, 2013). therefore, this study was aimed to estimate how is the comparative and competitive advantages of tobacco in one of central areas for tobacco production in indonesia, that is in temanggung regency, province of central java. 2. methods survey location of this study is in temanggung regency, central java. it surveys conducted at may 2016. policy analysis matrix (pam) requires both primary and secondary data. secondary data refers to data such as prices (domestic and borders), factor cost which were derived from published reports (such as ministry of agriculture; department of statistics) and tradable inputs and outputs. the primary data used in this study were collecting through a field survey to tobacco farmers. the policy analysis matrix (pam) is computational framework, delivered by monke and person (1989) for measuring input use efficiency, comparative advantage among commodities and the degree of government interventions. the policy analysis matrix is a product of two accounting identities, one defining profitability as the difference between revenues and costs and the other measuring the effects of divergences (distorting policies and market failures) as the difference between observed parameters and parameters that would exist if the divergences were removed (monke & pearson 1989). pam analysis can measure both the extent of transfers occasioned by the set of policies acting on the system and the inherent economic efficiency of the system. profits are defined as the difference between total (or per unit) sales revenues and costs of production. this definition generates the first identity of the accounting matrix. meanwhile, profitability is measured horizontally, across the columns of the matrix. each pam contains two cost columns, one for tradable inputs and the other for domestic factors. intermediate inputsincluding fertilizer, pesticides, purchased seeds, compound feeds, electricity, transportation, and fuel-are divided into their tradable-input and domestic factor components. this process agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence determining comparative and competitive advantages of indonesian tobacco through policy analysis matrix (pam) a faroby falatehan, yusman syaukat, hastuti, arini hardjanto , deffi ayu puspito sari page |77 title of manuscript is short and clear, implies research results (first author) of disaggregation of intermediate goods or services separates intermediate costs into four categories-tradable inputs, domestic factors, transfers (taxes or subsidies that are set aside (monke & pearson 1989). in detail, pam table can be seen at table 1. table 1 policy analysis matrix revenue cost profittradable inputs domestic factors private prices a b c d social prices e f g h divergences i j k l source: monke & pearson 1989 table notes:  private profits, d = a -b -c  social profits, h = e f g  output transfers, i= a–e  input transfers, j = b – f  factor transfers, k = c – g  net transfers, l = d h; or i j k.  ratio indicators for comparison of unlike outputs:  private cost ratio (pcr): c/(a b).  domestic resource cost ratio (drc): g/(e f)  nominal protection coefficient (npc) on tradable outputs (npco): a/e  nominal protection coefficient on tradable inputs  (npci): b/f  effective protection coefficient (epc):  (a b)/(e f)  profitability coefficient (pc):  (a b c)/(e f g) or d/h  subsidy ratio to producers (srp):  l/e or (d h)/e 3. result and discussion tobacco, both grown in farm and field, has its own advantage which is able to be measured from its competitiveness reflected by competitive and comparative advantages. competitiveness of tobacco in temanggung can be determined by using pam (policy analysis matrix) table. pam table consists of three rows and four columns calculated both financially private and social. 3.1. private and social profit based on the analysis of revenue and private cost, private profits obtained for temanggung tobacco in the farm and in the field grown by both partner and non-partner farmer were quite high. the highest private profit was obtained from tobacco grown in the field by partner farmer which amounted to rp 77.28 million. private profit obtained in the field cultivated by non-partner farmer was also quite high with divergence of rp 4.39 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence determining comparative and competitive advantages of indonesian tobacco throug h policy analysis matrix (pam) a faroby falatehan, yusman syaukat, hastuti, arini hardjanto , deffi ayu puspito sari page |78 vol. x, no. x, july 201x : first_page – end_page million with profit obtained from tobacco planted by partner farmer in the field. the lowest private profit was found in tobacco grown in the farm which reached rp 23.50 million. social profit of tobacco obtained both in the field and in the farm was lower than private profit. social profits of tobacco obtained in the farm, field grown by non-partner farmer and partner farmer were rp 20.94 million; rp 59.01 million; rp 62.56 million, respectively. the highest social profit was still obtained by tobacco planted in the field by partner farmer. social profit obtained which was lower than private profit shows that input price paid by farmers was socially higher or output price received by farmer was lower than private price. it is due to the reason that tobacco grown is mostly used for international trade, thus resulted in higher social price than private price. table 2 result of pam analysis for private and social profit of tobacco farming in temanggung regency, 2015 (rp milions/hectare) description revenue input cost profit tradable domestic farmer of farm tobacco private 23.50 1.17 11.00 11.3 3 social 20.95 1.96 13.82 5.16 divergence 2.55 -0.80 -2.82 6.17 non-partner farmer of field tobacco private 72.89 9.62 29.19 34.0 7 social 59.01 13.17 33.75 12.0 8 divergence 13.88 -3.55 -4.55 21.9 8 partner farmer of field tobacco private 77.28 13.85 31.16 32.2 7 social 62.56 13.06 34.30 15.2 0 divergence 14.72 0.79 -3.14 17.0 7 3.2. competitive and comparative advantages competitiveness level of temanggung tobacco can be seen from the value of drc and pcr. in total, temanggung tobacco, both grown in the farm and in the field (partner and non-partner) had comparative and competitive advantages. tobacco planted in the farm had drc value of 0.73 and pcr value of 0.49. it means that tobacco grown in the farm had comparative advantage since drc<1, and had competitive advantage because the value of pcr<1. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence determining comparative and competitive advantages of indonesian tobacco through policy analysis matrix (pam) a faroby falatehan, yusman syaukat, hastuti, arini hardjanto , deffi ayu puspito sari page |79 title of manuscript is short and clear, implies research results (first author) table 3 value of private cost ratio/pcr of tobacco commodity in temanggung regency, 2015 no description pcr 1 farmer of farm tobacco 0.49 2 non-partner farmer of field tobacco 0.46 3 partner farmer of field tobacco 0.49 tobacco grown in the field by partner farmer had drc value of 0.69 and pcr value of 0.49. those values indicates that tobacco farming performed by partner farmer in the field was financially and socially feasible. value of drc and pcr defines that domestic resources of 69 percent and 49 percent were respectively required to produce one unit of production, both economically and financially. table 4 value of domestic resource cost/drc of tobacco commodity in temanggung regency, 2015 no description drc 1 farmer of farm tobacco 0.73 2 non-partner farmer of field tobacco 0.74 3 partner farmer of field tobacco 0.69 similar to tobacco in the field that cultivated by partner farmer, tobacco grown in the field by non-partner farmer also had fair competitiveness, both financially and economically. value of drc produced which was 0.74 means that 74 percent of domestic resource is needed to produce one unit of production. similarly, value of pcr obtained that was 0.46 indicates that for each unit of one rupiah production produced will result in privately value added of 0.47 rupiah. competitiveness of tobacco in both different types of farming area was shown in the value of pcr and drc. the lowest pcr value was found in the field cultivated by nonpartner farmer and the lowest drc was obtained in the field farmed by partner farmer. however, in overall tobacco in temanggung had competitiveness, both at its private and social price. pcr value for the three types of tobacco, namely grown in the farm and in the field, resulted in pcr<1 which means that tobacco farming has a high competitive advantage.the value of pcr<1 defines that less than one unit of domestic cost is required to produce one unit of value added of output at private price. competitive advantage of temanggung tobacco was due to the appropriate agro-climate condition as well as technology and processing which have been mastered for a long time. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence determining comparative and competitive advantages of indonesian tobacco throug h policy analysis matrix (pam) a faroby falatehan, yusman syaukat, hastuti, arini hardjanto , deffi ayu puspito sari page |80 vol. x, no. x, july 201x : first_page – end_page based on the analysis result at social price, it was concluded that less than one opportunity cost of domestic resource is required to produce one unit of tobacco output at social price. drc value also defines that less opportunity cost of domestic resource should be sacrificed to produce one unit of foreign exchange. tobacco in temanggung which was competitive at its social price indicates that it is economically more profitable if tobacco is produced domestically than it is imported from foreign countries. therefore, if the quantity of domestic tobacco produced is increasing, the number of tobacco processing industry will also continue to increase and more develop. 3.3. incentive policy and protection structure the government policy is reflected in the divergence column in pam table. the measure of divergence impact is seen from the value of output transfer (ot), input transfer (it) and net transfer. other measures that can be used to determine the impact of government policy were calculated using the analysis of nominal protection coefficient output (npco), nominal protection coefficient input (npci), effective protection coefficient (epc), profitability coefficient (pc), and subsidy ratio to producer (srp). 3.4. input protection incentive policy from the aspect of input is seen from the value of input transfer and npci. input transfer was determined by the difference between tradable cost at private price and tradable cost at social price. input transfer found in the farm showed negative value of rp 0.80 million. yet, the negative value in fact benefited farmer since the impact of government policy on the price of production factor was profitable. value of npci found in tobacco farming performed in the farm was 0.59 which means that the value of npci<1. the meaning of npci<1 is that the policy established by the government provided incentives to farmer. value of input transfer in the field cultivated by non-partner farmer was similar to the value found in the farm, that was negative which indicates that the impact of government policy benefited farmer. value of npci was also less than one as found in the farm; hence, the impact of government policy provided benefit to farmer. values of it and npci of tobacco farming performed in the field by non-partner farmer were -3.55 and 0.73, respectively. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence determining comparative and competitive advantages of indonesian tobacco through policy analysis matrix (pam) a faroby falatehan, yusman syaukat, hastuti, arini hardjanto , deffi ayu puspito sari page |81 title of manuscript is short and clear, implies research results (first author) table 5 value of input transfer and nominal protection coefficient input of tobacco commodity in temanggung regency, 2015 no description it npci 1 farmer of farm tobacco -0.80 0.59 2 non-partner farmer of field tobacco -3.55 0.73 3 partner farmer of field tobacco 0.79 1.06 input protection value in the field of partner farmer was different from the value in the farm and in the field cultivated by non-partner farmer. value of it produced was positive and amounted to rp 0.79, depicted that the impact of government policy on the price of production factor resulted in loss suffered by farmer. value of npci produced was 1.06 or npci>1 which indicated that the policy implemented by the government provided disincentives to tobacco farmer. 3.5. output protection impact of output policy can be seen from the value of output transfer and nominal protection coefficient output. the type of government policy towards output is found in trade policies such as export tax, import duty, etc. output transfer in the farm and in non-partner and partner field shows positive values depicting the fact that the impact of policy applied by the government provided incentives to the development of tobacco farming. the highest value of output transfer was obtained in tobacco farming conducted by partner farmer compared with the other two types of tobacco farming. table 6 value of output transfer and nominal protection coefficient output of tobacco commodity in temanggung regency, 2015 no description ot npco 1 farmer of farm tobacco 2.55 1.12 2 non-partner farmer of field tobacco 13.88 1.24 3 partner farmer of field tobacco 14.72 1.24 values of nominal protection coefficient output for the three types of tobacco farming, namely in the farm, in non-partner field and in partner field, were greater than one. if value of npco>, it means that the impact of government policy implemented by the government was able to promote increase in tobacco production, particularly in temanggung. 3.6. effective protection agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence determining comparative and competitive advantages of indonesian tobacco throug h policy analysis matrix (pam) a faroby falatehan, yusman syaukat, hastuti, arini hardjanto , deffi ayu puspito sari page |82 vol. x, no. x, july 201x : first_page – end_page overall policies ofinput and output can be seen from the value of nt, pc, epc, and srp. the three types of tobacco farming had a relatively similar value. tobacco farming performed in the farm and in non-partner and partner field had positive nt value reflecting that the impact of government policy in overall benefited tobacco farmer. values of pc obtained in the research site were positive for all types of tobacco farming in temanggung. the positive value indicates that market distortion or government policy found in tobacco farming provided benefit to farmers. table 7 value ofnet transfer, profitability coefficient, effective protection coefficient, subsidy ratio to producer of tobacco commodity in temanggung regency, 2015 no description nt pc epc srp 1 farmer of farm tobacco 6.17 2.20 1.18 0.56 2 non-partner farmer of field tobacco 21.9 8 2.82 1.38 0.75 3 partner farmer of field tobacco 17.0 7 2.12 1.28 0.55 values of epc for tobacco farming in the farm as well as in the partner and nonpartner field were greater than one. it shows that the government provided protection to the producer or tobacco farmer since the value added enjoyed by tobacco farmer was higher than the value added at social prices. value of srp obtained in the research location was positive with value ranged from 0.5-0.7. this coefficient value indicates that the existing government policy benefited the tobacco farmer. 4. conclusion all models of tobacco farming in temanggung, non-partner farmer and partner farmer is feasible in financially and economically, it indicated by private profitability and social profitability are positive. this commodity has comparative and competitive advantages, it can be seen from value of drc and pcr are less than 1. acknowledgment we would like to thank ministry of research, technology and higher education of the republic of indonesia for providing grant needed to finance the research. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence determining comparative and competitive advantages of indonesian tobacco through policy analysis matrix (pam) a faroby falatehan, yusman syaukat, hastuti, arini hardjanto , deffi ayu puspito sari page |83 title of manuscript is short and clear, implies research results (first author) references ali, m., & hariyadi, b. w. (2018). teknik budidaya tembakau. bkpm badan koordinasi penanaman modal. (2014). ketersediaan lahan komoditi tembakau tahun 2014. diakses tanggal 26 april 2014 pada www.bkpm.go.id. monke, e. a. and pearson, s. r. (1989).the policy analysis matrix for agricultural development. ithaca: cornell university press. pearson, s., c. gotsch, dan s. bahri. (2005). aplikasi policy analysis matrix pada pertanian indonesia. yayasan obor indonesia, jakarta. soekartawi. (1984). ilmu usahatani dan penelitian untuk pengembangan petani kecil. universitas indonesia (ui-press), jakarta. tobacco control support center. (2012). masalah rokok di indonesia.iakmi: jakarta. yuska, n. (2014). kepentingan indonesia tidak meratifikasi framework convention on tobacco control (fctc), jom fisip volume 1 no. 2oktober 2014. page | organoleptic test on some flour substitutions as a basic alternative selection of functional cookies flour for patients with type 2 diabetes anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence organoleptic test on some flour substitutions as a basic alternative selection of functional cookies flour for patients with type 2 diabetes anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani vocational fakulty, university 17 agustus 1945 surabaya email: anita@untag-sby.ac.id abstact diabetes mellitus (dm) became the biggest problems common in developed and developing countries including indonesia. estimates who that in 2025, indonesia will be ranked 5th in the world. the triggering factors for dm are unhealthy and proper eating patterns. snack is a habit of indonesian people, namely snacking on food to accompany all their activities. one snack that is commonly consumed is cookies. cookies are made from the main ingredient of wheat flour and supporting raw materials. the purpose of this study: 1) conducting sensory tests to determine the level of consumer preferences on cookies brown rice, corn, soybeans, purple yam, and basil; 2) obtain formulations on all types of flour that are suitable for making cookies. the research will be carried out at university 17 august 1945 surabaya laboratory. the organoleptic test analysis method uses excel analysis. the analysis carried out consisted of sensory analysis and proximate analysis. the results of sensory analysis of cookies favored by consumers starting from taste are in the control treatment, a2, b2 and c1. the color of cookies favored by consumers are control, a4, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c4, and d2. aroma cookies preferred by consumers are control, a2, b1, b2, b3, c1, and c3. the cookies that are preferred by consumers are control, a2 and b1. while cookies that are not preferred by consumers in terms of taste are a4, b4, c3, d1, e1, e2, e3, and e4, the colors are d3, d4, e1, e2, e3, and e4, the aroma is treatment b4, d3 , d4, e1, e2, e3, and e4, and the impression in the mouth is the treatment of b4, c2, c4, d3, d4, e1, e2, e3, and e4. keywords: cookies, flour substitution, sensory 1. introduction diabetics need foods that have a low glycemic index and are rich in anthocyanin to reduce blood sugar levels (kusyanti et al. 2016). snacking is one of the diabetic habits that is difficult to eliminate. one snack that is usually eaten is cookies. cookies are snacks made from the main raw material of flour. wheat flour comes from wheat plants imported from abroad. whereas flour consumption reached 19.72 kg / capita in 2012. the demand for wheat flour for cookies ranked second after the request from the noodle industry (yanuar and afasari 2016). thus, the need for raw materials to replace flour to meet the needs of flour cookies. starch substitutes include brown rice, sweet potatoes, corn, soybeans, and basil. criteria for raw materials are rich in fiber, anthocyanin content, and cookies produced low in carbohydrate absorption. the lower the absorption of carbohydrates, the lower the blood glucose level. ) page | organoleptic test on some flour substitutions as a basic alternative selection of functional cookies flour for patients with type 2 diabetes anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence management of pharmacological diabetes sites is usually by administering drugs, while those that are non-pharmacological by regulating food intake and physical exercise. according to sni 01-2973-1992, cookies are cookies in the form of biscuits made from soft dough, high fat content, crispy, and when broken the cross section of the cut is less dense. sni cookies for water composition (% wb) ≤4, ash (% db) ≤2, total protein (% db) ≥6, total fat (% db) ≥18. sni becomes the basis for food quality. the analysis results in accordance with sni can be obtained through proximate analysis. proximate analysis is carried out to determine the main components of a material. the main components of food are water content, ash content, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber (hui 2006). proximate analysis related to nutrient content needs to be known because it is related to the quality of the food and is relatively inexpensive for the cost of the analysis (ensminger 1994). therefore, research is needed to find the right formulation and type of flour to make functional cookies. research formulation a. how the results of sensorytesting cookies by consumers, b. how flour formulations are suitable for making flour cookies (ali & wulan, 2018). the aim of this research is to conduct a sensory test to determine the level of consumer preferences for cookies brown rice, corn, soybean, purple sweet potato, and basil. and get formulations on all types of flour that are suitable for making cookies. this research is useful to reduce the use of flour into substitute flour, namely basil flour, sweet potato flour, corn flour, brown rice flour, and soy flour. in addition,flour cookie the resultingis expected to be an alternative for healthy snacks for diabetics. 2. materials and methods this research was conducted in the agroindustrial laboratory of the untag vocational faculty in surabaya on 5 august 30 september 2019. the tools used in this study were as follows, mixer, basin, oven, spoon, fork, stove and lpg gas. the ingredients used are flour, basil flour, purple yam flour, soy flour, corn flour, brown rice flour, butter, baking soda, eggs, sugar, milk powder, and vanilla. this research consists of several stages, first making flour, second formulating cookies, third making cookies, analyzing physical properties, analyzing nutritional content and antioxidant activity. organoleptic test analysis method uses ms.excel. 1. makingflour a. basil flourthe page | organoleptic test on some flour substitutions as a basic alternative selection of functional cookies flour for patients with type 2 diabetes anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence process of making basil flour refers to hamiyanti et al., 2013, the used basil flour is fresh basil leaves. basil leaves are withered indoors for 48 hours to reduce water content. furthermore, drying the basil leaves using an oven at 60oc for 24 hours. the next process is grinding basil leaves to become basil flour. b. red rice flour the process of making rice flour starts from the separation of mixed grain and dirt and the process of grinding red rice with wiiley mill 80 mesh to get flour which is the raw material for making cookies. c. soybean flour making soy flour according to the method used by warisno and dahana (2010). the manufacturing process includes: 1) sorting soybean seeds, 2) soaking for 8 hours with a ratio of water and soybeans 1: 3, 3) every 2-3 hours the water is replaced with new water, 4) drying for 5 hours using the sun, 6) drying with an oven temperature of 50oc for 24 hours, 7) milling with a 40 mesh sieve. d. purple sweet potato flour the process of making sweet potato flour includes the selection of sweet potatoes, washing, draining, peeling, stripping, heating at 90oc for 25 minutes, cooling for 48 hours at 5 oc, drying using cabinet dryer a 60 o.c, flour using a hummer mill, and sifting with a size of 80 mesh e. corn flour the process of making corn flour refers to arief et al. 2014. the manufacturing process includes the separation of corn from corncobs, the addition of 1% yeast tape to the corn which has been dipipil, overnight soaking, flouring, and sifting. 3. results 3.1 sensory test cookies test for cookies substitution of red rice, corn, soybean, purple, and basil flourinclude taste, color, mouth impression, and aroma test. the sensory test criteria for cookies must be normal meaning the distinctive odor of the cookie must match the ingredients of the cake used, the taste is good, the color matches the coloring agent that has been added, the texture is crispy, not easily broken but not hard (suarni 2009). in general, the physical state of cookies is original. a. taste tests for taste in some types of cookies are not all preferred. the taste test results (figure 1) which gave a value of 3 meant that there were likes in the control treatment, a2, b2 and c1. page | organoleptic test on some flour substitutions as a basic alternative selection of functional cookies flour for patients with type 2 diabetes anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence consumer ratings that give a value of 2 means that enough like there are treatments a1, a3, b1, b3, c2, c4, d2, and d3. consumer ratings that give a value of 1 means that they do not like it in a4, b4, c3, d1, e1, e2, e3, and e4 treatments. taste tests that consumers like are cookies with 100% wheat flour, cookies with 50% red rice flour substitution, cookies with 25% corn flour substitution. the b2 treatment with 50% corn flour substitution has nutritional value and sensory properties that can be accepted by consumers. according to antarlina and utomo cookies that have high nutrition and sensory properties received by the panelists are 40% corn flour substitution. the more substitutes for corn flour,texture of cookies the harder the. figure 1. cookies taste assessment the desired taste of cookies is normal taste and taste. the savory taste of cookies from corn flour, brown rice, and soy comes from butter which has fat and protein content. likewise, the fat and protein content in butter cookies affect the taste of cookies (sarofa et al. 2013). consumers like the taste of savory cookies from corn flour, soybeans, and brown rice. whereas the basil consumers don't like the taste of the cookies. b. color the color test on a number of cookies on the panelists provides color results that are widely preferred. the results of the study (figure 2) of the color test showed that the level of color preference with a value of 3 meant that there were likes in the control treatment, a4, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c4, and d2. the level of preference with a value of 2 means that there are enough likes in the treatments a1, a2, a3, b2, b4, c3, and d1. preference level with a value of 1 means that dislike is found in the treatment d3, d4, e1, e2, e3, and e4. page | organoleptic test on some flour substitutions as a basic alternative selection of functional cookies flour for patients with type 2 diabetes anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence figure 2. color assessmentcookies color cookies from brown rice flour, soybeans, corn, potatoes, and basil due to the pigment anthocyanin. the more anthocyanin pigments contained in cookies , the resulting color is getting darker. the color of anthocioanin pigments is influenced by the concentration and type of anthocyanin (bueno et al. 2012).color cookies desiredis the color of the cookies that are not too dark. the colors preferred by consumers are cookies corn, soy and sweet potato. according to marissa (2010), the factors that influence the results of products cookie hardare the use of fat and water content when mixing ingredients, and the provision of local flour substitutions with an increasingly higher percentage. the color of cookies the pale and unattractiveis caused by the amount of the proportion of the ingredients that is not right and the baking process with an oven that is less hot. c. test impression in the mouth mouthfeel impression on cookies the desiredare cookies when eaten not leave granules which are attached to the mouth, easyleast. cookies to chew and crispy (figure 3) shows that the level of liking of the impression in the mouth of the consumer with a value of 3 means that there are likes in the control treatment, a2 and b1. the level of preference with a value of 2 means that there are enough likes in the treatments a1, a3, a4, b2, b3, c1, c3, d1 and d2. preference level with a value of 1 means that dislike is found in the treatments b4, c2, c4, d3, d4, e1, e2, e3, and e4. page | organoleptic test on some flour substitutions as a basic alternative selection of functional cookies flour for patients with type 2 diabetes anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence figure 4. assessment of flavour cookies are produced due to the addition of butter and vanilla. flavour cookies sharp and good taste due to butter fat from animal milk fat. butter fat consists of palmitic, oleic and stearic acids as well as small amounts of butyric acid and other similar fatty acids. other ingredients in small amounts are vitamins a, e and d and as a flavor are diacyl, lactone, butyrate, and lactate. 4. conclusion conclusion of this research in the form of sensory cookies by consumers includes: 1. sensory analysis on taste is in the control treatment, a2, b2 and c1. whereas cookies that are not preferred by consumers in terms of taste are a4, b4, c3, d1, e1, e2, e3, and e4. 2. sensory analysis of the color of cookies preferred by consumers is control, a4, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2 , c4 and d2. meanwhile, cookies that are not preferred in terms of color are d3, d4, e1, e2, e3, and e4. 3. sensory analysis on the aroma of cookies preferred by consumers is control, a2, b1, b2, b3, c1, and c3. whereas, cookies that are not preferred in terms of aroma are b4, d3, d4, e1, e2, e3, and e4. 4. sensory analysis on the mouth impression of cookies that consumers like is control, a2 and b1. meanwhile, cookies that are not liked in terms of the mouth are treatment b4, c2, c4, d3, d4, e1, e2, e3, and e4. page | organoleptic test on some flour substitutions as a basic alternative selection of functional cookies flour for patients with type 2 diabetes anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence references adawiyah dr. (2006). effects of relationship of water sorption, glass transition temperature and water mobility and its effect on product stability in food models. dissertation. ipb postgraduate program, bogor. arief rw, yani a, asropi, dewi f. 2014. study of making corn flour with different processing. [proceedings of the national seminar on "location-specific agricultural technology innovation". banjarbaru 6-7 august 2014. 611-618. national standardization agency. 1993. indonesian national standards. quality requirements cookies cookies. sni 01-2973-1992. national standardization agency, jakarta. bueno jm, purificación sp, fernando re, ana mj, roseane f, agustin g. asuero. 2012. analysis and antioxidant capacity of anthocyanin pigments. part ii: chemical structure, color, and intake of anthocyanins. critical reviews in analytical chemistry, 42: 126–151. fustier p, castaigne f, turgeon sl, and cg biliaderis. 2009. impact of commercial soft wheat flour streams on dough rheology and quality attributes of cookiess. journal of food eng 90: 228-237. ginting e, utomo js, yulifiani r, and jusuf m. 2011. potential of purple sweet potato as functional food. food crop science and technology. 6 (1): 116-133. hamiyanti aa, sutomo b, rozi af, adnyono, and drajat r. 2013. the effect of the addition of basil flour (ocimum basilicum) on the chemical composition and physical quality of broiler meat. journal of animal sciences. 23 (1): 25-29. hui yh. 2006. handbook of food science, technology, and engineering. volume 1 taylor & francis group, boca raton. kusyanti, hasanuddin, and djufri. 2016. utilization of medicinal plants for hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the rural community of subulussalam city. the scientific journal of biology education students. vo.1, no.1: 85-94. marissa d. 2010. formulation of cookies cornand estimating shelf life of products with the critical water content approach. [thesis]: faculty of agricultural technology, bogor agricultural university. martin cp, pijpekamp a, vliet t, jongh hh, plijter jj, and halmer rj. 2006. the role of the gluten network in ther crispness of bread crust. journal of cereal science 43: 342-352. ali, m., & wulan, w. (2018). effects of sand and sugar consentration rosella (hisbiscus sabdariffalinn) against quality of jelly candy. teknoboyo, 2(1). foresters, sa. 2004. food glycemic index. jakarta: persagi: 2005. page | organoleptic test on some flour substitutions as a basic alternative selection of functional cookies flour for patients with type 2 diabetes anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence sabuluntika n and ayustaningwarno f. 2013. levels of β-carotene, anthocyanin, isoflavones, and antioxidant activity in black soybean snack bars as alternative snacks for type 2 diabetes mellitus sufferers. journal of nutrion college. vo 2 no.4: 689-695. sarofa u, mulyani t, wibowo yes. 2013. making high-fiber cookies using mangrove pulp (sonneratiacaseolaris) [thesis]. surabaya (id): fti upn "veterans". setyaningsih d, apriyantono a, sari mp. 2010. sensory analysis for food and agro industry. bogor (id): ipb press. suarni. 2009. prospects of utilization of corn flour forcookies. research and development journal. 28 (2): 63-71. sudarmaji, slamet, haryono, and suhadi b. 1996. analysis of food and agriculture materials. intersection center for food and nutrition university of gadjah mada university, liberty: yogyakarta. suyono 2013. soybean superior in baluran, merubetiri, and "baluran putih" hope strains, and their production technology. jember: faculty of agriculture, unej. taylor tp, fasina o, and bell ln. 2008. physical properties and consumer liking of cookies prepared by replacing sucrose with tagatose. journal of food science 73 (3): 145-151. winarsih h. 2010. soybean and sprout protein: benefits for health. kanisius, yogyakarta. yanuar ar and afasari md. 2016. commodity profile of staple goods and important commodities of wheat commodities. printing 2016: jakarta. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa page |page |page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati, sri purwanti, yeni ika pratiwi. page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati1, sri purwanti 2, yeni ika pratiwi.3 1,2,3faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya email: hidayatisetyo@gmail.com abstract purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the combination of seed scarification treatment and zpt immersion on the power of watermelon seed germination; to find out the effect of treatment of seed scarification on watermelon seed germination; to find out the effect of zpt immersion treatment on the power of watermelon seed germination. this experiment was carried out in the laboratory of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university, surabaya. place height of approximately 5 m above sea level. the experiment was arranged factorially in randomized block design (rbd), consisting of two factors: treatment of seed scarification with 2 levels of treatment and length of immersion of zpt with 4 treatment levels. each treatment combination was repeated three times and each combination treatment consisted of 50 seeds watermelon. factor i is the treatment of seed scarification consisting of without stripping, and stripping factor ii which is the soaking time of zpt which consists of without soaking; 10 minutes immersion; 20 minutes soaking and 30 minutes soaking. observations were made every day until the germinated seeds did not germinate again (7 days after germination), observations made included: germination rate, germination percentage, radicle length, plumula length. the results of statistical analysis showed that the overall combination of seed scarification and soaking of zpt against watermelon seed germination had not yet given a real interaction effect. separately the seed scarification treatment had a significant effect on root growth of watermelon sprouts, and did not affect the growth of plumula length, germination percentage and sprout speed, but zpt immersion treatment significantly affected the percentage of germination, sprout speed, root length growth, and length of plumula growth. . the average percentage of germination, germination rate, length of the plumula and the length of the watermelon seed radicles were best obtained in zpt immersion treatment with 30 minutes soaking time, which was then followed by other treatments. keywords: skarification, zpt and germination. 1. introduction watermelon (citrullus vulgaris schard) is one of the most important horticultural crops in the tropics even in subtropical regions because watermelon plants can provide considerable benefits (anonymous, 2010). and watermelon is a fruit plant in the form of herbs that grow in english which is called water mellon. watermelon is included in the family of pumpkin-fruit (cucurbitaceae) in the area of origin is very favored by humans / animals that exist on the continent, because it contains a lot of water, so the spread becomes fast (anonymous, 2010). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa page |page |page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati, sri purwanti, yeni ika pratiwi. page | watermelon plants (citrullus vulgaris. scard) are plants originating from the continent of africa, precisely in the desert of kala day. spread to india, china, america and indonesia. watermelon fruit has its own charm from fresh and sweet fruit. the water content reaches 92%, carbohydrates 7% and the rest is vitamins. (anonymous, 2010). watermelon plants grow well in the lowlands to highlands 0-1000 m asl. the area with calcareous and contains a lot of organic material (fertile) with a relatively dry climate is preferred (anonymous, 2009). the ideal height for watermelon planting areas is: 100 300 m above sea level. the fact is that watermelons can be planted in areas near the coast that have heights below 100 m above sea level and above hills with an altitude of more than 300 m above sea level (prihatman, k. 2000) ideal rainfall for watermelon planting areas is 40-50 mm / month. the entire watermelon plantation area needs sunlight from dawn to sink. lack of sunlight causes a decline in harvest time. watermelon plants will be able to grow and produce fruit optimally at a temperature of ± 25 degrees c (daytime). the ideal air temperature for watermelon plant growth is the average daily temperature that ranges from 20-30 mm (kalie, mb, 2000). air humidity tends to be low when sunlight shines on the planting area, meaning dry air that is poor in water vapor. this condition is suitable for the growth of watermelon plants, because in their home areas watermelon plants live in a desert environment that is dry air. conversely, too high humidity will encourage the growth of plant-destroying fungi (rukmana, r., 1993). land conditions that are suitable for watermelon plants are soil that is quite loose, rich in organic matter, not acidic soil and dried garden / rice fields. soil acidity (ph) is needed between 6-6,7. if ph 6, 50 kg of dolomite is needed (hariyadi, ali, & nurlina, 2017). watermelon plants are one of the horticultural plants that need to get attention among other horticultural plants. this is because the watermelon has a price that is relatively higher than the average horticulture plant. and it is hoped that it can provide many benefits to farmers or watermelon farming entrepreneurs. so as to make it possible to improve indonesia's economic order, especially from agriculture (prihatman, k. 2000). considering the watermelon seed skin is thick enough, so that in order to meet people's needs quickly, it is necessary to assist with the process of scarifying or breaking the seed coat so that the prospective watermelon roots are easy to grow (anonymous, 2010). besides the mechanical way accelerating germination can also be done by using growth regulators. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa page |page |page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati, sri purwanti, yeni ika pratiwi. page | substance regulating growth in the germination process, has an important meaning. according to king (1965), said that growth regulators can affect plant growth and development through the germination phase. handoko et.al.(1987), said that soaking seeds in a solution of growth regulators will produce a double advantage, first the seeds can absorb water, so the seeds germinate quickly, and the two active ingredients contained in growth regulators can improve the growth of seedlings. manurung (1985), states that atonik is a chemical that can stimulate biochemical processes and plant physiology, so it is expected to be used to improve yield and quality. but the presence of phenol in the active ingredients causes in addition to encouraging growth, in certain quantities it can also inhibit growth. therefore atonik is not classified as a hormone but as a growth regulator. takayasu et al (1982), said that atonik has properties such as: very easily absorbed by leaves, young shoots, flowers and plant roots and can affect the cell flow process, intensify growth, improve cell pollination process, thus ensuring the occurrence of fruit, increasing the percentage seed germination, root growth in cuttings and prevent fall of flowers and fruit. according to abidin (1983), that growth regulator (atonik) is an organic compound that is not nutrient, which in a small amount can support, accelerate germination. considering the importance of both of the above, it is necessary to do research on seed scarification and soaking of zpt against the power of germination of watermelon seeds. 2. research methods this research was conducted in the laboratory of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university, surabaya. place height of approximately 5 m above sea level. the research materials and tools used were: paper straw, germination tub, sprayer, watermelon seed, atonik growth regulator, measuring cup, spoon and the measuring instrument was arranged factorially in randomized block design (rbd), consisting of two factors: treatment scarification of seeds with 2 treatment levels and zpt immersion time with 4 treatment levels. each treatment combination was repeated three times and each combination treatment consisted of 50 watermelon seeds. the first factor is the treatment of seed scarification consisting of without stripping, and stripping. factor ii is the soaking time of zpt which consists of without immersion; 10 minutes immersion; 20 minutes soaking and 30 minutes soaking. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa page |page |page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati, sri purwanti, yeni ika pratiwi. page | observations are made every day until the germinated seeds have not germinated again (7 days after germination), observations made include: a. germination rates : can be measured by counting the number of days needed for the appearance of radicles or plumules, can be written with the formula: n1 t1 + n2t2 + …………… ..nxtx average days = total number of seeds that germinate where: n : number of seeds germinating at unit time tt. t : shows the amount of time between the start of the test to the end of the interval on an observation b. percentage of germination: shows the amount of normal sprouts that can be produced by seeds in certain environmental conditions within a predetermined period of time, can be written with the formula: the normal amount of sprouts produced (%) germination = x 100% number of samples of seed tested c. radicle length: measured from the root of the neck to the longest end of the root, observations were made at the end of the observation. d. plumula length: measured from the root of the neck to the tip of the plumula, observations were made at the end of the observation 3. results and discussion 3.1. percentage of watermelon seed germination variation analysis results showed that the interaction due to seed scarification and zpt immersion did not significantly affect the percentage of watermelon seed germination. separately the treatment of seed scarification did not significantly affect the percentage of watermelon seed germination, but the treatment of zpt immersion had a very significant effect. the average percentage of watermelon seed germination due to the treatment of seed scarification and soaking of zpt can be seen in table 1. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa page |page |page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati, sri purwanti, yeni ika pratiwi. page | table 1. average percentage of watermelon seed germination due to treatment of seed scarification and zpt immersion original data transformation treatment the average notation treatment average notation lo 95.3333 a lo 77.7733 a l1 99.6667 b l1 88.6450 b l2 99.6667 b l2 88.6450 b l3 100.0000 b l3 90.0000 b bnt 5% 1.2862 bnt 5% 3.0507 po p1 98.8333 98.5000 a a po p1 86.5017 86.0300 a a bnt 5% tn bnt 5% tn description: the numbers accompanied by different letters in the same column show significantly different from the 5% bnt test tn: not real table 1 shows that immersion of zpt with 30 minutes immersion time (l3) gives the highest germination percentage of 100% or 90% for transformed data, which is then followed by a 20 minute immersion time (l2), immersion time of 10 minutes (l1) and without immersion (lo) , each of which has a yield of 99.6667% or 88.6450; 99.6667% or 88.6450 and 95.3333% or 77.7733%. 3.2. speed of germination watermelon seed variation analysis showed that the interaction due to seed scarification and zpt immersion did not significantly influence the speed of watermelon seed germination. separately the treatment of seed scarification did not significantly affect the speed of germination of watermelon seeds, but the zpt immersion treatment had a very significant effect. the average speed of germination of watermelon seeds due to treatment of seed scarification and soaking of zpt can be seen in table 2. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa page |page |page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati, sri purwanti, yeni ika pratiwi. page | table 2. average speed of seedling watermelon germination due to treatment of seed scarification and immersion of zpt treatment average(days) notation lo 3.0800 c l1 2.7700 b l2 2.7867 b l3 2.6333 a bnt 5% 0.1002 po p1 2.8350 2.8000 a a bnt 5% tn description: the numbers accompanied by different letters in the same column show significantly different from the 5% bnt test tn: not real table 2 shows that zpt immersion with 30 minutes immersion time (l3) gives the fastest germination rate of 2.6333, which is then followed by a 10 minute long immersion (l1) immersion time of 20 minutes (l2), and without immersion (lo), which each yields 2.7700; 2.7867 and 3.0800. 3.3. length of watermelon seed radicles variation analysis showed that the interaction due to the treatment of seed scarification and soaking of zpt did not significantly affect the length of the radicle sprout watermelon. separately, the scarification treatment of the seedlings had a significant effect on the length of the radicle sprouted watermelon, as well as the zpt immersion treatment had a significant effect. the average length of the watermelon sprout radicle due to treatment of seed scarification and soaking of zpt can be seen in table 3. table 3 shows that immersion of zpt with 30 minutes immersion time (l3) gives the longest sprout radicle length of 3.9767, which is then followed by long treatment immersion 20 minutes (l2), immersion time of 10 minutes (l1) and without immersion (lo), where each of themyield of gets a3.8800; 3.7750 and 3.4733. likewise, the treatment of scarification ofseed the peeled(p1) results in the longest radicle length of 3,9200, followed by the treatment of seed scarification without peeling (po) which yields a yield of 3.6325. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa page |page |page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati, sri purwanti, yeni ika pratiwi. page | table 3. average length of radicle sprouts of watermelon due to treatment of seed scarification and zpt immersion treatment averageof notation lo 3.4733 a l1 3.7750 a l2 3.8800 b l3 3.9767 b bnt 5% 0.3241 treatment average(cm) notation p o 3.6325 a p 1 3.9200 b bnt 5% 0.2291 note: the numbers accompanied by different letters in the same column show significantly different from the 5% bnt test tn: not real 3.4. length of watermelon sprout plumula the results of the variance analysis showed that the interaction due to the treatment of seed scarification and soaking of zpt did not significantly affect the length of the plumula sprout watermelon. separately the scarification treatment of seeds did not significantly affect the length of the watermelon sprout plumula, but the zpt immersion treatment had a very significant effect. the average length of watermelon sprout plumula due to seed scarification and zpt immersion can be seen in table 4. table 4. average length plumula sprout watermelon due to treatment of seed scarification treatment average (cm) notation lo l1 l2 l3 15.4533 16.6700 17.2483 17.7050 a b c c bnt 5% 0.5237 po p1 16.6050 16.9333 a a bnt 5% tn description: numbers accompanied by letters different in the same column shows significantly different in the 5% bnt test : not real. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa page |page |page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati, sri purwanti, yeni ika pratiwi. page | table 4 shows that immersion of zpt with 30 minutes immersion time (l3) gives the longest results of the longest watermelon sprout plumula, 17.7050, which is followed by 20 minutes soaking time (l2), immersion time of 10 minutes (l1) and without immersion (lo), where each one gets 17.2483, 16.6 700 and 15.4533. 4. discussion overall, in general, the combination of seed scarification and zpt immersion on watermelon seed germination has not yet had a real interaction effect. separately the seed scarification treatment had a significant effect on root growth of watermelon sprouts, and did not affect the growth of plumula length, germination percentage and sprout speed, but zpt immersion treatment significantly affected the percentage of germination, sprout speed, root length growth, and length of plumula growth(hidayati & huda, 2018). the average percentage of germination, germination rate, length of the plumula and the length of the watermelon seed radicle was best obtained in zpt immersion treatment with 30 minutes immersion time (l3), which was then followed by a 20 minute immersion time (l2), immersion time of 10 minutes (l1 ) and without immersion (lo). it is assumed that almost all seeds have reached physiological cooking so that they can produce normal sprouts with a high percentage and by soaking the seeds in a solution of growth regulators can cause the seeds to absorb water easily, so the seeds germinate quickly. in accordance with the opinion of ilyas (1994), states that quality seeds are one of the factors that play an important role in the cultivation of plants and seeds that require a long imbibition before germination to achieve maximum germination. handoko et.al.(1987), said that soaking seeds in a solution of growth regulators will produce a double advantage, first the seeds can absorb water, so the seeds germinate quickly, and the two active ingredients contained in growth regulators can improve the growth of seedlings. anonymous (2007), also said that good seed germination techniques have an impact in determining the success of seeds to germinate. the ability of seeds to germinate is determined by several factors of seed quality, the environment of the planting media, growth stimulants (zpt) and attack of seed diseases(purwanti, hidayati, & nurlina, 2017). to further increase the success of germination seeds and faster germination time, the use of growth regulating substances can be done. in agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa page |page |page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati, sri purwanti, yeni ika pratiwi. page | general, some cases of germination increase to 100% and seeds can germinate faster 4-5 days than normal. one of the growth regulators that can be used is atonik (polyphenol). the treatment of seed scarification by peeling (p1) gave the longest radicle length results compared to the treatment of seed scarification without stripping (po). it is presumed that the seeds that are not stripped, the absorption of water is blocked, but by stripping the skin can accelerate germination, because the seeds are easier to imbibition. in accordance with the opinion of sutopo, l. (1984), who said that seeds that have hard seeds, water is blocked by seed skin, so by opening the skin will accelerate germination. in addition to stripping (mechanical) other ways that can be used to accelerate germination of seeds is to use growth regulators. the purpose of using this chemical is to make it easier for the skin to enter the water during the imbibition process. saleh, ms. (2003), said that seeds that were given special treatment, namely scrape the back or scarification can improve germination and germination rate of dfan would be better if done together with soaking chemicals, this needs to be done in order to eliminate the growth inhibiting power. takayasu et al (1982), said that zpt atonik has properties such as: very easily absorbed by leaves, young shoots, flowers and plant roots and can affect the process of cell flow, intensify growth, improve cell pollination, thus ensuring the occurrence of fruit, raising percentage of seed germination, root growth in cuttings and preventing the occurrence of fall flowers and fruit. 5. conclusion based on the results of the research and discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn: combination of treatment of seed scarification and immersion of zpt as a whole did not interact with watermelon seed germination, treatment of seed scarification on watermelon germination had a significant effect on growth of radicle length, while germination percentage , the speed of germination does not have a real effect and the overall immersion of zpt gave a significant effect on watermelon seed germination, where the highest yield was obtained in 30 minutes soaking. suggestion to get better and more accurate information, further research is needed regarding the treatment of seed scarification and soaking of zpt against germination of watermelon seeds agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa page |page |page | seed scarification test and zpt immersion on germination of watermelon seeds (citrullus vulgaris schard) sri hidayati, sri purwanti, yeni ika pratiwi. page | references abidin. (1983). dasar-dasar tentang zat pengatur tumbuh. angkasa. bandung. anonymous. (2007). tips perkecambahan benih. godongijo.com. februari 3, 2010. plantus anonymous. (2009). budidaya semangka (family cucurbitaceae) informasi indonesia anonymous. (2010). semangka. kantor deputi menegristek bidang pendayagunaan dan pemasyarakatan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. jakarta. http://www.ristek.go.id). anonymous. (2010). budidaya semangka tanpa biji. pertanian kreatif. http://www.tanindo.com/abdi4/hal0401.htm. anonymous. (2010). semangka. wikipedia bahasa indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas). anonymous. (2010). semangka dan melon kotak. informasi semangka kotak dan melon kotak indonesia). hariyadi, b. w., ali, m., & nurlina, n. (2017). damage status assessment of agricultural land as a result of biomass production in probolinggo regency east java. adri international journal of agriculture, 1(1). hidayati, s., & huda, n. (2018). effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir). agricultural science, 1(2), 68–74. purwanti, s., hidayati, s., & nurlina, n. (2017). application of plus liquid organic fertilizer and leves truncation technique on onion growth and yields. jhp17: jurnal hasil penelitian, 2(1). ilyas, s. (1996). perubahan fisiologis dan biokemis dalam proses “seed conditioning”. keluarga benih 6(2): 70-79. kalie, m. g. (2000). bertanam semangka. edisi revisi. penebar swadaya. jakarta. manurung. (1985). penggunaan hormon zat pengatur tumbuh pada kedele.pusat penelitian dan pengembangan tanaman pangan. bogor. prihatman, k. (2000). semangka (citrullus vulgaris. scard). sistim informasi manajemen pembangunan di perdesaan, bappenas, jakarta). rukmana, r. (1995). budidaya semangka hibrida. penerbit kanisius. jakarta. saleh, ms. (2003). perlakuan fisik dan kalium nitrat untuk mempercepat perkecambahan benih aren dan pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan kecambah. j. agroland 9 (4) : 326 – 330. sutopo, l. (1984). teknologi benih. cv. rajawali. jakarta takayasu et al. (1982). atonik. acute tovicity on mamals. asahi chemical m.f.g. ltd. osaka japan. page | intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura mahrus ali, sri purwanti, sri hidayati gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura mahrus ali, sri purwanti, sri hidayati faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya email: sengkomahrus@gmail.com abstract this study aims to determine the growth and yield of madura corn and peanut with the intercropping system sari. this study uses an experimental method (true experiment), defined as the method used to look for the effect of certain treatments on others under controlled conditions. in this case the writer uses the control class as a comparison so this study can also be called a pure experiment. the results showed that the best on growth results and yield with intercropping system was local corn while the peanuts were not so good. because at the time of harvest corn is harvested earlier than peanuts. keywords: overlapping, corn and peanuts 1. introduction madura is one of the peanut producing regions in east java which is the largest producer in indonesia (anonymous, 1994). in this area peanuts are widely planted in dry land using both intercropping systems with corn and monocultures. and in indonesia, the average production of peanuts is still relatively low, ranging from 0.7 1.5 tons / ha of dry pods (sumarno, 1987). the low yield of peanuts at the farmer level is due to the use of inferior varieties, the unavailability of quality seeds, simple farming methods, unsuitable environmental conditions and pest attacks (anonymous, 1994). plant spacing with a certain density aims to provide space for each plant to grow well. plant spacing will affect the density and efficiency of light usage, competition between plants in the use of water and nutrients so that it will affect crop production (ali, hosir, & nurlina, 2017). at low densities, plants compete less with other plants, so the individual appearance of plants is better. conversely at high density, the level of competition between plants against light, water and nutrients is getting tighter so that plants can be stunted growth (setyati, 1979 in supriadi, 1986). and the effect of spacing between rows on intercropping systems of several varieties of sweet corn with red beans on growth and yield (marliah, jumini, & jamilah, 2010). intercropping (intercropping) is a polyculture planting pattern that is often used in crop cultivation, including local corn plants. according to jumin (2002), intercropping is intended to make the best use of the environment (nutrients, water and sunlight) in order to obtain maximum production. page | intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura mahrus ali, sri purwanti, sri hidayati gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence thahir & hadmadi (1985) in abidin (1991) states that intercropping aims to get yields more than once from one species or several types of plants in a year on the same land can be done with the system of intercropping is done between annual crops and annual crops which is mutually beneficial, for example between corn and beans. one type of family leguminosaceae that can be intercropped with corn, green beans and peanuts. corn (zea mays l.) is a food crop that has an important role as a source of carbohydrates and protein. local corn has a large contribution in increasing domestic food production, but its productivity is still low. the low yield of corn is due to the use of seeds and farming technology and cultivation that are still less intensive (rahayu et al.2003). increased corn production can be achieved by increasing the planting area and increasing productivity (intensification). however, with limited land, the way to increase corn through increased productivity is a more reality choice (hatta 1999). one effort that can be done to increase corn crop production is to choose the right cropping system. the cropping system can be done with monoculture or polyculture. monoculture planting is felt to be less profitable because it has a large risk, both in the balance of available nutrient elements, and the condition ofpests diseasethat can attack the plant explosively so that it fails the harvest (sutoro et al. 1988). the demand for peanuts is still relatively low when compared to other legume crops such as soybeans and peanuts, but in terms of peanut prices have a high selling value. therefore, the cultivation of peanuts can be done with ansystem intercropping, where peanuts can be used as an inset plant between rows of corn plants. the combination of corn-beans and green beans in intercropping is usually done with single row or double row (10-12 rows), known as intercropping of rows or grooves (van der maesen 1993). the application ofplanting patterns intercropping systemis strongly influenced by the regulation of planting distance (density) and selection of varieties.according to sitompul & guritno (1995), setting spacing is one way to create the factors needed by plants to be available for each plant and to optimize the use of available environmental factors. according to sutoro et al.. (1988), an increase in corn production can be done by improving plant density (plant spacing). increasing the level of plant density per unit area to a certain extent can increase seed yield. conversely, a reduction in the density of corn per hectare can result in microclimate changes that affect growth and yield. according to rubatzky & yamaguchi (1998), the average planting distance of maize is generally 2025 cm in rows and 75-90 cm between rows. based on the description above, madura farmers, especially in kampao village, blega subdistrict, bangkalan regency, planted with various varieties, including local maize that were page | intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura mahrus ali, sri purwanti, sri hidayati gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence interspersed with peanuts and their interaction with the growth and yield of both plants, is a problem to be examined. 2. research methodology this research was conducted in the rainfed field in kampao village, blega district. the material used in this study was corn seeds and peanuts are local varieties of seeds. the fertilizer used is urea inorganic fertilizer. the tools used are tractors, hoes, rakes, machetes, fansticks, sitting scales, meters and stationery. this research method is an experimental study (true experiment), defined as the method used to look for the effect of certain treatments on others under controlled conditions. in this case the writer uses the control class as a comparison so this study can also be called a pure experiment. this method is used on the basis that the nature of experimental research is to try something to find out or the consequences of a treatment. besides that the researcher wants to know the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable that is investigated or observed. regarding this experimental method sugiono (2008: 3) argues that "in general the research method is defined as a scientific way to obtain data with specific purposes and uses. and experiments according to sugiono (2008: 107) is a study that is used to find certain treatments for others in controlled conditions. in addition, according to arikunto (2010: 16) the research method is a method used by researchers in collecting research data. and experiments according to arikunto (2010: 3) are a way to find a causal relationship between two factors that are intentionally caused by researchers by reducing or setting aside other factors that interfere. based on the research method the researcher used an experimental method. so the experimental research method is a series of experimental activities with the aim to investigate something or a problem in order to obtain results. therefore, in the experimental method there must be a factor that is tested, in this case the factors that are tried circuit training and training intervals to know the effect on that is vo2max. to determine the effect of circuit training and interval training on vo2max, a research instrument in the form of a bleep test containing the element of sports branching, especially the basketball branch. 2.1 growth and yield observation corn plant height (cm). plant height is measured starting from the base of the stem that has been marked to the tip of the highest leaf. measurements were made at ages 30 and 45 hst. diameter of stem base (cm). the diameter of the base of the local cornstalk is measured at the age of 30 hst, at the bottom base near the marked surface of the soil. the length of the cob with a knot (cm). the measurement of the length of corn cobs is done by measuring the length of each cob on each sample page | intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura mahrus ali, sri purwanti, sri hidayati gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence plant at harvest. weight of cob with weight per plant (g). weighing the weight of corn cobs on each sample plant, carried out at harvest. 2.2 growth and yield observation peanut plant height (cm). plant height is measured from the base of the stem near the surface of the soil that has been marked to the highest growing point. measurements were made at the age of 15 hst. number of productive branches per plant (fruit). the number of productive branches per plant is calculated based on the branches that produce pods, observed at 50 hst. weight of 100 pithy seeds. the weight of 100 grains of seeds is obtained by weighing 100 grains that have been dried, which are taken randomly from each treatment. 3. results and discussion 3.1 planting distance between local corns in the overlay sari system with peanuts against corn growth and yield peanut the experimental results showed that the spacing between local maize rows significantly affected the height of local maize at ages 25 and 40 hst, stem diameter diameter of 15 and 30 hst, cob length and weight of cob with cob. the average height of local corn plants aged 25 and 40 hst, stem diameter diameter of 15 and 30 hst, the length of the cob and the weight of corn cobs with corn. furthermore, the distance of local corn planting has a very significant effect on the height of peanut plants at the age of 15 hst, the number of productive branches and the weight of 100 grains of peanut seeds. the average height of peanut plants aged 15 hst, the number of productive branches and weight of 100 grains of peanuts due to the distance of planting corn in intercropping systems with peanuts. it shows that the distance of local maize in the intercropping system with peanuts is very significant. the results in the field experiments show the average height of plants aged 30 and 40 hst, diameter of base of stem age 15 and 30 hst, length of cob and weight of corn cobs with local corn due to plant spacing between local maize on intercropping system. the average height of peanut plants at the age of 15 hst, number of productive branches per plant and weight of 100 grains of peanut resulted in the spacing between local maize lines in the tumpang sari system on peanut growth and yields were significantly different. to increase growth and yield of both plants. this is in accordance with the opinion of sitompul & guritno (1995) which states that planting spacing is one way to create the factors needed by plants to be available equally for each individual plant and to page | intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura mahrus ali, sri purwanti, sri hidayati gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence optimize the use of available environmental factors. the results showed that for local maize plants, growth and yields were obtained if the spacing between local maize lines was widened to produce excellent growth and yield, while in peanuts the spacing between local maize lines widening the distance between local maize lines did not cause changes in growth and tangible results for peanuts. the higher the density of a crop will lead to the greater level of competition between plants in obtaining nutrients and light (jumin 2002). in this study, the growth of local maize plants (plant height and stem diameter) proved the truth of this opinion. where at the age of 30 hst the difference in spacing between local maize lines caused a noticeable difference both in plant height and in the diameter of the base of the local corn stalk. the occurrence of this apparent difference is presumably due to competition occurring below the surface of the soil (roots), because the leaves do not yet shade each other. sitompul & guritno (1995) states that the amount of nutrients and water that can be absorbed by plants depends on the opportunity to get water and nutrients from the soil. furthermore gardner et al.. (1991) states that growth factors stimulating differences not only exist in genetic control (internal), but are also caused by climate, soil and biological elements such as pests, diseases and weeds and also the influence of intraspeesies and intra-competition species. fitter & hay (1991) added that the reduction in nutrient supply to shoots caused by root competition will reduce shoot efficiency and consequently will reduce the flow of assimilation results to the roots and can disrupt the function of the roots and subsequently can disrupt the generative stage. good vegatative growth also results in improved generative growth, as can be seen from the length of the cob and the weight of the local corn cobs. this is presumably because at the planting distance, there was no significant competition between the leaves of the plant in getting the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process. according to purwono & hartono (2005), local corn plants need sunlight especially light intensity. corn plants that are shaded / overshadow each other, their growth will be inhibited and languished, so the results of seeds that are formed are not good, even cob can not be formed. peanut plant growth was not significantly affected by differences in planting distance between local maize rows, but the results were significantly affected by the weight of 100 grains of pith. this is thought to be caused by the use of water, nutrients, light in the maximum growing space at the beginning of planting (purwanti, hidayati, & nurlina, 2017). but in the end the appearance of each tanama individually declined due to competition in getting light and other growth factors. plants respond by reducing the size or parts of plants (branches, tubers and pods). page | intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura mahrus ali, sri purwanti, sri hidayati gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence 3.2 local corn varieties in the intercropping system with peanuts for growth and yields of local corn and peanuts the results showed that local corn varieties in the intercropping system with peanuts significantly affected the height of corn plants aged 30 and 45 hst, the length of local corncobs and the diameter of the local corn cobs are. the average height of maize plants aged 30 and 45 hst, the length of local corn cobs are contoured and the diameter of local corn cobs are contoured. furthermore, local corn varieties significantly influence the height of peanut plants aged 15 hst and the diameter of the base of the stem of peanut. the average plant height and diameter of the base of the 15-year old hst, due to the influence ofvarieties peanutslocal maizeon intercropping systems with peanuts. this maize yield is quite good, this happens because each variety has different genetic makeup and the ability of the variety itself to adapt to its growing environment so that it still produces good growth and maximum results. according to simatupang (1997) that the high production of a variety is due to the variety being able to adapt to the environment. although genetically the other varieties have good production potential, but because they are still in the stage of adaptation, their production is lower than they should. peanuts only show a significant difference in local corn varieties at height and diameter of the base of the stem age 15 hst, where the height of peanut tends to be higher and the diameter of peanut tends to be greater. this iscaused by the diversity (heterogeneity) of the seeds used even though they have beenchosen carefully. according to sitompul & guritno (1995), one of the factors that determines the quality of planting material is the number of substrates such as carbohydrates available for metabolism that support the initial growth of plants. for all yield parameters, the average height of maize plants aged 15.30 and 45 hst, length of cob cobs, weight of local corn cobs in intercropping system and average plant height and base diameter of 15 hst peanut stems due to the influence of varieties local corn in the intercropping system with peanuts while the average weight of local corncobs weighed due to the distance of local corn planting and varieties local corn in the intercropping system of local corn and groundnuts. seen the significant difference due to the influence of local corn varieties only occur in corn plants. whereas in peanut plants there was no significant difference. the differences that occur in the local corn yield parameters are more due to the use of different varieties and indirectly affect the yield, in addition to environmental factors where the growth is in accordance with the conditions of the land that can maximize yield. from the results of research madura corn is able to adapt to the environment even though it is planted with intercropping system growth and yields are very good because madura corn is generally harvested earlier after that harvested on peanuts. page | intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura mahrus ali, sri purwanti, sri hidayati gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence whereas farmers in the village of kampao always use the intercropping system, one of the reasons for farmers is the use of land when the distance is too wide, the growth and yield of locat corn and peanut are not significantly different in growth and yield. the difference in the number of seedlings per planting hole on the growth and yield of rice plants (oryza sativa l.) using the sri method. (ali, hosir, & nurlina, 2017). 3.3 interaction the experimental results show that there is a very real interaction between the planting distance of local maize in the intercropping system with peanuts to the weight of local corn cobs. the average weight of local corncobs is caused by the distance of local corn planting and local corn varieties. shows that the weight of local corn cobs rotate per plant for each variety, responds differently to each change in spacing between local maize rows. in madura corn, the weight of cob cobs per plant did not change significantly with the widening of the spacing between local maize lines. this causes if the maize varieties are planted with relatively tight spacing and are showing low yields due to competition in getting various growth factors. furthermore, if planted with spacing that rarely gives significantly higher yields due to all the growth factors needed are sufficient. according to welsh (1991) in hakim (2008) states that the result is the success of plant genotypes that provide maximum expression in overcoming environmental factors. furthermore dahlian et al.. (2001) in hakim (2008) stated that crop yields are expressions that are influenced by genetics, environment and their interactions. the expression will be perfect if it is in an optimal environment. the quantitative aspects of the interaction between varieties and the environment are evident in the yield characteristics. this yield characteristic is often an indicator of the size of the environmental influence on the variety of a plant. 4. conclusion plant spacing between local maize lines in thesystem intercropping significantly influences the height of corn plants, stem diameter, cob length and weight of cob with cob. the spacing between local maize lines in the intercropping system has a veryeffect significanton the height of peanut plants aged 15 hst, the number of productive branches and the weight of 100 grains of peanut seeds. results tend to be better obtained with spacing. local maize varieties in intercropping systems have a very significant effect on the age of corn plants, the length of cob cobs and the page | intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura mahrus ali, sri purwanti, sri hidayati gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence diameter of the cobs. local maize varieties on intercropping systems have a very significant effect on peanut plant height. suggestion it is recommended that intercropping systems are only applied to local varieties, planting with intercropping systems, especially in the village of kampao, sub-district of blega on corn and peanuts, must use local seeds or seeds. references abidin, z. (1991). testing of soybean (planting timeglycine max (l.) merrill)andfertilization tsp in intercropping systems with maize (zea mays l.). thesis of the faculty of agriculture ,university syiah kuala, banda aceh. ali, m., hosir, a., & nurlina, n. (2017). differences of breeding per housing for growth and results of rice plant (oryza sativa l.) using the sri method. gontor agrotech science journal, 3(1), 1–21. ali, m., hosir, a., & nurlina, n. (2017). perbedaan jumlah bibit per lubang tanam terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi (oryza sativa l.) dengan menggunakan metode sri. gontor agrotech science journal, 3(1), 1–21. purwanti, s., hidayati, s., & nurlina, n. (2017). application of plus liquid organic fertilizer and leves truncation technique on onion growth and yields. jhp17: jurnal hasil penelitian, 2(01). marliah, a., jumini, j., & jamilah, j. (2010). effect of spacing between rows on intercropping systems of several varieties of sweet corn with red beans on growth and yield. agrista journal, 14(1), 30-38. agromedia. (2007). cultivation hybrid corn. agromedia pustaka, jakarta. fitter, ah&r. km hay. (1991). plant environmental physiology ( andani, s. and sd purbayanti translation). gadjah mada university press, yogyakarta. gardner, fp, rb pearce & rl mitchell. (1991). cultivation plant physiology ( herawati susilo translation). ui-press, jakarta. hakim, ln (2008). effect of planting time of maize and peanut varieties onsystems intercroppingon the growth and yield of both plants. thesis of the faculty of agriculture, syiah kuala university, banda aceh. hatta, m. (1999). the combiningseveral strains of corn (zea mays ability ofl.) agrista journal 3: 67 74. jumin, hb (2002). agronomy. pt. raja grafindo persada, jakarta. page | intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura mahrus ali, sri purwanti, sri hidayati gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence purwono & r. hartono. (2005). superior corn play. penebar swadaya, jakarta. rahayu, n., nasrullah & at soejono. (2003). critical period of local corn plant (zea mays sacharata sturt) against competition with weeds. agrosains. vol. 16 no.1. rubatzky, ve & m. yamaguchi. (1998). vegetables world 1 (herison chess translation). itb, bandung. simatupang. (1997). the nature and characteristics of the soil. ipb, bogor. sitompul, sm & b. guritno. (1995).analysis growth plant. gadjah mada university press, yogyakarta. sutoro, soelaeman, y. & iskandar. (1988). corn cultivation. food crops research institute, bogor. van der maesen, ljg (1993). southeast asia vegetable resources prosea 1; nuts (sadikin somaatmadja translation). gramedia, jakarta. zamry, h. (2007). local corn plant (sweet corn). indonesian science and technology. http: // agro agriculture journal. accessed: april 27, 2008. effect of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) cow urine against early grape cuttings (vitis vinevera. l). yudha dwi hansah, sri purwanti, nurul huda. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence effect of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) cow urine against early grape cuttings (vitis vinevera. l). yudha dwi hansah, sri purwanti, nurul huda. faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya e-mai: yudhadwi742@gmail.com abstract use of vine stem cuttings seeds has the advantage of providing more number of seeds and later new plants which will have properties such as the parent, grapes are already known as one of the classy fruits in the world, both fresh consumed and processed products, processed grape products which is known as wine is able to penetrate the price of rp5.7 billion per bottle is famously expensive in subtropical countries. this study aims to determine the duration of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) of cow urine on the initial growth of grape cuttings. the study was conducted in the experimental garden faculty of agriculture, merdeka university, surabaya jl. ketintang madya vii / 2 surabaya, with a height of ± 5 meters above sea level. this study uses a randomized block design (rbd) arranged according to factorial patterns with two (2) factors, namely factor i = duration of immersion consisting of 4 levels, including: l0 = 0 minutes (control), l1 = cuttings of grapes soaked for 15 minute, l2 = cuttings of grapes soaked for 30 minutes, l3 = cuttings of grapes soaked for 45 minutes, while factor ii = concentration of organic zpt consists of 3 levels, including p0: 0 ml / liter (water), p1: 10 ml cow urine per liter of water, p2: 20 ml cow urine per liter of water, p3: 30 ml cow urine per liter of water, p4: 40 ml cow urine per liter of water, based on the results of the study, conclusions can be drawn. there was a significant interaction at the f5% test level on the variables studied, namely the length of the vine cuttings at 42 days after planting and was best achieved by a combination of p3l2 treatment compared to other treatments, although it was not significantly different from the combination of p2l3 and p4l2 treatments. significant from both the poc concentration factor and the immersion length factor under study, mainly in the shoot length variable at 42 days after planting. statistically, a better value for all of these variables is achieved by the p3 treatment that is 30% ml / liter of water and the l2 treatment that is 30 minutes. keywords: cow urine poc, wine cuttings 1. introduction grapes have existed in indonesia since the dutch colonial era and were first planted on banana island (sumabar), then spread them throughout the archipelago. in 1828, grapes began to be cultivated in the regions of kupang, sulawesi, besuki and banyuwangi. some grape varieties in indonesia include black alicante, golden champion, muscat van alexanrie (probolinggo putih), frankenthaler (probolinggo biru), isabella, gross colman, and aphoso lavale (bali) (emi budiyati, 2015). vegetative propagation can be done by means of shoot grafting (shoot grafting) to replace the root system of other grape species that are stronger and more resistant to environmental stress by effect of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) cow urine against early grape cuttings (vitis vinevera. l). yudha dwi hansah, sri purwanti, nurul huda. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence connecting superior species of grapes (as the stem) to other species of wine (as rootstock), usually taking rootstock through cuttings (mujiman m rebin, 2011). to improve the quality of grapes efficiently it is necessary to use alternative technologies so that the profits of the grape farming increase by using growth regulators (pgr) are complex organic compounds that affect plants and plant growth regulators (pgr) there are eight hormone groups, between others: auxin, gibberllins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene brasinosteroid, salicylates, jasmonate (sri setya harjadi, 2009). the discovery of these hormones is the most interesting part is the effort to purify human urine in several steps, each step, the results of which are tested for biological activity by the test of curvature of the avena. in 1931, kogl and haagen-smit purified 33 gallons of urine to obtain 40mg of a compound they called auxin a, they further purified human urine and found a compound whose structure and activity were similar to auxin a, the compound was later called auxin b, in addition to that in the extract also contained a compound known as indol-3-acetic acid iaa = indole-3-acetic acid (sri setyati harjadi, 2009). liquid organic fertilizer (poc) is a solution from the decay of organic materials derived from plant residues, animal waste, and humans (ali, purwanti, & hidayati, 2019). the advantages of organic fertilizer can quickly overcome nutrient deficiencies, have no problem in washing nutrients and are able to provide nutrients quickly. liquid organic fertilizer (poc) derived from livestock urine, such as cow urine contains macro nutrients, including; nitrogen 0.52, phosphorus 0.01, potassium 0.56, calcium 0.007 (hadisuwito sukamto, 2007). while the animal urine can be used as a natural growth regulator for plants because cow urine contains growth regulators namely auxin and giberlin. this hormone comes from food eaten by cows. in his research budiharjo et al (2003) concluded that soaking wine cuttings in cow urine concentrations of 20% can provide optimal results on the number of leaves, the number of shoots and the length of shoots of grapes, while according to the journal zira'ah (2014) seen from the research data the long treatment the best soaking of cow urine for the speed at which buds appear on cuttings is 15 minutes. 2. research methods this study uses a randomized block design (rcbd) arranged according to factorial patterns with 2 (two) factors, namely: f1: immersion time consists of 4 levels, l0: 0 minutes (control). l1: grape cuttings soaked for 15 minutes. l2: grape cuttings soaked for 30 minutes. l3: grape cuttings soaked for 45 minutes, f2: organic zpt concentrations consist of 5 levels, p0: 0% (water) and p1: 10% cow urine p2: 20% cow urine p3: 30% cow urine p4: 40% cow urine. from these two factors, 20 effect of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) cow urine against early grape cuttings (vitis vinevera. l). yudha dwi hansah, sri purwanti, nurul huda. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence treatment combinations were obtained, which were then repeated 3 times, so that 60 treatment combinations were obtained, each treatment was planted with two sample plants. 3. results and discussion germination speed the results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between the concentration factor of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with immersion time on the variable growth rate of vine cuttings. however, separately the treatment concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) gave a very significant effect on budding speed after planting. table 1. average speed of growth of grape cuttings (days) in various treatments treatment average speed of growth of grape cuttings (days) p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 9,63 b 9,25 b 8,21 a 9,54 b 8,38 a bn t 5% 0,86 l0 l1 l2 l3 8,97 ab 9,47 b 8,20 a 9,37 b bnt 5% 0,77 note: the numbers are accompanied by the same letter, in thecolumn sameshowed no significant difference (lsd 5%). in table 1 above shows that in the concentration factor there is a tendency of p0 treatment to give the highest value of 9.63 compared to other treatments, while the immersion duration factor there is a tendency for l1 treatment to give the highest value of 9.47 compared to other treatments on observations of 42-day-old plants after planting. according to lakitan (1996), that the cytokinin hormone is transported acropetally through the xylem to the top of the plant, the cytokinin will stimulate cell division in plants and the dividing cells will develop into buds. shoot length the results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between the concentration factor of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) and soaking time on the variable length of shoots of grape cuttings. however, separately treating the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) had a very significant influence on the length of shoots at 42 days after planting (hst), while the soaking time treatment also had a significant effect on the length of shoots at 42 days after effect of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) cow urine against early grape cuttings (vitis vinevera. l). yudha dwi hansah, sri purwanti, nurul huda. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence planting (appendix 1). the average length of the vine shoots at various age observations, is presented in table 2. in table 2 shows that the combination of p3l2 treatment gives the highest value of 16.17 cm compared with other treatments although it is not significantly different from the combination of p2l3 and p4l2 treatments respectively 14.47 cm and 13.70 cm respectively. this explains that the poc concentration of 30% with a soaking time of 30 minutes gives a better effect compared to other treatments. table 2. average length of vine stem cuttings (cm) at various observational ages (days after planting). treatment averageof shoot length (cm) 21 28 35 42 p0l0 1,62 2,03 a 4,40 a 8,77 a p0l1 1,50 4,27 a 8,03 a 10,70 a p0l2 1,87 6,23 bc 9,47 b 11,40 b p0l3 1,95 5,47 b 11,33 bc 12,60 bc p1l0 2,00 6,43 bc 8,43 a 10,60 a p1l1 2,58 5,77 b 10,23 bc 12,27 bc p1l2 2,28 6,90 bc 11,37 bc 13,23 bc p1l3 1,17 3,33 a 5,07 a 6,90 a p2l0 2,05 5,53 b 9,13 b 11,50 b p2l1 2,12 4,03 a 6,90 a 8,17 a p2l2 2,18 5,60 b 11,63 bc 13,33 bc p2l3 2,77 6,90 bc 12,17 bc 14,47 bc p3l0 1,67 3,07 a 4,87 a 9,70 a p3l1 1,50 4,80 b 8,47 a 10,57 a p3l2 1,58 8,67 c 13,97 c 16,17 c p3l3 1,68 5,97 b 9,57 b 13,00 bc p4l0 2,43 5,50 b 8,67 b 11,67 b p4l1 2,23 6,07 bc 8,67 b 11,03 b p4l2 2,74 8,43 c 11,77 bc 13,70 bc p4l3 2,67 7,57 c 10,87 bc 12,80 bc bnt 5 % tn 2,60 4,10 4,05 description: numbersthe numbers next to the same letter, in thecolumn sameshow no significant difference (lsd 5%). according to gunawan, et al. (2017) that based on the results of laboratory tests from the research and consultation center for industry prove that this liquid organic liquid of cow urine contains macro elements such as organic c 1,460%; nitrogen 0.098%; p2o5 0.102%; k2o 0.216%; ca 166.52 ppm; mg 104.61 ppm or micro elements, including: co 2.15 ppm; al 2.88 ppm; fe 0.13 ppm; na 1.28 ppm; ni 0.21 ppm; zn 0.23 ppm; b 1,13 ppm; mn 0.012 ppm there are also several hormones, namely iaa 8.61 ppm; cytokines 5.16 ppm; gibrerillin 2.54 ppm and bacterial content, effect of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) cow urine against early grape cuttings (vitis vinevera. l). yudha dwi hansah, sri purwanti, nurul huda. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence such as: pospat solvent bacteria, lactobacillus, actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria. this organic liquid fertilizer has a lot of elemental content and is able to overcome nutrient definitions quickly or provide nutrients quickly. number of leaves the results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between the concentration factor of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) and soaking time on the variable number of leaves of cuttings of grapes. although separately both the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer concentration (poc) and the soaking time treatment also did not have a significant effect on the number of leaves at the age of observation 42 days after planting cuttings of grapes. in table 3 below shows that the poc concentration factor there is a tendency for p4 treatment to give the highest value of 5.38 compared to other treatments, while the immersion time factor there is a tendency for l2 treatment to give the highest value of 5.53 compared to other treatments at observations of 42-day-old plants after planting. the average number of leaves of cuttings of grapes at the end of the observation is presented in table 3. the leaf organ is the dominant place for the process of plant photosynthesis, where the results of this photosynthate have an important role in the growth and formation of plant biomass. furthermore, the opinion of gardner et.al (1991) that the number of leaves affects the results of photosynthesis, where the leaves allow to capture light to the maximum to meet the needs of photosynthesis, because the leaves contain chlorophyll and several other pigments. table 3. average number of grape cuttings leaves at different age observations (days after planting). treatment of the average number of leaf buds (strands) 21 28 35 42 p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 1,50 1,58 1,50 1,17 1,75 2,42 2,33 2,58 2,38 2,75 3,83 3,75 4,00 4,00 4,04 4,33 a 4,25 a 5,33 b 4,83 ab 5,38 b bnt 5% tn tn tn 0,93 l0 l1 l2 l3 1,53 1,27 1,63 1,57 2,13 a 2,37 ab 2,83 b 2,63 ab 3,37 a 3,67 a 4,53 b 4,13 b 4,30 a 4,50 a 5,53 b 4,97 ab bnt 5% tn 0,52 0,70 0,83 note: the numbers next to the same letter in the same column show no significant difference (bnt 5%). effect of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) cow urine against early grape cuttings (vitis vinevera. l). yudha dwi hansah, sri purwanti, nurul huda. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence bud diameter and number of buds a. bud diameter the results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between the concentration factor of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) and the immersion time on the variable diameter of the vine stem cuttings. but separately both the concentration factor of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) and soaking time did not have a significant effect on the shoot diameter variable at the age of observation 42 days after planting. the average shoot diameter of the vine at the end of the observation, is presented in table 4. table 4. the average diameter of stem shoots and the number of shoots of cuttings at the end of observation. treatment final observation(42 days after planting) buddiameter (mm) number of buds p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 3,37 3,39 3,07 3,54 3,17 1,04 1,13 1,21 1,25 1,46 bnt 5% tn tn l0 l1 l2 l3 3,27 3,14 3,43 3,39 1,17 1,20 1,27 1,23 bnt 5% tn tn description: the numbers are accompanied by the same letter, in thecolumn, sameshowed no significant difference (lsd 5%). in table 4 above it shows that both poc concentration factors have a p3 tendency of 3.54 compared to other concentrations; while soaking time there is a tendency of l3 treatment of 3.43 compared to other treatments on observations of plants aged 42 days after planting. application of organic fertilizer in the soil affects the chemical and biological (biological) properties of the soil. important chemical and biological functions include ion exchange and chemical buffering, as n, p, and s nutrient stores, phosphate dissolution by complexing fe and al ions in the soil and as a source of energy for soil microorganisms (notohadiprawiro, 1998). number of shoots statistical analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between the concentration factor of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) and soaking time on the variable number of shoots of grape cuttings. although separately both in the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer concentration (poc) and soaking time did not have a significant effect on the number of shoots at all age observations of vine cuttings. effect of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) cow urine against early grape cuttings (vitis vinevera. l). yudha dwi hansah, sri purwanti, nurul huda. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence in table 4 above it shows that both the poc concentration factor has a tendency of p4 of 1.46 compared to other concentrations; while soaking time there is a tendency of 1.22 l2 treatment compared to other treatments on observations of plants aged 42 days after planting. the average number of shoots of grape cuttings is presented in table 4 above. according to simanungkalit, rdm et al. (2006), that organic fertilizer / organic material has chemical functions such as: (1) supply of macro nutrients (n, p, k, ca, mg, and s) and micro, such as zn, cu, mo, co, b, mn, and fe) although in relatively small amounts. (2) increase land cation measurement capacity (cec); and (3) can form complex compounds with metal ions that poison plants such as al, fe, and mn. root length and number of roots a. root length the results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between the concentration factor of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) and soaking time on the variable root length of cuttings of grapes. although separately both in the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer concentration (poc) and soaking time did not have a significant effect on root length at 42 days after planting cuttings of grapes (attachment). the average root length of the vine at the end of the observation is presented in table 5 below. table 5. average root length (cm) and number of grapes at observation age 42 days after planting. treatment final observation(42 days after planting) root length (cm) total root p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 7,13 8,91 7,83 8,17 7,77 7,38 8,21 9,29 9,46 9,58 bnt 5% tn tn l0 l1 l2 l3 8,55 8,10 7,29 7,91 8,33 8,43 9,43 8,93 bnt 5% tn tn description: the figures are accompanied by the same letters, in thecolumn, sameshowed no significant difference (lsd 5%). in table 5 above it shows that both the poc concentration factor has a p1 tendency of 8.91 compared to other concentrations; while soaking time there is a tendency of l0 treatment of 8.55 compared to other treatments on observations of plants aged 42 days after planting. according to the research of sudrajad and widodo (2011), states that the response of growth regulators is closely effect of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) cow urine against early grape cuttings (vitis vinevera. l). yudha dwi hansah, sri purwanti, nurul huda. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence related to the right concentration will be able to regulate the physiological processes of plants so that it stimulates the growth of the roots of grapes, and if the concentration is too high it will inhibit growth. number of roots the results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between the concentration factor of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) and soaking time on the variable number of root cuttings of grapes. although separately both the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer concentration (poc) and soaking time did not have a significant effect on the number of roots at 42 days after planting cuttings of grapes. the average root length of the vine at the end of the observation is presented in table 5 above. in table 5 above it shows that both the poc concentration factor has a tendency of p4 of 9.58 compared to other concentrations; while the soaking time there was a tendency of l2 treatment of 9.43 compared to other treatments on observations of plants aged 42 days after planting. lakitan (1996) in hafizah (2014), states that cell growth and development depends on the supply of nutrients in the soil for metabolism and protein synthesis, causing an increase in the number of roots. 4. conclusion based on the results of the study there was a significant interaction on the f5% test level on the variable studied, the length of the vine cuttings at 42 days after planting and was best achieved by a combination of p3l2 treatment compared with other treatments, although not significantly different from the combination of p2l3 treatment and p4l2 and there is a significant influence of the poc concentration factor and the immersion length factor under study, especially on the variable length of shoots at 42 days after planting. statistically, a better value for all of these variables is achieved by the p3 treatment that is 30% ml / liter of water and the l2 treatment that is 30 minutes. references ahmad sapari, (2006). mari menanam anggur. sic. surabaya. anonymous.2011. asal ali, m., purwanti, s., & hidayati, s. 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(2015). bertanam anggur di pekarangan. agriflo. tanggerang. daryono, (2014). pengaruh perendaman urine sapi sebagai zat pengatur tumbuh (zpt) alami terhadap keberhasilan stek buah naga super red (hylocereus costaricensis) progam studi budidaya tanaman perkebunan jurusan manajemen pertanian politeknik pertanian negeri samarinda. effect of soaking and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) cow urine against early grape cuttings (vitis vinevera. l). yudha dwi hansah, sri purwanti, nurul huda. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence gardner, franklin p. dan r. brent pearce.(1991). fisiologi tanaman budidaya. universitas indonesia press. jakarta. gunawan, b., sri purwanti, nurlina, tatuk tojibatus, (2017). early growth improvement of sugarcane bud ps-881 through cattle breeding liquid waste. iinternational jounal of scientific & technology research volume 6, issue 10, october 2017. indonesia. hafizah nur, ( 2014). pertumbuhan stek mawar (rosa damascena mill.) pada waktu perendaman dalam larutan urine sapi. program study agroteknologi stiper amuntai. jose endah h, (2001). membuat tambulampot rajin berbuah. agromedia pustaka. jakarta. notohadiprawiro, t. 1998. tanah dan lingkungan. dirjen pendidikan tinggi. depdikbud. jakarta. rebin, mujiman m, (2011).teknik budidaya akar ganda dan top working anggur prabu bestari (red prince). iranti mitra utama. surabaya. riska tajuddin, i nengah suwastika1, muslimin. (2012). organogenesis tanaman anggur hijau (vitis vinifera 1.) pada medium msdengan penambahan iaa (indole acetid acid) dan berbagai konsentrasi bap jurusan biologi, fakultas matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan alam, universitas tadulako, palu. simanungkalit, rdm., didi ardi suriadikarta, rasti saraswati, diah setyorini, dan wiwik hartatik,( 2006). pupuk organik dan pupuk hayati (organic fertilizer and biofertilizer). balai besar litbang sumberdaya lahan pertanian badan penelitian dan pengembangan pertanian. bogor. sri setyo harjadi (2009). zat pengatur tumbuh. penebar swadaya. wisnu hijau jl.raya bogor km. 30 mekarsari, cimanggis, depok. sukamto hadisuwito (2008). membuat pupuk kompas cair. agromedia pustaka. jakarta. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa discussion of growth and content of papain in papaya callus (carica papaya l.) by tissue culture technique with elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in ms and vw sri arijanti , dwie retna suryaningsih, arief eryanto page | discussion of growth and content of papain in papaya callus (carica papaya l.) by tissue culture technique with elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in ms and vw sri arijanti , dwie retna suryaningsih, arief eryanto faculty of agriculture, wijaya kusuma university of surabaya email: arijantiprakoeswa@gmail.com abstract plants of papaya were have the main sources of chemical compounds that were generally used in pharmaceuticals and food-additive industries. one of the effort to increase the content of papain in papaya is through tissue-culture and elicitation technique.the purposes of this research are *to investigate the content of papain in calluses of papaya leaves with treatment of elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae in ms and vw mediums. this research was conducted in the month of november 2017 to january 2018, using complete random design (crd) with factorial using two factors, repeated four times and each repitition contained 4 samples. the main results of this research had shown that the treatment of vw medium and elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae 25 mg dry matter/l had produced the highest content of papain. keywords : elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae; medium; papain; papaya leaves callus. 1. introdction papaya (carica papaya l.) is a type of tropical plant that can grow well in all region of the world with various characteristics depended on the condition and climate of the region. ( ludwigmuller, j. 2000) papaya plant was originated from central america and was spread throughout the world by the spanish traders. countries that are best known as producers of papaya are republic of dominica, puerto rico, costa rica, also brazil, india, and indonesia (warisno, 2003). papaya fruit is a fruit with high nutritious content and high fiber, so it is good for health and digestion, with affordable price to be enjoyed by all people in society(nisak, pratiwi, & ali, 2017). the content of anti-oxidant in papaya fruit is carotenoids in vitamin a and vitamin c (maisarah et all, 2013) . papaya fruit helps to lower the risk of heart diseases and stroke caused by the blockage in blood vessels. almost all parts of papaya plant can be used, aside from the fruit itself. the enzyme of papain is known as an anti-inflammation agent that can reduce inflammation for asthma, arthritis, and other diseases that caused by inflammation.( dalimartha, s. 2003. ) the enzyme is a protein bio-molecule that functions as a catalyst to hasten anorganochemical reaction. papaya produced the enzyme papain that is a proteolitic enzyme secreted through the isolation of papaya’s sap. the sap from papaya plant can be secreted through the fruits, stems, and leaves (akujobi cn, ofodame cn, enweani ca. ,2010). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa discussion of growth and content of papain in papaya callus (carica papaya l.) by tissue culture technique with elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in ms and vw sri arijanti , dwie retna suryaningsih, arief eryanto page | one way to increase the production of papain contents in papaya plant is through the use of tissue culture technique (yusnita, 2004). through this tissue culture process, the contents of papain that is a secondary metabolite can be increased with the addition of elisitor saccharomyces cereviceae (flora, 2010). one of the determinant factor in the success of reproduction is the use of culture mediums. some culture mediums used had went through various developments in the formula of the medium compositition for better optimization of growth and development of cultured plants (nugroho, 2006). polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are the main components of plants, which are the primary metabolites. in the plant cells, beside the obvious photosynthesis process, there are also other biochemical reactions to breakup the primary metabolites (nurhidayati, 2003). compounds that are the results of the breakup of these primary metabolites are known as the secondary metabolites. some of these secondary metabolites have economical values and have been intensively used by the food and pharmaceutical industries as the sources of natural antioxidants (vickery, 1981). secondary metabolites produced by the culture of plants cells can be increased in content by elicitation technique. the elicitation technique to increase the contents of these secondary metabolites through tissue culture is an induction process that aimed to increase the formation process of secondary metabolites in tissues or calluses by using an elisitor. according to rahmawati (2006), elisitors are divided to two types abiotic elisitors and biotic elisitors. abiotic elisitors were formed from the anorganic chemical compounds, i,e : ultraviolet, heavy metal, etc. while abiotic elisitors came from organic compounds such as : carbohydrates, proteins, volatile compounds, etc. mediums that were widely used are the murashige and skoog (ms) & vacin and went (vw). these mediums were oftenly used in the tissue culture process because these mediums were considered qualified because of the contents of macro and micro nutrients, as well as vitamins, for the plants’ growth that needed nutrients of organic salts and subtances to support their growth (inglett, g.e. and charalambous, g. 1979). the plant’s medium should contain all the nutrients needed to ensure the growth of explants. the nutrients were mixed to contain mineral salts, macro and micro nutrients, sugar, proteins, vitamins and hormones (arijanti, 2008). these are the types of medium widely used in the tissue culture process, according to widiyana (2013) :in this research, there were used explants of the meristems of papaya leaves. the apical meristem cultures were explants cultured from the tip of meristem to tissues of 0,3 to 1 cm below. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa discussion of growth and content of papain in papaya callus (carica papaya l.) by tissue culture technique with elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in ms and vw sri arijanti , dwie retna suryaningsih, arief eryanto page | based on those explanations above, this research was hoping to give informations on the growth and development as well as the contents of calluses of carica papaya l. with treatment of elisitor saccharomycescerevisiae in ms and vw mediums.( wohing, p., et al. 2012) the purpose was to gain a better growth and development of calluses so that can be used as based for vegetative reproduction, as well as to investigate the best contents of papain to be used as materials for pharmaceutical industries (yuniarti, t. 2008). 2. materials and method 2.1. place and time this research was conducted in the laboratory of tissue-culture in the department of agriculture of wijaya kusuma university of surabaya. this research was conducted in the month of november 2017 to january 2018. while the analysis of the contents of papain were conducted in the laboratory of industrial research and consultation of surabaya – east java. 2.2. materials : materials needed during this research were explants of papaya’s young leaves taken from the researcher’s home garden, basic mediums (ms and vw), growth control nutrients of 20 ml/l naa and 30 ml/l baa, glucose 30 gr, saccharomyces cereviseae (as treatments), coconut water 150 ml/l. alcohol 70% and 96%, tween betadine, aluminium foils, and plastic wraps. 2.3. equipments : equipments used during this research were analytic scales, autoclave, oven, laminar air flow (laf), ph-meter, pinset, scalpel, erlenmeyer, measuring cups, drop pippette, measuring pippette, petridish, spatula, cultures tubes, hotplate magnetic stirrer. 2.4. method of research : this research were conducted directly at the laboratory. the method used was complete random design (crd) with six treatments repeated four times and each repitition contained four samples. factor 1: saccharomyces cerevisiae : factor 2: type of mediums : s1 : 0 mg dry matter/l m1 : ms medium s2 : 25 mg dry matter/l m2 : vw medium s3 : 50 mg dry matter/l 2.5. implementation of research glasses and metal equipments could be sterilised in the oven on temperature of 160oc for 2-4 hours after wrapped in brown-paper or aluminium-foil. after sterilised, those equipments were agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa discussion of growth and content of papain in papaya callus (carica papaya l.) by tissue culture technique with elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in ms and vw sri arijanti , dwie retna suryaningsih, arief eryanto page | taken out and brought inside the laf, then sterilised further using ultraviolet ray for 30 minutes. before actually used, these equipments were unwrapped from the brown-paper and then soaked in the alcohol 96% then burned. every time they would be used, they were soaked in alcohol and then burned again before used. these were implemented during the research. making of medium composition of mediums for tissue cultures varied depended on the commodities that would be used. basically almost every commodity were using ms medium modified with vitamins and hormones as per needed by the commodities. for efficiency, there were made a stock of solutions, so every making of mediums would need only taken some volume from the stock. planting explants that were used in this research were of young leaves of papaya, that would be forming the callus. medium used in this research were ms and vw medium. parameters quantities of callus observed visually in 1-week interval with scoring as follows : 1 = no calluss 2 = few calluss (<1 time size of the explant) 3 = medium calluss (1-2 times size of the explant) 4 = many calluss (>2 times size of the explant) qualities of calluss observed visually in 1-week interval with scoring as follows : 1 = no calluss 2 = compact calluss 3 = friable calluss data analysis datas gained from observations and research would be compared using random test analysis to determined whether there was a real differences, with multiple tests (bnt 5%), processed using application of spss 18.0. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa discussion of growth and content of papain in papaya callus (carica papaya l.) by tissue culture technique with elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in ms and vw sri arijanti , dwie retna suryaningsih, arief eryanto page | 3. results and discussion 3.1. quantities of calluss results of random analysis had shown interactions between treatments on the parameters of quantities of papaya calluss (carica papaya l.) through visually observed within 1-week interval could be found in table 1. table 1. average results of the observations of quantities of calluss formed in various treatments from time-periods 1-10 mst (weeks after planting) treatments time periods (weeks after planting) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 saccharomyces 0 mg/l ms medium (s1m1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.78 1.88 2.57 2.72 2.63 2.63 saccharomyces 0 mg/l vw medium (s1m2) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.66 1.75 1.91 2.35 2.41 2.41 saccharomyces 25 mg/l ms medium (s2m1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.72 1.88 2.13 2.69 2.75 2.75 saccharomyces 25 mg/l ms medium (s2m2) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.63 1.75 1.85 2.28 2.03 2.03 saccharomyces 50 mg/l ms medium (s3m1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.66 1.75 1.88 2.28 2.13 2.13 saccharomyces 50 mg/l ms medium (s3m2) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.61 1.85 1.91 2.32 2.19 2.19 lsd 5% ns ns ns ns ns 0.13 0.23 0.28 0.44 0.44 note: s = significant, ns = not significant, (1) no calluss, (2) few calluss (<1 times of explant size), (3) medium calluss (1-2 times explant size), (4) many calluss (>2 times explant size). table 2. single factor of quantities of calluss within 1-week interval treatment periods (weeks after planting) 1 2 3 4 5 s1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.72 s2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.69 s3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.63 lsd 5% ns ns ns ns 0.004 m1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.72 m2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.64 lsd 5% ns ns ns ns 0.004 from the random analysis shown in table 1, in week 1 to week 5, there were no interactions yet. in week 6, there were interactions. these were because in week 1 to 5 mst, the papaya leaves explants might still adapted to the treatments of mediums and saccharomyces cerevisiae. while in time periods of 5 to 10 mst, the results of random analysis had shown real differences, because the calluss of the papaya leaves had grown and started disassembled their food reserves as responses to the treatments of mediums and elisitor of saccaharomyces cerevisiae agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa discussion of growth and content of papain in papaya callus (carica papaya l.) by tissue culture technique with elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in ms and vw sri arijanti , dwie retna suryaningsih, arief eryanto page | in the mediums. the observations’ results above had shown that the explants of carica papaya l.’s leaves in ms medium with treatments of elisitor saccharomyces cerevisiae 25 mg bk/l had produced more calluses than other treatments. the response of growth were varied because of the effect of mediums and treatments to the commodities of calluses were very specific (arijanti, 2008). on the table 1, the treatment of 25 mg dry matter/l of saccharomyces cerevisiae in ms medium had better effect on the growth and development of the explants than other treatments. this was postulated due that the effect of saccharomyces cerevisiae were more optimal in quantity of 25 mg dry matter /l and the more complex composition of ms medium had caused better growth and development for the calluss. generally the growth and development of explants’ cells in-vitro would be better to reach the optimum when the nutrients in the medium’s composition were more complex. in this instances, the ms mediums had the optimum composition for growth. thus, the ms mediums were more suitable for the commodities of papaya leaves’ calluses (widya, 2014). on table 2 were shown the results of single factor of quantities of calluses within 1-week interval. in week 5, it was appeared that on week 5 had shown real differences. as according of arijanti (2008), the factor of medium’s composition is very affecting to the growth of calluss. 3.2. qualities of calluss results of random analysis had shown interactions between treatments on the parameters of qualities of calluss through visually observations within 1-week interval could be found in table 3. table 3. average results of the observations of qualities of calluss formed in various treatments from time-periods 1-10 mst (weeks after planting) treatments time periods (weeks after planting) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 saccharomyces 0 mg/l ms medium (s1m1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.57 1.57 1.97 1.85 1.85 saccharomyces 0 mg/l vw medium (s1m2) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.57 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 saccharomyces 25 mg/l ms medium (s2m1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.53 1.72 1.72 1.97 2.00 2.00 saccharomyces 25 mg/l ms medium (s2m2) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.32 1.41 1.41 1.78 1.82 1.82 saccharomyces 50 mg/l ms medium (s3m1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.35 1.47 1.47 1.79 1.72 1.72 saccharomyces 50 mg/l ms medium (s3m2) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.19 1.26 1.26 1.91 2.00 2.00 lsd 5% ns ns ns ns 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.27 note: s= significant, ns = not significant, (1) no calluss, (2) compact calluss, (3) friable calluss. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa discussion of growth and content of papain in papaya callus (carica papaya l.) by tissue culture technique with elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in ms and vw sri arijanti , dwie retna suryaningsih, arief eryanto page | table 4. single factor of qualities of calluss within 1-week interval treatment periods (weeks after planting) 1 2 3 4 s1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 s2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 s3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 lsd5% tns ns ns ns m1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 m2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 lsd 5% ns ns ns ns on table 3 were shown that on week 1 to 4 mst, the papaya calluss were still adapting, thus there were no real differences and the calluss still in the form of papaya leaves’ explants, as can be seen in figure 1. while in the week 5 to 10 mst, by random analysis there were shown real differences as the calluss tended to have qualities of compact calluss with organogenesis characteristics.the organogenesis calluss were calluss that their morphogenesis growth had needed mediums with different concentrates of auxin and cytokinen for growing shoots and roots. the forming of compact calluss in this research were due to the specific characteristics of papaya commodity itself. when planted, the organogenesis calluss would form their own plants’ organs (ribkhawati, 2012). there were shown analysis of single factor of qualities of calluses within 1-week interval, from week 1 to 4, in table 4. the treatments of mediums and saccharomyces cerevisiae had not shown any interactions as the papaya leaves’ calluss were still adapting (ribkhawati, 2012). 3.3. analysis of secondary metabolites results of analysis by spectrophotometer using wavelength of 225 µ m to investigate the contents of papain in the calluss of papaya leaves of time period of 10 weeks. table 5. contents of papain in calluss of papaya leaves on various treatments in the week 10 mst treatment contents of papain enzyme in % s1m1 (saccharomyces c. 0 mg dry matter /l, ms medium) 0.126 s1m2 (saccharomyces c. 0 mg dry matter/l, vw medium) 0.129 s2m1 (saccharomyces c. 25 mg dry matter /l, ms medium) 0.146 s2m2 (saccharomyces c. 25 mg dry matter /l, vw medium) 0.148 s3m1 (saccharomyces c. 50 mg dry matter /l, ms medium) 0.144 s3m2 (saccharomyces c. 50 mg dry matter /l, vw medium) 0.139 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa discussion of growth and content of papain in papaya callus (carica papaya l.) by tissue culture technique with elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in ms and vw sri arijanti , dwie retna suryaningsih, arief eryanto page | in table 5, the results of observations on the contents of papain with all treatments of saccharomyces cerevisiae had shownthat, based on the laboratory analysis, the treatments of addition of saccharomyces cerevisiae25 mg dry matter/l tended to caused higher contents of papain. this was due to the papain response in papaya plant to the medium and elisitor of saccharomyces cerevisiae. according to ribkhawati (2012), the additionof saccharomyces cerevisiaeconcentrates must be in optimum quantity, because it would affect the production of the secondary metabolites. calluss that had grown in lower quantities tended to produce better contents of secondary metabolites. in this research the treatments of vw medium tended to produce lower quantities. and every plant commodity responses were specific, thus the varied production of secondary metabolites. the optimum addition of elisitor saccharomyces cerevisiae concentratesin best medium for papaya plant was 25 mg dry matter /l and had produced the highest contents of secondary metabolites than any other treatments. figure 2 showed the comparison of production of secondary metabolites, the best was of s2m2 (saccharomyces cerevisiae 25 mg dry matter /l in vw medium). 4. conclusions from the observations on the quantities, qualities, and analysis of contents of papain, with different treatments on mediums and addition of elisitor saccharomyces cerevisiae, on young leaves explants of papaya (carica papaya l.) could be concluded as follow. treatment of ms medium and elisitor saccharomyces cerevisiae25 mg dry matter /l had produced the highest quantity of calluss than other treatments. all treatments of medium and elisitor saccharomyces cerevisiaehad produced compact calluss and treatment of vw medium and elisitor saccharomyces cerevisiae 25 mg dry matter /l had produced the highest contents of papain. pictures of calluss from the research agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa discussion of growth and content of papain in papaya callus (carica papaya l.) by tissue culture technique with elicitor saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in ms and vw sri arijanti , dwie retna suryaningsih, arief eryanto page | figure 1. kuantitas kalus carica papaya l. yang terbaik pada media ms dengan elisitor saccharomyces serevisiae 25 mg dry matter/l figure 2. kalus carica papaya l. yang menghasilkan metabolite sekunder terbanyak pada media vw dengan elisitor saccharomyces serevisiae 25 mg dry matter/l references akujobi cn, ofodame cn, enweani ca. 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(2004). tissue cultures: way to efficiently reproduce plants. agromedia pustaka. jakarta agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa sensory evaluation and yield value of vco produced by various culture nurul asiah*, laras cempaka, tiara maulidini page | sensory evaluation and yield value of vco produced by various culture nurul asiah*, laras cempaka, tiara maulidini program studi ilmu dan teknologi pangan universitas bakrie jl. h.r, rasuna said kav c-22, kuningan, jakarta 12920, indonesia email penulis : *nurul.itpub@gmail.com abstrak virgin coconut oil (vco) adalah minyak kelapa yang diolah dari kelapa segar dengan atau tanpa pemanasan dan tidak melalui proses pemurnian. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat penerimaan sensory dan nilai rendemen vco yang diproduksi dengan metode fermentasi menggunakan berbagai kultur mikroorganisme (saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactobacillus plantarum dan rhizopus oligosporus). ketiga jenis kultur tersebut dicampurkan ke dalam krim sebanyak 5% (v/v), kemudian dilakukan proses fermentasi pada suhu 35oc selama 24 jam. vco hasil fermentasi berwarna bening, memiliki aroma khas kelapa, dan memiliki rasa yang hambar. dari uji sensori secara hedonik, secara keseluruhan panelis memberi nilai lebih dari 3. rendemen vco berkisar antara 22.01—25.74%. perbedaan penggunaan jenis mikroba tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan (p>0,05) terhadap hasil rendemen dan hasil uji organoleptik dari vco yang dihasilkan. kata kunci: fermentasi, lactobacillus plantarum, rhizopus oligosporus, saccharomyces cerevisiae, virgin coconut oil (vco) 1. introduction coconut (cocos nucifera) is one of the abundant plantation commodities that is natural resourse of indonesia. coconut meat has a considerable opportunity to be developed into processed products that have a high selling value (pratiwi, ali, setiawan, budiyanto, & sucahyo, 2017). one of the processed products from coconut meat is pure coconut oil or known as virgin coconut oil (vco). vco can be produced using the fermentation method. this method is considered to be able to maintain the content of active components in oil (hamsi et al, 2015). the method of processing vco by fermentation can use several types of microbial cultures such as yeast, bacteria, and mold. the results showed that vco processing using saccharomyces cerevisiae could produce a yield of 30% (sukandar, 1980). while using lactobacillus plantarum can produce a yield of 23.5% (rahayu et al, 2008). rhizopus oligosporus culture able to produce 20% yield. each type of microbe used has a different performance on the yield and characteristics of vco. clinical research have proven that vco have many beneficial properties as it contain a high polypenol, antioxidant compounds (srivasta et al, 2018), antioxidants and medium chain fatty acid (hee et al, 2017). vco has high medium chain fatty acids (mcfa) wich have smaller molecular sizes compared to long chain fatty acids (lcfa) (c> 14). this allows mcfa metabolism in the agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa sensory evaluation and yield value of vco produced by various culture nurul asiah*, laras cempaka, tiara maulidini page | body to be digested and easily absorbed so that it can provide a fast source of energy and is not stored as fat in the body (arpi, 2014). vco can reduce total cholesterol, reduce low density lipoprotein (ldl), and increase high density lipoprotein (hdl) in blood serum that was tested in male rats of the sprague – dawley type (nevin and rajamohan, 2014). due to it function, vco becomes popular and widely consumed as functional food (satheesh and prasad, 2012). in addition, the vco has the characteristics of clear, has a distinctive coconut aroma, and has high added value (shah, 2005; pontoh, 2011). food products with health function claims have an increasing market (prades, 2016). however, as food, oil has unique sensory characteristics. most people do not consume pure oil directly, but applied to other foodstuffs. sensory evaluation is a key method to acquire information about product defferences, consumer preference or acceptance and attribute intensities. quantitative consumer studies is used to measure preference and acceptance (degree of liking) among products (yang and boyle 2016). information about the level of consumer acceptance of a product can be measured through hedonic testing (pimental et al, 2016). this test is able to describe quantitatively the level of consumer acceptance in the form of a rating scale. this information will be very useful for the development and marketing department before the product is launched in the market. until now there is still limited information that can be used to see and compare the sensory quality and performance of saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactobacillus plantarum, and rhizopus oligosporus in producing vco products by fermentation method. this research is expected to provide a sensory evaluation and performance of various microorganisms in producing vco by fermentation method. 2. methods 2.1. vco production the main ingredients used are coconuts aged 11-13 months purchased from local markets in the jakarta area. then ground using a grated machine. the shredded coconut meat is added to water with a ratio of meat and water was 1: 2 to do the pressing process using a filter cloth to obtain coconut milk. coconut milk that has been obtained then allowed to stand for 2 hours to form 3 layers. the top layer is cream, the middle layer is skimmed, and the lowest layer is the solid phase. then the cream is separated. for the fermentation process using 3 types of microorganisms: saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactobacillus plantarum, rhizopus oligosporus obtained from indonesian culture collection (inacc). before mixing proses the starter added into the cream to continue the fermentation process, the starter culture has been cultured in a liquid medium such as nutrient broth (nb) so that the addition of the starter can be expressed in units of volume. after that, each starter of 5% microorganisms is put into the cream. the fermentation process is carried agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa sensory evaluation and yield value of vco produced by various culture nurul asiah*, laras cempaka, tiara maulidini page | out for 24 hours (barlina, 2004) and at temperature 35oc until it is separated into 3 layers. the top layer is oil, the middle layer is protein, and the bottom layer is water. the last stage is the separation and purification of oil using filter paper. 2.2. sensory evaluation organoleptic testing was carried out using the hedonic test method involving 80 untrained panelists (wahyuningtyas et al, 2014). the panelist will be given a sample that has been given a 3digit code, then asked to give his personal response about which sample he likes and his level of preference based on the attributes of taste, aroma, and color. the number or value given by the panelist was in the form of a hedonic scale. the hedonic scale used in this test was 1-5. where the value of 5 = very like, 4 = like, 3 = neither like nor dislike, 2 = dislike and 1 = very dislike. the use of hedonic scales was intended to determine the differences in each sample, so that the hedonic test is often used to assess sensory atribute of new product development (setyaningsih et al., 2010). 2.3. yield calculation the yield obtained from vco processing using the fermentation method with the difference in the addition of starter microorganisms can be calculated using the following equation (ahmad et al., 2013). %yield= ×100% ............................................ (1) 3. results and discussion 3.1. sensory evaluation organoleptic testing was done by hedonic test method. the hedonic test is a test conducted to determine the level of panelists' preference for a vco sample processed by fermentation method using saccharomyces cerevisiae culture, lactobacillus plantarum, and rhizopus oligosporus. the level of preference is made for the attributes of color, aroma, and taste with a rating scale of 1 to 5, where: 1 = very dislike; 2 = dislike; 3 = neithe like nor dislike; 4 = like; 5 = very dislike. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa sensory evaluation and yield value of vco produced by various culture nurul asiah*, laras cempaka, tiara maulidini page | figure1. sensory evaluation using hedonic test color has an important role in food commodities, namely attractiveness, identification, and quality attributes. among the properties of food products, color is a quality factor mostly attracts the attention of consumers and quickly gives the impression of being liked or disliked (soekarto, 1985). vco samples using saccharomyces cerevisiae had the largest average value of 3.85 (figure 1). while vco samples using lactobacillus plantarum and rhizopus oligosporus have an average value of 3.73 and 3.65. based on these average values, it was found that the panelists almost liked the colors of the three samples. vco produced from fresh coconut using fermentation methods will produce clear colors (andi, 2005). aroma is a value contained in products that can be directly enjoyed by consumers. soekarto (1985), stated that the aroma of a product can determine the freshness of the product, even the aroma is more complex than the taste. the sensitivity of the sense of smell is usually higher than the taste. even the industry considers the smell test on the aroma of the product is very important. vco produced from fresh coconut using fermentation method will produce a distinctive coconut aroma (andi, 2005). from figure 1 showed that the panelist's assessment of aroma from the three vco samples is almost like. taste is important attributes that can influence a person's acceptance of a product (hayati et al, 2012). the taste of the vco sample which has the largest average is the vco sample that uses saccharomyces cerevisiae with an average value of 3.44 (figure 1). whereas for the samples of lactobacillus plantarum and rhizopus oligosporus, both have an average value of 3.33. it can be concluded that the panelists' assessment of the taste of the vco sample is almost like. vco 0 1 2 3 4 5 sc lp ro he d o ni c sc al e culture color aroma taste agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa sensory evaluation and yield value of vco produced by various culture nurul asiah*, laras cempaka, tiara maulidini page | produced from fresh coconut using fermentation method will produce tastes that are bland or normal as typical of coconut oil (andi, 2005) overall, the attributes of color, aroma, and taste from vco samples produced using saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactobacillus plantarum, and rhizopus oligosporus can be seen in table 1. based on the research of rahayu et al (2008), the results of organoleptic vco test were processed by fermentation method were used different types of microbes, namely yeast, bacteria, and mold, all of them have a clear color. in terms of taste, vco produced from yeast and bacteria types has a slightly oily taste, whereas from mold types it has a mild taste. in contrast to the results of this study, that the three samples turned out to have a mild taste (like water). however, for color attributes according to the research, the three samples also have a clear color. based on table 1. the color, aroma and taste of the three vco samples were almost favored by the panelists and have apropriate value with the standards of sni (2008) and apcc (2009). table 1. sensory atribute of vco prpduce by various cultures table 2. showed the hedonic test found that there were no significant differences (p> 0.05) between the three samples based on the attributes of color, aroma, and taste. that is, that the use of different types of microbes does not give significant effect the sensory attributes (color, aroma, and taste) of the vco samples produced. table 2. statistic test for signifancy value using kruskal wallis test parameter warna aroma rasa chi-square 2.446 0.223 0.854 df 2 2 2 asymp.sig. 0.294 0.895 0.652 *p value> 0.05 indicates that there is no significant difference 3.2. yield value during the fermentation process, saccharomyces cerevisia carried out amylolytic and proteolytic activities. lactobacillus plantarum performs amylolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic activities. rhizopus oligosporus conducts proteolytic and lipolytic activity but more proteolytics than lipolytics. these enzymes are needed to hydrolyze the components of carbohydrates, proteins, sensory atributes sampel vco standar saccharomyces cerevisiae lactobacillus plantarum rhizopus oligosporus sni (2008) apcc (2009) color pure and clear pure and clear pure and clear colorless pure and clear aroma coconat coconat coconat fresh coconut fresscoconut do not rancid taste tasteles and coconat tasteles and coconat tasteles and coconat tasteles and coconat agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa sensory evaluation and yield value of vco produced by various culture nurul asiah*, laras cempaka, tiara maulidini page | and fats that can make the coconut milk cream emulsion unstable, so that the oil components can be separated (rahayu et al., 2008). amylase enzyme will break down carbohydrates to produce acid. the presence of acid will reduce the ph of the coconut milk until it reaches the isoelectric point of the protein so that the protein will be coagulated. then the protease enzyme will break down the protein that is coagulated so that the protein in the coconut milk will lose its active surface properties, and eventually be easily separated from the oil (mujdalipah, 2016). lactobacillus plantarum has more varied enzime than saccharomyces cerevisiae and rhizopus oligosporus. however, the yield produced by lactobacillus plantarum was smaller compared to the yield produced by saccharomyces cerevisiae. this is presumably because the use of temperature during the fermentation process (35oc) is the optimum temperature of saccharomyces cerevisiae growth. kumalasari (2011) states that saccharomyces cerevisiae will grow optimally in a temperature range of 30-35oc. if the temperature is too low, then fermentation will take place slowly. likewise, if the temperature is too high, saccharomyces cerevisiae will die so the fermentation process will not take place. whereas, for lactobacillus plantarum has an optimum growth temperature of 43oc (rahayu et al., 2008). according to marina et al. (2009), that lactobacillus plantarum can multiply faster in coconut milk medium with a temperature of 4050oc. thus, it can be concluded that the use of different types of microorganisms does not significantly influence the yield obtained. in addition, saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast / yeast), lactobacillus plantarum (bacteria), and rhizopus oligosporus (mold) have different cell structures. yeast has unicellular eukaryotic cells, mold has multicellular eukaryotic cells, whereas bacteria have prokaryotic cells. eukaryotic cells do cell division by mitosis / meiosis, whereas prokaryotic cells do cell division by amitosis. each type of microbe has a different cell morphology (waluyo, 2004). yeast is a type of unicellular fungus, the form of a single cell and breed in breeding. the yeast cell size varies, the width ranges from 1-5 μm and its length ranges from 5-30 μm or more. usually yeast cells are egg shaped, but some are elongated or spherical. each species has a distinctive shape, but even in pure cultures there are wide variations in size and shape. individual cells, depending on their age and environment. yeast is not equipped with flagellum or other driving organs (dwijoseputro, 2005). based on figure 2. vco yields ranged from 22.01 to 25.74%. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa sensory evaluation and yield value of vco produced by various culture nurul asiah*, laras cempaka, tiara maulidini page | figure 2. yield of vco produced by various cultures 4. conclusion the difference in the use of microbial types did not significantly influence (p> 0.05) the yield and the results of organoleptic testing of the vco produced. vco which has the highest yield is vco which is produced using saccharomyces cerevisiae (25.74%). organoleptic test results from vco using saccharomyces cerevisiae have the highest average value between the two other samples for the attributes of color, aroma, and taste, with the average value for color attributes (3.85), aroma (3,525), and taste (3,475). references ahmad, m.i., mandey, l.c., langi, t.m., kandou, j.e. 2013. pengaruh perbandingan santan dan air terhadap rendemen, kadar air dan asam lemak bebas (ffa) virgin coconut oil (vco). dalam cocos, vol. 3, no. 6. andi. 2005. virgin coconut oil. tangerang: agromedia pustaka arpi, n. 2014. medium chain fatty acids (mcfa) profile and chemical properties of coconut oils (virgin coconut oil/vco, simplah oil, pliek u oil, klentik oil, and copra oil) compare to palm oil. jurnal sagu, no 12, vol.2, 23—31. banda aceh: universitas syiah kuala. barlina, r. 2004. mudahnya produksi minyak perawan, trubus 417-agustus 2004/xxxv. dwidjoseputro, d.d. 2005. mikrobiologi pangan. jakarta: djambatan. sacharomyce s cereviseae lactobacillus plantarum rhizopus oligosporus series1 25,75 24,15 22,01 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 % y ie ld agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa sensory evaluation and yield value of vco produced by various culture nurul asiah*, laras cempaka, tiara maulidini page | hayati, r. marliah, a., rosita, f. 2012. sifat kimia dan evaluasi sensori kopi bubuk kopi arabika. jurnal floratek, no. 7, vol.1, 66—75 hee, y.y., tan, c.p., rahman, r. a., smith jr, r.l., chong, g.h. 2017. production of virgin coconut oil microcapsules from oil-in-water emulsion with supercritical carbon dioxide spray drying. the journal of supercritical fluids. 130:118-124. kumalasari, i. j. 2011. pengaruh variasi suhu inkubasi terhadap kadar etanol hasil fermentasi kulit dan bonggol nanas (ananas sativus). semarang: universitas muhammadiyah semarang. marina, a. m., man, y. c., amin, i. 2009. virgin coconut oil: emerging functional food oil. trends in food science & technology, no.20, vol.10, 481-487. mujdalipah, s. 2016. pengaruh ragi tradisional indonesia dalam proses fermentasi santan terhadap karakteristik rendemen, kadar air, dan kadar asam lemak bebas virgin coconut oil (vco). edufortech, no.1, vol.1. nevin, k. g., rajamohan, t. 2004. beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro ldl oxidation. clinical biochemistry, no.3, vol.7(9), 830-835. pimentel, t., deliza, r., cruz, a. 2016. sensory evaluation: sensory rating and scoring methods. encyclopedia of food and health, no 4, 744-749. pontoh, j., makasoe, l. 2011. perbandingan beberapa metode pembuatan metil ester dalam analisa asam lemak dari virgin coconut oil (vco). jurnal ilmiah sains, no.11, vol.2, 241-247. prades, a., salum, u. n., pioch, d. 2016. new era for the coconut sector. what prospects for research?. oilseeds & fats crops and lipids, no.23, vol. 6. pratiwi, y. i., ali, m., setiawan, m. i., budiyanto, h., & sucahyo, b. s. 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of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa sensory evaluation and yield value of vco produced by various culture nurul asiah*, laras cempaka, tiara maulidini page | syah, a.n.a. 2005. virgin coconut oil: minyak penakluk aneka penyakit. jakarta: agro media. wahyuningtyas, d., putranto, t.s., kusdiana, r.n. 2014. uji kesukaan hasil jadi kue brownies menggunakan tepung terigu dan tepung gandum utuh. binus business review, no.5. vol.1, 57—65. waluyo, l. 2004. mikrobiologi umum. malang: universitas muhammadiyah malang. yang, x., boyle, r. a. 2016. sensory evaluation of oils/fats and oil/fats-based foods. oxidative stability and shelf life of foods containing oils and fats, 157-185. page |page |page | change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien, ernan rustiadi gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien1, ernan rustiadi2 universitas nusa bangsa1, institut pertanian bogor2 email : yunus@unb.ac.id abstract the objectives of this research are to examine: (11) patterns of land use change in jabodetabek and (2) the inter-sector and inter-spatial linkage models in changes in agricultural land use.. the research was conducted by using the analysis of geographic information system (gis), inter regional input-output (irio) and dynamic systems. the result shows that land use change from agricultural land into built up area during 19722017 where the built-up area in jakarta becomes wider with the periphery becomes larger by following of the area where the transportation infrastructure has been built well through rail road or toll road, artery road and jakarta outer ring road. the change of land use is also influenced by economic linksages among jakarta province, bogor-depok-tangerang-bekasi (bodetabek) region, and outer of jabodetabek region. in general, scenario model 2 is the best choice, which provides an impact on the best land use change and the increase impact of economic growth. keyword: land use, irio, dynamic system 1. introduction space is something dynamic, for example, which contains the road on one side will intervene in the pattern of human life, but on the other hand it is humans who intervene the road needed because humans need accessibility for their mobility needs. moreover, with globalization, where humans are required to be able to be anywhere and anytime. changes in space, is a natural thing. but that does not mean all changes in space for humans. spatial transformation is a process of spatial change from being characterized as rural to city or can also be denied as a process of urban or suburban area development, human life will push toward the modern (mc. gee, 1991). modern life which is revised through economic activities, will cause two different sides. the economy will attract access to better quality development, but on the other hand encourage people to be more consumptive. the emphasis of development in the modern urban sector has been shown to increase growth in sectors and locations that only have high productivity levels. the rate of investment growth and capital accumulation is only concentrated in the modern sector. this concept inspired the growth of urban growth centers (mahrus, bambang wicaksono, nurlina, cholil, & sri wiwoho, 2017). it is hoped that with the development of these growth centers there will be a process of page |page |page | change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien, ernan rustiadi gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence establishing development to the rear regions (trickle down process) and equity will occur by "automatically" from the growth poles to the back regions (inland). however, when the development is not determined, there will be a process of hatching the development to the back regions (trickle down process) and inspection will occur "automatically" from the growth poles to the back area (inland). however, at the time of penetration the development did not take place, and that occurred was drainage. the urban development paradigm can lead to debates about excessive urbanization excessive urbanization ultimately creates differences in cities and what happens is no longer economies of agglomeration but instead is a scale of diseconomies. big cities grow quickly as centers of regional growth that often experience changes in function to provide services to rural areas (rustiadi and panuju, 2005). dki jakarta as the country's capital and main gate of indonesia has carried out a series of development activities with its characteristics as a center of government, a center for trade and services. the ongoing development has caused relations and linkages between various economic sectors in dki jakarta to move in an increasingly high and complex direction. changes that occur in one particular sector have a reciprocal effect on various other sectors. in fact, changes that occur in the economic sector in dki jakarta have affected the surrounding areas (hinterland), including bogor, depok, tangerang and bekasi (bodetabek). according to hidayat (1994), in accordance with presidential instruction of the republic of indonesia no. 13 of 1976, bogor, tangerang and bekasi serve as buffer zones for dki jakarta, and indirectly imply that the region must be able to accommodate an abundance of activities that are not accommodated by dki jakarta, including population, industry and trade overflows. in addition to accommodating settlements, bogor also functions as a water bag to meet the need for clean water for residents who live in the dki jakarta and bodetabek areas, while tangerang and bekasi accommodate settlements and industrial activities. hidayat (1994) also mentioned that in order to support the implementation of these functions a land use regulation is needed which is associated with the proportion of land available to allocate physical development of the required facilities and infrastructure. changes in spatial use that do not take into account geobiophysical balance will result in waste or otherwise natural disasters that occur. optimum space utilization is the utilization of space that gives the opportunity for each component of activities in the space unit to interact maximally according to the carrying capacity of the region which ultimately provides maximum benefits to all stakeholders in a sustainable manner. human activities, both social and economic, are sources of change in the use of space or area. the social dynamics followed by the dynamics of economic page |page |page | change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien, ernan rustiadi gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence activity will always bring dynamic spatial changes. therefore, the dynamic nature needs to be considered in the space use optimization approach (anwar, 2001). based on the background above, this study aims to (1) find out patterns of land use change in jabodetabek and (2) find out the inter-sector and inter-spatial linkage models in changes in agricultural land use. 2. research methods 2.1 research design in general, this research is descriptive analysis. this study uses a secondary database for analysis and is assisted by mapping techniques with geographic information systems (gis). this research was conducted in the greater jakarta area, namely jakarta city, bogor city, bogor regency, depok city, tangerang city, tangerang regency, bekasi city and bekasi regency. this area is estimated to have undergone different spatial transformations and is believed to have an impact on changes in the structure of the region both demographic, social, economic, and physical environment. development of modeling with dynamic systems which are divided into three categories, namely economic models, land models, and social models. in this concept, land use change is the result of population change and distribution, technological innovation and economic restructuring, policies and social organizations. the linkages of economic aspects are used by the irio model. 2.2 data collection secondary data collection and information is done by: using available secondary data. the making of spatial database units is expected to be able to collect and manage various data related to regional development. 2.2 analysis and modeling techniques 1. analysis of geographic information systems and land suitability with a spatial data approach, by overlaying maps (land, topography, geology, climate, etc.), land cover and pattern and structure of presidential regulation no. 54 of 2010. in principle, land suitability assessment is carried out by matching soil data and physical environment with a land suitability rating table that has been prepared based on land use requirements including the relevant land use requirements, management and conservation. 2. analisys interregional input output analysis (irio) the available data is in the form of an irio table from a survey in 2002. in the first stage an analysis of various scenarios of population growth, urbanization, lifestyle changes, and economic page |page |page | change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien, ernan rustiadi gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence growth with explicit consideration concerns changes in land productivity. to update the irio table data at the time of the study, the calculation of the technical coefficients was calculated based on the ras method where only with agriculture and non-agriculture sectors. 3. modeling with a dynamic system system analysis procedures include the following stages: requirements analysis, problem formulation, system identification, system modeling, model verification and implementation (eriyatno, 1999). the optimization model will be simulated with the powersim programming language. the feedback structure in the jabodetabek regional spatial planning system model is composed by three interacting subsystems, namely social subsystems, economic subsystems, and land or biophysical subsystems. for economic submodels, the irio table is classified into 2 sectors: the agricultural sector and the non-agricultural sector. the scenarios in this research model are as follows: 1) scenario 1 (pessimistic) : this scenario, also referred to as the basic scenario, if the initial conditions in the period of 2002 continue until 2040 2) scenario 2. (moderate) : this scenario is scenario 1 where the increase in dki building land is allocated to bodetabek 50% 3) scenario 3 (optimistic) : scenario 3 is scenario 2 agricultural land at least 10% of the total land area of dki jakarta, and changes the value of the capital output ratio (kor) from 5 to 4. 4) scenario 4 (very optimistic) : scenario 4 is scenario 3 which is strengthened by increasing the growth rate of investment in the non-agricultural sector by increasing the growth rate of investment assumed to increase by 15% per year. 3. results and discussion 2.1 patterns of change in land use the results of image interpretation, land cover jabodetabek area from 1972, 1983, 1992, 2000, 2005, 2009 to 2017 underwent a change especially the built up land. changes in land cover began to be seen clearly in 1992. the increasing land developed in the greater jakarta area shows the increasing number of residents in the area table 1. percentage of land cover area to total area of jabodetabek in 2002 – 2017 no land covern percentage of area to total area of jabodetabek 1972 1983 1992 2000 2005 2009 2017 1 water body 1,37 1,59 2,02 2,08 2,08 2,19 1,98 2 build 2,25 8,88 11,23 25,47 26,06 28,58 35,60 page |page |page | change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien, ernan rustiadi gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence 3 forest 11,87 11,19 10,65 10,39 9,47 5,99 8,62 4 mixed gardens 31,07 26,80 32,08 25,19 26,61 27,84 16,86 5 dryland farming 22,69 16,82 11,49 13,83 11,20 6,13 13,86 6 grass 6,51 5,95 5,55 4,26 4,29 7 field 9,22 11,92 16,55 11,91 11,68 12,04 11,18 8 look at that 15,03 16,84 10,42 6,86 12,90 12,95 11,90 jumlah 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 source: 1972 2005 (rustiadi and p4w team, 2007) while 2017 was the result of tm image interpretation the results of the land suitability assessment of the jabodetabek area on land use for settlement and agriculture. suitability of land for agriculture jabodetabek s1 area of 155,580 ha, s2 covering 50,234 ha, s3 covering 402,001 ha and not suitable for area of 58,690 ha while for residential or built land with s1 class area of 298,528 ha, s2 covering 90,165 ha, s3 covering 209,613 ha and not according to an area of 68,199 ha. to analyze the suitability of the current land use with the spatial pattern and structure map based on perpres no. 54 of 2008, it was overly carried out through gis between the two maps. the results show that there is a mismatch, especially the developed land. land that has been built that is not suitable for the zone of prohibition is zone n1 and n2 and hp is 2,158 ha or 0.32% of the total jabodetabek area. 3. 2 changes in land use with the irio approach simply stated, from the analysis of interregional input and output results, the contribution of inputs and outputs in dki jakarta, bodetabek, and the rest of indonesia can be shown that the linkages in indonesia are very weak. utilization of output for other regions, in dki jakarta was 74.09%, bodetabek was 73.57%, and the rest of indonesia was 94.38% of the total national output. the output of dki jakarta used for activities (input) in bodetabek is 0.77% and in the rest of indonesia it is 25.14% of the total national output. while the bodeabek output used for activities (input) in dki jakarta is 2.95% and in the rest of indonesia 23.38% of the total national output. output in the rest of indonesia which is used for activities (input) in dki jakarta is 4.11% and in bodetabek at 1.52% of the total national output. table 2. output multiplier value in each region against all regions of indonesia no economic sector dki jakarta rank bodetabek rank rest of indonesia rank page |page |page | change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien, ernan rustiadi gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence 1 agriculture 1,0108 9 1,2239 5 4,6998 2 2 mining and excavation 1,0455 8 2,6780 2 2,8770 5 3 industry and processing 1,9960 3 2,9431 1 5,2831 1 4 electricity, gas and clean water 1,4419 5 1,1628 7 1,3428 7 5 building 1,1291 6 1,0767 8 1,3393 8 6 trade, hotels and restaurants 2,1948 2 1,6822 4 3,6332 3 7 transportation and communication 1,5218 4 1,1667 6 1,8997 6 8 finance, rental and persh services 3,2027 1 1,9521 3 2,9558 4 9 services 1,1051 7 1,0352 9 1,2254 9 sectors that have large output multipliers in dki jakarta are shown in table 3 are the financial sector, rental and business services, the trade, hotel and restaurant sector and the electricity, gas and water supply sector. as for bodetabek, it can be seen that the sectors that have a large multiplier or output value are the industrial and processing sectors, the mining and quarrying sector and the financial, rental and business services sectors. in the rest of indonesia, the sectors that have large output multipliers are the industrial and manufacturing sectors, the agricultural sector and the trade, hotel and restaurant sector. based on the values from the irio table, 2,471.86 ha of dki jakarta and 268,147.57 ha are needed for built up land. this need must be provided by changing the function of land from agricultural land to non-agricultural land. however, based on the interpretation of the tm ideals in 2009 and 2017 as shown in the figure, the area of land developed has changed 173.701.86 ha to 237.267.91 ha. or has increased by 63,566.04 ha. this difference is caused by increasing output does not always increase the area of land to maximum production or to increase this area by making high rise buildings. page |page |page | change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien, ernan rustiadi gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence figure 1. land cover jabodetabek region results of image interpretation in 2009 and 2017 3.3. changes in land use with a dynamic model the model developed in this study is a dynamic model using powersim for simulating land use change as it happens. the model developed in this study is a dynamic model using powersim for simulating land use change as it happens.. some elements that are commonly considered in the regional spatial planning are included in this model. causal loop which consists of three sectors namely land, population, and economy. interaction between the three sectors is as follows if the population increases it will increase economic activity. here the relationship between the population and the economy is related to aspects of the supply of labor provided by the population sector to the labor sector. if economic activity improves / increases, it will result in population interest in entering the area. the increasing number of population will cause an increase in land requirements (mainly residential land), which in turn will affect the state of the land (to be reduced). decreased land will cause a decrease in economic activity or otherwise if economic activity increases, the amount of vacant land will decrease. figure 2. causal loop economy, population and land in jabodetabek impact on agricultural land: the results of this first scenario simulation are different from the results of the simulations in the other scenarios. the agricultural land in the first scenario in dki jakarta will run out while in bodetabek scenario 2, 3 and 4 decrease after the agricultural land in dki is not lacking. this will result in an increase in population (figure 3) economic population land page |page |page | change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien, ernan rustiadi gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence figure 3. modeling results through the dynamic system the selection of scenarios is based on per capita grdp criteria, unemployment, spatial violations, population, population growth, investment, protected areas and spatial productivity using a composite performance index (cpi) (marimin, 2004). the analysis shows that sceneraio 2 (moderate) is able to accommodate changes in land use that is sustainable, thus planning spatial patterns and structures refer to the parameters and initial values of scenario 2 (moderate) models. 5.000.000 10.000.000 15.000.000 20.000.000 25.000.000 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 pe nd ud uk (j iw a) dki jakarta residents skenario 1 skenario 2 skenario 3 5.000.000 10.000.000 15.000.000 20.000.000 25.000.000 30.000.000 35.000.000 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 pe nd ud uk (j iw a) bodetabek residents skenari o 1 5.000.000.000,00 10.000.000.000,00 15.000.000.000,00 20.000.000.000,00 200220052010201520202025203020352040 g rd p (m ili on r up ia h) dki jakarta grdp skenario 1 skenario 2 skenario 3 50.000.000.000 100.000.000.000 150.000.000.000 200.000.000.000 250.000.000.000 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 g rd p (m ili on r up ia h) bodetabek grdp skenario 1 2.000,00 4.000,00 6.000,00 8.000,00 10.000,00 12.000,00 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 a re a (h ec ta re s) dki jakarta agricultural land skenario 1 skenario 2 100.000,00 200.000,00 300.000,00 400.000,00 500.000,00 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 a re a (h ec ta re s) bodetabek agricultural land skenari o 1 skenari o 2 10.000,00 20.000,00 30.000,00 40.000,00 50.000,00 60.000,00 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 a re a (h ec ta re s) dki jakarta's built land skenario 1 skenario 2 50.000,00 100.000,00 150.000,00 200.000,00 250.000,00 300.000,00 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 a re a (h ec ta re s) bodetabek's built land skenario 1 skenario 2 skenario 3 skenario 4 page |page |page | change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien, ernan rustiadi gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence 3.4. land use allocation based on the analysis of land suitability and land requirements based on scenario 2, until 2020 land use allocation can be fulfilled according to the land allocation direction pattern. table 3. table 3. needs and directions for allocation of land use in jabodetabek area no land use present condiition land requirements (ha) referral allocation (ha)2020 2025 1 water body 13.189 12.742 12.125 13.189 2 land awakened 206.268 229.520 242.218 273.028 3 agricultural land 398.580 377.117 366.758 398.580 4 forest and bush 48.469 47.126 45.404 48.469 4. conclusions based on the research results above, it can be concluded 1. the population of the greater jakarta area, especially in dki jakarta, is increasing, so the area of land built has also increased in the jabodetabek area. the pattern of land use change from agricultural land to developed land began in 1972 2017 with a pattern to follow the increasingly widespread city of jakarta, which is the greater the circumference of land built by dki jakarta. then the land that is built is getting bigger following adequate transportation facilities either by train or toll road, arteries or the jakarta ring road. due to an increase in the area of developed land there is 0.32% which is not in accordance with perpres number 54 of 2008. 2. the economic structure in dki jakarta and bodetabek is very diverse resulting in the existence of linkages between economic sectors. in general, there are links between economic sectors, if the rate of economic growth is increased in jakarta, it will result in changes in land use in bodetabek. 3. in general scenario 2 is the best choice, which gives the best impact on land changes while the impact on others generally increases references page |page |page | change pattern of land use of jabodetabek area through irio and dimamic system approach yunus arifien, ernan rustiadi gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence anwar, a. 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(1991). the future of the asian city : the emergence of desakota regions. proceeding international seminar and workshop on the south east asian city of the future, jakarta, january 21-25, 1990. rustiadi, e. dan d. r. panuju. (2005). dasar-dasar perencanaan pengembangan wilayah. penuntun praktikum. departemen ilmu tanah dan sumberdaya lahan. fakultas pertanian, institut pertanian bogor. rustiadi, e dan tim p4w. (2007). analisis spasial permasalahan pembangunan kawasan jabodetabek. makalah seminar pembangunan jabodetabek berkelanjutan di ipb international cobvention center, bogor. diselenggarakan oleh pusat pengkajian perencanaan dan pengembangan (p4w) lppm ipb page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.102 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 analysis of red onion hydroponic cultivation case study at fresh hydroponic msmes andri krisna dianto 1* , dwiyana anela kurniasari 1 , heri susanto 1 , faisol humaidi 1 1 agribusiness, faculty of agriculture, wijaya putra university surabaya, indonesia correspondence e-mail: andrikrisna@uwp.ac.id article history: received: january 18, 2022; accepted: march 17, 2023 abstract the purpose of the study is to find out the process of cultivating shallots using hydroponic techniques. the location of the study was conducted in kedamean district, gresik regency, precisely turirejo village, which has fresh hydroponic micro, small and medium enterprises (msmes). the determination of the location of the study was carried out purposively, namely carried out on fresh hydroponic msmes with a business of cultivating shallot commodities hydroponically without using green houses or shade. the data used by researchers are primary and secondary data. the research method uses a descriptive method that uses survey methods, in-depth interviews and observations as data collection techniques. the results of the analysis of the hydroponic cultivation process of fresh hydroponic msmes are cultivating hydroponic shallots with the nutrient film technique (nft) system. it consists of 2 stages including, seedbed installation and enlargement installation. the cultivation process is carried out in an open place, namely the yard of the house or not using a greenhouse. the hydroponic cultivation process in fresh hydroponic msmes starts from the preparation of cultivation, the process of cultivating shallot hydroponics and post -harvest handling. preparation for hydroponic cultivation of shallots includes capital, land, labor and saprodi. the next stage is in the cultivation process, including 1) seeding seedlings, 2) transplanting, 3) maintenance: (fertilization embroidery, watering, opt control) 4) harvesting. post-harvest handling in the hydroponic cultivation of shallots, namely withering and drying. keywords : cultivation, shallots, hydroponics nft, msmes. 1. introduction shallots are a high-yielding horticultural crop and are widely cultivated by farmers. shallots are commonly used for seasoning, food industry ingredients and traditional medicine, where the yield of shallot cultivation in indonesia is still quite low. one of the causes of low shallot production is caused by cultivation that has not been maximized because cultivation is carried out seasonally (permatasari et al., 2021). shallots have been cultivated in annuals, so this makes the production and selling price of shallots fluctuate every year (telaumbanua, 2022). the area of cultivation places is getting less and less, it requires updates to carry out cultivation, especially shallots, namely hydroponic techniques, so onion planting needs to utilize and optimize limited land and can be done throughout the year and does not depend on the season. micro, small and medium enterprises (msmes) fresh hydroponics have cultivated shallots hydroponically. hydraulic cultivation of shallots is carried out in order for controlled maintenance to obtain the desired production results. hydroponic technology is cultivation page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.102 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 without using soil and using water as a planting medium to distribute food substances to plants (fabiola b. assa, 2022). plant development with hydroponics has many benefits including: freedom, nutrition control is easy to do, planting results are better, uniformity of cultivation results, quality of cultivation results may be better, the main points are cleanliness and safety of cultivation results, save workers, it is not difficult to plant, there are almost no weeds (aini, 2018). unlike the hydroponic system that uses a green house and expensive equipment, in the installation of fresh hydroponic msmes, they cultivate shallot commodities hydroponically without using green houses or shade. shadeless hydroponic cultivation is an innovation in hydroponic cultivation. increasing shallot production by msmes fresh hydroponics innovates in the cultivation process such as planting shallots using hydroponics with the nft (nutrient film technique) system. nft is a shallow water flow hydroponic system with a thin flow of nutrients to plant roots (film), with plant roots submerged in water that is circulated continuously using a pump and without using any plant media (susilawati, 2019). the nft system is very appropriate for beginners who want to cultivate because of its fundamental principle of utilizing water capilarity (iskarlia, 2017). another advantage of the nft system is that it does not require special maintenance, is easy to assemble, can be moved, and is suitable on limited land (primasari, 2021). the onion cultivation process begins with seedbeds, cultivation land preparation, transplanting seedlings, maintenance, harvesting and post-harvest (hermanto et al., 2017). the process of cultivating shallot hydroponics with the nft system in msmes is expected to be able to cultivate onions all year round without paying attention to the season and utilizing the yard land more efficiently. this study aims to describe the process of the stages of cultivating shallots in the nft system at msmes fress hydroponics, kedamean district, gresik regency. 2. research methods the method used is the descriptive research method, which is to describe the hydroponic cultivation of shallots in fresh hydroponic msmes. the determination of the location of the study was carried out purposively, namely on fresh hydroponic msmes with a business of cultivating shallot commodities hydroponically without using green houses or shade. the data used by researchers are primary and secondary data. the research method uses a descriptive method that uses survey methods, in-depth interviews and observations as data collection techniques. the results of the analysis of the hydroponic cultivation process of msmes in hydroponic fress start page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.102 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 from the preparation of cultivation. informants or resource persons from the research conducted are farmers or owners of fresh hydroponic msmes. data collection techniques using survey and observation methods where to determine the hydroponic cultivation of shallots from seed input to post-harvest the results of onion cultivation in fresh hydroponic msmes, in addition to in-depth interviews were conducted with farmers or business owners of fresh hydroponic msmes to find out the stages of shallot hydroponic cultivation. the data analysis techniques used, namely miles and huberman (1992: 20) describe the process of qualitative research data analysis, including: (1) analysis when collecting data, (2) data reduction, (3) data presentation, (4) drawing conclusions and verification. 3. results and discussion msmes fresh hydroponics cultivate shallots hydroponic nutrient film technique (nft). it consists of 2 stages including, seedbed installation and enlargement installation. similar to what was stated (dewi rosanti et al., 2019) in hydroponics of the nft system, there are five stages, namely the preparation of the nft series, seeding, nutrient preparation, plant transfer to installation and maintenance . there are 2 kinds of installations, namely seedbed installations for plants aged 1 to 8 hst and enlargement installations used for plants aged 9 to harvest crops. this fresh hydroponic msme provides production support tools such as onion seeds, water reservoirs, water pumps, pest sprayers, seedbed plastic tubs, ph meters, tds meters, flannel cloth, scissors, netpot, rockwoll, knives, water and nutrients of ab mix plants to carry out hydroponic cultivation of onion plants. as stated (rochintaniawati, 2011) tools and materials in a simple hydroponic system, namely the type of plant to be planted, seedbed tray, jerry can, plastic container or pot, hand sprayer. the 3 stages are the media preparation stage, the seedbed stage, and the enlargement stage. similar to what was stated (suryani, 2022) the hydroponics program has 3 stages including seeding, seeding, enlargement, and harvesting stages. the cultivation process is carried out in an open place, namely the yard of the house or not using a greenhouse. similar to what was stated (athifa et al., 2019)innovation in the world of hydroponics because it does not use a greenhouse with an open environment or without a roof is dubbed the sky roof hydroponic garden. the following is the process of hydroponic shallot cultivation with the nft system: page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.102 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 fresh hydroponic msmes have stages of shallot cultivation including: preparation for shallot hydroponic cultivation 1) capital fresh hydroponic msmes in conducting onion hydroponics business require capital, where capital is an important thing in the form of money, goods, or so on that can be used in starting a business such as purchasing inputs in the form of purchasing seeds, financing labor, purchasing fertilizers or nutrients, purchasing agricultural medicines and in addition to the tools used in the cultivation of shallot hydroponics (hariyadi et al., 2018). the capital used in the hydroponic cultivation of shallots is personal capital. as stated by (wulandari, 2019) hydroponics in the form of small businesses, which is carried out by individuals and the business capital used by entrepreneurs is personal capital. 2) land the onion hydroponic cultivation land for fresh hydroponic msmes is their own land, where the cultivated land is the backyard of the house of the owner of the fresh hydroponic msme himself. as stated (waluyo et al., 2021) hydroponic systems are an alternative for people who have limited land or yards. 3) labor the labor used in carrying out the onion hydroponic cultivation business is labor from within one's own family. similarly, what is stated (lenny windarti, 2020) creates jobs that help in overcoming unemployment, especially can be recruited from their own families. hydroponic fresh msme onion cultivation preparation for onion cultivation 1) capital, 2) land, 3) labor, 4) inputs onion cultivation process 1) seedling 2) transplanting 3) maintenance: replanting, fertilization, irrigation, opt control) 4) harvest post-harvest handling 1) weathering 2) drying page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.102 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 4) saprodi saprodi in the cultivation of shallot hydroponics in fresh hydroponic msmes such as seeds, fertilizers, agricultural medicines, as well as supporting tools such as ph meters, tds meters, hydroponic cultivation installations. similar to what was stated (wati & sholihah, 2021) hydroponic installations need to know the ph value and nutrients require tools in the form of ph meters and tds meters. figure 1. saprodi of shallot hydroponic cultivation msme fresh hydroponics cultivation process 1. seeding media preparation stage prepare all materials used as planting media, such as rockwool, shallots that will be used as seeds to be seeded, cutter and saw, water and hydroponic ab mix nutrients. onion seedling stages similar to what is stated (fuada et al., 2023) the important stage for producing good plants is the seedbed stage. stages of hydroponic shallot seedbeds in fresh hydroponic msmes: select old, dry and shiny seeds that have passed the 3-month dormancy period. onion seeds are cleaned and then, the tips are cut slightly using a cutter or scissors. onion seeds are cleaned and then, the ends are cut slightly using a cutter or scissors.potong rockwool dengan ketebalan 2,5 cm kemudia bagi menjadi enam terus disiram dengan air bersih place the rockwool in the tray and wet it, then perforate the rockwool with a ballpoint pen. after finishing the rockwool, each rockwool plant one shallot seed each. when installed, store and place the seeds in a shady place, but still able to get sunlight. after a few shallot stems emerge, move directly to the enlargement installation. 2. transplanting page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.102 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 the transfer of plants from the seedbed process to the installation of hydroponic cultivation enlargement continued onion seedlings have been aged 1 week after planting, and roots have appeared on the rootstock and leaves have appeared. similar to what was stated (intan, 2019) the seeds that have grown are transferred to the netpot to be placed in the enlargement installation. 3. maintenance replanting replanting is done because the shallot seedlings transplanted in the hydroponic cultivation enlargement installation do not thrive. onion enlargement in hydroponic installation the enlargement of shallot hydroponic cultivation can better observe how shallots become large until harvest. it is also advisable to check every 1-2 days to make sure that the water concentration at 1200 ppm and the ph at 5.5-6.5 has decreased or is still sufficient. if it turns out to be reduced, immediately add the nutrient concentrate and if the ph is above 6.5 add ph down to reduce the acidity of the water. pest control of plant diseases diseases that attack hydroponic shallot plants at fresh hydroponic msme are: feather dew disease (peronospora destructor) fusarium wilt (fusarium oxysporum) purple spot (alternaria porri) onion mosaic virus (onion yellow dwarf virus) to handle this, msme fresh hydroponics uses bio fungicides and fungicides with trademarks: anfus with active ingredients gliocladium, trichoderma, decomposing bacteria. how to apply it is by spraying and giving it directly to the pipe at the rate of 1 pipe and half a tablespoon. 2. remazol-p with the active ingredient prokloraz (prochloraz) propiconazole (propiconazole) for how to use this fungicide, namely sprayed directly on the plant with a dose of remasol p 2 milli and dithane 1 tablespoon mixed into 5 liters of water and stirred for spraying if the plant is in a bad condition, it is done twice a day, namely in the afternoon, in the morning if it rains, spraying is also carried out to remove residual rainwater on the leaves as well so as not to be attacked by fungi, if the condition is healthy then spraying is done once in the morning to prevent plants from being attacked by pamur. dithane 80 wp with the active ingredient mankozeb 80% for how to use this fungicide is sprayed directly on the plant with a dose of remasol p 2 milli and dithane 1 tablespoon mixed into 5 liters of page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.102 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 water and then stirred for spraying if the plant is already in a bad condition, it is done twice a day, namely in the afternoon, in the morning if it rains, spraying is also carried out to remove residual rainwater on the leaves so as not to be attacked by fungi, if the condition is healthy then spraying is done once in the morning to prevent plants from being attacked by fungi.. figure 2. fungicides and biofungicides a. hydroponic shallot harvesting how to harvest hydroponic shallots : 1. 1. harvesting is done simultaneously in all installations with the same plant age 2. separate the shallots from the rockwool 3. put the shallots into a dry place and agin-agin until the shallots are all wilted.a harvest and post-harvest as stated by (rosliani & sumarni, 2005) proper post-harvest handling will affect the quality of the crop. post-harvest handling carried out by fresh hydroponic msmes includes: 1.sunning onion leaf withering by drying the leaves to get red and shiny bulb skin (2-3 days) in direct sunlight. then the bulbs are cleaned of soil and root debris, then tied for drying. 2. drying drying shallot bulbs in direct sunlight (7-14 days) by turning every 2-3 days, ready for sale or long shelf life. 4. conclusion msmes fresh hydroponics cultivate hydroponic shallots with a nutrient film technique (nft) system. it consists of 2 stages including, seedbed installation and enlargement installation. the cultivation process is carried out in an open place, namely the yard of the house or not using a page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.102 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 greenhouse. the hydroponic cultivation process in micro, small and medium enterprises (msmes) fress hydroponics starts from the preparation of cultivation, the process of cultivating shallot hydroponic and post-harvest handling. preparations for the hydroponic cultivation of shallots include capital, land, labor and saprodi. the next stage is in the cultivation process, including 1) seeding seedlings, 2) transplanting, 3) maintenance: (fertilization embroidery, watering, opt control) 4) harvesting. post-harvest handling in the hydroponic cultivation of shallots, namely withering and drying. references aini, n. (2018). teknologi budidaya tanaman sayuran secara hidroponik (cetak pert). ub press. athifa, r. i., astuti, a., & wibowo, a. s. (2019). analisis ekonomi usahatani sayuran oriental dengan sistem hidroponik nft tanpa naungan greenhouse. jurnal agribisnis terpadu, 12(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.33512/jat.v12i1.5531 dewi rosanti, dewi novianti, rama givaty, & suhal nurrahma. (2019). pelatihan teknologi hidroponik dengan sistem nft bagi siswa sma negeri 2 kabupaten rejang lebong bengkulu. journal of innovation in community empowerment, 1(1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.30989/jice.v1i1.203 fabiola b. assa, arthur m. rumagit, m. e. l. n. (2022). internet of things-based hydroponic system monitoring design. teknik informatika vol. 17 no. 1 january-march 2022, pp. 129138, 17(1), 129–138. fuada, s., setyowati, e., riani, d. w., aulia, g. i., studi, p., telekomunikasi, s., & indonesia, u. p. (2023). narative review pemanfaatan internet-of-things untuk aplikasi seed monitoring and management system pada media tanaman. 9(1), 40–45. hariyadi, b. w., ali, m., & pratiwi, y. i. (2018). effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir). agricultural science, 1(2), 49–60. hermanto, c., maharijaya, a., arsanti, i. w., hayati, m., rosliani, r., setyawati, c. a., husni, i., sari, m., wibawa, t., sunarto, b., kurdi, adin, a., julietha, d., suad, d., efendi, m., hariyanto, nggaro, y. y., anggraeni, f., waludin, j., … setiani, r. (2017). pedoman budidaya bawang merah menggunakan benih biji. in direktorat sayuran dan tanaman obat. kementrian pertanian. intan, i. c. 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(2021). respon pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah varietas bima (allium ascalonicum.l) terhadap berbagai kemiringan talang pada sistem hidroponik nft. jurnal ilmiah wahana pendidikan, 7(6), 308–316. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5610484 primasari, d. (2021). sistem informasi hidroponik berbasis website (hydroponic awakening revolution [har]). infotech journal, 7, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.31949/infotech.v7i1.1093 rochintaniawati, d. (2011). hidroponik sederhana. 1–6. suryani, e. (2022). program hidroponik sebagai sarana menumbuhkan jiwa kewirausahaan siswa sekolah dasar. refleksi edukatika : jurnal ilmiah kependidikan, 12(2), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.24176/re.v12i2.6025 susilawati. (2019). dasar – dasar bertanam secara hidroponik. telaumbanua, m., & , an’nisa nur rachmawaty, sugeng triyono, s. s. (2022). penerapan rancangan sistem hidroponik otomatis untuk budidaya bawang merah ( allium ascalonicum l .) dan simulasi implementation of automatic hydroponic system design for shallot ( allium ascalonicum l .) cultivation and cost analysis. jurnal teknik pertanian lampung, 8(2), 139–152. waluyo, m. r., nurfajriah, mariati, f. r. i., & rohman, q. a. h. h. (2021). pemanfaatan hidroponik sebagai sarana pemanfaatan lahan terbatas bagi karang taruna desa limo. ikraith-abdimas, 4(1), 61–64. wati, d. r., & sholihah, w. (2021). pengontrol ph dan nutrisi tanaman selada pada hidroponik sistem nft berbasis arduino. multinetics, 7(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.32722/multinetics.v7i1.3504 wulandari, r. (2019). strategi pengembangan urban farming sayuran hidroponik “pekanbaru green farm” di kelurahan labuh baru timur kecamatan payung sekaki kota pekanbaru. skripsi. page | 57 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus environmental engineering, universitas bakrie, jakarta email: deffiayu@gmail.com abstract the process of development has effect on the existing water catchment area, currently the normalization of the water area is being carried out. the water body is passed by various kinds of waste; domestic and industrial waste, causing water bodies to contain nutrients. nutrients are a food source for existing phytoplankton. the amount of nutrients and phytoplankton affects the level of fertility and trophic status of each of these water bodies. samples were collected from epicentrum pond, lake sunter, citra lake 6, lake citra 8, setu rawa badak jatijajar, and situ cilodong. the result shows that are samples classified in the class ii water quality category according to pp no. 82/2001. the classification is based on the concentration of ph parameters, dissolved oxygen (do), biochemical oxygen demand (bod), phosphate and nitrate. while the classification of aquatic fertility is based on the abundance of phytoplankton. the result shows that epicentrum pond, lake sunter, lake citra 6, lake citra 8, and setu rawa badak jatijajar are included in mesotrophic, while for situ cilodong are included in oligotrophic. for the classification of trophic status according to permenlh no.28/2009 (based on the parameters of nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll-a), the epicentrum pool is included in the oligotroph to eutroph. whereas for lake sunter, setu rawa badak jatijajar, and situ cilodong are included in oligotrophs to mesotrophs. and for lake citra 6 and danau citra 8 have trophic status from oligotrophs to hypereutrophs. keywords: nutrients, phytoplankton abundance, aquatic fertility, trophic status. 1. introduction to support the population growth, the development is an inevitable process. cities are growing, land openings for housing, commercial and industrial area are increase that reduce the area for water absorption. when there is heavy rain, it will cause pools of water, and with less absorption, lead to excess capacity of water that can be accommodated in water bodies. especially in jakarta nowadays, the current surface area of jakarta is only able to absorb at least 15 percent of the water in the soil. for this reason, the government is currently working on it in the construction and normalization of water areas. the water area researched were lakes, ponds, settlements, reservoirs, or rivers. in this study, the author took the water from epicentrum pond that depicts a catchment area in a commercial location, lake sunter which depicts catchments that are flanked by industrial and residential areas, lake citra 6 and danau citra 8 that depict catchments in residential areas, setu rawa badak jatijajar and situ cilodong depict the catchment area in the residential area and also functioning as the tourist facilities. water areas located in jakarta are usually passed by the domestic waste from the community around the water body, not infrequently also industrial waste http://agris/ page | 58 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence that passed to water bodies. the body of water becomes rich of nutrient as an accumulation of various types of liquid waste that enters the water body. the nutrient is one of the foods of phytoplankton in order to carry out photosynthesis. the commonly needed nutrients are phosphates and nitrates. phytoplankton in some time will die and will be degraded which in the degradation process requires the help of dissolved oxygen (do). if the amount of nutrients is too much compare to the amount of phytoplankton presented in water, it causes eutrophication. eutrophication is a condition of water quality that has increased levels of nutrients in water. based on indicators of phytoplankton abundance, this research reveals the difference in water fertility levels. in addition, the effect of chemical parameters on the level of water fertility in several water bodies in jakarta is also studied. 2. purpose the purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of water bodies in terms of indicators of phytoplankton, chlorophyll-a concentration, and chemical parameters. and also to analyze water bodies based on relationships between numbers nutrients in the body of water to the concentration of chlorophyll-a. 3. research metodhology the stages of research are shown in figure 1. figure 1. research flow chart http://agris/ page | 59 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence this study uses data sourced from primary and secondary data. primary data is obtained from taking water samples in each water body directly. in addition, phytoplankton abundance testing and chemical parameters were conducted at the laboratory. secondary data is obtained from literature such as books, journals, national, provincial and regional regulations, as well as from the general description of the study area. the method of data collection is done in two ways, namely field surveys that aim to obtain primary data and literature studies to obtain secondary data. field surveys are carried out by direct observation/data retrieval that is focused on the parameters to be analyzed, in addition, documentation and interviews were also conducted. data analysis was performed to determine the level of water fertility when viewed from the parameters of ph, dissolved oxygen (do), biochemical oxygen demand (bod), phospate, nitrat, and total phytoplankton. in addition, data analysis was carried out to determine trophic status based on parameters of phosphate, nitrate, and chlorophyll-a. data analysis for water fertility and trophic status was carried out quantitatively and qualitatively. the method of data collection was carried out by observation and sampling at the study location and the samples were taken and measured at the laboratory of environmental microbiology trisakti university to determine the number of individual phytoplankton in each milliliter of water present in sedge-rafter. in addition, samples are also measured in the environmental laboratory i trisakti university to process samples to determine the concentration of chemical parameters contained in the sample of the water body. data analysis for ph parameters using a ph meter, for dissolved oxygen (do) parameters using a dometer. bod analysis was carried out using the azide iodide winkler-alkali method. for phosphate and nitrate parameters, the analysis was carried out by the colorimetric/ spectrophotometric method. in the process, the relationship between total phosphorus levels and chlorophyll-a is obtained, which is illustrated in the following equation: 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝐾𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙 − 𝑎) = −1,09 + 1,46𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑃𝑡 where: chlorophyll-a = chlorophyll-a concentration (mg/m3) pt: = phosphorus organics (mg/m3) data analysis for phytoplankton parameters is done using the sedgewickrafter method, using the formula below (odum, 1971): 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑠 × 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑠 × 𝑉𝑐 where: http://agris/ page | 60 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence n = number of individuals per liter of sample water ns = the number of plankton individuals on a sedgewick-rafter va = volume of water concentrated in vial bottles vs = volume of water in the sedgewick-rafter preparation (1 ml) vc = volume of filtered sample water analysis of water fertility level data was carried out by comparing 5 parameters such as ph, do, bod, nitrate, and phosphate to government regulation no. 82 of 2001 with aim to determine whether the study location had met the designation of the water quality class water category. to analyze data on water fertility levels based on phytoplankton, research was refer to basmi (1987). and data analysis for trophic status was carried out by comparing the concentration of nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll with the minister of environment regulation no. 28 of 2009 and vollenweider (1969). 4. result and discussion the epicentrum pool receives a stream from the cideng river. the river flow is greenish and smelly so that before entering the epicentrum pond, the cideng river flow has been treated in such a way using the water treatment plant. because previously passed on the water treatment plant, the quality of water entering the epicentrum pond is better than the cideng river flow. the following is the value of chemical parameters which are water quality criteria when viewed from government regulations number 82 of 2001: table 1. chemical parameter concentration to review the criteria for epicentrum pond’s water quality from the table above, it can be seen that the epicentrum pool if viewed from several chemical parameters such as ph, dissolved oxygen (do), biochemical oxygen demand (bod), http://agris/ page | 61 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence phosphate, and nitrate, fulfills the expected water quality according to the water body, class ii although the dissolved oxygen (do) parameter does not meet the quality standards for class ii. this can be because a large number of carp fish living in the pond. in addition to water quality, it is also necessary to assess the biological parameters through the abundance of phytoplankton contained in the water body. as in the epicentrum pond it has a large abundance of phytoplankton 10200 ind/l, so that it fertility is classified as mesotrophic waters. according to basmi (1987) the fertility of mesotrophic waters has an abundance range of phytoplankton 2000 15000 ind/l. these mesotrophic waters are water phases which initially are oligotrophic waters begin to enter the eutrophic waters phase, so that during this phase nutrient enrichment occurs. with increasing nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium in the waters of the lake, there will also be an increase in biological activity. organisms such as algae, phytoplankton, zooplankton and organic waste are buried on the surface of the water so that the water's brightness decreases and becomes more turbid. the rate of accumulation of organic matter is then relatively faster. whereas if reviewed according to minister of environment regulation no. 28 of 2009 the classification can be done through trophic status of the waters with the parameters total-n, totalp, chlorophyll-a, and brightness. in this study, classification only uses 2 parameters, namely total-p and chlorophyll-a. the following are the parameter values reviewed from the environment minister regulation no. 28 of 2009 (table 2). table 2. concentration of parameters for reviewing trophic status of epicentrum pond’s water from the table above, it can be seen that the trophic status of epicentrum pond when viewed from minister of environment regulation no.28 of 2009 based on total-p parameters is included in trophic status of eutrophs, but when viewed from the parameters of chlorophylla, it is classified as oligotroph. and if viewed from volenweider, 1969 in wetzel, 1975 http://agris/ page | 62 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence in effendi, 2003, the parameters of nitrate will be included in mesotrophic trophic and phosphate status including eutrophic. whereas for trophic status based on chlorophyll-a parameters according to vollenweider, 1969 in heriyanto, 2009, epicentrum pond has quite productive or mesotrophic water fertility. therefore, the trophic status of the epicentrum pond when viewed from minister of environment regulation no.28 of 2009 and volenweider, 1969 is included in trophic status of oligotrophs to eutrophs. the wide trophic status range can be due to the epicentrum pool condition that being a closed water body, with no flow of water, the impurities from fish that live in the water body can increase the amount of nutrients in the water body. sunter lake is one of the 5 lakes that are passed by sunter river. the stream is dark brown and smelly. in this sunter river flow, there is also domestic waste and industrial waste from the surrounding environment. the following is the value of chemical parameters of sunter lake which are water quality criteria viewed from government regulations number 82 of 2001: table 3. chemical parameter concentration of lake sunter's water quality criteria from the table above, it can be seen that sunter lake if viewed from several chemical parameters such as ph, dissolved oxygen (do), biochemical oxygen demand (bod), phosphate, and nitrate, fulfills the class ii water quality. so that in accordance with the class designation, the existing conditions are also suitable for use as tourism and fishing. this condition will be even better if there is no garbage piles up on the edge of the lake. in addition to water quality, it is also necessary to assess the biological parameters through the abundance of phytoplankton contained in the water body. lake sunter has a large abundance of 5500 ind/l phytoplankton, so it belongs to the fertility of mesothropic waters. according to basmi (1987) the fertility of mesotrophic waters has an abundance range of phytoplankton 2000 15000 http://agris/ page | 63 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence ind/l. the following are the parameter values reviewed from the environment minister regulation no. 28 of 2009 for sunter lake’s water (table 4). table 4. concentration of parameters to review the trophic status of lake sunter’s water from the table above, it can be seen that trophic status of sunter lake water if viewed from minister of environment regulation no.28 of 2009 and seen from the parameters of total-p and chlorophyll-a included in trophic oligotrophic status. and if viewed from volenweider, 1969 in wetzel, 1975 in effendi, 2003, the parameters of nitrate will be included in the mesotrophic trophic and phosphate status included in the oligothropic. whereas for trophic status based on chlorophyll-a parameters according to vollenweider, 1969 in heriyanto, 2009 then lake sunter has unproductive waters or oligotrophic fertility. therefore, the trophic status of lake sunter when viewed from regulation of the minister of environment no.28 of 2009 and volenweider, 1969 is included in trophic status of oligotrophs to mesotrophs. citra 6 lake is one of the catchment areas in the citra garden city 6. this lake is commercial in nature surrounded by the lake with various kinds of vegetation, jogging tracks, and the existence of mini zoos. lake citra 6 is intended as a water catchment because the surrounding area is a residential area, so water reservoirs are needed so that when the rainy season arrives, it can prevent flooding. the following is the value of chemical parameters which are water quality criteria when viewed from government regulations number 82 of 2001(table 5). table 5. chemical parameter concentration to review lake citra 6’s water quality criteria http://agris/ page | 64 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence from the table above, it can be seen that lake citra 6 if viewed from a number of chemical parameters such as ph, dissolved oxygen (do), biochemical oxygen demand (bod), phosphate and nitrate, fulfills the expected water quality according to the water body namely class ii. so that in accordance with the designation of the class, the existing conditions are also suitable. citra lake 6 is intended as class ii because citra lake 6 is located in a residential area, so it is expected to have good water quality. in addition to water quality, it is also necessary to assess the biological parameters through the abundance of phytoplankton contained in the body of water. as in lake citra 6 has an abundance of phytoplankton 2200 ind/l, so that it is classified as fertility of mesotrophic waters. according to basmi (1987) the fertility of mesotrophic waters has an abundance range of ph ytoplankton 2000 15000 ind/l. the following are the parameter values reviewed from the environment minister regulation no. 28 of 2009 (table 6). table 6. concentration of parameters to review the trophic status of lake citra 6’s water from the table above, it can be seen that trophic status of lake citra 6 if viewed from minister of environment regulation no.28 of 2009 and seen from total p is included in hypereutrophic status, but when viewed from the parameters of chlorophyll-a, it is classified as oligotroph. and if viewed from volenweider, 1969 in wetzel, 1975 in effendi, 2003, the parameters of nitrate will be included in the mesotrophic and phosphate trophic status not included in the classification, because the classification limit for eutrophic is 0.031-0.1 mg / l. whereas for trophic status based on chlorophyll-a parameters according to vollenweider, 1969 in heriyanto, 2009 then lake citra 6 has unproductive or oligotrophic fertility. therefore, the trophic status of lake citra 6 when viewed from minister of environment regulation no.28 of 2009 and http://agris/ page | 65 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence volenweider (1969) is included in trophic status of oligotrophs to hypereutrophs. the wide trophic status range can be due to high population of fish in the lake that cause an increase in the value of nutrients in the water body that comes from existing fish feces. danau citra 8 is one of the catchment areas in the aeroworld citra 8 area. this lake is still untouched like citra lake 6. this is because development around lake citra 8 is still being carried out, so that the land around the lake is still in the form of grassland. the following is the value of chemical parameters which are water quality criteria when viewed from government regulations number 82 of 2001(table 7). table 7. chemical parameter concentration to review lake citra 8’s water quality criteria from the table above, it can be seen that lake citra 8 if viewed from a number of chemical parameters such as ph, dissolved oxygen (do), biochemical oxygen demand (bod), phosphate and nitrate, fulfills the expected water quality according to the water body namely class ii. so that in accordance with the designation of the class, the existing conditions are also suitable. lake citra 8 is intended as class ii because lake citra 8 will also be used as a residential area, so it is expected to have good water quality. but for existing conditions, surrounding of lake citra 8 is still in the development stage, so that the natural conditions are still maintained. in addition to water quality, it is also necessary to assess the biological parameters through the abundance of phytoplankton contained in the body of water. as in lake citra 8 has an abundance of phytoplankton 2700 ind/l, so that it is classified as fertility of mesotrophic waters. according to basmi (1987) the fertility of mesotrophic waters has an abundance range of phytoplankton 2000 15000 ind/l. whereas if reviewed according to minister of environment regulation no. 28 of 2009 the classification can be done through trophic status of the waters with the parameters total-n, total-p, chlorophyll-a, and brightness. in this study, classification only uses 2 parameters, namely total-p and chlorophyll-a. the following are the parameter values reviewed from the environment minister regulation no. 28 of 2009 (table 8). table 8. concentration of parameters to review the trophic status of lake citra 8’s water http://agris/ page | 66 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence from the table above, it can be seen that trophic status of lake citra 8 if viewed from minister of environment regulation no.28 of 2009 and seen from total-p included in hypereutrophic status, but if seen from the parameters of chlorophyll-a, it is classified as oligotroph. and if viewed from volenweider, 1969 in wetzel, 1975 in effendi, 2003, the parameters of nitrate will be included in the mesotrophic and phosphate trophic status not included in the classification, because it exceeds the classification limit for eutrophic which is 0.031-0.1 mg/l. whereas for trophic status based on chlorophyll-a parameters according to vollenweider, 1969 in heriyanto, 2009 then lake citra 8 has unproductive or oligotrophic water fertility. therefore, the trophic status of lake citra 8 when viewed from minister of environment regulation no.28 of 2009 and volenweider (1969) is included in trophic status of oligotrophs to hypereutrophs. the wide trophic status range can be due to high population of fish in the lake. setu rawa badak jatijajar or commonly called setu jatijajar is one of the catchment areas in the depok. this lake is commercial because the lake is used as a recreational place by the surrounding community. setu jatijajar aims to absorb water to accommodate runoff in the rainy season. the following is the value of chemical parameters which are water quality criteria when viewed from government regulations number 82 of 2001(table 9). table 9. chemical parameter concentration to review the criteria for setu rawa badak jatijajar’s water quality http://agris/ page | 67 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence from the table above, it can be seen that setu rawa badak jatijajar if viewed from several chemical parameters such as ph, dissolved oxygen (do), biochemical oxygen demand (bod), phosphate, and nitrate fulfills the expected water quality according to the water body, namely class ii. so that in accordance with the designation of the class, the existing conditions are also suitable. because setu rawa badak jatijajar is currently used as a recreational facility for local residents. in setu rawa badak jatijajar there are also various kinds of water games and locations for fishing. in addition to water quality, it is also necessary to assess the biological parameters through the abundance of phytoplankton contained in the water body. jatijajar rawa badak setu has a large abundance of 2800 ind/l phytoplankton, which is classified as fertility of mesotrophic waters. according to minister of environment regulation no. 28 of 2009, the classification can be done through trophic status of the waters with the parameters total-n, total-p, chlorophyll-a, and brightness. in this study, classification only uses 2 parameters, namely total-p and chlorophyll-a. the following are the parameter values reviewed from the environment minister regulation no. 28 of 2009 (table 10). table 10. concentration of parameters to review the trophic status of setu rawa badak jatijajar’s water http://agris/ page | 68 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence from the table above, it can be seen that the trophic status of setu rawa badak jatijajar when viewed from minister of environment regulation no.28 of 2009 and seen from total-p is included in trophic status of oligotrophs, but when viewed from the parameters of chlorophyll-a, it is classified as oligotroph. and if viewed from volenweider (1969) in wetzel, (1975) in effendi (2003), the nitrate parameters will be included in the mesotrophic trophic status and phosphate parameters included in the oligotrophic. whereas for trophic status based on chlorophyll-a parameters according to vollenweider (1969) in heriyanto (2009), setu rawa badak jatijajar has unproductive waters or oligotrophic fertility. therefore, the trophic status of setu rawa badak jatijajar when viewed from regulation of the minister of enironment no.28 of 2009 and volenweide (1969) is included in trophic status of oligotrophs to mesotrophs. situ cilodong is one of the catchment areas in the depok area. this lake is commercial because the lake is used as a recreational suggestion by the surrounding community. situ cilodong aims to absorb run off water in the rainy season. the following is the value of chemical parameters which are water quality criteria when viewed from government regulations number 82 of 2001 (table 11). table 11. chemical parameter concentration to review the criteria for situ cilodong’s water quality http://agris/ page | 69 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence from the table above, it can be seen that situ cilodong if viewed from several chemical parameters such as ph, dissolved oxygen (do), biochemical oxygen demand (bod), phosphate and nitrate, fulfills the expected water quality according to the water body namely class ii. so that in accordance with the designation of the class, the existing conditions are also suitable. because situ cilodong is currently used as a recreational facility for local resident. at situ cilodong there are also various kinds of water games and locations for fishing. in addition to water quality, it is also necessary to assess the biological parameters through the abundance of phytoplankton contained in the body of water. as in situ cilodong has a large abundance of phytoplankton 1800 ind/l, so it is classified as fertility of mesotrophic waters. according to basmi (1987) the fertility of oligotrophic waters has a range of abundance of phytoplankton <2000 ind/l. oligotrophic waters are waters that contain little food or nutrients (goldman and alexander, 1983). burgis and morris (1987) state that the low content of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, phosphate and calcium in oligotrophic waters is due to the still young waters so that the amount of nutrients accumulated from the input of river water and the environment oligotrophic waters are waters that contain little food or nutrients (horne & goldman, 1983). burgis and morris (1987) states that the low content of nutrient such as nitrogen, phosphorus, phosphate and calcium in the waters of oligotrophic is because the amount of nutrients accumulated from the input of river water and the environment is still very small, and generally organisms which is very tolerant of low nutrient content. whereas if reviewed according to minister of environment regulation no. 28 of 2009 the classification can be done through trophic status of the waters with the parameters total-n, totalp, chlorophyll-a, and brightness. in this study, classification only uses 2 parameters, namely total-p and chlorophyll-a. the following are the parameter values reviewed from the environment minister regulation no. 28 of 2009 (table 12). table 12. concentration of parameters for reviewing trophic status of situ cilodong’s water http://agris/ page | 70 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence from the table above, it can be seen that trophic status of situ cilodong is reviewed from minister of environment regulation no.28 of 2009 and seen from total-p included in trophic status of oligotrophs, but when seen from the parameters of chlorophyll-a, it is classified as oligotroph. and if viewed from volenweider (1969) in wetzel (1975) in effendi (2003), the nitrate parameters will be included in the mesotrophic trophic status and phosphate parameters included in the oligotrophic. whereas for trophic status based on chlorophyll-a parameters according to vollenweider (1969) in heriyanto (2009) then situ cilodong has unproductive waters or oligotrophic fertility. therefore, the trophic status of situ cilodong when viewed from regulation of the minister of environment no.28 of 2009 and volenweider (1969) is included in trophic status of oligotrophs to mesotrophs. 5. conclusion 1. according to government regulation no. 82 of 2001 based on parameters of ph, dissolved oxygen (do), biochemical oxygen demand (bod), phosphate and nitrate, the six lakes have met the class ii water quality criteria. the classification and the existing conditions of the six lakes are in accordance with the designation, namely as a means of water recreation, cultivation of freshwater fish, or water to irrigate crops. 2. according to basmi (1987), fertility is given based on the abundance of phytoplankton in epicentrum pond, lake sunter, lake citra 6, lake citra 8, and jatijajar setu rawa badak including mesotrophic fertility, while situ cilodong belongs to oligotrophic fertility. 3. based on minister of environment regulation no.28 of 2009 and volenweider (1969) on parameters of nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll-a, epicentrum pond is included in trophic oligotrophic status to eutroph. for lake sunter, setu rawa badak jatijajar, and situ cilodong included in trophic status of oligotrophs to mesotrophs. and for lake citra 6 and danau citra 8 have trophic status from oligotrophs to hypereutrophs. references alaerts, g., & santika, s. s. 1984. metode pengukuran kualitas air. surabaya: usaha nasional. astirin, o. p., setyawan, a. d., & harini, m. 2002. keragaman plankton sebagai indikator kualitas sungai di kota surakarta. biodiversitas, 3(2), 236– 241. aunurohim, d. s., & yanthi, d. 2008. fitoplankton penyebab harmful algae blooms (habs) di perairan sidoarjo. institut teknologi sepuluh november surabaya. http://agris/ page | 71 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence basmi, j. 1987. phytoplankton sebagai indikator biologis lingkungan perairan. institut pertanian bogor. burgis, m., & morris, p. 1987. the natural history of lakes. cambridge [cambridgeshire] ; new york: cambridge university press. effendi, h. 2003. telaah kualitas air, bagi pengelolaan sumber daya dan lingkungan perairan. kanisius. horne, a. j., & goldman, c. r. 1983. limnology. new york: mcgraw-hill. hutagalung, h. p., & rozak, a. 1997. metode analisis air laut, sedimen dan biota laut. institut pertanian bogor. bogor, 188. kamali. 2004. komunitas fitoplankton. bogor: institut pertanian bogor. kasry, a., & sumiarsih, e. 2012. kesuburan perairan waduk nagedang ditinjau dari konsentrasi klorofil-a fitoplankton desa giri sako kecamatan logas tanah darat kabupaten kuantan singingi proinsi riau. berkala perikanan terubuk, 37(2). lindu, muhammad, dkk. 2016. penuntun praktikum laboratorium lingkungan i. jakarta: universitas trisakti. lukman, s., said, d. s., tarigan, t., & widiyanto, t. 2006. prosiding seminar nasional limnologi 2006 “pengelolaan sumberdaya perairan darat secara terpadu di indonesia. pusat penelitian limnologi-lipi. bogor. melati ferianita fachrul. 2006. metode sampling bioekologi. jakarta: bumi aksara. nontji, a. 2006. plankton. lembaga ilmu pengetahuan indonesia. pusat penelitian oseanografi. jakarta. odum, e. p., & srigandono, b. 1993. dasardasar ekologi. yogyakarta, indonesia: gadjah mada university press. raymont, j. e. 1963. plankton and productivity in the oceans. sachlan, m. 1982. planktonologi. fakultas peternakan dan perikanan universitas diponegoro, semarang, 156. sukmadinata, n. s. 2011. metode penelitian. bandung: pt remaja rosda karya. tebbut, t. h. y. 1992. principles of water quality control (4th ed). oxford ; new york: pergamon press. vollenweider, r. a., talling, j. f., & westlake, d. f. 1969. a manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments. oxford: [published for the] international biological programme [by] blackwell scientific. warlina, l. 1985. pengaruh waktu inkubasi bod pada berbagai limbah. fmipa universitas indonesia, jakarta. http://agris/ page | 72 analysis of water quality based on phytoplankton abundance and number of nutrients deffi ayu puspito sari, rahma dewi hutami, aqil azizi, sirin fairus gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence warlina, l. 2004. pencemaran air: sumber, dampak dan penanggulangannya. unpublised). institut pertanian bogor. wetzel, r. g. 1975. limnology: philadelphia. wb saunders company, 3. http://agris/ agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari polytechnic 17 agustus 1945 surabaya email: wulandari.nt@gmail.com abstract crab (crab) is one of the fishery products that is generally perishable. this is likely due to poor handling that decreases the quality. this research aims to determine factors that can affect the quality of crab and recommend a priority strategy most appropriate to apply quality control on crab handling at pt tonga tiur putra in expanding its business. the present research uses ahp (analytical hierarchy process) method. three decision-makers in pt. tonga tiur putra were taken as respondents. analysis factor reveals that factor affecting the quality of crab meat is transportation. the proper alternative to control the quality of crab is human resource training. keywords: crab, hr, ahp 1. introduction indonesia stores potential marine resources. for more than 30 waters of indonesia is well known as a potential fish catchment area in the world. even in the last 20 years, indonesian waters are considered the world's largest fish resources after. a staff of department of marine and fisheries program supervision banten, lim elfiza, mp stated that from dkp figures (1999), indonesia sdi is 8.2 million tons. of this figure, at least 6.7 million tones are catchable fish. however, from 6.7 million tons per year, only 3.65 million tons per year is managed. indonesia is only able to meet 3.64% of the world's absorption of fish of 18 million per year (about 655,200 tons per year). according to world fisheries statistics in1995, world fish consumption reached us $ 55 billion. indonesia contribution in the level of us $ 2 billion is still relatively small. given the huge potential of indonesia's marine resources, it is highly important to develop fish processing industry in indonesia. it is unfortunate if indonesia's marine wealth is only utilized by other countries. in addition to utilizing the wealth of marine resources, the development of fish processing industry can be a driver of employment creators and reduce the poverty rate that will affect the country's economy (ali & wulan, 2018). one of fish processing industries that need to be developed is the crab meat processing industry. the agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) potential of crab in indonesia as well as the high demand from domestic and abroad support this industry to be developed. one of crab stripping industry is pt tonga tiur putra. pt. tonga tiur putra is located in sebeneh village, bancaran subdistrict, bangkalan district; madura.pt tonga tiur putra is in cooperation with existing suppliers in bangkalan district. however, there are often problems faced by stripping company in maintaining quality of crab meat. this is a major problem faced by every crab stripping company. low standard handling on crab can cause the decreased price of crab meat. this is due to the company’s limited knowledge on crab quality. suwignyo (2008) argues that crabs have long been in demand by the public both domestically and abroad, therefore the price is relatively expensive. the benefits of crabs as a food material is in the form of high canned crab is in its high protein. crab is highly demanded in the form of cans (processed meat of crab). crab demand is higher in the form of processed meat. thus guaranteed quality will help the crab meat processing important to be developed in increasing the value. in order for a company to continue to grow, it needs a proper quality control strategy with ahp (analytical hierarchy process) method. ahp method is decision making in solving problems in terms of planning, alternative determination, priority setting, policy selection, resource allocation, determination of needs, forecasting results, system planning, performance measurement, optimization, and conflict resolution (saaty, 1994). 2. research methods the researcher uses the analytic hierarchy process (ahp) method which presents a framework for solving multi-criteria situations so as to produce logical and rational decisions. with this method, problem of quality control can be simplified in an easily understood hierarchy structure. because ahp can solve a complex problem by creating a hierarchy of criteria of the problem, it can facilitate decision making in developing the business. the data was collected in 4 ways: interview, observation, literature study, and company documentation. interview was carried out by question and answer session with company owner and management to obtain information about crab handling to control its quality. observation was carried out by identifying appropriate factors, objectives, and strategies. the literature study is conducted with the aim of obtaining the theoretical reference data associated with the research and the necessary corporate documents including agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) company overview data (history, production aspects, vision and mission, marketing, aspects of the organization). 3. discussion 3.1. determining levels of factors, goals and strategies determination of the level of this factor has been recommended by researchers and approval from the company obtained from literature and brainstorming studies, there are 4 criteria: raw materials, human resources, technology, and transportation. the objective indicators for quality control are obtained from the literature, brainstorming and as per company agreement. pt tonga tiur putra is a company that commodity of fishery product of peeling crab. the purpose of appropriate quality control and help control the quality of crabs, goals indicators on the processing of crabs as follows: 1. improve quality 2. improve power image and product competitiveness 3. increase the yield volume 4. streamline the flow of production at the level of objectives for quality control, a strategy that needs to be performed include: 1. conducting training and human resources development 2. application of gmp to improve quality assurance and safety of marine products processing products 3. implementation and quality control of raw materials 4. application of technology 3.2. analysis of factors, objectives and quality control strategies in accordance with the distribution of questionnaires as much as three respondents, respondents and in accordance with interviews and references the authors obtained the results of factors related to quality control, level of goals and strategy re obtained. the results of this ahp calculation is derived from the priority values between levels at each hierarchy level that indicates the order of factor priorities, goals and strategies in determining quality control strategies. the hierarchy structure in the model consists of 4 levels. the first level is a focus on quality control. the second levels of factors that must be considered include transportation, raw materials, human resources, and technology. factors for quality control strategy then at the third level developed quality control objectives include: (1) improving quality, (2) agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) improving product image and competitiveness (3) increasing yield volumes and (4) streamlining product delivery flow. based on the four objectives, the fourth strategy is to develop the following strategies: (1) the procurement of human resources training, (2) implementation of gmp, (3) application of quality control system, (4) information system development (5) application of process technology. based on the selected factor level, a comparison matrix will be performed (pairwise comparison) between the elements, thus weight for each level factor is obtained. the method used is comparative judgment or scale of comparison in pairs, this principle means making an assessment of the relative importance of two elements at a certain level in relation to the above levels. 3.3. determining the factor level weight value ranges from 1-9. the value of weight 1 represents equally important, this means the same attribute of scale, whereas the weight value 9 represents the absolute important attribute case compared to the others. from the calculation result in attachment 2, priority factor level can be seen in table 1 table 1. priority level at factor level criterion factors level priority transportation 0.517 1 raw material 0.245 2 hr 0.124 3 technology 0.114 4 source: primary data based on table 9 the priority weight of each factor levels are transportation (0,517), raw materials (0,245), tbsp (0,124), and technology (0,114). 3.4. transportation according to table 9, the factor criterion places the first position with level of 0.517. transportation is in the first rank because transportation is a major factor in the quality control of crab meat which affects the quality of meat that is at the time of taking from collectors and delivery of crab meat to canning. until now, the vehicles used by the company are motorcycles and pick-up. collection with motorcycle is performed by using basket. the absence of tight cover causes crosscontamination with the outside environment like dirt and dust and so on. to avoid crossagricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) contamination, closed packaging and with enclosed packaging should be carried out to prevent the occurrence of contamination with microorganisms. elfawati, et al (2008), states that closed packaging can prevent direct contamination with airborne and humanhanded bacteria. transportation with pick up is quite well maintained because the quality of transportation is using fiber and styrofoam given ice shavings to protect the crab. crab stripping results are sent to rembang,in central java. it takes a long time the fresh crab requires a long storage with cold room temperature with a variety of packaging such as jars and styrofoam. shipment of crab meat products used car from companies, however, these vehicles are often late that ice melts. munandar, et al (2009), states that the number of bacteria increases with the length of storage. this will affect the quality of crab meat if ice melts. in accordance with the observation that the ice in the company used for packing is measured based on feelings. the ice cannot be less than one-third the weight of the fish (1: 3). the amount of ice may still be reduced again, but not to be reduced from 1: 3 (wibowo and yunizal, 1998). according to junianto (2003), the amount of ice must be adjusted with the number of fish to be handled to obtain optimal cooling temperature. if the amount of ice is too little compared to the amount of fish, the cooling temperature produced is not cold enough to maintain the freshness of the fish within the specified time. conversely, too much ice can cause fish to be physically damaged by the crush or pressure of the ice. this shows the company underestimating ice packing and shipping for crab meat to avoid the tenderness and blandness of meat from liquefy and too long storage in cold temperatures. the ideal comparison between the amount of ice and fish to maintain its temperature is 1: 1. the use of ice amount will be faster in lowering fish temperature so that fish quality will be better (yunizal and wibowo 1998). 3.5. determining objectives on transportation the results of calculations is in appendix 2. based on the selected objectives then made a comparison matrix ( pairwise comparison ) between the elements, each level of objectives can be seen in table 2. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) table 2. level of objectives on transportation criteria weight priority improve quality 0.413 1 improve power image and product competitiveness 0.257 2 increase the yield volume 0.183 3 streamlines product delivery flow 0.146 4 source: primary data is processed (2011) 3.6. improve quality in accordance with table 10, the objective level above corresponds to the calculation on each variable. the level of goal is to improve quality with weight (0.43) on transportation because the company wants the best quality to achieve the goal of the end result. to achieve the ultimate goal with the transport factor, quality index value based on the standards determined by the consumer in the distribution process is used. thus, quality becomes the determining factor to reach the final goal (rochman, et al, 2007). the purpose to improve the quality of transportation is one of the quality control processes in handling crab in mini plan. a means of transportation needs to be added to make it easier in the process of operational activities and pay attention to handling crab from inputs to finished products. 3.7. improve power image and product competitiveness improving the image of power and product competitiveness will create products acceptable to consumers and able to compete with other products. addition of other fishery product e.g in stripping of shrimp head with his body and moving on the supply of tuna or other fish for export can be added. it should also improve strategies to improve the product's image and competitiveness. according to cravens (1996), utilizing a refine strategy on the processing system will facilitate the processing and make a quality product. 3.8. increase yield volume in accordance with table 10 increasing the yield volume places the third position with the criterion weight of 0.183 or 18.3%. in increasing the volume of the results on transportation, the company can improve the means of transportation by adding a car vehicle and adding crab suppliers outside the region. currently, crab suppliers come from bangkalan agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) district only. by adding crab suppliers from the outside and adding the means of transportation will be more easily accessible and efficient carrying of crab raw materials if by car. 3.9. streamlining the product channel flow in accordance with the objective of streamlining production flows on transport factors with a weight of 0.146 or 14.6% this priority is to accelerate work processes and be motivated to work effectively and efficiently. to facilitate the flow of transportation products for delivery, it is better to make their self-delivery without waiting for vehicles from canning to come to pick up the crab products, this is to be more time efficient and able to control the quality of crab meat, delayed vehicles from canning may be due to road congestion or vehicles experiencing road problems such as leaking tires or breaking down vehicles. 3.10. determining the levels of strategy on transportation quality control strategy is planning activities to maintain, direct, maintain, and satisfy the demands of consumers maximally. based on the level of strategy that has been determined company, the first quality control strategy is performed according to the calculation with ahp method in aids with microsoft excel 2007 as listed table 3. in accordance with the calculation with a high weight can determine the existing control strategy in crab stripping factory. table 3. priority leel on strategy strategy weight percentage priority development and training of human resources 0.495 49.5 1 implementation of gmp 0.265 26.5 2 information development 0.112 11.2 3 application of raw material control system 0.088 8.8 4 application of technology 0.031 3.1 5 source: primary data (2011) dwi prabowo (2011) explains that determining a larger priority value with ahp method can determine the data in accordance with existing conditions. 3.11. hr development and training strategy hr development and training strategy is the main priority in the implementation of quality control strategy in handling process of crab at pt tonga tiur putra with weight of agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) 0,495 or 49,5%. this priority is an appropriate strategy for quality control in the handling process of crabs. training and development is the first step before doing the next process. with human resource training, the company will run and develop business for the next process easier. desler (2009) argues that the development and training of human resources is the process of teaching new employees to acquire the skills and basic skills they need to run the work in accordance with the wishes of the company. the purpose of the development and training of human resources is to achieve the work efficiency of employees in achieving the results of work that has been established. improved work efficiency of employees can be achieved by: 1. employee training in employee training, employee will gain the skills and skills of employees to facilitate the work. in accordance with transportation factors, training in driving a vehicle is necessary. driver in driving the vehicle can also affect the meat that can lead to rupture of raw materials crabs due to shocks between raw materials caused by the driver lack of control of the road. 2. employee discipline discipline will create an optimal working atmosphere and appropriate results. in the observation, driver’s discipline was still low in terms of departure to take raw materials crab. it is also experienced by cannery companies that often experience delays for shrimp meat delivery. employees with the habit of delaying working hours will hinder other jobs and inefficient production. this indicates that every problem in handling of crab especially on transportation. it needs improvement of strategy with development and training of human resources in order to create efficient and effective workforce according to company expectation. in accordance with the factors of transportation, the development and training of human resources can affect the quality of meat such as collisions or shocks during the trip that cannot be controlled and too long storage caused by the delay of delivery of raw materials to canning. 3.12. gmp implementation strategy in each quality control factor, the application of gmp is required. the application of gmp is a system aimed at reducing the potential for contamination of products during processing, from raw material to final product acceptance. quality control factors in pt tonga tiur putra require a strategy of implementing gmp starting from raw material acceptance to final product. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) the implementation strategy of gmp will achieve some objectives that are as expected in pt tonga tiur putra (table 3). the application of gmp positioned with a weight of 0, 265 or 26.5% can be seen in table 3 in accordance with the existing factors transportation becomes the main obstacle that must be controlled, the problems on transportation are, lack of vehicle means for transportation if raw materials are abundant from crab suppliers, the delay for delivery of crab meat is likely due to congestion and unwanted things such as leaking tires, breaking down and others anad transportation of raw material is not hygienic. this shows that transportation has constraints in terms of delivery and transport of raw materials, in accordance with the strategy of applying gmp, car should be added not to inhibit the production process of crab production to canning factory and the need for vehicle cleanliness to control the quality of meat. 3.13. information development strategy in accordance with table 3. the development of information occupies the 3rd position with the weight of 0.112 or 11.2%. this strategy is needed because during the trip there is no information about the road, and so far only uses phone for problems on the road. if the company wants to control the quality of meat during the trip, it should improve the transportation strategy by knowing alternative ways to streamline the time. nugroho (2008), stated that alternative road is a journey to avoid congestion and road closures. other strategies on information development can also be performed by expanding the information network on travel required coordination/good synergy and integration between institutions / components (bina marga, dllaj, and polantas) in overcoming transportation problems. 3.14. strategy of application of quality control system of raw material quality the strategy of quality control system implementation of raw materials place the fourth position where this transportation factor wants the raw material control system by packaging raw materials during the trip. packaging of raw materials is not optimal, the basket used still contains dirt contained in crevices baskets. basket should be brushed with soap and dichlorine to avoid odor and avoid contamination, the carrying of raw materials using open packaging such as baskets (ali, 2015). this makes crabs contaminated with the outside air, despite using a basket with sealed packaging such as a bag that has 2 pockets behind the motor that was brought with the motor, the bag is also rarely cleaned or washe, agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) jars are not recommended for packing and not using the recommended box and no spending holes. it shows that the quality control system in raw material is low and not in accordance with sop (standard operational procedures). to make sure that quality of meat is good at reaching the consumers, the following sop that has been established, the basket used should be completely clean and protected from dirt, packaging in transportation must be closed and given ice to keep freshness of raw materials, after and before the use of means for transportation, basket should be washed and chlorinated to avoid cross contamination, using recommended packaging in the form of a closed plastic jar, use the recommended box and have an outlet, crab meat is put in a jar according to the type, the volume of meat does not exceed the capacity of the jar, the quality of ice used in accordance with drinking water standard and giving ice: meat is 1: 1 and does not use used ice. 3.15. technology application strategy the last priority in the strategy is the application of technology with level of 0.031 or 3.1%. application of technology for transportation is also needed because it is likely also affect the quality of crab meat. application of technology for this transportation is replacing the vehicle by using special vehicles that functions as product cooling during the trip. this is to preserve crab freshness. during the trip with the application of technology can be assisted using road map tool. road map is a tool to help guide during the trip. 4. conclusion factors affecting the process of handling crab has analyzed with the calculation of ahp method with transport of 0.517 or 51.7% . quality control strategy on proper handling of crabs is on procurement and human resource training. this strategy is the first step that must be carried out to improve control on transport factor by conducting employee training and employee discipline. reference armstrong, m. and h. murlis. 2003. reward manajemen. a hand book of remuneration strategy and practice. alih bahasa oleh ramelan. bhuana ilmu populer gramedia. jakarta. aji. 2010. media informasi solusi masalah transportasi. karawang. http://www.karawanginfo.com/?p=8454 diakses tanggal 11 april 2011. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa quality control strategy on crab handling process by using analytical hierarchy process method anita wulandari page | r) ali, m. (2015). pengaruh dosis pemupukan npk terhadap produksi dan kandungan capsaicin pada buah tanaman cabe rawit (capsicum frutescens l.). jurnal agrosains: karya kreatif dan inovatif, 2(2), 171– 178. ali, m., & wulan, w. (2018). effects of sand and sugar consentration rosella (hisbiscus sabdariffalinn) against quality of jelly candy. teknoboyo, 2(1). dearbon. grace. 1994. quality management. maylands avenue hemel hempstead. usa. gaspersz, vincent. 1998. manajemen kualitas penerapan, konsep-konsep kualitas dalam manajemen bisnis total. pt gramedia pustaka utama. jakarta. hardjosoedarmo, s. 1996. total quality manajemen. penerbit andi. yogyakarta. hariandja, m.t. 2002. manajemen sumber daya manusia ( penggandaan pengembangan, pengkompensasi, dan peningkatan produktivitas pegawai). pt gramedia widiasarana indonesia. jakarta. hidayati, feni. 2002. skripsi perubahan mutu daging setelah perebusan sebagai bahan baku produk pasteurisasi selama penyimpanan suhu chilling. universitas ipb. bogor.http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/15601/c02fhi.pdf?sequ ence=1 diakses tanggal 10 april 2011. r. lawrence dan glueck.1997. manajemen strategis dan kebijakan perusahaan edisi ketiga. erlangga. jakarta. rahman, abdul. 2008. skripsi penentuan kriteria yang paling berpengaruh terhadap prestasi kerja karyawan di cv. rimba setosa sukoharjo. universitas muhammadiyah. surakarta. sukmawati, dkk. 2007. jurnal analisis manajemen mutu terpadu di pt madu pramuka cibubur jakarta. fakultas peternakan universitas institut pertanian bogor . bogor. saaty, t. l. 1993. pengambilan keputusan bagi para pemimpin. edisi indonesian pt pustaka binamanpressindo. jakarta. supriyanto dan masruchah, i., manajemen purchasing: strategi pengadaan dan pengelolaan untuk perusahaan manufacturing, jakarta, gramedia, 2000. muhajird. 2010. jurnal pengembangan industri hasil holtikultura melalui inovasi teknologi proses minimal. balai besar pengembangan dan penelitian pascapanen pertanian. bogor. http://pustaka.litbang.deptan.go.id/publikasi/ip033102.pdf diakses tanggal 30 april 2011 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa application of ibapgr concentrationongermination ofsugarcane (saccharumofficinarum l)cuttings bambangwicaksonohariyadi, sri purwanti page | application of iba pgr concentration on germination of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l) cuttings bambang wicaksono hariyadi 1, sri purwanti 2 faculty of agriculture agrotechnology study program 1.2, merdeka university surabaya e-mail: wicaksonounmer@gmail.com abstract: the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of iba plant growth regulators (indole butyric acid) on germination of sugarcane cuttings (saccharwn o_mcinarum l). the experimental materials include psjt 941 variety of sugarcane cuttings, soil and manure as medium with 2: 1 ratio. iba and 50% alcohol is used as treatment. pest and disease controls used basudin 60 ec and dithane m-45. this study uses randomized block design (rak) with three replicates and each replicate consisted of 2 sample plants. the treatment is as follows: ko: without treatment, k1: 500 ppm, k2: 1000 ppm, k3: 1500 ppm, k4: 2000 ppm. the study reveals that treatment of k4 iba solution (2000 ppm) has very significant effect on variables of germination speed, shoot length, number of leaves and number of roots, and significantly different at root length. administration of iba solution at concentration of 1500 ppm accelerated germination time of sugar cane cuttings, occurred on the fourth day (fourth). administration of iba solution at 2000 ppm gave the highest result which was not different with 1500 ppm concentration on shoot length, leaf number, root length and root number. the higher the concentration of iba, the higher the shoot length, the number of leaves, the length of the roots and the number of roots of sugar cane produced. keywords: pgr, germination of sugarcane stek, rak 1. introduction sugarcane (sacharum of ofcinarum l.) is one of the important crops as a sugar producer. more than half the world sugar production is derived from sugar cane. sugar industry in indonesia is currently facing severe challenges. these challenges come from the flood of imported sugar, the relatively low productivity of sugarcane, low performance and efficiency of pg (sugar factory), transfer of sugar cane to non-agricultural land, and competition with other commodities. the last two factors have caused the sugar cane to move to moor land (subiyono 2005). according sarjadi (1977), treatment of stem cuttings to accelerate germination includes treatment with growth hormone (growth regulator). rismunandar (1991) mentions that hormone is a kind of organic material, and can be classified in the types of proteins. hormone serves as an element in metabolism, carbohydrate and other substances. each type of hormone in effect agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa application of ibapgr concentrationongermination ofsugarcane (saccharumofficinarum l)cuttings bambangwicaksonohariyadi, sri purwanti page | has the power to build, encourage, and stimulate certain body parts. this is supported by heddy's (1996) opinion that hormones are molecules whose activity regulates important metabolic reactions. these molecules are formed in metabolic processes of organisms and do not work in nutrition. the term growth substances includes plant hormones (natural) and artificial compounds that can change the growth and development of plants. plant hormone consists of three groups of compounds: auksin, gibberellins and kinin (heddy, 1996). with hormonal or growth regulator, germination of sugar cane is expected to be faster and produce better seeds. therefore, the present research use substance or hormone called iba (indole butyric add). 2. materials and methods the research materials include psjt 941 seed cuttings, soil and manure as medium with 2: 1 ratio. as treatment, iba solution and 50% alcohol with ko: concentration without treatment, k1: 500 ppm = 0,5 mg /ml, k2: 1000 ppm = 1 mg/ml, k3: 1500 ppm = 1.5 mg/ml, k4: 2000 ppm = 2 mg/ml are used. pest and disease controls used basudin 60 ec and dithane m-45. the research tool includes polybag size 30 x 20 cm, cuttings knife, measuring cylinders, ruler, measuring ruler, spoon, scales analysis, ohaus scales, sprayer, plastic bucket and stationery. this study uses a randomized block design (rbd) with three replicates and each replicate consisted of two plants. k0:: without treatment k1::500 ppm k2::1000 ppm k 3::1500 ppm and k 4: 2000 ppm. to determine the effect of treatment, analysis of variance or f is used. bnt test is used to determine differences in treatment with trust level p = 0.05 (yimosumarto, 1991). 3. results and discussion 3.1. speed of germination results of analysis of variance indicate that treatment on iba has real influence. germination is more rapid at a concentration of 1500 ppm iba solution (k3), on the agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa application of ibapgr concentrationongermination ofsugarcane (saccharumofficinarum l)cuttings bambangwicaksonohariyadi, sri purwanti page | 4th day after planting compared to treatment with k4, k2, k1 and k0 observations. average germination rates are presented in table 1. table 1. average speed of sugar cane germination with treatment of iba solution treatment speed of germination k 3 (1500 ppm) 4.00 a k 4 (2000 ppm) 5.30 b k 2 (1000 ppm) 5.30 b k 1 (500 ppm) 5.50 b k 0 (0 ppm) 6'50 c bnt 5% 0.73 information : the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at 5% bnt test. in table 1, it appears that treatment with hormone iba (k3) 1500 ppm on cuttings of sugar cane soaked for 20 seconds indicates that the speed of germination is more rapid and has significant difference on growth speed on average occurred on day four (4) after planting compared with other treatments. furthermore, the speed of germination is as follows, with treatment concentration (k4) 2000 ppm and (k2)1000 ppm, the average result is 5.3 days, (k 1)500 ppm, the average result is 5.5 days and (k 0)0 ppm, the average result is 6.5 days. analysis of variety of iba hormone in cane cuttings shows that it is effective to increase the speed of germination at a concentration level of 1500 ppm. cane cuttings germinated on the fourth day, indicating that iba hormone has a positive effect in stimulating germination rate, creating faster rooting. iba hormone is one of the hormones included in auxin group, besides being used to stimulate rooting, it also has other benefits such as increasing germination, stimulating the growth of leaf and extending the shoots (kusumo, 1984). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa application of ibapgr concentrationongermination ofsugarcane (saccharumofficinarum l)cuttings bambangwicaksonohariyadi, sri purwanti page | 3.2. shoots length the result of variance analysis showed that treatment of iba solution was highly significant. the highest shoot length after planting was indicated in the treatment of solution concentration of 2000 ppm iba (k 4),followed by treatment with k 3, k 2, k 1 and k 0. the higher the concentration of the given iba solution, the higher the length of the resulting shoots length. . observation data on shoot length average is presented in table 2. table 2 average of sugar cane shoots length with iba concentration treatment on final observations treatment shoots length k 0 (0 ppm) 133.00 a k 1 (500 ppm) 133.33 a k 2 (1000 ppm 138.67 ab k 3 (1500 ppm) 146.33 b k 4 (2000 ppm) 149.33 b bnt 5% 8.06 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at lsd 5%. in table 2, it is seen that the higher concentration of iba given up to a certain amount indicates a very significant effect on shoot length. this is in accordance with iba hormone function as a growth hormone as inseparable process of growth and development (growth and development) of a plant, which can stimulate the growth of iba cleoptile or shoot of a plant (anonymous, 2008). application of iba on sugarcane cuttings is effective to spur high growth buds. this result is consistent with the staba and cheng (1981) research that successfully grew buds explan of sugarcane to form a plantet with the addition of iba because the use of iba may spur shoot extension. according to abidin (1980), iba is part of the active ingredient that has ability in supporting the extension of cell at the shoot and increases the length of stem without affecting agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa application of ibapgr concentrationongermination ofsugarcane (saccharumofficinarum l)cuttings bambangwicaksonohariyadi, sri purwanti page | the number of sections. this is supported by dawam (1994), stating that iba is capable of spurring stem elongation. at a concentration level of 2000 ppm, it gives optimal shoot length. 3.3. leaf amount the result of variance analysis showed that iba treatment had a very real effect. the highest number of leaves at the end of observation is indicated by treatment of iba solution concentration of 2000 ppm (k 4), followed by treatment with concentration of k 3, k 2, k 1 and k 0. the higher iba concentration solution, the higher the number of leaves generated. this suggests that higher concentrations of iba at certain amount have a very significant effect on the number of leaves. observational data on the average number of leaves is presented in table 3. table 3. average number of leafs on cane plant by treatment of iba solution concentration at the end of observation. treatment number of leaves k 0 (0 ppm) 7.33 a k 1 (500 ppm) 7.67 a k 2 (1000 ppm) 8.00 ab k 3 (1500 ppm) 8.67 b k 4 (2000 ppm) 9.33 b bnt 5% 0 80 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at btn 5%. in table 3, it is seen that the higher concentration of iba given up to a certain number indicates a very significant effect on the number of leaves. this corresponds to the nature of iba solution included in the growth hormone which can stimulate the extension and number of leaves. besides, it is also very influential on genetic traits during germination as well as other physiological aspects (heddy, 1996). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa application of ibapgr concentrationongermination ofsugarcane (saccharumofficinarum l)cuttings bambangwicaksonohariyadi, sri purwanti page | concentration of iba solution gives an optimum effect to the number of leaf produced. iba assists in the activity of cell division at the shoot, so the growth of the shoots will be faster and the extent of the cells in the young shoot tissue (rahardia 1988). 3.4. root length analysis of variance indicate that treatment of iba solution have real effect. the highest root length at the end of the observation after planting is indicated by treatment solution concentration of 2000 ppm iba (k 4) subsequent treatment concentration of k 3, k 2, k 1 and k0. while it is not significantly different from the treatment of k 3 (1500 ppm) and k 2 (1000 ppm), it is significantly different from treatment of k1 and k0. observational data on average root length are presented in table 4. table 4. average of cane root length with iba treatment at the end of observation treatment root length k 0 (0 ppm) 32.00 a k 1 (500 ppm) 32, 67 a k 2 (1000 ppm) 39 67 ab k 3 (1500 ppm) 42.00 b k 4 (2000 ppm) 46.67 b bnt 5% 8 07 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column is not significantly different at bnt 5%. in table 4, it appears that the higher the concentration of iba given up to a certain amount, the higher the length of the root. this is considered due to the influence of the iba hormone, the energy present in the cuttings used for the root elongation stage. this is in line with hartman's opinion, et al (1990), that iba hormone can stimulate root formation and spur root growth (sabanek & jesko, 1989). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa application of ibapgr concentrationongermination ofsugarcane (saccharumofficinarum l)cuttings bambangwicaksonohariyadi, sri purwanti page | 3.5. number of roots analysis of variance indicates that treatment of iba solution has a very real effect. the highest total root at the end of the observation is indicated by treatment of iba solution concentration of 2000 ppm (k 4) subsequent treatment concentration k3, k2, k1 and k0, the higher the concentration of iba solution, the higher number of roots generated. this suggests that the more concentration of iba administered to a certain amount has a very significant effect on the number of roots. the data of the average number of roots are presented in table 5. table 5: average number of root of sugar cane with treatment of iba solution on final observations. treatment number of roots k 0 (0 ppm) 13.00 a k 1 (500 ppm) 18.33 a k 2 (1000 ppm) 20.33 a k 3 (1500 ppm) 29.33 b k 4 (2000 ppm) 30.67 b bnt 5% 8.07 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at 5% bnt test. table 5 shows that the higher concentrations of iba given up to a certain number indicate a very significant effect on the number of roots. this is because iba can accelerate the growth of new roots in plants (rismunandar, 1991). treatment with solution of iba k4 (2000 ppm) resulted in a higher rooting treatment compared with k3, k2, k1 and k0 while it is not significantly different from treatment of k 3 (1500 ppm). kusumo (1984) suggests that iba typically produces little roots that quickly become long and form strong fiber roots. this is in line with salisbury and ross (1992), stating that iba plays an important role in the process of cell division and enlargement, especially in the early formation of roots. furthermore zaer and mapes (1935) stated that the absorbed plants depends on concentrations given and will determine the cell division. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa application of ibapgr concentrationongermination ofsugarcane (saccharumofficinarum l)cuttings bambangwicaksonohariyadi, sri purwanti page | if the iba to be absorbed is high, the process of cell division will take place fast that callus formation will be faster and broader. the larger the part that makes up the callus, the more the primordial roots are formed that more root initiation occurs. this resulted in the growth of roots in the treatment with a particular iba concentration which is better than treatment with a lower concentration of iba. 4. conclusion application of iba (indole butyric acid) growth regulator concentration on germination of cuttings of sugar cane was highly significant to variables of speed of germination, shoot length, number of leaves and number of roots , and significantly different in root length variables. administration of iba solution at 1500 ppm concentration accelerates the time of germination of sugar cane cuttings, which occurs on the fourth day. administration of iba solution at 2000 ppm gave the highest result which was not significantly different with 1500 ppm concentration in shoot length, leaf number, and root length and root number. the higher the concentration of iba, the higher the shoot length, the number of leaves, the length of the roots and the number of roots of sugar cane produced. references [1] subiyono, 2005. sugarcane cane management. east java plantation office. surabaya. pp 728. 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[8] kusumo, s. 1984. plant growth regulator substances. cv. jasaguna. jakarta. p. 75 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa application of ibapgr concentrationongermination ofsugarcane (saccharumofficinarum l)cuttings bambangwicaksonohariyadi, sri purwanti page | [9] djoehana, s. & husaini, a. 1992. sugarcane cultivation grow postharvest. cv. yasaguna. jakarta. p. 152. [10] dwidjoseputro, d. 1978. introduction to plant physiology. pt gramedia. jakarta. p. 231. [11] hartmann, ht, db 1990. kester & fe davies plant propagation principles and practices. f ift. edition. prentice hill international, inc. new jersey. p. 246-250. [12] haryadi, s. 1978. introduction to agronomy. pt gramedia jakarta. p. 195. [13] moenandir, j. 1994. plant grow sugarcane crop year. publishing institution. brawijaya university, malang. p. 46 p. 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[17] dillewijn, 1952. cv botany of sugarcane. the cronica bostarica co. walham. mass usa. p 365-403. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal *fatmawati, moh. kurdi *faculty of agriculture, wiraraja university e-mail: 1fatmawati.ir@gmail.com,2kurdi.em@gmail.com abstract one of the herbs that are very potential to be developed in the village of matanair, rubaru district, sumenep regency is instant herbal medicine. immediate herbal medicine is an effort to make it easier for consumers to enjoy herbal medicine. formulation of the problem in this study how is the feasibility of an instant herbal agroindustry business in sumenep regency. as well as how to develop the next herbal medicine agro-business business in sumenep regency. the analysis used in this study to see the feasibility of the company used financial feasibility analysis. market analysis is carried out by analyzing the development of demand (demand side) and supply side (instant side) for several years to come. furthermore, to see the development prospects and strategies used a swot analysis. based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were obtained: on the results of the calculation of the feasibility analysis that has been done is got the npv value of rp. 241.604,291.70, -; pay back period with a period of 1.53 years; irr value is 58.80%, and net b / c is 2.35. alternative strategies that can be applied to herbal medicine agroindustries based on business positions in quadrant i, namely so strategy, in the so strategy four alternative strategies can be used, including market penetration, attention to production continuity, expanding product distribution, carrying out missions product introduction outside madura. keywords: instant herbal medicine, feasibility, swot 1. introduction madura island development post-suramadu bridge construction is believed to be a significant contribution regarding reviving the economy of east java. madura development can be started from the eastern region. therefore, since the first purpose of the visit madura travel in the east region. after the longest bridge was built, the east region is increasingly becoming a tourist destination madura. therefore sumenep as most counties in the east end can be a reference for madura tourism. tourism potential that has been developed is natural tourism and religious tourism (pratiwi, ali, setiawan, budiyanto, & sucahyo, 2017). besides another tourism potential that can be produced is the concept of agrotourism. agro-tourism can be used as a solution to overcome these problems. the hope is that the agricultural sector can grow. besides sumenep renowned for its diverse types of herbs and herbal agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | medicine is called herb traditional madura great public interest and different from other traditional herbal medicine. herb is a product of natural ingredients native to indonesia, which is used for health maintenance, disease prevention, treatment of diseases, the restoration of health, fitness, and beauty. this natural ingredient is a legacy handed down by ancestors of indonesia, which has the knowledge how to utilize natural materials for medical, healthcare and beauty. the ancestors of indonesia have started treatment using herbs. sumenep, madura community, in particular, have long practiced traditional herbal medicine or herbal medicine which is more commonly called. in general, herbal drink formulated from herbs has been the ability of families and communities madura, especially those who still bleed blue (the descendants and relatives of the king). drinking herbal medicine are so attached to it have led to a principle of "better not eat than not drinking herbal medicine." based on the shape, herbs madura as herbal made in java can be grouped into five kinds of herbs, namely: fresh herbs. (2) herbal boiling. (3) herbal infusion. and (4) herbal oles. based on earlier research fatmawati (2014), agro-industry of herbal medicine in sumenep ranks second leading commodity in sumenep after cassava chips. agroindustrial herbs in sumenep worthy to be pursued. another study from fatmawati (2011) states that the sumenep potential to be developed agro herbal concoction acquired madura and potential areas to be developed, the village matanair rubaru district of sumenep model of community-based ecotourism development. one of the herbs that very potential to be developed in the village matanair rubaru district of sumenep is herbal instant. instant herbal medicine is an attempt to facilitate for consumers to enjoy herbs. instant herbal medicine business in sumenep challenged to develop specific strategies to increase brand awareness of indonesian society (ali, 2014). all courses are conducted will not be successful without the support of the community and the government. based on the above need to be aware of regarding feasibility and prospects for the development of instant herbal medicine in sumenep. 2. methodology determination area research is done intentionally (purposive sampling) (nazir, 1989). this study was conducted in sumenep consideration sumenep regency is one of the central areas of the herbal medicine industry. the analytical methods used to address the feasibility of agro-herbal medicine by using financial feasibility analysis according to soetriono herbal medicine business. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | the analytical methods used to determine the development strategy agroindustry herbs that states used models swot analysis is one method to describe the condition and evaluate a problem, project or business concept is based on internal factors (inside) and external factors (outside), namely strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats. this method is most often used in business evaluation methods to find strategies that will be done. swot analysis describes the situation that occurs not as a problem solver. swot analysis is to identify the various factors systematically to formulate a strategy. this analysis is based on the logic that maximizes strength (strength) and opportunities (opportunities), but simultaneously to minimize the weakness (weakness) and threats (threats). this is called situational analysis. the most popular models for the analysis of the situation is the swot analysis. the first stage in the preparation of the analysis is the data collection phase. at this stage, the data can be divided into two, namely the external data and internal data. the model used in this phase is scoring internal environment analysis (ali) and external environment analysis (ale), environmental analysis and determination of the internal environment linkage analysis (ali) and external environment analysis (ale). 3. results and discussion herbal medicine can be categorized as a health drink. these products are made using the primary raw material of coffee combined with galangal. the physical form of the medicinal product is a powder and packaged in plastic form. this product is quite durable, and the composition of materials made of materials that are not harmful to health, and organoleptic taste can be accepted by society. a. analysis business financial feasibility herbal agro-industry feasibility analyzes regarding financial aspects, studying business management coffee galangal on finance in the agroindustrial coffee galangal consisting of outflow (outflow) in the form of fees and inflow (inflows) in the way of acceptance, which is then incorporated in cash flow or cash flow. the data collected is then analyzed into four investment criteria, ie, irr, npv, net b / c and pay back period is used to determine the feasibility of coffee agro-industry business development galangal. 1. cost herbs production cost of investments in agro-industry consists of the cost of provision of places of business, a variety of equipment used for produce herbs such as grinding, mixing, tools pres (continuous agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | sealer and hand sealer), stove, pans, tubs, sieves, knives, scales, laptop and procurement letter of business licenses (siup, situ, tin, etc.). the investment costs are the biggest agro-industrial plant building costs which amounted to rp. 135,000,000, -. operational costs in agro-herb consists of fixed costs and variable costs incurred during the year are calculated based on the number of working days for the production of agro-herbal. among some of these costs, the largest cost is a fixed cost overhead costs in the amount of rp. 58365.750, because these costs include various costs for labor costs outside of production such as labor administration and leadership, equipment and building maintenance costs, as well as electricity and telephone charges. total costs are fixed in the agro-herb that is rp. 87,652,285, -. details of the cost of equipment used in production can be seen in the table below. table 1. fixed costs herbal agro-industry no. cost-type value (usd) 1 factory overhead costs 58.36575 million 2 administration and general fee 600,000 3 cost of depreciation 11.125 million 4 interest rate 17,561,535 total fixed costs 87,652,285 the variable cost is a cost that can be changed at any period of the production, which is due to the fluctuation of the desired production. the variable cost consists of raw materials, supplies, and labor costs. on agroindustrial herbal variable costs is rp. 127 084 800, -. details of herbs such as agro-industry variable costs in the table below. table 2. variable costs herbal agro-industry no. cost-type value (usd) 1 raw material 41.472 million 2 supporting materials 62.8128 million 3 promotion and marketing 3,600,000 4 labor costs 19.2 million total variable cost 127 084 800 while total operating costs are some fixed costs and variable costs included in the table. table 3. herbal agro-industry operating costs no. cost-type value (usd) 1 fixed cost 87,652,285 2 variable costs 127 084 800 total operating costs 214 737 085 2. income agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | based on the large production rate of herbs that have been described previously, the capacity of agro-industrial production of herbal medicine during a year that produce large packaging herbs (250g) as many as 10 368 units at a price of 25.000 / unit, whereas small packs (20g) of 43,200 units at a price of rp. 2.000 / unit. thus, the total revenue generated agro-herbal medicine is rp. 345 600 000, -. more fully projected output and income can be seen in the table below in the table below. table 4. production and revenue projection herbal agro-industry no. commentary unit production (units / month) production (units / year) price (usd/g) value (usd / year) 1 types of products • herbal (large) 250g 864 10 368 25,000 259 200 000 • herbs (small) 20g 3,600 43200 2,000 86.4 million 2 total gross revenue year 53 568 27,000 345 600 000 1. financial feasibility of business herbal agro-industry the results of calculations on the feasibility of agro-herbal medicine, the result can be seen in the table that the business is viable and developed. table 5. feasibility analysis herbal agro-industry eligibility parameters value irr(%) 58.80% pbp (effort) year 1.53 df 12% npv(usd) 241,604,291.70 net b / c ratio 2.35 the calculation result of investment criteria with the discount factor of 12% per year the net b / c ratio of 2.35 (greater than 1), while the rate payback period is 1.53 (less than ten years of age business) and npv rp. 241,602,291.70, (a positive value, greater than 0). retrieved irr 58.80% (greater than 12% discount factor). in other words, these agroindustrial herb enterprises still feasible until the interest rate (discount factor) of 58.80% every year. 4. irr (internal rate of return) irr is used to measure the rate of return on investment which is issued agroindustry herbs as measured by the prevailing interest rates at the moment is 12%. at 5:12 in the above table it is known that the value of irr obtained at 58.80%, the amount shows the importance of irr is greater than the interest rate applicable (58.80%> 12%) which means that the business viable agroherbal medicine. these values also indicate that the herbal medicine business will remain the agroindustry can be said to be eligible to run until the interest rate reaches 58.80%. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | in irr 58.80% indicates that the amount of investment made for this effort will get the return on investment of 58.80%, this is an opportunity for investors to invest in this business because the profit level is high enough, but it can be strengthened even this effort in the capital. 5. npv (present net value) npv at agroindustrial enterprises herbal medicine with an interest rate of 12%, the value of rp. 241,604,291.70, -, the value indicates that the npv is greater than zero or a positive value. this means that the net proceeds agro-herbal greater than the overall costs and it can be concluded that the beneficial herbs and agro-industry to develop. 6. net b / c ratio net b / con agroindustrial herbs obtained of 2.35. tersebur value indicates that the value of the net b / c is more than one (2.35> 1), thus it can be concluded that the herbal medicine business profitable and viable agro-industry developed, in addition to the value of net b / c could mean that each one cost will generate profit or benefit of 2.35. 7. pbp (pay back period) pay back period the magnitude of the period required for the agroindustry this herb can restore the value of the investments made. in table 6 are known pbp value that is equal to 1.53 which means that the agro-industry businesses can recover the investment within one year six months ten days were done by calculating the feasibility of the business project based on a period of 5 years. the period has shown that the business pbp coffee agro-industry effort galangal exceed the economic life of 10 years. thus it can be said to be feasible. 8. development strategy the factors mentioned previously will be grouped into two categories, namely internal strengths and weaknesses. a. strength the factors included in the category of the strength of the agro-industrial enterprise's herbs consists of 6 elements. that is raw materials are easy to obtain, value-added products, the selling price of affordable products, trained human resources, utilization of the online system in a promotion, and completeness of business licensing. b. weakness factor in the category of weaknesses in the coffee agro-industry effort galangal is as follows. tha is product quality is still less than the maximum, packaging not maximal, there is no partnership for the acquisition of coffee, the application of the technology is still low, simple business management, and segmentation and market position have not been studied. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | c. matrix internal factors matrix internal factors illustrate that these factors need to be examined to produce a strategy for a business. internal elements consist of two factors, namely factor of strength and weakness.at this stage each of the factors included in both of them will be given a rating, the rating will show the importance of these factors in the company. the rating is then multiplied by the value of the weighting resulting in a score; a score is used to determine the position of agroindustry herbs. the following matrix table of internal factors in the agro-herb in the table below. table 6. matrix internal factors herbal agro-industry internal factors weight rating score power 1. galangal easily available raw materials 0.103 4 0.412 2. value-added products 0.081 3 0,243 3. the selling price of affordable products 0,072 3 0.216 4. trained human resources 0.073 2 0,146 5. utilization of the online system in promotion 0.077 3 0.231 6. completeness of business licensing 0.102 4 0.408 total factor strength 0.508 1.656 weakness 1. product quality is still less than the maximum 0.075 3 0,225 2. packaging not maximal 0,085 2 0.170 3. there is no partnership for the acquisition of coffee 0.073 3 0.219 4. the application of the technology is still low 0,084 2 0.168 5. simple business management 0.083 2 0.166 6. segmentation and market position have not been studied 0.093 2 0.186 total factor weakness 0.493 1,134 total 1.00 2,790 in the table above is known that factors greatest strength are two factors that have a difference of score bit that factors feedstock easily obtained with a score of 0.412, the acquisition of raw materials is very important for businesses agro because the sustainability and continuity of production is determined by the availability of raw materials, while the second most significant factor is the factor of the completeness of business licenses with a score of 0.408, completeness agro-business licensing will support and protect the company's business purpose in the legal aspects. factors weakness in the agro-industry herbs consists of 6 factors. factors biggest weakness is simple business management with a score of 0.166, simple business management can hinder the development of agro-herbs, so it tends to be stagnant agro-industry. the next factor low application of technology with a score of 0.168, applied techniques will affect production yields obtained. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | the total score was 2,790 internal factors indicate that the internal position of the coffee agro-industry effort galangal is above the average value of 2.50. d. opportunity the opportunities that are owned by the agro-industrial business herbs are patent protection, the imagery of herbs lifted, increased consumption of herbs, population growth, government support, and supporting environmental protection regulations. e. threat threats in an effort can lead to a deterioration of business if not addressed immediately. the factors threat in herbal medicine agroindustrial enterprises are their competitors the same product, new product, consumer sensitivity to prices, consumer confidence remains low, the increase in electricity tariffs, petrol, and telephone, and international trade barriers. f. matrix external factors matrix external factors can give an idea of the influence of environmental factors beyond the agro-industry business to business strategy formulation. external factors consisted of factors opportunities and threats. here are the details of the matrix of external factors in the table below table 7. matrix external factors herbal agro-industry external factors weight rating score chance 1. patent protection 0.091 3 0.273 2. the imagery of herbs lifted 0.095 3 0.285 3. increased consumption of herbs 0.093 3 0.279 4. population growth 0,084 3 0.252 5. government support 0.079 3 0.237 6. supporting environmental protection regulations 0.087 3 0.261 total factor opportunities 0.529 1,587 threat 1. their competitors the same product 0.079 3 0.237 2. new product 0.083 2 0.166 3. consumer sensitivity to prices 0.081 3 0,243 4. low consumer confidence 0.074 3 0.222 5. tariff increases in fuel, telephone, and electricity 0.079 3 0.237 6. international trade barriers 0.075 3 0,225 total factor threat 0.471 1.33 total 1.00 2,917 according to the table above can be seen that the agro-industrial herbs have six chances to be utilized for business development. factors opportunities that have the highest score is the factor raised the image of herbal medicine with a score of 0.285. the second highest factor that increased agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | consumption of herbs with a score of 0.279 these factors affect demand for herbal medicine. a further consideration, namely, patent protection can prevent plagiarism businesses already in the licensing process with a score of 0.273. in the above matrix also includes threats, there are six factors herbs threat of agro-industry. the biggest threat is a factor of their new product with a score of 0.166; another product will be a competitor for herbal medicine. while the second threat factor is the factor of consumer confidence is still low with a score of 0.222. further elements of international trade barriers that require a high-quality product that has a score of 0.225, this factor becomes a threat because of the quality of coffee products laws are still not able to compete even with the products of the coffee industry in the country. the total score was 2,917 external factors. 3. position matrix swot analysis from the analysis of the matrix of internal factors and external factors can be combined into the swot matrix so that businesses can know the position of agro-industrial enterprises at this time. total score of internal factors in the amount of 2,790 which is a merger between the score of the strengths and weaknesses score. while external factors obtained a score of 2,917 out of the combined group should score opportunities and threats. securing rating is then inserted in the diagram swot matrix so that we will get an idea of agro-industry business position. swot matrix image position herbal agro-industry 2,917 2,790 quadrant 1quadrant 3 quadrant 4 quadrant 2 external factors internal factors various opportunities various threats internal weaknesses internal strength agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | based on the analysis of internal and external environment agroindustry herbs, as well as the formulation of strategic alternatives that have been made, the position of the business is in quadrant i, namely the use of force as well as the opportunities that have for sustainability and business development (aggressive strategy / growth-oriented strategy). based on this position can be seen, the focus of an appropriate strategy to be applied in this effort is so strategy. 9. strategy formulation based on the attached diagram swot matrix, it can be formulated by the development strategy of internal and external conditions agroindustry herbs as follows: a. so strategy 1. namely market penetration strategy that identifies and develops growth market segments for products that already exist. 2. pay attention to the sustainability of production. 3. expand product distribution, during this effort, is only distributes its products to several places or stores, should be improving the marketing system. his job doing marketing functions to facilitate the flow of agricultural products from producers to consumers beginning of the end. 4. mission by way of introduction to the product outside of madura, after mastering sumenep market. for manufacturers market development, especially the marketing department must seek markets outside madura island sumenep or even achieve the vision that has been set b. wo strategy 1. improving technologies are adopted to improve the quality of the product so that in the end all of the production processes is done with technology without compromising the cleanliness to maintain product quality. 2. partnership and improve the layout of the production, a collaboration in the acquisition of raw materials to maintain the availability of raw materials both regarding the type and quality of production and build a unique layout. 3. examines aspects of management and marketing make improvements to the management of existing businesses as well as reviewing the marketing aspects such as segmentation and market position to market the product by the plan. c. st strategy 1. maintaining good relations with distributors and consumers it is necessary for the sustainability of the mutual relationship between producers and consumers as well as distributors. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa analysis and business development strategy agroindustry herbal fatmawati, moh. kurdi page | 2. extend reach of the promotion, the promotion means not only done on one side that is using the online system, but the other hand as through electronic media, word of mouth, through leaflets and other promotional means should be made to the level of product introduction among the wider community. 3. evaluating the internal condition of the business, the need for improvement in the internal states of existing companies. evaluatio. d. wt strategy 1. improving the quality of various terms to end the stagnation of trade and facing threats. 2. choosing a product focus, in an effort indeed needed the development of products or alternative products. 3. improving the ability of management companies to add competitiveness to include training in the management of the company for those who are in the company's core position. based on the analysis of internal and external environment agroindustry herbs, as well as the formulation of strategic alternatives that have been made, the position of the business is in quadrant i, namely the use of force as well as the opportunities that have for sustainability and business development (aggressive strategy). based on this position can be seen, the focus of an appropriate strategy to be applied in this effort is so strategy, while the so strategy for agroindustry businesses herbs is: 1. market penetration. 2. pay attention to the sustainability of production. 3. expand product distribution. 4. mission by way of introduction to the product outside of madura. 4. conclusion on the results of the feasibility analysis calculations have been done shows that the npv value of rp. 241,604,291.70, -; payback period is 1.53 years; irr is 58.80% and the net b / c of 2.35. alternative strategies can be applied to agroindustry herbal based business position is in quadrant i which strategies so, the so strategy, there are four alternative strategies that can be used, among others: market penetration, pay attention to the sustainability of production, expand product distribution, carrying out the mission by conducting introduction of products to the outside of madura. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde 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(1995). agricultural development in post-gatt.journal provinsilampung in the age of social economics vol. 1 no. june 1st, 1995. bandar lampung. faculty of agriculture, university of lampung. lampung. page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda faculty of agriculture, merdeka university, surabaya *correspoding author e-mail: wicaksonounmer@gmail.com abstract the number of clumps per hectare is influenced by the percentage of germination of kinds of seeds used (tamelsilva, 2006). increasing the production of sugar cane as a raw material for sugar is absolutely necessary. one of the causes of the decline in sugarcane productivity is the problem in the use of seeds, such as sugarcane seeds used by farmers who are less qualified (iskandar, 2005). the study was conducted at the experimental garden of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university, surabaya, in march-april 2017. using a randomized block design (rbd) consisting of six treatment combinations with three replications and two sample plants. as for the combination treatment, as follows: a (variety lps-864 and buds buds section 20); b (variant lps-864 and mata tunas middle-segment-14); c (variety of lps-864 and mata tunas at the base of section-08); d (variety of lps-891 and buds section of section-20); e (variant lps891 and mata tunas middle-segment-14); f (variety of lps-891 and mata tunas at the base of segment08). the results showed that the treatment of the combination of the location of the buds and varieties significantly affected the observation of the number of leaves, but the effect was very significant on the variable of germination speed and length of the plant and the wet weight of the plant. combination treatment of bud location on segment-20 (shoots) on the sugar cane varieties lps-891 and cane varieties lps-864 showed the best results on all observational variables, although the highest results always indicated the location of bud-section 20 buds (shoots) on sugarcane varieties lps-891, but statistically not significantly different. keywords: layout of buds, germination, cane 1. introduction sugarcane (saccharum officinarum linn.) is one of the potential plantations and has a high economic value, because sugarcane has a high sugar content in the stem. national sugar production in 2013 decreased by 1.77% when compared to 2012 production with a yield of 7.2% and an increase in the area of sugar cane to 460,496 hectares. this is equivalent to the production of white crystal sugar of 2.39 million tons. whereas the initial target of sugar self-sufficiency in 2014 was 5.7 million tons of white crystal sugar and adjustments had been made to 3.1 million tons to achieve a more realistic target. therefore, the development and productivity improvement program is a priority (ditjenbun, 2013). community demand for sugar continues to increase from time to time. this is due to population development and the increasingly widespread industry that uses raw materials for sugar. page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the average sugar production is 2.26 million tons per year, while consumption is around 5.10 million tons per year. this is what causes the sugar production and consumption figures show a high gap. increasing sugarcane production is a raw material for sugar which is absolutely necessary. one of the causes of the decline in sugarcane productivity is the problem in the use of seeds, such as sugarcane seeds used by farmers who are less qualified (iskandar, 2005). furthermore according to winarsih and sugiyarta (2008), that sugarcane seedlings come from two sources, namely: conventional and tissue culture. the success of sugarcane cultivation is largely determined by the quality factor of sugarcane seeds. good sugarcane seeds are pure, free from pests and diseases and weeds, so they have good germination and growth speed. in 2002-2007, the increase in sugarcane productivity was carried out through an acceleration program for increasing national sugar productivity and as a result indonesia was able to self-support sugar consumption directly in 2008. with the successful implementation of the aforementioned acceleration program, in 2010, a national sugar self-sufficiency program was launched in 2014 with a sugar production target of 5.7 million tons, so as to meet the national sugar needs of both white and refined crystal sugar. strategies to achieve these targets include increasing the productivity of both sugar cane and sugar, expanding the area, revitalizing and developing the sugar-based sugar industry, strengthening institutions and financing as well as national policies. in the context of 2014 national sugar self-sufficiency, a strategic step which is mutually supportive is developed, namely the arrangement of varieties in order to optimize land and milling efficiency, so that sugar productivity increases (ditjenbun, 2013). germination is the beginning of the growth of sugarcane. germination consists of the development of sugarcane organs contained in sugarcane seedlings (hariyadi, ali, & pratiwi, 2018). buds are miniature stems with growth points and leaf and root primordia that form sugarcane shoots. after that, root primordia that have grown into seedling roots will function to absorb nutrients and water (martin et al, 1961 in andreas, 2013). the condition of the growth of sugar cane plants is very much required by buds whose growth is uniform. the buds that are located on the young and un-colored segments will germinate faster than the older ones. the more the ata or the more downward the longer the germination, because the more upward is too young and soft, while the lower is getting older, the possibility is damaged. the use of proper bud number is expected to be obtained by plants with good growth and production (pujiarso, 2003). van dellewijn (1952) writes that sugarcane buds equipped with a small amount of tissue and a small number of root candidates (bud chips) can germinate and are able to grow into seeds, whereas ramaiah et al. (1977) reported that the possibility of using buds as a type of seed in page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence sugarcane cultivation. jain et.al. (2010) reported that the use of buds as a type of seedlings directly in the field led to the low growth of seedlings in the field, due to the limited food reserves in the variety of seeds. results of interim studies conducted in india by jain et al. (2010) showed that a single eye sugar cane germinated individually in a polybag could produce an excellent percentage of germination (> 95%) with a normal initial growth of seedlings. at 16 weeks after planting, plant height can reach as low as one meter with a stem diameter of about one centimeter. according to saryadi (1997), the location of the buds on sugarcane stems affects germination. the buds located on the young cane stem sections (shoots) will germinate faster than the buds located on the very old stem segments (pengkal). furthermore soetopo (1988) states that the segments of the upper sugarcane stem (shoots or young stems) contain more glucose than the lower sugar cane segments, so that the highest germination rate is reached by the upper sugar cane segments . this is consistent with the opinion of dillewijn (1952) in clements (1980) which states, that the old sugarcane stems contain more saccharose than glucose. in sugarcane cuttings for germination, younger shoots will germinate faster than older buds. dwidjoseputro (1978) explains, that photosynthesis is a process of preparation (anabolism), where energy is needed from a light source stored as a chemical in the form of glucose (c6h12o6), then in the process of metabolism, glucose is disassembled (catabolism) or regenerated to administer glucose. life processes. clements (1980) research results state that the buds on the sugar cane stem located on the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th stem sections of the top of the stem section, produce the highest percentage of germination and germination rate. sarjadi further (1997) argues, that the highest germination speed is shown by the buds at numbers 10, 12, 14 and the results decrease until the shoots are located at the base of the sugarcane stem. according to ahmad dhiaul khuluq and ruly hamida (2014), that the pattern of bud germination rate in the sugar cane squared is quadratic. the buds are located at the base of the stem, germinate slowly, then get faster and reach the optimum at the shoots that are close to the shoots, then decrease back to the lowest at the buds located on the shortest stem segments. this is due to the budding eyes still not fully formed. while the results of the research yohan tri widarto (2012) concluded that there was a very significant effect on the location of the buds on the parameters of plant length, plant wet weight and germination speed, but had no significant effect on the number of leaves, root length of plants. the interaction between the treatment of bud location with the use of em-4 significantly affected the parameters of plant length, root length and wet weight of sugarcane. page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence one way to support the intensification program is to achieve the expected sugar productivity, including the use of superior seeds from superior varieties, so it is deemed necessary to carry out further testing of the location of the seedling buds on several varieties of sugar cane in order to obtain seeds with superior varieties. 2. research methods the study was conducted in the experimental garden of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, on jalan ketintang madya vii-2 surabaya, east java with a height of ± 5 meters above sea level. the materials used in this study include: planting soil, seedling mule seeds of one bud shoot at segment-20 (shoots), section-14 (middle) and section-8 (base) , varieties lps-864 and lps-891, while the tools used include: hoe, pocker, knife, polybag (medium size 5 kg), labels, ruler gauges, stationery, weight gauges (house scales and electric scales) and other laboratory equipment. this study used a randomized block design (rbd) consisting of six treatment combinations with three replications and two sample plants. as for the combination treatment, as follows: a (variety lps-864 and buds buds section 20); b (variant lps-864 and mata tunas middle-segment-14); c (variety of lps-864 and mata tunas at the base of section-08); d (variety of lps-891 and buds section of section-20); e (variant lps-891 and mata tunas middle-segment-14); f (variety of lps-891 and mata tunas at the base of segment-08). according to adji sastrosupadi (1999) and bambang wicaksono hariyadi (2017) to find out the effect of the treatment of buds on mules on the germination of two varieties of sugarcane, the f test with a level of 5% is used, namely the variance analysis test (asr). if the results of the f% test have a significant influence, then proceed with the t test (test the smallest significant difference) with a level of 5% to determine the difference between the location of the buds on the mule seedlings to two varieties of sugar cane, socombination can be known that the right. useful and beneficial. 3. results and discussion 3.2 research result 1. plant germination speed and wet weight the results of the analysis of the variance showed that the combination treatment of the location of the buds and varieties of sugarcane had a very significant effect on the observed variables of the germination speed and the wet weight of the sugarcane cuttings. the statement above is suspected, page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence that the location of the bud is important as one of the requirements in the cultivation of sugarcane, as well as for the variety of varieties used, because each variety has its own advantages and has different germination abilities. this is in accordance with the results of the research yohan tri widarto (2012) concluded that there was a very significant effect on the treatment of the location of the buds on parameters of plant length, plant wet weight and germination speed, but had no significant effect on the number of leaves, plant root length. the interaction between the treatment of bud location with the use of em-4 significantly affected the parameters of plant length, root length and wet weight of sugarcane. table 1. average plant germination speed and wet weight of effects treatment combination of the layout of the buds and the varieties of cane plants differen treatment of combination of the layout of the buds and the varieties of sugar cane germination speed (days) wet weight of the plant (grams) a = (var.lps-864 x section-20 shoots) 5.00 ab 96.30 cd b = (var.lps-864 x middle section-14) 7.00 cde 85.90 abc c = (var.lps-864 x section-08 base) 7,67 e 76,90 a d = (var.lps-891 x section-20 buds) 4,33 a 98.93 d e = (var.lps-891 x middle-section 14) 6.00 bcd 92.67 bcd f = (var.lps-891 x section 08) 7.33 de base82.33 ab bnt 5% 1.42 11.09 note: the numbers are accompanied by the same letters in the column the same was not significantly different in the 5% lsd test table 1 shows that the fastest germination process resulted in a combination of treatment d = (section-20 shoots x var.lps-891) in 4.33 days, although statistically not significantly different from combination treatment a = (section-20 shoots x var. lps-864) within 5.00 days. the results of the germination process that took the longest time showed a combination treatment of c = (section-08 base x var.lps-864), which was for 7.67 days and was not statistically significantly different from b = (middle section-14 x var.lps864) the time is 7:00 days and e = (middle section-14 x var. lps-891) the time is 6.00 days. when compared simply and separated from the combination treatment, the location of the buds that showed buds showed faster germination speed, when compared to the base, while the cuttings of the lps-891 variety germinated faster when compared to the lps-864 variety. page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence according to saryadi (1997), the location of the buds on sugarcane stems affects germination. the buds located on the young cane stem sections (shoots) will germinate faster than the buds located on the very old stem segments (pengkal). furthermore soetopo (1988) states that the segments of the upper sugarcane stem (shoots or young stems) contain more glucose than the lower sugar cane segments, so that the highest germination rate is reached by the upper sugar cane segments . this is consistent with the opinion of dillewijn (1952) in clements (1980) which states, that the old sugarcane stems contain more saccharose than glucose. in sugarcane cuttings for germination, younger shoots will germinate faster than older buds. table 1 also shows that the wet weight of sugarcane when harvested at 42 days after planting is highest, it is shown the combination treatment d = (section-20 shoots x var.lps-891), which weighs 98.93 grams but is not statistically significantly different from combination treatment a = (section-20 shoot x var. lps-864) weighing 96.30 grams and combination treatment e = (section 14 middle x var. lps-891) weighing 92.67 grams. the lowest wet weight of sugarcane plant is shown by the combination treatment c = (section-08 base x var.lps-864) which is weighing 76.90 grams. germination is influenced by many factors, both internal factors (seed quality) and external factors (growing environment). maximum germination only occurs if internal and external factors are optimum. both of these factors can be controlled to a certain extent by cultivation techniques so that normal germination. according to sutopo (1985), that in the process of germination there are five stages, namely: the first stage, germination begins with the process of absorption of water and hydropower of protoplasm. the second step is cell activity and enzymes and increased respiration. the third stage occurs decomposition of materials such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins into forms that are soluble and translocated to the point of growth. the fourth step is the assimilation of materials that have been dissolved to produce energy. the fifth stage is the growth of sprouts through the process of division, enlargement and division of cells at the point of growth. purnomo (2011), states that there is a substance of growing order for the buds contained in each cane stem section book, namely: a. buds will not develop into new shoots if the point of growth on the shoots of the sugarcane stem is not cut, injured, attacked by pests, flowering of the fallen sugarcane stems, herbicide poisoning and others; b. normally the buds will grow regularly and sequentially starting from the buds which are located in the segment of the tip of the eye. the substance of this growing order is called topdominance. the shoot domination is influenced by the addition of auxin growth regulating agent (zpt) and to reduce the shoot domination effect so as to page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence obtain a germination germination, it can be done, for example by rayugan system or cutting cuttings selection. 2. number of leaves and length of plants the results of the analysis of the variance showed that the combination treatment of the location of the buds and varieties of sugarcane had a very significant effect on the observed variables of the germination speed and the wet weight of the sugarcane cuttings. according to ahmad dhiaul khuluq and ruly hamida (2014), that the pattern of bud germination rate in the sugar cane squared is quadratic. the buds are located at the base of the stem, germinate slowly, then get faster and reach the optimum at the shoots that are close to the shoots, then decrease back to the lowest at the buds located on the shortest stem segments. this is due to the budding eyes still not fully formed. dwidjoseputro (1978) explains that photosynthesis is a process of preparation (anabolism), where energy is needed from a light source that is stored as a chemical in the form of glucose (c6h12o6), then in the process of metabolism, glucose is disassembled (catabolism) or regenerated to carry out the chemical. life processes. table 2. average number of leaves and length of plants due totreatment of the combinationlayout of the bud and cane varieties different at 21 and 42 days treatment of combination of the layout of the buds and varieties of cane plants number of leaves (strands) plant length (cm) 21 days 42 days 21 days 42 days a = (var.lps-864 x section-20 shoots) 7.00 bc 17.67 bc 72 , 67 bc 131,00 cd b = (var.lps-864 x middle-section 14) 5.67 abc 15.33 ab 67.00 abc 117.33 ab c = (var.lps-864 x section-08 base ) 4.67 a 13.67 a 58.33 a 108.33 a d = (var.lps-891 x section-20 section) 7.33 c 19.33 c 75.67 c 137.33 d e = ( var.lps-891 x middle-section 14) 6.00 abc 17.00 abc 69.00 bc 122.00 bc page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence f = (var.lps-891 x section-08 base) 5,33 ab 15,33 ab 63 , 33 b1 111.67 a bnt 5% 1.69 3.61 9.47 8.67 note: the numbers are accompanied by the same letters in the column the same was not significantly different in the 5% lsd test table 2 shows that the highest number of leaves produced by the combination of treatment d = (section-20 shoots x var.lps-891) is 19.33 strands at 42 days, although statistically it is not significantly different from the combination treatment a = (section -20 shoots x var.lps-864) as many as 17.67 strands and the combination treatment e = (middle section-14 x var.lps-891) as many as 17.00 strands. the lowest number of leaves indicated by the combination treatment c = (section-08 base x var.lps-864), which is a number of 13.67 strands. table 2 also shows that the longest sugar cane plant at 42 days after planting shows the combination treatment d = (section-20 shoots x var.lps-891), which is 137.33 cm long, but not statistically significantly different from the combination treatment a = (section-20 shoot x var. lps-864) 131.00 cm long. the shortest plants were shown the combination treatment c = (section-08 pkl x var.lps-864), which was 108.33 cm. it is suspected, that the buds located on the shoot joints contain more glycose than the buds located at the base of the cuttings, while the sucrose content of the juice is inversely proportional, where the shoots have less sucrose content compared to the base. clements (1980) research results state that the buds on the sugar cane stem located on the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th stem sections of the top of the stem section, produce the highest percentage of germination and germination rate. sarjadi further (1997) argues, that the highest germination speed is shown by the buds at numbers 10, 12, 14 and the results decrease until the shoots are located at the base of the sugarcane stem. according to purnomo (2011) and dwi hartoyo (2013), that one of the factors influencing germination is the variety factor, where each variety has a different character, there are varieties that grow roots first and then germinate and vice versa. varieties with a wide root system will result in low production. the root system in ratoon plants is shorter or shallower than the first plant and usually the roots of ratoon plants are old, so it is slower in nutrient absorption. the roots that were first formed from cuttings were dark, thin adventitious roots. after the shoots grow, then this root function will be replaced by secondary roots that grow at the base of the shoot. in suitable soils, sugar cane roots can grow to 0.5 1.0 meters in length. sugar cane plants are rooted in fibers, page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence so only at the tips of young roots are hair roots involved in absorbing nutrients (erliandi, ratna rosanty lahay and toga simanungkalit, 2015). according to sutopo (1985), that seedlings are the basic capital in sugarcane cultivation, so that in an effort to increase sugarcane production and sugar productivity, the use of sugarcane seedlings is absolutely necessary. sugarcane seeds are part of the sugarcane plant which is a plant material that can be developed for sugarcane planting. sugar cane seedlings which are superior and of course must have high production potential, are free of disease land, have a purity level of more than 95%, age around 6-7 months. superior seeds can be obtained in the nursery. seedlings are plantations for nurseries, in order to obtain seeds that meet quality requirements and sufficient quantities. there are various kinds of sugarcane seeds that will be planted, which can be shoots, young stem seeds, rayungan seeds and siwilan seeds. 4. conclusion the treatment of the combination of the location of the buds and varieties significantly affected all observations of the number of leaves, but the effect was very significant on the variables of germination speed and plant length and plant wet weight. combination treatment of bud location on segment-20 (shoots) on the lps-891 sugar cane varieties and lps-864 cane varieties showed the best results on all observation variables, although the highest results indicated the location of bud-20 segment shoots (shoots) on the lps cane varieties -891, but statistically not significantly different. suggestion from the conclusion above, it is recommended to study further about the location of the buds and land conditions or planting media that are more varied in order to obtain variations in germination or further growth that varies or varied, even to the effect on the yield of sugarcane. if in sugarcane cultivation using the lps-891 variety or the lps-864 variety, it is recommended that the mule seedlings use the buds on the 20th section (shoot section). references adji sastrosupadi. 1999. rancangan percobaan praktis bidang pertanian. edisi revisi. konisius. yogyakarta. 276 hal. ahmad dhiaul khuluq dan ruly hamida. 2014. peningkatan produktivitas dan rendemen tebu melalui rekayasa fisiologis pertunasan. sugarcalle productiuitg and yield increased with sprouting physiological engineering.balai penelitian tanaman pemanis dan serealia, researchers crops research lir1dfiber sweeteners, ]i.raya karangploso, p.o. box 199, page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence maiang. e-mail: adkhuluqegmail.com. perspektif vol.1, no.l, juni 2014. hlm 13-24 issn: 14(2-8004). andreas, q. 2013. pengaruh macam bibit dan posisi penanaman terhadap pertunasan dan pertumbuhan awal bibit tebu (saccharum officinarum l).fakultas pertanian. universitas gadjah mada. skripsi. bambang wicaksono hariyadi, 2017. bahan kuliah perancangan percobaan (experimental design). program sudi agroteknologi, fakultas pertanian, universitas merdeka surabaya. ditjenbun. 2013. pengembangan perkebunan gula dalam menuju swasembada gula. dalam :http://www.datacon.co.id/agri-2010 gula.html). dwi hartoyo. 2013. budidaya tebu (saccharum sp). http://caracara-penanaman. blogspot. co.id/2013/02/budi-daya-tebusaccharum-sp.html clements. 1980. sugar cane crop logging and crop control. princeples and practices. the university press of hawaii. honolulu. dwidjoseputro. 1978. pengantar fisologi tumbuhan. penerbit pt. gramedia. jakarta. 231 hal. erliandi, ratna rosanty lahay dan toga simanungkalit. 2015. pengaruh komposisi media tanam dan lama perendaman auksin pada bibit tebu teknik bud chip. program studi agroekoteknologi, fakultas pertanian, usu, medan 20155. jurnal online agroekoteknologi .issn no. 23376597. vol.3, no.1 : 378-389. desember 2015 hariyadi, b. w., ali, m., & pratiwi, y. i. (2018). effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir). agricultural science, 1(2), 49–60. iskandar d. 2005. pengkajian penerapan teknis buku budidaya bibit tebu varietas ps 851 dan ps 951 pada tingkat kebun bibit datar. jurnal agronomi 9(1). hal. 17-21. jain, r., solomon s., shrivastava a.k., chandra a. 2010. sugarcane bud chips, apromising seed material. sugar tech 12 : 67 – 69. pujiarso. 2003. pentingnya pengelolaan bibit. makalah pelatihan petugas ptpn xi gelombang 1. p3gi. pasuruan. purnomo. 2011. optimalisasi teknik budidaya untuk setiap fase kehidupan tanaman tebu. dalam http://fabriksuiker.wordpress.com/2011. ramaiah, b.b.; rao, g.n. & rao, g.h.p. 1977. elimination of internodes in sugarcane seedpiece. proc int soc sug cane technol: 150-151 ria, wahyu. 2013. penggunaan nomor mata tunas dan jenis herbisida pada pertumbuhan awal tanaman tebu (sacharum officinarum l.). jurnal penelitian agri-tek volume 14. fakultas pertanian universitas merdeka madiun. sarjadi. 1977. teknik tanaman tebu. lembaga pendidikan perkebunan. yogyakarta. page | germination variety test two plantcane (saccharum officinarum l.) the use of breeding mule shoots with different eyes lay yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak, bambang wicaksono hariyadi*, nurul huda gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence sutopo lingga. 1985. teknologi benih. penerbit rajawali. jakarta. 243 hal. van dillewijn,c. 1952.the chronica botanica co., usa. winarsih s, e. sugiyarta. 2008. percepatan penyediaan bibit tebu sehat melalui perbanyakan bagal mikro. majalah penelitian gula. penerbit pusat penelitian perkebunnan gula indonesia 44 (3). hal 145-155. yohan tri widarto. 2012. pengaruh mata tunas dan konsentrasi pupuk organik cair (em-4) terhadap perkecambahan stek tanaman tebu (saccharum officinarum l.). fakultas pertanian, universitas merdeka surabaya. 40 halaman. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill) bambang wicaksono hariyadi1, fauziatun nizak2, intan rohma nurmalasari3, yeira kogoya4 1,2,3,4faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya. e-mail : wicaksonounmer@gmail.com abstract the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill). the study was conducted from april to july 2018 at the experimental garden of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, on ketintang madya vii-2 street surabaya, east java with altitude of ± 5 m above sea level. the study used factorial randomized block design (rbd) consisting of two factors with three replications and two sample plants. the first factor was npk fertilizer doses (n1 = npk 2 gr / plant; n2 = npk 4 gr / plant; n3 = npk 6 gr / plant) and the second factor was the time of npk application (w1 = day 0; w2 = day 0-14; w3 = day 0-14-28). the results shows that the combination treatment of dose and application time of npk has a very significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, total fruit number and total fruit weight of tomato plants. the combination treatment of n3w3 (npk 6 gr / plant and day 0-14-28) appears to produce the highest growth and yield of tomato plants though, statistically (bnt 5%), this was not significantly different from the combination treatment of n2w3 (npk 4 gr / plants and 0-14-28 days). keywords: dose and time, npk, tomato 1. introduction the level of indonesian tomato production (lycopersicum esculentum mill) per hectare is 4.8 tons. this is far lower than the maximum production rate of tomatoes which can reach 16-25 tons per hectare. tomato production per hectare can be increased by planting high yielding varieties, improving cultivation techniques and continually improving flowering. one of the efforts to increase tomato production, according to rikky triyadi (2011), is to fertilize well. for good growth and yield, tomato plants need complete nutrients, both micro and macro, with a balanced composition supplied by the fertilizer. giving too much n, for example, can cause dense leaf growth, but it can reduce the number and size of fruit. giving sulfur (s), calcium (ca) and magnesium (mg) in tomato plants markedly increases yield, improves maturation and dissolves solids. in reality, farmers in indonesia only use a single fertilizer, such as urea for source n, sp-36 for source p, and kcl for source k. they apply the fertilizer separately and without considering the composition balance of the fertilizer, which is needed by plants. this causes nutrients deficiency and low efficiency of fertilizati(hariyadi, ali, & pratiwi, 2018). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | fertilization that meet plant needs will increase production. at present, farmers prefer chemical fertilizers as it can provide better production results (hariyadi & purwanti, 2017). on the other hand, government has reduced fertilizer subsidies. this reduction causes chemical fertilizers become increasingly difficult to obtain and increasingly expensive. therefore, those fertilizers use must be sought as efficiently as possible. lack of fertilization, one that does not meet the needs of plants, will make production less optimal. however, excessive fertilization means waste. it can cause plants to be susceptible to attacks by pests and diseases and cause environmental pollution. the dose of npk for tomato plants is 175 kg urea, 350 kg tsp, and 200 kg kcl for each hectare (nosa tirtajaya pradana, elfarisna and rosdiana, 2013). indonesia, for several years, had low production of tomatoes and been trying to increase tomato production by expanding the area of tomato cultivation. however, until 2010, indonesia still imported 10,325 tons of tomatoes from various countries both in the form of fresh fruit and in processed form. the low production of tomatoes is thought to be due to the conventional farming, the way of planting or cultivating (use of seeds, fertilizer selection and fertilization techniques), soil fertility and less climatic climate factors (nosa tirtajaya pradana, elfarisna and rosdiana, 2013). furthermore, rukmana (2002) explained that one of the important factors in cultivating plants that supports the success of plant life is fertilization. one of the common problems in fertilization is the low efficiency of nutrient absorbed by plants. the efficiency of n and k absorption is still relatively low, ranging from 30-40% and p absorption is ranging only around 15-20%. relying on nutrients from the ground alone will not meet the needs of plants. therefore, plants need to be given additional nutrients from the outside, in the form of fertilizers (prihmantoro, 2001). efforts to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use can be achieved through right dosage, right way, right application time and balance according to the needs of plants. fertilizers are ingredients and food substances that are given to plants for the purpose of increasing the food substances for the soil (hariyadi, ali, & nurlina, 2017). lack of knowledge about the type and the doses of fertilizer needed by plants is one of the problems that will result in a low increase in broad unity crop production. land that can be used for planting purposes (cultivation) is one with soil that has sufficient nutrients for plant growth and development. that way, plants can grow and produce maximally as expected. when the land is lack of nutrients in the soil, it can be overcome by fertilizing. fertilization is done by considering the type of fertilizer used, whether inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers. inorganic fertilizers, which are fertilizers from factories, are made from a mixture of high-nutrient chemicals. on the other hand, organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from weathering of organic agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | materials, in the form of plant debris, human and animal fossils, animal feces and organic rocks (susila, 2006). soil fertilized with inorganic fertilizers can experience increased productivity in a short period of time. however, the land can run the risk of damage to the soil structure. on the other hand, the soil fertilized with organic fertilizer will have a good soil structure and have enough soil organic matter content, so that the ability of the soil to bind water is greater. argued that giving optimal nitrogen can increase plant growth, protein synthesis, chlorophyll formation which causes leaf colors to become greener. this can also increase the rate of plant growth. shows that plant height, number of productive branches, number of leaves, and yields gives a positive response to the application of npk fertilizer (15-15-15) at a dose of 200 kg n / ha + 100 kg p2o5 + 75 kg k2o. it is significantly different from the control. the combination treatment of npk (15-15-15) is the main plants nutrient that needs to meet the plants needs for the vegetative growth which includes leaves, stems, and roots. the dose of 200 kg n/ha + 100 kg p2o5/ha + 75 kg k2o/ha can provide the highest yield or fruit weight in eggplant plants. furthermore, the combination of n, p and k fertilizer dose has a very significant effect on the weight of ear corn with husk and ear corn without husk per plant and also the weight of ear corn without husk per hectare. it also significantly affects plant height and ear length on 30 and 45 days after planting. however, this has no significant effect on the diameter of the ear corn. the growth and yield of corn are best found in a combination of urea + tsp + kcl (500 + 350 + 300 kg/ha). compound of npk dose is also proven to affect significantly in the height, number of leaves and weight of red spinach. the optimum dose of npk compound fertilizer for the growth and yield of red spinach plants was achieved by compound of npk 300 kg/ha (0.15 gr/plant). with maximum dose is compound of npk 500 kg/ha (0.25 gr/plant), statistically, the two treatments (300 kg/ha and 500 kg/ha) are not significantly different. along with population growth, the demand for tomato products also continues to increase. however, the increase in demand for these commodities is not accompanied by the increase in the amount of production. one of the reasons is the low tomato productivity per plant unit and per unit area. in 2013, tomato production was only 509,380 tons. the application (dose and time) of fertilizers originating from npk fertilizer given in the form of a compound fertilizer is still not widely done. research to find out the efficient and effective ways, times and doses (profitable) use of fertilizers on fruit vegetable plants, including tomato plants, is still rarely conducted. for this reason, it is necessary to further examine the use of the npk fertilizer for tomato plant. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | 2. materials and methods the experiment was carried out at the experimental garden of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, on the ketintang madya vii-2 street in surabaya, east java, with altitude of ± 5 m above sea level. the research was conducted from april to july 2018. the research materials were planting soil, npk compound fertilizer (15:15:15), and seeds of fruit tomato plants. the tools are hoes, blades, knives, polybags (8 kg media size), labels, rulers, stationery, weight gauges and electric scales as well as other laboratory equipment. this study was a factorial study prepared using randomized block design (rbd factorial) with factor i npk fertilizer (3 dose levels) and factor ii time of application (3 levels) with 3 replications and 2 sample plants. to determine the effect of npk fertilizer dose, application time and interaction between the two on growth and yield of tomato plants, the f-test with a level of 5% was used, namely the variety analysis test (vat). if from the f% test results 5% there is a significant effect, then the t-test (smallest significant difference test) is continued with a level of 5%, in order to find out the difference between the npk fertilizer dose and application time, so that the effectivity of the treatment is known (adji sastrosupardi, 1999). 3. results and discussion 3.1. plant height the results of the variance analysis showed that the treatment of dose factor (n), treatment of time factor fertilization (w) and combination treatment (nw) have a very significant effect on plant height at the age of 90 days after planting. however, when plants were 30 days old and 60 days, the n factor treatment does not significantly influence, while the treatment of factor w and nw factors shows a significant effect on tomato plant height as shown in table 1. this proves that npk macro nutrients are useful and useful for growing tomatoes at the right time. when plants need npk fertilizer, they are available. application of npk fertilizer in appropriate time and amount will increase the availability of sufficiently large nitrogen in the soil. this availability will be very useful for the subsequent process, the process of protein formation. having the ability to produce adequate protein which is used in the process of cell division and division, rapid growth of tissue and organ growth will more likely happen. this is in accordance with the opinion of hardjowigeno (2003) who said that the function of nitrogen as fertilizer is to improve plant vegetative growth and help the process of forming proteins. nitrogen (n) functions as a constituent of proteins in plant shoot growth. it also fertilizes vegetative growth, making it suitable for leafy vegetable plants, such as mustard greens, spinach, and agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | kale and so on. phosphorus (p) functions as one of the constituent elements of proteins needed for the formation of flowers, fruits and seeds. these protein elements are also needed to stimulate root growth to become elongated and grow strong, so that the plant will be drought resistant. lack of phosphorus (p) will cause plants to grow dwarf, flowering and seed formation are inhibited, and plants become weak and easily collapse. potassium elements (k) play a role in metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and respiration which are important in plant growth (sutejo, 2002). table 1. effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the average height of tomato plants in various ages combination treatment (interaction) dose and time of npk fertilizer application average height (cm) 30 days 60 days 90 days n1w1 (npk 2 gr/plant and 0 day) 45.33 a 58.67 a 88.67 a n1w2 (npk 2 gr/plant and 0-14 days) 51.67 cd 72.33 cd 102.33 c n1w3 (npk 2 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days) 53.33 de 73.67 d 103.67 c n2w1 (npk 4 gr/plant and 0 day) 46.33 b 69.33 bc 98.33 b n2w2 (npk 4 gr/plant and 0-14 days) 50.67 cd 72.00 cd 102.33 c n2w3 (npk 4 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days) 52.67 de 74.00 d 104.67 c n3w1 (npk 6 gr/plant and 0 day) 46.67 b 69.00 bc 99.00 b n3w2 (npk 6 gr/plant and 0-14 days) 52.00 cd 73.67 d 103.67 c n3w3 (npk 6 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days) 55.33 e 75.00 d 105.00 c bnt 5% 3.28 3.14 3.00 note: means followed by same letters in same column shows no significantly differences at test of bnt 5%. table 1 shows that increasing the dose of npk fertilizer and the amount of time given evenly (three times) will be followed by an increase in plant height. the highest tomato plants were achieved with a combination of dose and time of n3w3, which was 105.00 cm, although this was not statistically significant (5% bnt) with other treatments such as n3w2, n2w3, n2w2, and n1w3 and n1w2. it is presumed that the administration of doses and timing of administration of npk fertilizers in tomato plants apparently helped increase the availability of nitrogen in the soil, so that when nitrogen is needed by plants to form tissue or organ growth, the nitrogen element is available and sufficient. so, the dose of npk fertilizer given does not need to be increased in amount because agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | whatever npk fertilizer dose is given does not indicate a significant increase in height. however, if the number of time for applying npk fertilizer is decreased, for example applying only once at the age of 0 days, the level of nitrogen nutrient availability will also decreased. conversely, if the number of time for applying npk fertilizer is excessive (three times, in age 0, 14 and 28 days), it turns out that it does not guarantee that the nutrient element of nitrogen is able to be absorbed entirely by plants, so the rate of addition of growth is also not significant. table 1 shows that the treatment of the dose and time of administration of npk fertilizer is effective and efficient. it is the treatment of a combination of n1w2, dose of 2 gr/plant and given at age 0 day and 14 day after planting. 3.2. number of leaves the results of the variance analysis showed that the treatment of single factors, fertilization time (w) and combination treatment (nw) had a very significant effect on the number of leaves of tomato plants at the age of 30 days, 60 days and 90 days after planting. however, the single treatment factor (n) did not significantly affect all age observations as shown in table 2. table 2. effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the average number of leaves of tomato plants in various ages combination treatment (interaction) dose and time of npk fertilizer application average number of leaves 30 days 60 days 90 days n1w1 (npk 2 gr/plant and 0 day) 18,00 a 35,67 a 54,00 a n1w2 (npk 2 gr/plant and 0-14 days) 18,67 a 36,67 a 56,33 abc n1w3 (npk 2 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days) 22,67 cd 39,33 bc 59,33 cd n2w1 (npk 4 gr/plant and 0 day) 21,33 bc 36,33 ab 56,33 abc n2w2 (npk 4 gr/plant and 0-14 days) 22,67 cd 37,67 ab 58,00 bcd n2w3 (npk 4 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days) 24,33 d 41,67 c 62,67 e n3w1 (npk 6 gr/plant and 0 day) 20,00 ab 35,33 a 55,67 ab n3w2 (npk 6 gr/plant and 0-14 days) 22,67 cd 38,00 ab 58,33 cd n3w3 (npk 6 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days) 24,00 d 39,00 b 60,00 e bnt 5% 2,50 3,15 3,55 note: means followed by same letters in same column shows no significantly differences at test of bnt 5% this result shows that the time of applying npk fertilizer can affect the availability and the absorption of nutrients needed by plants, so that these factors can also be a limiting factor for growth and yield of tomato plants. this is in accordance with muz nur apni result (2014) that argue that during the initial growth period plants should be fertilized with fertilizers with high nitrogen and phosphorus content. after growing up and approaching productive periods, fertilizers with high agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | potassium content and other micro elements, such as ca, mn, mg, cu, zn, and mb are needed. this is due to the reason that if there is a deficiency of just one of the micro elements above, the plant will experience physiological disease. table 2 shows that the highest number of leaves of tomato plants at the end period of growth time (90 days after transplanting) was produced by combination treatment of n2w3 (62.67 strands), although this is not statistically significantly different from the combination treatment of n3w3 (60.00 strands). the lowest number of leaves is produced by the combination treatment of n1w1 (54.00 strands) and is not statistically significantly different (5% bnt) with the combination treatment of n1w2 (56.33 strands), n2w1 (56.33 strands) and n3w1 (55.67 strands). this shows that the time factor for administration of npk fertilizer has a very significant effect on the growth of the number of leaves of tomato plants, regardless of the number of doses of npk fertilizer used. but if it is only given once, the effect does not exist. if only once, when tomato plants need npk fertilizer in the growth process, npk fertilizer is not yet available or if available, this is not enough. provision of npk fertilizer at any dose will be beneficial for the tomato plant only if it is given within the period (interval) according to its growth period. this is in accordance with the opinion of prihmantoro (2001). he stated that plants cannot rely solely on nutrients from the soil alone. therefore, plants need to be given additional nutrients from the outside, in the form of fertilizer. efforts to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use can be achieved through right dosage, right way, right application time and balance according to the needs of plants (novizan, 2002). this study corroborates the results of the sekar laras putri (2016) study which showed that applying npk fertilizer with a dose of 15 gr/plant gave the best results on variable of flower buds to appear (91.33 days), flower to bloom (24.33 days), flower arrangement (26.63 cm), overall flower length (99.03 cm), flower stem diameter (1.10 cm), and number of florets (31.5 sheets). the treatment of applying npk fertilizer was not influenced by the bio max grow bio fertilizer application on the variable length of leaves, number of leaves, width of leaves, and number of tillers of sedap malam (polianthes tuberosa l.). compound of npk dose is also proven to affect significantly in the height, number of leaves and weight of red spinach. the optimum dose of npk compound fertilizer for the growth and yield of red spinach plants was achieved by compound of npk 300 kg/ha (0.15 gr/plant). with maximum dose is compound of npk 500 kg/ha (0.25 gr/plant), statistically, the two treatments (300 kg/ha and 500 kg/ha) are not significantly different. the excess use of nitrogen fertilizer will result in damaged plants. in general, many farmers use nitrogen fertilizer in vegetable crops, such as kale, spinach and others in greater amounts than other fertilizers, because it is relatively affordable compared to other fertilizers . nitrogen fertilizer agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | with a dose of 250 kg/ha will provide the best growth in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and production of kale plants, spinach plants and mustard plants. 3.3. total fruit number and total fruit weight the results of the variance analysis shows that the treatment of fertilization time (w) and the combination treatment (nw) have a very significant effect on total number of fruit and total fruit weight for tomato plants. however, single factor (n) treatment had no significant effect as shown in table 3. this is evidence that the time factor in applying npk fertilizer has a very significant effect on the yield of tomato plants, regardless of the number of doses of npk fertilizer used. however, if it is only given once, at the beginning of planting, the fertilizer will not be beneficial or influential for the plant growth. tomato plants are plants that require relatively large amounts of n, p and k nutrients. nitrogen is needed for protein production, leaf growth, and supports metabolic processes such as photosynthesis (ali & wulan, 2018). phosphorus plays a role in stimulating root growth and the formation of a good root system in young plants, as a constituent material for nuclei (nucleic acids), fats, and proteins. potassium plays a role in helping the formation of proteins and carbohydrates, increasing plant resistance to pests and diseases, and improving the quality of crop yields. soil is one of the media in giving nutrients to plants. therefore, fertilization needs to pay attention to the nature and characteristics of the soil to obtain maximum results (subhan, nurtika and gunadi, 2009). giving fertilizers containing nitrogen into the soil can increase the fast and immediate nutrient availability for plants. besides that, it saves time, labor and transportation costs. table 3. effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the total fruit number and total fruit weight of tomato plants combination treatment (interaction) dose and time of npk fertilizer application total fruit number average total fruit weight (gram) n1w1 (npk 2 gr/plant and 0 day) 26,33 a 414,67 a n1w2 (npk 2 gr/plant and 0-14 days) 30,33 b 558,67 c n1w3 (npk 2 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days) 31,33 bcd 668,33 f n2w1 (npk 4 gr/plant and 0 day) 27,33 a 448,67 b n2w2 (npk 4 gr/plant and 0-14 days) 31,00 bc 600,00 d n2w3 (npk 4 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days) 33,33 d 675,00 f n3w1 (npk 6 gr/plant and 0 day) 28,00 a 422,67 a n3w2 (npk 6 gr/plant and 0-14 days) 31,00 bc 638,67 e n3w3 (npk 6 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days) 33,00 cd 667,33 f bnt 5% 2,31 15,43 note: means followed by same letters in same column shows no significantly differences at test of bnt 5% agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | table 3 shows that the lowest total fruit and fruit wet weight is indicated by the combination treatment of n1w1 (npk 2 gr/plant and 0 day), but statistically (bnt 5%) it is not significantly different from the combination treatment of n3w1 (npk 6gr/plant and 0 day). this proves timing is profound. although the amount of npk fertilizer given is increased in number, the improper timing will make it far less beneficial for plants. giving excessive fertilizer, which is not in the need of plants or plants are not ready to absorb and use it, will be a waste. fertilizers will be wasted, washed away or evaporate due to warming sunlight. prihmantoro (2001) and novizan (2002) state that plants cannot rely solely on nutrients from the soil alone. therefore, plants need to be given additional nutrients from the outside, namely in the form of fertilizer. efforts to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use can be achieved through right dosage, right way, right application time and balance according to the needs of plants the study by daud saribun (2008) concluded that the application of npk compound fertilizer 300 g/plot (300 kg/ha or about 4 gr/plant) was able to increase the yield of both mustard (brassica juncea l.) and red spinach plants (amaranthus tricolor l.) to its highest level and as the best result, it produced a weight of 8.22 kg/plot equal to 6.85 tons/hectare. in addition to, subhan, nurtika and gunadi (2009) stated that the application of npk compound fertilizer (15-15-15) at a dose of 1,000 kg/ha produced tomato plant height at the age of 60 and 75 hst, respectively 115.43 cm and 129.76 cm. the application of npk compound fertilizer (1515-15) at a dose of 1,000 kg/ha showed the highest results in the wet weight and dry weight of fruit and other parts, such as the roots, stems, and leaves of tomato plants and tomato products. this study also recommended npk compound fertilizer (15-15-15) in tomato plants in latosol soil to be 213.07 kg n/ha; 28.5075 kg p/ha and 35.69 kg k2o/ha. 4. conclusion and recommendation it can be concluded that the combination treatment (interaction) between dose and time of npk fertilizer had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, total fruit count and total fruit weight of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill.). the combination treatment of n3w3 (npk 6 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days) yielded the highest per-plant and weight of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill.), although statistically (lsd 5%), it was not significantly different from the combination treatment of n2w3 fertilizer (npk 4 gr/plant and 0-14-28 days). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | for future study, it might be more helpful to conduct the similar research in the different weather, location and commodity. for who want to cultivate tomato in surabaya and its surrounding, the best compound fertilizer is 4 gr/plant in the age of 0, 14, 28 and days after planting. references adji sastrosupardi. (1999). rancangan percobaan praktis bidang pertanian. edisi revisi. kanisius, yogyakarta. 276. hal. daud saribun. (2008). pengaruh pupuk majemuk npk pada berbagai dosis terhadap hasil caysin (brassica juncea). jurusan ilmu tanah, fakultas pertanian, universitas padjadjaran, jatinangor. hardjowigeno. (2003). ilmu tanah. akademik preisindo. jakarta. ali, m., & wulan, w. (2018). effects of sand and sugar consentration rosella (hisbiscus sabdariffalinn) against quality of jelly candy. teknoboyo, 2(1). hariyadi, b. w., ali, m., & nurlina, n. (2017). damage status assessment of agricultural land as a result of biomass production in probolinggo regency east java. adri international journal of agriculture, 1(1). hariyadi, b. w., ali, m., & pratiwi, y. i. (2018). effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir). agricultural science, 1(2), 49–60. hariyadi, b. w., & purwanti, s. (2017). application of iba pgr concentration on germination of sugarcane (saccharumofficinarum l) cuttings. agricultural science, 1(1), 1–10. nosa tirtajaya pradana, elfarisna dan rosdiana. 2013. respon pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat (licopersicon esculentum mill.) terhadap dosis pupuk kandang ayam dan dosis pupuk npk. fakultas pertanian, universitas muhammadiyah jakarta (umj), jakarta. e-mail :jauhbanget2@ yahoo.com reksohadiprojo, s. (2009). produksi tanaman hijauan makanan ternak tropik. universitas gajah mada press, yogyakarta. rikky triadi. (2011). pengaruh penggunaan pupuk majemuk terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman tomat ( lycopersicon esculentum mill). jurusan teknik dan manajemen industri pertanian, fakultas teknologi industri pertanian, universitas padjadjaran, jatinagor. roesmarkan dan juwono. (2002). ilmu kesuburan tanah. penerbit pt. kanisius, yogyakarta. 58 halaman. subhan, n. nurtika, dan n. gunadi. (2009). respons tanaman tomat terhadap penggunaan pupuk majemuk npk 15-15-15 pada tanah latosol pada musim kemarau. balai penelitian tanaman sayuran, jl. tangkuban parahu no. 517 lembang, bandung 40391. naskah diterima tanggal 27 april 2007 dan disetujui untuk diterbitkan tanggal 25 mei 2008. j. hort. vol. 19 no. 1, 2009. j. hort. 19(1):40-48, 2009. sunarlim, n., w.h. adil, f.l. sahwan, dan f. schuchardt. (2001). theapplication of compost to vegetable and ornamental crops. [researchreport]. institute for food crops biotechnology bogor, agency forassessment and application technology jakarta, indonesia and federalagricultural research centre (fal), braunschweig, germany. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of dose and time of npk fertilizer application on the growth and yield of tomato plants (lycopersicum esculentum mill)) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, fauziatun nizak, intan rohma nurmalasari, yeira kogoya page | susila. (2006). panduan budidaya tanaman sayuran. departemen agronomi dan hortikultura. institut pertanian bogor. bogor. 66 hal. sutejo. (2002). pupuk dan cara pemupukan. penerbit pt. rineka cipta. jakarta. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) bambang wicaksono hariyadi1,mahrus ali1,yeni ika pratiwi1 1faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, e-mail: wicaksonounmer@gmail.com abstract liquid organic fertilizer tambsil is a complete liquid organic fertilizer, which is formulated to meet the needs and challenges of the farmers or entrepreneurs in agriculture and plantations in order to get results or harvest prime. where the liquid organic fertilizer contains a complete nutrient, both elements of macro and micro elements essential for soil fertility and plant growth. a liquid that can be absorbed by plants through leaf stomata or mouth. functioning as a stimulator and is very safe for human and animal health as well as a very friendly environment (anonymous, 2017). the purpose of this study to determine the extent of the effect of the use of urea fertilizer on the growth and yield of green spinach (amaranthus tricolorl.).research conducted at the faculty of agriculture experimental station freedom surabaya, on the road ketintang madya vii-2 surabaya. this study uses a randomized block design (rak) consists of six (6) treatment without liquid organic fertilizer (control) and liquid organic fertilizer dose 2,5cc; 5,0cc; 7,5cc; 10,0cc; 12,5cc per liter of water with three (3) replicates and two (2) samples of plants. the results of the study are as follows: a. there is a very real effect on the observation variables plant height, leaf number and fresh weight per plant and plant fresh weight per polybag. b. the treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 12.5 cc per liter of water to produce growth and yields the highest (maximum dose) kale crop land, although it was not statistically significantly different from the dosage of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 10.0 cc per liter of water (dose the optimum or effective dose). keywords: watercress army, dosing of liquid organic fertilizer, tambsil 1. introduction in indonesia, kale plants are planted in java, especially in west java and east java. in irian jaya, in the district muting, merauke, plant kale is a barn of everyday life, but in the district darussalam, aceh besar, plant kale land planted many residents for family consumption and for sale to the market (zaelani kadir, 2003) , water spinach(ipomoeaspp.)can be planted begin the lowlands to highlands, where the altitude can affect the quality of the results. kale is a leaf vegetable crops, belong to the family convolvulaceae.kale leaves long, whitish green sources of vitamin pro vitamin a. according to the site, kale can be divided into two kinds, namely: watercress land, living in a dry place or moor, and kale water, lively place that was watery and wet ( syafri edy and ahmad yusri, 2009). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | kale land a plant that grows fast and is one of the vegetables typical of tropical regions. this plant is a source of nutrition that is relatively easy maintenance and quickly taken advantage (triana kartika santi, 2007). despite the relatively cheap price of vegetables kale, but when cultivated intensively and oriented towards agribusiness will provide a sizable profit for farmers. kale marketing opportunities more widely, because not only can be sold at local markets area, but also has many ordered by supermarkets. the entry of vegetable kale-supermarket outlets would raise the price of this vegetable (susila, 2006). the growing demand for vegetable kale, of course, need to be offset by increased production. one factor that is important in the production of intensive cultivation is a matter of manure and fertilizer. the low efficiency of nutrient uptake by plants in fertilizer nitrogen and calcium ranging between 30-40%, and 15-20% for phosphorus fertilizer (sri adiningsih, 1995). the need for vegetable kale tends to increase with increasing public awareness of the importance of the nutritional value and the number of restaurants serving vegetable kale as one of their menus. kale production in indonesia can reach 500000600000 kg per hectare (sutanto, 2002). the plant is not enough just to rely on nutrients from the soil only. therefore, the plants need to be given additional nutrients from the outside, namely in the form of fertilizers (prihantoro, 2001). efforts to improve fertilizer use efficiency can be reached through the principle of the right dosage, the right way, timely and impartial application according to crop needs (syafruddin et al, 2009). further wahyono (2012) explained that the fertilizer is a material and nutrients are supplied or added to plants with the intention of nutrients for the soil to grow. lack of knowledge of farmers on the type and amount of fertilizers needed by plants, an issue that will also result in a lower increase crop production per unit area (lingga and marsono, 2007). according hadisuwito (2007), based on the origin of fertilizer can be grouped into inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer. inorganic fertilizer is a fertilizer that is derived from a mineral material has been changed through the production process so that a compound that is easily absorbed though the plant, while the organic fertilizer made from organic materials and living organisms that died, and having undergone a process of decomposition by microorganisms, so it will decompose and can be used by plants. based on the source, the fertilizer divided or there are twotypes, namely organic fertilizers and inorganicfertilizers. fertilizers can be either pad at and liquid and can be given directly to the soil or to plants. fertilizer lang sung, generally in liquid form and is agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | commonly called foliar fertilizer, for use directly sprayed on plantleaves. organic fertilizers not only in solid form, but can also be dimake in the form of asolution. liquid organic fertilizer lebih easily utilized plants, because of the elements contained in a form available to plants. advantages menggunakan adalliquid organic fertilizerah faster process than the use of fertilizer in solidform. nevertheless calr organic fertilizers have drawbacks, namely skali evaporate easily and can damage the leaf tissue as well as the absorption depends on the surface layer of leaves, the feathers and the cuticle layer (lingga, 2003). tambsil liquid organic fertilizer is a complete liquid organic fertilizer, which is formulated to meet the needs and challenges of the farmers or entrepreneurs in agriculture and plantations in order to get results or harvest prime (mahrus, bambang wicaksono, nurlina, cholil, & sri wiwoho, 2017). where the liquid organic fertilizer contains a complete nutrient, both elements of macro and micro elements essential for soil fertility and plant growth. a liquid that can be absorbed by plants through leaf stomata or mouth. functioning as a stimulator and sangataman to the health of humans and animals and are environmentally friendly. benefits of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil, which fostered the growth of the plant, accelerating the formation of buds and flowers as ovary, overcome nutrient deficiency in plants can result in plant growth is interrupted or death, increases plant resistance to disease, especially fungi or fungi, is able to overcome the shortage of use fertilizer base, speed up the harvest, extend the life of plants and expanding the number of excerpts for a year and annual plant species, as well as excellent for growing plants on less fertile land or marginal land. the composition of the material forming the (abortion) tambsil liquid organic fertilizer, among others, ie 19.60% n; 2.48% p2o5; k20 2.18%; 2.26% ca; 0.05% mg; 0.05% al; 0.03% fe; 21,64ppm zn; 7,12ppm mn; 0,47ppm s; 0,57ppm mo; 4.25 co; 4.72 cu with a ph of 8.2. produced by pt. prosindo citrani true, jakarta, indonesia. how to use the whisk first liquid organic fertilizer tambsil before use. can be administered directly into the ground sprinkled with the solution or sprayed on the surface of the top and bottom of leaves, twigs, stems until evenly moist. solution mixture in the form of two (2) cc or ml for 1 (one) liter of water or a 4 (four) lid for 1 (one) sprayer tank of 14 liters, in which the dose of the lid 8 cc or ml. dosing for higher plants (coffee, cocoa, mango, rambutan, pepper, oil, orange, apple, cloves and others) dose of 4-5 liters / ha by spraying 7 days 4 times and repeated every 3 (three ) months. for crops (rice, soybean, tomato, pepper, nuts group and tuber crops group) at a dose of 1 liter / hectare and sprayed on the plant was 15-30-45-60 days after planting. for vegetables (leafy vegetable) dose is 1 liter / ha sprayed 3 times when agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | the plant was 7-14-21 days after planting. for ornamental plants (orchids, ros, lili, carnation, tuberose malem leads and others) dose 1 liter / ha and spray every 1 or 2 weeks. tambsil liquid organic fertilizer is very good for tea plant, mulberry, tobacco and sugarcane. application of fertilizer derived from organic liquid fertilizer is still much to do. moreover, to determine the manner, time and dose efficient (profitable) and effective (appropriate) from the use of such fertilizers on crops of vegetables, including kale crop land. for that we need to be explored further use of the liquid organic fertilizer. 2. methodology the research was conducted at the faculty of agriculture experimental station merdeka university surabaya, on the road ketintang madya vii-2 surabaya, east java this study uses a randomized block design (rak) simple consisting of six (6) treatment with three (3) replicates and for observation, each treatment represented by two (2) samples of plants, then to the placement of the treatment in the randomized trial plots. to determine the influence of liquid organic fertilizer on growth and yield tambsil kale plant army, then used the f test with a level of 5%, ie fingerprint analysis test car (asr). if the results of test f 5% there is a real effect, then continued with t test (test least significant difference) with a level of 5% in order to know the difference between the dose of fertilizer treatment liquid organic tambsil, so it can be a treatment that is appropriate (effective dose) and profitable (efficient dose). 3. results and discussion 3.1. plant height variance analysis results showed that the treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil very significant effect on ground observations kale plant height, when the plant life of 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after planting (appendix table 1). this proves that the elements of macro and micro nutrients contained in a liquid organic fertilizer helpful tambsil as well as assist in the growth of kale plants ashore. tambsil liquid organic fertilizer will increase the availability of nitrogen into the soil large enough, so that in the process of formation of proteins which would then be used in the process of preparing and division of cells, tissues and organs will take place sooner. the function of nitrogen as a fertilizer is to agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | improve the vegetative growth of plants and assist in the formation of proteins (hardjowigeno, 2003). according to the linga and marsono (2004), that the liquid organic fertilizer containing macro nutrients and nutrients mikro essential (n, p, k, s, ca, mg, b, mo,cu,fe, mn, organic matter). liquid organic fertilizer has several benefits such as to encourage and enhance the formation of chlorophyll, thus enhancing the ability of plant photosynthesis and the absorption of nitrogen from the air, can increase plant vigor so that the plants become solid andstrong, improve plants resistant to drought, weather stress and attack diseasecausingpathogens, stimulate the growth of branches of production, as well as increasing the formation of flowers and ovaries, as well as reduce gugumya leaves, flowers and ovaries. table 1. average high kale plant due armyeffect of tambsilorganic fertilizer in different age dose andobservation dosetreatment of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil high average crop kale army (cm) 10 days 20 days 30 days d0 = without fertilizer tambsil ( control) of 7.83 a 14.83 a 24.17 a d1 = fertilizer tambsil 2.5 cc per liter of water 9.33 b 18.00 b 29.33 b d2 = fertilizer tambsil 5.0 cc per liter of water 9, 83 bc 19.17 b 31.00 b d3 = fertilizer tambsil 7.5 cc per liter of water 10.33 c 21.67 c 33.33 c d4 = fertilizer tambsil 10.0 cc per liter of water 11.67 d 23 83 d 35.67 d d5 = fertilizer tambsil 12.5 cc per liter of water at 12.17 d 24.17 d 36.83 d bnt 5% 0.73 1.61 1.97 description: the numbers dida mpingi letter the same in column thesameare not significantly different at test bnt 5% table 1 shows that with increasing doses of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil will be followed by an increase in plant height over land kale plant growth. kale plant achieved the highest ground treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 12.5 cc per liter of water (36.83 cm), although not statistically significantly different from the treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 10.0 cc per liter of water (35, 67 cm). kale crop land shortest (smallest) indicated treatment without liquid organic fertilizer tambsil (24.17 cm) and the treatment was statistically significantly different with other treatments. it is alleged that the administration of liquid fertilizer tambsil on plant kale land turned out to help increase the availability of nitrogen in the soil, so that when nitrogen is agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | needed by plants to form a tissue or organ growth, the nitrogen element are in a condition available and sufficient, but if the dosage of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil lowered, then the level of availability of nitrogen also decreased. liquid organic fertilizer tambsil excessive or the dose increased, it does not guarantee that the nitrogen nutrient is taken or can be absorbed entirely by the plants, so the rate of increase is not significant growth (real). according sutejo (2002), that the function of nitrogen (n) for leaf vegetable crops, especially vegetables, which is a constituent of protein to nourish the growth of plant shoots and vegetative growth. giving much nitrogen will cause a tremendous lasting vegetative growth and leaves become dark green color, if the excess slows down the ripening process. plant fibers that excess nitrogen will weaken the fibers, whereas for grain crops will cause a fall crop. if the plant nitrogen deficiency usually causes a depressed plant growth and the leaves become dry. chlorosis symptoms first emerged on the older leaves, while the young leaves remain green. furthermore lakitan (1996) and salisbury and ross (1995) describes that nitrogen, which is contained in a liquid organic fertilizer, serve as building blocks of protein, while phosphorus and calcium play a role in spurring pembelafian meristem tissue and stimulate root growth and leafdevelopment. potassium regulates the activities of opening and closing of stomata. stomata optimal settings will control plant transpiration and improves the reduction karbondioxide is converted into carbohydrates so, general seacara macro nutrients contained in the liquid organic fertilizer will increase aktivitas photosynthesis in plants, thereby increasing carbohydrate produced as foodreserves. tambsil liquid organic fertilizer is a complete liquid organic fertilizer, which is formulated to meet the needs and challenges of the farmers or entrepreneurs in agriculture and plantations in order to get results or harvest prime. where the liquid organic fertilizer contains complete nutrients, both macro and micro elements essential for soil fertility and plant growth. a liquid that can be absorbed by plants through leaf stomata or mouth. functioning as a stimulator and sangataman to the health of humans and animals and are environmentally friendly. 3.2. number of leaves results of analysis of variance showed that the treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil very significant effect on the observation of the number of terrestrial plant leaf spinach, when the plant life of 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after planting (appendix table 2). this situation shows that tambsil liquid organic fertilizer can improve the agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | availability and uptake of nutrients by plants, so as to improve the growth and yield. nutrients contained in the liquid organic fertilizer can increase the yield of the land kale plant growth, due to the role of organic fertilizer not only improves the physical and biological properties of the soil, but also soil chemical properties. hara available from liquid organic fertilizer plant will be used to spur the process of photosynthesis, photosynthesis proceeds will be translocated to all parts of the plant to spur the development of vegetative and generative plant. nutrient contained in a liquid organic fertilizer is micro-nutrients and macro nutrients. according prihmantoro in gerald (2014) macro nutrient contained in a liquid organic fertilizer tersebur is n, p, k, ca, mg, and s. macro nutrient is a nutrient required in large quantities.the advantage of liquid organic fertilizer adalaprocess h faster than the use of fertilizer in solidform. liquid organic fertilizer has its drawbacks, namely volatile, can damage the leaf tissue and absorption depend on the surface layer of leaves, the feathers and the cuticle layer (lingga, 2003). according samekto (2006), that the other benefits of a liquid organic fertilizer to add nutrients (n and p), so as to increase crop production. liquid organic fertilizer through the leaves, the gift will be more evenly distributed, so that it can cope with rapid nutrient deficiency. foliar fertilizer plant tissues able to strengthen and accelerate the growth and the growth run better (musnamar, 2003). table 2. average number of plants kale leaf land dueeffect fertilizer on different dose andage observation dosetreatment of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil average number of plantsleaf kalearmy 10 days 20 days 30 days d0 = without tambsil fertilizer (control) 4.33 a 9.00 a 14.50 a d1 = fertilizer tambsil 2.5 cc per liter of water of 6.83 b 14.83 b 20.17 b d2 = fertilizer tambsil 5.0 cc per liter of water of 7.17 b 15.33 b 21.33 b d3 = fertilizer tambsil 7.5 cc per liter of water 8.00 c 17.17 c 22.67 c d4 = fertilizer tambsil 10.0 cc per liter of water of 8.67 d 17.67 cd 23.67 d d5 = fertilizer tambsil 12.5 cc per liter of water 8.83 d 18.17 d 23.83 d bnt 5% 0.45 0.67 0.81 remarks: the figures are accompanied by the same lettercolumn the sameare not significantly different at test bnt 5% agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | table 2 shows that with increasing doses of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil will be followed by an increase in the number of leaves during plant growth kale army. the smallest number of leaves tend indicated treatment without liquid organic fertilizer tambsil (14,50 strands) and statistically significantly different from the treatment always dosing of liquid organic fertilizer more tambsil. the number of leaves most tend achieved treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 12.5 cc per liter of water (23.83 strands), and statistically (test t-table 5%) did not differ significantly with treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 10, 0 cc per liter of water (23.67 strands). this shows that the treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil already reached the optimum dose (appropriate), whereby with increasing addition of liquid organic fertilizer dosing tambsil 12.5 cc per liter of water, an increase in the number of leaves are less significant (real) is not statistically significantly different to the treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 10.0 cc per liter of water, so peningkatann the dose does not need to do more to make it more profitable (efficient). excess nitrogen fertilizer use will result in damaged crops. in general, many farmers use nitrogen fertilizer on crops of vegetables, such as kale, spinach and others in an amount more than other fertilizers because nitrogen fertilizers are relatively cheap compared to other fertilizers. nitrogen fertilizer with a dose of 250 kg / ha gives the best growth in plant height, leaf number and production at the plant kale, spinach and mustard greens (subagyo, 2007). benefits of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil, which fostered the growth of the plant, accelerating the formation of buds and flowers as ovary, overcome nutrient deficiency in plants can result in plant growth is interrupted or death, increases plant resistance to disease, especially fungi or fungi, is able to overcome the shortage of use fertilizer base, speed up the harvest, extend the life of plants and expanding the number of excerpts for a year and annual plant species, as well as excellent for growing plants on less fertile land or marginal land (anonymous, 2017). 3.3. wet weight wet weight per plant and crop per polybag. results of analysis of variance showed that the treatment of urea dosing real effect on the results of observations of variables fresh weight per plant and fresh weight per polybag plants (10 plants / polybag) kale plant ecosystems (appendix table 3). these results indicate that the liquid organic fertilizer tambsil can improve the availability and uptake of nutrients by plants, so as to improve the growth and yield. nutrients contained in the liquid organic fertilizer can increase the yield of the land kale plant growth, due to the role of organic fertilizer not only improves the physical and agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | biological properties of the soil, but also soil chemical properties. hara available from liquid organic fertilizer plant will be used to spur the process of photosynthesis, photosynthesis proceeds will be translocated to all parts of the plant to spur the development of vegetative and generative plant. according hardjowigeno (2003), that the fertilizer containing nitrogen into the soil can increase nutrient availability of rapid and readily available to plants. in addition, other advantages, which saves time, labor and freight costs. table 3. average weight wet wet weight per plant and per polybagplants plantsdue army kale effect of dosefertilizer treatment dose liquid organic fertilizer tambsil average kale army wet weight (grams) per plant per polybag d0 = without fertilizer tambsil ( control) 25.33 a 173.17 a d1 = fertilizer tambsil 2.5 cc per liter of water 33.67b 268.77b d2 = fertilizer tambsil 5.0 cc per liter of water 34.17b 272.63b d3 = fertilizer tambsil 7.5 cc per liter of water 37.83 c 314.17 c d4 = 10.0 cc tambsil fertilizer per liter of water 39.83d 335.50 d fertilizer tambsil d5 = 12.5 cc per liter of water 40.17 d d341.43 bnt5% 2.11 18.17 remarks: the figures are accompanied by the same letters in column thesameare not significantly different at test bnt 5% in table 3 shows that with increasing doses of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil tend to be followed by an increase in the results of wet weight per plant and plant fresh weight per polybag plants watercress army. the results of wet weight per plant and plant fresh weight per polybag lows tend indicated treatment without liquid organic fertilizer tambsil or control treatment (25.33 grams and 173.17 grams) and statistically significantly different with treatments dosing of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil , the results of wet weight per plant and fresh weight per polybag plants tend achieved the highest dose treatment of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 12.5 cc per liter of water (40.17 grams and 341.43 grams), followed by treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 10 , 0 cc per liter of water (39.83 grams and 335.50 grams), but statistically the two treatment doses of liquid organic fertilizer such tambsil, not significantly different. this proves that the liquid organic fertilizer tambsil helpful enough and sufficient to meet the growth and yield of kale land. liquid organic fertilizer has several benefits such as agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | to encourage and enhance the formation of chlorophyll of leaves, thus enhancing the ability of plant photosynthesis and the absorption of nitrogen from the air, can increase plant vigor so that the plants become solid andstrong, improve plants resistant to drought, weather stress and attack disease-causingpathogens, stimulate the growth of branches of production, as well as increasing the formation of flowers and ovaries, as well as reduce gugumya leaves, flowers and fruit will (lingga and marsono, 2004). these results together with the results of rizqiani et a /. (2007) on bean plants, that the administration of a liquid organic fertilizer can increase the number of leaves, jumlah branches, fruit set, broad leaf age, leaf area index of age, root length, root volume, the number of polong, fresh weight of pods per plant and the fresh weight of pods perhectare. while the research results hamdani (2008) showed that the liquid organic fertilizer bio amazing growth can increase the production of cucumbers. likewise in research parman (2007), that ofpotato, use a liquid fertilizer orgaik supra at a dose of 4 milliliter increase potato production. 4. conclusion there is a very real effect on the observation variables plant height, leaf number and fresh weight per plant and plant fresh weight per polybag. the treatment dosing liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 12.5 cc per liter of water to produce growth and yields the highest (maximum dose) kale crop land, although it was not statistically significantly different from the dosage of liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 10.0 cc per liter of water (dose optimum). from the above conclusions, it is advisable to study more about how, when, the dosage of liquid organic fertilizer in climatic conditions, location and a different commodity. it is advisable, when making a kale plant cultivation land in surabaya and its surrounding area, the dose of fertilizer liquid organic fertilizer tambsil 10.0 cc per liter of water. references efrain patola. (2008). analysis of effect of dose fertilizer and plant spacing on productivity hybrida p-21 maize(zeamays l.). bpp gardens jumapolo district of jumapolo, karanganyar. hamdani, js. (2008). yield and quality of cucumber with the application of n-coated fertilizers and organic fertilizers cairojournals agrivigor 8,15-23. hendro sunarjono. (2004). 30 type vegetable planting. publisher sower self reliance. jakarta. it 78-82. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | hendro sunaryono.(2004). key to plant vegetables grow important inindonesia. publisher sinar baru. bandung. lakitanb. (1996). physiology plant growth. governmentalspreader. jakarta. phallus,p. 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(1995). growing physiologyqn. volume2. publisher its press. sri adiningsih, (1995). integrated nutrient management for food production achieving stable and familiar environment in prosidina technical meeting of soil agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir) wicaksono bambang hariyadi, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi page | research institute and agroklimak. land research center and agroklimak. bogor. susila. (2006). free vegetable cultivation. department of agronomy and horticulture. bogor agricultural institute. bogor. 66 p. sutanto. (2002). application of organic agriculture. publisher pt. doubleday. yogyakarta. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa treatment of hormax growth regulating substances on early germination and growth of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, dicki wahyudi, nurlina page | treatment of hormax growth regulating substances on early germination and growth of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, dicki wahyudi, nurlina faculty of agriculture, university merdeka surabaya. e-mail: wicaksonounmer@gmail.com abstract the average production of sugar is 2.26 million tons per year, while consumption is about 5.10 million tons per year. this is what causes the number of production and consumption of sugar shows a fairly high gap. extensification approach in increasing sugar cane production to achieve sugar self sufficiency target is quite difficult to achieve, so intensification program is one of the efforts that can be done through evaluation and optimization phase of germination and plant growth with application of growth regulator (fitohormon). if this is done then to obtain a sugar cane plant that has the productivity and optimal yield is likely to be achieved (ahmad khuluq and ruly hamida, 2014). the experiment was conducted at experimental garden of agriculture faculty, merdeka university, april-june 2017. using randomized block design with 3 replications. and 8 doses of hormax growing growth regulator, among others: 0 ml/l water (control); 1 ml/l water; 2 ml/l water; 3 ml/l water; 4 ml/l water; 5 ml/l water; 6 ml/l water; 7 ml/l water. in conclusion, the use of hormax significantly affected the germination rate, the number of leaves, the number of roots, the wet weight and the dry weight per cane plant. increased dose of hormax followed by an increase in all variables of sugar cane observation. the highest results were shown dose of hormax 7 ml/l water), but statistically not significantly different from the treatment dose of hormax 6 ml/l water) and dose of hormax 5 ml/l water. it is recommended that to assist the germination and early growth of sugar cane using a dose of hormax 5 ml/l water. keywords : dose, growth hormax, sugar cane 1. introduction public demand for sugar continues to increase over time, this increase is due to the development of the population and the increasingly widespread industry that uses sugar raw materials. average sugar production is 2.26 million tons per year, while consumption is around 5.10 million tons per year. this is what causes the sugar production and consumption figures to show a high gap. in 2002-2007, the increase in sugarcane productivity was carried out through the national sugar productivity acceleration program and as a result indonesia was able to self-sufficient sugar consumption directly in 2008. the success of the implementation of the acceleration program mentioned above, in 2010 the government launched the national sugar self-sufficiency program until the year 2014 with a target of sugar production reaching 5.7 million tons, so that it can meet national sugar needs, both white crystalline and refined sugar. strategies to achieve these targets agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa treatment of hormax growth regulating substances on early germination and growth of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, dicki wahyudi, nurlina page | include increasing the productivity of both sugar cane and sugar, expanding the area, revitalizing and developing sugar cane-based industries, strengthening institutions and financing as well as national policies. in order to achieve national sugar self-sufficiency in 2014 strategic steps were developed to support each other, namely the arrangement of varieties in order to optimize land and milled efficiency, so that sugar productivity increased (anonymous, 2010). the indonesian sugar association (agi) said that national sugar production in 2015 was recorded at only 2.49 tons. this achievement is lower than the national sugar production target set by the ministry of agriculture (ministry of agriculture) of 2.7 million tons. this sugar production is obtained from the concession area of 446,060 hectares (ha) which produces 30.1 million tons of harvested sugar cane, with crystal production reaching 5.60 tons per ha, sugar cane weight of 67.6 tons per ha and the yield rate of 8.28 percent . in the 2015 milling season, sugar production from all sugar companies in java reached 1.5 million tons with an area of 276 thousand ha and produced milled sugarcane of 18.9 million tons, and crystal productivity of 5.55 tons per ha. whereas outside java, it was recorded to produce sugar production of 961 thousand tons with the support of 169 thousand tons of area which produced 11.2 million tons of milled sugar cane with 5.68 tons of hauled crystal production per ha. national sugar production in 2015 was lower than sugar production in 2014 which reached 2.57 million tons with crystal productivity of 5.41 tons per ha, sugarcane weight of 70.7 tons per ha and yield of 7.65 percent. the existence of el nino which was marked by extreme dry agriculture during the milling season caused the 2015 yield to be better than 2014, but the productivity of sugarcane decreased. as for the area, especially the people's sugar cane, it dropped significantly due to the low price of sugar throughout 2013 and 2014 (septian deny, 2016). extensification approach in increasing sugar cane production to achieve the sugar selfsufficiency target is quite difficult to achieve, so the possibility that can be done is through an intensification program for sugarcane plantations. one such effort is to carry out physiological engineering of sugarcane planting by evaluating and optimizing germination and plant growth phases with the application of growth regulating substances (fitohormon). if this is done, then to get sugar cane plantations that have optimal productivity and yield are likely to be achieved. growth hormone regulation is often used in initiating shoots on tissue culture multiplication techniques (ahmad khuluq and ruly hamida, 2014). germination is a critical phase for the life of sugar cane, and good germination is a good base capital for garden success (safe crop). germination is a complex series of processes from the growth of morphology, biochemistry and physiology (harjadi, 1991). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa treatment of hormax growth regulating substances on early germination and growth of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, dicki wahyudi, nurlina page | soil fertility that determines the success of sugarcane cultivation, involves aspects of soil physical and chemical limiting factors. the physical properties of the soil that stand out are drainage or permeability, texture and pore space. while the soil chemical properties are organic matter content, ph, essential nutrient availability and soil cec. suitable soil texture for sugarcane plants based on the nature of the soil is moderate to severe, namely the texture of clay, sandy loam, dusty clay, sandy clay, clay clay, dusty clay and clay or a slightly rough to smooth texture. the best soil acidity (ph) for sugarcane is in the range of 6.0 to 7.0 but love can grow at ph 4.5 to 7.5. soil fertility (nutrient status), based on the results of p3g1 research to determine the suitability of materials for sugarcane plants with criteria for total n> 1.4, p2o5 available> 27 ppm, k2o available> 150 ppm (anonymous, 2008). increasing the speed of the growth process requires the availability of nutrients that are relatively fast, especially during critical periods in plants (hariyadi, ali, & pratiwi, 2018). hormax growth regulator with a composition that is very suitable for plants can meet the nutrient needs. the application of hormones in the process of fertilizer production is to create "nutrients" which have unique characteristics composed of very small particles, which are expected to be absorbed more quickly and digested by plants (anonymous, 2012). further according to simanungkalit et al. (2006), that the hormax growth regulating agent is able to make plants healthier, thus reducing pests and diseases and not eliminating them altogether. other advantages of these hormax growth regulating agents include: natural, organic, non-toxic and environmentally friendly, passed quality testing and effectiveness testing, according to the provisions of the indonesian ministry of agriculture replication, its nutritional content is complete and balanced, contains natural growth stimulants, ionic form, so that it is easily and quickly absorbed by the mouth of the leaf (stomata), practical and economic in plants, suitable for all types of plants, also for livestock and fisheries, quality assurance and affordable prices. the presence of an organic growth stimulating hormone in hormax growth regulating substances has essentially a power function to build, encourage, stimulate, stimulate certain body parts. growth regulators are complex organic compounds synthesized by high-level plants that affect plant growth and development. in this study, the growth regulating agent used is the hormax growth regulating agent, where for the initial stage the dose limit is treated first, thus from this test the treatment expects to know the maximum and optimum dose treatment which is useful to increase the speed of germination and better growth of sugar cane, so that it can provide support for the achievement of sugarcane crops optimally. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa treatment of hormax growth regulating substances on early germination and growth of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, dicki wahyudi, nurlina page | 2. research methods place of research was at the experimental garden of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university, surabaya, in karah village, jambangan subdistrict, surabaya municipality, the height of the place was 5 meters above sea level. implementation time april-june 2017. research materials include varieties of sugarcane cuttings of variety ps-881, soil and manure as planting media (2: 1), growth regulators of hormax. pest control is prioritized by mechanical means, whereas when explosive attacks are used busudin 60 ec and dithane m-45. experiment tools include measuring cups, polybags (30 x 40 cm), buckets, rulers, stakes, exhouse scales, analytical scales, sprayers and electric ovens. this study used a randomized block design (rbd), with 8 levels of treatment dose of hormax (h) growth regulator and 3 replications and 2 sample plants. as for the treatment, namely: h0 = 0 ml / l of water; h1 = 1 ml / l of water; h2 = 2 ml / l of water; h3 = 3 ml / l of water; h4 = 4 ml / l of water; h5 = 5 ml / l of water; h6 = 6 ml / l of water; h7 = 7 ml / l of water. analysis of the data used to determine the effect of treatment on this experiment is the sidik ragam analysis (asr) with f test, while to find out the difference in treatment used the smallest significant difference test (bnt) with a 5% confidence level (yitnosumarto, 1991). 3. results and discussion 3.1 germination speed the results of variance analysis showed that the treatment dose of growth regulator hormax significantly affected (f1%> f calculate> f5%) on the observation of sugarcane germination rate (appendix table 1). this is in accordance with the statement of agus supriana (2012), that plant hormones are natural substances (formed by plants themselves) that act to regulate plant activity. while plant growth regulating substances include natural and synthetic plant hormones, but if applied to plants will affect the growth and development of these plants. furthermore lakitan benjamin (2006) stated that the absorption of nutrients at the right time can cause nutrient concentration in cells to be more optimal, so as to be able to accelerate or accelerate germination and subsequent growth. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa treatment of hormax growth regulating substances on early germination and growth of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, dicki wahyudi, nurlina page | table 1. average sugarcane plant germination speed due to treatment of dosage of hormax growth regulating substanceshormax growth regulating treatment of substances average sugarcane plant germination speed (days) h0 (0 ml / l water) 6.77 d h1 (1 ml / l water) 5.67 d h2 (2 ml / l water) 5.50 d h3 (3 ml / l water) 5.00 c h4 (4 ml / l water) 4.67 c h5 (5 ml / l water ) 3.50 b h6 (6 ml / l water) 3.17 ab h7 (7 ml / l water) 3.00 a bnt 5% 0.37 description: numbers accompanied by the same letter, in thecolumn sameshows not significantly different (bnt 5%). in table 1. it can be seen that the increasing application of treatment dose of growth regulators hormax also accelerates the time needed for germination of sugarcane cuttings, where the speed of germination of cuttings of the best sugarcane cuttings is the fastest or the treatment of h7 (7 ml / l of water) is 3, 00 days, although statistically not significantly different from h6 treatment (6 ml / l water) of 3.17 days, while the results of late germination or take a long time, h0 treatment (0 ml / l water) was 6.77 days. . the results of this study illustrate that the administration of hormax growth regulating agent has an effect on increasing the physiological effects of plants during germination of sugarcane stem cuttings, then causing optimal germination acceleration at certain doses compared to the control treatment or without hormax. gardner et al. (1991), suggested that the germination process would begin with the absorption of water from the soil which could then cause the embryo to produce a small amount of gibberellin then the hormone diffuses into the endosperm cells of the storage tissue, resulting in the formation of enzymes that lead endosperm cells to disintegrate and melt . in this process other hormones will be formed, namely cytokinin and auxin which will play a role in stimulating the growth of embryos through cell division and enlargement which can encourage the growth of shoots and roots, then once the shoots are exposed to sunlight, the plant begins to produce its own food through the process photosynthesis. 3.2 number of leaves the results of variance analysis showed that the treatment dose of growth regulating agent hormax significantly affected (f1%> f count> f5%) on the parameters of the observation of the number of leaves of sugarcane plants at the age of observation 14 days, 28 days and 42 days after agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa treatment of hormax growth regulating substances on early germination and growth of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, dicki wahyudi, nurlina page | planting (appendix table 2). this is presumed, that the administration of growth regulating agents is more effective in the physiological processes of plants which ultimately can have a significant effect on the speed of germination. in general, to obtain optimal growth and development of sugar cane, it can be done by cultivating good growth or germination and germination. a good germination means a start of good growth and will be the base of a good harvest. according to rahardja and wiryanta (2004), giving the concentration of auxin solution will have an optimal effect on the growth of the number of leaves produced. auxin helps the cell division activity at the shoot, so that the process of cell extension in the young shoot tissue will occur and the shoot growth will be faster too. table 2. average number of sugar cane leaves observation age 14, 28, 42 days after planting due to treatment of substance dose hormax growth regulator treatment dosage of hormax growth regulator average number of leaves of sugarcane plant 14 days 28 days 42 days h0 (0 ml / l water) 3.33 a 10.33 a 18.00 a h1 (1 ml / l water) 3.50 a 11.50 b 19.67 b h2 (2 ml / l water) 3.67 a 11.83 b 19.83 bc h3 (3 ml / l water) 4.33 b 12.50 c 20, 50 cd h4 (4 ml / l water) 4.50 bc 12.67 c 20.67 d h5 (5 ml / l water) 4.50 bc 13.33 d 21.50 e h6 (6 ml / l water) 4.67 bc 13.50 d 21.67 e h7 (7 ml / l water) 4.87 c 13.67 d 21.83 e bnt 5% 0.43 0.52 0.71 description: the numbers beside the same letter, the same column shows no significant difference (bnt 5%). in table 2. it can be seen that the increase in the application of the treatment dose of hormax plant growth regulators will result in an increase in the initial growth of sugar cane, this is indicated by the increasing number of leaves. the highest number of leaves at the age of 42 days after planting resulted in a treatment dose of growth regulator hormax h7 (7 ml / l water) of 21.83 leaves, although it was not statistically significantly different from the treatment dose of growth regulator hormax h6 (6 ml / l water) 21.67 leaves as well as treatment dose of growth regulators hormax h5 (5 ml / l water) as much as 21.50 leaves, while the results of the lowest leaf number at 42 days after planting resulted in the treatment dose of growth regulator hormax h0 ( 0 ml / l of water) 18,00 leaves. this is presumed, that the administration of hormax growth regulating agent is more effective in the physiological processes of plants which ultimately can give a significant influence on the process of leaf formation. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa treatment of hormax growth regulating substances on early germination and growth of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, dicki wahyudi, nurlina page | according to agustina (1989) in heddy (1996), that after the seedlings grow with the root system and the size of the leaves that develop perfectly, the leaves will support the rapid rate of photosynthesis. the results of anabolism or preparation in that period allow an increase in the size of rapid growth, but the rate of total photosynthate increase does not always remain high. gradually the plant will experience a decrease in the rate of photosynthate increase with increasing plant age, eventually stopping to grow and towards death. furthermore, according to harjadi (1991), that leaf organ acts as the main photosynthetic producer during photosynthesis process, where the photosynthate results subsequently have an important effect on the growth and formation of plant biomass. photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide and water with the influence of sunlight and the presence of chloropil or green leaves are melted into an energy-rich organic compound. 3.3 number of roots the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment dose of growth regulators hormax significantly (f1%> f calculate> f5%) in observing the number of roots of sugarcane plants (appendix table 3). application of growth regulators hormax, in the period of vegetative growth is intended to accelerate the growth and germination of roots, stems and leaves, so that plants are capable of optimal photosynthesis. the hormones contained are also very necessary in the growth of organogenesis including in root formation. the proper treatment of the solution can increase the initiation and induction of the roots in the cuttings seedlings (anonymous, 2017). table 3. average number of cane plant roots due to treatment of dosage of hormax growth regulating substances treatment of doses of hormax growing regulators average number of cane (strands) plant roots h0 (0 ml / l water) 13.17 a h1 (1 ml / l water) 15.83 b h2 (2 ml / l water) 16.67 b h3 (3 ml / l water) 19.50 c h4 (4 ml / l water) 20.17 c h5 (5 ml / l water) 23.00 d h6 (6 ml / l of water) 23.50 d h7 (7 ml / l of water) 24.83 d bnt 5% 2,17 remarks: the figures are accompanied by the same letter, in columnthe same shows not significantly different (bnt 5%). in table 3. it can be seen that the increase in the application of the treatment dose of hormax growth regulating agent will result in an increase in the initial growth of sugar cane, this is agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa treatment of hormax growth regulating substances on early germination and growth of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, dicki wahyudi, nurlina page | indicated by the increasing number of leaves. the highest number of leaves at the age of 42 days after planting resulted in a treatment dose of growth regulator hormax h7 (7 ml / l water) of 24.83 roots, although it was not statistically significantly different from the treatment dose of growth regulator hormax h6 (6 ml / l water) 23.50 roots and treatment dose of growth regulators hormax h5 (5 ml / l water) as much as 23.00 roots, while the results of the lowest leaf number at 42 days after planting resulted in a dose of hormax h0 growth regulating agent ( 0 ml / l of water) 13.17 roots. this is presumed, that the administration of hormax growth regulating agents is more effective in the physiological processes of plants which ultimately can have a significant influence on the process of root formation. according to agus supriana (2012), that plant hormones are natural substances (formed by these plants themselves) which act to regulate plant activity. harmon plants synthesized chemically can react to plants in the same way that people are caused by natural hormones. while plant growth regulating substances include natural and synthetic plant hormones but also others, chemicals not nutrients that are not found naturally in plants, but when applied to plants will affect the growth and development of these plants (anonymous, 2012). 3.4 wet weight per plant and dry weight per plant the results of variance analysis showed that the treatment dose of growth regulator hormax significantly affected (f1%> fcount> f5%) on the observation of wet weight and dry weight of sugarcane (appendix table 4). this is consistent with harjadi's (1991) statement, that leaf organs act as the main photosynthetic producer during photosynthesis, wherein the photosynthate results further affect the growth and formation of plant biomass. table 4. average wet weight and dry weight of sugarcane crops due to treatment of dosage substance growth regulator hormax treatment dosage substance growth regulator hormax wet weight per plant (gram) dry weight per plant (gram) h0 (0 ml / l water) 115, 73 a 22.67 a h1 (1 ml / l water) 124.03 b 27.83 b h2 (2 ml / l water) 126.07 bc 29.30 b h3 (3 ml / l water) 131.60 cd 33.87 c h4 (4 ml / l water) 132.57 d 34.60 c h5 (5 ml / l water) 139.73 e 38.93 d h6 (6 ml / l water) 141.97 e 39, 30 d h7 (7 ml / l water) 144.90 e 41.23 d bnt 5% 6.27 3.43 description: the numbers next to the same letter, in thecolumn sameshow not significantly different (bnt 5% ) agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa treatment of hormax growth regulating substances on early germination and growth of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, dicki wahyudi, nurlina page | from table 4 it can be seen, that the increasing application of dose treatment of growth regulators hormax further increases the wet weight per plant and dry weight per sugarcane, where the highest wet and dry weight per sugarcane plant was shown to be h7 (7 ml / l of water), namely 144.90 grams of wet weight and 41.23 grams of dry weight per plant, although it was not statistically significantly different from h6 treatment (6 ml / l water), as well as h5 treatment (5 ml / l water), which was 141.07 grams and 139.73 grams of wet weight and 39.30 grams and 38.93 grams of dry weight per sugarcane. the lowest yield of wet weight and dry weight per sugarcane plant was shown to be treatment of h0 (0 ml / l water), which was weighing 115.73 grams of wet weight and 22.67 grams of dry weight per plant. the results of this study can provide an illustration that the administration of hormax growth regulating agent has an effect on increasing the physiological effects of plants during germination of sugarcane stem cuttings and furthermore it will cause optimal germination acceleration up to a certain dose, when compared to the control treatment or without the use of growth regulators hormax, so the speed of biomass formation to produce plant organs will be faster too. the hormax growth regulating agent contains macro and micro elements needed by the plant, in addition to the hormonal content of iaa including auxin, zeasin, kinetin including cytokines, and ga3 including gibberellin, which can have an effect on plant growth and germination, effectively and efficient. based on the results of the study, that the growth regulator hormax is able to play a role in stimulating and increasing the growth of roots, stems, leaves and tillers quickly, also able to nourish plants that are sick or after harvesting the fruit. the growth regulating agent of hormax can be used in plantation, horticulture, rice and secondary crops and vegetables, because it is non-toxic and does not cause pollution. the results of research on a number of plantation crops, such as rubber, tea, sugar cane, cocoa, tobacco, and rice and polowijo, are recommended, that the use of concentrations of hormax growth regulators as much as 3-5 ml per liter of water will provide a better effect on growth parameters and yield the plant (anonymous, 2012). 4. conclusions based on the results of observations and statistical analysis, the conclusions are as follows: application of growth regulators hormax significantly affects the speed of germination, number of leaves, number of roots, wet weight and dry weight per sugarcane. the increasing application of treatment doses for growth regulators of hormax was followed by an increase in the number of leaves, number of roots, wet and dry weight per plant and the speed of germination of sugarcane. the highest yield (yield and maximum dose) was shown by the treatment dose of growth regulator agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris 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(1991). percobaan : perancangan, analisis dan interprestanya. dep. p dan k program mipa universitas brawijaya malang. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi1, nurul huda2, nurlina3, mahrus ali4, elsi wandik5 1,2,3,4,5faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya. e-mail : wicaksonounmer@gmail.com corresponding author: sengkomahrus@gmail.com abstract this study aims to determine the effect of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of onion and find out the optimum dosage. this is a randomized block design (rbd) consisting of five (5) treatments with three (3) replications and two (2) sample plants. treatment in experimental plot was conducted randomly. tambsil liquid organic fertilizer consists of six (6) doses including dt0 = without tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (control); dt1 = tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 2.0 ml/liter of water/plant; dt2 = tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 4.0 ml/liter of water/plant; dt3 = tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 6.0 ml/liter of water/plant; dt4 = tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 8.0 ml/liter of water/plant; dt5 = tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 10.0 ml/liter of water/plant. the dose of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer provides significant effect on the observation variables of plant length, number of leaves, number of bulbs and gross weight per clump of onion (allium ascalonicum l.). the dose of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt4) 8.0 cc per liter of water always shows the highest growth and yield of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) while statistically, bnt 5% is not significantly different from the treatment of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt3) 6.0 cc per liter of water (optimum dose) and (dt4) dose of 10.0 cc per liter of water. keywords: dose of liquid organic fertilizer, tambsil, red onion 1. introduction according to data from the central bureau of statistics (2014), the area of onion plantation in indonesia in 2013 was 98,937 ha with a production of 1,010,773 tons. in east java province, the onion harvest, production, and productivity in 2013 were 1,048 ha, 8,305 tons, 7.92 tons / ha respectively which decreased compared to the previous year of 1,581 ha harvested area, production of 14,158 tons and productivity of 8.96 tons / ha in 2012. in central java as one of the centers of onion production, productivity reached 11.43 tons / ha. while the difference in productivity is not too significant, the productivity of onion in east java needs to be maximized (hariyadi, ali, & pratiwi, 2018). the low productivity in east java is caused by the lack of technical system in its cultivation, especially fertilization. fertilization is one of the determining factors in an effort to improve crop yields . the use of fertilizer as recommended is expected to provide profitable harvest. thus, the expected impact of fertilization does not only increase yield per unit area but also efficiency and effectiveness. this agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | is because the use of fertilizer at the farm level is quite high that it can cause problems, especially deficiencies in micro nutrients, soil compaction, and environmental pollution (ersa purwanti. 2017). the growth of plants is strongly influenced by the availability of nutrients in the soil and fertilizer application. nutrient uptake is limited by low nutrients (leibig minimum law). thus, low nutrient control the process of plant growth. to achieve optimal growth, all nutrients must be balanced, meaning nutrient should not be a limiting factor. productivity and quality of plants can be increased in some techniques including the use of compound fertilizers combined with macro elements, macro-micro, multi-micro, micro nutrients and hormones, as well as growth regulators the application method also varies including those given through leaves(nisak, pratiwi, & ali, 2017). according to estu, rahayu., dan berlian va, nur. 2007 there are several factors that cause low onion production, including low soil fertility, limited availability of water, use of non-uniform and low-quality seeds, limited farmers' knowledge of onion cultivation and improper fertilization techniques. furthermore, rizqiani, n. f., ambarwati, e., and yuwono, n. w. (2007), state that nutrient availability for plants is provided by adding nutrients through fertilizer application, either through soil or through leaves. availability of nutrients in sufficient and balanced soil is one of the keys to the successful cultivation of onion. jamilah, erianto dan fatimah. (2017). reported that the administration of crocober poc made from crocober odorata and coconut fiber produced through the non aerated fermentation (naf) process with a concentration of 50 ml/ iter every week can increase the yield of onion. this chemical reaction of poc greatly determines the level of nutrient uptake which diffuses into the leaves through the cuticle or stomata layers. provision of liquid organic fertilizer into the soil not only plays a role in increasing crop production but also in the soil by supplying organic matter and nitrogen in the soil and improving soil physical properties (setiyowati. 2002). a research by (permadi, a.h. 1995). found that treatment with titonia liquid organic fertilizer dose significantly affected the number of leaves aged one week. the treatment of the time interval given significantly affected the four-week-old plant height, tuber diameter per sample and tuber dry weight per plot. in general, the best treatment for administering titonia liquid organic fertilizer is 12.00 ml per plant, while the best treatment for the time interval for giving titonia liquid organic fertilizer is four days. the interaction of the two factors did not significantly affect all parameters of the observation of shallots. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | a research conducted (hariyadi et al., 2018) shows that the administration of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer had a very significant effect on plant height, leaf number and wet weight per plant inr land spinach polybag (ipomoea reptans poir). the treatment of liquid fertilizer organic fertilizer in dosage of 10 cc/liter of water tends to produce the highest (maximum) growth and yield of land water spinach (ipomoea reptans poir) while it is not statistically significantly different from the treatment of tamblil liquid organic fertilizer 8 cc/liter of water (optimum). fertilizing applications sourced from liquid organic fertilizers, both dosage and timing, have not been widely carried out. in order to add insight to the agricultural community about the liquid organic fertilizer, the testing of the effects of liquid organic fertilizer, especially tambsil liquid organic fertilizer on the shallot plant (allium ascalonicum l.) was carried out. 2. method the research was conducted at the experimental garden of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, ketintang madya vii-2 surabaya, east java with a altitude of ± 5 m above sea level. the research was conducted from may to june 2018. the research materials included planting soil, compost, npk fertilizer, tambsil liquid organic fertilizer and onion tuber seeds (4 month dormancy). the tools used are hoes, blades, knives, polybags (5 kg media size), labels, rulers, stationery, weight gauges and electric scales as well as other laboratory equipment. this study aims to determine the effect of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of onion and find out the optimum dosage. this is a randomized block design (rbd) consisting of five (5) treatments with three (3) replications and two (2) sample plants. treatment in experimental plot was conducted randomly. tambsil liquid organic fertilizer consists of six (6) doses including dt0 = without tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (control); dt1 = tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 2.0 ml/liter of water/plant; dt2 = tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 4.0 ml/liter of water/plant; dt3 = tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 6.0 ml/liter of water/plant; dt4 = tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 8.0 ml/liter of water/plant; dt5 = tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 10.0 ml/liter of water/plant. to determine the effect of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of onion, f test with a level of 5% was used, i.e variety analysis test (asr). if from the f% 5% test results shows a real effect, t test (smallest significant difference test) is continued with a level of 5% in order to find out the difference between the treatment of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer to find its effective dose (adji sastrosupardi, 1999 and bambang wicaksono hariyadi, 2017). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | 3. results and discussion 3.1. plant length per clump the results of the variance analysis indicates that the use of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer had a very significant effect on the onion plant length at the age of 20 days, 40 days and 60 days after planting (appendix table 1). this proves that macro nutrients and micro nutrients contained in tambsil liquid organic fertilizer are useful in the growth of onion plants. tambsil liquid organic fertilizer will increase the availability of sufficiently large nitrogen into the soil. in the process of protein formation which will then be used in the process of composing and dividing cells, tissues and organs takes place quickly with the use of the fertilizer. the function of nitrogen as fertilizer is to improve the vegetative growth of plants and help the process of protein formation (hardjowigeno, 2003). lingga and marsono (2004) states that liquid organic fertilizer contains a lot of macro nutrients and essential micro nutrients (n, p, k, s, ca, mg, b, mo, cu, fe, mn, organic matter). liquid organic fertilizer has several benefits, including encouraging and increasing chlorophyll formation, thereby increasing plant photosynthesis ability and absorption of nitrogen from the air, increasing plant vigor that plants become sturdy and strong, increasing plant resistance to drought, weather stress and disease pathogens, stimulates the growth of production branches, increases the formation of flowers and ovaries, and reduces the loss of leaves, flowers and ovaries. table 1. the average length of onion plants per clump with the supply of tambilli liquid organic fertilizers in various doses and age of observation dosage treatment tambsil liquid organic fertilizer average plant length onion per clump 20 days (cm) 40 days (cm) 60 days (cm) dt0 = without tambsil fertilizer (control) 18,67 a 25,33 a 32,33 a dt1 = tambsil fertilizer 2,0 cc per liter water 23,00 b 31,00 b 39,33 b dt2 = tambsil fertilizer 4,0 cc per liter water 24,67 c 33,33 c 42,00 c dt3 = tambsil fertilizer 6,0 cc per liter water 25,33 cd 35,33 d 45,33 d dt4 = tambsil fertilizer 8,0 cc per liter water 26,00 d 36,67 d 46,33 d dt5 = tambsil fertilizer 10,0 cc per liter water 25,67 d 36,00 d 45,67 d bnt 5% 0,95 1,45 2,12 note: the numbers accompanied by the same letters in the same column are not significantly different from the 5% bnt test agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | table 1. shows that increasing the dose of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer on onion plants will be followed by an increase in plant length. however, the increasing dose caused the decrease in the length of the plant. the longest red onion plant is achieved with tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt4) dosage of 8.0 cc per liter of water (46.33 cm), although statistically (bnt 5%) is not significantly different from (dt3) of 6.0 cc per liter of water (45.33 cm) and (dt5) of 10.0 cc per liter of water (45.67 cm). the shortest red onion plant was gained with non tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt0) (32.33cm) and the treatment was statistically significantly different from other treatments. it is presumed that the administration of tamblil liquid fertilizer on onion plants increase the availability of nitrogen elements in the soil, thus, when nitrogen element is needed by plants to form tissue or growth organs, the nitrogen element is available and sufficient. however, if the dose of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer is reduced, the level of nitrogen element availability also decreases. conversely, an increase in the tambsil liquid organic fertilizer dose does not guarantee the absorption of nitrogen nutrients by plants, so the rate of addition of growth is also not significant (not real). that liquid organic fertilizer contains an element of potassium which plays an important role in every plant metabolic process, namely in the synthesis of amino acids and proteins of ammonium ions and plays a role in maintaining turgor pressure well this allows a smooth metabolic process and ensures continuity cell. furthermore, sutejo (2002) argued that the function of nitrogen (n) for plants, especially vegetable plants, is a constituent of proteins for plant shoot growth and fosters vegetative growth. giving nitrogen a lot will cause vegetative growth to take place well and the color of the leaf becomes dark green, but the excess will slow the ripening process. fiber plants with excess nitrogen will weaken the fibers, while for grain crops will cause plants to collapse. nitrogen deficiency usually causes depressed plant growth and leaves to dry out. the symptoms of chlorosis first appear on old leaves, while young leaves remain green. furthermore jamilah, erianto dan fatimah. 2017, describe that nitrogen contained in liquid organic fertilizer acts as a constituent of proteins, whereas phosphorus and calcium play a role in spurring the process of meristem tissue division, stimulating root growth and leaf development. potassium regulates the opening and closing of the stomata. optimal stomata regulation will control plant transpiration and increase the reduction of carbon dioxide which will be converted into carbohydrates. therefore, in general the macro nutrients contained in liquid organic fertilizer will increase plant photosynthetic activity, thereby increasing the carbohydrates produced as food reserves. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | tambsil liquid organic fertilizer is a complete liquid organic fertilizer formulated to meet the needs and challenges of farmers and entrepreneurs in the fields of agriculture and plantations in order to obtain prime yields or crops. this liquid organic fertilizer contains complete nutrients, both macro and micro essential elements for soil fertility and plant growth. this fertilizer is a liquid that is able to be absorbed by plants through the stomata or leaf mouth and functions as a stimulator and is very safe for human and animal health and is very environmentally friendly (anonymous, 2017). 3.2. number of leaves per clump the results of the variance analysis showed that the administration of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer had a very significant effect on the observation of the number of leaves per clump of shallots at the age of 20 days, 40 days and 60 days after planting (appendix table 2). providing tambsil liquid organic fertilizer can increase the availability and uptake of nutrients by plants, so as to improve plant growth and yield. nutrients found in liquid organic fertilizer can increase the yield of shallot plants because the role of organic fertilizer not only improves the physical and biological properties of the soil but also the chemical properties of the soil. the nutrients available from liquid organic fertilizer will be utilized by plants to stimulate photosynthesis, the results of photosynthesis are translocated to all parts of the plant to stimulate vegetative and generative development of plants. nutrients contained in liquid organic fertilizer are micro and macro nutrients. according to hamdani, j. s. 2008, another benefit of liquid organic fertilizer is adding nutrients (n and p) so that it can increase crop production. liquid organic fertilizer given through leaves will be more evenly distributed, so that it can overcome nutrient deficiency quickly. leaf fertilizer can strengthen plant tissue and accelerate and improve growth. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | table 2. mean leaves of shallot plants per clump with the use of tambill liquid organic fertilizers in various doses and age of observation dosage treatment tambsil liquid organic fertilizer average number of leaves per clump on onion plants 20 days (strand) 40 days (strand) 60 days (strand) dt0 = without tambsil fertilizer (control) 6,33 a 11,00 a 15,83 a dt1 = tambsil fertilizer 2,0 cc per liter water 9,17 b 15,33 b 20,17 b dt2 = tambsil fertilizer 4,0 cc per liter water 10,83 c 16,83 c 22,33 c dt3 = tambsil fertilizer 6,0 cc per liter water 11,83 d 18,83 d 23,67 d dt4 = tambsil fertilizer 8,0 cc per liter water 11,67 d 19,17 d 24,83 d dt5= tambsil fertilizer 10,0 cc per liter water 11,33 cd 18,33 d 24,00 d bnt 5% 0,55 1,07 1,13 note: the numbers accompanied by the same letters in the same column are not significantly different from the 5% bnt test table 2 shows that the increase in the administration of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer dose is proportional to the increase in the number of leaves during the growth of onion plants. the smallest number of red onion leaves was shown treatment without fertilizer (dt0) tambsil organic liquid (15.83 strands) and statistically (bnt 5%) was always significantly different from treatments with tambsil liquid organic fertilizer doses. the highest number of leaves was achieved treatment of giving tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt4) 8.0 cc per liter of water (24.83 strands) and statistically (bnt 5%) was not significantly different from the treatment of giving tambsil liquid organic fertilizer dose (dt5) 10,0 cc per liter of water (24.00 strands) and treatment for giving a dose of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt3) 6.0 cc per liter of water (23.67 strands). this shows that the treatment of giving a dose of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer has reached the optimum dose (appropriate). with the increase in the addition of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer dosage of 5.0 cc per liter of water, the increase in the number of leaves is less significant (not visible) or not statistically significantly different from the treatment of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer 4.0 cc per liter of water, so the increase in dosage does not need to be done again. according to prihmantoro in gerald (2014) macro nutrients found in liquid organic fertilizers are n, p, k, ca, mg, and s. macro nutrients are nutrients needed in large quantities. this agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | statement is in accordance with the results of bambang wicaksono hariyadi, kogoya and bambang gunawan (2017) research which states that there is a very significant effect on plant height, leaf number and wet weight per plant and plant wet weight per polybag of land water spinach (ipomoea reptans poir) towards providing tambsil liquid organic fertilizer. the treatment of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer dosage of 10 cc per liter of water results in the highest growth and yield of land water spinach, although not significantly different from the treatment of 8 cc tamblil liquid organic fertilizer per liter of water (optimum). the advantage of using liquid organic fertilizer is that it works faster than using fertilizer in solid form. liquid organic fertilizer has disadvantages, which are volatile, can damage leaf tissue and absorption depends on the leaf surface layer, namely fur and cuticle layer (lingga, 2003). the use of nitrogen fertilizer will cause damage to the plant. in general, many farmers use nitrogen fertilizer in vegetable crops, such as kale, spinach and others in greater amounts than other fertilizers, because nitrogen fertilizer is relatively cheap compared to other fertilizers. nitrogen fertilizer with a dose of 250 kilograms / ha will provide the best growth in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and production of kale plants, spinach plants and mustard plants (parman, s. 2007). the benefits of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer is to fertilize plant growth, accelerate the formation of shoots and flowers as ovaries, overcome nutrient deficiencies in plants which can result in disrupted or dead plant growth. in addition, this increases plant resistance to disease attacks, especially fungi or fungi, is able to overcome the shortage of basic fertilizer use, accelerate the harvest period, extend plant life and increase the number of excerpts for annual and annual plant species, and improve plant growth on infertile land or marginal land (anonymous, 2017). 3.3. bulbs and gross weight per plant clump the results of the variance analysis showed that the treatment of giving a dose of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer had a very significant effect on the observed variables of the number of bulbs and wet weight per onion clump (appendix table 3). these results indicate that the administration of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer can increase the availability and uptake of nutrients by plants, so as to improve plant growth and yield. nutrients found in liquid organic fertilizer can also increase the growth and yield of shallots because the role of organic fertilizer not only improves the physical and biological properties of the soil but also the chemical properties of the soil. the nutrients available from liquid organic fertilizer will be utilized by plants to stimulate photosynthesis, the photosynthesis results are translocated to all parts of the plant to spur vegetative and generative development of plants. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | according to napitupullu dan winarto. (2009). fertilizers containing nitrogen increases nutrient availability immediately to plants. in addition it saves time, labor and transportation costs. table 3. shows that an increase in the administration of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer is followed by an increase in the number of bulbs and wet weight per clump of shallots. the lowest number of bulbs and wet weight per clump was indicated by plants without the administration of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt0) or control treatment (6.33 bulbs and 112.77 grams) and statistically (5% bnt) was significantly different from dosing treatments other tambsil liquid organic fertilizers. the highest number of bulbs and gross weight per clump was achieved by treatment of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt4) dosage 8.0 cc per liter of water (13.00 bulbs and 241.43 grams), followed by the treatment of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt5) 10.0 cc per liter of water (12.67 bulbs and 225.00 grams), (dt3) 6.0 cc per liter of water (12.33 bulbs and 214.17 grams), but statistically (bnt 5 %) the three treatments for the tambsil liquid organic fertilizer dosage were not significantly different. this proves that the administration of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer is quite useful and able to meet the needs for the growth and yield of onions. table 3. average bulbs amount and wet weight per clump of shallot plant by administration various doses of tambil liquid organic fertilizer dosage treatment tambsil liquid organic fertilizer average number of bulbs average gross weight per clump of plants (gram) 6,33 a 112,77 a dt0 = without tambsil fertilizer (control) 9,67 b 158,43 b dt1 = tambsil fertilizer 2,0 cc per liter water 10,67 b 188,63 c dt2 = tambsil fertilizer 4,0 cc per liter water 12,33 c 214,17 d dt3 = tambsil fertilizer 6,0 cc per liter water 13,00 c 241,43 d dt4 = tambsil fertilizer 8,0 cc per liter water 12,67 c 225,00 d bnt 5% 1,55 23,74 note: the numbers accompanied by the same letters in the same column are not significantly different from the 5% bnt test liquid organic fertilizer has several benefits. it encourages and increases the formation of leaf chlorophyll, thereby increasing the ability of plant photosynthesis and absorption of nitrogen ions from the air, increasing plant vigor so that the plant becomes sturdy and strong. in addition, this also increases plant resistance to drought, weather stress and attacks of disease-causing agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | pathogens, stimulates the growth of production branches, and increases the formation of flowers and ovaries, and reduces the loss of leaves, flowers and ovaries (lingga and marsono, 2004). this is in accordance with the results of research by rizqiani et.al. (2007) in beans, that administration of liquid organic fertilizer can increase the number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, leaf area index, root length, number of pods, pod fresh weight per plant and fresh weight of pods per hectare. manullang, abdu dan puji.(2014), study show that the administration of amazing bio growth liquid organic fertilizer can increase cucumber production. likewise in nani sumarni dan achmad hidayat. (2005). study that the dose of supra use of liquid organic fertilizer on potato plants was recommended as much as 4.0 ml to increase the production of potato bulbs. found that the planting media had an effect on the number of leaves, bulb diameter, fresh bulb weight, dry weight of wind bulbs, oven dry tuber weight, fresh stover weight, dry wind stover weight, and oven dry weight. soil media plus manure yields the highest number of leaves, ie 51.58 strands, the largest bulbs diameter is 2.73 cm, the heaviest weight of fresh tubers is 72.91 g, the heaviest weight of dried bulbs is 63.64 g, and the heaviest weight of oven dried bulb is 50.68 g. soil media plus manure and fuel husk produced the heaviest fresh weight of 22.95 g, the heaviest dry weight of the wind of 2.68 g, and the heaviest oven dry weight of 1.79 g (purwanti, hidayati, & nurlina, 2017). 4. conclusions and recommendations based on the results of observations and statistical analysis of this study, the following points are concluded: the administration of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer has a very significant effect on the variable length of plant observation, number of leaves, number of bulbs and gross weight per clump of onion plants (allium ascalonicum l.). the administration of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt4) 8.0 cc per liter of water always shows the highest growth and yield of onion (allium ascalonicum l.), although statistically (bnt 5%) is not significantly different from the treatment of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer (dt3) 6.0 cc per liter of water (optimum dose) and (dt4) 10.0 cc per liter of water. further research can observe ways, times, doses of administration of liquid organic fertilizers in different climatic conditions, locations and commodities. for surabaya area and its surroundings, the liquid organic fertilizer fertilizer dosage is recommended by 6.0 cc per liter of water (optimum dose). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | references anonymous. 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(2014). pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi pupuk organik cair terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman sawi (brassica juncea l.) varietas tosakan. jurnal agrifor vol xiii (no.1). hlm (37-38) nani sumarni dan achmad hidayat. (2005). budidaya bawang merah. balai penelitian tanaman sayuran, pusat penelitian dan pengembangan hortikultura, badan penelitian dan pengembangan pertanian. jakarta. panduan teknis. ptt bawang merah no.3. isbn: 979-8304-49-7. 31 halaman. napitupullu dan winarto. (2009). pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi pupuk organik cair tehadap produksi bawang merah(allium ascalonicum l.). laboratorium biologi dan struktur fungsi tumbuhan fmipa undip. bioma 12: 44-48. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina, mahrus ali, elsi wandik. page | parman, s. (2007). pengaruh pemberian pupuk organik cair terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi kentang (solanum tuberosum l.) buletin anatomi dan fisiologi xv, 21-31. penerjemah herawati susilo. ui press. jakarta. permadi, a.h. (1995). pemuliaan bawang merah dalam teknologi produksi bawang merah. suwandi dan a.h. permadi (editor). pusat penelitian dan pengembangan hortikultura. jakarta. pp 111. rizqiani, n. f., ambarwati, e., and yuwono, n. w. 2007. pengaruh dosis dan frekuensi pemberian pupuk organik cair terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil buncis (phaseolus beta vulgaris) dataran rendah. jumal llmu tanah dan lingkungan. 7,43-53. setiyowati. (2002). pengaruh pemberian pupuk organik cair terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi bawang merah (allium ascalonicum l.). jurusan biologi, fakultas matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan alam, universitas diponegoro, semarang. wibowo, s. (2001). budidaya bawang ( bawang putih, merah dan bombay). penerbit pt. penebar swadaya. jakarta. page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya e-mail: wicaksonounmer@gmail.com abstract one important factor in cultivation that supports the success of plant life is the problem of fertilization. a common problem that occurs in fertilization is the low efficiency of nutrient uptake by plants. the efficiency of fertilizing nitrogen (n) and potassium (k) is relatively low, ranging from 30-40%. the efficiency of phosphorus (p) fertilization by plants is also low, around 15-20% (rukmana, 2002). efforts to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use can be pursued through the principle of the right type, the right dose, the right way, the right time of application and balanced according to the needs of plants (syafruddin et al, 2009). the purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the effectiveness (appropriate) use of urea fertilizer (nitrogen sources) on plant growth and yield baby kailan (brassica alboglabra l.). the study was conducted in the experimental garden of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, on jalan ketintang madya vii-2 surabaya, east java with a height of ± 5 m above sea level, carried out from march to april 2019. this study used a randomized group design (rbd) consisting six (6) treatments with three (3) replications and two (2) sample plants. as for the treatment given, namely the dose of urea fertilizer consisting of six (6) doses, namely: a = no urea fertilizer (control); b = 75 kg / ha urea fertilizer (0.15 gram per plant); c = urea fertilizer 150 kg / ha (0.30 gram per plant); d = urea fertilizer 225 kg / ha (0.45 gram per plant); e = urea fertilizer 300 kg / ha (0.60 gram per plant); f = urea fertilizer 375 kg / ha (0.75 gram per plant) the results of the study show that the use of urea fertilizer has a very significant effect on the variable plant length, number of leaves and the wet weight of baby kailan plants. effective (appropriate) dosage in the use of urea fertilizer during growth and yield of baby kailan plants tends to be achieved with urea fertilizer dosages of 300 kg per hectare (0.60 gram per plant), although the highest growth and yield tends to be indicated by urea fertilizer dosages 375 kg per hectares (0.75 grams per plant), because statistically (lsd 5%) between the two treatments the dose of urea fertilizer was not significantly different. keywords: dosage, urea fertilizer, baby kailan 1. introduction vegetables are one of the most important food ingredients in fulfilling community nutrition. the world food and agriculture organization (fao) recommends vegetable consumption of 75 kg / capita / year. that number higher than indonesian people's vegetable consumption of 35 kg / capita / year. so there will be an increase in demand for vegetable consumption by 45 kg / capita / year. in addition, the demand for these commodities continues to increase with increasing population and vegetable consumption per capita in indonesia. thus vegetables become one of the commodities whose production must be increased. kailan (brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) is a type of vegetable from the cabbage family (brassicaceae). these vegetables began to enter indonesia in the 17th century and are thought to originate from china. the nutritional content and delicious taste, make kailan become one of the page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence agricultural products that are in demand by the community (hariyadi, ali, & pratiwi, 2018). in addition, high demand from supermarkets, hotels and restaurants also increases the economic value of kailan. at present high demand cannot be balanced with a maximum and stable production (lingga, 2010). kailan (brassica albolglabra l.) is a type of leaf vegetable that contains many vitamins and minerals needed by the human body. kailan is consumed in fresh form as well as in the form of cooking. the content of vitamins and minerals contained in 100 grams of material contains 7540 iu of vitamin a, 115 mgram of vitamin c, and 62 mgram of ca, 2.2 mgram of fe. (siemonsma and piluek 1994). the need for kailan vegetables tends to continue to increase in line with the increasing public awareness of the importance of nutrition and the many restaurants that serve kailan as one of their menus. baby kailan production in indonesia can reach 500,000 600,000 kg per hectare (sutanto, 2002). although the price of kailan vegetables is relatively cheap, if it is cultivated intensively and oriented towards agribusiness, it will provide substantial benefits for farmers. kailan marketing opportunities are increasingly widespread, because not only can be sold in local markets in the area, but also has been widely ordered by supermarkets(pratiwi, ali, setiawan, budiyanto, & sucahyo, 2017). the entry of kailan vegetables into supermarkets will increase the selling price of these vegetables (susila, 2006). the increasing demand for vegetables, of course needs to be balanced with increased production. one of the important production factors in intensive cultivation is the problem of fertilizer and fertilization. the low efficiency of nutrient uptake by plants on nitrogen and calcium fertilizers ranges from 30-40%, and 15-20% for phosphorus fertilizer (sri adiningsih, 1995). plants are not enough just to rely on nutrients from the soil. therefore, plants need to be given additional nutrients from the outside, namely in the form of fertilizer (prihantoro, 2001). efforts to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use can be pursued through the principle of the right dose, the right way, the right time of application and balanced according to the needs of plants (syafruddin et al, 2009). furthermore according to wahyono (2012) emphasized, that fertilizer is an ingredient and food substance that is given or added to plants with the intention of increasing food nutrients for the soil. there are two kinds of fertilizers, namely artificial fertilizers and natural fertilizers. lack of knowledge of farmers about the type and amount of fertilizer doses needed by plants, is also a problem, which results in a low increase in production of large unity plants (lingga and marsono, 2007). vegetable cultivation, especially kailan, requires a good and regular fertilization program. urea fertilizer is a chemical fertilizer that contains high levels of nitrogen (n). urea fertilizer in the form of white crystal grains is a fertilizer that dissolves easily in water and is very easy to suck page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence water. urea fertilizer which is sold in the market usually contains nutrients nitrogen (n) of 46% with the understanding that every 100 kg of urea contains 46 kg of nitrogen (rukmana, 2005). leaf vegetable crops such as mustard greens, kailan, spinach, kale, broccoli, cabbage etc. are quite easy to cultivate and are responsive to environmental changes and fertilizer application. this is in accordance with the opinion of mahajoeno (2010) which states, that mustard plants need a sufficient intake of nutrients n, p and k to support its growth. the results of harin eki pramitasari, tatik wardiyati and mochammad nawawi (2016) research showed that there was no real interaction between the treatment of nitrogen fertilizer doses with the level of plant density on the growth and yield of baby kailan plants. for all growth variables and yield components except the number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, and harvest index. the treatment dose of nitrogen fertilizer n5 (126.5 kg n per hectare) gave the highest yield compared to all treatments of nitrogen fertilizer dosage. at the time of harvest, the treatment of plant density level p2 (30 plants per m2) gives a yield of fresh total plant weight and the consumption weight of baby kailan plants is higher than p1 (25 plants per m2). giving urea fertilizer at a dose of 300 kg per hectare (approximately 1.5 grams of urea fertilizer per plant) is able to increase the yield of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) the highest and as the best results obtained plant weight 8.22 kg per plot equivalent to 6, 85 tons per hectare (daud saribun, 2008). furthermore, the results of research by pristianingsih sarif, abdul hadid and imam wahyudi (2015) stated that urea fertilizer application with a dose of 200 kg / ha had a very significant effect on plant height growth, number of leaves and yield of mustard plants fresh weight and dry weight and the best dose of urea fertilizer for mustard (plantbrassica juncea l.)is at a dose of 200 kg / ha. based on the description and explanation, the basic fertilization researches, especially on the type, time, method and dosage of fertilizer use need to be done in the hope that appropriate (effective) and profitable (efficient) fertilization will be achieved, especially in vegetable crops. 2. research methods the study was conducted in the experimental garden of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, on jalan ketintang madya vii-2 surabaya, east java with a height of ± 5 meters above sea level. the research was carried out in march-april 2019. the materials used in this study include: planting soil, urea pril fertilizer, baby kailan seeds. while the tools used include hoes, poppers, knives, polybags (5 kg media size), labels, ruler gauges, stationery, weight gauges (house scales and electric scales) and other laboratory equipment. page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence this study used a randomized block design (rcbd) consisting of six (6) treatments with three (3) replications and two (2) sample plants. as for the treatment given, namely the dose of urea fertilizer consisting of six (6) doses, namely: a = no urea fertilizer (control); b = 75 kg / ha urea fertilizer (0.15 gram per plant); c = urea fertilizer 150 kg / ha (0.30 gram per plant); d = urea fertilizer 225 kg / ha (0.45 gram per plant); e = urea fertilizer 300 kg / ha (0.60 gram per plant); f = urea fertilizer 375 kg / ha (0.75 gram per plant). according to adji sastrosupadi (1999) and bambang wicaksono hariyadi (2017) to find out the effect of urea fertilizer on the growth and yield of baby kailan plants, the f test with a level of 5% is used, the variance analysis test (asr). if from the results of the f% test there is a significant effect, then proceed with the t test (the smallest significant difference test) with a level of 5% to determine the difference between the treatment of urea fertilizer doses, so that it can be knowntreatment the appropriate dosage(effective dose) and beneficial (efficient dosage). 3. results and discussion 3.1 research result 1. plant length the results of the analysis of variance show that the treatment of urea fertilizer use has a very significant effect on the observation of plant length during the growth of baby kailan plants, both 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after transplanting (appendix table 1). table 1. average length of baby kailan plants due to use various doses of urea fertilizer at different age observation treatment ofdose urea fertilizer average plant length (cm) 10 days 20 days 30 days without urea fertilizer 7.67 a 11.17 a 18.50 a urea fertilizer 75 kg / ha 8.00 a 13.50 b 13.50 b fertilizer urea 150 kg / ha 9.17 b 15.50 c 26.00 c urea fertilizer 225 kg / ha 9.50 b 16.17 c 27.17 c urea fertilizer 300 kg / ha 10.17 c 18.00 d 29 , 67 d urea fertilizer 375 kg / ha 10.50 c 18.67 d 30.00 d bnt 5% 0.53 1.05 2.31 description: numbers accompanied by the same letter in page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the same column was not significantly different in the bnt test of 5%. in table 1. it shows that the increasing use of urea fertilizer will be followed by an increase in plant length during the growth of baby kailan plants. the shortest plant length tends to be shown treatment without urea fertilizer (18.50 cm) and statistically significantly different from the treatment using other doses of urea fertilizer. the longest baby kailan plants tended to be produced using 375 kg / ha (30.00 cm) urea fertilizer dosage, although statistically was not significantly different from the treatment using urea 300 kg / ha (29.67 cm). then followed by the use of urea urea fertilizer 225 kg / ha (27.17 cm) and 150 kg / ha (26.00 cm). 2. number of leaves the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of urea fertilizer use significantly affected the observation of the number of leaves during the growth of baby kailan plants, both at the age of 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after transplanting (appendix table 2). table 2. average number of leaves due to the use of various doses urea fertilizer at various observations treatment ofdose urea fertilizer average number of leaves 10 days 20 days 30 days without urea fertilizer 3.10 a 9,13 a 15.87 a urea fertilizer 75 kg / ha 4.33 b 12.00 b 18.90 b urea fertilizer 150 kg / ha 4,50 b 13.33 b 19.33 b 225 kg urea fertilizer / ha 5.83 c 15.67 c 21.44 c 300 kg urea fertilizer / ha 5.94 c 17.67 d 23.67 d urea fertilizer 375 kg / ha 6.00 c 18.73 d 24.00 d bnt 5% 0.47 1.73 2.30 note: the numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column was not significantly different in the 5% lsd test table 2. shows that the increased use of urea fertilizer will be followed by an increase in the number of leaves during the growth of baby kailan plants. the smallest number of leaves tends to be shown treatment without urea fertilizer (15.87 strands) and statistically (bnt 5%) different from the treatment of other urea fertilizer doses, while the highest number of leaves tends to be achieved urea 375 kg / ha (24.00 strands) treatment ), although not statistically significantly different from the treatment dose of urea fertilizer 300 kg / ha (23.67 strands). page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence 3. wet wet weight the results of the various analyzes showed that the treatment of urea fertilizer had a very significant effect on the observation of the wet weight of the baby kailan plant (appendix table 3). table 3. average wet weight of baby kailan plants due to use various dosages of urea fertilizers treatment doses of urea fertilizer average wet crop weight (grams) without urea fertilizer 143.55 a urea fertilizer 75 kg / ha 200.85 b urea fertilizer 150 kg / ha 223.95 b urea fertilizer 225 kg / ha 276.37 c urea fertilizer 300 kg / ha 338.07 d urea fertilizer 375 kg / ha 344.33 d bnt 5% 38.59 note: the numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column was not significantly different in the 5% lsd tes table 3. shows that the increased use of urea fertilizer tended to be followed by an increase in the wet weight of baby kailan plants. the smallest wet weight of plants tends to be shown treatment without urea fertilizer (143.55 grams) and statistically significantly different from other urea fertilizer use treatments. the highest wet weight of baby kailan plants tended to be achieved with the treatment of urea fertilizer use of 375 kg / ha (344.33 grams), although it was not statistically significantly different from the treatment using urea fertilizer dosage of 300 kg / ha (338.07 grams). 3. discussion the results of measurement and statistical analysis on all observational variables, namely plant length, number of leaves and plant wet weight showed a very significant effect with the f test (5%) due to the use of urea fertilizer doses. this proves that urea fertilizer (nitrogen element) has enormous benefits and its role for the growth and yield of baby kailan plants. the use of urea fertilizer will increase the availability of nitrogen which is quite large into the soil, so that the need for growth and development can be fulfilled as well. the function of nitrogen as fertilizer is to page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence improve vegetative growth of plants and assist the process of protein formation, as well as play a role in the growth of meristem tissue, thereby increasing plant resistance to disease and improving yield quality (hardjowigeno, 2003 and sutanto, 2006). this is in accordance with the statement of napitupulu and winarto (2010) which states that nitrogen fertilizer is needed by plants to stimulate plant growth, especially stems, branches and leaves. nitrogen fertilizer spurs leaves which acts as an indicator of plant growth in the process of photosynthesis. even spread of light that can be received by the leaves causes an increase in the assimilation process that occurs, so that the accumulated assimilation results will be more, where the assimilation will be used as plant growth energy to form vegetative organs such as leaves and plant height. furthermore, novik kurnianti (2013) explained that urea fertilizer is a single inorganic fertilizer with a high n (nitrogen) element. inorganic fertilizers are factory-made fertilizers, made from high levels of nutrient chemicals . so urea fertilizer is a synthetic fertilizer from inorganic compounds produced by factories using chemicals containing high levels of nitrogen (n). in the smallest significant difference test (lsd 5%) the difference between treatments using urea fertilizer dosages tends to show statistically significant differences. the lowest growth and yield of baby kailan plants, always shown treatment without urea fertilizer and statistically it is always significantly different from the treatment using other doses of urea fertilizer. increasing the use of urea fertilizer tends to always be followed by an increase in the value of all plant observation variables, but the effective (effective) dose of using urea fertilizer tends to always be shown to be treated with urea fertilizer dosages of 300 kg per hectare (0.60 gram per plant). it is suspected, that the dose of urea fertilizer has been able to meet the optimum needs for growth and yield of baby kailan plants and statistically the dose of urea fertilizer of 300 kg per hectare (0.60 gram per plant) is not significantly different from the dose of urea fertilizer 375 kg per hectare (0.75 grams per plant). this research reinforces the statement, that nitrogen functions as a chlorophyll maker that plays an important role in the process of photosynthesis. the higher the administration of nitrogen (up to its optimum limit), the amount of chlorophyll formed will increase (adil et al, 2005). the increasing amount of chlorophyll causes the rate of photosynthesis to increase so that plant growth is faster and maximum. the result of theses photosin is used for plant organs, where the greater the plant organs formed, the more water content that can be bound by plants (koryati, 2004). besides that, the higher plant height and leaf area, the fresh weight of the kailan plant also increases. this agrees with prasetya (2009) which states, that the fresh weight of a plant is influenced by plant height and leaf area, the higher and greater the leaf area, the higher the fresh weight of the plant. page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence likewise, according to gardner et.al.(1991), that nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected leaf expansion, especially on the width and width of the leaves, this affected the fresh weight and total dry weight per plant. this study is also in accordance with the research of daud saribun (2008) which shows that the administration of urea fertilizer 300 kg per hectare (approximately 1.5 grams of urea fertilizer per plant) is able to increase theyield of mustard (brassica juncea l.highest) and as a result the best plant weight obtained 8.22 kg per plot equivalent to 6.85 tons per hectare. furthermore, the results of harin eki pramitasari, tatik wardiyati and mochammad nawawi (2016) research showed that there was no real interaction between the treatment of nitrogen fertilizer doses with the level of plant density on the growth and yield of baby kailan plants. for all growth variables and yield components except the number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, and harvest index(purwanti, hidayati, & nurlina, 2017). the treatment dose of nitrogen fertilizer n5 (126.5 kg n per hectare) gave the highest yield compared to all treatments of nitrogen fertilizer dosage. at the time of harvest, the treatment of plant density level p2 (30 plants per m2) gives a yield of fresh total plant weight and the consumption weight of baby kailan plants is higher than p1 (25 plants per m2). the application of 110 kg urea / ha urea inorganic fertilizer and 5 tons / ha organic fertilizer produced 16.49 tons / ha total fresh baby kailan and could increase 32.13% fresh weight, compared to 10 tons / ha of organic fertilizer treatment. produce fresh weights of 12.48 tons / ha. in this treatment prove, that there is a reduction in urea fertilizer by 50% (inorganic fertilizer) with the addition of 5.0 tons / ha of organic fertilizer in the form of cow manure (putri bella puspita, sitawati and mudji santoso, 2014). while the results of research by rukmana (1986) in mira (2004) stated that to obtain high mustard yields, nitrogen fertilizer 125 kg per hectare is equivalent to 250 kg urea per hectare, in addition to tsp and kcl. roesmarkan and yuwono (2002) explained that urea is one type of nitrogen fertilizer. the benefits of nitrogen fertilizer for plants are huge, because the nitrogen element plays an important role in plant growth. nitrogen-deficient plants cannot grow optimally so that the growth process will be hampered. if plant growth is inhibited it will certainly inhibit the flowering process and fruiting as well (the process of reproduction). suboptimal flower production will result in fruit production as well, eventually the agricultural products produced are very low or even unable to produce fruit at all. in this case the level of urgency of nitrogen fertilizer for plants is very high. besides the growth phase (vegetative phase), the nitrogen element is also needed during the generative phase (flowering and fruiting) along with other elements, such as the macro elements p (phosphorus) and k (potassium), even though the requirements are not as much as in the vegetative page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence phase. so the element nitrogen (n) is absolutely necessary during the process of plant growth. plants with nitrogen deficiency growth require the addition of high nitrogen content fertilizer, so the addition of urea can be used to meet these deficiencies. furthermore hardjowigeno (2003) explains, that the main function of urea fertilizer is to meet the needs of plant nitrogen, because the benefits of nitrogen are very large to carry out the process of plant growth, in this case the nitrogen contained in urea. 4. conclusion the use of urea fertilizer has a very significant effect on the variable length of plants, number of leaves and wet weight of baby kailan plants. effective (appropriate) dosage in the use of urea fertilizer during growth and yield of baby kailan plants tends to be achieved with urea fertilizer dosages of 300 kg per hectare (0.60 gram per plant), although the highest growth and yield tends to be indicated by urea fertilizer dosages 375 kg per hectares (0.75 grams per plant), because statistically (lsd 5%) between the two treatments the dose of urea fertilizer was not significantly different. references adji sastrosupadi. 1999. the design of practical experiments in agriculture. revised edition. konisius. yogyakarta. 276 pg. bambang wicaksono hariyadi, 2017. experimental design lecture material. agrotechnology study program, faculty of agriculture, merdeka university, surabaya. cahyono. 2003. technique and strategy of green mustard cultivation (pai-tsai). yogyakarta pustaka nusantara foundation. pg. 12-62 dani efendi girsang. 2011. effect of addition of urea fertilizer to nitrite content in parrot plants after cooked for five minutes. department of chemistry, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, university of north sumatra, medan. 32 things. daud saribun. 2008. effect of npk compound fertilizer on various doses of ph, p-potential and p-available as well as caysin (brassica juncea l.) results on furentic gutrudepts jatinangor, department of soil science, faculty of agriculture, padjadjaran university. jatinangor. dede haryadi, husna yetti and sri yoseva. 2015. the effect of giving several types of fertilizers on growth and production of kailan (brassica alboglabra l.). department of agrotechnology, faculty of agriculture, university of riau. jln. hr. subrantas km 12,5 simpang baru, pekanbaru, 28293. email: dedeharyadi91@gmail.com. mobile: 085274940702. jom faperta vol.2 no. october 2, 2015. page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence fitrisa yuni santika, husna yetti and sri yoseva. 2018. effect of media and fertilizer n on the growth of aloe vera (aloe vera l.) plants. agrotechnology, faculty of agriculture, riau university. email correspondence: fitrisa1817@gmail.com. jom faperta vol. 6 issue 1 january to june 2019. hardjowigeno. 2003. soil science. academic preisindo. jakarta harin eki pramitasari, tatik wardiyati and mochammad nawawi. 2016. the effect of nitrogen fertilizer dose and plant density level on growth and yield of kailan (brassica oleraceae l.). department of agriculture cultivation, faculty of agriculture, brawijaya university jl. veteran, malang 65145 east java, indonesia. e-mail: mymelodi_harin@ymail.com. journal of plant production, volume 4, number 1, january 2016, p. 49-56. hakim. 2009. intake of nitrogen and other organic fertilizers on mustard and rosella crops. argotropic journal. haryanto et al. 2006. mustard and slada. self-help spreaders. jakarta 122 pg. hariyadi, b. w., ali, m., & pratiwi, y. i. (2018). effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir). agricultural science, 1(2), 49–60. lingga and marsono. 2007. instructions for use of self-propagating fertilizers. jakarta. 149 pg. lintang agata tama. 2012. kailan (brassica oleraceae var. achepala) cultivation techniques. in the aspect of agriculture in the boyolali teras. diploma iii program, faculty of agriculture, sebelas maret university, surakarta. mahajoeno. 2010. response of mustard plant growth against provision of various urea fertilizer doses and tsp. agrotropic journal. margianto. 2007. cultivation of mustard plant. self-help spreaders. jakarta mira 2004. effect of chicken manure and n manure fertilizer compost on the results of mustard (pat-choi). padjadjaran agriculture faculty. jatinangor. nurul amira arief. 2018. the effect of urea fertilizer with liquid organic fertilizer on growth and yield of kailan (brassica oleraceae var. alboglabra). faculty of agriculture, university of lampung, bandar lampung. putri bella puspita, sitawati and mudji santosa. 2014. the effects of cow biourine and various n doses on kailan (brassica oleraceae l.) plants. department of agriculture cultivation, faculty of agriculture, brawijaya university. jl. veteran, malang 65145 east java, indonesia. e-mail: putri_bella_a3@yahoo.com. journal of plant production, volume 3, number 1. prihmantoro. 2001. vegetable hydroponics seasonal spreaders self-help. jakarta. 98 pages. pristianingsih sarif, abdul hadid and imam wahyudi. 2015. growth and yield of mustard (brassica juncea l.) as a result of giving various urea doses of fertilizers. agrotekbis 3 page | analysis of growth and plantbaby kai-lan(brassicaalboglabra l.)the use of various doses of fertilizer urea bambang wicaksono hariyadi, nurul huda, nurlina. gricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 ( online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence (5): 585-591, 2015. issn: 2338-3011. agrotechnology study program, faculty of agriculture, university of tadulako, palu. pratiwi, y. i., ali, m., setiawan, m. i., budiyanto, h., & sucahyo, b. s. 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(2017). application of plus liquid organic fertilizer and leves truncation technique on onion growth and yields. jhp17: jurnal hasil penelitian, 2(01). raesmarkan and yuwono. 2002. the science of soil fertility. canisius publisher. yogyakarta. rukmana, 2002. growing vegetables in the yard. canisius publisher. yoyakarta. 66 things. saartje sompotan. 2013. results of mustard (brassica juncea l.) plants against organic and inorganic fertilization. geoscience, volume 2, number 1, june 2013. department of agriculture cultivation, faculty of agriculture, sam ratulangi university, manado. pages: 14-17 sarapatka. 2003. phospatase activities (acp, alp) in agroecosystem soils doctoral thesis. university of agricultural science. uppsala on line. sinaga, p. 2015. response of growth and production of kailan (brassica oleraceae l.) to inorganic fertilizers and various doses of paitan liquid organic fertilizer (tithonia diversifolia). essay. university of northern sumatra. field. subagyo 2007. mustard. nitrogen. fertilizer. faculty of agriculture, universitas brawijaya. poor. sumarjono. 2004. planting 30 types of vegetables. self-help spreaders. jakarta. pp. 78-82. supariadi, husna yetti and sri yoseva. 2016. the effect of giving manure and n, p and k fertilizer on growth and production of shallot (allium ascalonicum l.). department of agrotechnology, faculty of agriculture, university of riau. jln. hr. subrantas km 12,5 simpang baru, pekanbaru 28293. email: profriadi@gmail.com/08537690 7828. jom faperta vol 4 no. 1 february 2017. susila. 2006. vegetable crops guide. department of agronomy and horticulture. bogor agricultural institute. bogor. 66 things. sutejo 2002. fertilizer and fertilization method. rineka cipta. jakarta. sri adiningsih et al. 1995. integrated nutrition managers to achieve steady food production and environmental friendly in. prosidina soil and agro-climate research technical meeting. center for soil and agro-climate research. bogor. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 maximizing growth and yield of garlic by using different sources and dosages of nitrogen and chicken manure on andisol soil dicky nursasi 1 , achmad fatchul aziez 1 *, tyas sumarah kurnia dewi 1 , ongko cahyono 1 1 faculty of agriculture, universitas tunas pembangunan surakarta, indonesia correspondence e-mail: achmad.aziez@lecture.utp.ac.id * article history: received: december 28, 2022; accepted: february 20, 2023 abstract low soil fertility is a limiting factor for crop production in general. increasing the yield of garlic with balanced fertilization is an important key identified, also the right type and dose of fertilization is also a major problem. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen) and chicken manure doses on the growth and yield of garlic. the experimental design used in this research was a completely randomized design. the first factor was chicken manure, which consists of two levels, i.e., without chicken manure and 40 t/ha of chicken manure. the second factor was the dosage of n fertilizer which consists of twenty levels, ie, no fertilizer, urea with a dose of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400. 450, 500 kg/ha, za with a dose of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400. 450, 500 kg/ha. the results showed that the combination of urea fertilizer 500 kg/ha and chicken manure 40 tons/ha gave the highest yield of stored dry tubers and was significantly higher than control plots and other treatment combinations. likewise other growth and yield parameters increased progressively. therefore, it can be concluded that to increase the yield of garlic in the study area, 500 kg/ha of urea fertilizer and 40 tons/ha of chicken manure are needed. the recommendation is that on andisol soil for garlic cultivation, it is better to use a combination of 500 kg/ha urea and 40 t/ha chicken manure. keywords: cloves, compost, fertilizer, garlic, tuber yield 1. introduction garlic (allium sativum l.) is the most important vegetable in the alliaceae family. among various allium sp., garlic plant ranks second after shallot in the world (shafeek et al., 2015). and beneficial for health (yadav et al., 2017). many people consider and appreciate garlic because of its many medicinal properties (tamiru & gedamu, 2019) such as being used for the treatment and control of various diseases such as hypertension, intestinal worms, germs, bacterial and fungal diseases, diabetes, cancer, ulcers, rheumatism etc. (abdel-razzak & el-sharkawy, 2013). for the successful commercial cultivation of garlic plants, many factors such as climate, soil, irrigation, fertilizer and nutrient management, spacing, growing season, etc. must be considered. adewale et al., (2011) asserted that soil fertility is the main constraint that affects all aspects of crop production. farmers generally use inadequate nutrient inputs, inappropriate quality and inefficient combinations of fertilizers, which in the end prove to be very expensive. the consequence of this trend is a very unbalanced soil nutrient composition which ultimately leads to a decrease in crop yield potential (tonfack et al., 2009). chintala et al., (2012) added that the application of balanced fertilizers especially n, p, and k is very important for vegetative growth page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 and to produce plants with the best quality and high yields, especially on continuously cultivated soil. nitrogen is one of the main essential nutrients that make a major contribution to plant production. plant growth and yield are highly dependent on soil n supply and proper management (adhikari et al., 2016). the rate, timing, and method of application of nitrogen (n) fertilizers are closely related to plant growth, development, and yield (shrestha et al., 2018). unbalanced and poorly monitored nitrogen applications limit yields and lead to large losses of reactive nitrogen to the environment. (cassman et al., 2002). nitrogen increases the rate of leaf initiation and elongation of garlic at the beginning of growth (sitaula et al., 2020). this increases the growth and development of tubers (buwalda & freeman, 1987) (sitaula et al., 2020) the application of different organic and inorganic nitrogen sources was significant in plant height, number of leaves per plant, but not on fresh tubers, tuber dry weight and tuber diameter (aj et al., 2020). however, it is somewhat different from hassan (2015) who stated that the highest tuber weight, number of cloves per bulb, clove weight and fresh garlic bulb yield were produced by fertilizing plants with 100% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer than the recommended one. the use of organic fertilizers as a nitrogen source has been widely reported by researchers. as badal et al., (2019) stated that the use of 15 t/ha manure and 4 t/ha vermicompost resulted in the maximum number of leaves. the same result was achieved by (suthar, 2009), (damse et al., 2016). meanwhile, chicken manure 20 tons/ha produced the highest and different garlic yields compared to lower doses or without chicken manure (adewale et al., 2011). the novelty of this research is that it is a comprehensive study combining the use of different nitrogen sources, namely urea and za along with their doses with chicken manure. this study was conducted to determine the effect of different nitrogen sources and their doses and the use of chicken manure on the growth and yield of garlic (allium sativum). with this research, it can provide recommendations and suggestions to farmers to make an economical combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers to increase garlic productivity. 2. research methods this research was carried out from july 2019 to nopember 2019 at pancot, kalisoro, tawangmangu, karanganyar. the geographical position of the study area is between 110° 40” 110° 70” east longitude and between7° 28” 7° 46” south latitude with an altitude of 1200 m above sea level and andisol soil experiment design page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 the experimental design used in this research was a completely randomized design (crd) with three replications. the first factor was chicken manure, which consists of two levels, i.e., without chicken manure and 40 t/ha of chicken manure. the second factor was the dosage of n fertilizer which consists of twenty levels, ie, no fertilizer, urea with a dose of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400. 450, 500 kg/ha, za with a dose of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400. 450, 500 kg/ha. research procedures soil and rice husk mixed in a ratio of 1:1 were put into polybags of 10 kg/polybag and chicken manure 200 g/polybag. planting garlic seeds that have germinated to a depth of 2-3 cm with the pointed tip facing up. watering every 4 days with gembor. fertilization according to treatment by perforating the side of the plant with a depth of 2 cm. pest control is done mechanically. harvesting at the age of 140 cm with the characteristics of the leaves starting to turn yellow and the tips of the leaves begin to dry. parameters observedthe parameters observed were the number of leaves, dry weight of stover, number of cloves/tubers, weight of fresh bulbs and weight of dry bulbs stored statistical analysis the data of observations were analyzed using analysis of variance (anova) at 5% significant levels. the treatment means were compared using duncan′s new multiple range test (dmrt) at 5% significant levels. 3. result and discussion analysis of variance (table 1) showed that there was an interaction between inorganic fertilizer with organic fertilizer of chicken manure on number of leaves, dry weight of crown, number of cloves per bulb, fresh weight of bulb, and dry weight of stored bulb table 1. analysis of variance all parameters number of leaves dry weight of crown number of cloves per bulb fresh weight of bulb dry weight of stored bulb chicken manure (o) 4.74* 33.54** 279.96** 207.52** 150.31** nitrogen dosage (n) 6.59** 49.54** 63.16** 67.73** 71.82** o x n 5.27 ** 81.37** 89.11** 74.65** 59.66** cv (%) 15.86 8.42 7.80 8.20 10.51 number of leaves page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 based on table 1, there is an interaction between chicken manure and the dose of nitrogen source on the number of leaves parameter. the highest number of leaves was achieved at the interaction of a dose of urea 500 kg/ha with no chicken manure, but it was not different from the dose of chicken manure 40 t/ha with the same dose of urea (table 2). the least number of leaves was achieved in the control, namely without the use of inorganic fertilizers and without chicken manure. with the large number of leaves in the use of urea fertilizer, this indicates that the role of inorganic fertilizers, especially urea, dominates. in the absence of chicken manure, the highest number of leaves was given 500 kg/ha of urea which was significantly different with 50 and 100 kg urea doses or without nitrogen fertilizer. likewise with the application of chicken manure, the highest number of leaves was the application of urea and za with a dose of 500 kg/ha adewale et al. (2011), stated that the application of poultry manure affects the number of leaves which increases along with the increase in the amount of poultry manure given. plants that received 20 t/ha of poultry manure had the highest number of leaves, while the control plants had the least number of leaves. this is in accordance with the findings of boldt et al. (2011) that an increase in vegetative growth was obtained when manure was applied to plants. manure is a compound fertilizer, it contains complete nutrients, including nitrogen. kakar et al. (2002) stated that n fertilization is necessary to ensure the success of vegetative growth of garlic. similarly, abadi (2015) also reported that application of n significantly increased leaf width compared to lower doses and application of n fertilizer was nil. the increase in leaf width with an increase in fertilizer content is directly proportional to the leaf area index. (fikru & fikreyohannes, 2018). table 2. number of leaves the effect of inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen) and chicken manure anorganic fertilizer (kg/ha) organic fertilizer of chicken manure no organic fertilizer dosage 40 t/ha no nitrogen 0.00 h 7.66 fg urea 50 7.33 g 8.66 c-g urea 100 8.667 c-d 10.00 a-g urea 150 10.667 a-g 12.66 ab urea 200 13.000 ab 12.66 ab urea 250 10.667 a-g 12.00 a-c urea 300 12.667 ab 11.66 a-d urea 350 10.667 a-g 10.66 a-g urea 400. 12.333 ab 12.66 ab urea 450. 12.667 ab 12.33 ab urea 500. 13.333 a 12.33ab page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 za 50 12.000 a-c 8.33 d-g za 100 8.000 e-g 11.33 a-e za 150 11.667 a-d 11.33 a-e za 200 11.000 a-f 11.33 a-e za 250 11.667 a-d 11.33 a-e za 300 9.667 b-g 11.33 a-e za 350 10.667 a-g 11.00 a-f za 400 11.333 a-e 12.33 ab za 450 10.333 a-g 12.00 a-c za 500 12.000 a-c 12.33 ab dry weight of crown the highest dry weight of stover was at the interaction of 500 kg/ha urea fertilization with 40 t/ha chicken manure and it was different from the control and in all other combinations except for the interaction of 450 kg/ha urea dose with 40 t/ha chicken manure. the lowest dry weight of the stover was achieved in the control (table 3). the interaction between urea fertilizer at a dose of 500 kg/ha and chicken manure at a dose of 40 kg/ha achieved the highest yield, this is because in addition to the effect of dose, urea has a n content of 46% while the za type of fertilizer contains only 21% n. plant growth and yield are highly dependent on soil n supply and proper management (adhikari et al., 2016). the dose, timing, and method of nitrogen (n) fertilization are closely related to plant growth, development, and yield (shrestha et al., 2018). woldetsadik et al., (2015) also reported that the growth parameters increased significantly with nitrogen fertilization. the role of nitrogen in the synthesis of plant proteins, chlorophyll and enzymes (n), many researchers arrived at similar results (ojo et al., 2014) and (shafeek et al., 2015). shafeek et al. (2015) in his research on two growing seasons concluded that garlic plants fertilized with organic nitrogen fertilizers reflected the highest percentage values of nitrogen, protein, phosphorus and potassium. fikru & fikreyohannes, (2018) showed that the higher the n content, the dry weight per plant increased until it reached the highest n content. kakar et al. (2002) reported that n accounted for a higher percentage of plant dry weight variation when increased from 50 to 200 kg/ha. balanced fertilizer application is essential for vegetative growth and, thus, for producing the best quality and high yielding crops especially on continuously cultivated soils (chintala et al., 2012) table 3. dry weight of plant (g) the effect of inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen) and chicken manure anorganic fertilizer (kg/ha) organic fertilizer of chicken manure no organic fertilizer dosage 40 t/ha no nitrogen 0.00 o 8.67 ijk urea 50 5.00 n 10.00 hi urea 100 5.33 n 12.00 gh page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 urea 150 6.33 lmn 12.00 gh urea 200 8.67 ijk 13.33 fg urea 250 12.00 gh 15.33 e urea 300 15.00 ef 16.00 de urea 350 16.67 de 19.00 bc urea 400 19.00 bc 19.67 b urea 450 19.33 b 22.33 a urea 500 20.00 b 24.00 a za 50 5.33 n 5.67 mn za 100 6.67 lmn 6.67 lmn za 150 8.00 jkl 7.33 klm za 200 10.00 hi 7.67 kl anorganic fertilizer (kg/ha) organic fertilizer of chicken manure no organic fertilizer dosage 40 t/ha za 250 10.00 hi 7.67 jkl za 300 12.00 gh 11.67 gh za 350 15.00 ef 13.33 fg za 400 16.67 de 15.33 e za 450 16.33 de 17.33 cd za 500 19.00 bc 19.67 b number of cloves per bulb in observing the number of cloves/tubers there was a significant response due to the application of inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen) with organic fertilizer (chicken manure) (table 4). the application of a combination of inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen) and organic fertilizer (chicken manure) significantly increased the number of cloves per tuber compared to no organic fertilizer application. the highest number of cloves per tuber was achieved in a combination of 500 kg/ha of urea fertilizer and 40 tons/ha of chicken manure, and the lowest was in the control. the supply of nitrogen to plants increases the metabolic rate at which more carbohydrates are synthesized. this in turn increased tuber weight and total yield as confirmed by assefa et al. (2015) who reported that 100 kg n/ha yielded maximum yields. in contrast, minimum yields were recorded in control plots; which could be due to the low fertility status of the native soil indicating the need for balanced fertilization a possible justification for this higher yield could be due to the combined effect of nitrogen's contribution to chlorophyll, enzyme and protein synthesis; because phosphorus is very important for root growth, phospho-protein and phospho-lipid. it may also be due to an adequate supply of nutrients that support tuber enlargement and weight (assefa et al., 2015). the high number of cloves in the use of poultry manure can also be due to the fact that organic fertilizers improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil (yahaya et al., 2010). the same thing was also reported by adewale et al. (2011) and (zakari et al., 2014). sevak et al. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 (2012) have also reported the highest number of cloves per bulb of garlic administered with the recommended dose of nitrogen entirely through poultry manure (sari et al., 2020) . plants that received 20 t/ha of poultry manure had the highest average number of cloves per tuber at 5.7, followed by plants that received 15 t/ha of manure with an average of 5.3 cloves per bulb. the ability of poultry manure to improve the performance of garlic can also be attributed to the fact that organic fertilizers improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil (yahaya et al., 2010). table 4. number of cloves per bulb the effect of inorganic fertilizers (nitrogen) and chicken manure anorganic fertilizer (kg/ha) organic fertilizer of chicken manure no organic fertilizer dosage 40 t/ha no nitrogen 0.00 t 5.67 nop urea 50 3.33 s 7.33 kl urea 100 3.67 rs 8.33 ijk urea 150 3.67 rs 9.33 ghi urea 200 5.67 nop 10.33 fg urea 250 7.33 kl 12.00 cd urea 300 9.67 f-h 12.67 b-d urea 350 10.67 ef 13.33 b urea 400 12.67 de 13.67 b urea 450 12.67 b-d 15.00 a urea 500 13.00 bc 15.33 a za 50 4.33 qrs 5.00 pq za 100 4.33 qrs 6.67 lmn za 150 4.67 pqr 6.67 lmn za 200 5.67 nop 7.33 kl za 250 6.00 mno 7.67 jkl za 300 6.00 mno 7.67 jkl za 350 6.00 mno 8.33 ijk za 400 7.00 lm 8.67 hij za 450 7.67 jkl 9.67 f-h za 500 8.33 ijk 10.67 ef fresh weight of bulb the interaction of inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen) with chicken manure was significantly different on the weight of fresh tubers (table 5). the interaction between urea 500 kg/ha and chicken manure 40 t/ha showed the highest fresh tuber weight and was significantly different from the control and other combinations of treatments, including the interaction of za fertilizer at a dose of 500 kg/ha with chicken manure 40 tons/ha. the least weight of fresh tubers was achieved by the control. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 this is in line with his research by tadilla (2018) which states that the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers alone has increased the weight of tubers, especially when combined with the use of manure. the combination application of different amounts of nitrogen and manure increased the average tuber fresh weight compared to the treatment without the combination application, the optimal combination was 50 kg/ha n with 10 t/ha manure (tadila & nigusie, 2018). this could be due to the requirement of this garlic cultivar for nitrogen in the sum equivalent to 50 kg/ha n and nitrogen available in 10 or 20 t/ha manure. this study is in line with gashaw et al. (2017)) who reported that the interaction effect of 50% of the recommended n and p and 5 t/ha of compost had a significant effect on the weight of garlic bulbs. similar findings were reported by damse et al. (2016) and sitaula et al. (2020). which reports on the key role of integrating organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers in increasing crop yields. similar results for clove weight per tuber (sevak et al., 2012). in contrast to this study, alemu-degwale (2016) documented insignificant results by combining compost with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. table 5. fresh weight of bulb (g) effect of inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen) and chicken manure anorganic fertilizer (kg/ha) organic fertilizer of chicken manure no organic fertilizer dosage 40 t/ha no nitrogen 0.00 v 34.00 tu urea 50 28.33 u 36.67 s-u urea 100 40.00 st 55.00 o-q urea 150. 51.67 p-r 61.65 n-p urea 200. 66.67 l-n 75.00 i-k urea 250. 61.67 n-p 86/67 f-i urea 300. 63.33 no 91.67 ef urea 350. 76.67 i-k 111.67 c urea 400. 83.33 f-k 113.33 bc urea 450. 88.33 e-h 121.67 ab urea 500. 90.00 efg 130.00 a za 50. 30.00 tu 32.00 tu za 100. 36.67 s-u 45.00 rs za 150. 35.00 s-u 58.33 n-q za 200. 50.00 qr 61.67 n-p za 250. 60.00 n-q 78.33 h-k za 300. 58.33 n-q 80.00 g-k za 350. 65.00 m-o 85.00 f-j za 400. 73.33 k-m 81.67 f-k za 450. 85.00 f-j 96.67 de za 500. 83.33 f-k 105.00 cd page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 dry weight of stored bulb the highest dry weight stored tuber in the application of chicken manure 40 t/ha combined with urea 500 kg/ha and significantly different from the combination of urea 500 kg/ha without chicken manure. the lowest dry weight of stored bulb was achieved in the control. the role of the combination of nitrogen fertilizer (inorganic) with chicken manure is very important to increase the dry weight of stored tubers. wahyudi et al., (2014) which stated that the application of chicken manure 30 t/ha and 80 kg/ha n, 20 kg/ha p2o5, 65 kg/ha k2o gave the fresh weight of bulb, dry weight of bulb, number of cloves per bulb, and tuber diameter were the highest compared to other treatments. many studies link the role of organic fertilizers in increasing the dry tuber weight storage. adewale et al. (2011) stated that there was an increase in tuber diameter, tuber weight and yield with an increase in the amount of poultry manure. this is in line with zakari et al. (2014) who reported a significant increase. in growth and yield with organic fertilizers. the highest yield of 14.3 t/ha was recorded in plants receiving poultry manure at 20 t/ha. this is presumably because the nutrients n, zn, fe, mn are supplied from poultry manure. availability of nitrogen and phosphorus is very important for plant growth because it is the main and indispensable source of protein molecules and nucleic acids. it is also an integral part of the chlorophyll molecule, which is responsible for photosynthesis (assefa et al., 2015). many references support the role of nitrogen in yields. hassan (2015) explained that the increase in plant growth that contributes to tuber dry weight by increasing n levels may be due to its role in photosynthesis, protein synthesis, cell division and enlargement which are the basic steps of plant growth. in addition, n plays an important role in enzyme activity which reflects more of the product required for plant growth. alemu-degwale, (2016) also found that tuber dry matter increased by 14.21% due to an increase in n content from 0 to 46 kg/ha. increasing n application from nil to 130 kg n/ha, tuber dry weight increased by 12.06%. according to choudhary et al. (2013) successive fertilization rates significantly increased tuber weight, number of cloves per tuber and tuber yield. fikru & fikreyohannes, (2018) reported that the maximum tuber yield (13.86 t/ha) was obtained by applying 100% fertilizer at the recommended dose, which was 41.7% higher than the control. fikru & fikreyohannes (2018) also reported that increasing n levels from 0 to 100 kg n/ha resulted in a progressive increase in the total yield of shallot bulbs. table 6. dry weight of bulb (g) effect of inorganic fertilizers (nitrogen) and chicken manure page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 anorganic fertilizer (kg/ha) organic fertilizer of chicken manure no organic fertilizer dosage 40 t/ha no nitrogen 0.00 s 20.67 qr urea 50 18.33 r 26.67 qr urea 100 26.67 qr 36.67 op urea 150. 38.33 h-p 43.33 l-o urea 200. 46.67 k-o 55.00 i-k urea 250. 46.67 k-o 65.00 gh urea 300. 46.67 k-o 68.33 gh urea 350. 58.33 h-j 86.67 b-d urea 400. 66.67 gh 90.00 bc urea 450. 71.67 fg 93.33 b urea 500. 81.67 c-e 113.33 a za 50. 18.33 r 18.67 r za 100. 25.00 qr 30.00 pg za 150. 23.33 gr 40.00 m-o za 200. 38.33 h-p 48.33 k-n za 250. 41.67 m-o 53.33 i-l za 300. 41.67 m-o 60.00 hi anorganic fertilizer (kg/ha) organic fertilizer of chicken manure no organic fertilizer dosage 40 t/ha za 350. 48.33 k-n 61.67 hi za 400. 50.00 j-m 58.33 h-j za 450. 68.33 gh 73.33 e-g za 500. 65.00 gh 80.00 d-f 4. conclusion based on the results and discussion it can be concluded that. giving chicken manure without giving inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen) can increase the number of leaves, dry weight of crown, number of cloves per bulb, fresh weight of bulb and dry weight of bulb of garlic. the highest dry weight of crown, number of cloves per bulb, fresh weight of bulb and dry weight of bulb of garlic was achieved by interaction of 500 kg/ha urea with 40 tons/ha of chicken manure. referensi abadi, t. 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(2014). aplikasi pupuk organik dan anorganik dalam budidaya bawang putih varietas lumbu hijau application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in the cultivation of garlic using lumbu hijau variety. prosiding seminar page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.104 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 nasional pengembangan teknologi pertanian, may 2014, 237–243. woldetsadik, k., tabor, g., & sharma, j. j. (2015). economic returns of garlic ( allium sativum l .). science, technology and arts research journal, 4(2), 10–22. yadav, r., bairwa, h. l., & gurjar, m. k. (2017). response of garlic (allium sativum l.) to organic manures and fertilizers. international journal of current microbiology and applied sciences, 6(10), 4860–4867. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.454 yahaya, r., aliyu, & mahmud, m. (2010). effects of sheep manure and intra row spacing on yield and yield components of chilli pepper (capsicum frutescence l.) at samaru, zaria, nigeria. production agriculture and technology, 6(2), 45–50. zakari, s., miko, s., & aliyu, b. (2014). effect of different types and levels of organic manures on yield and yield components of garlic (allium sativum l.) at kadawa, kano, nigeria. bayero journal of pure and applied sciences, 7(1), 121–126. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman page |139 application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman department of agrotechnology faculty of agriculture universitas muhammadiyah sidoarjo jl. raya gelam no, 250 candi – sidoarjo 61217 email: sutarman@umsida.ac.id abstract this study aims to determine the effect of biofungicide application with trichoderma harzianum as its active ingredient in the form of soil treatment and additional treatment which includes seed treatment, canopy surface spraying, and combined seed treatment and canopy spraying with trichoderma biofungicides and active chemical fungicides mancozeb and cymoxanil, against leaf blight disease index caused by phytopthora infestans, stover dry weight, healthy potato tuber weight, rotten tuber weight, and relative quality index of potato plant bulbs. experiments were carried out in the split-plot design using a completely randomized design (crd). the main plot is soil tretament biofungicide trichoderma, including without soil tretament and with soil treatment. as plot saplings is an additional treatement of trichoderma biofungicide, consisting of: chemical fungicide, seed treatement, canopy spraying, and spraying of canopy and seed treament. each treatment was repeated 4 times, to obtain 32 experimental units. the variables observed were leaf blight disease index at the end of the vegetative phase, stover dry weight, healthy tuber weight, rotten tuber weight, and relative index of tuber quality. the results showed that the interaction of soil treatment and additional treatment of trichoderma biofungicide had a very significant effect on the disease index of potato leaf blight, rotten tuber weight per plant, and relative index of quality of potato tubers, but did not significantly affect the dry weight of stover and tubers of healthy potatoes per plant. the combination of soil treatment and additional treatment resulted in a decrease in the disease index of 45.37 to 53.96%, a decrease in rotten tubers from 42.39 to 91.50%, and an increase in the percentage of relative index of tuber quality from 7.8 to 65.5% compared to only using fungicides made from mancozeb and cymoxanil. keywords: soil treatment, seed treatment, spraying plant canopies, potato bulbs, biopesticide trichoderma harzianum 1. introduction potatoes are one of the strategic commodities in indonesia. various efforts have been made to increase production to suppress imports and even restore the role of exporters as in the 1990s. however, the threat of loss of results due to disruption of disturbing organisms is one challenge that is not easy to overcome. the attack of potato canopy blight caused by phytopthora infestans and tuber rot caused by fusarium oxysporum and decaying bacteria (pseudomonas solanacearum) often causes harvest failure. fungicides have been the main method of controlling disease (ma et. al., 2009; guan, 2011). the active fungicide ingredient commonly used to control potato diseases, including a mixture of mancozeb and cymoxcanil (evenhuis, et al., 1996) which is currently widely used in agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman page |140 potato farming centers. mixing these two active ingredients is effective in preventing the emergence of pathogenic resistance to cymoxanil (paramita & sumardiyono, 2014). however, this application of contact and systemic funicides is now often unable to save damage and losses in cultivating potatoes. on the other hand, various evidence shows the negative impact of harmful fungicidal active ingredients can disrupt the activity of soil organisms that are beneficial to plants. the use of biological agents for controlling plant diseases has been carried out. trichoderma is one type of fungus that is used for the application of biological control to soil borne pathogens. various types of trichoderma have a high ability to produce chitinase and β-1,3 glucanases enzymes having the ability of mycoparasites (benítez et al., 2004; chowdappa et al., 2013) so as to increase plant resistance to disease and protect plants from pathogenic attacks. trichoderma is capable of synthesizing various compounds such as proteins and antibiotics which can increase its ability to control pathogenic fungi (al-taweil et al., 2009). the application of some trichoderma isolates as well as biocontrol agents can also act as biofertilizer active ingredients. trichoderma acts to degrade soil organic matter (hu et al., 2015) given its ability to produce important enzymes such as ß-1,3-glucanase, and cellulase ( verma et al., 2007; saravanakumar et al., 2016), so that and produce essential nutrients for plants (buysens et al., 2016) that are beneficial for crop production (ali et al., 2015; hu et al., 2016). conidiospores of trichoderma fungi can be formulated in at least two kinds to facilitate application in the field, namely the form of bulk solid formulas whose application is as soil tretament and liquid formula or suspension for the need for seed treatment and spraying plant canopies. as a soil treatment, the application of this biofungicide is carried out once before planting, whereas by spraying the canopy it can be carried out several times starting from planting to the end of the vegetative phase. as a biofungicide, the effectiveness of trichoderma as an active ingredient needs to be tested, so that it can be measured to what extent it can be an alternative chemical fungicide in the field of potato control measures in the field. this study aims to determine the effect of trichoderma biofungicide formulated in bulk solids as soil treatment combined with additional treatment in the form of seed treatment and canopy spraying with biofungicide on the index of potato leaf blight symptoms caused by p. infestans, dry weight of plant stover, rotten tuber weight, total healthy tuber weight, and relative quality index of potato tuber. the additional tretament applied consisted of: canopy spraying with biofungicide, seed treatment with biofungicide, seed treatment and spraying the canopy with biofungicide, and spraying the canopy with chemical fungicides made from mancozeb and cymoxanil. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman page |141 2. methods 2.1. research design the research was carried out on land that was usually planted with potatoes, mustard greens, and carrots in sumberbrantas village, bumiaji district, batu city, east java province at an altitude of 1,600 m above sea level. in may-september 2018. experiments were arranged using a factorial split-plot design using a completely randomized design. by using a completely randomized design (crd). the main plot is a soil treatment trichoderma biofungicide consisting of soil treatment and non soil tretament. as a sub-treatment, the additional treatment includes: fungicide application, seed treatment and fungicide application, spraying biofungicides on the canopy, and spraying biofungicides on the canopy and seed treament. in this experiment the seed treat using trichoderma biofungicide. the treatment in this experiment was repeated 4 times, thus obtained 32 experimental units. each experimental unit is a bed measuring 1.5 m x 3.0 m containing an average of 24 plants. 2.2. implementation of research the isolate of trichoderma harzianm fungi (code isolate tc-jjr-02) as the active ingredient of biofungicide is a collection of the laboratory of agricultural microbiology, universitas muhammadiyah sidoarjo. the potato seeds used are from granola varieties obtained from local seed growers. isolates of t. harzianum are grown on pda-m media (vargas gil et al., 2009). after 10 days of incubation, the culture of the fungi isolates was smoothed and stirred evenly and dilution series up to 108. using a sterile syrup was taken 1 ml of suspension containing conidiospores and sprayed onto the surface of the pda-m media in a petri dish. the number of greenish spots on the surface of the media in a petri dish shows the number of colonies or population density per ml of suspension, then multiplied by the dilution factor. in this experiment obtained a suspension containing conidiospores as much as 5 x 108 cfu/ml which is ready to be used as a biofungicide. for the purpose of soil treatement, biofungicides in bulk form are made with a carrier material that is sterilized chicken manure (at 121 oc 1 atm for 30 minutes). the conidiosporic suspension that has been prepared is mixed evenly with sterile chicken manure as a carrier into a bulk biofungicide with a density of conidiospores 108 cfu/gr. this bulk formula biofungicide is given to the soil during final tillage or together with making a planting hole with a dose of 200 grams per planting hole. for treatments that do not use soil treatment, sterile chicken manure is also given at a dose of 200 gr per planting hole but does not contain trichoderma as an active biofungicide ingredient. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman page |142 the conidiosporous suspension obtained from dilution with a density of 5 x 108 cfu/ml as much as 1,000 ml was poured into the tray and used as a liquid biofungicide for seed treatment. potato seeds in the form of tubers that have germinated or are ready for planting are soaked in the liquid biofungicide for 1 minute, then drained until there is no suspension dripping from the potato tubers to be planted. for treatment with seed treatment, the seed that has been treated is placed in the planting hole that has been prepared. spraying tretament is used by conidiospora suspension with a density of 5 x 108 cfu/ml which is diluted by mixing 200 ml of suspension into the hand sprayer tank and mixed with water until the mixture volume becomes 10 liters. spraying is done by soaking the entire surface of the canopy and stem of the potato until the mixture of the biofungicide is exposed evenly to the entire surface of the plant above the ground. spraying starts at 3 weeks after the plant (wap) and is repeated every week until the age of 10 wap. during spraying, the surrounding beds (one experimental unit) which are treated are covered with a plastic screen to prevent the droplets from being deposited on the surface of the plant in another experimental unit. the same thing was done when spraying fungicides for additional treatment that did not apply biofungicide spraying and that applied biofungicide spraying but got the seed treament. all plants were given basic fertilizers in the form of urea, za, sp 36, and kcl each with a dose of 12 gr, 8 gr, 15 gr, and 5 gr per planting hole before planting. insecticides with active ingredients of chlorpyriphos with a concentration of 5 cc/ l are given by spraying the entire surface of the soil during planting in such a way that the soil of the planting media around the tubers of potato seeds contains residues of active ingredients; this was done to prevent the attack of the caterpillar (agrotis ipsilon), and orong-orong (cryllotalpa sp.). for applications that use chemical fungicides with active ingredients a mixture of mancozeb and cymoxanil with a concentration of 5 gr/l, carried out every week from the age of 3 to 10 wap only in aditional treatment in the form of no biofungicide or not given to treatment using biofungicides for canopy spraying, seed treatment. and spraying the canopy and seed tretament. 2.3. observation observations were made on: (i) disease index carried out at the age of 11 wap which at that time vegetative growth in the form of canopy had begun to stop using formula (1) obtained from the calculation of symptom scores based on symptom criteria (table 1), (ii) weights stover dry weight (gr), (iii) total weight of tubers healthy or not rot and/or not defective attacked by pathogens (gr), (iv) total rotten tubers (gr), and (v) relative index of quality of tubers performed at the time harvest or at 17 mst. formula for determining disease index: agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman page |143 = ( ni)/nk .......(1) with the provisions: ip is a disease index that shows the intensity of the attack symptoms, i is the lowest score, k is the highest score, this is the number of individual plants with symptom criteria of -i score, n is the number of plants observed. table 1. criteria for symptoms of blight and wilting canopy of potato plants value (score) criteria for symptoms 0 there are no symptoms 1 > 0-10% canopy with blight symptoms 2 > 10-20% canopy with blight symptoms or the canopy looks rather wilted 3 > 20-40% canopy with blight symptoms or the canopy looks quite wilted 4 > 40-70% canopy with blight symptoms or 20-40% symptomatic blight and wilt or the plant experiences wilting quite heavily 5 > 70% of crowns are blighted until the plant dies or heavy wilted plants until total wilting to death the relative index of tuber quality was calculated using formula (2) obtained from determining the calculation of the quality score based on the potato tuber quality criteria as shown in table 2. the formula for determining the relative index of tuber quality: = ( ni) k( ) .......(2) with the provisions: ir is the relative index of the quality of normal tubers, healthy without foul defects, i is the lowest score, k is the highest score of tuber quality, ni is the average tuber weight per plant with the-i tuber quality criteria, n is the number of plants observed, xt = the weight of normal tubers per plant (healthy not decayed or symptomatic by pathogens) for each experimental unit, x = average tuber weight per plant of the entire population in the experiment. table 2. criteria for quality of potato tubersvalue value (score) quality criteria for potato tubers 1 grade d weight per one tuber <50 gr 2 grade c weight per one tuber 50-99 gr 3 grade b weight per one tuber 100-199 gr 4 grade a weight per tuber ≥ 200 gr agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman page |144 2.4. data analysis data from the observations were analyzed using variance at the level of 5% to determine the effect of treatment on disease index and production of potato plants. the test was continued using the honestly significant difference (hsd) test at the level of 5% to know the difference between treatments. 3. results 3.1. disease index the results of the variance analysis showed that soil treatment and additional treatments and their interactions had a very significant effect (p <0.01) on the disease index of potato leaf blight (11 wap). the mean effect of soil treatment and additional treatment interactions on the potato leaf blight disease index and the percentage difference in weight of healthy tubers to the control (%) is shown in table 3. table 3. average disease rate for potato leaf blight at the end of the vegetative period of potatoes perlakuan fungisida hayati disease index percentage of disease index difference to controls (%) soil treatement = seed treatementcanopy spraying 22.88 a 53.96 (-) soil treatement =seed treatement 23.12 a 53.48 (-) soil treatement =canopy spraying 25.03 a 49.65 (-) nonsoil treatement =seed treatementcanopy spraying 25.82 a 48.05 (-) nonsoil treatement =canopy spraying 26.02 a 47.65 (-) nonsoli treatement =seed treatement 26.22 a 47.24 (-) soil treatement =chemical fungicide 27.15 a 45.37 (-) non soil treatement = chemical fungicide (control) 49.70 b hsd 5% 4.73 remarks: numbers followed by the same letters in the same column show the same effect on the hsd 5% test. 3.2. dry weight of stover based on the results of the variance analysis, it was found that the application of soil treatment had no significant effect on the dry weight of stover (p> 0.5), as well as the interaction with additional treatment had no significant effect (p> 0.05) based on the results of variance analysis. additional treatment had a very significant effect (p <0.01) on the dry weight of potato plant stover. table 4 shows the mean effect of additional treatment on dry weight of potato stover and percentage of weight difference in healthy tubers to controls (%). agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman page |145 table 4. average dry weight of potato plant stover additional treatment dry weight stoverper plant (gr) percentage of stover dry weight difference to control (%) seed treatement canopy spraying 60.59 a 53.02 seed treatement 58.46 ab 47.65 canopy spraying 58.42 ab 47.53 chemical fungicide (control) 39.60 b hsd 5% 19.86 remarks: numbers followed by the same letters in the same column show the same effect on the hsd 5% test. 3.3 healthy tuber weight additional treatment had a very significant effect (p <0.01) on total tuber weight based on the results of variance analysis; while soil treament and its interaction with additional treatment did not significantly affect the total weight of healthy tuber plants (p>0.05). the mean total tuber weight per plant and the percentage difference in weight of healthy tubers to the control (%) can be seen in table 5. table 5. average weight of healthy potato tubers additional treatment healthy tuber weight per plant (gr) percentage of weight difference between healthy tubers and controls (%) seed treatement canopy spraying 1,523.63 a 38.81 seed treatement 1,486.88 ab 35.46 canopy spraying 1,456.69 ab 32.71 chemical fungicide (control) 1,097.67 b hsd 5% 438.62 remarks: numbers followed by the same letters in the same column show the same effect on the hsd 5% test. 3.4. weight of rotten tubers additional treatment and its interaction with soil treatment had a very significant effect (p<0.01) on the total weight of rotten tubers per potato plant. whereas soil treatment has no significant effect (p> 0.05). the mean effect of interaction between soil treatment and additional treatment on the total weight of rotten tubers and the percentage difference in weight of damaged tubers to controls (%) is shown in table 6. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman page |146 table 6. average weight of rotten tubers of potato plants tretament weight rotten tubers per plant (gr) percentage of rotten tuber weight difference to control (%) soil treatement = seed treatement canopy spraying 72.88 bc 42.39 (-) soil treatement =seed treatement 72.88 bc 42.39 (-) soil treatement = canopy spraying 80.50 bc 36.36 (-) non soil treatement = seed treatement canopy spraying 9.50 a 92.49 (-) non soil treatement = canopy spraying 27.50 ab 78.26 (-) non soli treatement =seed treatement 10.75 a 91.50 (-) soil treatement = chemical fungicide 58.38 ab 53.85 (-) non soil treatement = chemical fungicide (control) 126.50 c hsd 5% 61.52 remarks: numbers followed by the same letters in the same column show the same effect on the hsd 5% test. 3.5. relative quality of tuber index the interaction between soil treatement and additional treatments based on the results of the variance analysis showed a significant effect (p <0.05) on the relative index of the quality of potato tubers. as well as additional treatment. conversely, soil treatment did not have a significant effect (p> 0.05) on the relative index of potato plant tuber quality. the average relative index of potato tuber quality and percentage difference in relative index of tuber quality to controls (%) is presented in table 7. table 7. relative index of quality of potato tubers treatment relative quality of tuber index percentage of difference in relative index of tuber quality to control (%) soil treatement = seed treatementcanopy spraying 0.34 b 17.0 soil treatement =seed treatement 0.33 b 14.2 soil treatement =canopy spraying 0.33 b 11.4 non soil treatement =seed treatementcanopy spraying 0.48 a 65.5 non soil treatement =canopy spraying 0.35 b 20.5 non soli treatement =seed treatement 0.34 b 17.1 soil treatement = chemical fungicide 0.32 b 7.8 non soil treatement = chemical fungicide (control) 0.29 b hsd 5% 0.10 remarks: numbers followed by the same letters in the same column show the same effect on the hsd 5% test. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman page |147 4. discussion the disease index in the treatment application of mancozeb and cymoxanil fungicides showed the highest value of 49.70. while in other treatments the disease index value was lower (table 3). the lowest value reached 22.88 in the soil treatment treatment combined with seed treatment and spraying the canopy using trichoderma biofungicide. the highest disease index value is 49.70 in the treatment of a combination of non-soil treatment and spraying of chemical fungicides. this shows that trichoderma has inhibited p. infestans activity from the disposition phase. infection. and penetration. given its ability to produce toxins such as diterpenoid harziane and to harmonize pathogens (harman, 2006; zhang et al., 2016). produce chitinase and glucanase (vinale et al., 2008) which can damage the walls of pathogenic fungi. and produce antibiotics (altaweil et al., 2009) which can inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi. in line with that. the application of trichoderma in the canopy of cacao seedling plants has shown its ability to suppress wound indices between 76.3-89.5% caused by p. palmivora (sutarman, 2017). the weight of rotten tubers in the treatment of chemical fungicides (control) (table 6) reaches 126.50 gr per plant. while the seed treatment and spraying of biofungsida without soil treament reached 9.5 gr of rotten tubers or had a difference of 92.49% lowering rotten tubers compared to controls. overall the treatment using trichoderma biofungicide reduced the total weight of rotten tubers between 42.39% to 92.49%. the relative index of tuber quality (table 7) in the treatment using only chemical fungicides (control) reached the lowest value of 0.29. while all other treatments reached 0.32 to 0.48 or increased the relative index of tuber quality 7.8% to 65% against controls. the treatment of soil treatment and seed treatment of biofungicides creates protection for plants in the rhizosphere against pathogens and fungi and bacteria. this fungi also produces various enzymes that can degrade the propagules of pathogenic fungi (hu et al., 2015) and are myoparasitic (harman et al., 2004; verma et al., 2007). also produces aminolipopeptide compounds. which can act as anti-dormant against bacteria (pruksakorn et al., 2010). the average dry stover weight with an additional treatment using trichoderma biofungicide (table 4) reached 58.42 gr to 60.59 gr. when compared with the dry weight of potato stover in the treatment of mancozeb and cymoxanil fungicides of 39.60, it was shown that in the treatment using biofungicide the percentage of dry weight increase was between 47.53-53.02% for the treatment of chemical fungicides. the same pattern is shown by the weight of healthy potato tubers (table 5). the percentage difference in potato tuber weight ranged from 32,715 to 38.81% in biofungicide treatment compared to chemical fungicide treatment. growth stimulant compounds produced and contained in solutions sprayed onto the canopy surface or through roots in the treatment of trichoderma biofungicides will be used by plants for their growth. thus the role of agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of trichoderma harzianum as soil treatment and additional treatment for control of potato diseases sutarman page |148 trichoderma in this case. including stimulating indole acetic acid activity for plants (gravel et al., 2007) in addition to the contribution of nutrients from degradation of organic matter from organic fertilizers and soil organic matter (howell, 2003). thus increasing vegetative growth and production of plant biomass (buysens et al., 2016; youssef et al., 2016). in the application treatment, mancozeb and cymoxanil fungicides gave the lowest plant response in terms of stover dry weight (table 4) and healthy tuber weight (table 5) and the relative index of tuber quality (table 7). but highest in terms of disease index (table 3) and rotten tuber weight (table 6). this shows that the two active ingredients are relatively unable to inhibit the pathogen activity of p. infestans in the canopy and f. oxysporum in the tuber. the second mixing of the active ingredients initially aims to prevent the resistance of pathogenic fungi to cymoxanil (evenhuis et al., 1996). but now these two mixtures of active ingredients are not effective in controlling the pathogens of hahwar leaves of canopies and tuber rot. in this case it is likely that potentially large trichoderma is used to control dangerous diseases in this potato plant. trichoderma slows down the development of pathogenic resistance to fungicides (glare et al., 2012) and is an important consideration in the strategy for controlling disease in a sustainable manner based on natural resources (hu et al., 2016). 5. conclusion soil treatment has a very significant effect on the potato leaf blight disease index, while the additional treatment has a very significant effect on the potato leaf blight disease index. stover dry weight. healthy tuber weight. rotten tuber weight. and the relative index of the quality of potato tubers. additional treatment using trichoderma biofungicide increased stover dry weight 47.5353.02% and increased healthy tuber weight 32.71-38.81% compared to those using mancozeb and cymoxanil fungicides. the interaction of soil treatment and additional treatment of trichoderma biofungicide had a very significant effect on the potato leaf blight disease index. total rotten tuber weight per potato plant. and the relative index of the quality of potato tubers. the combination of treatments can reduce the disease index 45.37-53.96%. reduce rotten tubers 42.39-91.50%. increasing the percentage of the relative index of tuber quality from 7.8 to 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(2016). two new diterpenoids from the endophytic fungus trichoderma sp. xy24 isolated from mangrove plant xylocarpus granatum. chinese chemical letters, 27(6), 957– 960. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2016.02.008 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne, md. anwarul haque, and sharif ar raffi* page | *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne1, md. anwarul haque2, and sharif ar raffi1* 1plant stress breeding lab, dept. of genetics and plant breeding, bangladesh agricultural university, mymensingh-2202 2grain quality and nutrition division, bangladesh rice research institute, gazipur-1701, bangladesh *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd abstract eating and cooking quality of rice plays major role in consumer’s preference for any cultivar. in the present investigation 21 popular rice cultivars were analyzed for their cooking and eating quality traits. moderate variations were observed for all the traits studied except solid in cooking water. among the cultivars, cooking time ranged from 14.02 to 21.37 minutes, water uptake ratio from 2.24 to 3.324 %, solid in cooking water from 1.027 to 1.049 gm, volume expansion ratio from 2.8 to 4.28 %, % amylose content from 17.367 (low) to 27.387(intermediate), protein content from 6.28 to 8.96 (%), and most of the cultivars were found with intermediate gelatinization temperature. solid in cooking water was found positively correlated with cooking time, but negatively with water uptake ratio. considering the preferences for cooked rice, high amylose content and low to intermediate gelatinization temperature of brri rice29, brri rice49 and binarice-11 justified their popularity among the farmers and consumers. keywords: rice, cooking quality, eating quality 1. introduction rice is one of the most important sources of calories consumed by 3 billion asians (dogara and jumare, 2014). it is mainly eaten as whole cooked grains (hossain et al., 2009). however, for rice, grain quality is as important as yield, which is usually processed as food or feed. accordingly, consumer’s inclination for grain quality has taken as the major objective for rice quality breeding (anne et al., 2018). eating quality indicates to the sensory sensitivity of consumers for the cooked rice which is associated to glossiness, flavor, and stickiness (champagne, e. t., bett-garber, k. l., fitzgerald, m. a., grimm, c. c., lea, j., ohtsubo, k., jongdee, s., xie, l., bassinello, p. z. , resurreccion, a., ahmad, r., habibi, f., reinke, 2010). these quality traits indicate the chemical reaction that occurs during cooking of the rice grain, affected by cooking time, volume expansion ratio and gelatinization (bhattacharya and sowbhagya, 1971; juliano and perez, 1983). the gelatinization temperature (gt), and amylose content (ac) are another set of traits, which are directly related to cooking and eating quality (little et al., 1958).it has been asserted that higher the value of gelatinization temperature, the longer time it takes to cook rice (frei and becker, 2003; dipti et al., agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne, md. anwarul haque, and sharif ar raffi* page | *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd 2003), though bhattacharya and sowbhagya (1971) concluded that cooking time is primarily related to the surface area of the milled rice and unrelated to other grain properties. furthermore, variation in cooking time may be due to genotypic difference and it has been reported that rice grain with high protein content or a high gelatinization temperature requires more water and longer time to cook (juliano, 1971). besides, amylose content (ac) is the most important chemical characteristics determining eating quality and affecting some physical traits (balindong et al., 2018). rice is a major source of food protein in asia and other countries, though it contains only 6-8% protein (jayaprakash et al., 2017). its value as a protein source is enhanced by its high lysine content relative to other cereal grains (mosse et al., 1988). although, eaten rice contains about 7% protein and do not fluctuate widely from this level (chen et al., 1999), but still considered important because the daily intake of rice is higher than other cereals in asian countries. as a prime staple, there is a consistent demand for improved quality rice which varies by cultivars and its environment, as determined in terms of the cooking and eating quality properties. bangladesh is very near to attain self-sufficiency in rice production (chen & lu, 2018), therefore, breeding focus should be given more on qualitative improvement of rice. the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate cooking and eating quality of selected rice cultivars which will assist in enlightening the consumer’s preferences for rice in bangladesh as well as scope of improvement by future breeding program. 2. materials and methods the experiment was carried out at the grain quality and nutrition division of the bangladesh rice research institute (brri), joydebpur, gazipur and plant stress breeding lab, bangladesh agricultural university, mymensingh. twenty-one rice cultivars were studied for cooking and eating quality traits (table 1). table 1: list of 21 rice cultivars used in the study cultivars sources / courtesy status br 26, brri rice29, brri rice35, brri rice38, brri rice46, brri rice49, brri rice50, brri rice59, brri rice61, brri rice64, brri rice66, brririce67, brri rice69, brri rice72, brri hybrid rice2, brri hybrid rice4 bangladesh rice research institute (brri) released variety kalizira, tulsimala dept. of genetics and plant breeding, bau landraces (aromatic) agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne, md. anwarul haque, and sharif ar raffi* page | *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd weight of cooked rice weight of uncooked rice sample binarice-11, binarice-13, binarice-16 bangladesh institute of nuclear agriculture (bina) released variety 2.1. preparation for recording data: cooking time the cooking time was determined by the standard procedure described by ranghino (1966). here, 5 gm of milled rice was taken in a wire case. then it was kept in 50 ml vigorously boiled water in 100 ml beaker. starting after 10 minutes of cooking in excess boiling water, at least 10 grains were pressed between two petri-dish in every minute. the grains were considered cooked when at least 90% of the pressed grains no longer show an opaque center. optimum cooking time was taken until no white core was left. water uptake ratio water uptake ratio was determined according to the method used in oko et al. (2012) by cooking 2.0 g of whole rice kernels from each cultivar in 20 ml distilled water for a minimum cooking time in a boiling water bath. the superficial water from the cooked rice was then drained out. cooked samples were then weighed accurately and water uptake ratio was calculated as follows: water uptake ratio = solids in cooking water solid in cooking water was determined by drying an aliquot of the cooking water in a tarred evaporating dish to steam out the water. before that, the weight of the empty petri dish was measured and recorded as w1. the weight of the petri dish and dry aliquot was measured as w2. the amount of solid in cooking water was now calculated as: w2 – w1; where w1 = weight of empty petri dish, w2= weight of empty dish + dry aliquot. volume expansion ratio (ver) the volume expansion ratio was calculated with the method by sidhu et al. (1975). to measure ver, 50 ml water was taken in 100 ml measuring cylinder and 5 gm raw milled rice sample was added. initially, increase in the volume of water after adding 5 g of raw milled rice was measured and noted. raw milled rice sample was soaked for 30 minutes and cooked for 10 minutes in a water bath. then cooked rice was transferred into the petridish and allowed to stand for 15 minutes before analysis. again 50 ml of water was taken in 100 ml measuring cylinder and cooked agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne, md. anwarul haque, and sharif ar raffi* page | *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd rice was added. finally, increase in the volume of water after adding cooked rice was measured and recorded. the volume expansion ratio was calculated by using following equation: volume expansion ratio = ( )( ) where, (x – 50) is the volume of cooked rice (ml); and (y-15) is the volume of raw rice (ml). amylose content (%) amylose in rice is released by the treatment with dilute alkali. by the addition of triiodide ion, amylose produces a blue color. the absorbance of blue color produced in aqueous solution was measured by uv-spectrometer at 620 nm as described by williams et al. (1958) and modified by juliano (1971). samples are categorized for amylose content based on the following grouping (choudhury, 1979). protein content (%) micro kjeldahl procedure was used for the determination of rice grain protein content (ma & zuazaga, 1942). gelatinization temperature (gt) gelatinization temperature (gt) was indexed by alkali spreading value test (little et al., 1958). the degree of spreading of individual milled rice kernel in a weak alkali solution (1.7% koh) at room temperature (32±2oc) was evaluated on a 7-point numerical scale (jennings et al., 1979; khush et al., 1979). 3. results and discussion the results of the cooking and eating quality traits considered for the study were presented in table 2, 3 & 5. category % amylose content waxy 1-2 non-waxy >2 very low 3-9 low 10-20 intermediate 20-25 high 25-33 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne, md. anwarul haque, and sharif ar raffi* page | *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd cooking time cooking time is critical as it plays major role to determine tenderness and stickiness of cooked rice (asghar et al., 2012). the time required for cooking of the rice samples was shown in table 2 and ranged from 14.02 minutes to 21.37 minutes. the cultivar with lowest cooking time was found in tulsimala and longest was brri rice69. less cooking time is preferable for consumer demand (custodio et al., 2016); therefore, tulsimala was considered as the best. besides, rice differ in optimum cooking time in excess water between 15 to 25 minutes without pre-soaking (juliano & perez, 1983), whereas, presoaking helps rice to cook in shorter time (hirannaiah et al., 2001). furthermore, gelatinization temperature (gt) reported to have positive direct relationship with cooking time (frei et al., 2003), although, no such pattern was visible in the present study. probably, differences in cooking time in the present study could be due the varietal difference prevail among the cultivars (chukwuemeka et al., 2015). table 2: performances of 21 rice cultivars based on cooking quality traits sl no. cultivar cooking time (min) water uptake ratio solid in cooking water (gm) volume expansion ratio 1 br 26 19.35 2.251 1.049 4.03 2 brri rice29 18.43 2.24 1.045 4.28 3 brri rice35 18.52 3.312 1.045 4.08 4 brri rice38 19.16 2.84 1.040 3.81 5 brri rice46 15.51 3.136 1.028 3.36 6 brri rice49 19.46 3.104 1.043 3.60 7 brri rice50 17.09 3.314 1.027 3.47 8 brri rice59 16.49 3.252 1.028 3.19 9 brri rice61 15.2 3.295 1.030 3.40 10 brri rice64 20.57 3.245 1.044 3.12 11 brri rice66 15.50 3.204 1.030 4.00 12 brri rice67 16.30 3.146 1.029 4.00 13 brri rice69 21.37 2.946 1.031 3.50 14 brri rice72 17.47 3.324 1.042 3.37 15 brri hybrid rice2 14.49 2.408 1.037 3.85 16 brri hybrid rice4 14.08 2.62 1.035 3.37 17 kalizira 14.40 3.312 1.031 4.00 18 tulsimala 13.53 2.712 1.028 2.80 19 binarice-11 16.58 3.084 1.033 3.11 20 binarice-13 15.01 2.602 1.037 3.00 21 binarice-16 18.25 2.54 1.046 4.28 water uptake ratio according to hogan and plank (1958), the hydration characteristics of rice is influenced by variety and drying method, where, short and medium grain varieties have higher water absorption than long grain types. in the present study, water uptake ratio ranged from 2.24% to 3.324 % (table 2). the highest water uptake capacity was found in brri rice 35, brri rice 72 and agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne, md. anwarul haque, and sharif ar raffi* page | *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd kalizira, which are graded as short to medium grain size category. furthermore, inverse relationship between water uptake rate and amylose content was found by metcalf & lund (1985) and brri rice29 demonstrated similar performances in the present study with lower water uptake ratio but higher amylose content. by contrast, brri rice72 demonstrated both higher water uptake ratio and amylose content same as juliano (1972), but overall, no correlation was found between water uptake ratio and amylose content (table 3) as suggested by (bhattacharya and sowbhagya, 1971). this could be, therefore, concluded that, grain water uptake ratio not solely depends on grain morphology or physiology but resulted as a complex interaction between grain chemical composition with water as suggested by (bergman et al., 2004). table 3: correlations coefficient between cooking quality traits legends, ct= cooking time, wur= water uptake ratio, scw= solid in cooking water and ver= volume expansion ratio, ac= amylose content and pc= protein content * and ** indicate significant at 5% and 1% level of probability, respectively ns indicates non-significant. solid in cooking water solid in cooking water indicated loss of solids from grain, which is not desirable because in south asia, rice is cooked in excess water and water is poured off after cooking (choudhury, 1979), which eventually caused nutrient loss. saleh & meullenet (2013) have found that continuous heating increases the solubilization of more starch molecules which eventually leached out in to water. in the present study, positive correlation was found between solid in cooking water and cooking time (table 3) as suggested. during cooking, the starch of the cooking rice grain usually absorbs water and swells due to its gelatinization. in the present study, solid in the cooking water of the rice samples ranged between 1.027gm to 1.049 gm (table 2) with br 26 having the highest values and brri rice50 having the lowest (table 2). the irregular pattern of variation in respect of cultivars observed was due to effect of cultivars as suggested by borasio (1965). as solid in cooking water indicates loss of solids, therefore, brri rice46, brri rice50, brri rice59 and tulsimala are better among all. besides, similar to ruan and mao (2004) and ke-xin et al. ct wur scw ver pc wur 0.002 ns scw 0.570** -0.446* ver 0.255 ns -0.255 ns 0.428 ns pc -0.347 ns -0.152 ns 0.149 ns -0.020 ns ac 0.051 ns 0.036 ns 0.259 ns 0.277 ns 0.221 ns agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne, md. anwarul haque, and sharif ar raffi* page | *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd (2014), positive correlation was found between solid in cooking water and water uptake ratio which indicates that if more rice get cooked, more solid is released in water (table 3). table 4: performances of 21 rice cultivars based on protein content and amylose content legends, cultivars with same letter are statistically similar. volume expansion ratio high volume expansion of rice is a positive quality factor for lowincome group of people (choudhury, 1979) which indicates higher volume of the rice after cooking either lengthwise or crosswise (chukwuemeka et al., 2015). furthermore, length-wise expansion without a corresponding increase in girth is considered highly desirable for fine rice quality (sood and sadiq, sl no. cultivar protein content (%) amylose content (%) and grade 1 br 26 8.57b 22.61f-h intermediate 2 brri rice29 7.05g 27.38a high 3 brri rice35 7.86cd 26.12bc high 4 brri rice38 8.81ab 21.69h intermediate 5 brri rice46 8.02cd 24.50de intermediate 6 brri rice49 8.81ab 25.50cd high 7 brri rice50 8.16c 26.69ab high 8 brri rice59 7.27fg 24.48de intermediate 9 brri rice61 7.03g 19.30i low 10 brri rice64 7.05g 22.35f-h intermediate 11 brri rice66 7.20fg 23.05fg intermediate 12 brri rice67 7.68de 24.60de intermediate 13 brri rice69 6.28h 17.36j low 14 brri rice72 8.82ab 26.50a-c high 15 brri hybrid rice2 8.96a 23.00fg intermediate 16 brri hybrid rice4 8.72ab 22.20gh intermediate 17 kalizira 8.64ab 21.49j intermediate 18 tulsimala 8.62b 23.50ef high 19 binarice-11 7.73de 25.83bc high 20 binarice-13 7.79d 19.50i low 21 binarice-16 7.43ef 26.87ab high agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne, md. anwarul haque, and sharif ar raffi* page | *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd 1979; choudhury, 1979). in the present study, volume expansion ratio of cooked rice was ranged from 2.8 to 4.28 % among 21 rice varieties. the cultivar with highest volume expansion ratio was recorded in brri rice29 and bina rice16 (table 2). it should be mentioned here that, brri rice29 is well known for its medium slender grain quality, and popular among middle income group consumers. table 5: performances of 21 rice cultivars based on gelatinization temperature (gt) sl no. cultivar gelatinization temperature (gt) 1 br 26 intermediate 2 brri rice29 intermediate 3 brri rice35 intermediate 4 brri rice38 low 5 brri rice46 intermediate 6 brri rice49 low 7 brri rice50 low 8 brri rice59 intermediate 9 brri rice61 intermediate 10 brri rice64 intermediate 11 brri rice66 low 12 brri rice67 intermediate 13 brri rice69 intermediate 14 brri rice72 low 15 brri hybrid rice2 intermediate 16 brri hybrid rice4 low 17 kalizira intermediate 18 tulsimala intermediate 19 binarice-11 low 20 binarice-13 low 21 binarice-16 intermediate amylose content amylose content is considered as the most important factors to determine the cooking quality of rice (balindong et al., 2018) along with gelatinization temperature (hettiarachchy et al., 1997), cooked rice become harder with increasing amylose contents, whereas, low amylose content makes rice sticky, and intermediate amylose makes rice firm and fluffy (bao et al., 2006; pandarinathan, 2015). therefore, intermediate level of amylose rice are the preferred types in most of the rice growing areas of the world, except where low amylose japonica are cultivated. hence, development of improved cultivar with intermediate amylose content should be always in the consideration in the grain quality improvement program. in this study, 11 cultivars were found as agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne, md. anwarul haque, and sharif ar raffi* page | *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd intermediate, 7 were high and 3 cultivars were with low amylose content (table 4). the cultivars with the highest amylose were found in brri rice29 (27.38) and the lowest amylose content was found in brri rice69 (17.36).varieties with higher amylose content can be used for diabetes treatment (ohtsubo, 2016). protein content rice grain protein content is related to nutritional quality (balindong et al., 2018) as well as taste (lee et al., 2014). rice with good taste generally bears less than 7% protein after cooking (lee et al., 2014). rice with high protein content is hard, less elastic, and less viscous (lee et al., 2014) and low sticky (primo et al., 1962). besides proteins seemed to influence the flavour and colour of cooked rice (juliano, 1972) and found to have inverse relationship to viscographic breakdown of rice grain (yanase et al., 1984). in the present study, 20 cultivars were found to have intermediate (7%-9%) and one cultivar has low (<7%) protein content (table 4). the cultivars with the highest protein was found in brri hybrid rice2 (8.96%) and the lowest protein content was found in brri rice69 (6.28%). unconsciously, people in major rice eating area prefer intermediate protein rice as in bangladesh (choudhury, 1979). gelatinization temperature gelatinization temperature (gt) is also closely related to the eating and cooking quality of rice (juliano, 1972) through association with cooking time, texture of cooked rice and cool cooked rice (maniñgat & juliano, 1979) and molecular size of starch function (li et al., 2008). rice varieties with high gt require more water and cooking time than those possessing low or intermediate gt, therefore, intermediate gt is preferred in most rice-producing country as high quality cultivars (pang et al., 2016). in the present observation, 13 cultivars exhibited intermediate gelatinization temperature and rest of the cultivars exhibited low gt (table 5). in this context, the best performers were br 26, brri rice29, brri rice35, brri rice46, brri rice59, brri rice61, brri rice64, brri rice67, brri rice69, brri hybrid rice2, kalizira, tulsimala and bina rice16. considering the preferences for rice to consumers of bangladesh, rice with high amylose content with low to intermediate gelatinization temperature are more popular (choudhury, 1979). all the rice varieties studied have low to intermediate gt, but only eight varieties have high amylose content. among them, varieties which developed later, have lower gt. brri rice29, brri rice49, binarice-11 are very much popular among the farmers and consumers, which have the preferred amylose content and gt. although high amylose content makes cooked rice hard, but parboiling decreases amylose content of rice grain as well as hardness of cooked rice (alary et al., agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa cooking and eating quality profiling of some popular rice cultivars in bangladesh saika anne, md. anwarul haque, and sharif ar raffi* page | *corresponding author: prof. sharif ar raffi, saraffi@bau.edu.bd 1977), which justifies the popularity of brri rice29 in spite of having highest amylose content. average protein content of the rice varieties is ~7%, which should be taken in to consideration to increase up to 10% in newly developed varieties as qualitative improvement. 4. conclusion rice is consumed as whole grain; therefore, cooking and eating qualities are very much crucial in consumer’s perspective for rice-dependent business. the profiling of varieties for different quality traits shall be of great help the consumers to choose the desired one, as well as for the breeders to choose parents for creating variations for future qualitative improvement program. references alary, r., laignelet, b., & feillet, p. 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(1984). correlation between protein contents of brown rice and textural parameters of cooked rice and cooking quality of rice. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | analysis of rice-business insurance program (autp) in ponorogo district (case study in agriculture and fisheries department of ponorogo district work program 2018-2019) samidi1, ahsin daroini2, abu talhah3 1,2,3faculty of postgraduate agribusiness, universitas islam kediri email: direkturjaya@gmail.com; daroiniahsin@gmail.com; ade@uniska-kediri.ac.id abstract this research aimed: (a) to analyze the implementation of rice farm business insurance (autp) in the ponorogo district work area; (b) to find out the factors that influence the implementation of the autp program in ponorogo district; (c) to prove that the agricultural sector in ponorogo district is a base and superior sector. this research uses a qualitative approach, where the reality under study is understood by a holistic approach and does not take measurements on certain parts of the reality. this study uses internal factor analysis, external factor analysis, klassen typology and lq (location quetiont) analysis. the results of the research show that: (a) implementation of autp in ponorogo district cannot be said be maximal. this is reinforced by the results of the typology klassen analysis in ponorogo district in the "inactive" category; (b) based on the results of the analysis of internal factors in this study, it was found that the implementation of the autp program in ponorogo district found weaknesses and strengths that influenced the responses of farmers in ponorogo regency. the agricultural sector in ponorogo regency is a base and superior sector. (c) based on the results of the study it was found that the lq (location quantient) value from 2016 to 2018 obtained the value of lq> 1, this indicates that the agricultural sector becomes the base and superior sector in ponorogo district. with the knowledge of agriculture as a base sector, inputs can be produced so that the agricultural sector remains the ponorogo base sector. keywords: autp, ife, efe, klassen, lq 1. introduction the rapid growth of development in all fields, especially industry and settlements, has a very negative influence on the development of the agricultural sector, it caused by the conversion of agricultural land to threaten national food security. agricultural development must continue to be driven, especially in the context of pursuing increased production, added value and welfare of farmers. along with agricultural development in general, handling land and water infrastructure plays an important role and is an integral part of supporting overall agricultural development. insurance applications in several countries include: indemnity-based crop insurance, including: (a) insurance with a risk named (named insurance company). this insurance covers one type of risk, for example hail insurance, fire, storm or ice melt. where insurance money is calculated based on the value of agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers, (b) crop insurance with several risks (multi peril crop insurance/mpcl). this insurance covers events / events caused by several reasons such as drought, floods, and some diseases. index-based crop insurance, agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | including: (a) area-yield insurance. insurance will pay the sum insured when the yield of an area is below the index. other agricultural insurance. some types of agricultural insurance applied in several countries include: (a) livestock insurance (b) fisheries insurance (aquaculture insurance) (c) plantation insurance (forestry insurance) (d) greenhouse insurance (insyafiah, 2014). the indonesian ministry of agriculture efforts to succeed in achieving food selfsufficiency targets have become determined and must succeed. in this regard, starting in 2015, the government implemented a special effort for self-sufficiency in rice with a target of rice production in 2018 reaching 80.08 million tons. but business in the agricultural sector, especially rice farming were faced with the risk of uncertainty as a result of the negative impact of climate change that detrimented to farmers. to overcome the losses of farmers, the government helped seek farming protection in the form of agricultural insurance, as stated in law number 19 of 2013 concerning farmer protection and empowerment, which was followed up with the issuance minister of agriculture regulation no. 40 of 2015 concerning agricultural insurance facilitation (ministry of agriculture, 2017) agricultural insurance were very important for farmers to protect their farming. agricultural insurance is a risk transfer that can provide compensation due to loss of farming so that the sustainability farming can be guaranteed. through insurance, rice farming guarantees plant damage due to floods, droughts, and pest and plant disease attacks or plant pest organisms, so farmers would received compensation as working capital for the continuity of their farming. agricultural land, one of the most important factors of production, because land is a growing medium for plants(hariyadi, ali, & nurlina, 2017). there are some agricultural lands that temporarily not cultivated, if handled, the said land can produce optimal production. businesses in the agricultural sector, especially rice farming are faced with the risk of uncertainty as a result of the negative impact of climate change that is detrimental to farmers. to overcome the losses of farmers, the government helps strive for the protection of farming in the form of rice farming insurance. agricultural insurance is a risk transfer that can provide compensation due to loss of farming so that the sustainability of farming can be guaranteed, the risk of failure cannot be determined and is also expected to cause losses (hardiana, 2018). the agricultural sector has five sub-sectors, namely the food crops subsector, the plantation subsector, the livestock subsector, the fisheries subsector and the forestry subsector. the contribution and growth rate of the agricultural sub-sector in ponorogo district is supported by agricultural commodity production from each agricultural sub-sector. agricultural commodity production in ponorogo regency fluctuated from 2010 to 2015. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | one of the staple foods and strategic commodities for indonesia is rice (oryza sativa l). however, rice production has not been able to meet the needs of the population. for this reason, it is necessary to apply strategic policies such as the use of superior varieties, the construction of irrigation facilities, subsidies for seeds, fertilizers, and agricultural equipment with modern technology to increase rice productivity nationally. productivity of rice in east java has increased. based on data from the 2015 central bureau of statistics (bps), from 2009 to 2015 there has always been an increase, although in 2011 rice productivity declined from the previous year. however, the data from the central statistics agency (bps), most of the rice productivity has increased every year (2009-2015). demographically, the population of ponorogo district which depends on the agricultural sector reaches 73.11% of the total population with the number of farmer households amounting to 178,958 of the total households in the regency. ponorogo has 244,790 households, with employment in the agricultural sector reaching 261,383 people. ponorogo also has the potential of natural resources in the form of agricultural land covering an area of 63.49% of the total area of agricultural land with details. the area of rice fields reaches 34,638 ha and non-rice farmland area of 52,457 ha (statistics of ponorogo regency 2017: bps kabupaten ponorogo). ponorogo district is one of the food buffer areas in east java. the area of rice fields in 2016 was still 34,801 hectares consisting of irrigated rice fields covering 32,775 hertares and non irrigated rice fields covering 2,026 hectares. the harvested area of rice in 2016 reached 79,000 hectares, an increase of 9.01 percent over the previous year. the largest area of irrigated rice fields is in sukorejo district with an area of 3,374 ha (10.29 percent). while the most irrigated rice field area is found in ngrayun subdistrict covering an area of 771 ha (38.06 percent). a longer rainy season compared to 2015 made the frequency of rice planting higher, so rice production also increased 3 percent compared to 2015. (ponorogo district statistics 2017: bps ponorogo district) the increase in commodity in the agricultural sector is the most important thing in improving the economy of ponorogo regency. there are several things that underlie it, including the potential of large and diverse natural resources administratively, the area of ponorogo district is divided into 21 sub-districts which are further divided into 307 villages / villages, 1,002 neighborhoods / hamlets, 2,274 rws and 6,869 rts. subdistricts with different geographical characteristics and conditions, thus enabling the diversity of commodities produced. mandate of law number 19 of 2013 concerning farmer protection and empowerment, one of which states that farmers need to be protected from crop failure, the government issued an agricultural insurance program regulated in minister of agriculture regulation number 40 / agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | permentan / sr.230 / 7 / 2015. then strengthened through decree of the minister of agriculture no. 02 / kpts / sr.220 / b / 01/2016 dated january 6, 2016 as a guideline for rice farm business insurance premiums (autp). autp's own background is to realize a special effort for rice selfsufficiency. with the cover of crop failures, farmers are expected to continue to implement agricultural productivity (azriani, 2018). this rice farm business insurance research is to protect the loss of the economic value of rice farming due to crop failure, so that farmers have working capital for the next crop. talking about insurance, we must be familiar. moreover, insurance services in the household economic system, are usually needed in the face of financial risks that arise as a result of the risk of flooding, drought and the presence of pest attacks. while insurance services in the business world are needed in the face of various risks that can rationally disrupt the sustainability of the business activities of rice farmers in ponorogo regency. rice farming is faced with the risk of uncertainty as a result of the negative impact of climate change that is detrimental to farmers. therefore, the government helped seek farming protection in the form of agricultural insurance to overcome farmers' losses. agricultural insurance protects farming because it is a risk transfer that can provide compensation due to loss of farming so that the sustainability of farming can be guaranteed. rice farming insurance (autp) can provide guarantees for plant damage due to floods, droughts, and pest and plant disease attacks or plant pest organisms (opt), so that farmers can obtain compensation as working capital for the sustainability of their farming. this research aims: (a) to analyze the implementation of rice farm business insurance (autp) in the ponorogo district work area; (b) to find out the factors that influence the implementation of the autp program in ponorogo district; (c) to prove that the agricultural sector in ponorogo district is a base and superior sector. 2. methodology this research used a qualitative approach, where the reality under study is understood by a holistic approach and does not take measurements on certain parts of the reality. the research conclusions are made not based on quantitative calculations, but are based on careful descriptions of reality (emzir, 2012). a qualitative approach is an approach that seeks to capture aspects of the social world that are difficult to measure with numbers. a qualitative approach also allows writers to gain access to people's motives, meanings, actions, and reactions in the context of their daily lives (putra, 2013). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | the workings in qualitative research are more flowing, processing, adjusting to the situation and conditions of the field (natural / naturalistic context), and are specific (typical). qualitative research does not test theories or hypotheses, but observes, understands, and interprets reality well, meticulously, comprehensively, and in detail to obtain a good, systematic understanding or interpretation of the reality under study. therefore qualitative research is also known as a subjective and naturalistic approach (ibrahim, 2015). in qualitative research, research is considered to end (finish) if the issues that are the focus of research can be explained systematically and comprehensively, in detail, and in depth. in other words, narrative and descriptive explanations that are detailed, detailed, systematic, argumentative, clear, and easily understood become the strength of the results of qualitative research (ibrahim, 2015). the basic method used in this research is descriptive method, producing data in the form of words or images, so as not to emphasize numbers. so the results of this study are in the form of a description of the phenomenon and findings in the field related to the formulation of the problem. through descriptive research, it will be described about rice farm business insurance covering the implementation, guidance model, collaboration of implementing actors, farmer participation and welfare of farmers in ponorogo regency. this research was conducted in ponorogo regency considering the contribution of the agricultural sector to the economic sector's grdp has the greatest value and the ponorogo regency is feasible to carry out the cultivation process (cultivation of agricultural commodities from the food subsector and horticulture, plantations, fisheries, plantations and forestry). explaining the problems that have been set, several methods of data analysis are used: 1. ife matrix analysis ife were extraction stage in carrying out the strategic management audit. this strategy formulation tool summarized and evaluated key strengths and weaknesses in the functional area, and also provided a basis for identifying and evaluating the relationships between these areas. intuitive assessments were needed to develop the ife matrix, so the emergence of a scientific approach should not be interpreted to mean that very extraordinary technique. a good understanding of the factors included werw more important than the actual numbers. similar to efe matrix and competitive profile matrix. 2. efe matrix analysis external factor analysis enabled strategy makers to summarize and evaluate economic, social, cultural, demographic, environmental, political, government, legal, technological and competitive information. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | 3. klassen typology analysis klassen typology analysis used to answer first question of research. the klassen typology is one of the regional economic analysis tools that can be used to find out the description of the status of rice farming insurance in relation to rice farming insurance/ rice production income (farmers). culture of rice farming insurance, knowledge of farming insurance in the ponorogo regency work area. klassen typology analysis is used with the aim of analyzing the relationship of rice farming insurance, / rice production income (farmers)., analyzing the relationship of insurance culture rice farming analyzing the relationship of insurance knowledge with farmers in the ponorogo regency work area by taking into account the increase in area covered by business insurance farm in east java province as a reference area (sjafrizal, 2008). 4. analisis location quotient (lq) models that are often used to analyze activities in an area include the location quotient (lq) analysis model. this technique is a way of beginning to determine the ability of an area in a particular activity sector. the final results of this technique are still temporary conclusions that still need to be reviewed through other analytical techniques so that they can answer whether the conclusions are proven or not. however, in the initial stage it was enough to provide an overview of the capabilities of the regions concerned in the sector observed. basically this technique presents a relative comparison between the capabilities of a sector in the area investigated with the capabilities of the same sector in the wider area. the variables used as a measure to produce coefficients can use units of labor in the sector, production or other units that can be used as criteria. relative comparison of location quotient (lq) model can be expressed through the following mathematical: n n s s n s n s lq i i i i i  the lq formulation structure provides several values as follows: lq> 1 : the observed sub-region has a potential surplus lq <1 : sub-regions tend to import from other regions lq = 1 : the sub-region is sufficient in certain activities lq analysis can be done as a first step to obtain information on a sector as a base or non-base sector. atau agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | data based on the information above, entered into the formula, will be obtained as follows: a. if lq> 1, it states sub-regions that have the potential to export certain commodities or are a base sector. b. if lq = 1, states that the area in question has sufficient needs in certain activities. c. if lq <1, it states that the sub-region in question has a tendency to import from other subregions or is a non-base sector. 3. results and discusses east java province has implemented the autp program. the number of autp participants in east java province reached 15,838 farmer groups. with the number of affected land amounting to 144,568.14 ha. whereas in ponorogo regency the number of farmer groups participating in the autp program is only 3 farmer groups with an affected land area of 22.14 hectares. if you see the number of farmer groups in ponorogo regency as many as 882 active farmer groups, only 0.34% of farmer groups participating in the autp program with an affected land area of 22.14 hectares or about 0.076% of the total agricultural land in ponorogo regency. the small number of autp participants in ponorogo district was caused by farmers arguing that the autp program did not benefit the farmers because the affected conditions had to reach 75%, even though the average land area affected rarely reached 75% of damage. besides that, based on data from interviews with informants, it was stated that many farmers did not understand the direction and target of the autp program. the lack of government outreach to the autp program has caused farmers to be unsure about the objectives of the program. regarding the number of farmer group in ponorogo regency, which is participating in the autp program, compared to other districts, it tends to be far less. this proves that the autp program has not been well absorbed by the groups in the ponorogo district. faktor internal factor analysis internal factor analysis relating to implementation of autp in ponorogo regency can be explained as follows: weakness  lack of understanding of farmers about autp  assessment of farmers that autp is not profitable  the small size of agricultural land that fails to harvest  high requirements for crop failure to reach 75%  the small participation of poktan to follow autp  lack of socialization from the government agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | strengths  provided a guarantee of protection to obtain farming capital  low self-help premiums that must be paid by farmers  provided continuous guidance from the government  insurance premiums guaranteed are not only from natural disaster factors  large number of farmer groups  amount of extensive agricultural land tabel 1. internal factor analysis no descriptions amount rating weigh t score weakness (internal) 1 lack of understanding of farmers about autp 24 3,43 0,13 0,44 2 assessment of farmers that autp is not profitable 15 2,50 0,08 0,20 3 the small size of agricultural land that fails to harvest 17 2,83 0,09 0,25 4 high requirements for crop failure up to reach 75% 18 3,00 0,10 0,29 5 the small participation of farmer group join to autp member 18 3,00 0,10 0,29 total 92 1,46 strength (internal) 1 provided a guarantee of protection to obtain farming capital 21 2,50 0,08 0,21 2 low self-help premiums that must be paid by farmers 21 3,00 0,08 0,25 3 provided continuous guidance from the government 18 2,71 0,11 0,29 4 insurance premiums guaranteed are not only from natural disaster factors 19 3,00 0,10 0,31 5 large number of farmer groups 18 3,00 0,10 0,31 total 97 1,37 sources: primary data managed, 2019 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | the results based internal factors in table 1 above, it was found that the implementation of the autp program in ponorogo district found weaknesses and strengths that affected the responses of farmers in ponorogo regency. some of the weaknesses that affect farmers' participation in the autp program are the lack of understanding of the farmers about autp, the high requirements for crop failure up to 75% and the small participation of poktan to follow autp. besides that, another weakness is caused by the small area of agricultural land that fails to harvest and the assessment of farmers that autp is not profitable. viewed from the side of the opportunity, the value is smaller than the weakness. based on the assessment of the respondents, the value of opportunity weight is 1.37. while the value of weakness weight is 1.46. this means that the implementation of the autp program has not been so received among farmers in ponorogo district for several reasons the above weaknesses. external factor analysis external factor analysis relating to the implementation of autp in ponorogo regency can be explained as follows: opportunity:  the welfare of farmers is increasing  provided alternative to open a post-harvest business  fostering the government becomes an additional new innovation for farmers  increase farmer's accessibility to financing sources  autp is a solution for farmers to survive crop failure threat  jasindo incorp. were less committed to insurance payments  many farmers change professions to onpther fields  many farmers sell unproductive agricultural land  many farmers switch to commodities other than rice  the small number of farmers participating in the autp agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | table 2. external factor analysis no descriptions amount rating weight score opportunities (external) 1 the welfare of farmers is increasing 19 3,17 0,10 0,32 2 provided alternative to open a post-harvest business 16 2,67 0,08 0,23 3 fostering the government becomes an additional new innovation for farmers 18 3,00 0,10 0,29 4 increase farmer's accessibility to financing sources 17 2,83 0,09 0,25 5 autp is a solution for farmers to survive from crop failure 17 2,83 0,09 0,25 total 87 1,34 threat (external) 1 jasindo incorp. were less committed to insurance payments 21 3,50 0,11 0,39 2 many farmers change professions to onpther fields 21 3,33 0,11 0,35 3 many farmers sell unproductive agricultural land 18 3,00 0,10 0,29 4 many farmers switch to commodities other than rice 19 3,17 0,10 0,32 5 the small number of farmers participating in the autp 18 2,67 0,08 0,23 total 97 1,57 sources: primary data managed, 2019 based on external factor analysis data in table 2, it is found that the magnitude of the opportunity to participate in the autp program is much smaller than the threat that appears. some concerns with the existence of the autp program felt by farmers include the emergence of concerns that pt. jasindo as a provider of insurance funds is less committed to insurance payments. many farmers will take their fortune to transfer professions to fields other than agriculture. with frequent crop failures there is a tendency for farmers to sell unproductive agricultural land. then the increasing number of pest and disease attacks many farmers who switch to planting crops other than rice that are more resistant to pests and diseases. 3.1. klassen typology analysis the highest number of farmer groups participating in the autp program in east java is bojonegoro district (11,435) and lamongan district (1,048). then followed by trenggalek district (885), jember (471) and tuban (459). while the lowest number of farmer groups participating in the autp program is magetan regency (2) and ponorogo regency (3). besides that, there are also agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | 9 districts which do not take part in the autp program, including; bondowoso, malang, mojokerto, probolinggo, pasuruan, kediri, pamekasan, bangkalan and situbondo. table 3. district-autp participation classification of klassen typology average area of failure crop average participaton autp yi,1 > yi,2 yi,1 < yi,2 very active active ri,1 > ri,2 bojonegoro pacitan gresik jombang lamongan lumajang madiun ngawi tuban jember nganjuk trenggalek enough active less active ri,1< ri,2 banyuwangi blitar kediri bondowoso kota probolinggo magetan kota madiun malang mojokerto ponorogo probolinggo sampang sidoarjo sumenep tulungagung kota kediri pamekasan kota malang bangkalan situbondo sources: primary data managed, 2019 cluster typology analysis data obtained data that ponorogo regency tends to be less active in participating in the autp program, this is evidenced by the number of participants participating in the program no more than 3 farmer groups only from 882 active farmer groups. based on data agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | from respondents that this is because in the ponorogo regency the level of crop failure is still at a reasonable level, even some of the damaged agricultural land has not been categorized as heavy meaning reaching more than equal to 75% damage. 3.2. location quantient (lq) analysis tabel 4. location quantient (lq) agriculture of ponorogo 2016-2018 no sector 2016 (%) 2017 (%) 2018 (%) 1 agriculture 28,77 28,71 28,59 2 mining 2,78 2,76 2,64 3 industry 9,42 9,67 9,74 4 electrical, pdam 1,57 1,64 1,52 5 construction 9,05 9,25 9,14 6 trade 24,81 24,62 24,38 7 communication 5,74 5,67 5,79 8 rental, company services 5,21 5,17 5,23 9 services 12,56 12,51 12,97 sources: primary data managed, 2019 based on table 4, it can be calculated the lq of ponorogo regency based on agricultural lq data in east java province as follows: with the agricultural sector grdp in east java province in 2018 reaching 16.56%, 2017 reached 16.45% while in 2016 it reached 16.25%. from these data, lq (location quantient) can be calculated in the agricultural sector as follows: lq (location quantient) year 2016 : lq = 28,77 / 16,25 = 1,77 lq (location quantient) year 2017 : lq = 28,71 / 16,45 = 1,74 lq (location quantient) year 2018 : lq = 28,59 / 16,56 = 1,72 from the calculation of lq (location quantient) from 2016 to 2018 the lq value> 1 is obtained, this indicates that the agricultural sector becomes the base and superior sector in ponorogo district. the results of this calculation are included in the first classification, namely lq> 1. this means that the agricultural sector in ponorogo regency can be the agricultural sector base for the east java region and export to other regions that lack production in the agricultural sector. this lq = agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | 1.72 result also means that the proportion of creating added value in the agricultural sector in ponorogo regency is 1.72 times greater than the proportion of creating value added in the agricultural sector in east java province. with the knowledge of agriculture as a base sector, inputs can be produced so that the agricultural sector remains the ponorogo base sector. 4.conclusions based on the results of research and discussion conclusions can be drawn as follows: a. implementation of the implementation of paddy farm business insurance (autp) in ponorogo regency. the implementation of autp in ponorogo district cannot be said to be maximal because the number of farmer groups participating in the autp program is only 3 farmer groups with an area of affected land as much as 22.14 hectares. if you see the number of farmer groups in ponorogo regency as many as 882 active farmer groups, only 0.34% of farmer groups participating in the autp program with an affected land area of 22.14 hectares or around 0.076% of the total agricultural land in ponorogo regency. the small number of autp participants in ponorogo district was caused by farmers arguing that the autp program did not benefit the farmers because the affected conditions had to reach 75%, even though the average land area affected rarely reached 75% of damage. besides that, based on data from interviews with informants, it was stated that many farmers did not understand the direction and target of the autp program. the lack of government outreach to the autp program has caused farmers to be unsure about the objectives of the program. while based on using the klassen typology analysis related to the implementation of autp in ponorogo district, showed that ponorogo district is in the "inactive" category. based on data from respondents that this is because in the ponorogo regency the level of crop failure is still at a reasonable level, even some of the damaged agricultural land has not been categorized as heavy meaning reaching more than equal to 75% damage. b. related to the factors that influence the implementation of the autp program in ponorogo regency. based on the results of the analysis of internal factors in this study, it was found that the implementation of the autp program in kabupaten ponorogo found weaknesses and strengths that influenced the responses of farmers in ponorogo regency. the biggest weaknesses affecting farmers' participation in the autp program are the lack of agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | understanding of farmers about autp, the high requirements for crop failure to reach 75% and the small participation of poktan to follow autp. the weakness is caused by the small area of agricultural land that fails to harvest and the assessment of farmers that autp is not profitable. viewed from the side of the opportunity, the value is smaller than the weakness. based on the assessment of the respondents, the value of opportunity weight is 1.37. while the value of weakness weight is 1.46. this means that the implementation of the autp program has not yet been received among farmers in ponorogo district. c. the agricultural sector in ponorogo regency is a base and superior sector. based on the results of the study, it was found that the lq (location quantient) value from 2016 to 2018 obtained lq> 1, this indicates that the agricultural sector becomes the base and superior sector in ponorogo district. the results of this calculation are included in the first classification, namely lq> 1. this means that the agricultural sector in ponorogo regency can be the agricultural sector base for the east java region and export to other regions that lack production in the agricultural sector. this lq = 1.72 result also means that the proportion of creating added value in the agricultural sector in ponorogo regency is 1.72 times greater than the proportion of creating value added in the agricultural sector in east java province. with the knowledge of agriculture as a base sector, inputs can be produced so that the agricultural sector remains the ponorogo base sector. refferences arikunto, suharsimi. 2013. manajemen penelitian. rineka cipta. jakarta. isbn: 978-979-518153-8 azriani, zednita., et al. 2018. pelaksanaan asuransi usaha tani padi dalam meningkatkan ketahan pangan di kota padang. semnas uns dies natalis ke-42. vol 2, no. 1 (2018). e-issn: 2615-7721, p-issn: 2620-8512 daniar, gilang ardila.2018. implementasi asuransi usaha tani padi se-eks karesidenan pati dalam mengatasi gagal panen. daymond, christine & holloway, immy. 2008. riset kualitatif dalam public relations & marketing communications. yogyakarta : ikapi djunedi, praptono. 2016. analisis asuransi pertanian di indonesia: konsep, tantangan dan prospek. jurnal borneo administrator. vol 12 no. 1. 2016. emzir. 2012. analisis data metodologi penelitian kualitatif. jakarta : rajawali pers rahman, fadlur. 2017. asuransi usaha tani padi (autp) dalam peraturan menteri pertanian no 40 tahun 2015 menurut petani berkala kecil di kelompok tani sidomakmur iv desa sidodadi, paiton, kabupaten probolinggo dan tinjauan maslahah mursalah. malik maulana malik ibrahim. fauzy, nurul fathiyah. 2018. sosialisasi dan pendataan peserta program asuransi usahatani padi (autp). jurnal pengabdian masyarakat ipteks. vol. 4 no.1 juni 2018. e-issn:2528116x p-issn:2527-5216 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | hardiana, juli. 2018. faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan petani dalam mengikuti program asuransi usahatani padi (autp) di kabupaten tanjung jabung timur. universitas jambi. hariyadi, b. w., ali, m., & nurlina, n. (2017). damage status assessment of agricultural land as a result of biomass production in probolinggo regency east java. adri international journal of agriculture, 1(1). ibrahim, dr. 2015. metodologi penelitian kualitatif. bandung : alfabeta insyafiah., wardhani, indria. 2014. kajian persiapan implementasi asuransi pertanian secara nasional. kementerian keuangan-badan kebijakan fiskal-pusat pengelolaan risiko fiskal. kementan. 2018. pedoman bantuan premi asuransi usaha tani padi (autp) direktorat pembiayaan pertanian. mutaqin, aceng komarudin., et al. metode parametrik untuk menghitung premi program asuransi usaha tani padi di indonesia. jurnal etos. vol 4, no.2, juli 2016, issn 1693-699x | eissn 2502-065x mappiare, andi. 2009. dasar-dasar metodologi riset kualitatif. malang : jenggala pustaka utama nurfianingsih. 2017. penerapan asuransi usaha tani padi (autp) sebagai upaya meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani (studi pada dinas pertanian, tanaman pangan dan holtikultura kabupaten tulungagung). universitas muhammadiyah malang putra, nusa. 2014. metode penelitian kualitatif manajemen. jakarta : rajagrafindo priyono. 2016. metode penelitian kuantitatif. zifatama publishing. sidoarjo. isbn: 978-6026930-31-6. rahmat. 2013. statistika penelitian. pustaka setia. bandung. isbn: 978-979-076-337-1 saragih, ika rosalia, et al. 2018 . analisis risiko produksi padi dalam pengembangan asuransi usahatani padi (autp) di desa panca arga, kecamatan rawang panca arga, kabupaten asahan. jurnal agrisep vol. 17 no. 2 september 2018. issn: 1412-8837, e-issn : 2579-9959 septian, dandi., et al. perlindungan petani melalui konsep asuransi pertanian pada gabungan kelompok tani desa argorejo, kabupaten bantul. jurnal penelitian hukum volume 1, nomor 2, juli 2014, halaman 92-108 sugiyono. 2014. statistika untuk penelitian. alfabeta. bandung. isbn: 978-979-8433-10-8 sukarsono, a. (2017). pengaruh jiwa wirausaha, motivasi dan manajemen agribisnis terhadap keberhasilan usaha tani gapoktan lm3 pomosda kabupaten nganjuk. jurnal ilmiah vidia vol 25 no.1 wahyuningtyas, rosita. et al. 2013. analisis sektor unggulan menggunakan data pdrb (studi kasus bps kabupaten kendal tahun 2006-2010). jurnal gaussian, volume 2, nomor 3, tahun 2013. undip agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa propagation in vitro of sorgum in ms, vw and nt mediums dwie retno suryaningsih, sri arijanti prakoeswa, maria me page | propagation in vitro of sorgum in ms, vw and nt mediums dwie retno suryaningsih, sri arijanti prakoeswa, maria me. agrotechnology of department of agriculture – wijaya kusuma university of surabaya email: sdwiretna@gmail.com abstract sorgum is one kind of plant from the family of grass in the tropical and subtropical regions. sorgum bicolor is a species commonly used for molase, syrup and seeds productions. furthermore, sorgum is also used as a biofuel material. the purpose of this research is to investigate which type of medium is best for the growth and development of sorgum explants. this research were implemented by using the complete random design with 3 mediums treatment: m1 = murashige and skoog; m2 = vacin and went; and m3 = nagata and takabe. repititions were done 9 times and each were using 10 test samples. changes observed were of: qualities, quantities, and contents of phenol in the sorgum calluses.the results of this research were:quantity of callus in general had shown real differences and most callus found were on the ms medium treatment;quality of callus formed had shown real differences in each mediums and tended to be compact callus, while in ms medium to become friable;nt medium tended to produce most contents of phenol, which was 0.25% . keywords: in vitro, medium, phenol and sorgum 1. introduction plants are the main sources of chemical compounds genereally used for pharmaceutical industries, food additives, and fragrances. most of those compounds are the products of secondary metabolism processes extracted from the plants species (arijanti, retna, ribkahwati, 2006). one plant of the grass family from the tropical and subtropical regions is commonly planted and cultivated by mankind for the production of molase, seeds, biofuel, and more, which is sorgum. sorgum is the source of nutrients, because it contains niacin, riboflavin and thiamine, and minerals such as magnesium, iron, copper, calcium, phosphor, and kalium (annonymous, 2016). sorgum seed has functional food nutrients such as anti-oxydant (polyphend), fe, fibers, oligosaccharides, and b-glucose which is a type of non-starch carbohydrates polysaccharides. high content of fe mineral is really helpful for the production of erythrocytes. some benefits of sorgum for human health are: cancer deterrent, diabetes control, bones health, and increasing the circulation and production of erythocytes, as well as energy sources (yuwono, 2015). the agrobusiness development of sorgum commodities has a good prospect, because in the year of 2012, the department of state-owned companies (bumn) has committed to develop sorgums planting in state-owned plantations to reduce the imports of wheat and assigned targets to the institute of national science of indonesia (lipi), national board of nuclear and the research center of sugarcane plantation of indonesia (annonymous, 2015). based on the above, then as an effort to fulfil the needs of sorgum seeds, one of the most promising way is by using the tissue-cultures (in-vitro) technique, which is expected to be able to agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa propagation in vitro of sorgum in ms, vw and nt mediums dwie retno suryaningsih, sri arijanti prakoeswa, maria me page | produce more quantities of seeds, better and cheaper, in short period of time and also to investigate the contents of its secondary metabolites (ali, 2015). results of this research were hoped to gain informations of the reproduction of sorgum seeds through tissue-cultures technique in 3 (three) types of mediums (murashige-skooq, vacinwent and nagata-takabe) and to know the best contents of secondary metabolites produced by treatment of those 3 mediums. 2. method of research research was conducted in the laboratory of tissue-cultures in the department of agriculture – wijaya kusuma university of surabaya, through june to december 2017 time period. materials and equipments used were explants of shoot sorgum, basic mediums of ms, vw and nt (with compositions as on table 1, 2 and 3), growth regulator substances of naa and bap. coconut water, glucose, alcohol 70% and 96%, chlorox, betadine, and laboratorium equipments. in this research, the method used is complete random design with one factor, of 3 levels : m1 (murashige and skoog); m2 (vacin and went); and m3 (nakata-takabe). each treatment were repeated 9 times with 10 samples. 2.1. implementation 2.1.1. sterilisation of equipments the equiments used were wrapped in brown-paper, then sterilised in the oven in temperature of 121oc for 30 minutes. while the cultures tubes were sterilised in autoclave 17psi for 30 minutes. 2.1.2. making of mediums mediums used were prepared as the treatments and modified by the addition of zpt. 2.1.3. planting the sorgum explants were sterilised with chlorox 25% + 1 drop of tween for 5 minutes, chlorox 15% + 1 drop of tween for 10 minutes, and chlorox 5% + 1 drop of tween for 20 minutes, then rinsed with sterilised water. after sterilised, then the explants were cut into approximately 1 cm2. then planted in the cultures tubes in the mediums as treatments. 2.1.4. incubation after the planting, the cultures tubes were put in the incubation racks and observed for the forming of calluses. 2.2. variables the observation variables were as follows : 2.2.1. quality of calluses visually observed once in 1-week interval by scoring of : 1 = no calluses 2 = compact calluses agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa propagation in vitro of sorgum in ms, vw and nt mediums dwie retno suryaningsih, sri arijanti prakoeswa, maria me page | 3 = friable calluses 2.2.2. quantity of calluses visually observed once in 1-week interval by scoring of : 2 = no calluses 3 = low quantity of calluses (<1 of explant size) 4 = medium quantity of calluses (1-2 of explant size) 5 = high quantity of calluses (>2 of explant size) 2.2.3. contents of polyphenol on calluses observed after the calluses were 8-weeks old, destructively through analysis by spectrophotometer. 2.3. data analysis results were analised by using one-way anova through spss and, if there were real differences, further tested with lsd 5%. 3. results and discussions 3.1. quality of calluses results of type analysis had shown real differences in between the treatments of the mediums on the qualities of sorgum leaves’ calluses on week 5 to 10. table 1. results of the observation on quality of callus in sorgum leaves treatment average / week after planting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 m1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.19 1.41a 1.60a 1.76a 1.93a 2.07a 2.27a m2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.13 1.21b 1.26b 1.42b 1.66b 1.70b 1.98b m3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.13 1.11c 1.16c 1.21c 1.54c 1.62c 1.79c lsd 5% ns ns ns ns 0 0 0.02 0.4 0 0.4 table 1. had shown the effect of ms medium in forming the quality of callus tended to be compact to become friable, while vw and nt medium formed the callus to be compact. this has matched with the research by prasetyo (2006). the callus were brownish-yellow and formed nodules which were the embryonic callus that have the ability of regeneration. the embryonic callus were callus that had grown and developed to form the structures to become embryo. while the organogenic callus were callus that their morphogenesis growth needed a medium with different concentration of auxin and cytokines in forming shoots and roots. in medium by murashige and skoog (ms), there were enough macro and micro nutrients, as well as vitamins for plants growth. explants of a plant needs to be compatible with their medium to be able to grow callus (hendrayono and wijayanti, 1994). 3.2. quantity of callus results of type analysis had shown real differences in between the treatments of the mediums on the qualities of sorgum leaves’ callus on week 4 to 10. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa propagation in vitro of sorgum in ms, vw and nt mediums dwie retno suryaningsih, sri arijanti prakoeswa, maria me page | table 2. results of the observation on quantity of callus in sorgum leaves treatment average / week after planting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 m1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.26a 1.58a 1.69a 1.89a 2.39a 2.58a 2.76a m2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.21b 1.44b 1.54b 1.70b 1.91b 1.18b 1.37b m3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.17c 1.27c 1.36c 1.47c 1.54c 1.68c 1.86c lsd 5% ns ns ns 0 0 0.03 0 0.03 0.04 0.04 table 2. had shown the effect of ms medium in producing the most quantities of callus than the other mediums. this has matched with the opinions of hendrayono and wijayani (1994), that medium by murashige and skoog (ms) has enough macro and micro nutrients as well as vitamins for a plant growth. explants of a plant needs to be compatible with their medium to be able to grow callus. the success of reproduction of tissue-cultures were affected by many factors, such as nutrients and explants (ali, 2015). additional nutrients into plant’s mediums were very affecting to the growth and development of explants (yusnita, 2003). 3.3. contents of phenol results of type analysis had shown real differences in between the treatments of the mediums on the contents of phenol in sorgum leaves’ callus on week 10. table 3. results of the contents of phenol in callus of sorgum leaves no treatment ms medium % phenol vw medium % phenol nt medium % phenol 1 m1u1s1 0.160 m2u2s3 0.195 m3u3s2 0.248 2 m1u2s3 0.158 m2u1s9 0.190 m3u5s6 0.156 3 m1u1s9 0.147 m2u3s4 0.198 m3u6s1 0.172 4 m1u3s4 0.155 m2u5s6 0.192 m3u9s5 0.188 5 m1u5s6 0.157 m2u4s5 0.201 m3u2s6 0.213 6 m1u6s9 0.149 m2u6s3 0.205 m3u1s7 0.231 7 m1u7s2 0.159 m2u5s1 0.196 m3u4s1 0.225 8 m1u4s5 0.162 m2u6s3 0.210 m3u1s6 0.213 9 m1u3s7 0.220 m2u8s5 0.188 m3u5s2 0.209 10 m1u8s5 0.181 m2u5s1 0.190 m3u5s3 0.242 11 m1u4s1 0.179 m2u3s7 0.206 m3u2s6 0.235 12 m1u6s3 0.185 m2u6s9 0.205 m3u2s7 0.242 13 m1u2s4 0.190 m2u7s2 0.213 m3u6s2 0.215 14 m1u5s1 0.185 m2u2s4 0.199 m3u9s5 0.223 15 m1u1s3 0.192 m2u5s6 0.197 m3u8s5 0.208 16 m1u3s2 0.205 m2u1s7 0.209 m3u4s1 0.250 17 m1u5s6 0.212 m2u5s2 0.197 m3u2s4 0.248 18 m1u3s1 0.198 m2u6s9 0.209 m3u4s5 0.240 19 m1u9s5 0.189 m2u3s3 0.190 m3u6s9 0.209 20 m1u6s3 0.205 m2u6s3 0.205 m3u1s9 0.203 21 m1u4s2 0.195 m2u5s6 0.185 m3u4s6 0.205 22 m1u2s6 0.178 m2u2s6 0.192 m3u3s4 0.202 23 m1u6s2 0.202 m2u9s5 0.199 m3u1s3 0.228 24 m1u3s3 0.215 m2u5s3 0.201 m3u8s5 0.232 25 m1u1s7 0.209 m2u6s2 0.193 m3u7s2 0.215 26 m1u5s2 0.186 m2u4s1 0.195 m3u1s1 0.247 27 m1u4s1 0.201 m2u2s6 0.202 m3u1s9 0.225 28 m1u6s9 1.809 m2u6s2 0.191 m3u8s5 0.240 29 m1u1s6 1.946 m2u3s2 0.191 m3u3s4 0.241 30 m1u5s3 0.186 m2u5s6 0.210 m3u7s2 0.250 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa propagation in vitro of sorgum in ms, vw and nt mediums dwie retno suryaningsih, sri arijanti prakoeswa, maria me page | treatment phenolic (%) m1 0.16 m1 0.22 m2 0.19 m2 0.21 m3 0.25 m3 0.23 the highest contents of phenol in callus were found in the condition of nt medium. this was because the sorgum plant were very responsive to the nt medium. while the highest phenolic contents, which was 0.25%, was found in the nt medium. then, it was assumed that as nt medium has more simplified nutrients than ms medium, so the explants had stressings and this produced the highest contents of secondary metabolites. this was matched with the opinions of rahmawati (2006), that suggested that slow growth was needed for the cells to process the maximum secondary metabolites and also a balance of carbon nutrients in the plants’ cells metabolism, where if the nutrients availibility for the plants were in excess than they will be used by the cells to process the secondary metabolites (pratiwi, ali, setiawan, budiyanto, & sucahyo, 2017). but each commodity requires a different time of exposure to produce the secondary metabolites. 4. conclusions and suggestions 3.4. conclusions 1. quantity of callus in general had shown real differences and most callus found were on the ms medium treatment. 2. quality of callus formed had shown real differences in each mediums and tended to be compact callus, while in ms medium to become friable. 3. nt tended to produce most contents of phenol, which was 0,25% . 3.5. suggestions further research were needed to be conducted to investigate the contents of phenol with the addition of carbohydrates in nt medium. attachments table 1. compositions of medium by murashige and skoog materials need (mg/l) 1. macro nutrients : kno3 nh4no3 cacl2.2h2o mgso4.7h2o kh2po4 1.900 1.650 440 370 170 2. micro nutrients : mnso4.7h2o znso4.7h2o h3bo3 kl cuso4.5h2o namoo4.2h2o 22.3 8.6 6.2 0.83 0.025 0.25 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa propagation in vitro of sorgum in ms, vw and nt mediums dwie retno suryaningsih, sri arijanti prakoeswa, maria me page | cacl2.6h2o feso4.7h2o naedta,2h2o 0.025 27.8 37.3 3. macro nutrients : myo-inositol thamin hcl nicotinic acid pyridoxine hcl glycine 100 0.1 0.5 0.5 2 4. energy source : sucrose 30.000 source: arijanti et al. (2014) table 2. compositions of medium by vacin and went materials need (mg/l) 1. macro nutrients : nh4no3 kno3 kh2po4 mgso4.7h2o (nh4)2so4 200 mg/l 525 mg/l 250 mg/l 250 mg/l 500 mg/l 2. micro nutrients : fe(edta) feso4.7h2o mnso4.7h2o 37 mg/l 28 mg/l 7,5 mg/l 3. energy source : sucrose 20g/l source: arijanti et al. (2014) table 3. compositions of medium by nagata and takabe materials need (mg/l) 1. macro nutrients : kno3 nh4no3 cacl2.2h2o mgso4.7h2o kh2po4 950 825 220 1.233 680 2. micro nutrients : mnso4.7h2o znso4.7h2o h3bo3 kl cuso4.5h2o coso4.7h2o feso4.7h2o na2edta,2h2o 22.3 8.3 6.2 0.83 0.025 0.030 27.8 37.3 3. organic substances : myo-inositol thamin hcl sucrose d mannitol 100 1 10.000 12.700 source: arijanti et al. 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(2004). tissue culture as a mean to efficiently reproduce plants. agromedia pustaka jakarta. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan, ahsin daroini, abu talhah. page | empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan1, ahsin daroini2, abu talhah3 1,2,3faculty of postgraduate agribusiness, universitas islam kediri email: mardanjenangan@gmail.com; daroiniahsin@gmail.com; ade@uniska-kediri.ac.id abstract empowerment is an effort to meet the needs of individuals, groups and the wider community so that they have the ability to make choices and control their environment in order to fulfill their desires, including their accessibility to resources related to their work in social activities. the purpose of this study are: a. determining the empowerment strategy of rice crop-based gafarmer-group in ponorogo district. b. analyzing the most suitable strategy applied to the empowerment of rice-based gafarmer-group in ponorogo district. this study uses a qualitative approach. methods analysis of the data in this study is an analysis sequence that constructs research conclusions that are ordered in order: ife matrix, efe matrix, swot and qspm. the research results some alternatives sequence of rice-based gafarmer-group’s empowerment strategies in ponorogo district: [a] based on the swot matrix: (1) strategies so (strength-opportunity). improving the strategy of managing agricultural land to accelerate the processing of extensive land using agricultural processing machines. (2) strategies wo (weaks-oppurtunities). rejuvenation of farmers by regenerating younger farmers by conducting training so that farmers are more competent. (3) strategies st (strength-threats). improved strategy for controlling natural disaster landslides to control the amount of damage to agricultural land. (4) strategies wt (weaks-threats). improving infrastructure to facilitate farmer’s access. based on qspm matrix: the most suitable strategy to be applied in the empowerment farmer-groups of rice-based in ponorogo district can be seen based on the analysis of the choice of strategies for the: 1). rejuvenation of farmers by regenerating younger farmers by conducting training so that farmers are more competent. 2). increased experience of farmer groups with training held by farmer-groups. keywords: empowerment, farmer-group, rice-farming, ife, efe, swot, qspm 1. introduction indonesia's economic growth experienced an increase in the third quarter of 2018 reaching 5.17 percent compared to the third quarter of 2017, but based on the facts in the field it was found that the highest gross domestic product share in indonesia was the industrial sector, not agriculture. the industrial sector contributes to economic growth up to 19.66 percent compared to the agricultural sector which only reached 13.53 percent. (data bps, 2018). the growth rate in the agricultural sector in east java is based on 2018 bps data, rice yields show a number of 13,154,967 tons per year, then in 2016 slightly increased to 13,633,701, then declined again in 2017 to 13.125,414 tons, meaning growth rates in the agricultural sector in east java in 2017 experienced a significant decline sukino (in wahyuni, 2018). tharesia, et al (in wahyuni, 2018), explained that community empowerment is an activity that has clear objectives agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan, ahsin daroini, abu talhah. page | and must be achieved, therefore, every implementation of community funding needs to be based on certain work strategies for its success in achieving the desired goals. there are 5 (five) empowerment strategy programs, which can be implemented to achieve objectives including: providing motivation, raising awareness and capacity training, selfmanagement, resource mobility, development and network development. ponorogo district is one of the districts that has considerable potential in the agricultural sector. this is evidenced by the number of farmer-group managed by the agricultural department of the ponorogo district reaching 1,781 farmer groups which are spread throughout rural areas in 21 sub-districts in ponorogo district. from 1781 farmer groups can be divided into 4 (four) levels, namely: beginner farmer group, up to 418 fgs, 90 continued farmer group about 90 , 442 medium farmer group, and 17 ultimate farmer group. from the 1,781 active farmer group reached 882 (49.5%) farmer-group with an area of arable rice fields reaching 29,147.27 hectares of 34,801 hectares in all ponorogo districts or around 83.75% of the total agricultural land in ponorogo district. the large number of farmer-groups that did not develop in ponorogo district is a problem where requires resolution. looking at a number of very complex problems that are often faced by farmers, a strategy for empowerment is urgently needed, one of the main problems that occurs in agriculture is the lack of the ability of human resources to manage and maximize their potential. so from that the government seeks to deal with the problem through various unity of farmer-groups empowerment programs to increase the growth rate in the agricultural sector in ponorogo district. 2. methodology the type of research in this article is a type of qualitative research method. according to putra (2014), qualitative research is a research used to investigate, find, describe, and explain the quality or features of social influences that cannot be explained, measured or described through a quantitative approach. according to sugiyono (2011), qualitative research methods are research methods that are based on post positivism philosophy, used to examine natural object conditions, (as opposed to experiments) where researchers are key instruments, purposive and snowball sampling is done for data source sampling. tri-angulation collection techniques (combined), data analysis is inductive or qualitative, and the results of qualitative research emphasize the meaning rather than generalization. research conclusions are made not based on quantitative calculations, but are based on careful descriptions of reality (emzir, 2014). a qualitative approach is an approach that seeks to capture aspects of the social world that are difficult to measure with numbers. a qualitative agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan, ahsin daroini, abu talhah. page | approach also allows researchers to gain access to people's motives, meanings, actions, and reactions in the context of their daily lives (putra, 2014). bogdan and taylor (in moleong, 2013), define qualitative research methods as research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written or oral words from people and observable actors. therefore qualitative research is also known as a subjective and naturalistic approach (ibrahim, 2015). the primary data collection technique itself is still divided into several retrieval methods, including: 1. interview method in this study, we asked several questions verbally freely and freely without being bound by the arrangement of the questions that had been prepared beforehand. this technique can be used in a flexible and familial manner so that the respondent does not feel stiff and awkward. thus researchers can obtain the desired data accurately (poerwandari, 2013). 2. observation method is a way to get data that is done directly in the field, which is related to the development of empowerment of this method is carried out with various approaches and certain techniques (mappiare, 2009). methods analysis of the data in this study is an analysis sequence that constructs research conclusions that are ordered in order: ife matrix, efe matrix, swot and qspm. 3. results and discussions the relationship between land area and the number of farmer groups in ponorogo district in 2018, with the total arable land area of 29,147.27 hectares is done by 882 farmer-group with an average per farmer-group working on an average of 30.8 hectares of agricultural land. if the number of members in 1 group consists of 25-30 people, then one member of the working group covers an area of 1.54 hectares of agricultural land. sukorejo subdistrict with the widest land area of 3,571.51 hectares is done by 99 farmergroup, so if calculated per farmer-group it will work on an area of 36.08 hectares. unlike the babadan sub-district with a land area under sukorejo sub-district of 3,220.55 hectares, it only has 60 farmer groups, with an average farm working on an area of 53.58 hectares. overall, ponorogo district which has an active land area of around 29,147.27 hectares is worked on an average of 42 farmer-group per sub-district with an average land area of 30.8 hectares. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan, ahsin daroini, abu talhah. page | 3.1. internal factor evaluation analysis internal factor analysis relating to empowerment of farmer groups in ponorogo district can be explained as follows: weakness relatively old farmers (between 30-60 years) expensive prices of rice seeds excessive use of pesticide fertilizers fluctuating farmer spirit lack of new innovations strengths extensive area of agricultural land a large number of farmer groups farmer groups have the potential to play a role in helping farmers already use of superior seeds there are institutions that offer capital tabel 1. matrix ife analysis no descriptions amount rating weight score weakness (internal) 1 relatively old farmers (between 30-60 years) 24 4,00 0,13 0,51 2 expensive prices of rice seeds 15 2,50 0,08 0,20 3 excessive use of pesticide 17 2,83 0,09 0,25 4 fluctuating farmer spirit 18 3,00 0,10 0,29 5 lack of new innovations 18 3,00 0,10 0,29 total 0,49 1,53 strength (internal) 1 extensive area of agricultural land 21 3,50 0,11 0,39 2 a large number of farmer groups 21 3,50 0,11 0,39 3 farmer groups have potential to play a role in helping another farmers 18 3,00 0,10 0,29 4 already use of superior seeds 19 3,17 0,10 0,32 5 there are institutions that offer capital 18 3,00 0,10 0,29 total 189 0,51 1,67 based on table 1 about the analysis of the calculation of the score of internal factors, it was found that the score of internal factors of strength obtained a total weight of 0.51 with a score of 1.67. the highest highest score of strength is in the vast land indicator and the large number of agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan, ahsin daroini, abu talhah. page | farmer groups with a score of 0.39. the use of superior seeds that have been used also gets the second highest weight, which is equal to 0.32. while the lowest score is found in the indicator of groups of farmers who have the potential to play a role in helping farmers and the existence of institutions offering capital, which is equal to 0.29. 3.2. external factor evaluation/efe analysis analysis of external factors regarding empowerment of farmer group in ponorogo district can be explained as belows: opportunities agricultural extension workers conducted intensively there is increasing market demand able to make important contributions to the welfare of farmers training becomes a new experience for farmers the emergence of product downstreaming threat there is a natural disaster of landslides there is a climate anomaly the presence of pests and diseases inadequate infrastructure the transformation of agricultural land into housing and industry tabel 2. matrix efe analysis no descriptions amou nt rating weight score opportunities (external) 1 agricultural extension workers conducted intensively 19 3,17 0,11 0,35 2 there is increasing market demand 16 2,67 0,09 0,25 3 able to make important contributions to the welfare of farmers 18 3,00 0,10 0,31 4 training becomes a new experience for farmers 17 2,83 0,10 0,28 5 the emergence of product downstreaming 17 2,83 0,10 0,28 total 0,51 1,47 threat ( external) 1 there is a natural disaster of landslides 16 2,67 0,09 0,25 2 there is a climate anomaly 17 2,83 0,10 0,28 3 the presence of pests and diseases 18 3,00 0,10 0,31 4 inadequate infrastructure 18 3,00 0,10 0,31 5 the transformation of agricultural land into housing and industry 16 2,67 0,09 0,25 jumlah 172 0,49 1,40 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan, ahsin daroini, abu talhah. page | based on table 2, the score of the opportunity external factors obtained a weight of 0.51 with a score of 1.47. the highest opportunity score is for agricultural extension workers who are carried out intensively with a weight of 0.35. the involvement of the agricultural office in implementing extension programs for farmer groups is able to provide high motivation and enthusiasm to increase the productivity of agricultural products. besides that some forms of programs are mainly related to capital and local government assistance in this case the agricultural service is able to make an important contribution to the welfare of farmers. then some training held by farmer group in collaboration with the agricultural service was also able to provide additional new experiences for farmers so that farmers were able to create downstream agricultural products in the form of post-harvest products. 3.3. ie matrix analysis based on the results of the ife matrix and efe matrix, it can be arranged later in the ie matrix. ife mean value is 3.20 and efe average is 2.87. the average value of ife and efe is obtained from the sum of the scores on each factor, where the score is obtained from the multiplication of the average rating and the weighting average for each factor. this value shows the quadrant iv position which shows the strategy needed for the current company is grow and build strategy. grow and build strategy shows that the company needs a strategy to grow better and can develop the company for the better. the strategies that can be applied by companies today are intensive strategies, integrative strategies, and concentration strategies. 3.4. defining strategies after analyzing the ife and efe analysis, then the factors obtained from each of these analyzes are included in the swot matrix to be combined. the use of the matrix aims to formulate alternative strategies by combining opportunities and threats that might be faced with the strengths and weaknesses possessed in developing rice cultivation in nganjuk district. finally obtained alternative strategies through s-o strategies (strategy-oppurtunities), w-o strategy (weaknessoppurtunities). s-t strategy (strength threats) and w-t strategy (weakness threats) agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan, ahsin daroini, abu talhah. page | table 3. swot matrix analysis external factor internal factor strength (s) 1. extensive area of agricultural land 2. a large number of farmer groups 3. farmer groups have the potential to play a role in helping farmers 4. already use of superior seeds 5. there are institutions that offer capital weakness (w) 1. relatively old farmers (between 30-60 years) 2. expensive prices of rice seeds 3. excessive use of pesticide fertilizers 4. fluctuating farmer spirit 5. lack of new innovations opportunities (o) 1. agricultural extension workers conducted intensively 2. there is increasing market demand 3. able to make important contributions to the welfare of farmers 4. training becomes a new experience for farmers 5. the emergence of product downstreaming strategies (so) 1. increasing the strategy of managing agricultural land to accelerate the processing of extensive land using agricultural processing machines. 2. increased experience of farmer groups with trainings held by farmer-group. 3. increased capitalization by institutions provided to farmers to contribute to the welfare of farmers. strategies (wo) 1. rejuvenating farmers with regenerating younger farmers by conducting training so that farmers are more competent. 2. creating local rice seeds. 3. reducing pesticides by providing intensive agricultural counseling. 4. provide training to encourage more experienced farmers. 5. make new innovations by creating downstream products. threat (t) 1. there is a natural disaster of landslides 2. there is a climate anomaly 3. the presence of pests and diseases 4. inadequate infrastructure 5. the transformation of agricultural land into housing and industry strategies (st) 1. increased strategies for controlling natural disaster landslides to control the damage to agricultural land. 2. increasing strategies for controlling pests and diseases by changing the pattern / mindset of farmers to become organic farmers. 3. increased adequate infrastructure by developing agricultural road access in collaboration with the regional government. strategies (wt) 1. improved infrastructure to facilitate farmer’s access. 2. improved management of agricultural land with healthy organic fertilizer. from table 3, it can be seen that using the swot matrix, following alternative strategies are produced: agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan, ahsin daroini, abu talhah. page | strategies (so (strenghth-opportunities) 1. increasing the strategy of managing agricultural land to accelerate the processing of extensive land using agricultural processing machines. 2. increased experience of farmer groups with trainings held by farmer-group. 3. increased capitalization by institutions provided to farmers to contribute to the welfare of farmers. strategies wo (weaks-oppurtunities) 1. rejuvenating farmers with regenerating younger farmers by conducting training so that farmers are more competent. 2. creating local rice seeds. 3. reducing pesticides by providing intensive agricultural counseling. 4. provide training to encourage more experienced farmers. 5. make new innovations by creating downstream products. strategies st (strength-threats) 1. increased strategies for controlling natural disaster landslides to control the damage to agricultural land. 2. increasing strategies for controlling pests and diseases by changing the pattern / mindset of farmers to become organic farmers. 3. increased adequate infrastructure by developing agricultural road access in collaboration with the regional government. strategies wt (weaks-threats) 1. improved infrastructure to facilitate farmer’s access. 2. improved management of agricultural land with healthy organic fertilizer. 3.5. quantitatif startegic planning matrix (qspm) analysis the second analysis used is quantitative strategic planning matrix (qspm), a technique that can objectively establish alternative prioritized strategies as a qspm technique requiring good intuitive judgment. qspm uses input from the efe swot matrix analysis and matching results from the ife swot matrix. based on the swot analysis, an alternative strategy for farmer group empowerment in ponorogo district was obtained, namely 13 alternative strategies. determining the right alternative strategy as a priority, qspm analysis is carried out. calculation of qspm analysis can be seen in the table below. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan, ahsin daroini, abu talhah. page | table 4. qspm analysis no alternative of strategies weight as tas rank 1 improving the strategy of managing agricultural land to accelerate the processing of extensive land using agricultural processing machines. 0,11 3 0,33 v 2 increased experience of farmer groups with training held by farmer-group. 0,11 4 0,44 ii 3 increased capitalization by institutions provided to farmers to contribute to the welfare of farmers. 0,10 3 0,3 vi 4 improved strategy for controlling natural disaster landslides to control the amount of damage to agricultural land. 0,09 3 0,27 x 5 increasing strategies for controlling pests and diseases by changing the pattern / mindset of farmers to become organic farmers. 0,10 2 0,2 xiii 6 improved adequate infrastructure by developing agricultural road access in collaboration with the regional government 0,10 3 0,3 vi 7 rejuvenation of farmers by regenerating younger farmers by conducting training so that farmers are more competent 0,13 4 0,52 i 8 creating local rice seeds. 0,08 3 0,24 xii 9 reducing pesticides by providing intensive agricultural counseling. 0,09 3 0,27 x 10 provide training to encourage more experienced farmers. 0,10 4 0,4 iii 11 make new innovations by creating downstream products. 0,10 4 0,4 iii 12 improved infrastructure to facilitate farmer’s access. 0,10 3 0,3 vi 13 improved management of agricultural land with healthy organic fertilizer. 0,10 3 0,3 vi the choice of alternative strategies with the qspm method uses value attraction (attractiveness scores or (us) and total value of attraction (total attractiveness scores or (tas). based on the results of the questionnaire about the selection of alternative strategies shows the most preferred alternative strategies. the highest tas value is a strategy that needs to be implemented first by the company.the results of the questionnaire show that the highest tas value is an alternative strategy about rejuvenating farmers by regenerating younger farmers by conducting training so that farmers are more competent. 4. conclusions a. the strategy for empowering rice-based gafarmer-group in ponorogo district can be seen from the results of strategy analysis based on the swot matrix as follows: agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa empowerment of farmer group based on rice farming in ponorogo district mardan, ahsin daroini, abu talhah. page | 1) strategies so (strength-opportunity). improving the strategy of managing agricultural land to accelerate the processing of extensive land using agricultural processing machines. 2) strategies wo (weaks-oppurtunities). rejuvenation of farmers by regenerating younger farmers by conducting training so that farmers are more competent. 3) strategies st (strength-threats). improved strategy for controlling natural disaster landslides to control the amount of damage to agricultural land. 4) strategies wt (weaks-threats). improving infrastructure to facilitate farmer’s access. b. the most suitable strategy to be applied in the empowerment farmer-groups of rice-based in ponorogo district can be 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masyarakat petani melalui pengembangan agribisnis di kabupaten purbalingga. jurnal fakultas ekonomi dan bisnis islam institut agama islam negeri purwokerto. zuliyah (2010), strategi pemberdayaan masyarakat desa dalam menunjang pembangunan daerah, jurnal of rural and development vol 1 no. 2 fakultas hukum universitas ahmad dahlan yogyakarta. nutrition availability and salt content in aquaconic cultivation system of kangkung and lele fish plant setyo budi santoso, hadi suhardjono, guniarti page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence nutrition availability and salt content in aquaconic cultivation system of kangkung and lele fish plant setyo budi santoso*, hadi suhardjono, guniarti *faculty of agriculture upn "veteran" east java *e-mail: setyogal_upn@yahoo.com abstract urban vegetable cultivation using the aquaponic system can be considered as a future agricultural consideration because fish manure and fish food residues can become nutrients for plants after being decomposed by microorganisms in pond water. the study aims to determine the availability of nutrients and dissolved salts in catfish ponds for 5 weeks before harvest and the growth of water spinach plants (ipomoea aquatica) in aquaponic cultivation systems. the study was conducted at the greenhouse upn veteran in east java using 4 catfish ponds as a test given em4 probiotic solution. probiotics em4 given as much as 20 ml per pool as a decomposer. control is done by planting water spinach on soil media. observations are carried out every week. the results showed 1). water spinach plants planted with aquaponic systems have poor growth compared to those planted using soil media. 2). nutrient concentration and salt content in pool water always increase during the study. keywords: nutrition, dissolved salt, water spinach plants 1. introduction vegetable cultivation in urban areas is strongly influenced by land availability. limited food production land (agriculture-fisheries) has encouraged the cultivation of agriculture-fisheries on narrow land / limited containers. in order for synergy to support one another, limited aquaculture will be better if combined with agriculture, this can certainly increase efficiency in production costs so that it can be said ofcultivation low-input, because cultivated plants do not need to be fertilized to support growth and fertility, due to waste from fish ponds in the form of manure and fish food residues already contain macro and micro elements needed by plants. likewise, the presence of plants can reduce toxins in pond water as the results of gumelar et al (2017) research. the increase in total ammonia concentration increases over time, but the increase that occurs can be suppressed by the presence of plants and microbes given in ponds (ali & wulan, 2018). catfish farming is very different from cultivation ornamental fish in terms of water needs and amount of feed. catfish raised for consumption needs, it must be given feed in large quantities and rich in protein. impurities produced by catfish can be decomposed aerobically or anaerobically by microorganisms in water. the results of the decomposition of dissolved nutrients can be used as a source of plant nutrition. the problem is whether the availability of nutrients from fish dung sources can meet the needs for the growth of vegetable plants grown with aquaponic systems. does increasing fish nutrition availability and salt content in aquaconic cultivation system of kangkung and lele fish plant setyo budi santoso, hadi suhardjono, guniarti page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence droppings in the pond meet the water quality standards for growth of water spinach plants with an aquaponic system. adding probiotics in aquaponic system cultivation can increase the growth rate and survival rate of fish (primashita et al, 2017) besides that it can be a solution to maintain water quality, because the microbes found in probiotics can increase the change of nitrite into nitrate, ammonium, so that kale plants can be used to obtain nutrients during their growth and not poison fish that are kept. probiotics contain most of the microorganisms lactobacillus, bacillus, nitrosomonas and nitrobacter which can increase waste decomposition and can improve water quality (tambunan et al., 2010). provision of probiotics in the aquatic environment is expected to increase the immune response to disease, improve the digestive system of fish, improve water quality because it can change toxic compounds into non-toxic, such as ammonia and nitrite compounds through the process of nitrification (ghouse, 2015), good quality catfish pond water if the ph is between 6.5 9, hardness (degree of coarse grains) a maximum of 100 ppm and optimal 50 ppm, turbidity (turbidity) is not mud between 30-60 cm, the optimal o2 needs in a wide enough range from 0.3 ppm for adults to saturated to abundant, and co2 content of less than 12.8 mg / liter, ammonium bound 147.29-157.56 mg / liter. water spinach which has the latin name ipomoea aquatica forsk is a type of vegetable that is quite popular in indonesia. everyone can get water spinach by buying it in the market or growing their own. water spinach is quite commonly eaten is land water spinach and water spinach. both types of spinach have a taste and nutrition that is not much different (hariyadi, huda, ali, & wandik, 2019). water spinach is a plant that has the ability to grow quickly and in unison. only in 4-6 weeks after seed, water spinach can be harvested and enjoyed. there are several requirements for water spinach to grow well in aquaponic planting systems, namely water ph between 5.5 6.5, total dissolved solids or total dissolved salts between 900 1200 ppm (mitalom.com, 2016), the newest nacl salt (ec ) between 2.0 2.1 s / m. 2. materials and methods research on the cultivation of water spinach plants with an aquaponic system using probiotic em4 as a decomposer of fish droppings in ponds. 4 tarpaulin ponds were used as a test with a size of 1 x 2 m. the em4 dose added to the 20 ml pool per pond was given 2 weeks before the fish pond was filled. each pond is filled with 400 catfish with a size of 20 fish / kg. fish age is 6 weeks. fish are given hi-pro fish pellet feed as much as 3% of the weight of catfish per pond (600 g / pond) per day. as a comparison of the aquaponic planting system of water spinach plants, planting was also carried out using soil media. observations were carried out, namely: nutrient of dissolved plants namely nutrition availability and salt content in aquaconic cultivation system of kangkung and lele fish plant setyo budi santoso, hadi suhardjono, guniarti page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence ammonium (nh4) mg / l, phosphorus (po4) mg / l. other indicators observed were total dissolved salts, ec and ph. the research was carried out by providing four units of catfish ponds of 200 cm x 100 cm x 80 cm in each treatment. each fish pond is equipped with 3 dm paralon pipes with 200 cm length of 3. paralon pipes are used to plant water spinach to bring water back to the catfish ponds. . the way the recirculation system works in the following study. waste water from fish maintenance aquariums is flowed gravity through pipes to gutters that have been planted with water spinach (ipomoea aquatica). the water in the pond is flowed back to the pond using a pump and so on. catfish (clarias sp.) used in the study came from farmers in jombang. seeding kale is done for one week on the rockwool growing media in the tray. plants are planted at the netpot in the paralon pipe using rockwool media for planting the aquaponic system while water spinach using soil media as a comparison is directly planted in pots. water quality measurements are carried out at the beginning before treatment and are measured once a week during maintenance. the parameters observed were total dissolved salt, ph (ph meter), ec, ammonium, phosphorus, plant length and number of leaves. 3. results and discussion observation of dissolved ammonium (nh4) showed that there was an increase in ammonium concentration in pond water linearly from 56.00 mg / l at week 0 to 607.19 mg / 1 at week 4 (figure 1.) figure 1. relationship between time and ammonium concentration in pond water y = 137,01x + 66,682r² = 0,9498 0,00100,00 200,00300,00 400,00500,00 600,00700,00 800,00 0 1 2 3 4 5 k os en tr as i n h 4 (m g/ l) minggu nh4 (mg/l)linear (nh4 (mg/l)) nutrition availability and salt content in aquaconic cultivation system of kangkung and lele fish plant setyo budi santoso, hadi suhardjono, guniarti page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the results of the analysis above show that the ammonium content in the pond is sufficient to meet nitrogen requirements during the growth of water spinach plants. according to the results of the study of goredva et al (2015), that the administration of nitrogen between 200 to 300 mg / l can increase plant height, root length and fresh weight of lettuce plants linearly in the hydroponic planting system. the observation of po4 concentration in pond water shows an increase in concentration every week for 4 weeks linearly. (figure 2.) figure 2. relationship between time and concentration of po4 in pond water. if viewed from the needs of phosphate for water spinach plants, then the concentration of phosphate in the pond is enough to meet the needs of water spinach plants during growth. according to hadjowigeno (1995) that the p2o5 content in soil solutions above 35 ppm is already very high. the results of the observation of total dissolved salt (tds) showed that concentrations were always increasing from week to week, until the 4th week obtained an average total salt concentration of 1697 ppm (figure. 3) y = 0,9024x + 1,0704r² = 0,9202 0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 0 1 2 3 4 5 ko se nt ra si p o 4 (m g/ l) minggu po4 (mg/l)linear (po4 (mg/l))linear (po4 (mg/l)) nutrition availability and salt content in aquaconic cultivation system of kangkung and lele fish plant setyo budi santoso, hadi suhardjono, guniarti page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence figure 3. relationship between time and total concentration of dissolved salts in pond water if viewed from the needs of the total concentration of dissolved salts, then after 2 weeks old plants in aquaponic pots, plant growth starts to be disrupted, because the total dissolved salt has exceeded the living needs of kale. likewise, the condition of nacl salt content in pond water, shows that the concentration is always increasing linearly with the line equation y = 0.68x + 1.0077 (figure 4.) figure 4. relationship between time and (ec) ms / cm in pond water the growth conditions of spinach plants began to be disrupted after 2 weeks in aquaponic pots due to high ec with ec values above 2.5 ms / cm. whereas water spinach only has an ec tolerance of less than 2.1 ms / cm. the results of observations of the development of water spinach plants planted using aquaponic cultivation systems the results are still less satisfactory compared to planting water spinach y = 317,6x + 453,6r² = 0,9446 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 1 2 3 4 5 t d s (p pm ) minggu tds (ppm)linear (tds (ppm)) y = 0,68x + 1,0077r² = 0,9373 0,0000,500 1,0001,500 2,0002,500 3,0003,500 4,0004,500 0 1 2 3 4 5 ec ( m s/ cm ) minggu ec (ms/cm)linear (ec (ms/cm)) nutrition availability and salt content in aquaconic cultivation system of kangkung and lele fish plant setyo budi santoso, hadi suhardjono, guniarti page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence using the planting method using soil media. this is because it is disturbed by the total dissolved salt concentration and nacl salt content that exceeds the tolerance threshold for kale plants to live normally (figure 5.) 4. conclusion aquaponic plant systems carried out in the study can be concluded as follows: 1. water spinach grown with aquaponic systems growth and yields are less good when compared to planted using soil media. 2. pellet feeding during catfish maintenance can increase the availability of nh4 and po4 in a linear fashion. 3. feeding catfish continuously without any particular effort to overcome the total dissolved salt and nacl salt causes no success in growing water spinach with an integrated aquaponic system. references ali, m., & wulan, w. (2018). effects of sand and sugar consentration rosella (hisbiscus sabdariffalinn) against quality of jelly candy. teknoboyo, 2(1). effendi, h .; ba utomo; gm darmawangsa; re karo-karo, (2015). phytoremediation of catfish (waste cultivationclarias sp.)with kangkung (ipomoea aquatica) and pakcoy (brassica rapa chinensis) in the recirculation system. ecolab vol. 9 no. july 2, 2015: 47 104 water kangkung roots are not normal the kangkung root is normal nutrition availability and salt content in aquaconic cultivation system of kangkung and lele fish plant setyo budi santoso, hadi suhardjono, guniarti page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence ghouse, m. (2015). use of probiotics as biological control agents in aquaculture for suistanable development. department of zoology. osmania college. india. pp. 112-119. gorendva r. citizens1, yohanes cahya ginting and kushendarto. (2015). effect of nitrogen and catalyst plant concentration on growth and yield of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) hydroponically. journal of applied agriculture research vol 15 (2): 100-106. issn 1410-5020. www.jptonline.or.id. eissn online 2047-1781. gumelar, wr, i. nurruhwati, sunarto, zahidah, (2017). effect of the use of three plant varieties on aquaponic systems to the total ammonia nitrogen concentration of koi fish maintenance media, journal of fisheries and marine vol. viii no. 2 / december 2017 (36-42). hariyadi, b. w., huda, n., ali, m., & wandik, e. (2019). the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland. agricultural science, 2(2), 127–138. kurniasari, a, adisyahputra, m & rosman, r (2010), 'effects of drought on nacl salted soils on growth of patchouli plants', bul. littro, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 18-27. lauchli, a & grattan, sr (2014), plant abiotic stress: salt. encyclopedia of agriculture and food system, vol. 4, pp. 313-29. lestari w. (2013). use of ipomoea aquatica forsk. for phytoremediation of household waste. semirata 2013 fmipa university of lampung. lampung, indonesia. page 441–446. primashita, ah, bs rahardja, and prayogo, 2017. effect of probiotic giving differently in aquaponic systems on growth rate and survival rate of catfish (clarias sp.). journal of aquaculture science april 2017 vol 1 (1): 1 – 9. sastro, y., (2015). aquaponics: aquaculture integrated with fish, financial problems and strategies to overcome it. jakarta institute of agriculture technology study. urban agriculture bulletin volume 5 number 1, 2015. tambunan, ep, um tang and mulyadi. (2010). cultivation of river catfish (mystus nemurus) in the aquaponic resirculation system with the addition of em4. faculty of fisheries and marine sciences. riau university. 6 things. tarre s, green m. (2004). high rate of nitrification at low ph in suspended and attached biomass reactors. applied and environmental microbiology 70 (11): 6481-6487 zhou, x and y. wang. (2014). probiotics in aquaculture, benefits to the health, technological applications and safety. college of biological and environmental engineering. gongshang university. china. 14 p. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa influence ofmanure andpgr cosentrationongrowthof pakchoy(brassica chinensis) usmannurrohman,nurlina,nurulhuda page | influence of manure and pgr cosentration on growth of pakchoy (brassica chinensis) usman nur rohman 1, nurlina 2, nurul huda 3 faculty of agriculture agrotechnology study program 1, 2,3 merdeka university surabaya e-mail: nurlinaraharjo@gmail.com abstract: the purpose of this research is to determine interaction between composition of growing medium, pgr concentration to growth, influence of composition of growing medium toward growth and harvest of pakchoy. the present study uses factorial randomized group design consisting of two factors with three replicates and 2 sample plants. factor i is growing medium composition of 3 levels while factor ii is a level 3 pgr concentration. the composition of these factors is factor i: m1 = 3 garden soil: 1 manure, m2 = 2 garden soil: 2 manure, m3 = 1 garden soil: 3 manure. factor ii consists of: k1 = 2 ml/liter of water, k2 = 4 ml/liter of water, k3 = 6 ml / liter of water. results from this study indicate that the combined treatment of manure and pgr concentration has significant effect on observation of plant length at 28 days of age. however, it does not give real interaction to variables of number of leaves, plant length, and gross at all ages of observation. the use of manure has significant effect on all observation variables. the highest average plant length, leaf number, and highest gross were obtained at the treatment of m2 (2 garden soil: 2 manure). treatment of pgr concentration had significant effect on all observation variables. average length of plants, number of leaves, and highest gross were obtained at treatment of k1 = 2 ml / ltr water. keywords: pakchoy, manure, pgr, rak. 1. introduction in vegetable cultivation include mustard (pakchoy), tomatoes, kale, celery, etc. vegetables are a type of plant frequently consumed by society with difficult and relatively quick cultivation. the importance of vegetables for health triggers an increase in vegetable products. to produce fresh, healthy and high-quality vegetables, good handling needed from site, seed, and fertilization selection. mustard is a kind of vegetables favored by indonesian people. of the various types of mustard, pakchoy is highly cultivated farmers today. pakchoy can grow well in lowland and highland (ashariandani, 2012), which become its strength. pakchoy is originated from china and has been cultivated since after the fifth century extensively in southern china, central china and taiwan. this vegetable is new in japan and still in with chinese vegetable. pakchoy allegedly entered indonesian territory in the xix century (anonymous. 2010). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa influence ofmanure andpgr cosentrationongrowthof pakchoy(brassica chinensis) usmannurrohman,nurlina,nurulhuda page | from economic and business aspects, pakchoy is feasible to be developed to meet the increasingly growing consumer demand and market opportunities. pakchoy selling price is higher than other types of mustard. feasibility of mustard cultivation is shown by their comparative advantage of indonesia's tropical regions conditions that is very suitable for the commodity, in addition, pakchoy needs relatively short growing period ie 40-50 days after planting with adequate profit. pakchoy contains a lot of fiber, vitamin a, vitamin b, vitamin b2, vitamin b6, vitamin c, calcium, phosphorus, copper, magnesium, iron, and protein. therefore, pakchoy is believed to prevent cancer, hypertension, and heart disease (anonymous, 2011). several types of mustard are quite popular and widely consumed by the community, including mustard, chicory and pakchoy tau caisim. of the three types of mustard, pakchoy is highly cultivated by farmers today. the stems and leaves are wider than the common mustard greens, making this type of pakchoy is more commonly used in the cuisine menu. this certainly provides a fairly bright business prospects for pakchoy farmers, because the demand is high (anonymous, 2011). the rate of growth of vegetable production in indonesia ranges from 7,7 24.2%/year. some types of vegetables, such as onion, pouch/pakchoy, and cucumber increased production is the impact of the application of cultivation technology. to meet the high market demand and to obtain the desired production, it is necessary to use planting techniques for planting pakchoy. the success of farming is influenced by several factors, including fertilizer in terms of its type and dose. according to novizan (2010), fertilizer application is basically to add nutrients for plants to grow and develop properly. efforts to increase productivity of pakchoy include the provision of fertilizer, both organic and inorganic fertilizers. provision of organic fertilizers can improve soil properties such as physical, chemistry and soil biology properties. provision of organic fertilizers can increase the solubility of p, k, ca, mg, increase c-organic, cation exchange capacity, soil holding capacity and decrease saturation of ai (aidi et al., 1996). in addition to giving organic fertilizer (manure), urea fertilizer as a source of nutrients n (nitrogen) is anothereffort in increasing vegetable productivity, especially pakcoy vegetables, agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa influence ofmanure andpgr cosentrationongrowthof pakchoy(brassica chinensis) usmannurrohman,nurlina,nurulhuda page | urea fertilizer as a source of n (nitrogen) can improve vegetative growth of plants, sufficient nitrogen on soil can make leaves become greener (aninymous, 2012). given the important role of organic fertilizer, especially manure and pgr, the current study observe composition of growing media and concentration of pgr on growth and yield of pakchoy. 2. materials and methods the method used is factorial experiment arranged in a randomized block design (rak), consists of two factors: treatment of growing media composition with three dose levels and treatment with 3 levels pgr. each combination treatment was repeated three times and every combination treatment comprises two plants and materials. the research tools used are poly bag size 35 x 35 cm, sprayer, seed of pakchoy, planting medium composed of garden soil, manure and measuring tool. 3. result and discussion 3.1. plants length analysis of variance indicates that there was no interaction between manure application and pgr concentration on all age of observation. separately, treatment of manure significantly affects the length of the plant at the age of 28 days and 35 days after planting. treatment of pgr concentration showed a significant effect on the age of 28 days after planting. the average of plant length after treatment with manure application and concentration of pgr is listed in table 1. in table 1 the highest value in the treatment of m2 media (soil: fertilizer = 2: 2) is 23.6 cm while the average with treatment of pgr concentration is achieved by treatment of k1 (2ml / ltr water) by 21.50 cm. table 1. average of pakchoy length from various observations on treatment with manure and concentration of pgr treatment average length of plants (cm) 14 21 28 35 m 1 m 2 m 3 8.78 9.56 8.17 13.83 15.72 13.72 16.33 a 20.11 b 18,61 ab 19.39 a 23.61 b 19.56 a agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa influence ofmanure andpgr cosentrationongrowthof pakchoy(brassica chinensis) usmannurrohman,nurlina,nurulhuda page | bnt 5% tn tn 2.40 3.03 k 1 k 2 k 3 9.06 8.89 8.56 15.56 14.44 13.28 20.33 b 17.67 a 17.06 a 21.50 20.67 20.39 bnt 5% tn tn 2.40 tn description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at bnt tst of 5% 3.2. leaf amount the result of the analysis shows that there was no interaction between manure and pgr concentration on growth and yield of pakchoy plants. separately, treatment of manure significantly affected the number of leaves at 28 days and 35 days after planting. in addition, the application of pgr showed no significant effect on the number of leaves at all ages of observation. the average number of leaf of pakchoy at observations on growing media by using pgr concentration is indicated in table 2. in table 2, the highest average number of leaves is obtained with manure application on p2 (garden soil: fertilizer = 2: 2) by 20.72 leaves. in the treatment of pgr concentration the highest average of leaf number was achieved by treatment of k1 (2ml / ltr water) by 19.33 leaves compared to other treatments. table 2. average number of pakchoy plants leaves on various observations with treatment of growing media composition and concentration of pgr treatment average leaf amount 14 21 28 35 m 1 m 2 m 3 4.22 4.72 4.50 5.56 6.17 5.56 9.67 a 12.39 b 10.44 ab 16.11 a 20.72 b 17.83 a bnt 5% tn tn 1.97 2.12 k 1 k 2 k 3 4.61 4.44 4.39 6.06 5.78 5.44 10.72 11.06 10.72 19.33 17.67 17.67 bnt 5% tn tn tn tn agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa influence ofmanure andpgr cosentrationongrowthof pakchoy(brassica chinensis) usmannurrohman,nurlina,nurulhuda page | description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at btn test of 5%. 3.3. gross weight per plant results of analysis of variance showed the lack of interaction between manure application and pgr concentration on gross weight per plant. separately, treatment of manure significantly affected gross weight per plant. meanwhile pgr concentration treatment showed no significant effect on gross weight per plant at the end of observation. the average gross weight at the end of observation (35 hst) in the treatment of manure application and concentration of pgr can is shown table 3. in table 3 with manure, the average gross weight reaches the highest with m2 (garden soil: manure = 2: 2) by 245,39 gram which is not significantly different with m3 treatment. meanwhile for pgr concentration treatment, the average highest gross weight is achieved by k1 (2ml / ltr water) by 245, 99 grams. table 3. average gross weight per plant in final observations (35 days after planting) in treatment with manure and concentration of pgr. treatment average gross weight per plant m 1 m 2 m 3 128.80 a 245.39 b 232.99 b bnt 5% 79.99 k 1 k 2 k 3 243.77 186.69 176,72 bnt 5% tn description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at lsd 5% 3.4. discussion combination of treatment of manure and pgr concentration did not significantly affect plant length, number of leaves and plant gross weight variables at all ages of agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa influence ofmanure andpgr cosentrationongrowthof pakchoy(brassica chinensis) usmannurrohman,nurlina,nurulhuda page | observations. separately, treatment of m2 (2 land: 2 manure) gave the best results on the variables studied: plant length, leaf number and gross weight per plant. treatment with pgr concentration shows that k1 (2 ml/ltr water) provided the best result on the variable length of the plant, the number of leaves and the gross weight per plant. it is presumed that application of manure can increase the fertility of the plant; adequate concentration of pgr can increase vegetative growth of the plant. this is in accordance with sumarsono (2010) statement that manure and other organic sources are used to improve soil fertility and soil organic matter content. the provision of micro nutrients and improving soil structure can also increase the growth of microbes and rotation of nutrients in the soil. provision of organic material in addition to manure can also increase the availability of other nutrients in the soil (anonymaus,2010). there are several advantages of organic fertilizer including micro element which is more complete than inorganic fertilizer. organic fertilizer will also give life of soil microorganism which has become good friend of farmer. organic fertilizer helps keep soil moisture and reduce pressure or soil structure stress on the roots of plants. it also plays an important role in maintaining the level of soil fertility that is in excessive fertilization with inorganic/chemical fertilizers in the soil. quality of soil containing organic fertilizer is better compared with chemical fertilizers that the plant is not susceptible to disease and healthier plants (anonymous 2012). growth regulator affects plant growth and development. the effects of pgr depend on plant species, pgr action sites in plants, plant growth stage and pgr concentration. pgr does not work alone in influencing plant growth and development. in general, concentration of pgr will control the growth and development of plants: auxin: affects the length of stem, growth, differentiation and branching roots; fruit development; apical dominance; phototropism and geotropism. cytokinins: affects the growth and differentiation of roots; encourages cell division and growth in general, promoting germination; and delay aging. giberelin: encourages development of seed, bud, stem elongation and leaf growth; encourage flowering and fruit development; affect root growth and differentiation. abscisic acid (aba): inhibits growth; stimulates stomata closure at water shortage, maintains dormancy. etilenn: encourages maturation; provides the opposite effect with some auxin effects; encourage or inhibit the agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa influence ofmanure andpgr cosentrationongrowthof pakchoy(brassica chinensis) usmannurrohman,nurlina,nurulhuda page | growth and development of roots, leaves, stems and flowers. apical meristem leaf tips of young shoots, the embryo in seeds (anonymaus, 2010). 4. conclusion treatment with manure gives a real effect on the observation of plant length of 28, 35 hst and the number of leaves and gross weight per plan on 28 hst. significant influence on the number of leaves is indicated the age of 35 days. the highest average length of plant in m2 is 23,61 cm, the average of highest number of leaves is also on m2 by 20,72 while the average of highest gross weight is at m2 by 245,39 cm. treatment on the concentration of pgr gave a real effect on the observation of plant lenght on 28 day. the highest average length of plant is in k1 = 21, 50 cm, the highest average number of leaves is achieved at k1 = 19.33, while the highest average of gross weight is at k1 by 245,77 gr. treatment of combination of manure and pgr concentration did not give significant interaction to leaf number, plant length and gross weight at all age of observation. references [1] anonimous. 2010. pakchoy. htt: //epetani.deptan.go.id/budidaya/budidaya-pakchoy .copyright 1701 2010 ministry of agriculture indonesia [2] --------------. 2011. sawi hijau prevent kangker. genie genie http://lifestyle.okezone.com/read/2011/03/09/195/433053/redirect. [3] --------------. 2013. http://chaaandraa.blogsport.com /2013/02/budidaya-tanaman-sawi.html [4] --------------. 2014. https://pupukcair.wordpress.com/zat-pengatur-tumbuh/ [5] ashariandri, 2012, the cultivation of mustard week, 16 september 2014 http://ashariandri.blogsport.com/2012/09/budidaya-tanaman-sawi.html , [6] mayadewi a. 2012. influence of type manure and plant spacing weeds on growth and yield of sweet corn. http://ejournal.unud.ac.id/abstrak/judul%203(4).pdf [7] fisher, nm and gloidsworthy, p r., 1992. tanman tropical trophic physiology. translated by [8] nonggle, an fritzs ray, j. george. 1979. introductor plant physiology. new delhi: mall of india private ilmited. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa influence ofmanure andpgr cosentrationongrowthof pakchoy(brassica chinensis) usmannurrohman,nurlina,nurulhuda page | [9] novizan. 2012. effective pemupkan instructions. agro media piustaka. jakarta [10] rubatzky, ve and m. yamaguchi, 1997. vegetables world. itb-press. bandung. [11] sunarjono, hh 2013. 20 type vegetable planting. the swadaya spreader. jakarta. increasing early growth of jatropha cuttings (jatropha curca l.) with the provision of organic growth regulatory substance bambang gunawan*, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence increasing early growth of jatropha cuttings (jatropha curca l.) with the provision of organic growth regulatory substance bambang gunawan 1* , nurul huda 1 , yeni ika pratiwi 1 1 lecturer at agrotechnology faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, indonesia *corresponding author e-mail: gunawanb1011@gmail.com article history: received: july 15, 2021; accepted: september 04, 2021 abstract jatropha is a pioneer plant that can easily grow even on marginal lands and has high potential as an oilproducing plant for renewable fuels. this plant is an annual plant that can grow until the age of 50 years, in the form of a bush and begins to produce at 6 months after planting with a productivity varying from 0.5 to 12 tons/ha/year with an oil yield of 25-30% and maximum production will be achieved after planting. plants 4-6 years old. jatropha has the potential to become an alternative energy source and become a biofuel with renewable energy sourcesor renewable green energy; in addition to other benefits in traditional medicine for various types of diseases. the purpose of this study was to determine the increase in the initial growth of jatropha cuttings by giving organic growth regulators. based on the results of the study, it can be concluded as follows: there was no significant interaction in the treatment combination between the concentration of organic growth regulators and the factor of internode location on all dependent variables observed in the early growth of jatropha stem cuttings. the internode location factor showed a significant effect on the variable number of leaves, shoot length, root length, number of roots, root wet weight, root dry weight, and the location of the 12th internode (r2) gave better results than the 10th internode location. (r1). the concentration factor of organic growth regulators also showed a significant effect on the variables of leaf number, shoot length, root length, root number, root wet weight, root dry weight and k2 treatment (5 ml per liter of water) gave better and more efficient results. compared to other treatments. keywords: jatropha cuttings, growth regulating substances, location of segments 1. introduction the availability of petroleum fuel sources as non-renewable energy is dwindling and expensive and world oil tends to soar, so many countries are trying hard to find energy sources as an alternative to the fossil energy that produces diesel, kerosene and other fuel oils, there is a jatropha plant (jatropha curcas l) which can be an alternative energy source and become a biofuel with energy that is renewable energy sources or green renewable energy (winanti, 2016). jatropha curcas as a vegetable energy-producing plant that can grow in various area conditions has great potential to be used as an energy-producing plant. all these potentials are worthless without the support and political will from the government and the wider community. the formation of a national team for the development of biofuels by issuing a blue print and road map in the energy sector to realize the development of biofuels is a strategic step so that energy independence can be achieved through the development of jatropha. community participation will be very helpful in implementing the development of these bioenergy-producing plants, so that in mailto:gunawanb1011@gmail.com1 increasing early growth of jatropha cuttings (jatropha curca l.) with the provision of organic growth regulatory substance bambang gunawan*, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi page | the end this nation is able to get out of the energy crisis with a sustainable supply of biofuel energy (prastowo, 2007). jatropha is a shrub with a height of up to 3 meters, has the potential as a traditional medicine, substitute for fuel, fertilizer, candles and soap. parts of plants that can be used as traditional medicine from the roots to the leaves (hariyadi et al., 2019). jatropha is used in traditional medicine for various types of diseases such as external rheumatism therapy, antiinflammatory, pneumonia, abortion, deworming, and paralysis. jatropha sap in mexico is used to treat canker sores, swelling caused by bee stings and digestive disorders.sap jatrophacontains curcacycline a and curcacyclim b. and is indicated to inhibit mosaic virus in watermelon plants and is used to accelerate wound healing that is difficult to heal, gum infection and anti-bleeding in cut or scratched wounds (gome, 2016). jatropha curcas plant produces jatropha seeds consisting of 60% by weight of the kernel (flesh) and 40% by weight of the skin. jatropha seed core contains about 40-45% oil so that it can be extracted into castor oil by mechanical means or extraction using solvents such as hexane. the seed contains the seed core and seed coat. the core of this seed is the basic material for making biodiesel, an energy source to replace diesel. after going through the milking process from the core of the seeds, milk cake will be produced, which is then extracted. the result is jatropha oil and extraction cake (al-ayubi, 2019). jatropha is able to adapt widely to its growing environment, requiring an optimal growing environment for its growth around 50°lu-40°ls, altitude 0-2000 meters above sea level and temperature between 18 ° -30 o c. in areas with low temperatures (<18 ° c) jatropha growth will be hampered, whereas at high temperatures (> 35 ° c) cause the fall of leaves and flowers, dried fruit so that the production decline. rainfall for jatropha growth is between 300 1200 mm per year. furthermore, although this jatropha plant is easy to grow in various places, but in order for this plant to grow optimally and produce a lot of fruit, jatropha requires a supportive environment such as: the desired land is dry land, dry lowland climate, temperature 20-30ºc, precipitation 300 1000 mm / year, soil ph 5.5 6.5; if the environmental conditions are not suitable, it can interfere with plant growth and less than optimal fruit production. the use of jatropha seeds can use dried fruit seeds produced by the plant itself or by cuttings (gome, 2016). jatropha can be propagated generatively or vegetatively. the generative propagation of jatropha (seeds) is not easy because it requires relatively large amounts of seeds, while jatropha curcas cannot produce fruit (seeds) at the same time. vegetative propagation can be done using stem cuttings, shoot cuttings or tissue culture. the use of stem cuttings seeds has the advantage that it can provide more number of seeds and later will be obtained new plants that have properties like the parent. growth regulators are complex organic compounds that affect plant growth and development. there are five groups of hormones, including: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, increasing early growth of jatropha cuttings (jatropha curca l.) with the provision of organic growth regulatory substance bambang gunawan*, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi page | ethylene, and abscisic acid, where the discovery of these hormones is the most interesting and promising part of the influence of plant physiology. organic growth regulators with the trademark "rb", have benefits and uses, including: restoring soil fertility, assisting and growing plants, making effective use of chemical fertilizers, environmentally friendly. based on laboratory tests, this organic growth regulators contained 152.56 ppm of iaa auxin hormone, cytokinin consisting of 120.18 ppm of kinetin, and 101.95 ppm of zeatin, in addition to 474 ppm of gibberellin acid (ga3, ga5, ga7). .1 ppm (anonymous, 2009). 2. research methods this study used a randomized block design (rbd) which was arranged according to a factorial pattern with two (2) factors, namely factor i = organic growth regulator concentration consisting of 4 levels, including: ko = 0 ml/liter, k1= 2 ,5 ml/liter; k2 = 5.0 ml / liter; k3 = 7.5 ml/liter; while factor ii = the location of the segment consisting of 2 levels, among others: r1= the location of the 10th segment; r2= location of the 12th section. from these two factors, 8 treatment combinations were obtained which were then repeated 3 times, so that 24 combination treatments were obtained. observational data were analyzed by the f test to determine the influence of the two factors and their interactions on the parameters studied; then used the smallest significant difference test 5% to determine the difference between treatments (yitnosumarto, 1991). 3. results and discussion number of leaves the results of the analysis showed that the combination of organic growth regulator treatment and internode location did not have a significant interaction on the dependent variable number of leaves at all observed ages; however, on each of the factors studied, both the location of the segment and the organic growth regulator have shown a significant effect. picture 1. mean number of leaves of jatropha plant on treatment of concentration of organic growth regulators and location of segments at various ages of observation (dap). increasing early growth of jatropha cuttings (jatropha curca l.) with the provision of organic growth regulatory substance bambang gunawan*, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi page | figure 1 shows that the r2 treatment in all observations gave a higher average value of the number of leaves that was 11.38 compared to the r1 treatment of 9.29 at 35 days after planting. the better response to the r2 treatment can be explained that it is suspected that the stem cuttings used as planting material have been quite good because the skin color of the cuttings is more brown which can identify that the cuttings have an optimum food reserve content. furthermore, the concentration treatment of organic growth regulator showed that the k3 treatment gave a better value at the end of the observation (35 days after planting) which was 11.08 although it was not significantly different from the k2 and k1 treatments of 10.92 and 10.42, respectively. according to (kesumawati & oktavidiati, 2020), that chemically synthesized plant hormones can react to plants similar to those caused by natural hormones. while plant growth regulators includeplant hormones natural and synthetic which when applied to plants will affect plant growth and development. shoot length the results of the analysis showed that the combination of organic growth regulator treatment and internode location did not have a significant interaction on the dependent variable shoot length at all observed ages; however, the results of the analysis on each treatment factor studied, both organic growth regulator and the location of the segment, turned out to have a significant effect. picture 2. mean shoot length (cm) of jatropha plant on treatment of concentration of organic growth regulators and location of segments at various ages of observation (dap). treatment r2 in figure 2 shows the highest average shoot length of 18.42 cm which is significantly different from r1 of 15.08 cm at 35 days after planting; then the k3 treatment gave the highest average value at the end of the observation of 18.00 cm which was not significantly different from the k1 and k2 treatments, but the three treatments were significantly different from the k0 treatment. the better effect on the treatment factors r2 and k3, it is suspected that the cuttings material for the 12th segment is good enough to be used as a seedling material because the stem is not too young, the stem color is slightly brownish and has an optimum nutrient content for increasing early growth of jatropha cuttings (jatropha curca l.) with the provision of organic growth regulatory substance bambang gunawan*, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi page | its metabolic process; while the organic growth regulator concentration of 7.5 ml per liter of water gave a better effect even though the k2 treatment was considered more efficient because statistically the value was considered the same. according to (karjadi & buchory, 2008), that the growth of shoot length is the result of cell growth and development that depends on the food supply provided by the roots for metabolism and protein synthesis, the more roots there are in the plant, the greater the absorption of nutrients. root length and number of roots the results of the analysis showed that the combination of organic growth regulator treatment and internode location had no significant interaction on the dependent variable of root length and number of roots at the end of the observed observations; but the results of the analysis on each treatment factor both organic growth regulator and the location of the segment showed a significant effect. picture 3. mean root length (cm) and number of roots of jatropha plant on treatment of concentration of organic growth regulators and location of segments at the end of observation (35 dap). figure 3 shows that the r2 treatment gave the highest mean value at root length of 15.13 cm which was significantly different from r1 of 12.25 cm, and also r2 gave the highest mean value of the number of roots of 8.04 which was significantly different from r1 of 6 ,33 at the end of the observation 35 days after planting; while the organic growth regulator concentration factor showed that the highest mean value of root length was achieved by k2 treatment of 15.17 cm which was not significant with k3 of 14.33 cm, and the highest mean value of root length was achieved by k2 treatment of 7.92 which was not significant with k3 treatment of 7.83. the better mean value in the k2 treatment (5.0 ml/liter), it can be assumed that giving zpt at the right level can trigger the acceleration of cuttings growth and encourage the process of root formation, especially on cuttings with sufficient maturity that have the availability of carbohydrates for metabolic processes in the body. formation of root and shoot cuttings. according to (lestari, 2011), that the presence of a wound on the cut cuttings will stimulate callus growth, where the callus is a collection of parenchyma cells whose growth is not uniform which is increasing early growth of jatropha cuttings (jatropha curca l.) with the provision of organic growth regulatory substance bambang gunawan*, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi page | generally found in the cambium tissue, and adventitious roots will form on the meristem, resulting in scarring. cuttings will trigger cell differentiation in the area where adventitious roots grow. wet weight and dry weight of roots per plant the results of the analysis showed that the combination of organic growth regulator treatment and internode location had no significant interaction on the dependent variable of root wet weight and root dry weight at the end of the observed observations; but the results of the analysis on each treatment factor both organic growth regulator and the location of the segment showed a significant effect. the organic growth regulator concentration factor showed that the highest mean value was achieved by k3 treatment at root wet weight (4.02 grams) and root dry weight (0.76 grams) which were not significantly different from k2 treatment at root wet weight of 3.72 grams and root dry weight was 0.70 grams at the end of the observation. while the internode location factor showed that the highest mean values of root wet weight and root dry weight were both achieved by treatment r2 of 4.30 grams and 0.80 grams compared to treatment r1 of 2.37 grams and 0.44 grams respectively. picture 4. mean root fresh weight (grams) and root dry weight (grams) of jatropha plant on treatment of concentration of organic growth regulators and location of segments at the end of observation (35 dap). the use of growth regulators with appropriate levels can stimulate the formation of roots. roots are plant components that function to absorb water and nutrients so as to encourage plant growth. the dry weight of plant roots is also one of the components of the dry weight of the plant as a whole which can be an indicator of the results of the photosynthesis process that is going well which reflects the growth and development of plants. according to harjadi (1979) in zuchri, (2009), that plant growth is an irreversible measure where one of them can be known from the increase in plant dry weight. 4. conclusion based on the results of the study, it can be concluded there was no significant interaction in the treatment combination between the concentration of organic growth regulators and the factor of increasing early growth of jatropha cuttings (jatropha curca l.) with the provision of organic growth regulatory substance bambang gunawan*, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi page | internode location on all dependent variables observed in the initial growth of jatropha stem cuttings. the internode location factor showed a significant effect on the variable number of leaves, shoot length, shoot diameter, root length, number of roots, root wet weight, root dry weight, and the location of the 12th internode (r2) gave better results than the location of the 10th internode. (r1). and the concentration factor of organic growth regulators also showed a significant effect on the variables of leaf number, shoot length, shoot diameter, root length, root number, root wet weight, root dry weight and k2 treatment (5 ml per liter of water) gave better and more efficient results. compared to other treatments. references al-ayubi, s. (2019). making biodiesel from castor oil (castor oil) through transesterification reaction with temperature variations using koh/zeolite catalyst. maulana malik ibrahim state islamic university. anonymous, (2009). organic growth regulator "queen of biogen". organic / herbal indonesia. pt. trubus mitra swadaya. jakarta. gome, jdj (2016). practical instructions for cultivation of jatropha (jatropha curcas l.) and oil processing. universitas brawijaya press. karjadi, ak, & buchory, a. (2008). effect of auxin and cytokinin on growth and development of potato meristem tissue of granola cultivar. journal of horticulture, 18(4). kesumawati, s., & oktavidiati, e. (2020). effect of natural and synthetic zpt concentrations on the growth and production of soybean (glycine max l. merril). agriculture, 1(1). lestari, eg (2011). the role of growth regulators in plant propagation through tissue culture. journal of agrobiogen, 7(1), 63–68. prastowo, b. (2007). vegetable fuel from plantation plants as an alternative to kerosene for households. perspective, 6(1), 10–18. hariyadi, b. w., huda, n., ali, m., & wandik, e. (2019). the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland. agricultural science, 2(2), 127–138. winanti, et (2016). potential of biological natural resources as alternative energy providers. proceedings of the national seminar on applied science and technology, 1–13. yitnosumarto. s. 1991. experiment: design, analysis and interpretation dep. p and k. unibraw mipa program. zuchri, a. (2009). sp36 fertilization on regosol soil reacts acidly on growth and yield of two varieties of peanut (arachis hypogea l.). agrovigor: journal of agroecotechnology, 2(1), 31–34. processing of red velvet cake using natural dyes of red bitter fruit (beta vulgaris) and red spinach (amaranthus tricolor linn) anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani, pongky lubas wahyudi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence processing of red velvet cake using natural dyes of red bitter fruit (beta vulgaris) and red spinach (amaranthus tricolor linn) anita wulandari 1, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani 2 , pongky lubas wahyudi3 vocation fakulty, university 17 august 1945 surabaya e-mail: anita@untag-sby.ac.id abstract the red velvet that many people like is a pastry food that is usually found in restaurants and cafes. red velvet, which usually uses red food coloring, in this study replaced it with red beet and spinach coloring. beets, which have high nutrition, are very useful and suitable to be processed into natural dyes in the home industry that are easy to process. one of the products to apply it is red velvet cake. red velvet cake basically uses a mixture of food coloring. this research tries to replace red food coloring by utilizing beet and red spinach which are very good for the body. this study aims to provide a new alternative to natural dyes in the making of red velvet cake. experimental research was carried out by conducting systematic and planned experiments and tests on red velvet cake and collecting primary and secondary data as well. all data were presented descriptively with spss. from the mean results, it can be concluded that the red velvet cake using red beet and red spinach dye is acceptable to the public. keywords: organoleptic result, red velvet cake, beets, red spinach 1. introduction today, many people make meeting business partners or just spending time with friends in a café as a way of life. order coffee accompanied by a piece of cake. there are so many kinds of cakes provided in a café, and the cakes that are sold are not monotonous the same cake. the cafe will try to attract visitors by making cakes that are attractive and in demand. beautiful and varied cakes will always attract the attention of consumers, whether cakes with various colors or with interesting shapes and decorations. the cake that is still often sought after by café visitors is red velvet. red velvet is a cake with a basic ingredient of butter cake. red velvet has a dense texture and is not soft. red velvet is a cake that is indeed red in color. from the above background, an experiment in making dye from beets with spinach was carried out to make red velvet as a natural dye. the manufacture of red velvet has 2 methods, namely: no bake and bake, in this study themethod is used no bake . the red velvet cake has a smooth and creamy texture and has atexture crunchy on the basis of the butter cake (butter cake themethod no bake has a base layer made of biscuit crumbs) and has a unique taste consisting of sweetness (hariyadi et al., 2019). red velvet currently widely favored by the people, mostly teenagers and red velvet is served as a dessert. processing of red velvet cake using natural dyes of red bitter fruit (beta vulgaris) and red spinach (amaranthus tricolor linn) anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani, pongky lubas wahyudi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence beetroot is included in theclass beta vulgaris and the subspecies of thegroup conditiva vulgaris. due to its strong purplish red color, in addition to food, it is also used as a food coloring and medicine. meanwhile, red spinach or amaranthus tricolor linn from thetribe amaranthaceae does have a million benefits. plants originating from america were originally known as ornamental plants but were later promoted as food sources of protein, especially for developing countries and are thought to have entered indonesia in the 19th century when the trafficking of foreigners entered indonesian territory. benefits of spinach in general are to improve kidney work and improve digestion. the processing of red velvet cake uses natural dyes with two different treatments, namely: (1) using naturaldyes red velvet made from red beets, and (2)dyes red velvet naturalmade from red spinach. the research objective of using natural dyes in making the cake is to find out how to make red velvet cake with natural dyes. 2. research methods this research was conducted in the agroindustry laboratory of the untag vocational faculty, surabaya, november february 2021. the tools used in this study were plastic spatulas, bowls / bowls, digital scales, measuring cups, mixers, stoves, unloading tin pan, pounder. / wooden lumping, blender, sauce pan, fine strainer / fine filter, chiller/ refrigerator. the ingredients used are beets and red spinach, biscuits, vanilla shield, gelatin, margarine, refined sugar, water, butter cream. the manufacturing procedure can be seen in figure 1. figure 1: diagram red velvet procedur processing of red velvet cake using natural dyes of red bitter fruit (beta vulgaris) and red spinach (amaranthus tricolor linn) anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani, pongky lubas wahyudi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence beetroot and red spinach, biscuits, vanilla shield, gelatin, margarine, powdered sugar, water, butter cream. according to waysima and adawiyah (2010), organoleptic test or sensory evaluation is a scientific measurement used in measuring and analyzing the characteristics of a food item that can be accepted by the senses of sight, taste, smell and touch. the reaction of the sensing process carried out by humans is interpreted in a measuring instrument called a panelist. in this study, the preference test which is part of the organoleptic test was used. according to djuju (2008) the liking test or hedonic test is a test that involves panelists giving personal responses about their likes or dislikes and their levels. the research design to be carried out is research by means of an experiment. types and designs using quantitative design research. by using the hedonic test data analysis method approach (organoleptic test) and descriptive analysis. this study consisted of two factors, namely, beets with the symbol x1 and x2 as a symbol of red spinach coloring. the sampling of this research was conducted using nonprobability sampling technique, namely, convenience sampling which means the technique of determining the sample based on chance, that is, whoever is able to take the sample. so that in this study the number of panelists to obtain data was 30 panelists. data analysis was carried out by organoleptic testing to determine which product was preferred by distributing questionnaires to obtain data and information in this study. the research treatments included: x0 : control (using food coloring / synthetic x1 : coloring using beetroot x2 : coloring using red spinach next, the preference test (organoleptic test) was carried out to determine which product was preferred. by conducting an organoleptic test with the determination of several samples can be generated data to determine the effect of natural dyes from beets and red spinach for the best treatment by conducting sample tests and assessments between: very dislike (1), dislike (2), like (3), and very like. (4) from the assessment indicators, namely the level of taste preference, aroma preference level, texture preference level, color preference level, the percentage can be determined including the formula: information: p = percentage f = frequency of answers processing of red velvet cake using natural dyes of red bitter fruit (beta vulgaris) and red spinach (amaranthus tricolor linn) anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani, pongky lubas wahyudi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 3. results and discussion table 1: organoleptic test analysis results indicator level likes scor x1 x2 colour very likes 36 likes 51 9 dislikes 8 40 very dislikes 7 total 95 56 taste very likes 88 4 likes 18 24 dislikes 4 24 very dislike 30 total 110 64 tekstur very likes 28 8 likes 57 48 dislikes 8 28 very dislike total 93 84 aroma very likes 36 20 likes 33 18 dislikes 12 26 very dislike 4 6 total 85 70 graph 1.the color test results in organoleptics showed the panelist's response to the red velvetcolor cake, starting from the x1 treatment (using naturalcoloring red velvet beetroot) with an average score of 95 with a percentage result of 78% of all panelists, namely 30 people, x2 treatment (using naturaldyes red velvet spinach) with an average score of 56 with a percentage result of 47% of the total panelists, namely 30 people. the beets used for the natural red velvet color process turn out to be pink compared to using synthetic food coloring. because synthetic dyes are more practical than using natural dyes, but beetroot natural dyes are very good for health, and beetroot natural dyes are still very rarely used because the use of natural dyes for beets in food also has several drawbacks, namely (petijo, 2009) processing of red velvet cake using natural dyes of red bitter fruit (beta vulgaris) and red spinach (amaranthus tricolor linn) anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani, pongky lubas wahyudi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence : (1) the raw material for dyes is a lot. if you want to get natural dyes in large quantities you also need a lot of raw materials. (2) results are not always exact. the results obtained from natural dyes will vary widely and vary or inconsistent (less stable). (3) sensitive to heating. the heating process affects the color of food due to changes in the physical and chemical properties of food. (4) sensitive to the acidity of the solution. there are several natural dyes that can be affected by the acidity of the solution and thus affect the result of the existing color. (5) less economical. natural dye raw materials usually have a higher price than artificial dyes. synthetic / food dyes are dyes that are made based on the combination of chemical compounds. the use of artificial dyes is in great demand because these dyes are much more practical in sharing aspects compared to natural dyes, for example, such as, easier to obtain or buy, easy to use, measurable results and easy to detect residues in foods that use food coloring (petijo, 2009). the highest panelist response tocolor red velvet cake occurred in treatment x1 (using naturaldye red velvet beetroot), while the lowest panelist response to red spinach as a natural dye occurred in treatment x2 which did not approach red but was slightly pale brown in color. this is because the temperature of the extract is one of the factors that affect the effectiveness of the extraction, because the speed of the reaction depends on the type of reagent, the reaction temperature and the concentration of the reagents (aryanti, 2015). graph 2.the results of the taste test in organoleptics show the panelist's response to the taste of red velvet cake, starting from the x1 treatment (using naturalcoloring red velvet beetroot) with an average score of 110 with a percentage result of 92% of the total panelists, namely 30 people. the taste with beetroot coloring was accepted by the panelists as a red velvet cake, but there was still a slight taste of the beetroot. while the x2 treatment (using naturaldyes redred velvet spinach) with an average score of 64 with the percentage result of 53% of the total panelists, namely 30 people. this means that the taste is still red spinach. this is because each panelist has a different sense of taste. another factor that causes panelists to dislike red spinach leaf extract is because of the lack of public appeal to consume red spinach leaves, people are more familiar with green spinach leaves than red spinach leaves and for the development of the properties of red spinach leaf extract, only a few are using it (aryanti 2015). processing of red velvet cake using natural dyes of red bitter fruit (beta vulgaris) and red spinach (amaranthus tricolor linn) anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani, pongky lubas wahyudi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the panelist's highest response to the taste of red velvet cake occurred in treatment x1 (using naturaldye red velvet beetroot) because the taste was close to red velvet cake xo. red velvet is a cake that is indeed red in color. the red color is obtained from beets which are mixed with synthetic red dye. if you only use beets, it will taste bitter if used too much (wahyuningtiyas, 2015). so that the lowest panelist response to the taste of the red velvet cake occurred in the x2 treatment (usingnatural dyes redred velvet spinach). graph 3.the results of the organoleptic texture test showed the panelist's response to the taste of red velvet cake, x1 treatment (using naturaldye red velvet beetroot) with an average score of 93 with a percentage result of 78% of the total panelists, namely 30 people. the x2 treatment (using naturaldyes redred velvet spinach) with an average score of 84 with a percentage result of 70% of the total panelists, namely 30 people. on the texture of spinach and beets is not much different after the use of natural dyes for beets and red spinach due to the addition of gelatin to the red velvet so that it produces a dense and sturdy dough texture and a thin layer on the outer skin that makes the outside stronger. gelatin is a simple protein produced by collagen hydrosil (components of bone and skin, especially the connective tissue) obtained by acid hydrolysis. gelatin comes from the word "gelatus" which means strong, sturdy, or made physically frozen gelatin frozen or made frozen. gelatin is physically solid, dry, tasteless, and transparent (aryantie, 2017). graph 1.the color test results graph 2.the taste test results graph 3.the teksture test results graph 4.the aroma test results processing of red velvet cake using natural dyes of red bitter fruit (beta vulgaris) and red spinach (amaranthus tricolor linn) anita wulandari, wahyu kanti dwi cahyani, pongky lubas wahyudi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence aroma is one of the most influencing parameters in the organoleptic test in collecting the product level that panelists / respondents are interested in. graph 4.the results of the organoleptic aroma test show the panelist's response to the taste of red velvet cake, starting from the x1 treatment (using naturalcoloring red velvet beetroot) with an average score of 85 with a percentage result of 71% of the total panelists, namely 30 people, x2 treatment (using naturaldye redred velvet spinach) with an average score of 70 with a percentage result of 58% of the total panelists, namely 30 people. the highest panelist response to the aroma of red velvet cake occurred in treatment x1 (using natural dyes for red velvet beetroot), while the lowest response of panelists to the taste of red velvet cheesecake was in treatment x2 (using naturaldyes red velvet red spinach). for the aroma, there is not too much influence in the red velvet cake because the aroma of the two samples uses butter cream so that it is strong enough and the aroma does not affect the aroma of red velvet. 4. conclusion red velvet is the best of the x1 treatment with a color value: 95; taste: 110; texture: 93; and aroma 85. red velvet cake processing using natural dyes of beets and red spinach does not affect the texture and aroma, but the difference in taste and color. references aryanti a, (2017). thesis the effect of addition of red spinach leaf extract (alternanthera amoena voss) on taste, aroma, color, and texture of cow's milk yogurt. biology education study program. department of mathematics and natural sciences. faculty of teacher training and education. sanata dharma university. yogyakarta. djuju, b., sofiah, ts (2008). sense assessment. jatinagor: universitas padjadjaran hariyadi, b. w., huda, n., ali, m., & wandik, e. (2019). the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland. agricultural science, 2(2), 127–138. petijo, s. (2009). vegetable dyes food. yogyakarta: kanisius wahyunigtias, (2015). the application of dragon fruit feel peels as a dye in red velvet cake. hotel management department, faculty of economics and communication, binus university waysima, dr (2010). sensory evaluation practicum guide. bogor: bogor agricultural university. wulandari, cahyani. 2019. organoleptic test with substitution of several flours as an alternative basis for selection of functional cookies flour for type 2 diabetes patients. 17 august 1945 university surabaya. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index a comparative study of foliar and soil application of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of strawberry cultivated in non-heated greenhouses page | 109 chnoor yousif shkwr, hawzhin khalid, nigar majeed a comparative study of foliar and soil application of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of strawberry cultivated in non-heated greenhouses chnoor yousif shkwr *1 , hawzhin khalid 2 , nigar majeed 1 1 department of protected cultivation– bakrajo technical institute -polytechnic university sulaymaniyah, sulaymaniyah, iraq 2 department of protected cultivation– bakrajo technical institute -polytechnic university sulaymaniah, sulaymaniyah, iraq 3 department of protected cultivation– bakrajo technical institute -polytechnic university sulaymaniah * corresponding author e-mail: ch_noor@outlook.com abstract this study has been conducted in the non-heated greenhouse of the of protected agriculture department of the bakrajo technical institute of -sulaymaniyah governorate during winter season of 2019 the purpose of this study to determine the effect of soil fertilization and foliar application of potassium with different rates ( 0 as control , 1.5 , 2.5 and 3.gm/l ) on strawberry cv. rubygem growth and yield. the parameters recorded were number of leaf per plant, number of flower per plant, number of fruit per plant, weight of fruit (gm), total acidity % of fruit (t.a) and total soluble solid (tss) of the fruit. according to the results of most of the parameters of this study the foliar application of the fertilizer (k) is better than applying the fertilizer of soil in most parameters. the highest value of number of leaf, flower, fruit and fruit weight gained from potassium in rate 1.5gm/l in both methods. while the highest value of total soluble solid (t.s.s) obtained from 3.5gm/l which was %12.87, and the highest value of t.a was significantly gained from the control which was % 0.51. as regards to interaction between soil and foliar fertilizer, the highest number of leaf was gained from control at foliar application without any significant value with the other rates, and the highest significant value in number of flower was gained from 1.5gm at foliar application. while the highest value of fruit weight was gained from foliar application with 3.5gm and soli fertilizer with 1.5gm of potassium without any significant value between the two treatments which are 21.72gm and 20.12gm successively, and the highest significant value of total acidity was gained from control at foliar application which is %0.54. as regards to total soluble solid the highest significant value was obtained from 3.5gm in soil fertilizer which is %14.25. keywords: strawberry, rubygem, potassium, plastic house, foliar application 1. introduction the strawberry fragaria ananassa (duchesne) has unique desirable taste, pleasant aroma and is a major source of vitamins: potassium, fibre, phenolics, flavonoids and the immense source of sugars (sharma & sharma, 2004). (strawberry) is a nutritious fruit plant of rosaceae family (sharma & shyan, 2009). rubygem, a new short-day strawberry (fragaria ananassa duch.), produces high yields of moderately firm, attractive well-flavoured fruit from mailto:ch_noor@outlook.com agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index a comparative study of foliar and soil application of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of strawberry cultivated in non-heated greenhouses page | 110 chnoor yousif shkwr, hawzhin khalid, nigar majeed late autumn through early spring in the strawberry-growing district in southeast queensland. rubygem is recommended for trial in areas with mild winter climate, especially where rainfall is unlikely and a well-flavoured berry is required (mark e. herrington1 etal. 2007.) strawberry belongs to the rosaceae family and this fruit has different names such as berries, ground berries and strawberries. it is a neglected plant that grows naturally in the forest and this plant was known only as a wild plant. strawberry cultivation lasts 2-3 years, so it responds to fertilization well, especially after planting strawberry and during the period of growth and fruiting it needs sufficient quantities of fertilizer elements which contains the elements of potassium and phosphorus and it is preferable not to use nitrogen fertilizer because it leads to the strong vegetative growth at the expense of fruiting (taha shex, 2007). potassium is one of the major elements the plant needs in relatively large quantities and it plays an important role in the formation of carbohydrates, sugars and division of the cell and regulate the degree of interaction within the cell and improves the quality of fruits (amran, 2005). foliar fertilization is more successful in light soils compared to heavy species and rich in organic materials (jargons, 2007). adding potassium through soil or spraying it on the leaves is essential for the growth and production of strawberry (borc, 2001). potassium fertilization is of particular importance in improving the quality of fruits in terms of hardness, taste and solids content, while noting decreases in acidity of the fruit by increasing potassium fertilization (hassan et al., 2003). the potassium is necessary for good colouring and sugar content in fruits and it increases its resistance to cold winter (strawberry fertilizer 2007). in addition, potassium has an important role in photosynthesis process and produces carbohydrate, sugar and protein. accordingly, it causes increase in the number of flower (alshabiny, 2007). 2. research method the experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the department of protected agriculture at bakrajo technical institute, sulaymaniyah governorate , during the winter season in 2019 to conduct a comparative study between foliar and soil application of potassium on some vegetative growth traits and yield of strawberry faragaria ananassa cv. rubygem cultivated in non-heated greenhouses. the dimensions of the plastic house were (50 m length, 9 m width and 3.5 m height). the drip irrigation system was laid along the length of the terrace. the data were collected randomly from 3 plants in each replicate as follows: n. of leaf = no.of leaf from 3 plant n.of flower/plant = no.of flower from 3 plants n.of fruit/plant = no. of fruit weight of fruit = total weight of fruit agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index a comparative study of foliar and soil application of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of strawberry cultivated in non-heated greenhouses page | 111 chnoor yousif shkwr, hawzhin khalid, nigar majeed number of fruit total soluble solid (tss) was recorded by hand refractometer directly after fruit harvesting (ranganna,1977) titrable acidity (ta) was taken by titration with na0h by 2-3 drops of phynonafthalin in this way : t.n.eq %t.a = -------------------* 100 vs*1000 t= volume of naoh n= normality of naoh (0.1n ) eq = equivalent of stric acid (64) . vs = volume of strawberry juice (5ml) . statistical analysis in this study the four levels of potassium (0.0, , 1.5 ,2.5 and 3.5 g / litter) in four replications were applied by two types of fertilizer ( foliar application and soil fertilizer. thus, the experimental unit became 32 treatments (2*4*4 =32) potassium fertilizer was installed in two doses; first after 4 weeks of planting and second at the begging of flower set. the experimental design used in this study was complete randomize block design r.c.b.d , was applied, comparisons between characters mean was carried out according to duncan‟s tests at a significant level of 0.05 (25). 3. results and discussion table1. the main effect of fertilizer type (foliar and soil application) on (number of leaf/plant. number of flower/plant, number of fruit/plant, weight of fruit/plant, total soluble solid (%tss ) and total acidity (t.a) . potassium fertilizer no.of leaf/p no.of flower/p no.of fruit/p weight of fruit /p ( gm) %tss t.a% foliar 11.13a 16.31a 14.82a 18.93 a 11.50 b 0.44a s0il 10.50a 13.46b 12.95a 16.04 a 13.00 a 0.40 b *means in the same column followed by the same symbol are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 level based on duncan test. according to the results of table (1), it is clarified that the foliar application of (k) is better than soil fertilizer in all parameters except total soluble solid (tss) . as regards to number of leaf/plant, number of fruit/p and weight of fruit/p, the highest values were gained from foliar application without any significant difference with the soil fertilizer. while the agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index a comparative study of foliar and soil application of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of strawberry cultivated in non-heated greenhouses page | 112 chnoor yousif shkwr, hawzhin khalid, nigar majeed significant value of number of flower/p and total acidity gained from foliar application which is 16.31 and %44 successively, finally the highest significant value of total soluble solid obtained from soil fertilizer is %13.00. table 2. the effect of potassium rate on (number of leafe/plant. number of flower/plant,number of fruit/plant,weight of fruit/plant, total soluble solid (tss) and total acidity ( t.a) . rate of potassiam n.of leaf/p n.of flower/p no.of fruit/p weight of fruit (gm) %tss %ta control 11.08a 14.22a 13.36a 14.97 b 12.25a 0.51a 1.5 10.62a 15.98a 15.38a 19.68a 11.37a 0.43b 2.5 10.88a 14.81a 13.11a 16.95ab 12.50a 0.32c 3.5 10.69a 14.51a 13.69a 18.42ab 12.87a 0.42b *means in the same column followed by the same symbol are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 level based on duncan test . the table clearly demonstrates that the potassium rates did not show different significant effects on those parameters except fruit weight and total acidity which are the highest significant values of fruit weight /p gained from 2.5g potassium and the highest significant value of t.a observed in control is %0.51 and the lowest value is gained from 2,5g which is % 0.32. table 3. the effect of interaction between foliar an soil fertilizer on (number of leafe/plant , number of flower/plant,number of fruit/plant,weight of fruit/plant, total soluble solid (tss) and total acidity (t.a) . ( k ) fertilizer k(gm/l) no.of leave/p no.of flower/p no.of fruit/p weight of fruit (gm) %tss %t.a foliar application control 12.13a 10.05ab 14.91ab 18.58a 11.00c 0.54a 1.5 11.71a 18.83a 18.00a 19.09a 11.00c 0.45bc 2.5 9.65a 14.67ab 11.60b 16.34ab 12.50abc 0.32e 3.5 11.06a 15.68ab 14.78ab 21.72a 11.50bc 0.44bcd soil fertilizer control 10.02a 12.39b 11.81b 11.37b 13.50ab 0.48b 1.5 9.52a 13.14ab 12.77ab 20.12a 11.75bc 0.41cd 2.5 12.10a 14.96ab 14.61ab 17.56ab 12.50abc 0.33e 3.5 10.33a 13.33ab 12.59b 15.13ab 14.25a 0.40d *means in the same column followed by the same symbol are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 level based on duncan test. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index a comparative study of foliar and soil application of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of strawberry cultivated in non-heated greenhouses page | 113 chnoor yousif shkwr, hawzhin khalid, nigar majeed concerning the interaction between foliar and soil fertilizer with potassium rates, a different significant value has been observed. the result showed that the highest value of number of leaf/plant was gained from foliar with control without any significant difference with the other rates, the highest significant value of flower number and number of fruit were gained from 1.5g potassium with foliar application which is 18.83, 18.00, and the lowest value of number of flower was observed from control in both treatments which is 10.05 and 12.39, (bibi1, et al. 2016). regarding to the fruit weight the highest value was obtained from foliar application with 3.5g of (k) rate which was 21.72g, but non-significant differences were observed between them. some results showed that increasing of the potassium concentration to 300 ppm in nutrient solution increased fruit weight (ebrahimi et al. (2012). according to the interaction effects between foliar and soil fertilizer on total soluble solid the significant value was gained from soil fertilizer with 3.5g of potassium which is %14.25 (khayt ,etal 2009). finally the highest significant value of total acidity was obtained from control in foliar fertilizer, from which we can conclude that the acidity became less with the increase in the potassium rate (hassan, etal.2003) (muhamat, polat 2016) in their study of effect of different doses of potassium on t.a, they noticed that increasing of potassium dose was due to the decrease of total acidity. 4. conclusions from the experimental results of this study it that the foliar application of potassium gave is better results than soil application fertilizer of potassium because foliar application has shown a significant effect on different vegetative and productive characters of strawberry plant, as seen in the number of fruits per plant, number of flower, weight of fruit and total acidity. references alna3imi, jabar hassan (1983). alfakiha. basra. al-shabini, jamal muhammad. (2007). potassium in the soil and plants. qahira: agricultural research centre press, pp.117-118 borc, b. (2001). “fertilizer of small fruit”. department of horticulture purdue university cooperative extension service. ebrahimi, r., souri, m. k., ebrahimi, f., & ahmadizadeh, m. (2012). “growth and yield of strawberries under different potassium concentrations of hydroponic system in three substrates”. world appl. sci. j, 16(10), pp.1380-1386. hasan, ahmad abdulmun‟m, muhammad abdulmajeed albadawi, ahmad hasan khariba, alsaeed muhammad ramazan ajwa and saeed fathi saeed (2003). vegetable production. qahira: al arabiya press. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index a comparative study of foliar and soil application of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of strawberry cultivated in non-heated greenhouses page | 114 chnoor yousif shkwr, hawzhin khalid, nigar majeed hasan, ahmad abdulmun‟m (2002). strawberry production. qahira: al arabiya press. hassan, taha alshex (1998). fruit tree in arab countries: planting, cultivation and benefits. demashq: dar alaadin, hassan, taha alshex (2007). cultivation of kiwi, avocado and strawberry. 2 nd ed., demashq: dar alaadin. herrington, m. e., chandler, c. k., moisander, j. a., & reid, c. e. (2007). „rubygem‟strawberry. hortscience, 42(6), pp.1482 . ijaz, f., sohail, a. a., & khan, r. (2016). the effect of potassium on growth and yield of strawberry (fragaria ananassa (duchesne ex weston) duchesne ex rozier). pak. j. bot, 48(4), pp.1407-1413. jargens, g. (1990). blattdungung in erdbeeranbau. erwerbobstbaw 4, pp.104-107. omran, muhammad saeed. (2005). soli fertilizer and plant feeding. 1 st ed. menofia: al arabiya press. p. 245. pitman, m.g. and w.j,cram. (1997) . regulation of ion content in whole plant.pp. 391-424. in „integration of activity in the higher plants „ (p.h. jennigs, ed.).cambridge university press, new york. polat, m., okatan, v., & durna, b. (2016). effect of different doses of potassium on the yield and fruit quality of „albions‟strawberry cultivar. scientific papers-series b, horticulture, (60), pp.75 . sharma, v. p., & sharma, r. r. (2004). the strawberry (new delhi, india: indian council of agricultural research (icar)). sharma, s., joshi, v. k., & abrol, g. (2009). an overview on strawberry [fragaria× ananassa (weston) duchesne ex rozier] wine production technology, composition, maturation and quality evaluation. strawberry fertilizer. (2007). manitoba agriculture: food and rural initiative. pp.1-9. . application of integrated pest control models nilaparvata lugens (stal) (homoptera: delphacidae) in rice plants outside of sidoarjo mud impact area faisol humaidi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence application of integrated pest control models nilaparvata lugens (stal) (homoptera: delphacidae) in rice plants outside of sidoarjo mud impact area faisol humaidi* faculty of agriculture, wijaya putra university surabaya e-mail: faisolhumaidi@uwp.ac.id abstract this study aims to apply an integrated pest control model (ipc) of brown planthoppers (bph) on rice against the presence of natural enemies in maintaining rice productivity. the research was conducted in sentul village, tanggulangin district, sidoarjo, east java province from september 2020 to december 2020. the research was conducted using a survey method. the research location was selected using the purposive sampling method, namely the area with the highest percentage of attacks, having been attacked at least 3 times the planting season, planting inpari-4 rice varieties, and reported as brown planthoppers endemic areas in sentul village, tanggulangin district, sidoarjo. the results showed population abundance, percentage level of attack, lowest brown planthoppers attack intensity with ipc treatment and the highest with conventional control pedals, while the composition and abundance of brown planthoppers natural enemies was dominated by the family, tetragnathidae and coccinellidae (coccinela repanda). keywords : natural enemies, brown planthoppers, ipc 1. introduction since may 28, 2006, there was a national ecological disaster of hot mud in sidoarjo, east java, when hot mud mixed with poison gas gushed near the banjar panji-1 drilling well during a seismic survey and exploitation of gas drilling by a national oil and gas company. this activity is part of a series of exploration activities because the nature of reserves and natural gas cannot be determined with certainty (herawati, 2007). the hot mud covered around 250 hectares of land in november 2006, including seven villages, rice fields, sugarcane plantations and irrigation channels, and disrupted transportation routes. the mud flow volume forecast is between + 50,000 120,000 m3 / day. so that water separated from the sludge ranges from 35,000 84,000 m3 / day (white paper lusi, ministry of living environment). it is estimated that there are two factors from the effect of the mudflow that affect the environment, namely microclimate factors and changes in land characteristics (sari et al., 2020). the microclimate that has an effect is an increase in environmental temperature, a decrease in relative humidity and a reduction in the intensity of sunlight due to smoke. while changes in soil characteristics due to the presence of silt have an effect on increasing bulk density, changing ph, increasing nutrient content, and changing soil fertility levels. temperature fluctuations due to mudflow have an effect on changes in the microclimate around the eruption. the increase in temperature causes an increase in evapotranspiration and an mailto:faisolhumaidi@uwp.ac.id application of integrated pest control models nilaparvata lugens (stal) (homoptera: delphacidae) in rice plants outside of sidoarjo mud impact area faisol humaidi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence increase in reaction speed in plant cells. excessive reaction rates in cells for a long time can affect cell resistance so that cell function will decrease. meanwhile, an increase in evapotranspiration rate will lead to a decrease in soil moisture, lack of irrigation water supply in the next growth phase and fluctuations in relative humidity. reduced irrigation water supply can reduce plant growth rates and excessive relative humidity can decrease plant metabolism. these aspects trigger the emergence of various plant-disturbing organisms, especially the brown planthopper, in the rice planting area. aspects that affect the micro environment in rice plants outside the area affected by sidoarjo mud are an increase in environmental temperature, a decrease in relative humidity and a reduction in the intensity of sunlight due to smoke so that some rice plantations often experience crop failure due to brown planthopper attacks during the growing season. this existence is a major problem for rice farmers in sentul village, tanggulangin sub-district, sidoarjo, east java. brown planthoppers (bph) attacks in tanggulangin subdistrict, sidoarjo have been reported to cause crop failure, but since 2014 it has been found that brown planthoppers attacks have increased with an attack area of up to 6.7 ha in tanggulangin district, namely in sentul village, tanggulangin subdistrict, sidoarjo. the attack continued for 4 growing seasons so that it is estimated to be an endemic area for brown planthoppers in tanggulangin sub-district. the triggering factors for the increase in brown planthoppers attacks are the planting of the inpari-4 variety in each growing season which is reported to be vulnerable, the planting is not simultaneous, the climate, the intensive use of synthetic fertilizers and excess pesticides that disturbs the ecological balance and suppresses the existence of natural enemies from predators and parasitoids (sidoarjo agriculture office , 2016). however, no reports have been found regarding population abundance, attack intensity and the presence of natural enemies. meanwhile, the percentage of brown planthoppers attack rate in sentul village, tanggulangin subdistrict, sidoarjo shows a value of 39% and is the highest attack rate (humaidi,f., didik daryanto 2020). the results of other research on brown planthoppers in sepanjang village, glenmore district, banyuwangi with direct exploration methods on paddy fields showed that the application of ipc and conventional had a significant effect on brown planthoppers populations and spiders as natural enemies of brown planthoppers. the average brown planthoppers population in ipc and conventional land was 0.30 and 0.57 individuals. meanwhile, the average spider population in ipc and conventional land was 0.234 and 0.137. the spiders found were pardosa sp. and argiope sp. rice production on ipm land is lower (4.56 tonnes) compared to conventional land (5.12 tonnes) (claudya seg, gatot mudjiono, ludji pantja astuti, 2015). integrated pest control is an integrated part of integrated pest management (makarim & las, 2005) because pest and disease control is an application of integrated pest control models nilaparvata lugens (stal) (homoptera: delphacidae) in rice plants outside of sidoarjo mud impact area faisol humaidi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence intermediate goal of plant cultivation. ipc increases the role of natural control and rational use of pesticides based on observations. the use of insecticides, plant pest traps (refugia) and the use of biological agents is an integrated control trend in suppressing the attacks of endemic populations of brown planthoppers in areas with the highest attack rates. 2. research methods the research was carried out in endemic areas in the rice planting area of sentul village in the tanggulangin sub-district, sidoarjo, east java province, and the biology laboratory, faculty of agriculture, wijaya putra university, from september to december 2020. the temperature ranges from 22 33 o c. humidity 78 82%. the research was conducted using a survey method. the selection of research locations used a purposive sampling method, namely the areas with the highest percentage of attacks, having been attacked at least 3 times the planting season, planting inpari-4 rice varieties, and being reported as brown planthoppers endemic areas outside the affected area of the sidoarjo mud in tanggulangin district, kota sidoarjo. from the results of previous studies, sentul village was used in the study because the area was the highest brown planthoppers endemic compared to other villages in tanggulangin sub-district, sidoarjo (humaidi, f., didik daryanto (2020). the land used is divided into 2 areas, the first using the ipc application method with an area of about 1500 m2 while the second area with a distance of about 500 m using the conventional method with an area of 1500 m 2 the first land used inpari-4 rice varieties, manure, urea fertilizer, sp-36 fertilizer, biological agents beauveria bassiana, corynebacterium, and plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) and refugia plants (axonopus compressus beauv.) refugia plants function as brown planthoppers natural enemy host. while the second land uses inpari-4 rice varieties, urea, and sp-36 fertilizer. rice plants with ipc applications the land to be planted with rice is given 200 kg of manure first, planting rice with a 3: 1 jajar legowo system (25 x 15 x 50 cm), the rice used is inpari-4 variety. rice was soaked with plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) with a concentration of 10 ml / l for 9 hours then drained and then covered to germinate. when the nursery is 5 days and 8 days old, pgpr is sprayed with a concentration of 20 ml / l to spur the growth of the rice nursery. after the nursery is 12-14 days old, b. bassiana is applied, which aims to anticipate pest attacks during the nursery. after 16 days after planting, the rice seeds were dipped in a corynebacterium solution with a application of integrated pest control models nilaparvata lugens (stal) (homoptera: delphacidae) in rice plants outside of sidoarjo mud impact area faisol humaidi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence concentration of 5 ml / l, then the seedbed was carried out in the fields. the application of fertilizer according to the recommendation of soil analysis results is 1.88 kg of urea fertilizer and 2.23 fertilizer for urea, for urea fertilization is carried out three times, namely during soil cultivation, when the plants are 2 and 4 weeks after planting. rice plants with conventional applications the principle of land to be planted is the same as the ipc method, planting rice using the jajar legowo system 3: 1 (25 x 15 x 50 cm), inpari-4 variety, cruiser dropping rice seeds after soaking in water for 24 hours. conventional application does not use manure, ferugia plants and local isolates such as the application of ipc. the fundamental difference between conventional use of pesticides such as the insecticide plenum, seltima® 100 cs. data analysis 1. abundance brown planthoppers population / clumps brown planthoppers population abundance / family was obtained by counting all nymphs and imago obtained. the data on the population per clump of the 20 samples are then averaged, and displayed in tabulated form. 2. composition and abundance of natural enemies / clumps the results of identification natural enemies in the insect bioecology laboratory were tabulated using an excel program and then analyzed to determine the composition and abundance of natural enemies. the composition of natural enemies is shown according to family. 3. percentage of brown planthoppers attacks the percentage of brown planthoppers attacks is calculated using the abbot formula as follows: 𝑃 = a / b 𝑋 100% note: p: percentage of attack (%) a: the number of rice clumps affected by brown planthoppers b: the number of rice clumps observed. 4. damage intensity the intensity of damage due to brown planthoppers attack is determined using the formula: i = ∑ note: i = intensity of attack ni = number of families attacked on the score i application of integrated pest control models nilaparvata lugens (stal) (homoptera: delphacidae) in rice plants outside of sidoarjo mud impact area faisol humaidi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence vi = score i n = number of rice clumps observed z = highest score 3. results and discussion abundance brown planthoppers population / clumps the abundance of brown planthoppers population in the area of rice plants with integrated pest management and conventional systems shows that there are variations in the presence of brown planthoppers populations both from observations of the vegetative phase and the generative phase. the brown planthoppers population with the ipc system showed a decrease in the abundance of brown planthoppers compared to the application of conventional control. the difference in population abundance in the ipc system is due to the application of biological agents on ipc land since the plants were 7 days after planting, which is thought to be the cause of the brown planthoppers population on ipc land being lower than conventional land using pesticides. composition and abundance of natural enemies / clumps the composition and abundance of natural enemies from the 2 control methods showed the following results table 2: composition and abundance of natural enemies / clumps from ipc and conventional control methods no treatment phase family composition and abundance of natural enemies / clumps 1 ipc vegetative araneidae salticidae 4 4 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 vegetative generative vegetative generative ipc conventional 1 2 0,21 0,16 0,43 0,46 abundance brown planthoppers application of integrated pest control models nilaparvata lugens (stal) (homoptera: delphacidae) in rice plants outside of sidoarjo mud impact area faisol humaidi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence tetragnathidae coccinellidae 6 5 generatif araneidae salticidae tetragnathidae coccinellidae 5 6 8 8 2 conventional vegetative araneidae salticidae tetragnathidae coccinellidae 0 1 2 2 generative araneidae salticidae tetragnathidae coccinellidae 0 2 1 1 the ipc control method shows that the level of diversity of natural enemies is very diverse, the tetragnathidae group still dominates the rice fields and is followed by the coccinellidae, salticidae, and araneidae families. in the generative phase there was an increase in the number of natural enemy populations with tetragnathidae and coccinellidae still dominating in the rice fields. with a high level of natural enemy population, the brown planthoppers attack rate is relatively small and can still be controlled. in addition, the growth ecosystem of natural enemies is still well preserved and the presence of natural enemies is also found in refugia plants. whereas the conventional method of control shows that the diversity of natural enemies is very small, this is due to the high use of plenum insecticides, which has an impact on population decline and diversity of natural enemies. percentage of brown planthoppers attacks the percentage of brown planthoppers attack rates in sentul village shows the results of different attack rates, the use of the ipc method shows a low attack compared to conventional methods. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 vegetative generative vegetative generative ipc conventional 2,33 2,11 5,55 6,67 % brown planthoppers attack application of integrated pest control models nilaparvata lugens (stal) (homoptera: delphacidae) in rice plants outside of sidoarjo mud impact area faisol humaidi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the high percentage of brown planthoppers attacks on rice plants with conventional control treatments both in the vegetative and generative phases is thought to be the presence of brown planthoppers resistance to insecticides also in line with the high daily average temperature ranging from 30 o c to 33 o c with the rice planting season besides that the sentul village area is closer. with the area affected by the sidoarjo mud. damage intensity the intensity of damage to rice plants due to brown planthoppers attacks in sentul village varied with the use of ipc and conventional control methods. the lowest damage was using the ipc method with a vegetative phase of 1.11% and a generative phase of 2.23%. while the highest percentage of damage intensity was in conventional control treatment with an attack intensity level of 12.44% in the vegetative phase and the generative phase of 14.89%. the high intensity of damage to rice plants attacked by brown planthoppers in sentul village is possible because the agroecosystem supports the occurrence of brown planthoppers explosions, such as the high average daily temperature of 30 o c-33 o c, the humidity level ranges from 60% -70% and adjacent to the area affected by the sidoarjo mud. 4. conclution limited from the research results, it can be concluded as follows: 1. the abundance of endemic brown planthoppers in sentul village with conventional control treatment tends to be higher than that of ipc treatment. 2. the composition and abundance of brown planthoppers natural enemies with ipc were dominated by the family, tetragnathidae and coccinellidae (coccinela repanda), while conventional treatments were dominated by the tetragnathidae and salticidae families. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 vegetative generative vegetative generative ipc conventional 1,11 2,23 12,44 14,89 % damage intensity application of integrated pest control models nilaparvata lugens (stal) (homoptera: delphacidae) in rice plants outside of sidoarjo mud impact area faisol humaidi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence 3. the percentage of brown planthoppers attack rates with ipc treatment shows the lowest attack percentage compared to conventional control treatments 4. the lowest damage intensity occurred with ipc treatment, while the highest percentage of damage intensity occurred with conventional treatment references klh white paper, (2006), handling of hot mudflow in sidoardjo, ministry of environment baehaki se & imj mejaya. 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(1982). the potential to the integration of plant resistance, agronomic, biological, physical/mechanical techniques and pesticide for pest control in farming systems. chemrawn ii: pergamon press. sari, i. p., hidayati, s., ali, m., & purwanti, s. (2020). application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.). agricultural science, 4(1), 74–84. sidoarjo agriculture office. (2016). distribution of brown planthoppers in tanggulangin district, sidoarjo watanabe t & h kitagawa. (2000). photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates in rice plants following phloem feeding by the planthopper nilaparvata lugens (homoptera: delphacidae). economic entomology 93: 1192-1198. wilson mr & claridge mf. (199). handbook for the identification of leafhoppers and planthoppers of rice. nri. london mixed marketing strategy on coffee consumer satisfaction at cafe de tropodo sidoarjo sri tjondro winarno*, dwi wahyuningtyas, dinariningrum rahma winarno page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence mixed marketing strategy on coffee consumer satisfaction at cafe de tropodo sidoarjo sri tjondro winarno 1* , dwi wahyuningtyas 2 , dinariningrum rahma winarno 3 1 agribusiness study program, faculty of agriculture, universitas pembangunan nasional veteran jawa timur, surabaya, east java, indonesia 2 legal studies study program, faculty of law, universitas pembangunan nasional veteran jawa timur, surabaya, east java, indonesia 3 postgraduate program of plant pests and diseases study program, faculty of agriculture, universitas brawijaya, malang, east java, indonesia *corresponding author e-mail: sritjondro_w@upnjatim.ac.id article history: received: july 25, 2021; accepted: agustus 28, 2021 abstract coffee is currently experiencing a rapid development. this condition is indicated by the existence of café or coffee shop in almost every location. it will create increasingly fierce competitions among coffee business owners, with various strategies that will be applied to win the competition. mixed marketing is one strategy that is often applied to run the business in order to win the competition. the mixed marketing is a part of marketing that is used by a company so that the target can be achieved properly. the purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of mixed marketing strategy on coffee consumer satisfaction at cafe de tropodo sidoarjo. the number of respondents in this study were 75 cafe visitors, who were selected by chance (accidental sampling), and the data obtained were analyzed using sem pls 6.0. the results showed that the 7 p's mixed marketing (product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence, and process) had a significant positive effect on coffee consumer satisfaction in sidoarjo. keywords: mixed marketing, satisfaction 1. introduction coffee is an essential commodity in the world. if viewed from the trade value, coffee is a major foreign exchange contributor in many developing countries. wibowo (2012) said that generally, for large-scale coffee processing companies, the export market is open. thus, with fluctuations in raw materials for coffee beans, there are relatively no significant problems. on the one hand, in east java, people's coffee plantations, arabica and robusta, have vast areas. at the same time, the number of household-scale coffee processing industries is also not so large. therefore, there is a need for downstream coffee in east java to benefit coffee farmers so that it can meet the demands of this increasingly diverse market. the low per capita consumption is an opportunity for small, medium, and prominent coffee business actors to fill this opportunity. the existence of increasingly fierce competition forces business people in the coffee sector to improve their services and product quality and satisfy mixed marketing strategy on coffee consumer satisfaction at cafe de tropodo sidoarjo sri tjondro winarno*, dwi wahyuningtyas, dinariningrum rahma winarno page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence their customers . based on initial observations, at de tropodo cafe the products are still limited and not many are familiar with it. the marketing is still limited around locations in the sidoarjo area; even many are not familiar with the product and its location. based on these conditions, it is necessary to find information among the consumers. this information can be used as materials to evaluate and improve the strategies that exist in de tropodo cafe. through the mixed marketing approach, this condition has the aim of knowing the mixed marketing strategy that affects consumer satisfaction, as satisfied consumers will have a strong impression and trust in the products of the cafe. tjiptono (2008) said that maintaining survival in developing its business with the primary customer needs requires quality service. therefore, it is essential in addition to the existence of the company. rachmawati's (2011) marketing strategy can support product marketing. sastra, zulaiha, and misrania (2019) stated that sales would increase if applying the right marketing strategy. according to amofah & gyamfi (2016), the marketing concept is a management process for identifying, anticipating, providing needs, and benefiting customers. furthermore, according to kotler and keller (2013), marketing is a social managerial process of what a person or group needs and wants through demands and exchanges of products and values. hermawan (2015) stated that consumer satisfaction is influenced by prices and products, which affects loyalty. safitri, suharno, fariyanti (2017) said that the mixed marketing variable significantly affects customer satisfaction and loyalty of oil palm seeds. wahab, abu hassab, shahid, maon (2015) argued that the 4p mix marketing (product, price, place, promotion) has a close relationship. according to alma (2013). this study aims to analyze the effect of a mixed marketing strategy on coffee consumer satisfaction at cafe de tropodo sidoarjo. 2. research methods the research was conducted in july – september 2020 at the de tropodo coffee cafe, sidoarjo city. the sampling technique used in this study is non-probability sampling, namely accidental sampling. sugiyono (2016) stated that random sampling is a sampling technique based on chance. that is any consumer who coincidentally meets a researcher can be used as a sample. the number of respondents in this study was 75 cafe visitors, and the data obtained were analyzed using sem pls 6.0. 3. results and discussion table 1. the study result based on data processing using warp pls 6.0 mixed marketing strategy on coffee consumer satisfaction at cafe de tropodo sidoarjo sri tjondro winarno*, dwi wahyuningtyas, dinariningrum rahma winarno page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence hypothe sis path path coefficien t p values the effect size for path coefficien t sig. h1 products satisfactio n 0.239 0.009 0.189 p>0.05 significant (h1 accepted) h2 price satisfaction 0.209 0.046 0.134 p<0.05 significant (h2 accepted) h3 place satisfaction 0.291 0.018 0.210 p<0.05 significant (h3 accepted) h4 promotion satisfaction 0.126 0.019 0.095 p<0.05 significant (h4 accepted) h5 people satisfaction 0.018 0.047 0.008 p<0.05 significant (h5 accepted) h6 physical evidence satisfaction 0.416 0.007 0.267 p<0.05 significant (h6 accepted) h7 process satisfaction 0.027 0.042 0.016 p<0.05 significant (h7 accepted) product the product is based on the results of the warppls 6.0 analysis. the product factor has a significant positive effect on consumer satisfaction (y) with a path coefficient value of 0.293, where the p-value = 0.009, smaller than = 0.05. this coffee product is formed from three factors of quality, taste, and variety. an attractive appearance will provide a sense of satisfaction to consumers and the taste and aroma of the coffee itself. stoyanov (2015) stated that communicating socially and being environmentally responsible are very profitable long-term investments. mixed marketing strategy on coffee consumer satisfaction at cafe de tropodo sidoarjo sri tjondro winarno*, dwi wahyuningtyas, dinariningrum rahma winarno page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence meanwhile, cain (2014) noted that the positive influence of coffee drinking habits on various aspects of health, such as psychoactive responses, neurological (alzheimer's and parkinson's), and metabolic disorders (diabetes, gallstones, liver cirrhosis), and liver function. price product factors are based on the results of the warppls 6.0 analysis. product factors significantly affect consumer satisfaction (y) with a path coefficient value of 0.209, where p-value = 0.046, which is smaller than = 0.05. harith, ting, and zakaria (2014) said that respondents also believe that appearance, brand, and price are correlated with each other to convey the right message. furthermore, mat saad, hasnah hassan, mei shya (2015) believed that with customer orientation as a mediator, the relationship between im (internal marketing) and em (external marketing) product activities, pricing activities, promotional activities, and distribution activities would run effectively. the place the product factor is based on the results of the warppls 6.0 analysis. the product factor has a significant positive effect on consumer satisfaction (y) with a path coefficient value of 0.291, where the p-value = 0.018, which is smaller than = 0.05. guo (2013) said that network marketing has direct communication between consumers and companies. hassan (2015) argued a significant variation between rural and urban products where television advertising can improve the buying process. barusman (2014) said that the place variable has a significant influence on consumer satisfaction. promotion product factors are based on the results of the warppls 6.0 analysis. product factors have a significant positive effect on consumer satisfaction (y) with a path coefficient value of 0.126, where p-value = 0.019, which is smaller than = 0.05. rehman and ibrahim (2011) said that in brand marketing communication, a product is not possible without promotion to sell products in this competitive global market. golding and peattie (2005) that an approach that combines commercial and social marketing orientation can maintain fair trade by contributing to social and economic goals. andorfer and liebe (2012) applied a social psychological approach that focuses primarily on consumer attitudes. the monetary policy focuses on consumer desires or a sociological approach that relies on consumer identity. kour ubeja (2014) suggested that a mixed marketing promotion strategy provides a more meaningful way to identify and understand various customer segments. vlahovic, jelocnik, potrebic (2012) concluded that most of the respondents (94%) are aware of promotional activities for coffee, and producers are working with vendors to create and possibly implement components of this mix marketing in the best way. person mixed marketing strategy on coffee consumer satisfaction at cafe de tropodo sidoarjo sri tjondro winarno*, dwi wahyuningtyas, dinariningrum rahma winarno page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence product factors are based on the results of the warppls 6.0 analysis. product factors significantly affect consumer satisfaction (y) with a path coefficient value of 0.018, where p-value = 0.049, which is smaller than = 0.05. hewlett and wadsworth (2012) showed a relationship between demographics, health-related and lifestyle variables in tea and coffee consumption patterns. mihic, radjenovic, and supic (2013) stated that physiological needs are parts of social motives, namely the need to consider status and honor. physical evidence the product factor is based on the results of the warppls 6.0 analysis. the product factor has a significant positive effect on consumer satisfaction (y) with a path coefficient value of 0.416, where the p-value = 0.007, smaller than = 0.05. raheem, nawaz, vishnu, and imamuddin (2014) stated that packaging materials directly impact consumer purchasing decisions. sekeroglu (2012) turkey has many traditional foods and drinks, some herbal coffee traditionally, they were evaluated for mineral composition as there were sixteen different minerals. they are aimed at the product and the most valuable raw materials (staudt, schroll, 1999). process product factors are based on the results of the warppls 6.0 analysis. product factors significantly affect consumer satisfaction (y) with a path coefficient value of 0.027, where p-value = 0.042, which is smaller than = 0.05. alejandra, perez, and viana (2012), using value chain analysis, it was found that colombia and vietnam produce different types of coffee, and both countries have implemented various strategies to be more competitive in domestic and foreign markets through product differentiation. guo (2013) said that integrating marketing entities with a better marketing network can provide a realistic basis for developing a company's marketing strategy. tariq khan (2014) stated that the concept of mix marketing has two essential benefits, one's competitive strength in the marketing mix against other benefits. also, the mix marketing is helping to reveal another dimension of marketing manager's jobs. matzler, bailom, von den eichen, and kohler (2013) explained the company's task is to find new ways and generate added value for customers. furthermore, zeithaml and bitnen (2009) stated that the process is a way to produce products that meet consumer expectations. the results of this study are expected to provide a positive theoretical contribution in terms of the 7p mixed marketing. furthermore, this research can provide practical implications in addition to the mixed marketing. coffee is also an attractive commodity to be developed. this is in line with the increasing number of coffee lovers. therefore, processed coffee products need to be introduced to consumers to make them know the products better. in addition to that, coffee business owners can expand their knowledge about how to influence consumer behavior in mixed marketing strategy on coffee consumer satisfaction at cafe de tropodo sidoarjo sri tjondro winarno*, dwi wahyuningtyas, dinariningrum rahma winarno page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence consuming coffee. it can encourage the business owners to design and implement appropriate strategies so that sales volume can be increased. 4. conclusion based on the study 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(2015). the relationship between marketing mix and customer loyalty in hijab industry: the mediating effect of customer satisfaction. procedia economics and finance 37:366 – 371. zeithaml, v. a., bitner, d. d. g. (2013). services marketing: integrating customer focus across the firm 6thed. mc.graw-hill. boston. population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi, didik daryanto page | 104 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi 1, didik daryanto 2 1,2 falultas pertanian universitas wijaya putra 1 email : faisolhumaidi@uwp.ac.id 2 email : ryanto_didik@yahoo.com abstract this study aimed abundance for brown plant hopper (bph) in rice plants against the presence in natural enemies to maintain productivity in rice plants. the study was conducted in the villages in gempolsari, penatar sewu and sentul, tanggulangin district, sidoarjo, east java in may 2019 to october 2019. the research was conducted using survey methods. the research location was selected using by purposive sampling method, which is the area with the highest percentage of attacks, has been attacked at least 3 times the growing season, ciherang rice varieties, and was reported as brown plant hopper endemic area in 3 villages of tanggulangin district, sidoarjo. the results showed population abundance, percentage of attack rates, lowest intensity of brown plant hopper attacks occurred in gempolsari village and the highest in sentul village while the composition and abundance of natural enemies of brown plant hopper were dominated by odonata family then followed by families salticidae, tetragnathidae and coccinellidae (coccinela repanda). keywords : natural enemies, purposive sampling, bph 1. introduction the national ecological disaster of the hot mud that occurred in sidoarjo, east java began on may 28, 2006, when poisonous gas and hot mud gushed near the banjar panji-1 drilling well owned by pt lapindo brantas, inc. drilling activities. which until now still cannot be stopped. oil and gas exploration activities as carried out by pt lapindo brantas, inc. is a seismic survey and exploration activities. these activities are a series of activities carried out because the nature of oil and gas reserves in the bowels of the earth cannot be determined with certain location (herawati, 2007). the hot mud in november 2006 covered about 250 hectares of land, including seven villages, rice fields, sugar cane plantations, and irrigation channels, and disrupted transportation routes. estimated volume of mudflow between + 50,000 120,000 m3 / day. so that the water separated from the mud deposit ranges from 35,000 84,000 m3 / day (lusi white book, klh). it is estimated that there are two factors of the effect of the mudflow that affect the environment, namely microclimate and changes in land characteristics. the influential microclimate is an increase in ambient temperature, a decrease in relative humidity and a reduction in the intensity of http://agris/ mailto:faisolhumaidi@uwp.ac.id mailto:ryanto_didik@yahoo.com population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi, didik daryanto page | 105 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence sunlight caused by smoke. while the change in soil characteristics due to the presence of mud affects the increase in bulk density, changes in ph, increase in soil content, and changes in the level of soil fertility. changes in air temperature due to mudflow which affect microclimate changes in the area around the center of the blast. an increased in temperature causes an increase in evapotranspiration and an increase in reaction speed in plant cells (ali, purwanti, & hidayati, 2019). the speed of reaction in cells that occur excessive in a long time can affect cell resistance so that cell function will decrease. while the increase in the speed for evapotranspiration will trigger a decrease in soil moisture, lack of irrigation water supply in the next growth phase and increase the relative humidity in the air. reduced irrigation water supply can reduce plant growth rates and excessive relative air humidity can reduce plant metabolism. these aspects as a trigger for the emergence of various plant-disturbing organisms, especially brown plant hopper in the rice crop area. one aspect that affects the microenvironment of rice plants outside the map affected by environmental temperature fluctuations, reduction in relative humidity and reduction in sunlight intensity due to smoke so that some rice crops often experience crop failure due to brown plant hopper attacks in the planting season mk 1 and mh 1 and mh 2. this presence is a major problem for rice farmers in the villages of gempolsari, penatar sewu and sentul in tanggulangin district, sidoarjo, east java province. there is not data on the dynamics of wbc pest poulasi, so farmers have difficulty in controlling the wbc population. nilaparvata lugens (hemiptera: delphacidae) are rice pest species whose population and extent of attacks continue to grow rapidly along with the choice of farmers to continue applying conventional rice cultivation. wbc slopes attack rice plants by sucking phloem fluid, reducing chlorophyll and leaf protein content, and reducing the rate of photosynthesis (watanabe & kitagawa 2000). rice plants become miserable and grow stunted, leaves turn yellow and wither, which eventually die dry or called hopperburn. oka (1982) reported that the wbc attack that caused hopperburn in indonesia occurred around the 1980s. these events continue from year to year until now. population explosion can occur due to wbc proliferating at an exponential (r-strategic) growth rate and causing severe damage to rice plants after generation 2-3. in one plant about 4001000 nympha can be found, filling the lower part of the rice grove and continuing towards the leaf tips. towards puso, the macroptera population can reach 200-500 pairs per family (baehaki & mejaya 2014). nurbaeti et al. (2010) states, attacks of 1-4 leafhoppers / clumps in the period of tillers reduce yields by 35% -77%, attacks during pregnancy decrease yields by 20% -37%, while attacks during decrease yields by 28%. http://agris/ population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi, didik daryanto page | 106 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence wbc attacks in the tanggulangin district of sidoarjo have been reported to have caused crop failure, but since 2014 there was an increase in wbc attacks with an area of 6.7 ha in the tanggulangin district, namely in the villages of gempolsari, penatar sewu and sentul in the tanggulangin district of sidoarjo. the attack continued during the 4 growing seasons so it was estimated to be a wbc endemic area in tanggulangin sub-district. the triggering factors for increasing wbc attacks are planting ciherang varieties in each planting season which is reportedly vulnerable, non-simultaneous planting, climate, intensive use of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides so that it disrupts the ecological balance and suppresses the presence of natural enemies from predators and parasitoids (sidoarjo agriculture office, 2016 ). however, no reports have been found regarding population abundance, intensity of attacks and the presence of natural enemies. recent research on wbc in sepanjang village, glenmore subdistrict, banyuwangi district with the method of exploration or direct observation on rice fields, to determine the wbc population and spiders on ipm and conventional land. the results showed that the application of ipm and conventional influence significantly on wbc population and spiders as natural enemies of wbc. the average wbc population on ipm and conventional land is 0.30 and 0.57. while the average spider population on ipm and conventional land is 0.234 and 0.137. the spider found was pardosa sp. and argiope sp. rice production on ipm land is lower (4.56 tons) compared to conventional land (5.12 tons) (claudya seg, gatot mudjiono, ludji pantja astuti, 2015). 2. research methods the study was conducted using survey methods. the research location was selected using the purposive sampling method, which is the area with the highest percentage of attacks, has been attacked at least 3 times the planting season, planted rice varieties of ciherang rice, and reported as wbc endemic areas outside the sidoarjo mud affected map, namely gempolsari village, penatar sewu and sentul, tanggulangin sub-district, sidoarjo city. collection of brown rice plant hopper (wbc) and natural enemies carried out 6 times, simultaneously, which began when the rice plants were 3 weeks after planting at intervals once every two weeks. collection was carried out on 20 groups of sample plants in each treatment plot using modified d-vac vacuum. zig zag samples were selected following a diagonal line in the survey area. wbc wereng and natural enemies collected successfully are then stored in plastic containers that have been given camphor, and then transferred to a collection bottle that already contains 70% alcohol and taken to the biology laboratory at the faculty of agriculture, wijaya putra university. http://agris/ population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi, didik daryanto page | 107 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence calculation of wbc population abundance is carried out in an insect biology laboratory. the process of identifying, counting, and classifying natural enemies according to the trophy (predators and parasitoids) is done by using several references and keys of determination, namely: barrion & litsinger (1995), heinrichs (1994), goulet & huber (1993), wilson & claridgege (1991), kalshoven (1981). observation of the symptoms wbc attack was carried out after the collection of samples per family was carried out, but on the same day. the first step is to pay attention to each rice seedling in one sample family to determine whether the sample family shows symptoms of wbc or not. if it shows symptoms of an attack, then the clump is determined as a clump. the next step is to determine the scoring symptoms of attacks / clumps based on baehaki (1985). the data analysis as followed : 1. population abundance of wbc / clumps the abundance of wbc population / clumps is obtained by counting all nymphas and imago obtained. data on population per cluster from 20 samples are then averaged, and displayed in tabulated form. 2. composition and abundance of natural enemies / clumps the results of identification of natural enemies in the insect bioecology laboratory are tabulated using the excel program and then analyzed to determine the composition and abundance of natural enemies. the composition of natural enemies is displayed according to the family. 3. percentage of wbc attacks the percentage of wbc attacks is calculated using the abbot formula as follows: 𝑃 = a / b 𝑋 100% 4. damage intensity the intensity of damage due to wbc attacks is determined using the formula: i = ∑ 𝑛𝑖×𝑣𝑖 𝑁×𝑍 𝑖 𝑖=1 × 100% 3. results and discussion population abundance of wbc / clumps the abundance of brown plant hopper / wbc populations in rice plants in 3 villages of tanggulangin subdistrict, sidoarjo revealed the existence of variations in the presence of wbc populations both from vegetative and generative phases. http://agris/ population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi, didik daryanto page | 108 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the wbc distribution ranges from 3.9 to 6.6 / clumps. the average abundance of wbc in the 3 villages above shows the generative phase is higher than the vegetative phase, it occurs in all study locations. the highest wbc population was found in penatarsewu village, especially in the generative phase (figure 1). figure 1. abundance of wbc in 3 endemic villages, tanggulangin district, sidoarjo the smallest wbc abundance occurred in gempolsari village with wbc abundance in the vegetative phase of 3.9 and generative phase of 4.97. while the abundance wbc in rice plants in sentul village tends to be stable and slightly decreased during the generative phase. the characteristics of rice plants in the village gempolsari showed that there are farmers organized with integrated pest control / slpht field schools. the use of insecticides is greatly reduced and the use of biopesticides has been done a lot. composition and abundance of natural enemies / clumps the composition and abundance of wbc natural enemies from the 3 observation villages showed the following results : table 1. composition and abundance of natural enemies / clumps in 3 villages of tanggulangin district, sidoarjo no village phase family composition and abundance of natural enemies / clumps 1 gempolsari vegetatif araneidae salticidae tetragnathidae 7 8 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 vegetatif generatif vegetatif generatif vegetatif generatif gempolsari gempolsari penatar sewu penatar sewu sentul sentul 3.9 4.97 5.9 6.6 6.05 6.01 p o p u la ti o n a b u n d a n ce o f w b c / cl u m p s http://agris/ population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi, didik daryanto page | 109 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence coccinellidae odonata 8 9 generatif araneidae salticidae tetragnathidae coccinellidae odonata 13 15 17 16 9 2 penatar sewu vegetatif araneidae salticidae tetragnathidae coccinellidae 2 3 2 4 generatif araneidae salticidae tetragnathidae coccinellidae 5 2 2 4 3 sentul vegetatif araneidae salticidae tetragnathidae coccinellidae 2 1 3 2 generatif araneidae salticidae tetragnathidae coccinellidae 0 2 1 4 for gempolsari village, the level of diversity of natural enemies is very diverse, the odonata group still dominates the rice field diareal and is followed by the families of salticidae, tetragnathidae and coccinellidae (coccinela repanda). in the generative phase, the relative population of natural enemies with tetragnathidae and coccinellidae still dominates in the area of rice fields. with a relatively high natural enemy population level in gempolsari village, the wbc attack rate is relatively small and can still be controlled. besides that the natural enemy growth ecosystem is still awake. while the natural enemy population in 2 villages of penatar sewu and sentul, the abundance of natural enemies has decreased and the wbc attack rate is relatively high. the reduced level of abundance of natural enemies / clumps is due to the high use of insecticides in controlling wbc pests both in the vegetative and generative phases. in the way of rice cultivation by multiplication of absolute organic fertilizer without using chemicals including chemical http://agris/ population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi, didik daryanto page | 110 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence fertilizers, the population density of brown plant hopper, green leaf hopper and white back hopper are low due to the poor development for arthropods in these habitats (kajimura et al., 1993). percentage of wbc attacks the percentage of wbc attack rates in 3 observation villages shows the results of different attack rates, gempolsari village shows the lowest percentage of wbc attacks while the highest in sentul village. the high percentage of wbc attacks on rice plantations in sentul village was 11.67% at the vegetative level and 16.67% in the generative phase along with the high daily average temperatures ranging from 30oc to 33oc with mk 1 planting season besides the territory sentul village is closer to the sidoarjo mud affected map area. figure 2. wbc attack rates in 3 villages in tanggulangin district, sidoarjo damage intensity the intensity of rice crop damage due to wbc attacks in the villages of gempolsari, penatar sewu and sentul varied, the lowest damage occurred in the village of gempolsari with a vegetative phase of: 1.11% and a generative phase of 6.67%. while the highest percentage of damage intensity occurred in sentul village with 19.44% attack intensity level and 38.89% generative phase. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 vegetatif generatif vegetatif generatif vegetatif generatif gempolsari gempolsari penatar sewu penatar sewu sentul sentul 3.33 6.67 10 13.33 11.67 16.67 p e rc e n ta g e o f w b c a tt a ck s http://agris/ population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi, didik daryanto page | 111 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence figure 3. wbc damage level in 3 villages in tanggulangin district, sidoarjo the high intensity of damage to rice plants affected by wbc in sentul village is possible because the agroecosystem supports wbc explosion such as the high average daily temperature of 30oc-33oc the humidity level ranges from 60% -70%. besides because because in the sentul area, farmers do not plant rice simultaneously so that the brown plant hopper pest cycle is not interrupted. around the trap plant, the age of the rice plant is not uniform and the presence of predators is still unable to suppress the brown planthopper population in the field. 4. conclusion limited from the results of the study it can be concluded as followed: 1. wbc abundance population in 3 endemic villages kec. tanggulangin sidoarjo lowest in the vegetative and generative phases occurred in gempolsari village and the highest in sentul village. 2. the composition and abundance of wbc natural enemies is dominated by the family of odonata then followed by the families of salticidae, tetragnathidae and coccinellidae (coccinela repanda) 3. the percentage of wbc attack rates in gempolsari village shows the lowest percentage of wbc attacks while the highest wbc attack is in sentul village. 4. the lowest damage intensity occurred in gempolsari village while the highest damage intensity percentage occurred in sentul village. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 vegetatif generatif vegetatif generatif vegetatif generatif gempolsari gempolsari penatar sewu penatar sewu sentul sentul 1.11 6.67 16.67 31.11 19.44 38.89 d a m a g e i n te n si ty (% ) http://agris/ population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi, didik daryanto page | 112 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence references ali, m., purwanti, s., & hidayati, s. 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(homoptera: delphacidae) dan laba-laba pada budidaya tanaman padi dengan penerapan pengendalian hama terpadu dan konvensional, jurnal hpt volume 3 nomor 1, januari 2015, issn: 2338-4336. dinas pertanian sidoarjo.(2016). sebaran wereng batang coklat di kecamatan tanggulangin, sidoarjo. goulet h & jt huber. (1993). hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. centre for land & biological resources research. ottawa. herawati, n, (2007), “analisis risiko lingkungan aliran air lumpur lapindo ke badan air (studi kasus sungai porong dan sungai aloo)”, program pasca sarjana ilmu lingkungan, universitas diponegoro, thesis. kajimura, t., y. maeoka, i.n. widiarta, t. sudo, k. hidaka & f. nakasuji. (1993). effect of organic farming of rice plants on population density of leafhopper and plathopper. i. population density and reprouctive rate. jpn. j. appl. entomol. zool. 37: 137-144. kalshoven lge. (1981). the pest of crops in indonesia. ichtiar baru-van hoeve. jakarta. nurbaeti b, a diratmaja & s putra. (2010). hama wereng cokelat (nilaparvata lugens stal) dan pengendaliannya. departemen pertanian. balai pengkajian teknologi pertanian jawa barat. oka in. (1982). the potential to the integration of plant resistance, agronomic, biological, physical/mechanical techniques and pesticide for pest control in farming systems. chemrawn ii: pergamon press. watanabe t & h kitagawa. (2000). photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates in rice plants following phloem feeding by the planthopper nilaparvata lugens (homoptera: delphacidae). economic entomology 93: 1192-1198. http://agris/ population dynamics brown plant hopper ( nilaparvata lugens (stal) on rice plants in the outside area impact of sidoarjo mud faisol humaidi, didik daryanto page | 113 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence wilson mr & claridge mf. (199). handbook for the identification of leafhoppers and planthoppers of rice. nri. london. http://agris/ effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l) sutriyono, bambang wicaksono hariyadi, mahrus ali page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l) sutriyono, bambang wicaksono hariyadi, mahrus ali faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya e-mail. boyondanie123@gmail.com abstract purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the effect of the provision of gh growth regulators on growth and yield in onion plants. this research was conducted in the research field of the faculty of agriculture, merdeka university, surabaya from april to june 2019. this study used a randomized block design (rbd) consisting of six treatments of ghos, with three replications and using two sample plants. use of zpt ghost fertilizer at doses z = without fertilizer / control, z1 = 1 ml / l / plant, z2 = 2 ml / l / plant, z30 = 3 ml / l / plant, z = 4 ml / l / plant, and z = 5 ml / l / plant. observations made consisted of plant length, number of leaves, plant wet weight, plant tuber weight, and number of plant tuber. the results showed that the treatment of ghos zpt dose significantly affected all observed variables, namely plant length, number of leaves, number of tubers, plant wet weight and tuber weight of onion (allium ascalonicum l.). the treatment of ghos dose of 5ml per liter of water showed the highest growth and yield with a plant length of 30.16 cm, number of leaves 46.00, plant wet weight 68.33 grams, plant tuber weight 49.00 grams, and number of plant tubers 10 , 00 although statistically not significantly different from the zpt ghos fertilizer treatment using a dose of 1ml per liter of water with a plant length of 29.00 cm, number of leaves 34.83, plant wet weight 58.16 grams, plant tuber weight 38.56 grams and number of plant tubers 8,16. keywords: ghost zpt, shallots, growth and yield 1. introduction plants (allium ascalonicum l.) are thought to originate from the southeast asian region, namely around india, pakistan, to palestine and even mountainous regions of iran, egypt and turkey (wibowo, 2009). shallots are plants that are able to grow well and are developed in areas with tropical climate, one of which is in indonesia, both in the lowlands to the highlands of approximately 1100 m (ideal 0-800 m) above sea level. the best production is produced in lowland temperatures between 25-32ºc and with a dry climate. to be able to grow and develop well, shallots need an open space with 70% lighting and 80-90% air humidity and rainfall of 300-2,500 mm per year (bppt, 2007). apart from the above factors, onion plants require loose soil structure and contain lots of organic material with the support of sandy loam or dusty loam. soil types for shallots are latosol, regosol, grumosol and alluvial soils with acidity (ph) soils 5.5-6.5 and drainage and aeration in well-running soils so that onion tubers red is not rotten (dewi, 2012). all types of plants including shallots to achieve high yields are not enough to rely solely on nutrients in the soil, so plants need to be given additional fertilizer to increase soil fertility. effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l) sutriyono, bambang wicaksono hariyadi, mahrus ali page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence fertilizer itself can be divided into 2 kinds of fertilizers, namely organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer (hidayati & huda, 2018). inorganic fertilizers are fertilizers made by factories by gathering chemicals and have a high nutrient content (lingga and marsono, 2011). while organic fertilizer is fertilizer that is partly or wholly derived from organic materials such as plants or animal dung that has been through an engineering process that can be in the form of solid or liquid which is used to provide plant nutrient needs and can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (suwahyono, 2011) . the advantage of using liquid organic fertilizer is that the process is faster, able to loosen the surface layer of the soil, increase microorganism population, enhance water absorption and storage capacity and increase soil fertility (yuliarti, 2009). provision of growth regulatory substances is also very necessary in order to boost the productivity of onion plants (hariyadi, huda, ali, & wandik, 2019). according to prihmantoro (2002), to get good plants, besides taking into account environmental factors, varieties and technical culture, nutrient availability for plants is crucial. land as a factor of production does not always provide nutrients for plants. an alternative that can be done is to provide growth regulators for example by providing growth regulatory substances (zpt) for superior plant hormones (ghos) which are currently circulating in the market. to find out the right way, time and dosage (effective) of the use of growth regulators on shallots, it is necessary to further study the use of the gh growth regulator. 2. research methods this study used a randomized block design (rcbd) consisting of six ght zpt treatment doses, with three replications and using two sample plants. then for the placement of treatments in a randomized trial plot. 3. results and discussion plant length the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of different ghos zpt doses significantly affected the length of the onion plants, namely when the plants were aged 20 days, 40 days, and 60 days after planting. this is according to the data in table 1 below. table 1. average plant length (cm) of shallots at various ages observations (days). treatment age observation(days after planting) 20 40 60 effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l) sutriyono, bambang wicaksono hariyadi, mahrus ali page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence z0 21.00 a 22.50 a 23.00 a z1 21.66 ab 25.00 b 29.00 b z2 22.00 b 25.16 b 29.16 b z3 22.00 b 25.50 b 29.33 b z4 22.16 b 26.33 b 30.00 b z5 23.05 c 26.66 bc 30.16 b bnt 5% 0.93 1.31 1, 26 note: numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference. in table 1 shows that the average growth of plant length obtained in the treatment of ghos with different doses, tends to average yielded by z5 by using a dose of zpt ghosts 5 ml / 1 liter of water at 30.16 cm at the age of 60 days after planting. but not significantly different from z 1ml / 1 liter of water at 29.00 cm, z 2ml / 1 liter of water at 29.16 cm, z3 using ghos dose of 3ml / 1 liter of water at 29.33 cm, and z4 using ghos dose with dose 4ml / 1 liter of water which is 30 cm. while the average of the shortest onion plants was shown z0 or without zpt hantu that is equal to 23.00 cm and the treatment was statistically significantly different from other treatments. with this it can be concluded that with the increase in the provision of zpt ghosts on shallots plants will also be followed by the length of the leaves during the growth of shallots. number of leaves the results of the analysis of variance also showed that the treatment of ghos dose of zpt had a significant effect on the observation of the number of leaves of onion plants, namely when the plants were aged 20 days, 40 days, and 60 days after planting. this is according to the data in table 2 below. table 2. average number of leaf onions on the different ageobservation treatment age observation(days after planting) 20 40 60 z0 12.16 a 14.33 a 16.33 a z1 16.16 b 23.16 b 34.83 b z2 16.33 b 24.33 b 37.66 b effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l) sutriyono, bambang wicaksono hariyadi, mahrus ali page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence z3 16.50 b 24.50 b 37.83 b z4 17.00 b 25.16 b 38.83 b z5 17.33 b 25.66 b 46 , 00 b bnt 5% 2.22 4.26 13.05 note: numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference. table 2 shows that the average number of leaves obtained in the treatment of ghg zpt with different doses, the highest average tendency is produced by z5, namely the ghg zpt dose of 5ml / liter of water by 46.00 at the age of observation 60 days after planting, but not significantly different from the z1 treatment using a 1 ml / 1 liter of zpt ghos dose of 34.83, z2 using a ghost zpt dose of 2ml / 1 liter of water at 37.66, z3 using a 3ml / 1 liter of zpt ghos dose, 37, 83 and z4 using ghos 4ml / 1 liter of water with a value of 38.83 but significantly different from the z0 treatment or without using ghosts that is equal to 16.33. wet wet weight the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of ghg zpt gave a significant effect on the observed variables of the wet weight of onion plants. this is according to the data in table 3 below. table 3. average wet weight of shallot plant at 60 days treatment age observationage 60 days (grams) z0 22.10 a z1 58.16 b z2 60.43 b z3 62.36 b z4 62.56 b z5 68 , 33 b bnt 5% 21,14 note: numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference. in table 3 shows that the average wet weight of the plant is obtained in the treatment of ghos zpt, the highest average tendency is produced by z5 with ghos dose of 5ml / 1 liter of water which is 68.33 grams but is not significantly different from the z1 treatment that uses doses effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l) sutriyono, bambang wicaksono hariyadi, mahrus ali page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence zpt ghosts 1ml / 1liter of water amounting to 58.16 grams, z2 which uses zpt ghosts 2ml / 1liter of 60.43 grams, z3 that uses zpt ghosts 3ml / 1liter of water at 62.36 grams and z4 that uses doses zpt ghosts using a dose of 4ml / 1liter of water which is 62.56 grams but is significantly different from the z0 treatment or without using zpt ghosts of 22.10 grams. planter tuber weight results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of ghos zpt concentration significantly affected the plant tuber weight. this is in accordance with the data in table 4 below. table 4. average weight of shallot planting bulbs at 60 days treatment age observationage 60 days (grams) z0 15.45 a z1 38.56 b z2 40.10 b z3 42.56 b z4 46.36 b z5 49 , 00 b bnt 5% 13.60 note: numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference. table 4 shows that the average plant tuber weight was obtained in the treatment of zpt ghos, the highest average tendency was produced by z5 using a dose of zpt ghos 5ml / liter of water which amounted to 49.00 grams but was not significantly different from the results of z1 using zpt ghos dose of 1ml / 1 liter of water which is 38.56 grams, z2 that uses zpt ghosts with a dose of 2ml / 1 liter of water at 40.10 grams, z3 that uses zpt ghos dose of 3ml / 1 liter of water at 42.56 grams and z4 who use the dose of zpt ghosts with a dose of 4ml / 1 liter of water amounted to 46.36 grams but it is significantly different from z0 or without the use of zpt ghosts of 15.45 grams. number of plant bulbs results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of ghp zpt concentrations significantly affected the number of crop tubers. this is according to the data in table 5 below. table 5. average number of bulbs for shallot planting at age 60 days treatment observationage 60 days effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l) sutriyono, bambang wicaksono hariyadi, mahrus ali page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence z0 5.83 a z1 8.16 b z2 8.50 b z3 9.16 b z4 9.83 b z5 10.00 b bnt 5% 1.93 note: numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference. table 5 shows that the average number of crop tubers obtained in the treatment of zpt ghos with different dosages tends to be the highest average produced by z5 using zpt ghos 5ml / liter of water by 10.00 but not significantly different from the z1 treatment using zpt ghos dose 1ml / 1 liter of water) at 8.16, z2 using ghos zpt dose 2 ml / 1 liter of water at 8.50, z3 using ghos zpt dose 3 ml / 1 liter of water at 9.16 and z4 using ghos dose 4 ml / 1 liter of water at 9.83 but significantly different from z0 or without using ghosts) at 5.83. 4. discussion from the results of research using ghosts showed that treatment using ghosts significantly affected several observational parameters namely plant length, number of leaves, plant wet weight, number of tubers and tuber weight. the highest average was obtained by the use of ghos dose of 5 ml per liter of water with a plant length of 30.16 cm when the onion plant was 60 days after planting and the number of leaves was 46.00. the harvest period is carried out at 80 days when the onions experience peak growth development with the characteristics visible signs of more than 60% soft stem necks, fallen plants, and yellowing leaves and many tubers that appear on the surface of the soil. this was expressed by sutarya and grubben (1995). in this study, shallots were harvested with the results of the wet weight of the plant 68.33 grams, the number of tubers 10.00 and the weight of the tubers 49.00 grams. however, statistically the use of ghos zpt with a dose of 5 ml per liter of water was not significantly different from the treatment of zpt ghos of 1 ml per liter of water with a plant length of 29.00 cm, number of leaves 34.83, plant wet weight 58.16 grams, number of tubers 8.16 and tuber weight 38.56 grams and significantly different from onion plants without the use of ghos have a plant length of 23.00 cm, number of leaves 16.33, wet weight of plants 22.10 grams, tuber weight of 15.45 grams, the number of tubers 5.83. effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l) sutriyono, bambang wicaksono hariyadi, mahrus ali page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence giving different zpt ghosts is thought to cause different growth of onion plants and giving certain doses also affects the productivity results of onion plants. this is because zpt ghosts are organic compounds made from natural plant extracts whose main content contains hormones that can encourage the growth and development of plants such as gebellellic acid 0.210 g / l, indole acetic acid 0.130 g / l, kinetin 0.105 g / l and zeatin 0,100 g / l. other content in addition to containing growth hormone zpt ghosts also contains 17 amino acids and vitamins a, d, e and vitamin k, so plants have good growth power (anonimous, 2009). the recommended dosage in the product packaging for tubers is 2ml / l of water but in this study the best results for onion plants are recommended to use only 1ml / l of water. the results showed that the dose of ghos zpt was significantly affected on plant length, number of leaves, plant wet weight, number of tubers and tuber weight. this can be caused by the content of gibberellins in the form of gibberellic acid, auxin in the form of indole acetic acid and the content of cytokinins in the form of zeatin in ghos which growth and development of onion plants. in his research surtinah (2010) also reported that lettuce given zpt ghosts gave the best growth for all of its observational parameters namely germination time, germination speed, seedling height, and seedling transplanting time. this is because ghosts not only contain macro and micro nutrients, but also contain giberalic acid, auxin, cytokinins and zeatin, which are very instrumental in the process of cell division, cell elongation, and various anabolisms in the plant body. according to abidin (1990), gibberellins are very influential on genetic traits, flowering, irradiation, partohenocarpy, mobilization of carbohydrates during germination and other physiological aspects. and for the content of cytokines and auxins in accordance with the opinion of imelda (2008), which states that cytokinins play a role in the multiplication and formation of shoots while auxin plays a role in the formation of roots and cell elongation. the advantage of using this zpt ghoste in addition to being environmentally friendly because it is made from natural plant starch extracts and does not contain ammonia, alcohol, does not contain other toxic substances so it will not damage the soil, the ingredients inside are also needed for the development and growth of all types of plants. this is in accordance with the opinion of azzami (2015) saying that the use of zpt can be applied and can fertilize all types of plants in an effort such as stimulating growth while maintaining the balance of development from leaves, flowers, roots, stems, to the soil. from the leaves that accelerate the growth of leaves become dense, dense, hard, thick and shiny. from the stem that accelerates the development of the stem in making cell division so that large fast. from the flower that is accelerating the release of flowers and not easily fall out. from fruit that is accelerating flower pistil into fruit, the fruit is effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l) sutriyono, bambang wicaksono hariyadi, mahrus ali page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence denser, bigger and contains more delicious and flavorful fruit. from the roots accelerate the growth of new and sturdy roots. while from the soil to improve soil structure. 5. conclusion from the results of observations and analysis of this study the treatment of gh zpt dose significantly affected all observations variables, namely plant length, number of leaves, number of tubers, plant wet weight and tuber weight of onion (allium ascalonicum l.). the treatment of zpt ghos 5ml per liter of water showed the highest growth and yield with a plant length of 30.16 cm, number of leaves 46, wet weight 68.33 grams, number of tubers 10, tuber weight 49 grams, although statistically not significantly different from fertilizer treatment zpt ghosts using a dose of 1ml per liter of water with a plant length of 29 cm, number of leaves 34.83, wet weight of plants 58.16 grams, number of tubers 8.16 and tuber weight of 38.56 grams. references abidin, z. 1990. basics of growth regulatory substances. space.bandung. 85 things. anonymous, 2009. exclusive multipurpose (ghost) superior plant hormones. bogor: mutiara keraton-jimmy & co. trans bisnis indonesia. aryani, d. 2013. 2013. optimization of bap and naa against the growth of semar pouch (nephentes, sp) micro shoots in-vitro. essay. faculty of agriculture and animal husbandry. pekanbaru: sultan syarif kasim riau state islamic university of riau. azzami, 2015. growth regulatory substances. https://mitalom.com/apa-itu-zat-againgrow-zpt /. 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(2018). effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir). agricultural science, 1(2), 68–74. imelda, m., a. wulansari, and ys poerba. 2008. regeneration of buds from iles-iles stalk culture (amorphophallus muelleri blume). biodiversity 9 (3): 173-176. effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l) sutriyono, bambang wicaksono hariyadi, mahrus ali page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence karjadi, ak, and buchory, a. 2008. effect of auxin and cytokinins on growth and development ofnetworks meristem granola cultivar potato. j. hort. 18 (4): 380-4. lina, et al. 2013. the effect of bap and kinetin on ms media on the growth of apical edge explants in teak plants in vitro. lingga p, marsono. 2011. instructions for fertilizer use. jakarta (id):spreadersself-help. marggy, 2010. the effect of growth regulatory substances 2,4-d and bap for the growth of white callus (arachis hypogeae) calluses in murashige-skoog media. https://marggypatrichia.wordpress.com/. [accessed july 30, 2019]. maretza, dt 2009. effect of betung bamboo shoot bamboo dose extract on the growth of sengon seedlings (paraserianthes falcataria l.). research report of the bogor institute of agriculture. prihmantoro, h. 2007. cultivating fruit plants. jakarta: self-help spreaders. rismunandar. 1986. cultivating five types of onions. bandung: publisher sinar baru. rukmana, r. 1994. shallots, cultivation and post harvest processing.yogyakarta: kanisius sartono. 2009. bawang merah, bawang putih, bawang bombay. jakarta: intellectual ciptanusantara. sudirja, 2007. guidelines for growing onions. yogyakarta: canisius. sumarni, n., and a. hidayat. 2005. shallot cultivation. bogor: vegetable research institute. suparman 2010. growing shallots. jakarta: azka press. suriana, n. 2011. onions bring profit onions shallots and garlic . yogyakarta: cahaya atma pustaka. sutarya, r. and g. grubben. 1995. lowland vegetable growing guidelines. yogyakarta: gadjah mada university press. suwahyono, lucky. 2011. practical guidelines foruse of organic fertilizers effective and efficient. jakarta: self-help spreaders tjitrosoepomo, kingpin. 2010. taxonomy spermatophyta plant. yogyakarta: gajah mada university press. wibowo, s. 2007. onion cultivation: garlic, shallot,onion bombay. jakarta: self-help spreaders. wibowo, s. 2009. onion cultivation. jakarta: self-help spreaders. zulkarnain (2009). fundamentals of horticulture. jakarta: earth literacy. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 10 the influence of immersion duration and organic growing organics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatun nisak1, yeni ika pratiwi2, mahrus ali3 faculty of agriculture agrotechnology study program 1,2,3 merdeka university surabaya e-mail: f_neez@yahoo.co abstract: the purpose of this research is to determine the influence of interaction between organic growth regulator concentration and immersion duration time, as well as the influence of each of these factors on germination sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l) cuttings. this study uses a randomized group design (rak) with two factors, immersion duration (p) in 4 levels of p1 (1 minute), p2 (2 min), p 3 (3minutes), and p4 (4 minutes) and two levels of organic plant growth regulator (k), 4 cc/ liter, and 5 cc per liter of water, each treatment is repeated 3 times to obtain 24 treatments. the results reveals that a) there is a significant interaction effect due to immersion duration and concentrations of organic growth regulator to the observed variables: number of roots per plant, root length per plant, gross weight per plant and net weight per plant at the end of the observation b). each factor of both immersion and concentration of organic plant growth provide significant influence on all the variables studied. 0). the highest value on all the variables observed is achieved by k2p4 treatment with concentration of 5 cc/liter and 4 minutes immersion; yet statistically, the optimum value is achieved by treatment k2p3 or influence of k2 and p3treatment. keywords: sugarcane, plant growth regulator, rak. 1. introduction the increasing area of sugarcane plantations also affects the increase in indonesian sugar production although currently cannot meet the needs of domestic consumption. to overcome this problem, the government imports sugar from various producing countries and increasing domestic production. the government effort to increase the production of sugar includes extentification by establishing a sugar factory and ing a new land or area outside java. in addition to the results of sugar per unit area, intensification, rehabilitation and modernization are also optional by paying attention to its agronomy. one important agronomic aspect is in sugar cane cultivation is the condition of the seeds used (anonymous, 1990). the increasing area of sugarcane plantations also increases sugar production with approximately 2.8% growth to 2.85 million tons in 2009 from the previous year of 2.66 million tons. increased production of sugar cane is also supported by the increasing price of sugar that agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 11 encourages farmers to grow sugar cane (anonimous, 2010). furthermore, according to mulyani s. (2008) efforts to increase sugar production especially sugar from sugar cane have been implemented since 1975 through presidential instruction no. 9 of 1975 and increased again in 1980 through accelerated sugar production program. such efforts have been paid off with the achievement of the national sugar production reaching above the level of two million tons per year. in meeting the need of domestic sugar, an effort to increase the yield is use of hormones to trigger early growth of sugarcane as good early growth encourages optimal increase of results as well. according sarjadi (1997), treatment of stem cuttings to accelerate germination includes treatment with growth hormone (growth regulator). risrnunandar (1991) mentions that hormone is a kind of organic material and can be classified in the types of proteins. hormones serve as an element in the metabolism of carbohydrates and other substances.each type of hormone in essence has the power to build, stimulate, and stimulate certain body parts. growth regulators are complex organic compounds synthesized by high-level plants which affect plant growth and development. there are two classes of growth regulators crucially influence growth and morphogenesis in cell culture, tissue and organ, they are cytokinin and auxin. according to abidin (1987), auksin is one of the growth hormones that cannot be separated from the process of growth and development of plants. even if a cutting does not have shoots at the edge, root formation may also occur as long as it is given an iaa or a substance similar to it (thiman and went in dwidjoseputr, 1985). auksin is widely used in plant propagation through cuttings. the aim is to increase the percentage of cuttings to form roots (hartmann et al., 1990). hormone is expected to mke germination of sugarcane to be faster, thus better growth and development. therefore, organic growth regulator substance containing iaa auksin and cytokines is used in this study. 2. research methods this research uses randomized group design (rak), whwas arranged with two factors: organic growth regulator concentration (k) with 2 levels of treatments and immersion duration (p) of 4 levels. of the two factors, 8 combinations, 3 times repetitions makes 24 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 12 combinations of treatments two plant samples for each combination of treatment. factor i, concentration of growth regulator (k): k1 = 4 cc/liter of water, and k2 = 5 cc/liter of water. factor ii is immersion duration (p): p1 = 1 minute, p2 = 2 minutes, p3 = 3 minutes and p4 = 4 minutes. the media used is a mixture of garden soil and manure, 1 kg of manure for each plybag "rb" organic growth with tdn: 535.3100610ao98pt12009 is used as treatment under study both for zpt concentration and immersion duration in sugarcane seedlings. additional materials and equipment used in this study is polybag size 30 x 40 cm with a weight of contents ± 8 kg., scales of analysis, oblique term, ruler, yells, hand spayer, marker, knife, tape measure and stationery. pest and disease control use basudin 60 ec and ditbane m-45. 3. results and discussion 3.1. speed of germination statistical analysis indicates that germination rate improved due to the two factors. the average observational result of speed germination is listed in seen in table 1. table 1. average sugar cane growing rate with immersion and zpt organic concentration at early germination. treatment factor growing speed (days) p1 6.17 b p2 5.67 b p3 1 4.75 a p4 4.17 a bnt 5% 0.69 oraganic zpt concentration k1 5.71 b k2 4.67 a bnt 5% 0.49 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not differ significantly at 5% bnt test. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 13 table 1 shows that p4 provides better results by 4.17 which is significantly differet from p3 by 4.75 days yet both were significantly different from other treatments. in pgr factor concentration treatment, k2 gives better effect than kl treatment; organic zpt concentration of 5 cc/liter is considered more optimal, thus it can stimulate during germination phase which still uses energy derived from the food reserves contained in the cuttings. organic growth regulator is more activate physiological process of plants which leads to significant influence on germination speed. in general, to obtain the growth and development of the optimum sugarcane, early growth or germination and good reproduction can be done. a good germination means a good start of growth and will be the base of a good crop. 3.2. leaf amount statistical analysis shows that both factors do not show significant interaction, yet immersion duration give significant influence in 21 days of observation and 30 days after planting to variable 1, while pgr concentration factor does not show a significant effect on the variable of leaves numbers at all ages observations, as contained in appendix 2. the average number of leaves due immersion duration and and organi regulatorsc in plants can be seen in table 2. table 2. average number of leaves due to immersion duration and organic plant growth regulator at different age of observation (days) after planting treatment observation of leaf number at various age of observation (day after planting) 14 21 30 p1 2.00 7.33 a 10.67 a p2 2.08 7.58 a 11.25 b p3 2.00 7.58 a 11.58 bc p4 2.42 8.25 b 11.92 c bnt 5% tn 0.56 0.41 k1 2.02 7.67 11.33 k2 2.21 7.71 11.38 bnt 5% tn tn tn agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 14 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column, means no different eye on 5% bnt test. table 2 shows that the highest leaf number is reached at p4 treatment by 11.92 which was not significantly different from p3 treatment by 11.58; however, p3 and p4 treatments show better result compared with other treatments. this explains that organic zpt with auxin and cytokinin content is able to stimulate growth, especially in the extension and number of plant leaves, thus affecting other physiological aspects. according rahardja, (1988), concentration of auksin solution provides optimal effect on leaves produced. asicin helps the activity of cell division at the shoot, thus they grow faster and the cells in the young shoot tissue grow longer. according to agustina (1989) in heddy, (1996) that once the seeds grow with root system and leaf size develop perfectly, leaf will support rapid rate of photosynthesis. the results of anabolism or preparation during that period allow for a rapid increase in the size of growth; but the rate of increase in total photosynthate does not always remain high. gradually the plant will decrease the rate of increase of photosynthesis with increasing age of the plant, eventually stop growing and die. 3.3. plants length the results of statistical analysis of plant length shows that two treatment factors does not show significant interaction, meanwhile immersion and organic zpt concentration each has significant effect on all ages of observation on plant length variables, as listed in table 3. the averag of plant length due to immersion treatment and organic growth regulator in sugar cane plant can be seen in table 3. table 3. average length of plants due to immersion and organic pgr in observation treatment observation of leaf number at various age of observation (day after planting) 14 21 30 p1 12.33 a 26.00 a 54.67 a p2 12.83 b 27.50 b 55.92 a agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 15 p3 12.50 ab 27.67 b 57.83 ab p4 13.25 c 29.00 c 59.75 c bnt 5% 0.37 1.06 2.89 k1 2.02 26.92 a 55.92 a k2 2.21 28.17 b 58.17 b bnt 5% 0.26 0.75 2.04 description: the figures are accompanied by the same letter are not significantly different shows on 5% bnt test. table 3 shows that at 30 days after planting, immersion shows that the highest plant length is achieved by p4 by 59,75 cm which is not significantly different from p3 treatment of 57,83 cm; both p3 and p3 are significantly different from other treatments such as p1 and p2. the same thing happened to the organic concentration treatment factor, showed that the highest average length of the plant was achieved by treatment of k2 of 58.17 cm which differed with 55,92 cm of kl treatment at 30 days after planting observation. vegetative growth phase includes growth of roots, stems and leaves. in this phase plant requires result of photosynthesis in the form of carbohydrates which will then be converted into energy for growth. carbohydrates come from endosperm of storage tissue, when growth begins since germination. subsequently carbohydrates are formed from the process of photosynthesis after the plants have leaves. the high level of respiration causes the resulting energy increase, thus the reactions of carbohydrate, fat and protein ingredients in the food reserve quickly break down into soluble compounds and are transransferred to the root growing point. besides carbohydrates, energy for plant is also formed during the process of photosynthesis (ashari, 1995). 3.4. number of roots the result of statistical analysis of root number shows that both treatment factors showed significant interaction, yet immersion and zpt organic respectively also gave a significant effect at the end of observation of 30 days after planting to root variety, as contained in appendix 4 . the average results of the observation on number of roots per plant as a result of the combination treatment is provided in table 4. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 16 table 4. average number of roots per plant due to combination treatments at the end of observation (30 days) after planting combination treatment number of roots per plant k1p1 5.33 a k1p2 17.00 b k1p3 22.00 bc k1p4 26.33 c k2p1 16.67 b k2p2 17.00 b k2p3 26.00 c k2p4 27.67 c bnt 5% 5.37 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column, means not significantly different 5% bnt test. in table 4, effect of the combination treatment between immersion and the concentration of organic zpt on variable of root number per plant at the end of observation age 30 days after planting showed the highest root value per plant is reached at k2p4 treatment that by 27.67 which is not significantly different k2p3 treatment by 26,00, k1p4 treatment by 26,33, k1p3 treatment by 22,00; but the treatment is significantly different from other treatment. organic growth regulator substance is auxin hormone with mechanism to accelerate formation of root cuttings of sugarcane; first, auxin will increase diffusion of water influx into cell, so as fast water available in cells at high concentrations. this causes the process to start the activity of the cells and the enzymes in the cells will be accelerated by auxin which will further increase the respiration activity. the high rate of respiration causes the increase of energy produced, thus decomposition reactions of the ingredients of carbohydrates, fats and proteins contained in fast food reserves break down into compounds that dissolve and translocated to the point of growing roots. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 17 the development of plant roots causes its function in absorbing coal for plants will increase the availability and increasing metabolic processes for the growth and development of plants further. according to sutejo (1992) some macro nutrients such as n, p, k as main nutrients for plant growth, are generally necessary for the formation or growth of vegetative parts of plants such as leaves, stems, and roots. increased plant's photosynthesis process will lead to the synthesis of carbohydrates are increased, then mostly carbohydrates will also be converted into protein, wherein the protein is an essential part of the plasma cell and other functional components. rapid process of formation of roots and shoots of cuttings given organic pgr treatments will make better root system, thus more water and nutrients in the soil can be absorbed by the cuttings (siagian, 1992). 3.5. length of root per plant both treatments show significant interaction, yet immersion and concentration of organic zpt respectively also gives a significant effect at the end of observation of 30 days after planting to variables of root length per plant, as stated in appendix 4. the average result of root length observation per plant due to combination treatment of immersion duration and concentration of regulator "grow organic in sugar cane plant can be seen in table 5. table 5. average root length per plant due to combination treatment between length of immersion and organic growing factor at the end of observation (30 days) after planting. combination treatment number of roots per plant k1p1 34.00 a k1p2 57.00 b c k1p3 40.33 a k1p4 50.00 b k2p1 41.33 a k2p2 37.33 a k2p3 54.33 b c k2p4 65.67 c agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 18 bnt 5% 13.37 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column means not significantly different at 5% bnt test. table shows that effect of combination of immersion and organic zpt on root length is achieved at k2p4 treatment by 65.67 which was not significantly different from k2p3 treatment by 54.33 and kip treatment of 57.00; but the treatment is significantly different from other treatments. table 5 also shows a statistically tendency that higher concentrations of organic zpt concentrations will give less significant effect. this indicates that organic zpt content is a growth hormone solution which can stimulate root formation and root growth. according to salisbury and ross (1992), auxin plays an important role in the process of cell division and enlargement, especially early in the formation of roots, so the formation of the callus will be faster and wider. the larger the part that forms the kallus, the more primordial roots are formed, the more root emerge. according to gardner et al. (1991), hormones are indispensable in the growth of organogenesis including in the formation of roots. appropriate concentration treatment of the solution can increase root initiation and induction, so this concentration is an effective treatment for root induction. 3.6. plants gross wight and net weight the results of statistical analysis of gross weight and net weight per plant show that both treatment factors make significant interaction, but immersion and organic zpt concentration respectively also gave a significant effect at the end of observation of 30 days after planting to variables of gross weight and net weight per plant, as listed in appendix 5. the average gross weight and net weight per plant due to combination treatment of immersion duration factor and concentration of organic growth regulator in sugar cane plant can be seen in table 6. table 6. average gross weight and net weight per plant as a result of combination treatment between immersion duration and concentration of organic growing substances at the end of observation (30 days) after planting. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 19 combination treatment number of roots per plant gross weight per plant k1p1 79.20 a 23.76 a k1p2 127.57 b 38.27 b k1p3 149.53 c 44.86 c k1p4 168.37 d 50.51 d k2p1 170.40 d 51.12 d k2p2 189.83 e 54.08 de k2p3 189.83 e 56.95 e k2p4 194.27 e 58.28 e bnt 5% 5.37 3.63 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column, means not significantly different at 5% bnt test. in table 6, the effect of the combination treatment at the end of observation age of 30 days after planting shows the highest gross weight and net weight per plant is achieved by k2p4 treatment of 194.27 grams and 58.28 grams which is not significantly different from k2p3 treatment, respectively 189.83 grams and 56.95 grams; but the combination of treatments differed significantly with other treatment combinations. better results on variable wet weight of plants and dry weight per plant achieved by treatment k2p4 and k2p3, this is allegedly caused by the development of optimal plant roots due to the influence of organic zpt causing more effective nutrient absorption in the soil, especially macro nutrients ie nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. nitrogen as a component of plasma cells will increase and by increasing plasma cells, then the cell volume increases, so the weight of cells increases which causes the increase of wet weight of the plant. according to gardner et al.(1991), plant growth is indicated by the increase in the size and gross weight of irreversible plants. 4. conclusion there are significant influences as a result of treatment between theimmersion duration and concentration of organic growth regulator on observed variables. the observed variables include number of roots per plant, root length per plant, gross weight per plant and net weight per plant at the end of observation. each factor of both immersion and concentration of organic agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 20 zpt gave significant effect on all the variables studied. the highest value of all observed van'abel was achieved by k2p4 treatment of 5 cc/ liter and 4 min immersion, but statistically, the optimum value was achieved by k2p3 treatment or the effect of k2 treatment and p3 treatment, it can be seen in all variables studied. references [1] anonymous. 2010-a. towards self-sufficiency development of sugar cane plantation. source: htt'ez / [mdataconcoid / a-20 logula.html aaf. 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[14] mulyani, s. 2008. fertilizers and fertilization capa. publisher rineka reserved. jakarta. p 177 v 7 ", i. 1994. plant grow sugarcane crop year. institutions p '*' itan. brawijaya university, malang. p46. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8705 (online) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the influence of immersionduration andorganicgrowingorganics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield fauziatunnisak, yeni ika pratiwi,mahrus ali page | 21 [15] subiyono, 2005. the technical platform for sugar cane cultivation in dry land. department propensi plantation eastern java. [16] sumartini, l., 1989. effect of various concentrations of urine and soaking time on the growth of cuttings of robusta coffee. merdeka university of surabaya. [17] prastowo 'n'. & j'm 'roshetko 2006 .. mechanical plant breeding and propagation vegetatlf fruit. world agroforestry center (icraf) and winrock international, bogor. indonesia. p 100. [18] sarjadi, 1997. mechanical planting sugarcane. yogyakarta plantation educational institutions. p 38. [19] sutejo, mm, 1992. fertilizers and how fertilization, rineka copyright jakarta p 174. [20] sutopo, l. 1988. the seed technology. rajawali. jakarta. p 243. [21] yitnosumarto, s ,. 1991. experimental design, analysis and his interpretation. pt. gramedia pustaka utama. jakarta. p 299. utilization of household organic waste as solid fertilizer with maggot black soldier fly (bsf) as a degradation agent deffi ayu puspito sari*, darmono taniwiryono, richa andreina, prismita nursetyowati, diki surya irawan, aqil azizi, prima hadi putra page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index utilization of household organic waste as solid fertilizer with maggot black soldier fly (bsf) as a degradation agent deffi ayu puspito sari* 1 , darmono taniwiryono 2 , richa andreina 1 , prismita nursetyowati 1 , diki surya irawan 1, aqil azizi 1 , prima hadi putra 3 1 environmental engineering universitas bakrie, 12940, indonesia 2 homebase innovation center, indonesia 3 pt duta danadyaksa teknologi (dd tekno), indonesia * corresponding author e-mail: deffiayu@gmail.com article history: received: january 18, 2022; accepted: march 10, 2022 abstract household waste still becomes a national problem as it causes air, soil and water pollution and disturbs aesthetics. for this reason, comprehensive and integrated waste management from upstream to downstream needs to be carried out in order to provide economic and health benefits for the community and be safe for the environment. organic waste processing can be performed using black soldier fly (bsf). bsf is a type of fly that can eat household organic waste, making this fly is widely used as an alternative to processing organic waste, especially from households. this research uses an experimental method of cultivation scale and produces a by-product in the form of solid fertilizer which then compared with the decree of the minister of agriculture of the republic of indonesia no. 261 of 2019 concerning organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer and soil improvement. from laboratory tests, the parameters of c-organic, c/n, by-products, ph, macronutrients, heavy metals, micronutrients, and biological analysis met the quality standards. keywords : maggot black soldier fly (bsf), solid fertilizer, organic waste 1. introduction garbage generally consists of organic and non-organic waste. organic waste can cause air, soil and water pollution. organic waste that enters water bodies can cause high turbidity values and result in reduced light intensity entering the water (irawan, sari, & putriahalya, 2021). waste management, either by the community or the local government, is still not optimal. one of the waste managements that has a negative impact on public health and the environment is the burning of waste. organic waste that is burned directly produces several by-products that have an impact on the environment such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide (sari & falatehan, 2020). therefore, waste processing needs to get special handling and attention from all parties because waste can create health risks for city workers, community and environment (fairus, rohajawati, nursetyowati, irawan, & sari, 2020). utilization of household organic waste as solid fertilizer with maggot black soldier fly (bsf) as a degradation agent deffi ayu puspito sari*, darmono taniwiryono, richa andreina, prismita nursetyowati, diki surya irawan, aqil azizi, prima hadi putra page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index organic waste has potential to be used as fertilizer (ali, nisak, & pratiwi, 2020), and the addition of organic fertilizer can improve soil biological fertility which was generally low (purba et al., 2020), (purba, j. h., wahyuni, & febryan, 2019). currently, organic waste can be managed by using the black soldier fly or commonly called the maggot black soldier fly (bsf). maggot bsf is a type of insect that is very appropriate for processing organic waste (dortmans, diener, ver and (sari, taniwiryono, andreina, nursetyowati, & irawan, 2022). maggot bsf can decompose organic waste containing 60% to 90% water content. in addition, for the nutritional needs of maggot black soldier fly, the ingredients are high in protein and carbohydrates which are good for larvae. waste processing with bsf maggot can be an alternative because it does not have a negative impact on the environment. following good waste management can be done to prevent greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions, therefore its role in mitigating climate change is important (sari & falatehan, 2020). bsf larvae can consume a wide variety of foods. the versatility of the foods makes bsf an ideal insect for protein production. bsf larvae can be fed a variety of foods such as kitchen waste, fruits, vegetables, liver, fish waste, urban waste, human waste, and animal waste (yuwono & mentari, 2018), (sari et al., 2022) and (siddiqui et al., 2022). production process waste, such as palm oil production waste, can also be used as food for bsf. waste from palm oil processing is divided into solid and liquid waste. solid waste is in the form of empty fruit bunches, fibre, and shells (sari et al., 2019). solid waste can also be treated using bsf maggots (sari et al., 2022). the nutrient requirements of adult flies are influenced by several factors, one of which is the fat content that is stored during the pupa stage (makkar, tran, heuzé, & ankers, 2014). therefore, the fly dies when the fat stores are depleted. 2. research method this study uses primary data obtained from experimental results. the data is then analysed using secondary data from the decree of the minister of agriculture of the republic of indonesia no. 261 of 2019 concerning organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer and soil improvement. the results of data analysis are displayed in descriptive form in the form of pictures and tables. the manufacture of solid fertilizer is done by feeding maggot with home organic waste. after one month, the compost is harvested and samples of solid organic fertilizer are made. organic solid fertilizer that has become a product is then tested in the laboratory. the utilization of household organic waste as solid fertilizer with maggot black soldier fly (bsf) as a degradation agent deffi ayu puspito sari*, darmono taniwiryono, richa andreina, prismita nursetyowati, diki surya irawan, aqil azizi, prima hadi putra page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index results of sample testing were analysed based on the decree of the minister of agriculture of the republic of indonesia no. 261 of 2019 concerning organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer and soil improvement. figure 1. research flow diagram, the production of solid fertilizer from bsf residue (kasgot) parameters to be tested to determine the quality of solid organic fertilizer include c-organic, c/n, by-products, moisture content, ph, heavy metal values (as, hg, pb, and cd), macronutrient values (n, p, and cd). k), micronutrient values (total fe, available fe, total mn, and total zn), as well as biological analysis in the form of (e.coli, and salmonella sp.). in this study, the quality standard of solid fertilizer was used with enriched microbes. the quality standards for solid fertilizers used are as follows: table 1. solid fertilizer quality standard no. parameter unit quality standard pure enriched with microbes 1. corganic % min 15 min 15 2. c/n ratio ≤ 5 ≤ 5 3. associated materials (plastic, glass, gravel) % maximum 2 maximum 2 degradation of organic waste with bsf laboratory test of bsf residue analysis of test result and compare with regulation utilization of household organic waste as solid fertilizer with maggot black soldier fly (bsf) as a degradation agent deffi ayu puspito sari*, darmono taniwiryono, richa andreina, prismita nursetyowati, diki surya irawan, aqil azizi, prima hadi putra page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index no. parameter unit quality standard pure enriched with microbes 4. water content % 8 20 10 25 5. heavy metal as ppm max 10 max 10 hg ppm max 1 max 1 pb ppm max 50 max 50 cd ppm max 2 max 2 cr ppm max 180 max 180 ni ppm max 50 max 50 6. ph 4 9 4 9 7. hara macro (n+p₂o₅+k₂o % min 2 8. contaminant microbes: e.coli mpn/gr < 1 x 10² < 1 x 10² salmonella mpn/gr < 1 x 10² < 1 x 10² 9. functional microbes: cfu/ gr ≥ x ⁵ 10. granule size 2 5 mm % min 75 min 75 11. micro nutrients: fe total ppm max 15.000 max 15.000 fe available ppm max 500 max 500 zn ppm max 5000 max 5000 12 other elements la ppm max 2000 max 2000 ce source: ministry of agriculture of the republic of indonesia no. 261 of 2019 3. result and discussion utilization of household organic waste as solid fertilizer with maggot black soldier fly (bsf) as a degradation agent deffi ayu puspito sari*, darmono taniwiryono, richa andreina, prismita nursetyowati, diki surya irawan, aqil azizi, prima hadi putra page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index solid organic fertilizer comes from residual waste from processing with bsf maggot. waste processing using this method reduces the negative impact of waste on the environment such as water and air pollution. by utilizing organic waste into solid fertilizer, water pollution can be avoided because waste from people's domestic activities in the form of food waste causes high cod values and reduces oxygen if it enters water bodies (irawan et al., 2021). on the other hand, the direct method of burning waste can produce emissions (sari & falatehan, 2020). in this study, samples of solid fertilizer were taken from 3 points but still in the same reactor. a sample of 1 kg was used for laboratory tests. according to (simanungkalit, suriadikarta, setyorini, saraswati, & hartatik, 2006), decomposition products in solid form can be referred to as solid compost or organic solid fertilizer. the manufacture of products from organic waste can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions because the process of degradation of residual production waste can produce emissions (sari, fadiilah, & azizi, 2019). the use of organic solid fertilizers can increase the content of organic matter in the soil so that it can maintain and increase the fertility of agricultural soil. solid organic fertilizers can have a function in improving the quality of physical, chemical and biological fertility of the soil. from the results of laboratory tests for solid organic fertilizers, the value of heavy metal content, 2 samples with microbial contaminants in the form of e.coli and 10 samples with microbial contaminants in the form of salmonella sp. are according to quality standards. however, the value of macronutrients, micronutrients and e.coli bacteria from 7 samples did not meet the quality standards. the high content of heavy metals can harm the community (fairus et al., 2020). the results of laboratory tests are as follows: table 2. solid fertilizer test results test parameters unit quality standards unit res ult note corganic % min 15 % 45,6 5 meet quality standards c/n ≤ 5 15 meet quality standards additional material % max 2 % 0 meet quality standards water content % 10 25 % 75,5 does not meet quality standards utilization of household organic waste as solid fertilizer with maggot black soldier fly (bsf) as a degradation agent deffi ayu puspito sari*, darmono taniwiryono, richa andreina, prismita nursetyowati, diki surya irawan, aqil azizi, prima hadi putra page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index ph 4 9 8,4 meet quality standards macro nutrient n % min 2 % 3,05 meet quality standards p₂o₅ % min 2 % 3,18 meet quality standards k₂o % min 2 % 1,39 does not meet quality standards heavy metal hg ppm max 1 ppm td meet quality standards pb ppm max 50 ppm 6 meet quality standards cd ppm max 2 ppm 0,4 meet quality standards as ppm max 10 ppm td meet quality standards micro nutrient fe total ppm max 15.000 ppm 1.98 5 meet quality standards fe available ppm max 500 ppm 438 meet quality standards zn total ppm max 5000 ppm 410 meet quality standards biological analysis e.coli mpn/ gr < 1 x 10² mpn/ gr <30 meet quality standards salmonella sp mpn/ gr < 1 x 10² mpn/ gr 92 meet quality standards source: laboratory test results in table 2, the value of the water content in the sample is 75.5%. when compared with the quality standard used by 10 -25%, the value of the water content in the sample is very high and does not match the quality standard. the water content resulting from the decomposition of bsf maggots had higher yields (eka kusumawati, sapta dewi, & sunaryanto, 2018). this can happen because in the decomposition process, bsf maggot also metabolizes and releases its excretion products in the form of solid and liquid residues in a more humid condition. in addition, high water content can be caused by organic waste. according to researchers, to reduce water content, organic waste should not have high-water content. still from table 2, the value of macronutrients in the form of nitrogen (n), phosphorus (p), and potassium (k), when compared with the quality standard used for a minimum macronutrient content of 2%, is in accordance with the quality standard used. however, the value of potassium (k) is not in accordance with the quality standard. the high value of utilization of household organic waste as solid fertilizer with maggot black soldier fly (bsf) as a degradation agent deffi ayu puspito sari*, darmono taniwiryono, richa andreina, prismita nursetyowati, diki surya irawan, aqil azizi, prima hadi putra page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index potassium can be caused by the formation of organic acids during the faster decomposition process (hidayati, benito, kurnani, marlina, & harlia, 2011). the low value of macronutrients in the form of potassium (k) can be caused by the composting process that is too fast or the harvesting of leachate too early. figure 2. the harvest of organic waste residues figure 3. organic waste residue as solid fertilizer 4. conclusion from the laboratory test for the manufacture of solid fertilizer, the value of c-organic, c/n, by-products, ph, heavy metals, micro nutrients, e.coli, salmonella sp., and f-solvent bacteria met the quality standards. however, the value of water content, micro nutrients in the form of potassium values did not meet the quality standards. suggestion suggestions proposed following this research are as follows: utilization of household organic waste as solid fertilizer with maggot black soldier fly (bsf) as a degradation agent deffi ayu puspito sari*, darmono taniwiryono, richa andreina, prismita nursetyowati, diki surya irawan, aqil azizi, prima hadi putra page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index 1. it is necessary to do further research using a dry type reactor or biopond considering the reactor used in this research was a continuous and wet type bioreactor so that the water content in solid fertilizer exceeds the quality standard; 2. composting needs to be done longer so that the results obtained can meet the quality standards. acknowledgement this research has been funded by ministry education, culture, research and technology, indonesia (ptupt scheme), and universitas bakrie with contract number 1868/e4/ak.04/2021; 309/e4.1/ak.04.pt/2021; 3511/ll3/kr/2021; 126/spk/lpp-ub/vii/2021, and 141/spk/lppub/vii/2021 refrences ali, m., nisak, f., & pratiwi, y. i. (2020). pemanfaatan limbah cair ikan tuna terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman pakchoy dengan wick system hydroponik. agro bali : agricultural journal, 3(2), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.37637/ab.v3i2.616 ( proses pengolahan sampah organik dengan black soldier fly (bsf) proses pengolahan sampah organik dengan black soldier fly (bsf) panduan langkah-langkah lengkap dorf. retrieved from https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/domain1/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/swm/bsf/bu ku_panduan_bsf_lr.pdf eka kusumawati, p., sapta dewi, y., & sunaryanto, r. (2018). pemanfaatan larva lalat black soldier fly (hermetia illucens) untuk pembuatan pupuk kompos padat dan pupuk kompos cair. jurnal hama dan penyakit tumbuhan, 1(1), 1–12. fairus, s., rohajawati, s., nursetyowati, p., irawan, d. s., & sari, d. a. p. (2020). the identification of occurrence and composition of hazardous medical waste at depok city public health center. humanities and social sciences reviews, 8(1), 440–447. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8155 hidayati, y. a., benito, t., kurnani, a., marlina, e. t., & harlia, e. (2011). kualitas pupuk cair hasil pengolahan feses sapi potong menggunakan saccharomyces cereviceae (liquid fertilizer quality produced by beef cattle feces fermentation using saccharomyces cereviceae). jurnal ilmu ternak universitas padjadjaran, 11(2), 104–107. https://doi.org/10.24198/jit.v11i2.387 irawan, d. s., sari, d. a. p., & putriahalya, r. a. a. (2021). study of the carrying capacity of the environment case study: the simanindo area, samosir regency, north sumatra. agro bali: agricultural journal, 4(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.37637/ab.v4i1.688 makkar, h. p. s., tran, g., heuzé, v., & ankers, p. (2014). state-of-the-art on use of insects as utilization of household organic waste as solid fertilizer with maggot black soldier fly (bsf) as a degradation agent deffi ayu puspito sari*, darmono taniwiryono, richa andreina, prismita nursetyowati, diki surya irawan, aqil azizi, prima hadi putra page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index animal feed. animal feed science and technology, 197, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.008 purba, j. h., wahyuni, p. s., & febryan, i. (2019). kajian pemberian pupuk kandang ayam pedaging dan pupuk hayati terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil petsai (brassica chinensis l.). agro bali : agricultural journal, 2(2), 77–88. purba, j. h., wahyuni, p. s., zulkarnaen, z., sasmita, n., yuniti, i. g. a. d., & pandawani, n. p. (2020). growth and yield response of shallot (allium ascalonicum l. var. tuktuk) from different source materials applied with liquid biofertilizers. nusantara bioscience, 12(2), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n120207 sari, d. a. p., fadiilah, d., & azizi, a. (2019). utilization of palm oil mill effluent (pome) for biogas power plant; its economic value and emission reduction. journal of advanced research in dynamical and control systems, 11(7), 465–470. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/bhfd9 sari, d. a. p., & falatehan, a. f. (2020). characteristics of peat biomass as an alternative energy and its impact on the environment. sari, d. a. p., taniwiryono, d., andreina, r., nursetyowati, p., & irawan, d. s. (2022). pembuatan pupuk organik cair dari hasil pengolahan sampah organik rumah tangga dengan bantuan larva black soldier fly (bsf). agro bali : agricultural journal, 5(1), 102– 112. https://doi.org/10.37637/ab.v5i1.848 dd q a r w r h y t p n w dy y w n n ’ k … n d l a. (2022). black soldier fly larvae (bsfl) and their affinity for organic waste processing. waste management, 140(october 2021), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.044 simanungkalit, r. d. m., suriadikarta, d. a., setyorini, d., saraswati, r., & hartatik, w. (2006). pupuk organik dan pupuk hayati. yuwono, a. s., & mentari, p. d. (2018). black soldier fly ( bsf ) penggunaan larva ( maggot ) dalam pengolahan limbah organik. page |efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam)applicatio yield of situbagendit rice variety on rainfed lowland rice achmad fatchul aziez*, setie harieni, daryanti, dan dika saputra agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam) applicatio yield of situbagendit rice variety on rainfed lowland rice achmad fatchul aziez*1), setie harieni1), daryanti1), dan dika saputra2) 1)program study agrotechnology, faculty of agriculture, tunas pembangunan university, surakarta 2) student of program study agrotechnology, faculty of agriculture, tunas pembangunan university, surakarta *) corresponding author :achmad.aziez@yahoo.com abstract the area of rainfed lowland rice in indonesia was 3,292,578 ha or 24% of the total area of rice, but the used is still very small, so that opportunities are still open for the development of rice plants. the main constraints on rainfed lowland are drought stress and inefficient use of nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) nutrients. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the efficient use of nitrogen and phosphorus in rice planted in rainfed lowland. this research was conducted in rainfed lowland in april to july 2019 in the village of demangan, sambi, boyolali, central java. the research method was a randomized completely block design. factor 1: doses of nitrogen fertilizer (n) 0; 45; 90; 135 kg/ha. factor 2: phosphorus dose (p) 0; 25; 50; 75 kg/ha. observations included the number of total tillers, number of productive tillers, panicle number, panicle length, 1000 grain weight, and grain weight per plot. data analysis was analysis of variance. if there was a difference between treatments then it was tested further by using duncan's new multiple range test at 5% level. to know the relationship of direct and indirect influence, regression and correlation analysis were done. data were analyzed by computer using sas for window 9.0 programs. the results showed that the application of vam could save the use of nitrogen fertilizer and eliminate the use of phosphorus fertilizer. keywords: nitrogen, phosphorus, situbagendit variety of rice, rainfed lowland rice, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza 1. introduction rice was one of the main food sources consumed by nearly three billion people of the world. rice was also a food commodity that is able to meet 32% of calorie needs (sarwar and kanif, 2005; bouman et al., 2001). the total area of rice in the world is estimated to reach 148 million ha, of which 70 million ha is irrigated rice field, while lowland rice and upland rice reach 54 million ha and 14 million ha respectively. of the total world rice production, 75% of them are produced from the irrigated page |efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam)applicatio yield of situbagendit rice variety on rainfed lowland rice achmad fatchul aziez*, setie harieni, daryanti, dan dika saputra agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence paddy system, while 19% and 4% are contributed from rainfed and upland rice (maclean et al, 2002). increased productivity of rainfed lowland rice is hampered by various obstacles, one of which is water stress (drought) and inefficiency of fertilizer absorption. one alternative that can be done to improve the efficiency of p fertilizer absorption is through the use of mva (permanasari et al., 2016). this fungus can symbiosis with roots and has an important role in plant growth, both ecologically and agronomically (hidayati & huda, 2018). these roles include increasing the uptake of p and other nutrients, such as n, k, zn, co, s and mo from the soil, increasing drought resistance, improving soil aggregation, increasing soil microbial growth that is beneficial for host growth and protecting plants from root pathogen infections (sukarno, 2003; bolan, 1991). this is also reinforced by bolduc and hijri (2010) that mycorrhizae increase the efficiency of nutrient uptake, increase plant resistance to pathogens and abiotic stress. mycorrhiza can increase nutrient absorption, especially p and other nutrients (n, k, ca, mg, cu, mn, and zn), production of hormones and growth regulators, and resistance to drought, root pathogens (fujihara et al., 2013) and heavy metals (paul and clark, 1996). some other research results show that inoculation of mycorrhizal can increase n and p nutrient uptake in soybean plants (mieke et al., 1999), increase p uptake in wheat (permanasari, 2016), increase the efficiency of p fertilizer used and reduced the applications of p lime on acid soils, as well as increasing crop yields of soybeans, peanuts, green beans, corn and sweet potatoes (simanungkalit, 1999). noviani and majid (2009) stated that the use of mycorrhizae as biological fertilizer greatly helps the process of reducing nutrients that are absorbed in colloidal soils due to low ph or al and fe activity. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vam in the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in the yield of situbagendit rice variety on rainfed lowland rice. 2. materials and methods this research was carried out from april to july 2019 in rainfed lowland rice with regosol in demangan, sambi, boyolali with an altitude of 130 m above sea level. this study used a factorial complete randomized block design with nitrogen fertilizer doses of 0; 45; 90; 135 kg/ha and phosphorus doses of 0; 25; 50; 75 kg/ha and repeated three times. soil processing is done by plowing, then given manure at a dose of 10 tons / ha, plot size 4.0 m x 1.2 m, the distance between plots is 15 cm. urea and sp36 fertilizers were given according to the treatment and kcl fertilizer at a dose of 75 kg / ha. observations included total number of page |efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam)applicatio yield of situbagendit rice variety on rainfed lowland rice achmad fatchul aziez*, setie harieni, daryanti, dan dika saputra agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence tillers, number of productive tillers, panicles number, panicle length, 1000 grain weights, and plot grain weights. data analysis was analysis of variance. if there was a difference between treatments then it was tested further by using duncan's new multiple range test (dmrt) at 5% level. to know the relationship of direct and indirect influence, regression and correlation analysis were done. data were analyzed by computer using sas for window 9.0 programs. 3. results and discussion based on analysis variance (table 1.) the total number of tillers and the number of productive tillers was influenced by the interaction between the nitrogen dose and the amount of phosphorus dose, while the number of panicles, panicle length, 1000 grain weight and grain / plot weight were not affected by the interaction between the nitrogen dose and the phosphorus dose. the highest total number of tillers in the treatment without p fertilizer, reached a dose of n 90 kg / ha but did not differ from the dose 135 kg/ha and the dose 45 kg/ha (table 2.). the least number of total tillers in the treatment without p fertilizer was achieved without n fertilizer treatment (purwanti, hidayati, & nurlina, 2017). the total number of tillers was affected by photosynthesis which occurred during the vegetative phase, and photosynthesis was influenced by the element nitrogen. nutrient n in plants functions as forming of leaf green matter (chlorophyll) and protein forming element table 1. the analysis variance of yield component of rice variety after the application of vam in rainfed lowland rice (g) treatment total number of tillers number of productive tillers panicle number panicle length weight of 1000 grains grain weight / plot nitrogen (n) 13.30** 12.95 ** 4.09 * 2.37 ns 0.28 ns 3.94 * phosphor (p) 1.26 ns 3.00 * 2.10 ns 0.21 ns 0.96 ns 0.22 ns n x p 7.28** 7.97 ** 1.26 ns 1.29ns 0.62 ns 2.08 ns note : ** = very significant, * = significant, ns = non significant table 2. effect interaction dosage of nitrogen and phosphor to the total number of tillers of rice variety after the application of vam in rainfed lowland rice (g) dosage of nitrogen (kg/ha) dosage of phosphor (kg/ha) mean0 25 50 75 0 10.067 f 10.500 d-f 10.500 d-f 9.667 f 10.184 45 13.333 b-f 14.000 a-e 16.067 ab 15.333 a-c 14.683 90 14.967 a-c 11.733 c-f 13.867 a-f 17.867 a 14.608 page |efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam)applicatio yield of situbagendit rice variety on rainfed lowland rice achmad fatchul aziez*, setie harieni, daryanti, dan dika saputra agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence 135 14.400 a-d 16.533 ab 16.200 ab 15.867 a-c 15.750 mean 13.192 13.192 14.159 14.684 (+) note : the numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to dmrt 5% the highest total number of tillers in the treatment dose p 75 kg / ha, achieved at a nitrogen dose of 90 kg / ha and was not different from the dose of 45 kg / ha and a dose of 135 kg / ha, but significantly different from the treatment without nitrogen fertilizer. this is thought to be the role of mycorrhizal fungi. mycorrhizal fungi have the ability to convert nutrients into plants, including nitrogen nutrients. thus any dose does not affect the total number of tillers. the total number of tillers without nitrogen fertilization was no difference in the various p doses tested compared with controls (ali, hosir, & nurlina, 2017). this is because of the role of mycorrhizae. mycorrhiza is able to absorb p nutrients and other nutrients from the soil into the root system of rice plants. p nutrient that functions as energy storage and transfer, is an important component in nucleic acids, coenzymes, nucleotides, phosphoproteins, phospholipids and phosphate sugars. (dierolf et al. 2000). the total number of tillers was positively correlated (r = 0.73 **) with the number of productive tillers (table 6). the more total number of tillers results in the number of productive tillers. the number of productive tillers without the application of phosphorus fertilization (table 3) was achieved at a nitrogen dose of 90 kg / ha which was not different from the 45 kg / ha dose and 135 kg / ha dose, but different from without nitrogen / control fertilization. this is in tune with 75 kg / ha of phosphorus. this is because of the role of nitrogen as a constituent of chlorophyll, chlorophyll as an important element in photosynthesis. with maximum photosynthesis, the number of productive tillers is also maximal. nitrogen is involved in many plant compounds such as proteins, chlorophyll, enzymes, hormones, alkaloids and vitamins (irfan et al., 2016). the number of productive tillers has a positive correlation (r = 049 **) with the number of panicles, meaning that the number of panicle productive shoots will increase. table 3. effect interaction dosage of nitrogen and phosphor to the number of productive tillers of rice variety after the application of vam in rainfed lowland rice (g) dosage of n (kg/ha) dosage of p (kg/ha) mean 0 25 50 75 0 6.300 f 6.500 f 6.867 ef 7.833 c-f 6.875 45 8.833 b-f 10.167 a-d 9.833 a-e 10.400 a-d 9.808 90 12.067 ab 9.167 b 10.833 a-c 12.000 ab 8.767 135 11.533 ab 7.400 d-f 12.600 a 11.300 ab 10.708 mean 9.683 8.309 10.033 10.383 (+) note : the numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to dmrt 5% page |efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam)applicatio yield of situbagendit rice variety on rainfed lowland rice achmad fatchul aziez*, setie harieni, daryanti, dan dika saputra agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence in the number of panicles per clump (table 4) there was no interaction between the dose of nitrogen and the dose of phosphorus (table 4). the number of panicles in the n fertilizer treatment, the highest number of panicles at a dose of 135 kg / ha but did not differ from the 45 dose or 90 kg dose the number of panicles was achieved at least without fertilizing n. the number of panicles did not correlate with panicle length (r = 0.07ns), 1000 grain weight (r = 0.04ns) and grain / plot weight (r = 0.17ns) the panicle length treatment (table 4.) was in tune with the number of panicles. the longest panicle length was at a dose of 135 kg / ha but it was no different from the dosage of n 45 or 90 kg / ha. the shortest panicle length was achieved without fertilizing n. the panicle length of the rice plant was wrong. one indicator that determines the number of seeds found in panicles. the longer panicles usually the number of seeds in panicles more and more. photosynthate translocation during panicle initiation as directed for panicle extension (yoshida, 1981; matsuo and hoshikawa, 1993) panicle length was negatively correlated with the weight of 1000 grains (r = 0.65 **), the longer the panicle the weight of 1000 grains decreased. table 4. effect of nitrogen fertilizer to the number of panicle, length of panicle (cm), 1000 grain weight (g), and grain weight per plot (200 cm x 120 cm) (cm)(g) of rice variety after the application of vam in rainfed lowland rice (g) parameters dosageof nitrogen (kg/ha) 0 45 90 145 panicle number 11.72 b 14.44 a 14.25 a 15.20 a panicle length(cm) 22.92 b 25.33 ab 26.83 a 26.92 a weight of 1000 grains(g) 22.67 a 21.33 a 20.42 a 22.08 a grain weight / plot(g) 594.17 b 751.33 ab 866.08 a 865.67 a note : the numbers in the same raw followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to dmrt 5% in the treatment of phosphorus dosage (table 5), panicle length, 1000 grain weight and grain / plot weight there was no difference between fertilized and not fertilized phosphorus, also phosphorus doses of 25 and 50 kg / ha were not different from without fertilized phosphorus. the weight of 1000 grain does not affect the interaction between the dose of nitrogen with the dose of phosphorus. the effect of a single dose of nitrogen and the effect of a single dose of phosphorus show the same pattern ie there is no difference between fertilized and not fertilized. the weight of 1000 grain is influenced by genetic factors compared to external factors including fertilization. this is supported by horie et al. (2006) that the weight of 1000 grains tends to be page |efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam)applicatio yield of situbagendit rice variety on rainfed lowland rice achmad fatchul aziez*, setie harieni, daryanti, dan dika saputra agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence influenced by genetic factors of a variety compared to environmental factors. weight of 1000 grains is reflected in the size of quality, i.e. high grain yields are usually small sized but available in large quantities. the weight of 1000 grain is negatively correlated with the weight of grain / plot (r = -0.61 **), meaning that more grain is produced, the quality or size of the grain will be smaller. grain weight / plot there is no interaction between the dose of nitrogen with the dose of phosphorus. on the sole influence of nitrogen, grain weight / plot between fertilized nitrogen differs from that of fertilized nitrogen. weight of grain / plot with doses of nitrogen 45; 90 and 135 kg / ha there is no difference (table 4.). nitrogen (n) occupies a conspicuous place in the plant metabolism system. all vital processes in plants are associated with proteins, of which nitrogen is an essential constituent. consequently to get more crop production, nitrogen application is indispensable and unavoidable. nitrogen plays a key role in agriculture by increasing of crop yield (massignam et al., 2009). nitrogen not only enhances the yield but also improves the food quality (ullah et al., 2010). the optimum rate of n increases photosynthetic processes, leaf area of production, leaf area duration as well as net assimilation rate (ahmad et al., 2009). on the single effect of phosphorus, doses of 25; 50 and 75 kg / ha did not differ from controls (without p fertilization) (table 5.), this is because mycorrhiza are able to absorb nutrients especially p into the roots so that there is no difference between fertilized p with no fertilization. this is in tune with the research of yudha et al (2015). according to indriani et al. (2011), besides transporting phosphorus, mycorrhiza also transports other nutrients to host plants such as ammonium, calcium, sulfur, potassium, zinc, copper and water. mycorrhizae according to simanungkalit (2006) is also a biological fertilizer that can increase nutrient uptake especially phosphorus (p). mycorrhiza is able to absorb p from p mineral sources that are difficult to dissolve because it produces organic acids and phosphatase enzymes (sufardi, 1999). table 5. effect of phosphorus fertilizer to the number of panicle, length of panicle (cm), 1000 grain weight (g), and grain weight per plot (200 cm x 120 cm) (cm)(g)of rice variety after the application of vam in rainfed lowland rice (g) parameters dosage of phosphor (kg/ha) 0 25 50 75 panicle number 13.00 b 13.50 ab 13.64 ab 15.47 a panicle length(cm) 25.33 a 26.25 a 25.50 a 24.92 a weight of 1000 grains (g) 19.75 a 21.92 a 24.00 a 20.83 a grain weight / plot (g) 769.42 a 761.75 a 736.00 a 810.08 a page |efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam)applicatio yield of situbagendit rice variety on rainfed lowland rice achmad fatchul aziez*, setie harieni, daryanti, dan dika saputra agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence note : the numbers in the same raw followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to dmrt 5% furthermore lakitan (2012), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi infect plant roots by forming hyphae internally in cortical tissue, then hyphae extending out the roots (external hyphae) and assisting the roots in absorbing water and nutrients. from the results of research by rini et al (2017) the application of mycorrhiza in dryland the results are better than without the application of mycorrhiza. in the study area the author is a rainfed area so aerobic conditions often occur because there is rarely rain. table 6. the analysis of correlation yield component of rice variety after the application of vam in rainfed lowland rice (g) parameter total number of tillers number of productive tillers panicle number panicle length weight of 1000 grains grain weight / plot total number of tillers 0.73** 0.68** 0.06 ns 0.12 ns 0.24 ns number of productive tillers 0.49** 0.07 ns 0.19 ns 0.17 ns panicle number 0.07 ns 0.04ns 0.17 ns panicle length 0.65 ** 0.72 ** weight of 1000 grains 0.61 ** grain weight / plot 4. conclusion the results showed that the application of vam could save the use of nitrogen fertilizer and eliminate the use of phosphorus fertilizer. acknowledgement the first author would like to thank the directorate general of higher education, ministry of research, technology and higher education of the republic of indonesia for providing competition research grant. references ahmad, s., r. ahmad, m.y. ashraf, m. ashraf and e.a. waraich, (2009). sunflower (helianthus annuusl.) response to drought stress at germination and seedling growth stages. pak. j. botany, 41(2):647-654. page |efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam)applicatio yield of situbagendit rice variety on rainfed lowland rice achmad fatchul aziez*, setie harieni, daryanti, dan dika saputra agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agrisciencethis is under ccbysa licence ali, m., hosir, a., & nurlina, n. 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(1981). fundamentals of rice crop science. the international rice research institute. los banos, laguna, philippines yudha., b.p.k., b. hermiyanto, and r. soedradjad, (2015). the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and rock phosphate application on upland rice growth. berkala ilmiah penelitian 1(1). analysis of social capital in the women farmers group of dorang cinta, surabaya city dwiyana anela kurniasari*, andri krisna dianto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of social capital in the women farmers group of dorang cinta, surabaya city dwiyana anela kurniasari *1 , andri krisna dianto 1 1 agribusiness, faculty of agriculture, wiyaja putra university, surabaya city, indonesia. *corresponding author e-mail: dwiyanaanela@uwp.ac.id article history: received: july 28, 2021; accepted: september 13, 2021 abstract social capital is one of the capitals that can be used for farmers to strengthen their groups. this social capital is one aspect that can make people join so that they can achieve common goals based on the aspect of togetherness, bound by trust, based on norms and values that are upheld and adhered to by the community as well as a good communication network. the aims of this study are: (1) to describe the social and economic conditions of the members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group in surabaya. (2) analyzing social capital in the dorang cinta women's farmer group, surabaya city. the location of the research was carried out purposively, namely in rt 10 rw 03, perak barat village, krembangan district, surabaya city in the dorang cinta women's farmer group. the data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. the data analysis method in this study is a descriptive method using a questionnaire containing a list of questions that have been compiled in the form of a likert scale. analyzing social capital consists of several elements, namely: (1) trust and norms. the conclusion of this study is that the social capital of members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group is included in the high category, namely 3.66. the assessment of each element of social capital which consists of trust and norms is included in the high category. keywords: social capital, women's farmer group 1. introduction farmer groups are a forum for farmers to exchange information. the formation of this farmer group is one of the efforts in realizing agricultural development to strengthen cooperation and mutual cooperation among farmers. according to rumagit (2019), this farmer group was formed with the aim of helping to deal with various kinds of problems, challenges and obstacles to agricultural activities. solving problems in groups needs to pay attention to the underlying social aspects, so that the solutions that will be given can be in accordance with the problems at hand. social capital is one of the capitals that can be used for farmers to strengthen their groups. this social capital is one aspect that can make people join so that they can achieve common goals based on the aspect of togetherness, bound by trust, based on norms and values that are upheld and adhered to by the community as well as a good communication network. (rahman, 2020). according to ngangi (2016), the existence of social elements in the community has unconsciously become a strength for farmer groups in particular. currently, farmer groups do not only consist of male farmers, but women also form farmer groups to help achieve their goals through these groups. according to kurniasari (2020), women have a role in helping the family's economy. the women in rt 10 rw 03 perak barat village, analysis of social capital in the women farmers group of dorang cinta, surabaya city dwiyana anela kurniasari*, andri krisna dianto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence krembangan district, surabaya city have agricultural land inside the settlement which is used for hydroponic cultivation and other food crops. with these activities, the women finally formed a women's farmer group called the dorang cinta women's farmer group. the dorang cinta women's farmer group is chaired by mrs. dyah indra oktavianti. the activities carried out by the members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group range from seeding, planting, caring, harvesting to selling. the village land that is used together is used for a green house for hydroponic plants that are managed together. meanwhile, some members also grow food crops using simple media in their yard. the dorang cinta women's farmer group was carried out by involving various elements in the community and the village government to the city as well as the involvement of related agencies. each element has responsibility for the goals and success in its activities. in carrying out activities in the dorang cinta women's farmer group, the availability of social capital from its members is very important, because the existence of social capital owned by members is able to trigger and encourage the achievement of the goals of the women's farmer group. according to fathy (2019), group members who have the ability to build and maintain social capital can easily build and maintain a program that has been created in their group. however, in reality, social capital is one of the most important aspects of a women farmer group, the goals of the group will be difficult to achieve. so far, social capital has been relatively neglected in achieving a development goal. even though this social capital has a contribution to be able to improve the family economy, it can increase the welfare of women and their families, so that with this right it can reduce poverty (yuliati and ambayoen, 2017). so it is necessary to have an analysis of social capital in the women farmers group dorang cinta surabaya city to be able to help formulate the right policies and programs to achieve its goals. the aims of this study are: (1) to describe the social and economic conditions of the members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group in surabaya. (2) analyzing social capital in the dorang cinta women's farmer group, surabaya city. 2. research method the location of the research was carried out purposively, namely in rt 10 rw 03, perak barat village, krembangan district, surabaya city in the dorang cinta women's farmer group. the data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. the primary data collection method will be carried out using a survey method through direct interviews using a list of questions in the form of a questionnaire that has been prepared in advance. the side selection method is by census, namely all 34 members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group. in addition, they will conduct in-depth interviews with key informants, namely (1) the head of the dorang cinta analysis of social capital in the women farmers group of dorang cinta, surabaya city dwiyana anela kurniasari*, andri krisna dianto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence women's farmer group, (2) the village head of perak barat village and (3) the surabaya city agriculture office. observations will be carried out. secondary data to be used is obtained from the relevant agencies, namely the perak barat sub-district office and other literatures related to the research. researchers and members of the research team will conduct observations in the dorang cinta women's farmer group. the data analysis method in this study is a descriptive method using a questionnaire containing a list of questions that have been compiled in the form of a likert scale. analyzing social capital consists of several elements, namely: (1) trust and (2) norms 3. results and discussion soscial economic condisitions of dorang cinta women's farmer group characteristics of respondents respondents in this study or all members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group are residents of rt 10 rw 03, perak barat village, krembangan district, surabaya city. respondents in this study came from the javanese and madurese. this is because the location of krembangan district is close to madura island, so many immigrants from madura island work and live in the krembangan district area. respondent's age according to tjiptoherijanto (2001), in the demographic analysis, there are three groups of population age structure which are divided into: (1) under 15 years old who are included in the young age group, (2) age 15-64 years old who are included in the productive age group and (3 ) aged 65 years and over who are included in the old age group. the age data of the respondents are described in table 1. table 1. age of respondents for members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group no. age group (years) number of people percentage (%) 1 <15 0 0 2 15-54 34 100 3 >54 0 0 total 34 100 in the table above, it can be shown that the respondents or members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group are in the productive age of 100%, namely the age of 16-64 years. this analysis of social capital in the women farmers group of dorang cinta, surabaya city dwiyana anela kurniasari*, andri krisna dianto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence helps the dorang cinta women's farmer group to become one of the active women farmer groups because its members are of productive age. the productive age of members also affects the activities carried out in the dorang cinta women's farmer group, which is active and varied, making this group the leading women farmer group in the city of surabaya. education levels education level is one of the factors that can influence a person's mindset in carrying out their activities in women's farmer groups. table 2 will explain the education level of the respondents table 2. education levels for members of dorang cinta women's farmer group no. education levels number of people percentage (%) 1 elementary school 0 0 2 junior high school 2 5,88 3 senior high school 24 70,59 4 bachelor/master 8 23,53 total 34 100 based on table 2, the education level of respondents in the elementary school category is 0%, the education level in the junior high school category is 5.88%, the senior high school education level has a percentage of 70.59% and the education level in the bachelor/master category is by 23.53%. this can explain that group members have the highest level of senior high school education. the high level of education of its members makes it easy for the dorang cinta women's farmer group to receive knowledge, information and work together in groups. income income is one of the criteria for socio-economic conditions, because this income can see how the family's economic condition is. table 3 will describe the income of respondents from the dorang cinta women's farmer group table 3. income for members of dorang cinta women's farmer group no. income (rp) number of people percentage (%) 1 < 3.000.000 7 20,59 2 3.000.000 – 7.000.000 21 61,76 3 > 7.000.000 6 17,64 analysis of social capital in the women farmers group of dorang cinta, surabaya city dwiyana anela kurniasari*, andri krisna dianto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence total 34 100 in the table above, it can be explained that income with an amount of less than rp. 3,000,000 has a percentage of 20.59%, the second category with an income of rp. 3,000,000 – rp 7,000,000 has a percentage of 61.76% and the third category with an income of more than 7,000,000 has a percentage of 17.64%. it can be explained that members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group have an income of rp. 3,000,000 – rp 7,000,000 with the highest percentage of 61.76% family dependents according to purwanto & taftazani (2018), the number of family dependents is the number of family members who are dependents of the family, siblings or non-siblings who both live or live in the same house but do not or have not worked. the number of family members is usually related to the income of the head of the family or other family members. table 4 will present the number of family dependents table 4. number of family dependents for members of dorang cinta women's farmer group no. number of family dependents number of people percentage (%) 1 1-2 11 32,35 2 3-4 15 44,12 3 5-6 8 23,52 total 34 100 table 4 shows that the number of family dependents of 1-2 people has a percentage of 32.35%, the number of dependents of 3-4 families has a percentage of 44.12%, and the number of family dependents is 5-6 people with a percentage of 23.52%. . the highest percentage of 44.12% is the number of dependents of 3-4 families in the members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group social capital of dorang cinta women's farmer group surabaya social capital is a series in the process of human relations that has pillars of social trust and norms for efficiency and effectiveness of coordination and beneficial cooperation for common policies. (supono, 2011). kawulur (2017) defines social capital as a resource that arises from social relationships and can be used as a social glue to maintain the unity of group members in achieving common goals. according to wuysang (2014) social capital is one of the capital owned analysis of social capital in the women farmers group of dorang cinta, surabaya city dwiyana anela kurniasari*, andri krisna dianto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence by farmer groups as an asset to determine business development, especially in increasing farmers' income. the existence of social capital is one of the most important assets and becomes an adhesive tool in the implementation of agricultural activities. social capital can increase agricultural productivity and increase household food security. this will increase farmer household access to productive resources and thereby achieve financial leverage which will further increase agricultural productivity. (kehinde, et al. 2021) this social capital has 2 elements that will analysis, namely trust and norms. in this subchapter, the discussion will explain the social capital of the members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group surabaya city based on the 3 elements shown in table 5. table 5. social capital for members of dorang cinta women's farmer group no. element of social capital score category 1 trust 3,67 high 2 norm 3,64 high social capital 3,66 high in table 5 it can be shown that the highest social capital of members in the dorang cinta women's farmer group is trust. to discuss the elements of social capital for members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group, it will be explained below. trust trust according to bordeu (1986) is a form of choosing risk in a social relationship based on a feeling of confidence or belief that what will be carried out is something as desired and will always take action in a pattern that helps and supports each other. this mutual trust and trust will not harm oneself or others. the element of trust in the social capital of the members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group group has a score of 3.67 in the high category. the score for this trust social capital element is due to the mutual trust between members of one another as part of the dorang cinta women's farmer group. the social capital of the members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group is based on a high level of mutual trust. this also happened because the members felt that this group was a positive association or organization and gained many good things by participating in the activities of the dorang cinta women's farmer group. besides that, the members also help each other a lot and the truth of the information conveyed can also be trusted. the farmers have a good trust to government because they always help of the dorang cinta women's farmer group if there is problem here. communities are more likely to be sustainable if they have access to government support and input. (arnott, et al. 2021) analysis of social capital in the women farmers group of dorang cinta, surabaya city dwiyana anela kurniasari*, andri krisna dianto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence norm norms are a set of rules that should or are expected to be fulfilled by members or groups of people in a certain social group or group. according to hasbullah (2006), these social norms are rules that are collectively usually not recorded or written in a structured manner but can be understood by every member or group in a social society. with the existence of these social norms, it is hoped that they can determine the expected behavior pattern or behavior in social relations. the element of social capital norms of members in the dorang cinta women's farmer group surabaya has a score of 3.64 in the high category. the high norm score is because members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group have a high level of adherence to norms in the group and in society. even though they belong to urban society, they still uphold the norms that exist in the dorang cinta farmer women's group in particular. the members obey all the rules and norms that apply in the dorang cinta women's farmer group, so that the activities of this group can run well. this is done with the reason to maintain the sustainability of the dorang cinta women's farmer group so that it can remain active and achieve and can benefit its members in terms of experience, knowledge and can even help improve the welfare of their families. housyar, et al. (2018) women's self-perceptions as members of farmer groups can increase knowledge. social capital table 5 shows that the social capital of the dorang cinta women's farmer group has a score of 3.66 which is included in the high category. this shows that this group has high social capital, so it can be observed that this group is one of the advanced female farmer groups in surabaya. this social capital is one of the elements that can be used as the basis for advancing a group, to be able to trust each other, to maintain group values and their strong social ties. it is hoped that other women farmer groups in the city of surabaya or outside the city of surabaya and even in the east java region can strengthen social capital to be used together as a basis for achieving the group's goals. from the results of this study, it is shown that the dorang cinta farmer women's group has high social capital. this trust social capital can help the members of the dorang cinta farmer women's group to support social life in the group because they have a sense of trust and trusted. based on the results of research, members of the dorang cinta farmer women's group are honest, transparent, do not hide anything, are sincere in words and attitudes and are willing to accept criticism from others. with trust, members of the farmer group will easily participate in the activities of the women's farmer group dorang love. according to prasetyo, et al (2020) participation is the level of willingness or desire of members in the group to participate in activities organized by the group in an effort to achieve group goals. analysis of social capital in the women farmers group of dorang cinta, surabaya city dwiyana anela kurniasari*, andri krisna dianto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence this normative social capital can help group members to obey the rules and norms that apply in the dorang cinta farmer women's group. members who obey the rules and norms can make the group run its activities smoothly. the results of this study can be used by the dorang cinta farmer women's group to strengthen trust, norms and social networks so that it is hoped that this group can be more advanced and solid. in addition, this research is expected to be used as a study material for the surabaya city government to empower women farmer groups. 4. conclusion the conclusion of this study is that the social capital of members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group is included in the high category, namely 3.66. the assessment of each element of social capital which consists of trust and norms is included in the high category. this shows that the dorang cinta women's farmer group can run well and is always active because it has strong social capital. by knowing that the dorang cinta women's farmer group has strong social capital, it can be used as a study to improve the welfare of the members of the dorang cinta women's farmer group to be more compact and active in carrying out group activities. acknowledgments the authors thank the study program of agribusiness, faculty of agriculture, wijaya putra university for providing funding assistance. thank you to the institute for research and community service wijaya putra university for facilitating this research activity. references arnott, d., chadwick, r. d., wynne-jones, s., dandy, n., jines, l. d. 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(2014). modal sosial kelompok tani dalam meningkatkan pendapatan keluarga suatu studi dalam pengembangan usaha kelompok tani di desa tincep kecamatan sonder. journal “acta diurna”, 3(3), 1-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06592 supplying liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) bambang gunawan, nurul huda, andri mulyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence supplying liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) bambang gunawan1) nurul huda2) andri mulyono3) faculty of agriculture, merdeka university, surabaya e-mail: 1). gunawanb1011@gmail.com; 2). batiktulis.alhuda@gmail.com; abstract liquid organic fertilizers can come from feces (animals, humans), agricultural waste, agricultural processing waste, household waste, urban waste, and production waste. waste in general is a case of environmental pollution which can cause environmental problems and deteriorate health for the community, this is caused by liquid waste obtained from various industrial activities, hospitals, markets, households, especially in food industry waste, because in the process it still leaves elements that can become part of the process water and discharged into the environment. the use of various wastes to become organic fertilizers is an effort to overcome the problem of environmental pollution, with high organic matter, waste can act as an organic source of food by microbial growth. the purpose of this study was to determine the various poc materials from organic waste that would have a better effect on growth and yield in lettuce plants. based on the results of the study, it can be concluded as follows:there is a significant effect on plant length variables on wet weight per plant with r square of 0.69884 (69.88%) at 28 days of age observation and number of leaves with r square of 0 , 7025 (70.25%) at 35 days after transplanting and there was a significant effect of the k3 treatment (poc 12%), plant length and number of leaves on the wet weight per plant which gave a higher value than the k1 and k2 treatments with adjusted r square of 0.935293 (93.53%); but statistically not significant difference with treatment k2 (poc 8%) with adjusted r square of 0.706472 (70.65%). keywords: liquid organic fertilizer, organic waste 1. introduction lettuce is one of the oldest vegetables originating from west asia, but some literature states that lettuce germplasm originates from the american region. it is said that the lettuce plant has been cultivated since 2,500 years ago, which is evidenced by the ancient writings on theplant lettuce around 500 bc. lettuce centers include the caribbean, malaysia, the philippines, and east, central and west africa. countries that pay great attention to creating and developing superior varieties of lettuce include japan, taiwan, the united states, the netherlands, and taiwan (manuhuttu et al., 2018). lettuce is a nutrient rich source of vitamin a and beta carotene. vitamin a, also called retinol, helps the eyes see clearly day and night, maintains the immune system, improves liver and thyroid function, helps the healing process of growth and reproduction, and provides nutrients for the skin, eyes, hair, nails, and adrenal glands (wardhana et al., 2016). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence supplying liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) bambang gunawan, nurul huda, andri mulyono liquid organic fertilizers used can come from feces (animals, humans), agricultural waste, agricultural product processing waste, household waste, urban waste, and production waste (hariyadi & ali, 2020). waste in general is a case of environmental pollution which can cause environmental problems and deteriorate health for the community, this is caused by liquid waste obtained from various industrial activities, hospitals, markets, households, especially in food industry waste, because in the process it still leaves elements that can become part of the process water and discharged into the environment. organic fertilizers are fertilizers that are composed of living matter. like manure. plant remains, animal and human waste. organic fertilizers can be solid or liquid which can be used to improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties. one source of organic material is green manure (pratiwi et al., 2019). green manure is a natural fertilizer derived from plant residues, especially legumes or nuts, leaves, stems and roots. natural fertilizers are fertilizers that can be formed through natural processes. formed in this case through the process of decay carried out by microorganisms or decomposing living things (detritivores). microorganisms can decompose carcasses. waste, animal manure into soil containing nutrient elements which are essential for plant growth (nugroho et al., 2013). liquid organic fertilizer is a solution resulting from the decomposition of organic materials from plant residues, animal and human manure which contains more than one element. the advantages of liquid organic fertilizers are that they can quickly overcome nutrient deficiencies, have no problems in nutrient leaching and are able to provide nutrients quickly. in general, liquid organic fertilizers do not damage soil and plants even though they are used as often as possible (muhammad et al., 2019). liquid organic fertilizer is an organic fertilizer that is produced through a fermentation process and with nutrient enrichment technology. apart from containing essential nutrients, these environmental products also contain a variety of beneficial microorganisms capable of increasing and maintaining soil fertility, suppressing the growth of disease bacteria so that roots, leaves, stems and flowers will grow and develop properly and optimally. liquid organic fertilizers are easier for plants to use because the elements contained in the form are easily absorbed by plants. the advantage of using liquid organic fertilizer is that it is done faster than using fertilizer in solid form. even so, liquid organic fertilizers have disadvantages, namely that they evaporate easily and can damage leaf tissue and their absorption depends on the leaf surface layer, namely the hair and cuticle layer (gunawan, 2018). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence supplying liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) bambang gunawan, nurul huda, andri mulyono liquid organic fertilizer provides several advantages, for example this fertilizer can be used by sprinkling it to the roots or spraying it on plants and it saves energy, so the watering process can keep the soil moist. the implementation of liquid organic fertilizers in fertilization is clearly more evenly distributed, there will be no accumulation of fertilizer concentrations in one place, this is because liquid organic fertilizer is 100 percent soluble, so that it quickly overcomes nutrient deficiencies and does not have problems in washing nutrients and is also able to provide nutrients quickly (zulia et al., 2017). in the application, farmers usually carry out solid organic fertilization which is given through the soil. the drawback of giving organic fertilizers through the soil is that some of the nutrients have dissolved in advance and are lost with percolation water or have been fixed by soil colloids, so they cannot be absorbed by plants. in saturated water conditions it also causes the infiltration process to not go smoothly into the soil which causes nutrients not to reach the plant roots, for example, during the rainy season. efforts that can be taken to make fertilization more effective and efficient are spraying the fertilizer solution through the plant leaves with liquid fertilizer. it is intended that the nutrients provided will be absorbed directly by plants through stomata. liquid organic fertilizer contains complete nutrients. there are even other organic compounds that are beneficial to plants. such as humic acid, fulvic acid, and other organic compounds. most of the nutrients contained in liquid organic fertilizer consist of simple sugar and protein groups with a solution reaction in the form of amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, growth hormone (gibberellin auxin) macro-micro elements. this element is needed to encourage optimal and sustainable plant growth and health, so as to increase crop yields. the macro and microconsists of: a) nutrient contentmac nutrient content, namely carbon (c), hydrogen (h), oxygen (o), sodium (n), phosphate (p), potassium (k), sulfur (s). ), magnesium (mg), and calcium (ca). b) the required micro nutrient content is molybdenum (mo). copper (cu), boron (b), zinc (zn), iron (fe), chlorine (ci), and manganese (mn). the elements mentioned above can be obtained through several sources, such as air, water, minerals in planting media and fertilizers (muhammad et al., 2019). the use of liquid organic fertilizers can be useful for repairing soil structure damaged by the use of chemical fertilizers for years. in addition, organic fertilizers are used to loosen the soil again. various microbes and batteries contained in organic fertilizers will be able to dissolve and bind the substances needed by the soil for increased productivity. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence supplying liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) bambang gunawan, nurul huda, andri mulyono research results by bambang wicaksono hariyadi, wegias kogoya and bambang gunawan (2017) state that there is a very significant effect on plant height, number of leaves and plant wet weight per polybag of land spinach (ipomoea reptans poir) due to the application of 10 cc of tambsil liquid organic fertilizer. per liter of water which produced the highest growth and yield, although statistically not significantly different from the treatment concentration of 8 cc per liter of water (optimum). soil is the most important component in life because it is a natural medium in which plants grow. as the most important natural resource, the use of land greatly affects plant growth if the plants become less productive, but if the use is correct, namely by paying attention to the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, it will be able to produce high yielding plants on an ongoing basis ( zulia et al., 2017). the use of various wastes to become organic fertilizers is an effort to overcome the problem of environmental pollution, with high organic matter, waste can act as an organic source of food by microbial growth. this research is about the use of various concentrations of several organic waste materials that have an effect on the growth and yield of more optimal lettuce plants. 2. research method this study used a regression test to the combination treatment of the type of raw material poc consisted of 7 levels, namely:po : without the application of liquid organic fertilizer; p1: given poc made from a mixture of ingredients 2 to 7; p2 : given poc made from vegetable waste; p3 : given poc made from fruit waste; p4 : given poc made from sprouts waste; p5 : given a poc made from food waste (catering); p6 : given poc made from catfish waste (jerohan); p7 : given poc made from cut animal waste (blood) with a concentration of poc administration consisting of 3 levels, namely: k1: poc 4 concentration (40 ml / liter); k2 : poc 8 concentration (80 ml / liter); k3: poc concentration of 12 (120 ml / liter). 3. results and discussion plant length. the statistical results with regression analysis showed that the relationship between plant length variables and wet weight per plant as the dependent variable showed insignificant influence on observations of age 14 days after transplanting (0.1025> 0.05) with an r square value of 0.1277. this means that a number of 12.77% are affected by the provision of poc, then the observation of the age of 28 days after transplanting shows a significant effect (1.26954e-06 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence supplying liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) bambang gunawan, nurul huda, andri mulyono <0.05) with an r square value of 0.69884 meaning 69.88% due to because of the influence of poc treatment while a number of 30.12% was caused by other factors outside the poc treatment. furthermore, observations of age 35 days after transplanting also showed a significant effect (0.00033 <0.05) with an r square value of 0.4832 (48.32%). the regression equation obtained at the age observation 28 days after transplanting is y = 6.1096x 39,871; while the observation of age 35 days after transplanting, namely y = 1.7695x + 2.4987. furthermore, to illustrate the distribution of the relationship between plant length variables and wet weight per plant as a result of poc treatment, it is presented in the graph below. figure 1: variable relationship between plant length and wet weight per plant at age observations 28 days after transplanting. y = 6,1096x 39,871 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 5 10 15 20 25 w et w ei gh t pe r pl an t plant length regression equation of 28 days after transplanting y = 1,7695x + 2,4987 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 w et w ei gh t p er p la nt plant length regression equation of 35 days after transplanting page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence supplying liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) bambang gunawan, nurul huda, andri mulyono figure 2: variable relationship between plant length and wet weight per plant at age observations 35 days after transplanting. according to wahyudi (2011) that the content of lactobacillus sp. in em-4 is a microbe that plays a role in helping the fermentation process of organic matter into lactic acid compounds that can be absorbed by plants. the use of organic fertilizers in the planting medium is carried out to reduce the negative impact caused by the use of inorganic fertilizers which have a high risk of physical soil. the results of the above research prove that the organic matter is able to increase the effectiveness of using organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers which is shown by being able to significantly increase the growth of lettuce plants. number of leaves the statistical results with regression analysis show that the relationship between the number of leaves and the wet weight per plant as the dependent variable shows an insignificant effect on observations of age 14 days after transplanting (0.8037> 0.05) with an r square value of 0 , 003163686 means that there is no effect shown by the variable number of leaves due to poc administration in all treatments. observation of age 28 days after transplanting showed a significant effect (0.00017 <0.05) with an r square value of 0.5149, meaning that 51.49% was due to the influence of poc treatment. furthermore, observations of age 35 days after transplanting also showed a significant effect (1.11923e-06 <0.05) with an r square value of 0.7025, meaning that 70.25% was due to the influence of poc treatment while 29.75% was due to by other factors outside the poc treatment. the regression equation obtained at the age observation 28 days after transplanting is y = 10.75x 31.25; while the observation of age 35 days after transplanting, namely y = 5,5342x 26,473. furthermore, to describe the distribution of the relationship between the variable number of lettuce leaves and the wet weight per plant as a result of poc treatment, it is presented in the graph below. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence supplying liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) bambang gunawan, nurul huda, andri mulyono figure 3: variable relationship between number of leaves and wet weight per plant at age observation of 28 days after transplanting. figure 4: variable relationship between number of leaves and wet weight per plant at age observations 35 days after transplanting. according to gardner et.al (1991) stated that the number of leaves has an effect on the results of photosynthesis, where the leaves allow the maximum light to be captured to meet the needs of the photosynthetic process, because the leaves contain chlorophyll and several other pigments. the process of photosynthesis as a producer of carbohydrates which has an important role in the growth and formation of plant biomass. cellulolytic microbes contained in the process of making poc are microbes that produce y = 10,75x 31,25 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 w et w ei gh t pe r pl an t number of leaves regression equation of 28 days after transplanting y = 5,5342x 26,473 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 5 10 15 20 w et w ei gh t pe r pl an t number of leaves regression equation of 35 days after transplanting page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence supplying liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) bambang gunawan, nurul huda, andri mulyono cellulose enzymes which will accelerate the process of decaying organic matter. phosphate solubilizing microbes are microbes that function to help dissolve p elements in phosphate fertilizers (tsp, sp-36, sp-18) and p elements that are bound to soil silicate clay so that they become phosphate compounds available and easily absorbed by plants (wahyudi, 2011) . concentration of giving poc. the statistical results of multiple regression analysis of each concentration of poc (k), plant length and number of leaves on wet weight per plant at the end of 35 days after transplanting showed that there was a significant effect (5.49e-05 <0.05) with an adjusted r square value of 0.653043 (65.30%). however, in the regression test the treatment factor k1 (poc concentration 4%) showed insignificant effect (0.368032> 0.05) with an adjusted r square value of 0.208823 (20.88%). the treatment factor k2 (poc concentration 8%) shows a significant effect (0.020077097 <0.05) with an adjusted r square value of 0.706472, meaning 70.65%. furthermore, the k3 treatment (poc concentration 12%) also showed a significant effect (0.009783 <0.05) with an adjusted r square value of 0.935293, meaning that it was 93.53% due to the influence of the variable poc concentration, plant length and amount. leaves, while 6.47% was caused by other factors. based on the data above, the k3 treatment, namely the poc concentration of 12%, showed better growth and yields than the other two treatments, namely k1 and k2, although the effect of k3 was not significantly different from the k2 treatment (poc concentration 8%). according to simanungkalit, et al. (2006), that a number of nutrient-providing bacteria have a dual role in addition to blocking n2, also producing growth hormones (such as iaa, gibberellin, cytokinins, ethylene, and others); also other microbial groups such as mycorrhizal fungi also have a multifunctional role, where these fungi can increase nutrient uptake, increase plant resistance to soil-borne diseases, increase plant tolerance to drought, stabilize soil aggregates and so on, and are based on research results which there is a role as nutrient provider more prominent than other roles. 4. conclusion based on the research results, it can be concluded as follows: 1. there is a significant effect on plant length variables on wet weight per plant with r square of 0.69884 (69.88%) at 28 days of age observation and the number of leaves with r square of 0.7025 (70.25%) at 35 days after transplanting. 2. there was a significant effect of the k3 treatment (poc 12%), plant length and number of page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence supplying liquid organic fertilizer (poc) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) bambang gunawan, nurul huda, andri mulyono leaves on the wet weight per plant which gave a higher value than the k1 and k2 treatments with adjusted r square of 0.935293 (93.53%); but statistically not significant difference with treatment k2 (poc 8%) with adjusted r square of 0.706472 (70.65%). references gunawan, b. (2018). effect of planting media and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer on growth and yield of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.). hariyadi, b. w., & ali, m. (2020). effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l). agricultural science, 3(2), 135–143. manuhuttu, ap, rehatta, h., & kailola, jjg (2018). the effect of bioboost concentration on increased production of lettuce (lactuca sativa. l). agrologia, 3(1). muhammad, mn, wayayok, a., mohamed shariff, ar, abdullah, af, & husin, em (2019). droplet deposition density of organic liquid fertilizer at low altitude uav aerial spraying in rice cultivation. computers and electronics in agriculture, 167(may). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.105045 nugroho, yes, sugito, y., agustina, l., & soemarno, s. (2013). study of additional doses of green fertilizer and its effect on the growth of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.). the journal of experimental life science, 3(2), 45–53. pratiwi, yi, nisak, f., & gunawan, b. (2019). increased benefits of cow urine liquid organic fertilizer. wardhana, i., hasbi, h., & wijaya, i. (2016). response of growth and production of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) to dosing of goat manure and application time intervals of super bionic liquid fertilizer. agritrop: journal of agricultural sciences (journal of agricultural science), 14(2). zulia, c., purba, dw, & hirawan, hd (2017). the effect of giving urea fertilizer and organic fertilizer city waste on the growth and production of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.). bernas, 13(3), 1–7. gardner, pearce and mitchell, 1991. cultivated plant physiology. university of indonesia. jakarta. simanungkalit (2006). that organic fertilizers are very useful for increasing agricultural production in both quality and quantity. wahyudi, 2011. increasing vegetable yields with emp technology. pt. agromedia pustaka. jakarta. page |the effect of giving npk fertilizer on growth and results plant purple (solanum melongena l.) .bambang wicaksono hariyadi, sutiono, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the effect of giving npk fertilizer on growth and results plant purple (solanum melongena l.) *bambang wicaksono hariyadi, sutiono, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak *faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya. e-mail: wicaksonounmer@gmail.com abstract the research objective was to determine the effect of npk compound fertilizer dosage on the growth and yield of purple eggplant (solanum melongena l). the research was carried out at the nursery, agribusiness sub-terminal, food security and agriculture service of surabaya city, on jl. ketintang madya vii surabaya, east java with an altitude of ± 5 m above sea level. conducted from april to june 2018. his study used a randomized block design (rbd) consisting of six dose treatments with three replications and two sample plants. the npk compound fertilizer dosage treatment included: d0 = without npk (control); d1 = npk 100 kg / ha; d2 = npk dose of 200 kg / ha; d3 = npk dose of 300 kg / ha; d4 = npk dosage 400 kg / ha; d5 = npk dose of 500 kg / ha.the conclusion of the study, namely the npk dose treatment had a very significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits and wet weight per plant of purple eggplant (solanum melongena l). treatment with npk dose of 500 kg / ha showed the highest growth and yield, although statistically it was not significantly different from the npk treatment dose of 400 kg / ha and the npk treatment dose of 300 kg / ha (optimum dose). keywords: dosage, npk compound fertilizer, purple eggplant 1. introduction purple eggplant (solanum melongena l) is an important agricultural commodity needed in indonesia, this is because eggplant has a fairly complete nutritional content and has high economic value. usually used as food ingredients, therapeutic ingredients, and natural cosmetic ingredients. eggplant (eggplant) contains a lot of potassium and vitamin a which can be useful for the body. the chemical composition of eggplant per 100 grams, namely 92.70 grams of water; ash (mineral) 0.60 grams; iron 0.60 mg; carbohydrates 5.70 grams; 0.20 grams of fat; fiber 0.80 grams; calories 24.00 cal; phosphorus 27.00 mg; potassium 223.00 mg; calcium 30.00 mg; 1.10 grams of protein; sodium 4.00 mg; vitamin b3 0.60 mg; vitamin b2 0.05 mg; vitamin b1 10.00 mg; vitamin a 130.00 si; and vitamin c 5.00 mg (budiman, 2008). along with the increase in population, the demand for ongu eggplant products also continues to increase. however, the increase in demand for these commodities was not accompanied by an increase in the amount of production. one of them is caused by the low productivity of eggplant per unit plant and per unit area. eggplant production in 2013 amounted to 509,380 tons (directorate general of horticulture, 2014). production of purple eggplant in indonesia is quite apprehensive where the average production is only 3,264-3,411 tons per hectare, even though the potential is very high where an area of one hectare can produce 30 tons (rukmana, 2002). the low production of eggplant is page |the effect of giving npk fertilizer on growth and results plant purple (solanum melongena l.) .bambang wicaksono hariyadi, sutiono, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence thought to be due to conventional farming methods (seed use, fertilizer and fertilization techniques), low soil fertility and under-paid climatic factors (susana neli, noor jannah and abdul rahmi, 2016). it is not enough for plants to rely solely on nutrients from the soil. therefore, plants need to be given additional nutrients from outside, namely in the form of fertilizers (prihmantoro, 2001). efforts to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use can be pursued through the principles of right dosage, right method, on time application and balanced according to plant needs (novizan, 2002). furthermore, munawar (2011) explains that fertilizers are materials and nutrients that are given or added to plants with the intention of increasing the nutrients for the soil. lack of farmer knowledge regarding the type and amount of fertilizer dosage needed by plants is also a problem which will result in a low increase in the production of large-scale unified crops (lingga and marsono, 2007). according to sutanto (2002), inorganic fertilizers are able to increase soil productivity in a short time, but will cause damage to the soil structure (hard soil) and reduce the productivity of the resulting plants, while soil given organic fertilizers has a good soil structure and soil organic matter content. sufficient, so that the ability of the soil to bind water is greater (hariyadi, huda, ali, & wandik, 2019). optimal nitrogen application can increase plant growth, increase protein synthesis, chlorophyll formation which causes leaf color to become greener and increases the shoot root ratio. therefore, the optimal nitrogen application can increase the plant growth rate (nur and thohari, 2005). one of the important factors in plant cultivation that supports the success of plant life is the problem of fertilization. a common problem in fertilization is the low efficiency of nutrient uptake by plants. the efficiency of n and k fertilization is low, ranging from 30-40%. the efficiency of p fertilization by plants is also low, ranging from 15-20% (rukmana, 2002). the results of research by imam firmansyah, muhammad syakir and liferdi lukman (2017) state that plant height, stem diameter, number of productive branches, number of leaves, leaf area index, and yields gave positive responses to the application of n, p, k fertilizers (151515) at a dose of 200 kg n / ha + 100 kg p2o5 + 75 kg k2o was significantly different from the control. the combination treatment of n, p, k (15-15-15) is the main plant nutrient needed to meet the needs of vegetative growth which includes leaves, stems and roots. the treatment dose of 200 kg n / ha + 100 kg p2o5 / ha + 75 kg k2o / ha is the dose that is able to give the highest yield or fruit weight. furthermore, in the research of jumini, nurhayati and murzani (2011), it is shown that the combination of fertilizer doses n, p and k has a very significant effect on weight of ear weights, weight of ear without husk per plant and weight of ear without husk per hectare, and has a page |the effect of giving npk fertilizer on growth and results plant purple (solanum melongena l.) .bambang wicaksono hariyadi, sutiono, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence significant effect on height. plants at the age of 30 and 45 days after planting and ear length, but had no significant effect on the diameter of sweet corn cobs. the best growth and yield of sweet corn was found in the combination of urea + tsp + kcl (500 + 350 + 300 kg / ha). according to the research results of bambang wicaksono hariyadi, waka kogoya and nurlina (2017), there is a significant influence on the observation variables of plant height, number of leaves and wet weight of red spinach plants due to the treatment of using various doses of npk compound fertilizer. the effective dose (effective) or the optimum dose of using npk compound fertilizer during the growth and yield of red spinach plants, achieved the npk compound fertilizer dosage treatment of 300 kg / ha (0.15 gram / plant), while the maximum dose, indicated by the npk compound fertilizer dosage treatment 500 kg / ha (0.25 gram / plant), because statistically the two npk compound fertilizer dosage treatments were not significantly different. fertilization applications derived from npk compound fertilizers which are given in the form of combined fertilizers (compound) are still not widely used. moreover, to find out how, time and efficient (beneficial) and effective (appropriate) dosage of the use of these fertilizers on fruit vegetables, including eggplant plants. for this reason, it is necessary to study the use of the npk compound fertilizer further. 2. research methods the research was carried out at the agribis sub-terminal nursery, food and agriculture service office of surabaya city, on jalan ketintang madya vii surabaya, east java with a height of ± 5 meters above sea level. this research was conducted from april to june 2018. the research materials were: planting soil (medium), compound fertilizer npk (15:15:15) pearls, seeds of purple eggplant. the tools used are hoes, trowels, knives, polybags (media size 5 kg), labels, rulers, stationery, weight measuring instruments and electric scales and other laboratory equipment. this study used a randomized block design (rbd) consisting of six dose treatments with three replications and two sample plants. the npk compound fertilizer dosage treatment included: d0 = without npk (control); d1 = npk dose 100 kg / ha; d2 = npk dose of 200 kg / ha; d3 = npk dose of 300 kg / ha; d4 = npk dosage 400 kg / ha; d5 = npk dose of 500 kg / ha. to determine the effect of npk compound fertilizer application on the growth and yield of purple eggplant, the f test with a level of 5% was used, namely the variety scan analysis test (asr). if from the results of the 5% f test there is a significant effect, then the t test (least significant difference test) is continued with a level of 5% to find out the difference between the npk compound fertilizer treatment doses, so it can be seen the dosage of npk compound fertilizer page |the effect of giving npk fertilizer on growth and results plant purple (solanum melongena l.) .bambang wicaksono hariyadi, sutiono, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence treatment that is appropriate or the effective dose. (adji sastrosupardi, 1999 and bambang wicaksono hariyadi, 2017). 3. results and discussion plant height the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of using npk compound fertilizer doses had a very significant effect on the observation of plant height during the growth of purple eggplant, both at the age of 20 days, 40 days and 60 days after planting or transplanting (appendix table 1). it can be assumed that the npk compound fertilizer given is able to meet the nutrients needed by purple eggplant during its growth. according to haryanto (2006), the usual fertilization doses for mustard, kale and spinach are 100 kg per hectare of urea, 100 kg per hectare of sp-36 and 50 kg per hectare of kcl. by providing the right fertilizer dosage, it is hoped that it can meet the nutrient needs of mustard greens, spinach and kale, so that the growth of these plants can be optimal. table 1. average height of purple eggplant due to use various doses of npk compound fertilizer at observation age the different dose treatment npk compound fertilizer average plant height purple eggplant (cm) 20 days 40 days 60 days d0 = without npk compound fertilizer 11,83 a 19,83 a 38,73 a d1 = npk compound fertilizer 100 kg / ha 15,50 b 27,07 b 49,00 b d2 = npk compound fertilizer 200 kg / ha 16,07 b 30,00 b 51,67 b d3 = npk compound fertilizer 300 kg / ha 20,00 c 36,50 c 69,33 c d4 = npk compound fertilizer 400 kg / ha 21,33 c 38,50 c 71,97 c d5 = npk compound fertilizer 500 kg / ha 22,50 c 40,07 c 73,00 c lsd 5% 2,83 4,35 5,33 information: numbers accompanied by the same letter or the same column was not significantly different in the 5% lsd test table 1 shows that increasing the use of npk compound fertilizer doses will also be followed by an increase in plant height during the growth of purple eggplant plants. the highest yield of purple eggplant tended to be achieved by using a compound fertilizer dosage of npk 500 kg / ha (73.00 cm), although statistically it was not significantly different from the treatment of using npk compound fertilizer dosage of 400 kg / ha (71.97 cm) and treatment dosage. npk compound fertilizer 300 kg / ha (69.33), while the shortest purple eggplant plants from 20 days to 60 days tended to be shown treatment without npk compound fertilizer (38.73 cm) and was statistically significantly different from the treatment of using npk compound fertilizer doses. other. it is presumed that with the increasing dosage of npk compound fertilizer until the optimum dose the response of the purple eggplant plant is also the optimum, so that if the dose is increased page |the effect of giving npk fertilizer on growth and results plant purple (solanum melongena l.) .bambang wicaksono hariyadi, sutiono, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence again, the increase in growth is not significant (not real). spinach, mustard greens and kale are quite easy to cultivate and are responsive to environmental changes and fertilizer application. spinach, mustard greens and kale require adequate intake of n, p and k nutrients to support their growth (mahajoeno, 2010). this is in accordance with the results of the research of daud saribun (2008) which shows that the application of npk compound fertilizer at a dose of 300 grams per plot or 300 kg per hectare (4 grams per plant) can increase the yield of mustard greens and the highest red spinach plants and the best results are weight. crop 8.22 kg per plot is equivalent to 6.85 tonnes per hectare. number of leaves the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of using npk compound fertilizer doses had a very significant effect on the observation of the number of leaves during the growth of purple eggplant, both at the age of 20 days, 40 days and 60 days after planting or transplanting. table 2.average number of purple eggplant leaf plants due use of various doses of npk compound fertilizer on different observation ages dose treatment npk compound fertilizer average number of leaves purple eggplant plant (strands) 20 days 40 days 60 days d0 = without npk compound fertilizer 6,33 a 12,67 a 18,00 a d1 = npk compound fertilizer 100 kg / ha 9,33 b 15,00 b 23,33 b d2 = npk compound fertilizer 200 kg / ha 10,67 bc 17,67 c 24,33 b d3 = npk compound fertilizer 300 kg / ha 12,33 cd 21,67 d 28,00 c d4 = npk compound fertilizer 400 kg / ha 13,00 d 22,00 d 29,33 c d5 = npk compound fertilizer 500 kg / ha 13,67 d 23,33 d 30,67 c lsd 5% 1,67 2,33 3,00 information: numbers accompanied by the same letter or the same column was not significantly different in the 5% lsd test table 2 shows that the increasing use of npk compound fertilizer doses was also followed by an increase in the number of leaves during the growth of purple eggplant plants. the smallest number of purple eggplant leaves was shown without npk fertilizer (18.00 strands) and was statistically significantly different from the treatment of using other npk fertilizers. the highest number of purple eggplant leaves was achieved by using npk compound fertilizer dosage treatment of 500 kg / ha (30.67 strands), although statistically it was not significantly different from the treatment of using npk compound fertilizer dosage of 400 kg / ha (29.33 strands), as well as the use of treatment. the dosage of npk compound fertilizer is 300 kg / ha (28.00 pieces), so it is assumed that the dosage of npk compound fertilizer has reached the optimum or according to what is needed by purple eggplant plants, namely the dosage of npk compound fertilizer 300 kg / ha (optimum dose) . page |the effect of giving npk fertilizer on growth and results plant purple (solanum melongena l.) .bambang wicaksono hariyadi, sutiono, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence compound fertilizers are mixed fertilizers which generally contain more than one kind of plant nutrients (macro and micro), especially n, p and k nutrients (roesmarkan and yuwono, 2002). the advantages of npk compound fertilizers, namely one application of fertilizer, can cover several elements needed by plants, so that it is more efficient in its use when compared to a single fertilizer (hardjowigeno, 2003). number of fruits and wet weight per purple eggplant plant the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of using npk compound fertilizer doses had a very significant effect on the observation of the number of fruit and the wet weight per plant of purple eggplant at harvest 60 days after planting (appendix table 3). it can be assumed that the npk compound fertilizer given is able to meet the nutrient needs needed by purple eggplant during its growth and its use is more practical and profitable. table 3 shows that the increasing use of npk compound fertilizer doses tends to be followed by an increase in the number of fruit and wet weight per plant of purple eggplant. the smallest number of fruit and wet weight per plant tended to be shown in the treatment without npk compound fertilizer (5.33 fruits and 189.33 grams) and were statistically significantly different from other npk compound fertilizer dosage treatments. the highest number of fruit and wet weight per plant of purple eggplant was achieved by using the npk compound fertilizer dosage of 500 kg / ha (8.33 fruit and 340.67 gram), although statistically it was not significantly different from the treatment using the npk compound fertilizer dosage 400 kg / ha (8.17 fruit and 331.33 gram) and the treatment of using npk compound fertilizer dosage of 300 kg / ha (7.83 fruit and 328.00 gram). it is assumed that the dosage of using npk compound fertilizer has reached the optimum requirement or according to that required by purple eggplant plants, namely the npk compound fertilizer dosage of 300 kg / ha (optimum dose). the function of nitrogen (n) for vegetable plants is as a building block for protein for shoot growth and fostering vegetative growth, making it suitable for leafy vegetable crops, such as mustard greens, spinach, kale and so on. the function of phosphorus (p) as one of the constituent elements of protein, is needed for the formation of flowers, fruits and seeds, stimulates root growth to become elongated and grows strong, so that plants will be resistant drought. lack of phosphorus (p) will cause stunted plants, inhibited flowering and seed formation, and plants become weak so they easily collapse. the element potassium (k) plays a role in metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and respiration which are important in plant growth (sutejo, 2002). the element of phosphorus (p) is one of the main constraints on acidic soils such as inceptisols. phosphorus (p) is a nutrient that is not mobile and has an efficiency of approximately 20%, so that phosphorus that is not absorbed by plants will remain in the soil as a residue to become reserve phosphorus or bound by organic matter (sri adiningsih et al, 1995). organic page |the effect of giving npk fertilizer on growth and results plant purple (solanum melongena l.) .bambang wicaksono hariyadi, sutiono, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence phosphorus in the soil is about 5-50% of the total soil phosphorus which varies from about 15-80% in most soils (sarapatka, 2003). furthermore, sutejo (2002) argues that the application of compound inorganic fertilizers to the soil can increase the availability of nutrients that are fast and available for plants, in addition to other advantages of using compound fertilizers, namely saving time, labor and transportation costs. table 3. average number of fruits and wet weight per plant purple eggplant due to using various doses of fertilizer npk compound dose treatment npk compound fertilizer number of fruits/plant (fruit) average wet weight/plant (gram) d0 = without npk compound fertilizer 5,33 a 189,33 a d1 = npk compound fertilizer 100 kg / ha 6,83 b 268,00 b d2 = npk compound fertilizer 200 kg / ha 7,13 b 280,67 b d3 = npk compound fertilizer 300 kg / ha 7,83 c 328,00 c d4 = npk compound fertilizer 400 kg / ha 8,17 c 331,33 c d5 = npk compound fertilizer 500 kg / ha 8,33 c 340,67 c lsd 5% 0,75 15,31 information: numbers accompanied by the same letter or the same column was not significantly different in the 5% lsd test 4. conclusions npk dose treatment had a very significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits and wet weight per plant of purple eggplant (solanum melongena l). treatment with npk dose of 500 kg / ha showed the highest growth and yield, although statistically it was not significantly different from the npk treatment dose of 400 kg / ha and the npk treatment dose of 300 kg / ha (optimum dose). it is recommended that the cultivation of purple eggplant in surabaya and its surroundings use a compound fertilizer dosage of 300 kg npk per hectare (optimum dose). references adji sastrosupardi, (1999). practical experiment design in agriculture. revised edition. kanisius, yogyakarta. 276. pg. bambang wicaksono hariyadi, (2017). materials for experimental design lecture. agrotechnology study program, faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya. bambang wicaksono hariyadi, waka kogoya and nurlina. (2017). effect of npk compound fertilizer on growth and yield of red spinach (amaranthus tricolor l.). agrotechnology study program, faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya. page |the effect of giving npk fertilizer on growth and results plant purple (solanum melongena l.) .bambang wicaksono hariyadi, sutiono, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence hariyadi, b. w., huda, n., ali, m., & wandik, e. (2019). the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland. agricultural science, 2(2), 127–138. daud saribun. (2008). effect of npk compound fertilizer at various doses on the yield of caysin (brassica juncea). soil science department, faculty of agriculture, padjadjaran university, jatinangor eling urwan. (2017). the effect of liquid organic fertilizer utilization on growth of purple eggplant (solanum melongena l) using polybags. department of mathematics and natural sciences education, faculty of teacher training and education, sanata dharma university, yogyakarta. firmanto, b. (2011). success in organic eggplant cultivation. publisher cv. angkasa, bandung. hamdani, j. s. (2008). yield and yield quality of cucumber using n-coated fertilizer and cairo organic fertilizer, jumal agrivigor 8, 15-23. hanafiah. (2008). basics of soil science, publisher pt. rajawali press. jakarta. hardjowigeno. (2003). soil science. publisher pt. academic preisindo. jakarta. imam firmansyah, muhammad syakir and liferdi lukman. (2017). effect of combination doses of n, p, and k fertilizer on eggplant growth and yield. agricultural research and development agency, jln. ragunan no. 29, pasar minggu, south jakarta, indonesia, 12540. e-mail: imam.balitsa@gmail.com. j. hort. vol. 27 no. 1, june 2017: 69-78 jumini, nurhayati and murzani. (2011). the effect of npk fertilizer dose combination and fertilization method on the growth and yield of sweet corn. department of agrotechnology, faculty of agriculture, syiah kuala university, darussalam, banda aceh. j. floratek 6: 165-170. foodrefrence. (2010). egg plant. in: http //: www.foodrefrence.coml / arteggplant2. thml. downloaded on july 25, 2017. lingga and marsono, (2004). instructions for using fertilizers. publisher pt. self-help spreader. jakarta. 149 pages. munawar, a. (2011). "soil fertility and plant nutrition," ipb press publisher, bogor. novizan. (2002). guidelines for effective fertilizers and fertilizers. publisher pt. agromedia pustaka, jakarta. prihmantoro. (2001). seasonal vegetable hydroponics. publisher. pt. self-help spreader jakarta. 98 pages. purwowidodo. (1992). study of soil fertility. publisher cv. space. bandung. 126 pages. rahmad budiono, (2009). the effect of organic fertilizer and nitrogen on the growth and yield of kangkung darat. agricultural technology research center. east java. surabaya. rukmana, r. (2002). planting eggplant. publisher pt. canisius. yogyakarta. page |the effect of giving npk fertilizer on growth and results plant purple (solanum melongena l.) .bambang wicaksono hariyadi, sutiono, nurul huda, yeni ika pratiwi, fauziatun nisak page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence rukmana, r. (2011). success in organic eggplant cultivation. publisher cv. space. bandung. roesmarkan and juwono, (2002). soil fertility science. publisher pt. kanisius, yogyakarta. 58 pages. salibury, f. b., and c.w. ross. (1995). plant physiology volume three. publisher itb press. bandung soetasad and sri muryani. (1999). cultivation of local eggplant and japanese eggplant. self-help spreader. jakarta. analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |43 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots (case study at medan main market, north sumatera) megawati citra alam faculty of agriculture, universty mayjen sungkono mojokerto e-mail: mecialam@gmail.com abstract this research aims to identify and analyze roles, actors and alternative scenarios to form an efficient supply chain management of shallots in the medan main market. the sample in this study were five respondents with judgment sampling method. the data taken in this research is primary data which is distributed directly to respondents. the results of baking data were analyzed using expert choice 11 software to identify and analyze roles, actors and alternative scenarios in forming efficient onion supply chain management in medan city main market. the results of the analysis show that the product availability factor is the most determining factor in establishing efficient supply chain management of shallots. the actors who are considered to have the most role on the distributor side in the availability of products and achieving the goals of the producers' business sustainability are collectors. in achieving the objective of producing business sustainability, the alternative scenario chosen is government policy. keyword: supply chain management, analytical hierarchy process, shallots. 1. introduction shallots are a horticultural commodity that is classified as a spice vegetable. this spicy vegetable is much needed, especially as a complement to cooking spices to add flavor and enjoyment to food. in the current problem, medan main market requires a supply of 100 tonnes of shallots/day to complement consumer needs. however, the amount of production in north sumatra aimed at the medan main market is not sufficient to meet this need. this can lead to scarcity and increase the price of shallots. reported by republika (2016) the price of shallots reaches rp 40.000,00/kg in medan city and the supply of shallots comes from karo and dairi. supply chain management is a series of approaches applied to efficiently integrate suppliers, entrepreneurs, warehouses and other storage areas. products produced can be distributed with the right quantity, place, and time to minimize costs and satisfy customers. scm aims to make the entire system efficient and effective, minimizing costs from transportation and distribution to inventory of raw materials, materials in process, and finished goods. there are several main players who have an interest in scm, namely suppliers, processors (manufacturers), distributors (distributors), retailers (retailers) and customers (david et al., 2000 in indrajit and djokopranoto, 2005). analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |44 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence according to marimin and maghfiroh (2010), the supply chain structure of agricultural products is unique because it does not always follow the chain order above. farmers can directly sell their agricultural products directly to the market as retail, thus breaking the chain of middleman, manufacturers and distributors. based on this understanding, one way to see efficient supply chain management is to use the analytical hierarchy process (ahp) method. the analytical hierarchy process (ahp) was developed by dr. thomas l. saaty from the wharton school of business in the 1970s for organizing information and judgments in selecting the most preferred alternative (saaty, 1993). ahp is a method used in decision making, as well as a tool to understand the conditions of a system and predict decision making in a process. ahp is very useful and very important for decision making in determining the priority of several factors or alternative strategies that exist and will be implemented. 2. research methodology this research was conducted in medan main market, north sumatera. the material used in this study was shallots. method to analyze the efficient supply chain management of shallots using the analytical hierarchy process (ahp). ahp is a method used in decision making, as well as a tool to understand the conditions of a system and predict decision-making in a process. ahp is very useful and very important for decision making in determining the priority of several factors or alternative strategies that exist and will be implemented. saaty (1993) sequences the problem-solving steps using ahp, which are as follows: 1. define the problem and determine the desired solution. 2. creating a hierarchical structure starting with the general goals, factors, actors, goals, and alternatives at the lowest level of the hierarchy. 3. create a pairwise comparison matrix. 4. calculating the overall weighting value of the hierarchy and determining the alternative ranking of the weights obtained. 5. check the consistency of the assessment matrix. 6. look for the weighted value of the entire hierarchy and determine an alternative ranking of the weights obtained. and choose the highest alternative weighting value from the product. to analyze the efficient supply chain management of shallots using the analytical hierarchy process (ahp) by filling out a questionnaire, samples in this case are the head of the analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |45 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence facilities and infrastructure division of the north sumatra provincial agriculture office, deputy head of the main market for medan city, chair of the karunia rengas farmer group, head of uptd simalungun, head of uptd haranggaol horison selected based on judgment sampling method. this method is carried out with the consideration of effectiveness, that based on the judgment of the researcher or expert, the sample concerned is the most suitable party, who has "information rich" and has an understanding of shallot supply chain management (cooper and emory, 1996). the five respondents were selected based on their capacity in making policies regarding shallot products. 3. results and discussion questionnares result based on the results of the interviews at the identification stage, it was found that the elements involved in the preparation of efficient supply chain management in the medan main market. at this stage, each respondent determines the factor variables, actors, objectives and alternative scenarios based on priorities according to their expertise and knowledge. the results of the hierarchical determination questionnaire filled out by the respondents were collected into a hierarchy. a) factors that make an efficient supply chain management of shallots in medan main market. in determining the factors, there are two factors, namely price stability and product availability. all respondents agree that price stability is one of the factors because fluctuating prices will affect the supply and demand of shallots. a small demand will have an effect on the offers made by producers, collectors as well as distributors and traders. in addition, price stability also affects consumer interest who will switch to imported shallots. because imported shallots are much cheaper. the second factor is product availability. the availability of shallots is used as an important factor in forming supply chain management because products that are always available are the basis for supply chain management. product availability is very influential because when the customer orders the onion and the shallot is not there, the possibility of the customer to re-order is very small. so that the product must always be available, in order to ensure the smooth supply to customers. b) actors involved in establishing efficient supply chain management in medan main market. in determining priority actors in supply chain management, there are four actors who receive recommendations, namely producers, collectors, distributors and traders. producers are shallot farmers in the cities of medan, simalungun and samosir, both of which make shallots analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |46 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence farming as a main or a side job. with land that is used for their own or lease and farmers who are members of the farmer group. based on interviews with stakeholders, producers from these areas are producers (farmers) who supply about 85% of the need for shallots in the medan main market. collecting traders in question are collecting traders in the village or district who are an extension of the distributor's arm. distributors are individuals or groups to sell shallots in large quantities. distributors who are in this wholesale market are also a gathering place for shallots from various regions, so traders can easily get shallots according to demand. this distributor supplies shallots to traders in markets spread across medan city, restaurants, catering even to shallot traders in the siborong-borong area. traders are individuals who buy small or medium amounts of shallots. usually these traders sell shallots to retailers, restaurants and catering which require small amounts of shallots to sell to household consumers. c) the purpose of forming an efficient shallot supply chain management in medan main market. the objectives to be achieved in forming an efficient shallot supply chain management in medan main market in the hierarchy arrangement, respondents recommended four objectives, namely increasing the welfare of producers, the sustainability of producer businesses, the sustainability of distributor businesses, and increasing product value. d) alternative scenarios to form an efficient shallot supply chain management in medan main market. there are 3 (three) alternative scenarios in forming an efficient shallots supply chain management in medan main market, namely facilities and infrastructure for producers, access to information and technology and government policies. facilities and infrastructure for producers are an alternative scenario that forms an efficient supply chain management because to support the improvement of supply chain performance, the facilities and infrastructure needed by producers should be provided so that producers are not difficult if they need them, such as fertilizers, quality seeds, and pesticides. if everything is available, the producer can work optimally without having to think about the obstacles that will be faced. another alternative scenario is the development of access to information and technology. the development of access to information includes market and price information, so that producers and collecting traders are being faced by distributors, so that all parties can understand and understand each other. analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |47 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence the other alternative scenario is government policy, because government policy is very necessary, especially for the provision of facilities and infrastructure, eliminating shallot imports, and issuing base prices for producers, roof prices for distributors and collectors as well as a conducive business climate policy. figure 1. analytical hierarchy process (ahp) scheme for efficient supply chain management of shallots in medan main market interpretation of each criteria ahp has set a goal, namely to establish efficient supply chain management of shallots in the medan main market. in achieving this, scenario priorities are obtained to achieve it, namely the government policy scenario (0.640), which means that by implementing this scenario, the goals will be achieved. then following the second scenario is the facilities and infrastructure for producers (0.267), and access to information and technology (0.093), then the goal will be achieved. several factors that will support this scenario include the most important of which are product availability (0.667) and price stability (0.333). this means that according to policy makers (experts) the availability of products is a top priority in forming an efficient supply chain management of shallots, but still combined with other factors. analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |48 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence figure 2. graph of sensitivity to factors that form shallots supply chain management a) product availability (0.667) the availability of products is fundamental and a very important factor in establishing efficient supply chain management of shallots. red onions, which are always available throughout the year, make it a commodity that has the potential to be developed in business. if it is hampered, then price stability will greatly affect the availability of the product. b) price stability (0.333) price stability is also an influence in efficient supply chain management. this has an effect because if the price fluctuates with high frequency, it will have a large effect on demand. the stable price will make it easier for actors to make their business plans in the shallot trade. however, it should also be remembered that price stability is inseparable from the availability of shallots in the supply chain members the role of actors and their proportions in scenario in figure 3, it can be seen that with the same priority scenarios, namely facilities and infrastructure for producers, collectors have a very important role. it can be seen from the priority value of 0.403, this value is higher than other actors, namely producers of 0.370, traders of 0.134 and distributors of 0.094. however, no matter how small the priority value is, all parties must work together to achieve the desired goals together. model name: analisis scm bawang merah yang efisien di kotamedan priorities with respect to: goal: supply chain management bawang merah yang efisien di kota medan produsen .370 pedagang pengumpul .403 distributor .094 pedagang .134 inconsistency = 0.03 with 0 missing judgments. page 1 of 16/9/2017 10:34:29 pm thammasatthammasat figure 3. graphs of actors that form supply chain management of shallots analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |49 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence a) collector traders (0.403) collector traders have the most important role in forming an efficient supply chain management of shallots because of the role of the collecting traders in bridging the economic needs of producers and the needs of distributor supplies. as a middleman (intermediary), either an extension of the distributor or personally, the middleman also has a role to play in providing guidance to producers such as helping producers when their shallot plants are attacked by diseases and assisting producers in cultivating shallots. all this is done by collector traders to join strive to form an efficient supply chain management so that common prosperity can be achieved. keep in mind, the existence of collecting traders is very profitable and necessary when viewed from the point of view of distributors and traders. if from the producer side, the existence of collector traders who make farmers only become price takers and do not get the power to determine the selling price of shallots themselves. b) producers (0.370) producers as the spearhead of the shallots supply chain need to be facilitated with supporting facilities and infrastructure to cultivate shallots. with the fulfillment of the producers needs, the producers can carry out cultivation activities properly. producers no longer need difficulties in finding seeds or confusion to deal with their shallot plants which are attacked by diseases or pests. if the facilities and infrastructure are easily available, the producers will be more enthusiastic in cultivating shallots. c) traders (0.134) the trader becomes the part that guarantees the marketing of the resulting product to the end consumer. support from traders in the marketing aspect will affect the sustainability and success of the shallot business in establishing efficient supply chain management in medan main market. with market guarantees, shallot products produced by producers have a definite market and producers do not need to be confused about selling their products. d) distributor (0.094) distributors are considered measly influence in establishing efficient supply chain management. the small value of the distributor, it is possible that the role of the distributor is considered insufficient in achieving goals. in fact, the distributor is a gathering place for shallots from withany area and is ready to distribute them to the traders below them. distributors have the strength that can be a support to form an efficient supply chain management of shallots. analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |50 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence the role of objectives and proportions in scenarios from figure 4 it can be seen that of the four objectives, two of them are in favor of the producers. producer business sustainability has the highest priority value with 0.413, followed by an increase in producer welfare with 0.360, followed by an increase in product value 0.160 and distributor business sustainability with 0.106. thus it can be interpreted that in each scenario that has been made, each of them can proportionally answer the objectives that all parties want to achieve in order to achieve a fair supply chain management that wants producers to get more attention. model name: analisis sc bawang merah di kota medan (level tujuan) priorities with respect to: supply chain bawang merah di kota medan yang efisien peningkatan kesejahteraan produsen .360 keberlanjutan usaha produsen .413 keberlanjutan usaha distributor .106 peningkatan nilai produk .120 inconsistency = 0.01 with 0 missing judgments. page 1 of 15/16/2017 1:18:05 am thammasatthammasat figure 4. the purpose graph forming supply chain management of shallots a) producer business sustainability (0.360) the sustainability of the producer business is the most important goal in establishing efficient supply chain management of shallots in medan main market. producers must be assisted in terms of facilities and infrastructure so that their business can continue. this assistance can be provided by collectors and distributors. and this relationship of assistance should be a relationship of mutual need between producers, collectors and distributors. the distributor's role in the sustainability of the producer business is to provide capital to collector traders or producers that will benefit all parties. because if the producers business stops, the supply of shallots will also be hampered. b) increase producer welfare (0.413) increasing the welfare of producers is the second priority because the level of welfare of shallot producers who supply the needs of the main market in medan is still considered less attention. producers want a prosperous life and can meet their needs more than their present life. they want an increase in the value of their harvested shallots. many parties are trying to improve the welfare of producers who supply shallots in the main market of medan, including middlemen and distributors as well as the government. c) increase in product value (0.120) analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |51 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence model name: analisis scm bawang merah yang efisien di kota medan synthesis: summary synthesis with respect to: supply chain management bawang merah yang efisien di kota medan overall inconsistency = .04 fasilitas sarana dan prasarana untuk produs... .267 akses inf ormasi dan teknologi .093 kebijakan pemerintah .640 page 1 of 15/16/2017 1:33:15 am thammasatthammasat the increase in product value is assessed by the increase in the quality of shallots, supply and accuracy in delivery. sorting and grading are also actions that can be taken to increase product value. another thing that is usually done to increase product value is to increase the technology of shallot production. d) distributor business sustainability (0.106) distributor business sustainability is the last thing to be taken into account in efficient supply chain management of shallots. this is because the distributor's business sustainability will always be able to run if the producers are still able to supply the shallots that the distributor wants. so it can be concluded that the sustainability of this distributor's business is closely related to the sustainability of the producers' business. priority scenarios in achieving goals in achieving goals, several strategic scenarios are formulated. the highest priority scenario is government policy (0.640) so that the focus on the intended strategy is considered effective to achieve efficient supply chain management of shallots. the next scenario is facilities and infrastructure (0.267), then access to information and technology (0.093). figure 5. graph of scenario priorities in achieving goals a) government policy (0.640) government policy becomes the most priority alternative scenario. this is because government policies are needed, especially to provide capital for facilities and infrastructure, base price policies, roof price policies and so on. the priority value is very large because the role of government policy intervention so far is quite large. the information obtained, government policies have started to support shallot farmers in the city of medan, especially in medan marelan. however, at the level of traders, collectors and distributors, the government's role is less visible. as facilitators, regulators and motivators who are very important in creating a conducive business climate, the role of government is needed in this scenario. b) facilities and infrastructure for producers (0.267) facilities and infrastructure for producers are an alternative to the second important scenario. this is because if the production facilities and infrastructure are fulfilled in sufficient analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |52 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence quantities, the appropriate types, good quality and affordable prices will greatly support the formation of efficient shallot supply chain management. therefore, the availability of facilities consisting of seeds, fertilizers and pesticides as well as other supporting facilities, needs to be carried out in accordance with the needs and used at the right time and place. c) access to information and technology (0.093) the development of access to information and technology has the smallest priority value. this is because of the sources of information received are not comprehensive. access to information that needs to be developed in this case is at the producer level. it is expected that all parties can find out about market conditions and prices. with this knowledge, it is hoped that producers will have a good bargaining position in the supply chain. actions that can be taken to improve access to information include frequent discussions among supply chain members. technology development can be achieved through technology transfer from traders to producers. so that integrated technology can be used for the purpose of increasing product value and will also improve the welfare of producers. 4. conclusion to form an efficient supply chain management in the medan main market, analyzed using the analytical hierarchy process (ahp) method using expert choice 11 software, it was found that the product availability factor was the most determining factor in establishing an efficient shallots supply chain management. the actors who are considered to have the most role on the distributor side in the availability of products and achieve the goals of the producers' business sustainability are collectors. in achieving the objective of producing business sustainability, the alternative scenario chosen is government policy. suggestion the recommendations proposed in order to form an efficient supply chain management need serious support from all supply chain actors in order to be implemented optimally. especially capital assistance from the government for producers so that producers can become price makers and be prosperous. by knowing the supply chain management of shallots in the medan main market and knowing the factors, actors, objectives and alternative scenarios that form an efficient supply chain management, further research efforts are needed on supply chain management efforts through the study of product value added development and financial aspects. as well as a study of business ethics in partnership, both from the producer and distributor side. analytical hierarchy process at supply chain management of efficient shallots megawati citra alam page |53 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience thisisunderccbysalicence references anatan, l., dan ellitan, l. (2008). supply chain management, teori dan aplikasi. alfabeta. bandung. chopra, s., and meindl, p. (2001). supply chain management: strategy, planning, and operations. new jersey – prentice hall. jersey: prentice hall. dinas pertanian dan kelautan kota medan, (2015). medan dalam angka 2015. badan pusat statistik kota medan. medan. indrajit dan djokopranoto, (2005). strategi managemen pembelian dan supply chain. grasindo. jakarta. marimin, m. dan magfiroh, (2010). aplikasi teknik pengambilan keputusan dalam manajemen rantai pasok. bogor: ipb press. negi, saurav dan anand, neeraj. (2014). supply chain efficiency: an insight from fruits and vegetables sector in india. available at http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv7n2p. pujawan, i nyoman. (2010). supply chain management. edisi kedua. guna widya. surabaya. saaty, t. lorie. (1993). pengambilan keputusan bagi para pemimpin, proses hirarki analitik untuk pengambilan keputusan dalam situasi yang kompleks. pustaka binama pressindo. the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya e-mail: purwantialea@gmail.com abstract this study aims to determine the effect of combined treatment plant extracts bintaro and giving the extract concentration on the mortality of armyworm pests. while the research method used factorial experiments conducted with a completely randomized design (crd). treatment factor i was the bintaro plant organs extracted consisting of 4 levels consisting of 4 combinations of bintaro organs and 5 combinations of extract concentrations so that there were 20 combinations and 1 control (without giving the extract) so that a total of 21 treatments were repeated 3 times, a total of 63 units. trial. the experimental unit was using a jar with a height of 6 cm, a diameter of 12.5 cm with 8 instar 1 tails, so it needed 504 instar 1 caterpillars. caterpillar feed is sunflower leaves that are added / replaced every day. the results showed that there was an insignificant effect of the combination of the treatment of bintaro plant organ extracts and the concentration of bintaro plant organ extracts with the mortality rate (%) of armyworms, where observations on days 4, 8, 12 and 16 showed a significant value> 0, 05 with the highest r square achievement on the 16th day of observation of 0.0675 (6.75%), meaning that only a 6.75% mortality rate (%) of armyworms was affected by the combination of the above treatments. the insignificant effect at all levels of treatment factors was the concentration of bintaro plant's organ extract (k), but the k5 treatment (12.5% extract concentration) showed a tendency to be better than the k1, k2, k3, and k4 treatments with an r square value of 0, 418370978 (41.84%) means a number of 41.85% mortality (%) armyworms due to k5 treatment (12.5% extract concentration), the remaining 58.15% due to external factors and insignificant influence at all factor levels treatment of bintaro plant organ extract (b), but treatment b1 (leaf organ extract) showed a better tendency than treatment b2, b3, and b4 with a significant value of f (0.264002509> 0.05) and r square of 0.296443348 ( 29.64%). keywords: pests, grayak caterpillars, bintaro and bintaro leaf extract 1. introduction in plant cultivation, one of the main obstacles that inhibits production both in quality and quantity is the attack of plant pests, especially caterpillars. one of the pests that attack crop cultivation is armyworms (spodoptera litura f.). armyworms are important leaf pests because they have a wide host range, including soybeans, peanuts, mustard greens, cabbage, sweet potatoes, potatoes. grayak caterpillars attack cultivated plants in the vegetative phase, namely eating young plant leaves so that only the leaf bones are left (sari et al., 2020). pest and disease attacks are one of the losses experienced by the indonesian agricultural sector so that they can reduce agricultural productivity. based on data from the central statistics the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence agency, east java has an area of 6.8 hectares of armyworm attacks. in controlling plant pests, farmers generally prefer to apply pesticides because they are considered very effective, practical and fast in killing pathogens and pests. this has had a negative impact, including the resistance of pests and plant diseases to pesticides. an economic analysis of farming in brebes also shows that 51% of the cost of production facilities (including labor) is used only to spend on pesticides. in line with the government program in terms of plant protection, the integrated pest management technique is applied in accordance with presidential instruction no. 3 of 1998, an alternative that needs to be developed is vegetable pesticides, which are natural products that are environmentally friendly and do not cause residue (susilo et al., 2019). facing the seriousness of these obstacles, most indonesian farmers use chemical insecticides, these efforts provide fast and effective results, but the excessive use of chemical insecticides has a negative impact on the environment and humans (djunaedy, 2009). the negative impact of chemical insecticides is increasingly felt by the community, especially due to the unwise use of chemical insecticides. the many negative impacts of chemical insecticides, efforts are needed to minimize the use of chemicals from chemical insecticides, namely by using alternative materials that are more environmentally friendly, such as the use of botanical insecticides that utilize natural ingredients from plants (martono et al., 2004). biopesticides are materials derived from nature, such as plants that are used to control plant pest organisms or are also known as biological pesticides. biopesticides are one of the environmentally friendly solutions in order to reduce the negative impact due to excessive use of non-biological pesticides. currently, many biopesticides have been developed in the community, especially farmers. however, not many farmers have used biopesticides as an antidote and pest control for the purpose of maintaining production. biopesticides are not as toxic as chemical pesticides, so they are safe for the environment (iman & handoko, 2011). vegetable insecticides are single or compound active ingredients derived from plants that can be used to control pests. this vegetable insecticide can function as insect repellents, antifertility (barriers) and insect killers. various types of plants have been known to have potential as vegetable pesticides because they contain bioactive compounds, including saponins, tannins, alkaloids, alkenyl phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. some plants are known to have a mortality effect on insects, so they can be used as an alternative to vegetable insecticides (susilo et al., 2019). one of them is the bintaro plant (cerbera manghas). c. manghas or commonly known by the community as bintaro is currently widely used for reforestation, city decoration, medicinal plants, vegetable pesticides, as well as raw material for dried flower handicrafts. this plant can be used among other things as a laxative, treat fish stings, and fight cancer cells. all parts of the the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence bintaro plant are poisonous because they contain alkaloid class compounds, which are repellent and antifeedant. the seeds contain carberin, which can block calcium ion channels in the heart muscle (amalia & fakhri, 2016). bintaro plants can be used as an alternative to vegetable insecticides to reduce agricultural product losses due to very large pests, especially in food and horticultural crops. pests that are considered important that attack and harm food and horticultural crops are armyworms (spodoptera litura). bintaro plant (cerbera manghas) as a botanical insecticide extract from its leaf organs because leaf organs can be found in abundance compared to the fruit and bark. based on this, it is necessary to carry out further research to test the potential of botanical insecticides from the leaf extract of bintaro (c. manghas) against s.litura f larvae, by determining the concentration of the solution which can affect the development of s. litura larvae. by using sunflower leaf feed. 2. research method using factorial experiments conducted with a completely randomized design (crd). treatment factor i was the bintaro plant organs extracted consisting of 4 levels consisting of 4 combinations of bintaro organs and 5 combinations of extract concentrations so that there were 20 combinations and 1 control (without giving the extract) so that a total of 21 treatments were repeated 3 times, a total of 63 units. trial. the experimental unit was using a jar with a height of 6 cm, a diameter of 12.5 cm with 8 instar 1 tails, so it needed 504 instar 1 caterpillars. caterpillar feed is sunflower leaves that are added / replaced every day. 3. results and discussion mortality rate (%) of armyworms the statistical results with regression analysis showed that the relationship between the concentration of bintaro plant's organ extract concentration as the independent variable and the mortality rate (%) of armyworms as the dependent variable showed insignificant effect at all observed observations. on the 4th day observations after the treatment showed a significant f of (0.60855> 0.05) with an r square value of 0.0141 (1.41%); observations on the 8th day after treatment showed a significant f of (0.5295> 0.05) with an r square value of 0.0211 (2.11%); then observations on the 12th day after treatment showed a significant f of (0.5372> 0.05) with an r square value of 0.0204 (2.04%); furthermore, observations on the 16th day after treatment showed a significant f of (0.25529> 0.05) with an r square value of 0.0675 (6.75%) meaning that only 6.75% mortality rate (%) of armyworms influenced by the concentration of bintaro plant organ extract concentrations, the remaining 93.25% is influenced by factors outside the extract the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence concentration. the regression equation obtained on the 4th day of observation is y = 0.1128x + 3.7592; observation on the 8th day, namely y = 0.1665x + 5.5573; while the observation on the 12th day, namely y = 0.2548x + 12.664, then the 16th day of observation is y = 0.8527x + 20.1. the table below presents the mortality rate (%) of armyworms due to the combined effect of theand the concentration of the organ extract is presented in table. bintaro plant organ extract treatment1. table 1: the mortality value of armyworm (%) due to the combination of treatment of bintaro plant organ extracts and concentration of organ extracts. with the mortality rate (%) of armyworms at various ages of observation (days). treatmen t bintaro extractcon centration (%) average mortality armyworm (%) on various age observation 4 day 8 day 12 day 16 day b0k0 0 4.17 4.17 12.5 16.67 b1k1 2.5 8.33 12.5 16.67 25 b2k1 2.5 0 4.17 25 29.17 b3k1 2.5 0 0 0 0 b4k1 2.5 4.17 12.5 12.5 29.17 b1k2 5 8.33 8.33 25 54 , 17 b2k2 5 4.17 4.17 20.83 33.33 b3k2 5 4.17 4.17 8.33 25 b4k2 5 4.17 4.17 4.17 12.5 b1k3 7.5 12.5 12 , 5 12.5 33.33 b2k3 7.5 0 0 4.17 16.67 b3k3 7.5 4.17 8.33 8.33 12.5 b4k3 7.5 4.17 8.33 8.33 12 , 5 b1k4 10 0 4.17 25 41.67 b2k4 10 8.33 12.5 25 29.17 b3k4 10 4.17 4.17 4.17 16.67 b4k4 10 4.17 4.17 29.17 45 , 83 the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence b1k5 12.5 4.17 8.33 8.33 37.5 b2k5 12.5 0 0 12.5 25 b3k5 12.5 4.17 12.5 12.5 20.83 b4k5 12.5 12, 5 12.5 25 33.33 r square 0.014072355 0.021133534 0.020367378 0.067526626 significance f 0.608550095 0.529514125 0.537152417 0.255294372 effect of treatment tn tn tn tn bintaro (cerbera manghas l) is commonly grown as a green plant, city decoration, medicinal plants, vegetable pesticides, and dried flower handicraft materials. all parts of the bintaro plant are poisonous because they contain alkaloid compounds that are repellent and antifeedant. biopesticides are materials derived from nature, such as plants that are used to control plant pest organisms or are also known as biological pesticides. biopesticides are one of the environmentally friendly solutions in order to reduce the negative impact due to excessive use of non-biological pesticides. currently, many biopesticides have been developed in the community, especially farmers. however, not many farmers have used biopesticides as an antidote and pest control for the purpose of maintaining production. biopesticides are not as toxic as chemical pesticides so they are safe for the environment (kartimi, 2015). bintaro plant organ extract concentration the statistical results of the regression analysis at each concentration of bintaro plant organ extract (k) with the mortality rate (%) of armyworms at the end of the 16th day of observation indicated that there was an insignificant effect on all treatment levels of the extract concentration, including the significant f ( 0.80778625> 0.05) on the treatment factor k1 (extract concentration 2.5%) with an r square value of 0.02296 (2.296%); significant value of f (0.510553345> 0.05) on the treatment factor k2 (5% extract concentration) with an r square value of 0.155970879 (15.597%); significant value of f (0.863160099> 0.05) on the k3 treatment factor (7.5% extract concentration) with an r square value of 0.011595472 (1.56%); significant value of f (0.340139386> 0.05) on the treatment factor k4 (10% extract concentration) with an r square value of 0.299090571 (29.91%); then the significant value of f (0.238161058> 0.05) in the treatment factor k5 (12.5% extract concentration) with an r square value of 0.418370978 (41.84%) meaning that it is 41.85% due to the effect shown by variable mortality (%) armyworms due to k5 treatment (12.5% extract concentration), the remaining 58.15% due to external factors. the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the table that presents the mortality value of armyworms (%) based on the concentration group of bintaro plant organ extracts (k) on various observations on days 4, 8, 12, and 16 can be seen in table 2. table 2: the value of armyworm mortality (% ) based on the bintaro plant organ extract concentration group at various observation ages (days). treatment bintaro extractconce ntration (%) average mortality armyworm (%) on various age observation 4 day 8 day 12 day 16 day b0k0 0 4.17 4.17 12.5 16.67 b1k1 2.5 8.33 12.5 16.67 25 b2k1 2.5 0 4.17 25 29.17 b3k1 2.5 0 0 0 0 b4k1 2.5 4.17 12.5 12.5 29.17 r square 0.022966317 significance f 0.80778625 effect of treatment tn b0k0 0 4.17 4.17 12.5 16.67 b1k2 5 8.33 8.33 25 54.17 b2k2 5 4.17 4.17 20.83 33.33 b3k2 5 4.17 4, 17 8.33 25 b4k2 5 4.17 4.17 4.17 12.5 r square 0.155970879 significance f 0.510553345 effect of treatment tn b0k0 0 4.17 4.17 12.5 16.67 b1k3 7.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 33.33 b2k3 7.5 0 0 4.17 16.67 the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence b3k3 7.5 4.17 8.33 8.33 12.5 b4k3 7.5 4.17 8.33 8.33 12.5 r square 0.011595472 significance f 0.863160099 effect of treatment tn b0k0 0 4.17 4.17 12.5 16.67 b1k4 10 0 4.17 25 41.67 b2k4 10 8.33 12,5 25 29.17 b3k4 10 4.17 4.17 4.17 16.67 b4k4 10 4.17 4.17 29.17 45.83 r square 0.299090571 f significance 0.340139386 effect of treatment tn b0k0 0 4, 17 4.17 12.5 16.67 b1k5 12.5 4.17 8 , 33 8.33 37.5 b2k5 12.5 0 0 12.5 25 b3k5 12.5 4.17 12.5 12.5 20.83 b4k5 12.5 12.5 12.5 25 33.33 r square 0.418370978 significance f 0.238161058 effect of treatment tn based on the data above, the k5 treatment, namely the poc concentration of 12.5%, showed a tendency for the armyworm mortality rate (%) to be higher than the k1, k2, k3, and k4 treatments even though in all treatments the k concentrations studied showed insignificant differences. bintaro plant organs the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the statistical results of the regression analysis on each organ extract of bintaro (b) with a mortality rate (%) of armyworms at the end of the 16th day of observation indicate that there is no significant effect at all levels of treatment of bintaro plant organ extracts, including the significant f value. (0.264002509> 0.05) on the treatment factor b1 (leaf organ extract) with an r square value of 0.296443348 (29.64%); significant value f (0.716073386> 0.05) on treatment factor b2 (stem bark organ extract) with an r square value of 0.036722093 (3.67%); significant value of f (0.48052536> 0.05) in the treatment factor b3 (fruit flesh organ extract) with an r square value of 0.131151567 (13.16%); furthermore, the significant value of f (0.27917112> 0.05) in the treatment factor b4 (seed organ extract) with an r square value of 0.281162867 (28.12%) means that it is 28.12% due to the effect shown by the mortality variable ( %) armyworms due to b4 treatment (seed organ extract), the remaining 71.88% was due to external factors. the table that presents the armyworm mortality value (%) based on the bintaro plant organ extract group (b) on various observations on days 4, 8, 12, and 16 can be seen in table3. table 3: the value of armyworm mortality (%) based on the bintaro plant organ extract group at various observation ages (days). treatment bintaro extractconce ntration (%) average mortality armyworm (%) on various age observation 4 day 8 day 12 day 16 day b0k0 0 4.17 4.17 12.5 16.67 b1k1 2.5 8.33 12.5 16.67 25 b1k2 5 8.33 8.33 25 54.17 b1k3 7.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 33.33 b1k4 10 0 4.17 25 41.67 b1k5 12.5 4.17 8 , 33 8.33 37.5 r square 0.296443348 significance f 0.264002509 effect of treatment tn b0k0 0 4.17 4.17 12.5 16.67 b2k1 2.5 0 4.17 25 29.17 b2k2 5 4 , 17 4.17 20.83 33.33 the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence b2k3 7.5 0 0 4.17 16.67 b2k4 10 8.33 12.5 25 29.17 b2k5 12.5 0 0 12.5 25 r square 0.036722093 significance f 0.716073386 effect of treatment tn b0k0 0 4.17 4.17 12.5 16.67 b3k1 2.5 0 0 0 0 b3k2 5 4.17 4.17 8.33 25 b3k3 7.5 4.17 8 , 33 8.33 12.5 b3k4 10 4.17 4.17 4.17 16.67 b3k5 12.5 4.17 12.5 12.5 20.83 r square 0.131151567 significance f 0.48052536 effect of treatment tn b0k0 0 4.17 4.17 12.5 16.67 b4k1 2.5 4.17 12.5 12.5 29.17 b4k2 5 4.17 4.17 4.17 12.5 b4k3 7.5 4 , 17 8.33 8.33 12.5 b4k4 10 4.17 4.17 29.17 45.83 b4k5 12.5 12.5 12.5 25 33.33 r square 0.281162867 significance f 0.27917112 effect of treatment tn the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence based on the data above, the b1 treatment, namely leaf organ extract, showed a tendency for the mortality rate from the regression analysis (%) of armyworms to be higher than the treatment b2 (3.67%), b3 (13.16%), and b4 (28.12%). ) although in all treatments the organ extracts of bintaro were not significantly different. the results of the research by (sa'diyah et al. 2014) show that leaf extracts added to feed can inhibit the growth and development ofpupae spodoptera litura f (armyworms on cayenne pepper leaves). (prayuda, ye, 2014) research results on the leaves, fruits and bark of bintaro plants containing saponins, the leaves and fruit contain polyphenols which are known to be very toxic to insects and can inhibit the activity of eating pests, and the bark contains tannins. the seeds contain cerberin which can inhibit the work of the heart muscle, even rats do not dare to approach bintaro fruit after they smell the bintaro fruit. bintaro seed extract has antibacterial, cytotoxic, alkaloid and saponin properties as depressants, saponins and polyphenols are toxic to insects and antifeedants because they inhibit the work of digestive enzymes to absorb food. steroids inhibit the molting of insect larvae, tannins reduce the activity of the protease and amylase enzymes, so that they interfere with protein absorption. the statistical results with regression analysis showed that the relationship between the concentration of bintaro plant's organ extract concentration as the independent variable and the mortality rate (%) of armyworms as the dependent variable showed insignificant effect at all observed observations. on the 4th day observations after treatment showed a significant f of (0.60855> 0.05) with an r square value of (1.41%); observations on the 8th day after treatment showed a significant f of (0.5295> 0.05) with an r square value of (2.11%); then observations on the 12th day after treatment showed a significant f of (0.5372> 0.05) with an r square value of (2.04%); furthermore, observations on the 16th day after treatment showed a significant f of (0.25529> 0.05) with an r square value of (6.75%) meaning that only 6.75% mortality rate (%) of armyworms was affected by the administration of the concentration of bintaro plant organ extract, the remaining 93.25% is influenced by factors outside the extract concentration. the regression equation obtained on the 4th day of observation is y = 0.1128x + 3.7592; observation on the 8th day, namely y = 0.1665x + 5.5573; while the observation on the 12th day, namely y = 0.2548x + 12.664, then the 16th day of observation is y = 0.8527x + 20.1 4. conclusion from the results of the study it can be concluded that there is no significant effect of the combination of treatment of bintaro plant organ extracts and the concentration of bintaro plant organ extract results with mortality rates (%) of armyworms, where observations on days 4, 8, 12 the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence and 16 show significant value> 0.05 with the highest r square achievement on the 16th day of observation of 0.0675 (6.75%), meaning that only a 6.75% mortality rate (%) of armyworms was affected by the combination of the above treatments. there was an insignificant effect on all levels of treatment factors, the concentration of bintaro plant's organ extract (k), but the k5 treatment (12.5% extract concentration) showed a tendency to be better than the k1, k2, k3 and k4 treatments with an r square value of 0 , 418370978 (41.84%) means 41.85% mortality (%) of armyworms due to k5 treatment (12.5% extract concentration), the remaining 58.15% due to external factors and the insignificant effect on all level of treatment factor for bintaro plant organ extract (b), but treatment b1 (leaf organ extract) showed a better tendency than treatment b2, b3, and b4 with a significant value of f (0.264002509> 0.05) and r square of 0, 296443348 (29.64%). references amalia, s., & fakhri, m. (2016). pengaruh motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan pada pt. gramedia asri media cabang emerald bintaro. jurnal computech & bisnis, 10(2), 119–127. djunaedy, a. (2009). biopesticides as control of plant pests (opt) which are environmentally friendly. embryo, 6(1), 88–95. faculty of agriculture, islamic university of malang. poor. jiao, b. 2011. neriifolin from seeds of cerbera manghas l induses cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma hepg2 cells. journal fitoterapia 82 (5): 735741. kartimi, 2015. utilization of bintaro fruit as biopesticide in pest management on rice plants in the coastal area of bandengan village, cirebon regency. biology education department, faculty of tarbiyah and teacher training (fkit). state islamic institute (iain) syekh nurjati cirebon. martono, b., hadipoentyanti, e., & udarno, l. (2004). vegetable insecticide germplasm. tro technology development, 15(1), 43–59. retrieved from http://balittro.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ind/images/file/perkembangan. prayuda, ye 2014. efficacy of bintaro seed extract (cerbera manghas) as larvicides in larvae aedes aegypti l instar iii / iv. medical education study program, faculty of medicine and health sciences, uin syarif hidayatullah jakarta. iman, g., & handoko, t. (2011). pengolahan buah bintaro sebagai sumber bioetanol dan karbon aktif. prosiding seminar nasional teknik kimia “kejuangan” 2011. sari, i. p., hidayati, s., ali, m., & purwanti, s. (2020). application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.). agricultural science, 4(1), 74–84. the effect concentration plant extracts bintaro(carberamanghas)against mortality hama armyworm (spodopteralitura) sri purwanti, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, amin rahayu page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence susilo, a., haryanta, d., & sa’adah, t. t. (2019). response of riptortus linearis towards the aplication of bintaro (cerbera manghas) leaf extract. eurasian journal of biosciences, 13(2), 2217–2224. sa'diyah, na, purwani, ki, wijayawati, l. 2014. effect of dun bintaro (cerbere odolllamextract on the)development of grayak caterpillars (spodoptera litura f). department of biology, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences. its. surabaya. agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |63 analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo1, steffan albert2 faculty of agriculture, mayjen sungkonomojokerto university e-mails: budi.utomo@unimas.ac.id dan stalbyoniedev@gmail.com abstract this study aims to determine: 1. knowing the response and interest of farmers to the products of organic liquid organic fertilizer orgamas in the dawarblandong area. 2. knowing the cause and effect of farmers in buying orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products. 3. develop strategies to increase sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products. results of the study: 1. farmers in dawarblandong have a high level of expectation for organic fertilizer products that can help increase their productivity, but these expectations are limited by cultural factors so that farmers give the highest value to the attribute of excellence and the lowest value to the availability attribute of liquid organic fertilizer. orgamas. 2. farmers have different interpretations of the attributes inherent in the orgamas liquid organic fertilizer product, they assess that the attributes of excellence, price, and delivery are able to shape their interest in buying and using orgamas liquid organic fertilizer, but not the availability, familiarity and brand attributes. . 3. based on the swot analysis concluded by the cartesian graph, intan abatani's management is facing various internal threats and weaknesses, so intan abatani's management needs to develop an alternative strategy in the form of a swot matrix design to create a plan to save the company from large losses. keywords: liquid organic fertilizer, consumer behavior, fishbein, swot 1. introduction soil is a place where living things stand, which is composed of mineral and organic elements. good soil conditions greatly affect the survival of living things around it. this situation can occur due to two factors, namely natural soil formation (pedogenesis) and artificial factors. natural soil formation factors come from the weathering of rocks aided by organisms, while artificial factors are formed intentionally by adding fertilizers as soil fertility nutrients to obtain a better soil condition. soil that requires fertilizer is soil that is lacking in nutrients or soil nutrients. fertilization of the soil is usually done by farmers with the aim of cultivating crops. farming requires good soil conditions to support plant growth. it can be concluded that farmers who are farming need fertilizer for the process of growing and developing plants. however, not all fertilizers can make plants grow and develop properly, and make the soil fertile, it all depends on the content of the compounds. blotong compost (organic fertilizer) is given to the soil 1 (one) week before planting, according to the treatment dose by sowing evenly on the soil surface. the blotong compost treatment agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |64 given before planting will react with the soil so that the physical and chemical processes of the soil have occurred before the planting process (utomo, b., & setyaaji, d. 2020). jutsus von liebig (1855), in jelida (2013), states that growth is not controlled by the total available resources, but is controlled by the fewest resources. for example, if a plant has a minimum nutrient requirement of 50g, then inorganic fertilizers are added to the soil until the elemental content is 70g, then 50g of nutrients from the soil content will be absorbed by the plant according to its needs and the remaining 20g will break down into the soil. evaporating and washing (leaching) or washed away through erosion. fertilizer is a component that contains nutrients that are added to the planting medium to meet the substances needed by plants (hariyadi, huda, ali, & wandik, 2019). fertilizer acts as nutrition for the development of plants so that they can grow properly according to their genetics and production potential. liquid organic fertilizer orgamas is one of the products made to encourage farmers to be more concerned and aware of the environment, soil,and plants. this is because organic fertilizers play a very important role in soil fertility and the survival of living things around the northern region of mojokerto or better known as the area. dawarblandong. this area has the characteristics of arid and barren soils because the formation of the soil is influenced by karst landform. the presence of this fertilizer is expected to slowly improve the condition of the soil in the area and assist farmers in maximizing harvest to be sufficient for food self-sufficiency. dawarblandong can be said to be a rural area far from urban areas, so it is difficult to change the mindset or habits of farmers in farming, especially using fertilizers, which is a major obstacle for the company. the use of organic fertilizers in the dawarblandong area is still minimal when compared to the use of inorganic fertilizers due to cultural factors or hereditary habits that want instant harvest results and a lack of knowledge and understanding of soil gaps, besides that the people of dawarblandong are also not very interested in buying or using liquid organic fertilizers. . this causes the company to determine the right marketing strategy in order to increase the sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products. based on the description above, this study aims to analyze consumer behavior towards organic fertilizer products that have just been circulating in the agricultural market and develop future marketing strategies to increase sales. 2. research methodology location and time of research agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |65 this research was conducted at intan abatani dawarblandong educational tourism, mojokerto regency with a period of six months (november 2018 april 2019). the population taken is all visitors to the manggata depo, while the sample used is only consumers who buy the orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products. the total population obtained was 200 visitors with 25 consumers of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products which were used as research samples or respondents. data processing and analysis methods the data analysis methods used in this study include: 1. quantitative descriptive analysis presented with the fishbein method and weighting of the likert scale to analyze consumer behavior towards the orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products in dawarblandong area, mojokerto regency. 2. swot analysis to conclude the results of the factors (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) owned by the company in order to formulate future marketing strategies with the aim of increasing sales. 3. results and discussion profile of intan abatani intan abatani is an educational tourism destination that attracts farmers and breeders to optimize their yields. intan abatani implements an integrated farming system where waste from the agricultural and livestock sectors is reused as a basic material to optimize other sectors. for example, waste from the livestock sector is used in the agricultural sector. the feedback from the agricultural sector, for example, is through a straw which is used for animal feed. so that no waste is wasted (zero waste). this concept was promoted by mr. bayu diningrat, in line with the concept of agriculture in 1005. the concept of agriculture 1005 itself is a concept of cultivating land with an area of 1000 m2 for an integrated agricultural pattern in the fields of animal husbandry, fisheries and organic farming so that farmers have an income of 5 million per month with working time 3 4 hours per day. intan abatani has the motto "i want to be a farmer i'm proud to be a farmer because i love indonesia" intan abatani's management has a vision that is "healthy indonesian farmers, independent indonesian farmers, and successful indonesian farmers". the mission pursued to realize the above vision is: 1. realization of production, productivity and population, capital, technology and a strong institution as an effort to create an agribusiness and agropolitan system that is competitive, just and sustainable. agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |66 2. develop agricultural or livestock facilities and infrastructure in order to optimize the use of natural resources in accordance with their functions. 3. improve the quality of human resources (hr) and agribusiness institutions to be able to play a role in managing the potential of regional resources in the context of implementing regional development. the vision and mission above is carried out together with 14 personnel (3 people from the surrounding community, 1 wiyata bakti, 6 contract people and 4 freelance daily) chaired by mr. bayu diningrat in the management of intan abatani. orgamas liquid organic fertilizer orgamas fertilizer is a liquid organic fertilizer based on animal urine, bran and em4 bacteria. this fertilizer is produced by cv. dari teman sejati mojokerto. the advantages of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer include: 1. acting as poc and ppoc 2. improve and accelerate plant growth 3. accelerate the ripeness of panicles 4. improve the quality and quantity of crops 5. able to reduce or minimize the use of chemical fertilizers 6. packaging is more practical and easy to carry. liquid organic fertilizer orgamas is easily available through the closest branches that have been scattered in the mojokerto area. for the central branch of the city of mojokerto, you can visit depomanggata majapahit soraya fm, which is located at jl. rambutan no.1 wates housing, wates village, magersari district, mojokerto city. orgamas liquid organic fertilizer is sold at a price of rp. 100,000 for the 1,000 ml package and rp. 60,000 for the 500 ml package. competitor data 1. manure 2. petroganic subsidized fertilizer fishbein analysis fishbein's attitude model leads to the respondent's (consumer's) point of view towards a product that is identified by seeing, listening, buying, trying in the hope of satisfying their needs(sudiyarto, 2009). the assessment that appears based on the attitude of consumer confidence in the attributes of organic fertilizer products, in general, will be denoted by ei, while the consumer agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |67 assessment that appears based on the attitude and evaluation of the orgamas liquid organic fertilizer product will be denoted by bi. the two values of ei and bi that appear will be multiplied so that the results of consumer behavior are denoted by ao (attitude toward the object). table 1. fishbein multi-attribute analysis no. atribut bi ei ao = (bi.ei) interpretasi 1. brand 2.84 3.72 10.56 liked 2. price 3.36 3.76 12.63 very liked 3. familiarity 2.36 3.68 8.68 liked enough 4. availability 1.80 3.20 5.76 dislike 5. delivery 2.92 3.52 10.28 liked 6. excellence 3.36 3.88 13.04 very liked total 16.64 21.76 60.96 source: primary data 2019 (processed) evaluation (ei) based on table 1, it can be seen that consumer behavior according to the rank (highest to lowest) on the attributes studied. the attribute of excellence (3.88) is considered by consumers as an attribute forming consumer interest and preference in buying an organic fertilizer product followed by the attribute price (3.76). in this case, consumers state that if the advantages of organic fertilizer productsare very good and liked by consumers, there is no problem in buying these products if they are tagged at prices that match their advantages. the next ranking is a brand attribute (3.72) and familiarity (3.68). consumers like the popularity of organic fertilizer products based on brands that are generally well known by the surrounding community. consumers are not fanatical enough with the brand of an organic fertilizer product as long as the product brand is able to satisfy their needs. they just love and know that the brand on the product has an advantage at an affordable price. the attributes of delivery (3.52) and availability (3.20) are in the last rank with the perception of consumers who have the habit of storing fertilizer products that are usually used for stock, so that when consumers have limited access to these organic fertilizer products (delivery) and availability of goods (availability) ) is empty then it is not the main obstacle for consumers not to use the product, in accordance with the opinion of mowen, john c and minor, michael. (2012), that consumer trust is consumer knowledge about an object, its attributes, and its benefits. this knowledge is useful in communicating a product and its attributes to consumers salient belief (bi) agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |68 the analysis of consumer behavior towards the product of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer which is shown in table 1 shows that the attributes of excellence (3.36) and price (3.36) are in the first rank. respondents felt that the orgamas liquid organic fertilizer product had a price that was in accordance with its superiority (nyoman 2019). these two attributes are supported by the delivery attribute (2.92) with the consumer's perception that the orgamas liquid organic fertilizer product is easy to obtain. the next attribute is followed by the brand attribute (2.84) with the perception that consumers don't really think about the brand they use. they are only limited to knowing and getting to know the brands they use. the number of consumers who are not familiar with the orgamas liquid organic fertilizer product makes the attribute familiarity(2.36) and availability (1.80) attributes low by consumers. consumers feel that they are still capable of producing their own organic fertilizers based on manure so that consumers do not give too much importance to the availability of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products because they still have other alternatives to care for their commodities. attitude towards the object (ao) the consumer behavior that appears based on the analysis of the calculation of ei and bi shows that the attribute of excellence (13.04) remains in the first rank, while the attribute price (12.63) is in the second rank. the next attributes are brand (10.56) and delivery (10.28), while the second to last rank is familiarity (8.68) and availability (5.76). respondents have stated their perceptions in weighting the likert scale for each analysis (ei and bi). respondents make excellent attributes as the main attribute and price attribute in second place because consumers have high hopes and desires for the results of productivity and agricultural quality when using these organic fertilizer products. so that consumers do not object to investing their finances to buy these products. according to kotler and armstrong (2012), in the process of purchasing a product, consumers go through five stages, namely problem recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decisions and post-purchase behavior. the attribute that consumers always value low is availability because consumers still feel that they are able to care for their farms by making their own organic fertilizers based on large amounts of manure as supplies. consumer preferences the lack of interest of farmers as consumers which has been concluded in the attributes of fishbein analysis greatly affects the lack of sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products. consumers conclude this on three attributes that are rated low, namely: brand, familiarity, and agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |69 availability. the availability attribute is the main attribute in the problem of consumers 'or farmers' lack of interest in the orgamas liquid organic fertilizer product. the thinking of consumers who are still capable of making their own organic fertilizers makes this attribute less important in the results of the fishbein analysis. the large number of agricultural households who have livestock so they feel able to supply fertilizer needs for their own farming coupled with cultural factors that are down and down which are still very high in the dawarblandong area. the livestock population in the dawarblandong area is around 118,491 heads per month consisting of large livestock, small livestock, poultry and others. if the average livestock animal is able to produce its own manure approximately ten (10) times a day, the total weight of each livestock (large animals, rabbits, poultry) is1.1 kilograms. so the livestock is able to produce approximately thirty-three (33) kilograms of manure per month. if the total population of livestock in the dawarblandong area is 118,491, then it will get around 3,910,203 kilograms or 3.9 tons of livestock manure production which can be used as organic fertilizer in this area. apart from manure, this is also influenced by the factor of fertilizer subsidies that have been programmed by the government every year in each district in each district. as subsidized fertilizer, petroganik fertilizer can be purchased at the price of rp. 20,000 weighing 40 kilograms in sacks. the annual allocation of petrogranic fertilizers is distributed through the technical implementation unit (upt) and distributed to the districts and then to each village through the agricultural stalls. based on data from the group definitive plan (rdk) and the definitive group needs plan (rdkk) of farmers in the dawarblandong area related to petroganik fertilizer subsidies, the total allocation of fertilizers supplied each year is based on the calculation of land area according to use, multiplied by the dosage of fertilizer usage for each. commodities that are being developed within the region. this year (2019), petroganik producers supplied subsidized fertilizers totaling 4,991,409 kilograms of petroganik fertilizers or around 4,991 tons for the dawarblandong district, mojokerto regency (bpp dawarblandong district 2019). these two factors have an impact on product availability. the number of products that are large and evenly distributed will affect the views and interests of farmers as consumers in choosing and using these fertilizers. if the product availability is still low, the distribution coverage will not be evenly distributed so that it will not be able to attract consumers' views and interests. the opportunity for consumer interest in these products is quite small, as a result, consumer desires cannot be fulfilled because so far consumers can only see or hear the product through advertisements without being able to try it. agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |70 minimal availability is very influential on product familiarity in this area. this area is classified as a rural area that is far from the city center, the people of dawarblandong pay less attention to the promotions carried out by intan abatani's management through the on-air approach and talk shows on radio. coupled with even distribution and distribution of products that are not evenly distributed. this results in a lack of closeness or popularity of products with farmers as consumers, which has an impact on farmers' knowledge of the brands attached to these products. farmers as consumers who are not familiar with brands of organic fertilizer products, which because the distribution is uneven, they will feel unfamiliar with these products. they will have negative thoughts or perceptions that arise such as "not branded but the price is expensive" or "the price is so cheap, is the quality good?". this is also in accordance with the theory of consumer behavior which states that what influences the consumer's decision to buy a good or service, one of which is the price of the item itself (mangkunegara, 2017). meanwhile, according to rangkuti (2006), in utomo, b (2010), attitude is an important component in purchasing behavior. attitude is the result of an evaluation that reflects the likes and dislikes of the product, so those producers can predict potential purchases and formulate more effective strategies. swot analysis based on the results obtained from the fishbein analysis, further analysis will be carried out using the swot method. in accordance with the results of observations both verbally and nonverbally, the swot formula can be concluded in the following table. table 2. swot factor formulation strengths weaknesses opportunities threats 1. using organic and environmentally friendly materials (4). 2. having a call center and talk show services (3). 3. using personal capital (2) 4. has a role as poc and ppoc (3) 5. have a strong and integrated network (3) 1. high selling price as a new product (2). 2. low production capability (2). 3. lack of product closeness to consumers(4). 4. do not have a product delivery system (3). 5. the distribution coverage has not yet entered remote areas (4) 1. consumers and customers are still influenced by cultural factors in buying products (3). 2. the market share is still wide (3). 3. reputation and positive image of intan abatani (3). 4. public awareness of the positive impact of organic fertilizers (4). 1. competitors have large capital for production and promotion (4). 2. competitors have collaborated with online stores and delivery services (3) 3. competitors have collaborated with the government (4). source: primary data 2019 agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |71 based on the assessment that appears above, each value will be multiplied by a constant so that final value is called the weight. the weight that appears in each statement will be multiplied by the rating that has been adjusted to the priority scale value above. from the results that appear, each of the total values is obtained as follows: strength (3.13), weakness (-3.27), opportunity (3.31) and threat (-3.73). the total swot value will be analyzed again by reducing the factor value by classifying the value of internal and external factors so that the value of the difference or gap is obtained. the difference values that appear are sw (-0.13) and ot (-0.42). both internal and external factors can be drawn vertically and horizontally (x and y) on a cartesian chart. graph 1. cartesian graph the value that appears on the cartesian graph is a negative value that relies on quadrant iv (defensive strategy). this quadrant describes a company situation that is not profitable where the company is facing various internal threats and weaknesses. therefore an alternative strategy is needed to make a plan to save the company from large losses. the formulation or plan strategy can be prepared using the swot matrix as follows: so strategy 1. utilizing intan abatani's positive image to increase promotion by using endorsements on social media. agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |72 2. conduct a product approach to the community / agricultural students through agricultural counseling or seminars at certain times with the aim of increasing product familiarity to the community. 3. conducting live broadcasting activities on social media with the aim of providing knowledge to the public, especially viewers, regarding the positive impact of using organic fertilizers through orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products. wo strategy 1. take advantage of the advantages of products that act as poc and ppoc by producing organic liquid organic fertilizer products in smaller packages (250ml) to attract price affordability to consumers who do not own large areas of land. 2. increase the number of sub-distribution or depots that are spread to remote areas by utilizing the strong and integrated intan abatani network. 3. provide sampling with a small amount at each outreach event held to attract public attention. st strategy 1. increase costs to support promotion in various media with a view to disseminating product-related information to consumers. 2. creating cooperation with the field of expedition or online stores to make product affordability to consumers. 3. holding gatherings or special agricultural events by inviting the agriculture agency and farmer groups to build a stronger network with the government. wt strategy 1. producing more products than before for sampling or bonus products with certain purchase terms. 2. creating an internal product delivery system with certain purchase conditions. this internal delivery system assigns and responsibilities to one of the employees appointed to send customer orders. 4. conclusions 1. the results of the analysis of consumer behavior based on the fishbein method show that the attribute excellence is the attribute favored by the respondent and the availability attribute is the attribute that is least liked. agriculturalscience journalofagriculturalscienceandagricultureengineering issn: 2597-8713( online) 2598-5167 (print) availableon: http://agriscience.scientific-work.org/index.php/agriscience this is under cc by sa licence analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products budi utomo, steffan albert page |73 2. respondents are less interested in liquid organic fertilizer orgamas as indicated by the brand attributes, familiarity and availability. 3. the swot analysis results show that intan abatani's management is in quadrant iv. suggestions 1. it is recommended that intan abatani management take advantage of a strong and integrated network to form an organic community in order to facilitate the introduction and supply of products that have been produced. 2. it is recommended that intan abatani management buy livestock manure in the surrounding community as the basic material for orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products at an attractive price to increase productivity. 3. the closeness of the product to consumers can be done with other alternatives such as product bundling programs or purchasing packages in a particular product. the orgamas liquid organic fertilizer product is combined with other products in its sales with the criteria of the combination product is higher in sales than the orgamas liquid organic fertilizer product. references aa. anwar prabu mangkunegara, (2017). manajemen sumber daya manusia perusahaan, remaja rosdakarya, bandung. hariyadi, b. w., huda, n., ali, m., & wandik, e. (2019). the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland. agricultural science, 2(2), 127–138. jelida bn. (2013). “hukum minimum liebig”, https://www.academia.edu/12876889/hukum_minimum_liebig, diakses pada 12 maret 2019. kotler dan amstrong.(2012). marketing management 14eth edition.new jersey: prentice-hall. mowen, john c dan minor, micheal. (2012). perilaku konsumen dialih bahasakan oleh dwi kartika yahya. erlangga. jakarta. sudiyarto. (2009).perilaku konsumen agribisnis. upn press. surabaya. utomo, b., & setyaaji, d. (2020). study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land. agricultural science, 3(2), 113-127. utomo, b, (2010). sikap kepercayaan petani dalam memilih benih hibrida dan non hibrida pada usahatani jagung di mojokerto. program pascasarjana. upn. veteran. jawa timur. wikipedia. (2018). “dawarblandong mojokerto”, https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/dawarblandong,_mojokerto, diakses pada 7 maret 2019. page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.) *indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. *faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya e-mail: indrianipuspitasari75@gmail.com, hidayatisetyo@gmail.com, nurlinaraharjo@gmail.com, sengkomahrus@gmail.com, purwantialea@gmail.com abstract purpose of this study was to determine the effect of urban organic fertilizer and garden soil on the growth of mustard greens. implementation at experimental garden faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya jl. ketintang madya vii / 2 surabaya. this research method used a randomized block design (rak), where the treatment used (1) factor, namely urban waste organic fertilizer consisting of 8 levels of treatment and repeated 3 times to obtain good results. the parameters of the observations carried out were observing plant length, number of leaves, plant wet weight, observations were made from the age of 14 das to 35 das with intervals of once a week. the results showed that the treatment of the effect of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard greens can be concluded as follows: (1) there is a significant interaction in the treatment of organic fertilizers on the variable number of leaves aged 14 das and plant wet weight. the best results were shown in the treatment dose of 15% urban waste organic fertilizer and 85% soil (p3); (2) treatment of urban waste organic fertilizer at a dose of 15% and soil 85% has a very significant effect on plant length growth at 14 das and plant wet weight at harvest and (3) application of urban waste organic fertilizer with a composition of 15% and soil is 85%. the optimal dosage is able to bind nutrients and provide nutrients according to the needs of the mustard plant. keywords: mustard plants, organic fertilizer, municipal waste. 1. introduction growth of mustard plants (brassica juncea, l.) is a type of vegetable that is popular with the community and has economic value and is rich in essential substances (protein, carbohydrates and fats), vitamins and minerals. sawi is a type of leaf vegetable that has high economic value in indonesia and several countries in the world. based on data from the central statistics agency (bps) on the 1991 agricultural survey of vegetable crop production in indonesia, the harvested area of mustard greens is 35,868 hectares (4.35%) of the national vegetable harvested area; with a production of 322,164 tons (7.23%) of the national vegetable production (rukmana, 1994: 12). for mustard plants, it is generally grown in the lowlands. this plant is not only resistant to heat (high), but also easily flowers and produces seeds naturally in indonesia's topical climate conditions, so it does not have to rely on imported seeds (rukmana, 1994: 34). organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from the materials of living things or living things that have died, including animal manure, litter, garbage, and various intermediate products from page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence living organisms (sumekto, 2006: 1). there are several kinds of organic fertilizers, namely manure, green manure, bokashi, and compost (purwendro and nurhidayat, 2007: 15). organic fertilizer is a type of fertilizer made from organic materials derived from plants and animals which can be converted into available nutrients for plants. in moa no.2 / pert / hk. 060/2/2006, regarding organic fertilizers, it is stated that organic fertilizers are fertilizers which mostly or entirely consist of organic material derived from plants and / or animals that have gone through an engineering process, can be solid or liquid which is used to supply organic materials to improve their properties (ali, purwanti, & hidayati, 2019). physical, chemical, and biological soil. this definition indicates that organic fertilizers are aimed more at the c-organic content or organic matter rather than the nutrient content; the value of c-organic is what makes it different from inorganic fertilizers. application of organic matter is one way to improve soil quality, although the nutrient content of organic matter is generally lower than chemical fertilizers. for example, macro nutrients from plant residues range from 0.7 2% nitogen, 0.07 0.2% phosphorus and 0.9 1.9% potassium, while manure is 1.7 4% nitrogen, 0 , 5 2.3% phosphorus and 1.5 2.9% potassium. overall, organic matter has complete potential to improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties. the benefits of organic matter are physically improving structure and increasing the capacity of the soil to store water. chemically, it increases soil buffering capacity against changes in ph, increases cation exchange capacity, decreases p fixation and acts as a reservoir for secondary and micro elements. biologically, it is a source of energy for soil microorganisms that play an important role in the process of decomposition and release of nutrients in the soil ecosystem (sanchez, 1976). the potential for organic waste, especially from densely populated urban areas is very high. most of the waste from residential areas (households) is in the form of organic waste, the proportion of which can reach 78%. this organic waste is generally biodegradable, that is, it can be broken down into simpler compounds by the activity of soil microorganisms. the decomposition of this organic waste will produce material that is rich in the elements needed by plants, so it is very well used as organic fertilizer. meanwhile, the raw materials for making organic fertilizers come from the local environment and are quite cheap (sulistyawati et al., 2009). recycling urban waste from household waste into organic fertilizer (compost) is important to reduce the impact of pollution caused by garbage. the impact of pollution by waste includes water pollution caused by waste water (leachate), air pollution caused by foul smelling air, pollution by the presence of garbage which can have side effects of spreading disease outbreaks (sudradjat, 2006). page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence compost is obtained from the weathering of plant materials or organic waste such as straw, husks, leaves, grasses, organic waste from factory processing, and organic waste that occurs due to human treatment. (mustamar, 2009: 21) biologically, worms play a major role in converting organic matter into humus so that it can improve soil fertility. the worm droppings are in the form of casts containing 40% humus compared to the top of the soil where the worms live (yuliprianto, 2010: 194-195). earthworms are considered to be reliable engineers of soil ecosystems. these animals use organic materials and soil as food. soil organic matter and fine-textured soil that is easy to digest, excreted as granular aggregates which are rich in nutrients for plants. the activity of earthworms in making soil burrows helps to absorb surface water more effectively and also facilitates the growth of plant roots in penetrating soil layers. the impact of earthworm activity makes the surrounding environment an environment that has the carrying capacity for the activities of other organisms. (yuliprianto, 2010; 181) composting with worms is faster than microorganisms. vermicomposting (fertilizer derived from worm droppings) is suitable for organic waste with a high water content. the vermicomposting system consists of three main stages, namely determining the type of earthworm for vermicomposting, the multiplication stage of earthworms, and composting. (yuliprianto, 2010; 211). garbage is a problem that must be overcome by all people in society by utilizing organic waste in the form of leaves that fall from trees in the surrounding environment to be used as organic fertilizer. one of the products produced from these wastes is solid compost, namely leaf compost. in addition to fulfilling the need for fertilizer for the campus environment itself, the leaf compost is also commercialized, and can also be used as material for making vermicompost. the mustard plant has the requirements to grow and give good results. these requirements include soil, climate and nutrition. mustard plants should be planted in loose soil, contain lots of nutrients and are easily penetrated by water. the use of fertilizers in the planting medium is expected to increase the growth and production of mustard plants. the advantages of vermicompost (vermicompost), because it has complete basic nutrition, contains substances such as hormones and a number of microorganisms that are beneficial for plant growth and also reduce environmental health. the benefits of household urban organic waste are organic fertilizers which are obtained from the weathering of organic waste from human (household) treatment. the compost treatment involves adding a decomposer or activator microorganism to the material. the benefits of compost from household waste are: 1. save more than 50% of the cost of using land for landfills (tpa), because all organic waste is reprocessed and used for agricultural needs on a large scale. page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 2. organic waste processing does not pollute the environment, so that water, soil and air pollution can be reduced. 3. organic waste that is processed properly can provide a source of income and employment for the organic fertilizer industry. 4. tpa can be used as a field school, which is to learn how to properly manage waste (zainal et al., 2008). 5. overall, organic matter has complete potential to improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties. the benefits of organic matter are physically improving structure and increasing the capacity of the soil to store water. chemically, it increases soil buffering capacity against changes in ph, increases cation exchange capacity, decreases p fixation and acts as a reservoir for secondary and micro elements. biologically, it is a source of energy for soil microorganisms that play an important role in the process of decomposition and release of nutrients in the soil ecosystem. the nutrient content of household municipal waste organic fertilizer cannot be directly applied to fertilize plants, but must undergo a composting process first. several reasons for household waste need to be composted before being used as plant fertilizer, among others: 1. if the soil contains enough air and water, the decomposition of organic matter takes place rapidly, thus disrupting plant growth; 2. the breakdown of fresh matter supplies very little humus and nutrients to the soil; 3. the structure of fresh organic matter is very coarse and has little water absorption, so that when immersed it will cause the soil to crumb: 4. making compost using household waste is a way of storing organic material before it is used as fertilizer. organic fertilizers from household waste with various kinds of decomposers and other mixed materials that have been produced are subjected to chemical analysis. from the analysis, it is known that the ph status, c-organic content, c / n ratio, other macro and micro elements. the benchmarks for the quality of the organic fertilizers produced were organic c content, c / n ratio and n-total. the results of the analysis of household waste compost produced by bptp east java showed that the c-organic content ranged from 15.41 to 18.89, the c / n-ratio ranged from 11.8812.04 to 18.29, and the total-n was around 0, 58 1.57%. from laboratory tests, it is known that household waste organic fertilizer with promi decomposer plus manure, bran, and drops contains high c-organic. according to zainal et al. (2008) stated that charcoal or carbon contained in organic matter is a source of energy for microorganisms. in the process of digestion by microorganisms, a combustion reaction occurs between the elements page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence carbon and oxygen to become calories and carbon dioxide (co2). this carbon dioxide is released into gas, then the decomposed nitrogen element is captured by microorganisms to build their bodies. when these microorganisms die, nitrogen will stay with the compost and become a source of nutrition for plants. this means that apart from being a source of nutrients (releasing nutrients especially n in a relatively fast time), this organic fertilizer can also be used as a source of soil organic matter. the critical value of the c / n ratio of an organic material for the occurrence of decomposition is below 30, above which the value of organic matter will be difficult to decompose (stevenson, 1986 and handayanto, 1995). the amount of c / n ratio indicates whether organic matter is easy to decompose. a high c / n ratio indicates the presence of relatively large amounts of weathered soil material (eg cellulose, fat and wax), on the other hand, the smaller the c / n ratio, the easier it is to decompose organic matter. by composting the ratio of organic matter can reach 20 to 15, so that a decrease in the c / n ratio means that nitrogen availability for plants increases. the optimum c / n ratio has a range between 20-25 (n content around 1.4 1.7%) which turns out to be ideal for maximum decomposition because there will be no nitrogen release through mineralization from organic waste above the amount required by microorganisms. a good c / n ratio is between 20-30 and will be stable when it reaches a ratio of 15. too high a c / n ratio causes the process to run slowly because of the low nitrogen content. the c / n ratio will achieve stability when the decomposition process is complete. according to djuarnani et al. (2009), a good c / n ratio is between 20-30 and will be stable when it reaches a ratio of 15. too high a c / n ratio results in a slow process due to low nitrogen content. the c / n ratio will achieve stability when the decomposition process is complete. 2. research method this research method uses a randomized block design (rbd), where the treatment uses (1) factor, namely urban waste organic fertilizer consisting of 8 treatment levels and repeated 3 times so as to obtain good results. the parameters of the observations carried out were observing plant length, number of leaves, plant wet weight, observations were made from the age of 14 das to 35 das with intervals of once a week. 3. results and discussion plant height the results of the variance analysis showed that the interaction of various treatments of urban waste organic fertilizer on plant length at all observation ages did not show a significant difference. page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence (appendix 1). the average plant length for various treatments of urban waste organic fertilizer can be seen in table 1. table 1 shows that the treatment dose of organic waste fertilizer 20% (p4) majority has the longest plant length at all observation ages, each of which is 11.67 cm (age 14 das); 16.17 cm (age 21 das); 21.33 cm (age 28 das) and 24.17 cm (age 35 das). while the length of the plant is shown in the treatment without doses of organic waste fertilizer (p0). table 1. the average length of mustard plants (cm) at various observation ages (days after transplating). treatment average shoot length (cm) 14 21 28 35 p0 5.67 a 8.00 a 10.00 a 13.50 a p1 10.33 b 14.33 b 16.33 b 18.83 b p2 11, 50 b 17.83 c 19.17 c 21.33 c p3 11.33 b 15.50 b 19.67 cd 22.50 cd p4 11.67 b 16.17 bc 21.33 d 24.17 d p5 11 , 00 b 15.50 b 20.17 cd 23.33 d p6 10.83 b 14.17 b 18.50 c 22.00 c p7 11.17 b 15.33 b 19.50 cd 23.33 d bnt 5% 1.69 2.18 1.91 1.93 note: figures accompanied by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference (lsd 5%). number of leaves the results of the analysis of variance show that there is no significant interaction of various treatments of urban waste organic fertilizer at the observation age of 14 das and shows a real interaction at the observation age of 21 das, 28 das, and 35 das. the average number of leaves in various treatments of urban waste organic fertilizer can be seen in table 2. table 2.average number of mustard leaf plants at various observation ages (days after transplanting) treatment average number of mustard plant leaves 14 21 28 35 page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence p0 3.67 5.33 a 7.33 a 9.00 a p1 5.17 7.67 b 11.33 b 15.83 bc p2 5.33 8, 83 b 12.33 bc 16.33 bc p3 5.50 8.67 b 13.50 c 18.50 bc p4 5.50 9.17 b 12.67 bc 14.00 b p5 5.17 9.17 b 12.67 bc 19.33 c p6 5.67 9.33 b 12.17 bc 15.00 bc p7 5.33 8.83 b 11.67 bc 14.83 bc bnt 5% tn 1.86 1.86 4.75 note: figures accompanied by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference (lsd 5%). tn: not real table 3 shows that the treatment dose of 30% urban waste organic fertilizer (p6) shows the highest number of leaves at the observation age of 14 dst and 21 dst, respectively 5.67 and 9.33 strands. treatment dose of 15% urban waste organic fertilizer (p3) showed the highest number of leaves at the age of 28 das observation, namely 13.50 pieces. the 25% dose treatment of urban waste organic fertilizer (p5) showed the highest number of leaves at the observation age of 35 das, namely 19.33 pieces. while the lowest number of leaves was shown in the treatment without urban waste organic fertilizer (p0). and at the age of 14 das observation, the number of plant leaves showed no significant difference. (attachment 2) root length and plant wet weight the results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant interaction of various dosage treatments of urban waste organic fertilizer on root length and plant wet weight at the end of the observation. table 3. average root length and fresh weight per plant at the end of the observation treatment average value of age observation 35 days after planting root length per plant wet weight per plant p0 31.17 a 34.42 a p1 49.03 b 118.27 b page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence p2 47.67 b 206.70 c p3 57.17 bc 313.82 e p4 47.67 b 275.35 de p5 53.33 bc 282.32 de p6 52.67 b 187.58 c p7 67.17 c 247.78 d bnt 5% 14.26 54.21 note: figures accompanied by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference (lsd 5%). table 3 shows that the treatment dose of 35% urban waste organic fertilizer (p7) has the longest root length of 67.17 cm and the treatment dose of 15% urban waste organic fertilizer (p3) has the heaviest wet weight of 313.82 gr. meanwhile, the shortest root length and lowest wet weight were owned by the treatment without urban waste organic fertilizer (p0). discussion the results showed that the 15% dose treatment of urban waste organic fertilizer (p3) gave the best results on the growth and yield of mustard plants. this is because the application of organic fertilizers can increase soil fertility and improve soil structure, where a good soil structure causes the roots to develop properly, so that the absorption of nutrient elements is maximized. in accordance with the opinion of nurhayati (2000), which states that the smooth absorption of nutrients by plants depends on the supply of groundwater which is closely related to the capacity to hold water by the soil. and supported by sutejo (2002) who said that organic fertilizers have an important function compared to inorganic fertilizers, namely that they can loosen the soil surface layer (topsoil), increase the population of microorganisms, increase absorption and water retention capacity which can increase overall soil fertility. the 15% dosage treatment of urban waste organic fertilizer (p3) gave the best growth and development of mustard plants compared to other treatments. this is because the treatment of 15% urban waste organic fertilizer and 85% soil has an optimal composition. the addition of 15% organic fertilizer to the soil is able to bind nutrients and provide nutrients according to their needs so that the presence of organic fertilizers in the soil content provides growth and development of page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence mustard plants. in accordance with yunus' opinion (1991), the organic matter contained in organic fertilizers is able to unite and bandaging soil particles into larger soil grains. the soil grains are able to store nutrients and provide them when the plants need them. in addition, the organic fertilizer that is given can create a balance of nutrients in the soil and improve the physical quality of the soil by making the soil texture, porosity and soil structure better so that the absorption of nutrient elements is optimal. hairiah et al., (2000) added that organic matter can increase the soil's cation exchange capacity and reduce the loss of nutrients added through fertilization so that it can increase fertilization efficiency. yulipriyanto (2010) states that organic fertilizers are not far from reliable soil ecosystem engineers, namely earthworms. these animals use organic materials and soil as food. soil organic matter and fine textured soil that is easy to digest, excreted as granular aggregates which are rich in nutrients for plants. the activity of earthworms in making soil burrows helps to absorb surface water more effectively and also facilitates the growth of plant roots in penetrating soil layers. the impact of earthworm activity makes the surrounding environment an environment that has the carrying capacity for the activities of other organisms. 4. conclusion the results showed the effect of the type of urban waste organic fertilizer treatment on the growth and yield of mustard greens, the treatment of organic fertilizers had a very significant effect on the growth of mustard plant length and wet weight of the plant, while the growth in the number of leaves was significantly different at 14 days das. . the best results were shown in the treatment dose of 15% urban waste organic fertilizer and 85% soil (p3). the application of urban waste organic fertilizer to mustard plants is better to use a composition of 15% and soil 85%. this is because the treatment of organic waste fertilizers has an optimal composition. the addition of 15% organic fertilizer to the soil is able to bind nutrients and provide nutrients according to the needs of the mustard plant. suggestion the research results are suggested to conduct soil analysis and compost which will be used first before application to plants. it is intended that nutrient elements are absorbed by plants in appropriate doses, neither deficiency nor excess for optimal plant growth and production. in addition, it is recommended to use a combination of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers, in addition to being able to meet the nutrients needed by the combination plants, it is also expected to be able to produce fresh mustard plants. page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence references ali, m., purwanti, s., & hidayati, s. (2019). intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura. agricultural science, 3(1), 22–30. budiarjo. (2006) pupuk kandang. in: simanungkalit, r.d.m., suriyadikarta, hartatik. organic fertilizer and biofertilizer. bogor: research institute for agricultural land resources. pp. 5982. cahyono,( 2003). techniques and strategies of green mustard cultivation. the library foundation nusantara, yogyakarta fudalah ksiazek, et al. (2016) & age. (2016) value added of plant and animal waste can be increased to become compost and biogas using the concept of zero waste. cities 2014. its surabaya . hairiah, k., h., s.r.utami., d.suprayogo., sunaryo., s.m.sitompul., b.lusiana., r.mulya., m. vannoordwijkdan g. cadisch, (2000). biological acid soil processing. icraf. bogor. haryanto, e. suhartini, t. rahayu, e. (2003). mustard and lettuce. jakarta: spreader selfsubsistent. mustamar. (2009). manufacture and application of solid organic fertilizer. jakarta: spreader self-subsistent. nurhayati. (2000). basics of soil science. bandar lampung: university lampung pracaya. (2011). planting organic vegetables in gardens, pots and polybags. spreader selfsubsistent. jakarta purwendro. (2007). managing waste for organic fertilizer. self-help spreader. jakarta putri et al. (2014) the effect of urban waste compost fertilizer on sunflower plant growth. samarinda: journal of bioeducation: vol. 2. no. 2. rukmana. (1994). planting petsai and sawi. canisius. yogyakarta sanchez, p. a. (1976). nature and management of tropical soil. translation j.t. jayadinata. 1992. itb. bandung. subagyo, h., n. suharta, and ma.b.suswanto. (2007). agricultural land in indonesia. in indonesian land resources and management. adimiharja, a., l. e. amin, f. agus, and d. djaenudin (eds). 21-61. center for soil and agro-climate research. bogor. page |application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica junceal.). indriani puspita sari, sri hidayati, nurlina, mahrus ali, sri purwanti. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence sudradjat, r and e. herawati. (1992). utilization of liquid compost solution (dranco solution) result of fermentation process of dried leaf litter as hydroponic nutrient solution. journal of forest products research. bogor (unpublish). sulistyawati, e., mashita, n., choesin, d. (2007). effect of decomposer agents on the quality of household organic waste composting results. journal of science & technology research. bandung: bandung institute of technology. susila, anas d. (2006). guidelines for vegetable cultivation. department agronomy and horticulture. faculty of agriculture ipb. sutejo (2002), sutejo, bps, 2002. fertilizers and fertilization methods, reneka cipta pp. 25-26 tina, s., estu, r., eko, h. (1994). planting mustard and lettuce. jakarta: spreader self-subsistent. yulipriyanto, h. (2010). soil biology and management strategies. your grahai. yogyakarta. yunus, m. (1991). animal husbandry waste management. department of animal production luw-brawijaya university. animal husbandry project.p. 117. page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditions around the sinabung mountain sari anggarawati1, yunus arifien2, dyah budibruri wibaningwati3 1,2,3universitas nusa bangsa, jl. k.h.sholeh iskandar km.4, bogor 16166, indonesia e-mail: sari@unb.ac.id, yunus@unb.ac.id abstract the disaster in karo district due to the eruption of mount sinabung on september 15, 2013 has claimed lives, damage to homes, agricultural land and property. this affected the economic and social conditions of affected farmers, so the government intervened to improve these conditions through a rehabilitation and reconstruction program. the purpose of this study is to compare the economic and social conditions of the community before and after the eruption of mount sinabung due to rehabilitation and reconstruction activities and examine community participation in recovery activities. the analytical method uses the nonparametric wilcoxon signed rank test, with two related samples namely the measurement of conditions before the disaster and after the post-disaster rehabilitation-reconstruction are not mutually free. the results show that the land owned by respondents after the disaster was reduced, but land tenure by respondents increased because they rented land elsewhere. the types and number of livestock have decreased such as buffalos and chickens, but cattle have increased due to the aid in purchasing cattle. money capital has increased because of the provision of financial assistance from the private sector or government. the number of kiosks and sales turnover increased with the change of the area around the disaster into a tourist destination. likewise, farm family income has increased with the new arable land in siosar which is planted with vegetables in addition to the results of coffee on the old land that is ready to harvest. resilience of respondent faces disaster and willingness to rise from disaster in the category of vulnerable and increasing. work ethic in the high category increases, but in the medium category it actually decreases. the dependency of aid from the government in the high category increases, but in the low category it decreases. keywords: farmers, economic, social, disaster, participation 1. introduction disasters are events that threaten and disrupt people's lives, where macro disasters will create vulnerability in the form of loss of productive human resources, loss of work, property, disruption of health, declining production due to damage to a number of infrastructure, weakening social relations and increasing poverty (eneyew & bekele, 2012). this will affect the decline in output and labor productivity in various sectors, which in turn will impact on the decline in income received by households and the possibility of changing the level of welfare of the people in the affected areas. while environmental damage caused can be in the form of damage to landscapes that are difficult to recover in a short time, will affect social, economic and political life (hidayati, 2012). page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence in micro, the earthquake will affect the livelihood and welfare of a household, such as changes in asset ownership, access and activities that support the sustainability of their livelihoods, economic sustainability, environment and sustainability, where if economic conditions are not yet sustainable, social conditions are not yet sustainable, and institutional conditions unsustainable, the level of livelihood is also not sustainable (noviani & wijayanti, n.d.). in some cases, the post-disaster recovery efforts from the government and private sector are more focused on physical recovery, while the socio-economic improvement of disaster victims is neglected (beckman, 2006). this is due to the physical impact can be seen clearly, the amount of losses can be calculated and can be recovered in a relatively short time, while the socioeconomic impacts are not visible, it is difficult to measure the magnitude of the impact but can cause a slump in the long term (shah, 2008). this will certainly affect the welfare and sustainability of the lives of disaster victims. studied the modeling of the restoration of communities in the surakarta flood disaster prone areas, finding that there is a close relationship between recovery power and asset, knowledge and duration of the disaster. optimization of the acceleration of the recovery of disasteraffected households can be done by strengthening asset ownership, improving community capacity and reducing the threat and duration of the disaster (noviani & wijayanti, n.d.). the welfare of households affected by tandikek disasters has experienced a significant decline in the emergency response phase. this is indicated by the increasing number of respondents in the low income group and decreasing the number of respondents who have a high income. in that phase, the level of income inequality is in the medium category (ali, 2014). after recovery, all welfare indicators start to increase until the condition is in the same position as before the disaster and income inequality has returned to the low category. nevertheless there has been a change in position in the income group, where the number of high and low income respondents has decreased, while the number of middle income respondents has increased. this means that the disaster has changed the level of income and the level of welfare of respondents (sosmiarti, karimi, noer, & taifur, 2017). for various vulnerabilities faced by post-disaster households that might affect their level of welfare, various efforts will emerge as a strategy to survive and restore post-disaster conditions. in general, at the beginning of a crisis due to disaster, survival strategies and restoring livelihoods will depend on the amount of assets, access, capacity and activities of each individual / household (suwartana & anggarawati, 2018). based on the indonesian disaster data and information (dibi, bnpb 2016), the disaster events in karo district in the last 10 years (2005 2015) occurred 14 times. these disasters page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence include: volcanic eruption 6 times, flood 3 times, landslide 3 times, flood and landslide 1 time, and transportation accident 1 time. among the catastrophic events that had the greatest impact and are still being felt by the community is the sinabung volcano eruption in karo district. the impact of the catastrophic events in karo district over the past 10 years was fatalities and massive displacement, as well as damage to homes and agricultural land. the disaster in karo district killed 34 people, 412 were injured, 22 suffered, and 79,349 were displaced due to the eruption of the mt. sinabung volcano and floods. facilities damaged by the disaster in the form of 60 houses were slightly damaged. the damaged agricultural land area of 528 hectares, as a result of flooding damaged land area of 505 hectares, and as a result of floods and landslides as large as 23 hectares of damaged land. the relocation of sinabung refugees was originally planned in siosar village using an apl area of another 250 hectares. this 250 hectare land is sufficient to accommodate residents of phase i relocation (370 households) and phase ii (1,683 households). besides housing, it also needs the availability of land for agriculture. this relocation is in the production forest area in siosar, district of brand, karo regency, north sumatra province. about 17 km from the city of kabanjahe, the capital of karo regency. the objectives to be achieved in the study are as follows: 1. comparing the economic and social conditions of the community before and after the disaster of the eruption of mount sinabung. 2. analyzing the results of rehabilitation and reconstruction of economic and social conditions. 3. knowing community participation in the recovery program. 2. methodology time and place of research this research was conducted around the mount sinabung karo district, the location selection was carried out deliberately in the areas of villages affected by the volcano disaster. the study was conducted in the period october 2018 march 2019. data and data types research data are grouped into three, namely: 1). subject data in the form of opinions, attitudes, experiences or characteristics of a person / group of people; 2) physical data in the form of objects or physical objects, in the form of land, buildings, livestock, vehicles, and kiosks; 3). documentary data in the form of: journals, letters, minutes of meetings, memos or activity reports. page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence types of data in the form of qualitative and quantitative data. qualitative data such as gender, type of work, employment status, community motivation, and so on. quantitative data such as land area, number of livestock, total capital, total assets and others. population and sample the population in this study is the community affected by the mount sinabung disaster in karo district. sampling was carried out using stratified random sampling techniques based on location and livelihoods where the people affected by the disaster, while determining the number of respondents carried out proportionally. by using the slovin formula, the number of respondents was 150 respondents. analysis method subjective respondent behavior is measured using a likert scale, ranked: 1). frequent (weight 3); 2). sometimes (weight 2); 3). never (weight 1). furthermore the instrument (questionnaire) was tested for validity and reliability. data analysis uses the non-parametric wilcoxon signed rank test to analyze paired data and the data are not normally distributed. data is processed using the spss 21 for windows program to illustrate the different socioeconomic conditions of farm households before the disaster (2009) and after the disaster (2018). the basis for the decision to accept or reject ho in the wilcoxon signed rank test is as follows: ho is rejected if the probability value <0.05 means that there are significant differences in socioeconomic conditions before and after a disaster. ho is accepted if the probability value> 0.05 means that there are insignificant differences in socioeconomic conditions before and after the stock split. 4. results and discussion characteristics of respondents based on the graph below, the gender of male respondents is greater at 56%, while female respondents are at 44%. a comparison graph of the number of respondents by sex can be seen in graph 1. based on the age group, the dominant respondents were in the 40-54 year age group totaling 36.4%, respondents aged 24-39 were 34.7%, 18% were 55-64 years and over 65 years were 11.2%. page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence figure 1. number of male and female respondents (%) figure 2. number of respondents by age group (%) based on the level of education, the most dominant respondents were d3 (38%), and at least s1 and / or s2 graduates (10%), graduated from high school by 24%, graduated from junior high school 16%, graduated from elementary school 10%, and those who did not complete elementary school 2 %. the spirit of learning of siosar children who are far from the city center is very enthusiastic, they are willing to walk if there is no city transportation. most of the respondents were farmers (78%), farm laborers 6%, entrepreneurs 6%, traders 2.0%, craftsmen 1% and others 7%. the main commodity is coffee. others are vegetables (carrots, potatoes, beans, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, chili, tomatoes), and oranges also durian. figure 3. number of respondents by education (%) figure 4. number of respondents by type of work (%) livestock and land ownership types of livestock raised by cattle, buffalos, goats, pigs, ducks and chickens. type and number of livestock has decreased. there are no more respondents who have cows above 10 and chickens above 100, even farmers no longer have buffalo, goats and ducks besides pigs. the decline in the number of livestock occurred because respondents could not save their livestock when a disaster occurred and after the disaster was unable to maintain it because they did not have a stable and pasture, many farmers sold their cattle at very cheap prices. page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence table 1. ownership of livestock and land no. livestock category (bad consequence) before (%) after (%) land category (bad consequence) before (%) after(%) 1. cow < 3 83,3 94,4 rice field < 0,5 14,3 42,9 3 – 10 5,6 5,6 0,5 – 1 42,9 14,3 10 20 11,2 0,0 1 – 2 28,6 42,9 2. buffalo <3 60 0,0 2 – 5 14,3 0,0 3 -10 40 0,0 garden < 1 25 50 3. goat < 3 13,3 0,0 1 – 2 50 50 3 – 10 33,3 0,0 2 – 5 25 0,0 10 – 20 13,4 0,0 moor < 1 46,1 90,4 >20 40,0 0,0 1 – 2 35,4 8,9 4. pig < 3 0,0 0,0 2 – 5 17,2 0,7 3 – 10 100 100 >5 1,0 0,0 5. chicken < 10 125 87,4 10 – 20 6,3 3,1 20 – 50 40,7 6,3 50 – 100 28,2 3,1 >100 12,6 0,0 6. duck < 10 0,0 0,0 10 – 20 50,0 0,0 50 – 100 50,0 0,0 data source: processed from primary data from field survey results, 2019 paddy fields, gardens and dry fields, is a capital for farmers to carry out their activities. no more respondents have fields and gardens above 2 ha, and fields above 5 ha, the area of land owned ranges from fields below 0.5 ha, gardens under 2 ha and fields below 1 ha. there was a decrease in the area of land ownership, but there was also an increase in the area of land tenure among some respondents who rented land for farming in addition to abandoned coffee plantations that could still be harvested. business ownership and family income business ownership is realized in the form of money capital, kiosks and business turnover that is run consistently. capital money that many respondents have below rp. 5,000,000, the size of the kiosk is not more than 20 m2 and the sales turnover is not more than rp. 20,000,000. kiosk size of less than 20 m2 increased from 49.9% to 85.7%, because many respondents opened kiosks in front of their homes. in terms of turnover, the average range of rp. 5,000,000 rp. 10,000,000 has increased because after the disaster occurred, the area around the disaster became a tourist destination, so many tourists visited the location around the disaster. money capital and the size of the kiosks have decreased, but turnover has increased and the condition of the kiosks has also been more permanent than before the disaster. page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence table 2. amount of business capital and respondents' revenues no. type of capital category (1.000) before (%) after (%) 1. capital money (rp) < 5.000. 7,1 57,1 5.000 – 10.000 35,5 7,1 10.000 – 20.000 14,3 7,1 20.000 – 50.000 21,3 7,1 50.000 – 100.000 7,1 7,1 >100.000 14,3 7,1 2. stall size < 20 m2 49,9 85,7 20 – 50 m2 35,6 7,1 >50 m2 14,5 7,1 3. stall conditions permanen 30,8 46,2 semi permanen 61,5 30,8 non permanen 7,7 23,1 4. turnover < 5.000. 9,5 38,1 5.000 – 10.000 81 23,9 10.000 – 20.000 9,6 38,2 20.000 – 50.000 0,0 0,0 50.000 – 100.000 0,0 0,0 >100.000 0,0 0,0 5. farm income < 5.000. 9,5 0,0 5.000 – 10.000 81 80,9 10.000 – 20.000 9,6 19,1 20.000 – 50.000 0,0 0,0 50.000 – 100.000 0,0 0,0 >100.000 0,0 0,0 data source: processed from primary data from field survey results, 2019 family income from farming for the range of rp 10,000,000.00 to rp 20,000,000.00 has increased from 9.6% to 19.1%. the income increased because some of the respondents still had arable land in the old place planted with coffee or vegetables and fruit that could still be harvested. at the time of abandonment (catastrophic events) the plant is approaching harvest, so after a major disaster the coffee plant is ready for harvest. in addition, respondents also rented land in other places far from the disaster location to plant coffee or other crops. conditions can be seen in the following table. the difference test analysis results also showed a significant increase in income with a value below 0.05, meaning that there was an increase in income after the disaster. full results can be seen in table 3. page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence table 3. analysis of difference in income tests from respondents' garden results levene's test for equality of variances t-test for equality of means f sig. t df sig. (2tailed) mean difference std. error difference 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper pdpt kebun equal variances assumed 31,821 ,000 4,086 163 ,000 54780395,093 13407087,556 28306429,909 81254360,276 equal variances not assumed 4,061 81,186 ,000 54780395,093 13488903,824 27942640,556 81618149,629 data source: processed from primary data from field survey results, 2019 socio-cultural aspects respondents' resilience in the face of disaster experienced a decline from the usual until the tough fell to become vulnerable, although the tough ones still numbered 58.3%. eruption mt. sinabung which continues to make some people begin to despair. the willingness to recover from disasters at a moderate level has increased from before the disaster by 17.9% and after the disaster 25.8%, this increase came from a decline at a high level from 80.8% to 64.9%. the willingness to rise after a disaster needs to be motivated to immediately rise from the disaster experienced. table 4. socio-cultural aspects of respondents in facing disaster impacts no. aspect category before (%) now (%) 1. toughness in facing disaster susceptible 2,6 25,2 ordinary 35,1 16,6 tough 62,3 58,3 2. the will to rise low 1,3 9,3 medium 17,9 25,8 high 80,8 64,9 3. work ethic low 3,3 9,3 medium 29,1 19,2 high 67,5 70,9 4. dependence on government assistance low 62,7 15,3 medium 23,3 23,3 high 14,0 61,3 5. attitudes towards recovery due to disaster low 0,0 0,0 medium 0,0 14,1 high 0,0 85,9 data source: processed from primary data from field survey results, 2019 the work ethic at a high level has increased compared to before the disaster, showing that respondents still have the enthusiasm to keep working. while respondents at the moderate level experienced a decline to a low level, they experienced the desperation to be able to rise to face this disaster. dependence on government assistance is very high, additions coming from levels did not depend much before the disaster became dependent on government assistance. attitudes toward recovery from disaster conditions are very high, the willingness to recover is the capital to rise and improve life as before. in full can be seen in the following table 4. page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence participation in the implementation of recovery the recovery carried out by the government for the victims of the mount sinabung disaster in helping their lives consisted of skills training, educational assistance, and agricultural facility assistance as presented in table 5. table 5. number of respondents following recovery efforts no. aspect category before (%) now (%) 1. skills training 1. agriculture 8,7 69,7 2. motorcycle service 0,3 0,3 3. furniture 0,3 0,5 4. food 0,3 0,3 5. entrepreneurship 0,3 2,7 6. no help 89,3 26,5 2. educational assistance 1. uniforms and stationery 0,8 66,1 2. educational scholarship (kpi) 0,8 9,3 3. textbooks 0,3 1,1 4. uniforms and scholarship 0,3 1,6 5. uniforms and books 0,5 2,2 6. no help 74,3 19,1 3. agricultural assistance 1. seeds 4,4 68,3 2. fertilizer 2,5 16,7 3. ppl 0,3 0,3 4. agricultural land 0,3 0,5 5. the other 0,3 0,8 6. no help 92,2 13,4 4. kewirausahaan 1. no help 100 100 data source: processed from primary data from field survey results, 2019 the implementation of recovery was seen from the aspect of skills training, the participation of victims to attend skills training was quite high for the development of skills in agriculture, which was gained from training after the disaster which had increased from 8.7% which initially received agricultural training increased to 69.7%. the training is given in agriculture and is in accordance with the work of respondents who are mostly farmers. the types of training that have been provided include processing potatoes into chips. besides that, they were also given training to plant straw mushrooms. whereas the training training that respondents are interested in is training in the field of entrepreneurship. almost all assistance in the field of education has increased, especially for uniforms and stationery, which initially only 0.8% of respondents received assistance before the disaster to 66.1% after the disaster. other assistance in the form of education scholarships only (kpi), textbooks only, uniforms and scholarships, uniforms and books. but there were still those who did not receive any kind of education assistance in the form of 19.1%. page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence in addition to education, assistance for agriculture has also increased for the procurement of seedlings, from 4.4% before the disaster to 68.3% after the disaster. seedling assistance from the government has been provided such as potato seed assistance given to respondents in siosar. other assistance in the form of fertilizer also increased from before the disaster 2.5% to 16.7% after the disaster. 5. conclusion the conclusions from the results of the post-disaster economic recovery study are as follows: the number of cattle and chickens has decreased, even farmers no longer have buffalo, goats and ducks that only live pigs. agricultural land has experienced a decline in land owned such as fields below 0.5 ha, gardens under 2 ha and fields below 1 ha. money capital and kiosk size have decreased, but turnover has increased and many kiosk conditions have also been permanent compared to before the disaster, although there are also kiosks that have actually declined from semi-permanent to non-permanent. family income from farming for the range of rp 10,000,000.00 to rp 20,000,000.00 has increased from 9.6% to 19.1%. the income increased because some of the respondents still had arable land in the old place planted with coffee or vegetables and fruit that could still be harvested. respondents' resilience in dealing with disaster experienced a decline from the initial level of ordinary to tough down to become vulnerable. the work ethic of respondents is high after a disaster, but at a moderate level it has decreased to a low level. respondents' dependence on government assistance is very high, attitudes towards recovery from disaster conditions are very high at 85.9%. references ali, m. 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(n.d.). pemodelan tingkat daya pulih masyarakat di kawasan rawan bencana banjir kota surakarta. 57–68. page |impact of post-disaster rehabilitation activities on farmer economic and social conditionsaround the sinabung mountain. sari anggarawati, yunus arifien, dyah budibruri wibaningwati page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence shah, m. (2008). rainfed authority and watershed reforms. economic and political weekly, 43(12–13), 105–109. sosmiarti, karimi, s., noer, m., & taifur, w. d. (2017). kajian penghidupan rumah tangga di kabupaten padang pariaman pasca gempa 2009 (studi kasus nagari tandikek kecamatan patamuan). 2009, 761–770. suwartana, a. a. e., & anggarawati, s. (2018). mentawai the farmer ’ s social economic conditions before and after disaster in mentawai island regency. mahatani, 1(2), 153– 171. liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez*, wiyono, dwi susilo utami, and choirul fariawan putra2) page | 30 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez *1, wiyono 1 , dwi susilo utami 1 , and choirul fariawan putra 2 1) program study of agrotechnology, faculty of agriculture, universitas tunas pembangunan, surakarta, indonesia 2) student program study of agrotechnology, faculty of agriculture, universitas tunas pembangunan, surakarta, indonesia *corresponding author e-mail : achmad.aziez@lecture.utp.ac.id article history: received: june 20, 2021; accepted: september 11, 2021 abstract alcohol factory waste which still contains a number of nutrients when enriched with manure is good enough to increase the growth and yield of chili. this research was conducted in jengglong, jatisobo village, polokarto district, sukoharjo regency which took place from september 2019 to january 2020. this study used a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. the first factor consists of 3 levels of liquid organic fertilizer: waste alcohol + em4, waste alcohol + em4 + goat manure, alcohol waste + em4 + a combination of 3 manure (chicken, goat, cow). the second factor dosage of liquid organic fertilizer consists of 4 levels: 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 l/ha. the results of the study showed that the kind and dosage of liquid organic fertilizer enriched with manure did not significantly affect the growth and yield of chili, but the interaction of the two treatments had a significant effect on the yield of chili. the highest weight of red chili was obtained in the treatment of waste alcohol + em4 + a combination of 3 manure (chicken, goat, cow) with a dose of 3000 l/ha. in conclusion, the use of alcohol waste for fertilization, especially chili plants, should be combined with manure in order to obtain maximum results. the implication of this research is that for fertilizing chili plants, it is better to use alcohol waste, em4 and a combination of chicken, goat and cow manure at a dosage of 3000 l/ha. keywords: alcohol waste , growth, liquid organic fertilizer, chili, yield 1. introduction chili is one of the strategic horticultural vegetable commodities that have high economic value and has been cultivated in indonesia for a long time. people use chili as a spice in their daily cooking. in addition, chili can also be consumed in fresh or processed form and can also be used as raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industries (munandar et al., 2017). chili also has health benefits because of the nutritional content in it (utami, 2011). chili contains carbohydrates, fats, protein, calcium, vitamins a, b1 and vitamin c needed by the body and contains lasparaginase as an anti-cancer (agustina et al., 2014). the content in chili can cure several diseases such as relieving colds and nasal congestion. the increase in the price of chili occurs liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez*, wiyono, dwi susilo utami, and choirul fariawan putra2) page | 31 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence every year and many people complain and are restless about the condition of the increase in the price of chili every year. based on data from the regional inflation control team, the demand for red chili in surakarta city has increased. the price of large red chili commodities reached rp. 60,000 per kg from the previous price of rp. 27,000, per kg. the decreasing supply of red chilies has resulted in the price of red chili soaring. the decrease in red chili supply occurred due to weather factors (wahyudi et al., 2018). to suppress the price of chili which continues to increase, it is necessary to increase the availability of chili. this results in a high level of demand for red chili, and at certain times the price of red chili increases, for example on hari raya or at the time of the new year (nurvitasari et al., 2018). one of the efforts to increase the availability of chili is to increase chili production by planting and fertilizing (hariyadi et al., 2019). fertilization has the aim of increasing the availability of nutrients needed by plants (rastiyanto et al., 2013). as stated by lingga and marsono (2008) that organic and inorganic fertilizers can add nutrients to the soil which will increase plant growth optimally. the addition of manure to the soil can also improve soil structure (arifah, 2013), and increase water and air permeability in the soil (amara and mourad, 2013). provision of manure can help the decomposition process which can increase nutrients so that plants more easily absorb water from the soil (rohmawati, 2015). the use of animal manure helps provide nutrients needed by plants, and can increase the cation exchange capacity and as a buffering agent for soil ph (usman, 2015). dosage of manure can also increase plant growth and yield (uwah and eyo, 2014). the composition of organic matter contained in livestock manure, organic fiber content derived from plant feed in livestock which causes the decomposition process of organic matter to take place slowly so that the nutrients contained in livestock manure can be absorbed slowly during the growth and development process. plant. the use of organic fertilizer can increase chili yields, but the availability of organic fertilizer in the form of manure is limited due to limited livestock. in addition, organic matter can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil so that the soil becomes more crumbly and the exchange of cations and anions becomes faster so that nutrients can be absorbed by plants properly which makes for good plant growth and production (hadi et al., 2015). the role of organic matter is divided into: (1) physical function, helping the formation of good soil structure and water content, (2) chemical function, contributing to the active nature of soil colloids, (3) nutrient function, contributing to nutrient sources, especially n, p and s for plant liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez*, wiyono, dwi susilo utami, and choirul fariawan putra2) page | 32 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence growth, and (4) physiological functions either directly or indirectly, this is due to organic compounds that can function as body hormones (anwar and sudadi, 2013). one of the wastes that can be used as organic fertilizer is alcohol waste. alcoholic waste has the potential to be used as organic fertilizer containing beneficial nutrients for plants. this waste contains residual carbohydrates, protein, fat, and vitamins, so that when fermented it will become a liquid fertilizer which is very useful for increasing soil fertility. liquid waste from the manufacture of alcohol is a liquid waste that has the potential to be used as organic fertilizer. the availability of this waste is quite large, namely 44.2 liters in a day, so that if it is not managed it can pollute the environment, both the agricultural and aquatic environments (www.kompas.com). therefore, in this study, we will try to utilize alcohol waste in the agricultural sector, especially for fertilizing chili plants. 2. materials and methods study area this research was conducted in jengglong hamlet, jatisobo village, polokarto district, sukoharjo regency from september 2019 to january 2020. with an altitude of 98 meters above sea level. experiment design this study used a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. the first factor consists of 3 levels of liquid organic fertilizer: waste alcohol + em4, waste alcohol + em4 + goat manure, alcohol waste + em4 + a combination of 3 manure (chicken, cow, goat). the second factor dose of liquid organic fertilizer consists of 4 levels: 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 l./ha. research procedure the media for seeding is a mixture of soil and pepper in a ratio of 1:1. media sterilization by drying in the sun, cooled, put into a seeding container and watered. planting media in polybags is a mixture of soil and pepper with a ratio of 1: 1. polybag size 40cm x 50 cm, seedling age 14 days or 4-5 leaves. fertilize once a week according to the treatment. spraying pesticide dose of 2.5 cc / liter of water to control whitefly pests that cause yellow virus (gemini virus). manual weed control by cutting or pulling weeds. harvesting the age of the plant is 100 days with the characteristics of the fruit being reddish. harvesting is done 8 times with stages every 3 days. parameter observed the parameters observed were plant height, fresh weight of stover, dry weight of stover, root volume, number of green fruits, number of red fruits, weight of green fruit, and weight of red fruit, liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez*, wiyono, dwi susilo utami, and choirul fariawan putra2) page | 33 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence statistical analysis statistical was performed using the standard anova sas 9.1 program. if there is a significant difference between treatments, then proceed with the duncan new multiple range test (dmrt) at the 5% significance level. 3. result and discussion based on the analysis of variance (table 1), the type and dose of liquid organic fertilizer did not significantly affect all observation parameters, but the interaction of the two treatments had a significant effect on yield parameters including the number of fruits and fruit weight, both green and red fruits. table 1. analysis of variance all parameters parameter liquid organic fertilizer interactions by kind and dosage liquid organic fertilizer kind dosage growth parameters height of plant 1.40 ns 1.57 ns 2.31 ns fresh weight of crown 1.00 ns 1.50 ns 2.45 ns dry weight of crown 1.00 ns 1.50 ns 2.45 ns volume of root 0.44 ns 0.35 ns 1.83 ns yield parameters number of green fruit 0.21 ns 1.64 ns 40.92 ** number of red fruit 0.12 ns 1.17 ns 56.77 ** weight of green fruit 0.15 ns 1.15 ns 50.98 ** weight red fruit 0.13 ns 1.30 ns 50.78 ** chili growth based on table 2, it appears that the type, dose and interaction of liquid organic fertilizer did not significantly affect the growth of chili plants such as plant height, fresh weight of stover, dry weight of stover and root volume. the absence of this difference is suspected to be due to virus liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez*, wiyono, dwi susilo utami, and choirul fariawan putra2) page | 34 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence attacks on the research area, namely the yellow virus and curly virus that affect the growth of chili plants, because the yellow virus and curly virus have high transmittance as the main obstacle to the development of chili plants (semangun, 2008). the application of liquid organic fertilizer cannot prevent plants from being infected with the virus. plants that have been infected cannot be returned to healthy plants even if the fertilizer is given in excess of the dose. in the study area, whitefly activity was still low at the beginning of planting after transplanting. its activity began to increase at 5 weeks after transplanting. the percentage of infected plants 6 weeks after transplanting only reached 5%. whitefly activity increased after the plants began to flower until the beginning of fruit filling. the increased activity of these vectors is due to the increasing amount of available food (nur aeni, a, 2007). table 2. duncan's 5% multiple range test of kind and dosage of alcohol waste liquid organic fertilizer and their interactions on chili growth. treatment observation height of plant (cm) fresh weight of crown (g) dry weight of crown (g) volume of root (cm 3 ) kind of liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste +em4 (l1) 26.95 194.10 61.58 1.09 alcohol waste +em4+goat manure (l2) 28.62 200.35 63.70 1.22 alcohol waste +em4+ combination of chicken, goat and cow manure (l3) 29.80 204.35 65.09 1.31 dosage of liquid organic fertilizer (l/ha) 0 (d0) 25.63 189.23 60.00 1.10 1000 (d1) 28.82 200.70 63.90 1.30 2000 (d2) 30.67 206.23 65.55 1.32 3000 (d3) 28.64 202.24 64.33 1.12 liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez*, wiyono, dwi susilo utami, and choirul fariawan putra2) page | 35 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence interaction of kind and doses of liquid organic fertilizer l1d0 21.87 178.00 56.00 0.63 l1d1 26.60 197.70 63.00 1.07 l1d2 29.47 199.00 63.00 1.37 l1d3 29.87 201.70 64.33 1.30 l2d0 30.70 204.70 65.00 1.70 l2d1 29.33 197.70 63.00 1.20 l2d2 24.93 186.70 59.33 0.80 l2d3 29.53 212.33 67.33 1.20 l3d0 24.33 185.00 59.00 0.97 l3d1 30.53 206.70 65.70 1.63 l3d2 37.60 233.00 74.33 1.80 l3d3 26.53 192.70 61.33 0.87 description: the treatment followed by different letters in the same column showed very significant different results in duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. chili yield the results of the dmrt test showed that the administration of waste alcohol + em4 + a combination of chicken, cow, goat manure at a dose of 3000 l/ha obtained the highest yield, namely the red fruit weight of 486.33 g and the lowest was 292.00 g achieved without liquid organic fertilizer (table 3 ). this is influenced by the provision of liquid organic fertilizer in accordance with the appropriate dose the results will be more effective (hardjowigeno, 2003). the combined dose of liquid organic fertilizer showed a much greater increase than without using liquid organic fertilizer. liquid organic fertilizer stimulates fruit growth (lakitan, 2004). the k element contained in goat manure increased the content of vitamins, sugar, total acid and increased fruit weight, so that the combination treatment of liquid organic fertilizer in the l3d3 treatment obtained the highest results. in accordance with the results of research by ariani (2009), that the number of fruit and fruit weight increased with the high dose of liquid organic fertilizer given to chili with the best treatment dose of 3000 l/ha. table 3. duncan's 5% multiple range test of kind and dosage of alcohol waste liquid organic fertilizer and their interactions on chili yield treatment observation number of green fruit number of red fruit weight of green fruit weight of red fruit (g) liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez*, wiyono, dwi susilo utami, and choirul fariawan putra2) page | 36 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence (g) kind of liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste +em4 (l1) 28.34 38.91 96.43 376.75 alcohol waste +em4+goat manure (l2) 31.08 41.00 103.34 400.70 alcohol waste +em4+ combination of chicken, goat and cow manure (l3) 29.10 41.25 98.26 399.75 dosage of liquid organic fertilizer (l/ha) 0 (d0) 23.90 38.93 83.70 327.70 1000 (d1) 28.55 40.50 98.01 384.23 2000 (d2) 30.55 42.00 104.47 415.90 3000 (d3) 34.90 45.55 111.22 441.78 interaction of kind and doses of liquid organic fertilizer l1d0 19.70 a 31.70 a 70.00 a 292.00 a l1d1 30.33 d 40.33 d 104.70 ef 394.70 d l1d2 31.00 d 41.70 d 104.70 ef 420.00 ef l1d3 32.33 e 42.00 d 106.33 f 400.33 de l2d0 29.00 d 38.00 c 102.33 e 362.33 c l2d1 29.33 d 39.70 cd 100.00 e 387.00 d l2d2 30.00 d 41.00 cd 102.70 e 414.70 e l2d3 36.00 f 45.33 f 108.33 ef 438.70 f l3d0 23.00 b 34.33 b 78.70 b 328.70 b l3d1 26.00 c 38.33 c 89.33 c 371.00 c l3d2 30.70 d 43.00 e 106.00 ef 413.00 e l3d3 36.33 f 49.33 f 119.00 g 486.33 g liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez*, wiyono, dwi susilo utami, and choirul fariawan putra2) page | 37 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence description: the treatment followed by different letters in the same column showed very significant different results in duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. this is influenced by the high levels of k contained in goat manure. the k element in goat manure is higher than the k element contained in cow manure and chicken manure. the k element in goat manure is 0.25%, while cow manure is 0.15%, and chicken manure is 0.08%. the element k itself is very important for metabolism in plant body parts. cell division and the process of protein synthesis play a role in the formation of fruit for plants (silvia et al., 2012). state of research land one of the factors that affect the growth of chili is the rainfall factor. rainfall in polokarto subdistrict, sukoharjo regency is presented in table 4. table 4. rainfall in 2018 and 2019 no. month year 2018 2019 1 january 293 252 2 february 799 222 3 march 464 198 4 april 115 114 5 may 0 38 6 june 0 0 7 july 0 0 8 august 0 0 9 september 28 0 10 october 12 0 11 november 157 40 12 december 144 142 total 2 012 1 006 data source: polokarto district agriculture office branch, sukoharjo. from table 4, it is known that rainfall is low in september – november 2019 and in december 2019 moderate rainfall. the low rainfall causes chili plants to suffer from curly yellow disease. the intensity of yellow virus attack is closely related to the environment. this research took place during the summer season, resulting in a large percentage of disease occurrence and whitefly population. this jaundice attacks at all ages of the plant. the intensity of the gemini virus liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez*, wiyono, dwi susilo utami, and choirul fariawan putra2) page | 38 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence attack in the field is related to the physical environment, namely temperature and humidity as well as cropping patterns. the development of vector insect populations is influenced by the long summer (sulandri, 2004). the whitefly is a very effective yellow virus vector insect capable of transmitting the yellow virus (gemini virus). this virus is characterized by yellow and curling leaves starting from the shoot leaves developing a clear yellow color, the leaf bones thicken and roll up so that the physiological function of the plant is inhibited which results in chlorophyll not functioning. the spread of jaundice in chili plants is influenced by the spread of the gemini virus. the spread of the gemini virus is related to the population of the whitefly, which is the insect vector of this virus. an increase in the whitefly population will increase the spread of the gemini virus, which is followed by an increase in the occurrence of jaundice. the incidence of jaundice by the gemini virus increases when rainfall is low (suhardjo, 2001). the tick acquires the virus when it takes food from an infected plant (acquisition). viruses taken from diseased plants circulate through the digestive tract and then penetrate the intestinal wall, circulate in the insect's body fluids (haemolymph) and then in the salivary glands. when insects suck food from healthy plants, the virus enters the plant's body along with the fluids from the insect's mouth. retention of this virus in the insect body is very long and can even be transferred transovarially through eggs to progeny bodies (blackman and eastop, 2007). 4. conclusion based on the results and discussion of the research "effect of alcoholic waste liquid organic fertilizer enriched with manure on the growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.)" it can be concluded as follows: the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer and its dosage were not significantly different for all parameters. the interaction of types and doses of liquid organic fertilizer was not significantly different for all growth parameters, but significantly different for all yield parameters, namely the number of green fruits, the weight of green fruits, the number of red fruits and the weight of red fruits. the highest red fruit weight per plant was achieved in the l3d3 treatment, which was 486.33 g and the lowest was in the l1d0 treatment, which was 292.00 g. suggestion the research should be carried out in january or when the rainfall is stable and research in other areas with low intensity of disease and pest attacks. liquid organic fertilizer alcohol waste enriched manure effect on growth and yield of chili (capsicum annum l.) achmad fatchul aziez*, wiyono, dwi susilo utami, and choirul fariawan putra2) page | 39 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence references agustina, s., pudji 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parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce jhon hardy purba * , i putu parmila, wayan dadi faculty of agriculture, universitas panji sakti, singaraja bali, indonesia * corresponding author email: jhonhardy@yahoo.com abstract the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of media types, varieties and their combinations on the growth and yield of lettuce with hydroponic wick system cultivation. this research was carried out in the agronet house of the agrotechnology study program, faculty of agriculture, panji sakti university, singaraja with an altitude of 39 meters above sea level (above sea level) from may to july 2019. the experimental design used in this study was factorial randomized block design (rbd) which consisted of two factors, the first factor was growing media in a net pot (m) with 3 types, namely rockwool growing media (m1); husk charcoal growing media (m2), and coco peat growing media (m3), and the second factor is the variety (v) which consists of 2 types, namely the frizzy lettuce (v1) and the red lettuce (v2). the results of this study showed that the best medium which gave greater result was husk charcoal medium and compared to rockwool and cocopeat, the frizzy lettuce was better than the red lettuce, and the combination of the husk charcoal medium and the frizzy lettuce variety gave the best growth and yield parameters. keywords: coco peat, husk charcoal, hydroponics wick system, lettuce varieties, rockwool, , 1. introduction in the hydroponic wick system, only requires wick that can be connected between the nutrient solutions in the container with the planting medium. the nutrient solution is drawn into the planting medium from the container through the wick, air and nutrients will be able to reach the plant roots by utilizing the capillary power on the wick. an air pump is needed to pump air into a water and nutrient solution, an air stone (aerator / water pump) is needed which can create bubbles to supply oxygen. the highest production and profitability of lettuce were found using uninterrupted nutrient solution flow, which provided higher shoot and root nutrient contents to plants, and resulted in a better nutrient use efficiency (ali et al., 2020; dalastra et al., 2020; kristi, 2018; madar et al., 2019). the nutrients dissolved in water used in hydroponics are mostly inorganic and in the ionic form. the main nutrients include dissolved captions (positively charged ions), namely ca 2+ (calcium), mg 2+ (magnesium), and k + (potassium), the main nutrient solution in the form of anions (positively charged ions) is no3 (nitrate). ), so4 2 (sulfate), and h2po4(dihydrogen phosphate). ab mix nutrients used in hydroponics are inorganic salts that contain macro and micro elements. inorganic salts are more water soluble and do not produce sediment. giving ab mixture increases the number of leaves. ab-mix application affected all observed variables: plant height, effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce i putu parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence leaf width, leaf number, and leaf chlorophyll, but it was not significant for root length (rosnina & mauliza, 2020). in general, the planting medium used for lettuce cultivation with a hydroponic system is rockwool. rockwool has the advantages of being suitable for all types of plants, easy to absorb air, free of pathogens, practical and environmentally friendly but rockwool has disadvantages that are difficult to find because not all agricultural shops provide this planting medium and the price is relatively expensive. husk charcoal is commonly used for hydroponic growing media compared to coconut husk powder. several studies have stated that coconut coir has excellent storage capacity (muhit, and qudriyah, 2016). according to (wuryaningsih et al., 2003) stated that coconut husk powder media can produce shoots and rose flowers significantly more than sawdust media, because the nutrients that are absorbed, especially n in the coconut husk powder media are more than that of sawdust. application of biological fertilizer has a significant effect on the growth and yield of pakcoy (purba et al., 2019) and shallot (purba et al., 2020). the results of the total fruit weight in the media with the addition of coconut husk powder charcoal are equivalent to the results of the total fruit weight of the husk charcoal media so that the coconut husk powder charcoal can be used as a hydroponic medium. lettuce (lactuca sativa l) is a horticultural commodity that is widely consumed by people because of its attractive texture and color (indrawati et al., 2012; wonning, 2018). increasing production and improving the quality of production are carried out by means of hydroponics. the success of hydroponic cultivation of vegetables is determined by the nutrient solution given, therefore all nutritional needs are strived to be available in the right amount and easily absorbed by plants (jones, 2005). the purpose of this study was to determine the types of growing media, varieties, and interactions of types of growing media and varieties of lettuce which gave the best growth and yield of lettuce in lettuce cultivation using the hydroponic wick system. 2. research methods this research was carried out in the paranet house of the faculty of agriculture, panji sakti university from march to april 2020. with an altitude of 39 meters above sea level. the materials used in this study were: styrofoam 50 cm long, 35 cm wide and 14 cm high, bamboo, uv plastic, lettuce seeds, rockwool, plastic cups, plaster, ab mix nutrients, and flannel. the tools used in this research were: type lp 40 aerator, tds meter, ph meter, measuring cup, tweezers, solder, knife, scissors, hot glue gun, hole saw, hand drill, scale, and writing tools. effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce i putu parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence this study used a factorial randomized block design consisting of two factors. the first factor was the planting medium in a netpot (m) with 3 levels, namely m1: rockwool growing media, m2: husk charcoal growing media, and m3: cocopeat growing media. the second factor was the variety (v) with 2 levels, namely v1: frizzy lettuce varieties, and v2: red lettuce varieties. the two factors were combined to form 6 combination treatments. each treatment was repeated 3 times so that there were 18 treatment units. the hydroponic wick system media used a styrofoam box with a length of 52 cm, a width of 35 cm and a height of 17 cm, a total of 18 boxes which are then coated on the inside of the styrofoam box so that water does not come out through the styrofoam gap, then cover the styrofoam in a hole using a hole saw with a spacing of 13 cm. the netpot used in the wick system was a plastic cup that was perforated using solder on the bottom and sides, so that the roots of the plant can come out through the hole, then the bottom hole was given a flannel cloth, this flannel cloth functions as a wick to absorb water into the media. rockwool. ab mix nutrition consists of 2 different packages, namely mix a and mix b. in one box there were 8 liters of water, for at the beginning of planting (age 1-7 days after planting (dap)) after planting, a low hydroponic nutrient solution was given, which is 500 ppm (equivalent to 2.5 ml of nutrition a + 2.5 nutrition b + liters of water). entering the second week (age 8-14 dap) after planting the dose of nutrition was increased to 700 ppm (equivalent to 3.5 ml of nutrition a + 3.5 nutrients b + 1 liter of water). at the third week (age 15-21 hst) nutrition was increased again to 900 ppm (equivalent to 4.5 ml of nutrition a + 4.5 nutrition b + 1 liter of water). the fourth week (age 22 dap until harvest) was the same as the third week, which was 4.5 ml of nutrition a + 4.5 nutrients b + 1 liter of water. sowing of seeds was carried out in three media, namely rockwool media, rockwool was cut into squares with a diameter of 2cm x 2cm which is then placed on a tray, then the rockwool is moistened with enough water. the husk charcoal media, using a tray for the husk charcoal seedlings, was put into the seedling tray and then watered using a sprayer after it is wet enough, the lettuce seeds were placed using tweezers. in the cocopeat media, put the cocopeat seedling tray into the seedling tray, then water it using a sprayer after it was wet enough, the lettuce seeds were placed using tweezers, one hole for the seedling tray was filled with one lettuce seed. after the lettuce seeds were 7 days old the seeds were ready to be transferred to the hydroponic installation. further nutrition was given at the same time as the added water, the nutrient concentration of ab mix was adjusted to the treatment in the study, if the water availability in the styrofoam box media had decreased. the ph control of the solution was carried effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce i putu parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence out every time the water was added to the styrofoam media, the ph measurement of the solution used a ph meter which was adjusted to the standard ph level of neutral water, namely 7.0. so that plants can grow to the maximum. if the ph was below 5.5, you can add a 10% koh chemical solution or with baking soda and if the ph is above 6.5 you can add a h2so4 solution. harvesting was done after the lettuce is 35 days old. harvesting was done by pulling out the lettuce plant and its netpot, then the plant was separated from the netpot. the variables observed in this study were a) plant length (cm), b) number of leaves (strands), c) leaf area (cm2), d) crown wet weight (g), e) oven dry weight of the crown (g), f) root wet weight (g), g) root oven dry weight (g), h) total wet weight (g), i) total oven dry weight (g), and j) shoot-root ratio the data from the results of this study were analyzed statistically using excel, if there were significant differences between treatments, followed by the lsd test at the 5% level. to determine the closeness of the relationship between variables, a correlation test was carried out. 3. results and discussion the results of the analysis of various effects of treatment on the observed variables showed that the treatment of the planting medium had no significant effect (p≥0.05) on plant length, number of leaves, shoot wet weight, oven dry weight, total wet weight, oven dry weight of roots, volume. root, leaf area, economic fresh weight and leaf-root ratio, but significantly (0.05 <p≤0.01) on root wet weight, had a very significant effect on total oven dry weight. treatment of lettuce varieties had a significant effect on plant length, number of leaves at 30 days after planting and total oven dry weight, had a very significant effect on plant length at 23, 30 days after planting and leaf area, but had no significant effect on plant lengths at 9, 16 dast number of leaves at the age of 9, 16, 23, shoot wet weight, oven dry weight of the crown, root wet weight, root oven dry weight, total wet weight, root volume, economic fresh weight and leaf-root ratio. the combination of the use of growing media and lettuce varieties had a significant effect on leaf area aged 30 dap, oven dry weight of crowns, oven dry weight of roots, had a very significant effect on root wet weight, total wet weight, total oven dry weight, root volume (table 3), however, there was no significant effect on plant length, number of leaves at age 9, 16, 23, shoot wet weight, leaf area, economic fresh weight, and leaf root ratio. plant length (cm) lettuce varieties had a very significant effect (p <0.01) during periods of 23 and 30 days. the frizzy lettuce variety (v1) gave the longest plant length at 30 days after planting with a plant length of 40.62 cm, while ed variety (v2) was 31.59 cm (table 1 and figure 1). growing media effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce i putu parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence and the interaction between the two treatments had no significant effect on plant length parameters at the age of 9 days, 16 days a week, 23 days a week and 30 days a week. number of leaves the planting medium had a significant effect on the age of 30 dap, the planting medium for husk charcoal (m2) gave the highest number of leaves, namely 18.63 leaves, while the lowest number of leaves was on cocopeat media (m3) 17.33 leaves. lettuce varieties had a significant ffect on the age of 30 days after planting, the frizzy lettuce variety (v1) gave the highest number of leaves, namely 18.33 pieces, wahile the lowest was on v2 which was 17.80 leaves. the combination between the two treatments showed a significant effect on the age of 30 dap, the best combination of treatments was given to the husk charcoal growing medium with the frizzy lettuce variety (m2v1) producing the highest number of leaves, namely 19.60, while the lowest one was on combination of cocopeat media and frizzy variety (m3v1) 17.27 leaves (table 2). shoot oven dry weight(g) the planting medium had no significant effect on oven dry weight of the crown. lettuce varieties had no significant effect on oven dry weight of crowns. the combination between the use of growing media and lettuce varieties showed a significant effect on oven dry weight of the crown. the best combination of treatment was given to the husk charcoal growing medium with the frizzy lettuce variety (m2v1) resulting in the heaviest canopy dry weight of 9.20 g, while the lighest one was on m1v1, namely 7.33 g. (table 3). root fresh weight (g) the planting medium had a significant effect on root fresh weight. the highest yield was obtained with husk charcoal (m2) media, namely 17.77 g, and the lightest one was on v1, which was 13.58 g. lettuce varieties had no significant effect on root fresh weight. the combination between the use of growing media and lettuce varieties showed a very significant effect on root fresh weight. the best combination treatment was given to the husk charcoal growing medium with the frizzy lettuce variety (m2v1) to produce the heaviest fresh weight of 20.93 g, while the lightest one was on m1v1, namely 11.47 g (table 4). root oven dry weight (g) growing media and varieties had no significant effect on the oven dry weight of roots. the combination of growing media with lettuce varieties showed a significant effect on oven dry weight of the crown. the best combination treatment was given to the husk charcoal planting medium with the frizzy lettuce variety (m2v1) resulting in the heaviest root oven dry weight of 0.77 g, while the lightest one was on m3v2, namely 0.40 g (table 5). effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce i putu parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence total fresh weight (g) growing media had no significant effect on total fresh weight. lettuce varieties had no significant effect on total fresh weight. the combination between the use of growing media and lettuce varieties showed a very significant effect on the total fresh weight. the best combination treatment was given to the husk charcoal growing medium with the frizzy lettuce variety (m2v1) resulting in the heaviest fresh weight of 211.83 g, while the lightest one was on m1v1, namely 162.67 g (table 7). total oven dry weight (g) the planting medium has a very significant effect on the total oven dry weight. the heaviest yield was obtained by husk charcoal media (m2), namely 8.57 g, while m1 and m3 gave the same one, namely 7.62 g (table 6). lettuce varieties significantly affected the total oven dry weight. the heaviest yield was obtained by the type of frizzy lettuce (v1), which was 8.49 g, while the lowest one was on v2, whisc was 7.38 g (table 6). the combination between the use of growing media and lettuce varieties showed a very significant effect on the total oven dry weight (table 8). the best combination treatment was given to the husk charcoal growing medium with the frizzy lettuce variety (m2v1) resulting in the heaviest total oven dry weight of 9.93 g, while the lightest one was on m1v1, namely 7.20 g (table 8). growing media had no significant effect on leaf area. lettuce varieties have a very significant effect on leaf area. the widest leaf area was obtained in the frizzy lettuce variety (v1), namely 26.47 cm 2 , and the smallest one was on frizzy variety (v2) which was 22.57 cm2 (table 6). the combination between the use of growing media and lettuce varieties showed no significant effect on leaf area. root volume (ml 3 ) the planting medium had no significant effect on root volume. lettuce varieties had no significant effect on root volume. the combination between the use of growing media and lettuce varieties showed a very significant effect on root volume. the best treatment combination was given to the husk charcoal growing media with the frizzy lettuce variety (m2v1) resulting in the highest root volume of 55.00 ml 3 , while the smallest one were on m2 v2 and m3v1 which was 38.00 ml 3 (table 9). discussion the results of the analysis of variance showed that the use of different growing media had a very significant effect on the total oven dry weight, and had a significant effect on the wet weight of the roots. it had no significant effect on the parameters of plant length, number of leaves, shoot effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce i putu parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence wet weight, oven dry weight of shoots, total wet weight, root oven dry weight, leaf area, root volume, economic fresh weight and leaf-root ratio. the results showed that the treatment of husk charcoal media (m2) gave the heaviest total dry weight of the oven, namely 8.57 g (table 6). this is because the husk charcoal is an organic material that still contains nutrients, these nutrients can be used by plants in hydroponic systems. husk charcoal is the rest of the rice bran that is burned with special characteristics, besides that there are chemical compounds in the roasted husks, including sio2 with 52% content and 31% c, fe2o3, k2o3, mgo3, cao3, mno3 and cu in small amounts as well as other organic materials (supriati & herliana, 2011). media is an inseparable part of plant roots, a foothold for roots and support for nutrient absorption and nutrient media so that media with different types and characteristics have different effects on root growth and development (harjoko, 2009). higher amount of total soluble solids (tss) related to coco peat + perlite treatment that has not any significant difference with date-palm peat + perlite, perlite and date-palm peat treatments on element uptake of soilless culture of tomato (ghehsareh et al., 2011). the best growing media is husk charcoal (m2) compared to the use of rockwool and cocopeat where this medium has light and coarse characteristics so that air circulation is high, the ability to hold water is high, is black so it can absorb sunlight well. the ph of the husk charcoal is quite high, between 8.5 and 9.0, so it is very well used to increase the ph of acidic soils. burnt husk or husk charcoal also has good porosity properties and good water absorption ability (bpp lembang, 2018). rice husk charcoal has a potential to reduce the acidity of the soil, increased the saturated hydraulic conductivity, saturated water content, plant available water and field capacity but decreased the bulk density of soil. soil biological fertility is declining due to the low use of organic matter. the way to restore soil fertility is to use organic biofertilizers (misra et al., 2017; purba et al., 2018). rice husked based growing substrates can be used for growing lettuce cv. 'legacy' in aggregate soilless system in the tropics (rahman et al., 2019). the results of the analysis of variety showed that the use of different varieties of lettuce had a very significant effect on plant length at 23 dast, 30 dast and leaf area (table 3), and had a significant effect on the number of leaves aged 30 dast and the total oven dry weight. lettuce varieties had no significant effect on plant length at 9 days, 16 days after planting, number of leaves at 9 days, 16 days, 23 days, shoot wet weight, oven dry weight of crowns, economic fresh weight, leaf root ratio (table 3). the study showed that the use of frizzy lettuce varieties gave the highest yield of plant length, namely 40.62 cm and gave the widest leaf area of 26.47 cm (table 8). effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce i putu parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence this is because the frizzy lettuce is able to adapt well to the hydroponic wick system media with an altitude of 39 masl (meters above sea level). the results of the analysis of variety showed that the interaction between the use of growing media and different varieties of lettuce had a very significant effect on root wet weight, total wet weight, total oven dry weight and root volume. the combination of the use of growing media and lettuce varieties significantly affected the leaf area of 30 days after planting, crown oven dry weight, and root oven dry weight. the combination of the use of growing media and lettuce varieties did not significantly affect all parameters of plant length, number of leaves at age 9, 16, 23, shoot wet weight, leaf area, economic fresh weight, and leaf root ratio (table 3). the combination of the treatment of husk charcoal growing media with frizzy lettuce varieties (m2v1) is a combination of treatments that can have a very significant effect on several observed variables, namely root wet weight (20.93 g), total wet weight (211.83 g), total oven dry weight (9.93 g) and root volume (55.00 cm3). growing media is influential in providing the nutrient needs of lettuce. growing media has two functions, namely as a place to grow and supply food for plant growth and development, the ability of the growing media to bind nutrient solutions will affect the amount of elements absorbed. an experiment to study the effect of husk charcoal hydroponic substrate waste for asparagus seedling substrate as compared to huskand husk-charcoal waste and their interaction effect with compost added at three different rates for substrate amendment. the results showed that seedling grown on husk-charcoal waste substrate possessed higher seedling and crown weight (onggo, 2020). 4. conclusions in cultivation of lettuce with hydroponic system, husk charcoal media is better than rockwool and cocopeat media. the frizzy lettuce varieties are better than the red lettuce varieties. the combination of husk charcoal media and frizzy lettuce varieties gives the best growth and yield. references ali, m., nisak, f., & ika pratiwi, y. (2020). pemanfaatan limbah cair ikan tuna terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman pakchoy dengan wick system hydroponics. agro bali: agricultural journal, 3(2), 186– 193. https://doi.org/10.37637/ab.v3i2.616 bpp lembang. (2018). media hidroponik dari arang sekam. [indonesian]. http://www.bbpplembang.info/index.php/arsip/artikel/artikel-pertanian/503-media-tanamanhidroponikdari-arang-sekam. dalastra, c., filho, m. c. m. t., & vargas, p. f. 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(2020). the use of hydroponic-substrate husk-charcoal waste for asparagus seedling substrate. acta horticulturae, 1301, 133–138. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1301.20 purba, j. h., parmila, i. p., & sari, k. k. (2018). pengaruh pupuk kandang sapi dan jarak tanam terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil kedelai (glycine max l. merrill) varietas edamame. agro bali: agricultural journal, 1(2), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.37637/ab.v1i2.308 purba, j. h., wahyuni, p. s., & febryan, i. (2019). kajian pemberian pupuk kandang ayam pedaging dan pupuk hayati terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil petsai (brassica chinensis l.). agro bali: agricultural journal, 2(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.37637/ab.v2i2.397 purba, j. h., wahyuni, p. s., zulkarnaen, sasmita, n., yuniti, i. g. a. d., & pandawani, n. p. (2020). growth and yield response of shallot (allium ascalonicum l. var. tuktuk) from different source materials applied with liquid biofertilizers. nusantara bioscience, 12(2), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n120207 rahman, m. j., chawdhery, m. r. a., begum, p., quamruzzaman, zakia, m. z. z., & raihan, a. (2019). growth and yield of hydroponic lettuce as influenced by different growing substrates. azarian j. agric, 6(1), 1–6. rosnina, r., & mauliza, s. (2020). optimization of ab-mix fertilizer on varieties of hydroponic lettuce (lactuca sativa l.). journal of tropical horticulture, 3(2), 86–91. supriati, y., & herliana, e. (2011). bertanam 15 sayuran organik dalam pot. penebar swadaya. wonning, p. r. (2018). gardeners’ guide book growing and harvesting lettuce: lettuce mainstay of the salad garden (gardener’s guide to growing your vegetable garden) vol. 9 (1st ed.). createspace independent publishing platform. wuryaningsih, s., muharam, a., & rusyadi, i. (2003). tanggapan tiga kultivar mawar terhadap media tumbuh tanpa tanah. jurnal hortikultura, 13(1), 28–40. https://doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v13n1.2003.p28-40 effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce i putu parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence figure 1: length graph of frizzy lettuce (blue line) and red lettuce varieties (red line) at the age of 9,16,23 and 30 dap table 1: effect of planting medium (m) and varieties of lettuce (v) on plant length treatment plant length 9 dap 16 dap 23 dap 30 dap varieties frizzy (v1) 7.01 14.52 28.25 b 40.62 b red (v2) 6.63 13.58 23.52 a 31.59 a lsd 5% ns ns 1.34 2.74 note: means followed by the same letter within column are not significantly different according to 5% lsd test. table 2: the combination of the influence of the planting medium with lettuce varieties on the number of leaves at the age of 30 daps. treatment v1 v2 mean m m1 18.13 a 18.40 a 18.27 b m2 19.60 b 17.67 a 18.63 b m3 17.27 a 17.33 a 17.30 a mean v 18.33 b 17.80 a note: means followed by the same letter within column are not significantly different according to 5% lsd test. table 3: the combination of the effect of growing media with lettuce varieties on oven dry weight of the shoot (g) treatment v1 v2 mean m m1 7.33 a 740 a 8.02 ns m2 9.20 b 8.70 a 8.30 ns m3 7.70 a 7.73 a 7.72 ns mean v 8.08 ns 7.94 ns 0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 1 2 3 4 p la n t h e ig h t plant age effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce i putu parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence note: means followed by the same letter within column are not significantly different according to 5% lsd test. table 4: the combination of the effect of growing media with lettuce varieties on root fresh weight (g) treatment v1 v2 mean m m1 11.47 a 15.70 a 13.58 a m2 20.93 b 14.60 a 17.77 b m3 12.03 a 19.33 b 15.68 a mean v 14.81 ns 16.54 ns note: means followed by the same letter within column are not significantly different according to 5% lsd test. table 5: combination of treatment of growing media and varieties of lettuce to oven dry weight of roots (g) treatment v1 v2 mean m m1 0.57 a 0.53 a 0.55 ns m2 0.77 b 0.50 a 0.63 ns m3 0.53 a 0.40 a 0.47 ns mean v 0.62 ns 0.48 ns note: means followed by the same letter within column are not significantly different according to 5% lsd test. table 6: effect of growing media and varieties of lettuce on total fresh weight and total oven dry weight, leaf area. treatment total oven dry weight (g) per plant (g) leaf area per plant (cm 2 ) growing media (m) rockwool (m1) 7.62 a 24.23 husk charcoal (m2) 8.57 b 24.53 cocopeat (m3) 7.62 a 24.79 lsd 5% 0.76 ns varieties (v) frizzy (v1) 8.49 b 26.47 b red (v2) 7.38 a 22.57 a lsd 5% 0.62 1.97 note: means followed by the same letter within column are not significantly different according to 5% lsd test.. table 7: combination of treatment of growing media and varieties of lettuce on total fresh weight (g) treatment v1 v2 mean m m1 162.67 a 196.37 b 179.52 ns m2 211.83 b 165.40 a 188.62 ns m3 172.60 a 167.40 a 170.00 ns effect of soilless media (hydroponic ) on growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce i putu parmila, wayan dadi page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence mean v 182.37 ns 176.39 ns note: means followed by the same letter within column are not significantly different according to 5% lsd test. table 8: the combination of growing media and lettuce varieties on total oven dry weight (g) treatment v1 v2 mean m m1 7.60 a 7.63 a 7.62 a m2 9.93 b 7.20 a 8.57 b m3 7.93 a 7.30 a 7.62 a mean v 8.49 b 7.38 a note: means followed by the same letter within column are not significantly different according to 5% lsd test. table 9: the combination of growing media and lettuce varieties on root volume (ml 3 ) treatment v1 v2 mean m m1 42.00 a 41.20 a 13.87 ns m2 55.00 b 38.00 a 15.50 ns m3 38.00 a 48.00 b 14.33 ns mean v 15.00 ns 14.13 ns note: means followed by the same letter within column are not significantly different according to 5% lsd test. page | 91growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhiza daryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto *agrotechnology studies program, faculty of agriculture, tunas pembangunan university jl. balekambang lor no. 1 manahan surakarta * correspondence author email: dyanti_utp@yahoo.co.id abstract one of the environmentally friendly ways to increase soybean production was to use organic fertilizers and mycorrhiza. this study aimed to determine the effect of cow manure dose and a dose of mycorrhiza on the growth and yield of soybean varieties devon i. the study was conducted in april to september 2019 in teguhan village, sragen regency, altitude 86 masl, with the grumosol soil type. this study used a randomized block design complete by a factor of two treatments, the first factor dose of cow manure consists of four levels ie k0 = 0 tonnes / ha, k1 = 5 tonnes / ha, k2 = 10 tonnes / ha, k3 = 15 ton / ha and a dose of mycorrhiza consists of three levels ie m0 = 0 g, m1 = 3 g, m2 = 6 g per plant. the use of fertilizer was reduced by half a dose recommendation. the results showed that the dose of cow manure significantly affected the growth and yield of soybean, the mycorrhiza dose had no significant effect on the growth and yield of soybean. the lowest productivity in this study in the treatment without cow manure (1.158 tonnes/ha) and the highest productivity in the treatment of cow manure is 15 tonnes/ha (1, 46 tonnes/ha). keywords: soybean, devon i, cow manure, mycorrhiza. 1. introduction soybeans were a very important agricultural commodity in indonesia since they consumed daily in various preparations such as tofu, tempeh, soy milk, soy sauce. soybean served as a source of vegetable protein which is relatively cheap compared to animal protein sources. nutrient content in 100 g of soy comprising 35 g protein, 53 g carbohydrate, 18 g fat, 8 g of water even for particular variety, the protein content reaches 40-43g. soybeans also contain minerals such as ca, p and fe and the amount of vitamins a and b (adisarwanto, 2005). the consumption of soybeans from year to year increase but production capacity was unable to meet so that continued imports. according to data from the central bureau of statistics (bps), the national soybean production in 2014 reached 892.6 thousand tons of dry beans, up 14.44 percent or 112.61 thousand tons compared to 2013 amounted to 779.99 thousand ton. data of the national soybean council mentioned the need for domestic soybean consumption in 2014 of 2.4 million tonnes so that there was a shortage of supply (deficit) as much as one million tonnes more were met through imports (ministry of agriculture, 2014). national soybean productivity was still very low, about 1,3 tonnes/ha (atman, 2009), even though that's potential can be increased up to 2.5 tonnes/ha. page | 92growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence increasing soybean production could be done in various ways such as the use of fertilizers efficiently, proper planting time, the carrying capacity of suitable land, and the use of varieties with high adaptability to the various agro-ecosystems (martodireso and suryanto, 2001). one of the problems to improve soybean productivity today was the lack of productive land capacity due to the degradation and land damage as a result of the current conventional farming practices that prioritize the use of high inputs like fertilizers and chemical pesticides. the application of fertilizer had a positive impact on the improvement of crop production but can impact negatively on environmental pollution and inefficiency fertilization. the used of total fertilizers continuously and excessive and was not offset by the use of organic fertilizers can result in the soil becomes hard and long-term productivity will decline. for reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers it is necessary to use organic fertilizers. organic fertilizer has a role to improve the fertility of the chemical, physical and biological soil, other than as a nutrient source for plants. organic materials provide nutritional sources of soil microorganisms so that improving soil fertility (subowo, g., 2010). the use of biological fertilizers was one way to help the absorption of nutrients that plants can grow optimally. biological fertilizer is inoculants contain live microorganisms that function to tie up certain nutrients or facilitating the availability of nutrients in the soil for plants (simanungkalit et al., 2006). one type of biological fertilizer was mycorrhiza (mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi ). mycorrhiza was a form of mutualism symbioses between fungi and higher plants root system. mycorrhiza can improve the absorption of macronutrients and micronutrients. plant roots that contain mycorrhiza can absorb the nutrients in the form of bound and unavailable to plants growth. mycorrhiza also serves as a biological shield for the root pathogen infection. beside can improve growth and yield, mycorrhiza also increased the uptake of p (kabirun, 2002). this was important because soy was a plant that needs phosphorus (p) more for the establishment of legume seeds as compared to others. phosphorus was the main limiting factor in the tropics because it is often fixed by aluminum and iron (hanum, c., 2013). mycorrhiza has a role in improving the survival of plants to disease, drought, and other extreme conditions and increase plant growth by increasing the ability of roots to absorb nutrients. mycorrhizal hyphae that have infected the plant can be stretched up to 10 meters so as to absorb nutrients and water in an area not accessible root (kartika, 2010). research on the use of organic fertilizer and mycorrhizal well on soy and various other commodities, in general, proved a positive influence. the results of the study malik, m. et al., (2017) concluded the use of cow manure growth soybean production more and application of mycorrhiza increase soybean yields but the combination of the two treatments did not interact. muktiyanta, m.n.a., et al. (2018) combines the cow manure and mycorrhiza with various doses on page | 93growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence soybeans obtained results of the use of cow manure significantly increased plant height and root length, while the mycorrhizal dose significantly increases the weight of the dry weight of 100 seeds and plants. the use of superior soybean varieties was one way to increase soybean production. soybean varieties that have been widely known among the wilis, argomulyo, anjasmoro, grobogan, baluran, burangrang. one high-yielding variety that is still relatively new, namely variety devon i issued by balitkabi (assorted nuts crops research institute and tubers) in 2015. devon i was a variety derived from crosses between varieties with strains iac kawi 100 with a potential yield of 3.09 tonnes / ha. this variety has large seeds (100-seed weight 14-18g). larger soybean seeds were preferable to community as a base material for tempeh. this study aimed to determine the influence of cow manure and mycorrhiza at various doses on the growth and yield of soybean (variety devon i). to reduce the use of fertilizer, this study use half of a dosage recommendation. 2. materials and methods place and time this study was conducted in april september 2019 in teguhan village, karangmalang district, sragen regency, altitude 86 masl, with the grumosol soil type. materials and tools materials used in this study are soybean seed varieties devon i of balitkabi, malang. solid manure from rukun makaryo farmers group, karanganyar (total n 2.65%; p2o5 3.32; k2o 1.58%; organic c 31.78%; organic materials 54.79%; c / n ratio 11, 99%). mycorrhizal inoculant of the laboratory of biological agents, temanggung, (16 spores / g zeolite, infected root density 100%, advocated the use of 5 g per plant in the early planting). urea fertilizer, sp 36, kcl, liquid smoke pesticide, leftover soil from peanut crop. the tools used in this study was the hoe, water pump, roll meter, ruler, sprayer, digital scales, electric oven. research design this study uses a randomized complete block design with two factor treatments, the first factor dose of cow manure consists of four levels ie k0 = 0 tonnes / ha, k1 = 5 tonnes / ha, k2 = 10 tonnes / ha, k3 = 15 ton / ha and a dose of mycorrhiza consists of three levels ie m0 = 0 g, m1 = 3 g, m2 = 6 g per plant. the study was repeated 3 times. page | 94growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence stages of research tillage land that is used was dry land that ever were used to soybean study the treatment of goat manure and mycorrhiza. land prepared by cleaned from the remains of plants and weeds then made research plots. plot size 2 m x 1 m. drainage channels made with a width of 20 cm depth of 30 cm. preparation of seed soybean seed varieties used are devon 1. before planting the seeds moistened with water and mixed with ground peanut crop marks as rhizobium inoculant. cultivation planting the seeds of soybean by inserting 2 soybean seeds per hole, a depth of 3 cm, the spacing of 20 x 25 cm (there were 30 plants per plot). irrigation watering by way inundates drainage channels. water from the drainage channel and then pour to patches of plants. the water source of the river near the study area. watering was done 1 week at the beginning of planting until the time of flowering and seed formation. three weeks before the harvest watering was not done or soil in a dry state. fertilization fertilizers used was urea, sp 36, kcl half dose recommendation. the dose recommendation of fertilizer for soybeans is 50 kg urea, 75 kg of tsp and 50 kg kcl per hectare (irwan, a.w., 2006). irrigation land has been done before the application of cow manure until the land becomes soft and easily mixed. cow manure was give 7 days before planting, the soil was mixed with patches of crops by means of hoe. inorganic fertilizer and mycorrhizal biofertilizers administered once at 1 week after planting with a method be included in two different holes at opposite positions on the right and left around the roots of plants. pest and disease control pest and disease control using liquid smoke pesticide. spraying began at age 1 week after planting and once a week for 60 days so that the plants are protected from pest attack. harvest signs of the soybean was ready for harvest when the leaves have yellowed, plant stems begin to dry, dark brown pods. based on the description of varieties of devon i, harvesting is about 83 days. in this study, the harvest was done at 73 days after planting because of mosaic virus page | 95growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence disease forced the harvest to accelerated. harvesting was done by pulling out the plant with roots carefully. observation observations were made against the growth parameters of height, number of leaves, plant fresh weight and dry weight of plants, and the result parameter consists of number of pods per plant, number of filled pods per plant, weight of pods per plot, dry seed weight per plant, dry seed weight per plot, weight of 100 seeds. data analysis data obtained from the observation results were analyzed by analysis of variance (anova). if significantly different then continued by duncan's multiple range test (dmrt) the α 5%. 3. results and discussion the general condition of the research hot weather conditions during the study because of drought with a daily average temperature is quite high. soybean plants generally grow well. but ten days before harvesting in accordance descriptions, found plant mosaic virus disease that is characterized by yellowing of the leaves and stems of plants, while the plants are the healthy color of the leaves, stems, pods are still green. therefore harvested early has been done to avoid the increased extent of the attack and death of the plant. results of anova of the growth parameters and the results of this study are presented in table 1. table 1. anova result effect of cow manure and mycorrhiza on growth and yield of soybean plant varieties devon i parameter the source of diversity k m kxm plant height (cm) ** ns ns number of trifoliate leaves ** ns ns plant fresh weight (g) * ns ns plant dry weight (g) * ns ns number of pods per plant ns * ns number of filled pods per plant * ** ns weight of pods per plant (g) ** ns ns seed weight per plant (g) ns ns ns weight of pods per plot (g) ** ns ns seed weight per plot (g) * ns ns weight of 100 seeds (g) ** ns ns information : k : factor doses of cow manure page | 96growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence m : mycorrhizal dose factor kxm : interaction of cow manure dose and mycorrhizal dose (*) : have a real impact (**) : very significant (ns) : not significant from the anova results showed that treatment of cow manure doses had very significant effect on plant height and a number of leaves, significantly affect the fresh weight and dry weight of plants. in yield components, dosage of cow manure did not significantly affect the number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant. dosage of cow manures have a significant effect on the number of pods per plant and seed weight per plot also has very significant effect on the weight of pods per plant and weight of pods per plots and weight of 100 seeds. while the dosage of mycorrhiza had no significant effect on almost all parameters of growth and yield, except in the parameter number of filled pods per plant significantly and the weight of pods per plant was highly significant. dose effect of cow manure cow manure is generally a good effect on the growth and yield of soybean varieties devon i are shown on the figure on all parameters of growth and the results tend to be higher than without the provision of cow manure. significantly increased growth occurs in cow manure at a dose of 15 tonnes/ha (table 2). table 2. effect of dose cow manure on growth and yield of soybean plant varieties devon i the growth parameters doses of cow manure (tons / ha) 0 5 10 15 plant height (cm) 65.99 b 74.46 a 76.94 a 79.11 a number of leaves 15.07 c 16.37 bc 16.76 ab 17.92 a plant fresh weight (g) 36.87 b 45.83 b 44.74 b 62.43 a plant dry weight (g) 12.09 b 15.98 ab 15.26 ab 17.85 a number of pods / plant 36.37 b 42.37 ab 45.39 ab 48.52 a number of filled pods / plant 31.48 b 37.48 ab 39.63 a 41.24 a weight of pods / plant (g) 42.55 b 56.24 a 58.76 a 65.94 a weight of seed / plant (g) 9.87 b 14.91 a 12.48 ab 13.93 ab weight of pods / plot (g) 809.00 b 1188.90 a 1162.20 a 1392.70 a seed weight per plot / plot (g) 231.67 b 250.33 ab 281.78 a 292.44 a weight of 100 seeds (g) 16.89 b 18.22 a 17.78 a 18.44 a description: the numbers followed by the same letter on the same line are not significantly different shows based dmrt on the level of α 5%. in this study, soybean crops in all treatments get macronutrients (n, p, k) with a relatively equal amount of an organic fertilizer (urea, tsp, kcl) given at a dose of half recommendation of 25 kg of urea, 37.5 kg tsp and 25 kg kcl per ha. by reducing the dose of fertilizer half of the page | 97growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence dosage recommendation, the addition of cow manure at doses of 5 and 10 tonnes/ha provides varied influences on the growth and yield. at the height parameters of the plant, cow manure 5 tonnes/ha significantly been increased plant height. but between the doses of 5, 10 and 15 tonnes/ha is not significantly different from each other. lowest plant height in treatment without cow manure and the highest dose treatment of cow manure 15 t / ha. on the number of leaves, giving a dose of 10 tonnes/ha provides increased significantly recently. the number of leaves on the treatment without cow manure was minimum, while the highest number of leaves on the treatment dose of 15 tonnes/ha. among the plant fresh weight without cow manure and cow manure, 5 tones and 10 tonnes/ha are not significantly different from each other. cow manure at a dose of 15 tonnes/ha can increase the fresh weight of the plant significantly. plants that grow well able to make up the organs of plants such as stems, branches, leaves properly so that it will produce a fresh weight of higher plants. plant fresh weight is also influenced by the amount of water content that can be absorbed by plants. cow manure at a dose of 15 tonnes/ha was able to improve the physical properties of soil crumb structure becoming more and be able to store more water thereby increasing the plant fresh weight. the dry weight of the plant reflects the net result of the process of photosynthesis and absorption of nutrient elements was then dumped in the plant body. getting better and better photosynthesis the plants absorb nutrient elements from the soil it will produce a higher dry weight. from table 2 it can be seen at a dose of 15 tonnes/ha can give real effect to the higher plant dry weight. while the dose of cow manure 5 and 10 tonnes/ha is not significantly different from that without cow manure. the results of this study indicate the role of cow manure that can improve the physical, chemical, and biological soil so that the soybean plants can grow better so as to have the plant height and number of leaves is higher. muhidin (2000) states that cow manure able to improve the macro and micronutrients, can improve soil structure, improve hold water, increasing the cation exchange capacity (cec) and spur the activity of soil microorganisms involved in the reform process of organic matter into nutrients that plants need. the tendency of increasing numbers on various parameters and new growth is obvious at a dose of 15 tonnes/ha indicates that the plants are still responsive to the dose of cow manure and are likely to produce better growth when the dose is increased. from table 2 it can be seen that the provision of a positive effect of cow manure can improve soybean yields are shown on almost all parameters was higher than without the addition of cow manure. cow manure 5 tonnes/ha and 10 t / ha have not led to a noticeable increase in the page | 98growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence number of pods/plant. at a dose of 15 tonnes/ha increased the number of pods/plant significantly. the number of pods/plant on treatment without cow manure is not significantly different from the treatment of manure 5 tonnes/ha, but significantly different from the number of pods on the treatment of manure 10 tonnes/ha and 15 tonnes/ha. weight of pods per plant on manure treatment without significantly different from the manure at all doses, but among treatments using manure in doses of 5, 10 and 15 tonnes/ha there is no real difference. cow manure dose of 10 tonnes/ha yield seed weight/plant were significantly different from that without the provision of cow manure, but among treatments using various doses of cow manure produce seed weight/plant were not significantly different. in line with the results on the weight of pods per plant, various parameters other results are weight pods per plot, seed weight/plot and weight of 100 seeds, tend to show the same pattern that is on treatment without manure obtained the lowest yield and significantly different from the results achieved the treatment uses cow manure both doses of 5, 10 or 15 tonnes/ha. soybean yields of the various parameters seem to reveal that the increase in the dose of 15 tonnes/ha. although all treatments obtain an organic fertilizer the same, the amount of nutrient elements provided is not optimal(ali, purwanti, & hidayati, 2019). soybean plants can grow and produce even better with the addition of organic fertilizer because it can provide additional nutrients more complete both macro and microelements, able to improve properties chemistry, physical and biological soil. organic materials as well as a nutritional source of soil microorganisms, so the presence of soil microorganisms improving soil fertility (subowo, 2010). with the nutrient content in more as well as the physical, biological better be a contributing factor in shaping the outcome of soybean plants as seeds. from table 2 it can be seen cattle manure application start dose of 5 tonnes/ha been able to increase crop in forming pods in terms of both the total number, number of pods and seed size. results achieved between cow manure 5 tonnes/ha at a dose of 10 and 15 tonnes/ha showed the numbers increased although not significantly different. this shows the need for sufficient nutrients for the seed formation process. soybean productivity calculation results in this study are the lowest in the treatment without cow manure that is 1,158 tonnes/ha, whereas the highest productivity in the treatment of cow manure dose of 15 tonnes/ha is 1, 46 tonnes/ha. when compared with descriptions of soybean varieties devon i, productivity is much lower than the potential yield (3.09 t / ha) and average yield (2.75 t / ha). it was because of their yellow mosaic virus disease attacks that were harvested earlier. uncooked plant conditions maximally cause results to be lower than the description. of the various parameters that figure actually achieved in this study of all treatments was higher than the description. plant height, the weight of 100 seeds, number of pods per plant in a row description page | 99growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 58.1 cm; 14.3; and 29 whereas in this study successively in the range of 66-79 cm; 16-18 and 3648. dose effect of mycorrhiza dose effect of mycorrhiza as single-factor on growth and yield of soybean varieties devon i are shown in table 3. table 3. effect of dose mycorrhiza on growth and yield of soybean plant varieties devon i parameter dose mycorrhizal (g / plant) 0 3 6 plant height (cm) 76.35 a 73.49 a 72.50 a number of leaves 17.01 a 16.56 a 16.04 a plant fresh weight (g) 47,48 a 53.68 a 41.24 a plant dry weight (g) 16.76 a 15.30 a 13.82 a number of pods / plant 45.83 a 46.98 a 36.67 b number of filled pods / plant 34.24 a 42.04 a 31.01 b weight of pods / plant (g) 56.40 a 60.40 a 50.82 a weight of seed / plant (g) 12.54 a 14.67 a 11.18 a weight of pods / plot (g) 1232.25 a 1104.08 a 1078.25 a seed weight per plot / plot (g) 285.00 a 256.67 a 250.50 a weight of 100 seeds (g) 17.67 a 17.83 a 18.00 a description: the numbers followed by the same letter on the same line are not significantly different shows based dmrt on the level of α = 5% prasetya (2011) states mycorrhiza served to increase the absorption of nutrients, stimulate root growth resulting from growth hormone, increase plant resistance to drought, protect the roots from pathogen attack, protect the roots of heavy metal poisoning and release phosphate. bolan (1991) add mycorrhiza can release occluded p by al and fe to produce phosphatase enzymes so that p becomes available to plants. in this study, the mycorrhizal application did not significantly affect the growth and yield of soybean. this may happen because several possibilities as happens in some other studies. research buhaira et al (2013) in soybean with treatment a compost mix mycorrhiza and water stress conditions, getting the mycorrhiza treatment had no significant effect because the content available on the initial soil p is high enough and the addition of p fertilization, the leading role of mycorrhizal unreal (hariyadi, huda, ali, & wandik, 2019). lakitan (1993) states based on the nature of the association between mycorrhiza and plants, fungi subtle benefits if the conditions are fertile ground. similar results also occur in wangiyana, w. et al (2007) research, where the application of mycorrhiza only real effect on the growth component. johnson et al (1997) in wangiyana, w. et al (2007) explains that soils with high p content, dry weight of plant with mycorrhiza lower than a plant without mycorrhizae or no real difference because there is the possibility of association that occur tend to be parasitic. wangiyana, w. et al (2007) further states page | 100growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence that the effect of mycorrhizal not real could happen because of the possible number of indigenous mycorrhizal preexisting high enough so that the addition of mycorrhiza had no effect or even rivalry between microbes because their numbers are quite high. research khadijah, s. (2017) with a dosage of mycoorhiza ( 0, 10, 15 g/polybag) and dose of liquid organic fertilizer (0, 15 and 20 ml/l) to get the application of mycoorhiza no real effect on the components of growth and soybean yields except in the number of branches. mycorrhiza application dose of 10 g/polybag gives the best results on the parameters of flowering dates, a number of pods, seed yield and weight of 100 seeds. while research maulana malik et al. (2017) with and without mycorrhiza treatment and dosage of cow manure (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 tonnes/ha) to get the soybean crop by application of mycorrhiza can improve soybean production on land ultisol indicated by parameters number of pods per plant, weight of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and weight of 20 seeds, but the response of plants to mycorrhizal not influenced by dose of cow manure. research rusdi et al. (2011) on commodity pineapple bogor (local bangka) single-dose treatment with mycorrhiza (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 g/plant) gives various results on parameters of observation. mycorrhizal high doses are not directly proportional to the growth of plants. treatment without mycorrhiza produces a higher height than the treatment dose of 10 g/plant. the success of spores colonizes the roots will be influential in helping the process of absorption of nutrients by plant roots. results of research irwan and wahyudin (2017) with a dosage of fertilizer complementary liquid (10, 15, 20 cc / l) and dose mycorrhiza (5, 10, 15 g / polybag), in this study media weight 10 kg with a dose of manure 5 tonnes/ha, get the result that there is no interaction between treatment effect of mycorrhiza and liquid fertilizer to the dry weight of the plant, but independently of factors such treatment, there is a real effect. dosage of mycorrhizal 5 and 10 g / polybag produce dry weight better. the number of pods is best achieved in the treatment of mycorrhiza 5 g / polybag, higher than the 10 and 15 g / polybag. important role of mycorrhiza in plant growth and development is its ability to absorb nutrients both macro and micro. mycorrhiza -containing roots can absorb nutrients in a bound form that is not available to plants. mycorrhizal role in improving the survival of plants to disease, drought, and other extreme conditions and increase plant growth by increasing the ability of roots to absorb nutrients. mycorrhizal hyphae that have infected the plant can be stretched up to 10 meters so as to absorb nutrients and water in an area not accessible root (kartika, 2010). page | 101growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the use of mycorrhiza in this study although not show the real effect, there is a trend of increasing doses of 0 to 3 g/plant increased the number of pods/plant, but at a dose of 6 g/plant, there are indications of lowering growth and results. interactions treatment dose of cow manure and mycorrhiza in this study, the interaction of cow manure treatment dose and dose mycorrhiza not significantly affected all parameters of growth and yield. variations mycorrhizal dose in this study refer to the user guide of the manufacturer ie 5 g/plant, but a variety of factors can affect the development in the field of mycorrhizal inoculants are given in order to get different results. mycorrhizal treatment combined with organic fertilizer in the hopes of a positive synergy where the presence of organic fertilizer, creating conditions favorable to the development of microorganisms in the soil. various factors can affect the development of mycorrhizal spores such as temperature, moisture, nutrient availability, competition with existing microorganisms in the research area as described. 4. conclusions from these results it can be concluded: 1. dose of cow manure had significant effect on the growth and yield of soybean, dose of mycorrhiza had no significant effect on almost all parameters of growth and yield, except the parameter of the number of pods per plant . 2. interaction dosage of cow manure and mycorrhiza had no significant effect on all parameters of growth and yield. 3. soybean productivity in this study is the lowest in the treatment without cow manure is 1.16 tonnes/ha, while the highest productivity in the treatment of cow manure is 15 tonnes/ha which is 1. 46 tonnes/ha. acknowledgment thank you to the director of research and community service at the tunas pembangunan university who provided funding for this research. references adisarwanto, (2005). cultivation of soybean with effective fertilization and optimization role of foci root. penebar swadaya. jakarta. page | 102growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence ali, m., purwanti, s., & hidayati, s. (2019). intercropping system for growth and yield in local varieties of madura. agricultural science, 3(1), 22–30. hariyadi, b. w., huda, n., ali, m., & wandik, e. (2019). the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland. agricultural science, 2(2), 127–138. atman. (2009). strategy to increase production of soybean in indonesia. j. ilmiah tambua. vol. viii, no. i : 39-45 . bolan, ns. (1991). a critical review on the role of mycorrhizal in the uptake of phosphorus by plants. plant soil 134: 189-209. buhaira, nerty soverda, ardiyaningsih praise lestaril, yudhi achnopa. (2013). growth and soybean crop by giving. mikokompos in stress conditions . jurnal fakultas pertanian universitas jambi vol 2 no. 3: 147-159. hanum. c.(2013). growth, results, and quality of soybean seeds with administration of organic fertilizer and phosphorus. j. agron. indonesia 41 (3): 209-214 (2013). hariyadi, b. w., huda, n., ali, m., & wandik, e. (2019). the effect of tambsil organic fertilizer on the growth and results of onion (allium ascalonicum l.) in lowland. agricultural science, 2(2), 127–138. department of agriculture. (2014). soybean. department of agricultural research and development. field. irwan, a.w. (2006). soybean cultivation (glycine max (l) merill. department of agriculture cultivation, faculty of agriculture, university of pajajaran, bandung. kartika, e., md banner, and gusniwati (2016). plant growth oil palm yetproduce (tbm) in the administration of indigen mycorrhizae and organic fertilizer dosage on marginal land. biospecies. vol. 9 # 1, p 29-37. kabirun, s. (2002). response of upland rice mycorrhizal fungi inoculation against danpemupukan phosphate in entisol. jurnal ilmu tanah dan lingkungan. 3 (2) : 49-56 khadijah, sitti. (2017). response of soybean (glycine max l.) to the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) and liquid organic fertilizer (poc). thesis. the department of agriculture's agriculture study program, faculty of agriculture, hasanuddin university, makassar. malik, m., kuswanta, f.h., sri yusnanai, maria, v.r. (2017). effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi application and manure with various doses on the growth and yield of soybeans on ultisol. j. tropical agrotek vol. 5 no. 2: 63-67. martodireso & suryanto. (2001). biological organic fertilization. kanisius. yogyakarta. muktiyanta, m.n.a., ayunus, b pujiasmanto, s minardi. (2017). effectiveness of cow manure and mycrrhiza on the growth of soybean.iop conf. series : earth and environmental science. 142 (2018) 012065 doi : 10.1088/1755-1315/142/1/012065. page | 103growth and yield of soybean devon i variety with application of cow manure and mycorrhizadaryanti *, teguh supriyadi, achmad fatchul aziez , dwi susilo utami, sukamto agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence prasetya, c.a.b. (2011). assesment of the effect of long term tillage on the arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of vegetable crop grown in andisol. agrivita 33(1) : 85-92. 18 prasetya. 2011. rusdi, suharsono, mustikarni, e.d. (2011). effect of mycorrhizal administration on the growth of bogor pineapple (local bangka) at bangko pmk. enviagro jurnal pertanian dan lingkungan. oktober 2011 vol 3 no. 1. simanungkalit, r.d.m., d.a. suariadikara, r. saraswati, diah, wiwik. (2006). organic fertilizer and biofertilizer. center for research and development of agricultural land resources. west java. subowo, g.. (2010). use of organic materials efficiency strategy for soil fertility and productivity through empowerment land biological resources. . j. sumberdaya lahan, 4 (1) : 13-25. wangiyana, w., megawati, s., hanafi, a. (2007). response of soybean to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the application of the "greenstant" organic foliar fertilizer. agroteksos vol. 17 no. 3: 157-166. evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 142 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya 1* , ramila dhakal 2 and jiban shrestha 3 1 warm temperate horticulture centre, ministry of agriculture and livestock development (moald), kathmandu, nepal 2 institute of agriculture and animal science (iaas), tribhuwan university, kirtipur, kathamndu, nepal 3 nepal agricultural research council, national plant breeding and genetics research centre, khumaltar, lalitpur, nepal e-mail: atreyapadma@gmail.com, ramila.dhakal3@gmail.com, jibshrestha@gmail.com * corresponding: atreyapadma@gmail.com abstract phenological study of a fruit tree is important for timely and proper orchard management. this study was carried out in orchard located at warm temperate horticulture centre (wthc), kathmandu, nepal from january to august, 2020 with the objective to identify the different timing of phenological stages in 18 different varieties of pear. data on days from swollen bud to bud burst, swollen bud to green cluster, swollen bud to white bud, swollen bud to bloom, swollen bud to petal fall, swollen bud to fruit set, fruit length, and fruit diameter were recorded. the phenological and fruit traits were found highly significant. the shortest flowering period (days from swollen bud to petal fall) was observed in varieties sinko and yakumo (13.33 days) and the longest period was found in pharping local (green) (35.00 days) followed by pharping local (brown) (34.00 days). the longest fruit (58.80 mm) was recorded in anjou followed by bartlett (52.90 mm) and yakumo (49.80 mm). similarly, the highest fruit diameter (57.60 mm) was recorded in anjou followed by yakumo (55.80 mm) and atago (51.60 mm). on the basis of total variability, pear varieties were grouped into five distinct clusters. cluster 2 showed that anjou had the highest fruit length and fruit diameter. cluster 5 illustrated that the longest flowering period was observed in the pharping local (green) followed by pharping local (brown). based on phenological traits sinko and yakumo and based on fruits traits anjou were found potential varieties for cultivation under warm temperate region of nepal. keywords: cultivar, growth stages, pear, phenology 1. introduction pear (pyrus spp.) is a temperate fruit, belongs to the family rosaceae. mainly two species of pear are commonly cultivated in the world, pyrus communis (european type) and pyrus pyrifolia l. (asian type). european type of pear is mainly cultivated in europe, south america, north america, and australia and asian type of pear are predominate in china, japan and southeast asia (hancock, 2008). as pear fruit has its sweetness, crispness, characteristic fragrance and slight aroma, it is popular among the consumers (chen, wang, wu, wang, & hu, 2007). the total area production of pear in the world are 1,381,923 ha and 23,733,772 tons respectively. asia is the highest producer of pear (about 70%) in the world. in nepal, the area under pear cultivation is 3,248 ha and total production is 30,827 tons (faostat, 2018). there is a great possibility of pear evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 143 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence cultivation from 1200 to 2200 masl throughout the mid hills of nepal (atreya, 2018). hybrid pear varieties (obtained from crosses between pyrus pyrifolia and pyrus communis) can be cultivated in subtropical climate having mild winters (tecchio, bettiol neto, barbosa, & tucci, 2011). the varieties as well as rootstock influence the evolution dynamic of tree and the fruit formation gets affected by the type of the fruit structure and its foliar area which are important parameters to the phenological evolution (petri, hawerroth, leite, couto, & francescatto, 2012). in pear tree, fruiting structures arises from the buds located on the branches and these buds may give rise to structures as spurs (vegetative or reproductive), brindles (vegetative or reproductive) and bourses (de alcântara barbosa et al., 2018). phenology of a deciduous fruit tree is the periodical biological events from the dormant stage to the fruit development and which are closely regulated by climate and seasonal changes (chen et al., 2007). the study of phenology of fruit tree is important for timing proper management practices such as training and pruning, irrigation, fertilization, pest and weed control etc. at the end of winter or early spring, the period of vegetative growth begins and finishes in autumn (martínez valero et al., 2001). for the first time, fleckinfer defined ‘phenological stages’ with the combination of letters and numbers in 1945 (fleckinger, 1948). later on, bleiholder, kirfel, langeluddeke, and stauss (1991) proposed a uniform decimal code, known as the bbchscale (biologishe bundesanstalt, bundessortenamt, chemische industrie). the extended bbch scale was later proposed by hack et al. (1992) and hess et al. (1997). this study was also conducted on the basis of extended bbch scale but important growth stages were only recorded. chapman and catlin (1976) also suggested eight important growth stages of pear. these eight growth stages of pear are dormant, swollen bud, budburst, green bud, white bud, bloom, petal fall and fruit set. in dormant stage, fruit buds are relatively inactive. fruit buds starts to swell separating scales and exposes areas of lighter colored tissue. then budburst takes place showing tips of blossom buds. after few days of budburst, green blossom buds appear in the cluster with lengthened stem and later on turns into white blossom buds. finally, the blossom buds get opened (bloom) which will later on followed by petal fall and fruit set stage respectively. in early varieties of pear tree, the cell division stage lasts for 25-30 days after blooming and 45 days in late varieties (jackson, 2003). the fruit enlargement stage takes place at the last one month or two before harvest and at that time pear fruit grow quickly. the pear fruit enlarge slowly during the period between cell division and fruit enlargement (marsal, rapoport, manrique, & girona, 2000). cluster analysis is frequently used to classify fruit genotypes and can be used by breeders and geneticists to identify subsets of accessions which have potential utility for specific breeding or genetic purposes (rincon et al., 1996). the main aim of using a cluster technique in plant breeding evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 144 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence trials is to group the varieties into several homogeneous groups such that those varieties within a group have a similar response pattern across the locations (shrestha, 2016). the objective of this study was to identify the different timing of phenological stages in 18 different varieties of pear (including both european and asian type) in mid hills of nepal. 2. materials and methods experimental site: the experiment was performed in the pear orchard located at warm temperate horticulture centre (wthc), kirtipur, kathmandu. warm temperate region in nepal is the zone that covers the areas of upper part of mid hills running from east to west of the country and the mean annual temperature ranging from 15-17.5 0 c (mphd, 1990). the experimental site is situated at 27°4’n latitude and an altitude of 1320 masl. the climatic condition of the research site is warm temperate. the maximum temperature reaches up to 31 0 c during summer and minimum temperature drops to 1 0 c during winter and average annual precipitation is 1025mm. the experiment was carried out from january 2020 to august 2020. cultivar selection: eighteen varieties of pear (fifteen asian, two european and one unidentified cultivar named as kirtipur-1) were selected to conduct the phenological observations. the list of varieties used in the experiment was given in table 1. japanese and european varieties were brought from japan during jica project period while pharping local (white and brown) were collected from our local pear production area i.e., pharping. two plants from each cultivar were selected. the different varieties were tagged with the white colored tagging ribbon. all the plants from different varieties belongs to similar age group, approximately 26 years old. all the varieties were grafted plants and were cultivated under similar management practices like training and pruning, weed management, fertilization, disease and insect management etc. trees were trained in open center system and top working of the tree was done whenever necessary. the spacing between plant to plant was 5 m. evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 145 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence table 1: the details of pear varieties used in the experiment s.n. varieties source of origin s. n. varieties source of origin 1 hosui japan 10 pharping local (brown) nepal 2 kosui japan 11 pharping local (green) nepal 3 meigetsu japan 12 nittaka japan 4 yakumo japan 13 hawana japan 5 kikisui japan 14 aatago japan 6 waseka japan 15 chojuro japan 7 gold nijisseiki japan 16 kirtipur-1 nepal 8 okisankichi japan 17 bartlett europe 9 sinko japan 18 anjou europe design of experiment: the experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (rcbd) with two replications. the eighteen varieties of pear were selected as treatments and replicated two times with two trees per treatment. data observations: in each tree, four branches were selected for phenological study. the selection of branches was done in such a manner that each branch faces one direction i.e., north, south, east and west so that errors can be minimized. the observations were started from the dormant stage and were done on 2-3 days interval until fruit set. visual observations were taken from the tagged branches. data on days from swollen bud to bud burst, swollen bud to green cluster, swollen bud to white bud, swollen bud to bloom, swollen bud to petal fall, swollen bud to fruit set, fruit length, and fruit diameter were recorded. statistical analysis: the data were entered in microsoft excel 2016 and analysis was done by using star 2.0.1 (statistical tool for agricultural research) and cluster analysis by minitab 17. 3. results and discussion the phenology of pear was studied with reference to bbch (biologische bundesanstalt, bundessortenamt and chemical industry) scale. eight stages were recorded for 18 pear varieties. the major eight stages are dormant, swollen bud, bud burst, green cluster, white bud, bloom, petal fall and fruit set (chapman & catlin, 1976). among 18 varieties, ‘pharping local (green)’ showed earlier bud burst on 14 th february followed by ‘pharping local (brown)’ which showed bud burst on 22 nd february and waseaka showed bud burst at the last on 24 th march. varieties; ‘hawana’ and ‘aatago’ showed earlier bud burst on 5 th march among asian varieties. anjou showed earlier bud burst on 27 th february among european varieties. the seasonal timing and duration of different evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 146 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence phenological stages of fruit trees depends on local climatic conditions and fluctuate from year to year (cordero, bocanegra, garcía-galavís, santamaría, & camacho, 2013). the phenology mainly depends on the genetic characteristics of different varieties. different varieties show same stage of growth in different time period. most of the temperate deciduous fruit trees undergo dormancy and requires certain amount of chilling for release (lang, 1996). the growth cycle that takes place between late summer and budburst is considered as dormancy period (faust, erez, rowland, wang, & norman, 1997). the development of inflorescence is initiated in the summer and autumn of the previous season of the bloom and flower continues to develop in the spring after a month of pollen meiosis and anthesis starts at the end of april or the beginning of may (staritsky, 1970). the mean number of days required from swollen bud to bud brust, green cluster, white bud, bloom, petal fall and fruit set were influenced by the varieties due to the variation in genetic makeup. the number of days required from swollen bud to bud burst was found highly significant different among the varieties (table 2). the highest no of days required from swollen bud to bud burst in hosui (7 days) followed by aatago, chojuro and nittaka (6 days) while the lowest no of days recorded in sinko (2 days). similarly, swollen bud to green cluster, swollen bud to white bud, swollen bud to bloom, swollen bud to petal fall, swollen bud to fruit set were recorded and is shown in table 2. table 2: no of days require for different phenological stages of pear varieties pear varieties no of days swollen bud to bud burst swollen bud to green cluster swollen bud to white bud swollen bud to bloom swollen bud to petal fall swollen bud to fruit set aatago 6 b 10 a 16 a 19.33 a 25.33 b 30.67 abc anjou 4 d 5.67 bcd 10.67 bc 11.67 bcd 20.67 bc 24.33 abcde bartlett 3 e 6 bcd 7.67 cde 10.67 cd 17.33 cde 19.67 cde chojuro 6 b 6 bcd 11.33 b 12.33 bcd 17.33 cde 24.33 abcde gloden nijisseiki 4 d 6.67 bcd 9.33 bcde 14 bc 20 bcd 25.33 abcde hawana 4 d 7.67 abc 9 b cde 12 bcd 21.67 bc 25 abcde hosui 7 a 7.67 abc 9.67 bcd 11.67 bcd 14.67 de 20.33 cde kikisui 5 c 5.33 cd 11.67 b 16.33 ab 18 cde 20.67 cde kirtipur 1 5 c 9.33 a 11.33 b 14 bc 20.67 bc 30 abc kosui 5 c 5.33 cd 10.67 bc 13.67 bcd 16 cde 21.67 cde meigetsu 2.33 ef 6 bcd 8.67 bcde 11.33 bcd 18 cde 23.33 bcde nittaka 6 b 8 ab 11.67 b 15 abc 21.33 bc 28.67 abcd okisankichi 3 e 5 d 7 de 11 cd 14.33 de 17.67 de pharping local (brown) 4 d 6.67 bcd 7.33 de 8.67 d 34 a 34.33 ab pharping local (green) 4 d 5.67 bcd 7.67 cde 11.67 bcd 35 a 34.67 a evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 147 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence hsd: tukey's honest significant. difference, sem: standard error of mean, cv: coefficient of variation. for each parameter, different lowercase letters in the same column indicates significant differences (p < 0.05) among pear varieties according to tukey's test. pharping local (green), required the longest interval (34.67 days) between swollen bud to fruit set and is followed by pharping local (brown) (34.33 days), aatago (30.67 days) while the shortest interval was recorded in sinko & yakumo (16 days), followed by okisankichi (17.67 days). an experiment conducted in czech republic, significant difference was not found in the flowering dates of different varieties of pear (nicas et al., 2020), which is in contrast to our findings. number of chilling hours and temperature required for breaking of dormancy vary from varieties to varieties. it was reported by asano and okuno (1990), cultivar ‘kosui’ required temperature below 10 0 c and cumulative chilling hours required was 600 hours for breaking dormancy of bud. but in case of ‘nijisseiki’ 10 0 c was effective to break bud (tamura, tanabe, & ikeda, 1993). varieties ‘hosui’ and ‘kosui’ were earlier than other varieties of both asian and european type. among these two varieties ‘hosui’ and ‘kosui’ breaking of dormancy takes place earlier in ‘hosui’ as ‘kosui’ requires more hours of chilling than ‘hosui’ (asano & okuno, 1990). flower differentiation occurs after the cessation of shoot elongation and formation of 12 bud scales in the early to mid-summer season due to increase in the cell division (ito et al., 1999). date of full bloom varies between varieties and some varieties in which bud burst took place earlier also showed full bloom date later than others. for example, in cultivar ‘kikisui’, ‘gold nijisseki’ and ‘kosui’ bud burst took place on same date, 11 th march but the date of full bloom varies among them i.e., 27 th , 25 th and 19 th march respectively. different hybrid varieties of pear required average of 41-69 days from first flower to full bloom and required about 99-120 days for harvesting (de alcantara barbosa et al., 2018). the asian varieties ‘hosui’ and ‘kosui’ required 25 days and 30 days respectively from budburst until the onset of fruit growth (lopes et al., 2013). most of the asian varieties of pear requires about 94-112 days from dormant bud to full bloom stage (necas et al., 2020). gotame, subedi, dhakal, and khatiwada (2015) reported that cultivar ‘pharping local’ takes about 130 to 150 days from bud burst to full bloom whereas other asian varieties ranges from 112 to 150 days. petal fall stage was recorded after 1-2 weeks of full bloom in all asian and sinko 2 f 4.33 d 6.33 e 11.33 bcd 13.33 e 16 e waseaka 4 d 5.67 bcd 8.67 bcde 12.33 bcd 17.67 cde 23.33 bcde yakumo 3 e 5 d 8 cde 10.67 cd 13.33 e 16 e mean 4.30 6.44 9.59 12.65 19.93 24.22 sem 0.0741 0.5882 1.1329 2.6492 3.6002 13.3039 p value 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 cv (%) 6.33 11.90 11.10 12.87 9.52 15.06 hsd at 5% 0.8369 2.3584 3.2729 5.0049 5.8345 11.2157 evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 148 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence european varieties whereas it took about 1 month for petal fall from full bloom in varieties ‘pharping local (brown)’ and ‘pharping local (green)’. fruit set stage occurred after about 1 weeks of petal fall in all varieties and harvesting was done about 4-5 months after fruit set in all varieties. first harvesting was done in cultivar ‘kosui’ followed bycultivar ‘hosui’ the mean fruit length and diameter of different varieties of pear was found highly significant (table 3). the longest fruit was recorded in anjou (58.80 mm), followed by bartlett (52.90 mm) and yakumo (49.80 mm), while the shortest fruit was recorded in nittaka (32.50 mm) followed by kirtipur 1 (35.0 mm) and pharping local (brown) (37.50 mm). similarly, the highest fruit diameter was recorded in anjou (57.60 mm) followed by yakumo (55.80 mm) and waseaka (50.80 mm) while the lowest fruit diameter was found in nittaka (32.50 mm) followed by kirtipur1 (35.0 mm) and sinko (40.10 mm). table 3: fruit length and diameter of different pear varieties pear varieties fruit length (mm) fruit diameter (mm) aatago 48 bcd 51.60 abc anjou 58.80 a 57.60 a bartlett 52.90 ab 45 cde chojuro 41.50 defg 48.80 bcd gloden nijisseiki 44.50 cdef 46.70 cde hawana 44 cdef 47.20 bcde hosui 45.60 bcdef 49.30 abcd kikisui 44.20 cdef 49.60 abcd kirtipur 1 35 gh 35 fg kosui 43.90 cdef 50.10 abcd meigetsu 47 bcd 46.60 cde nittaka 32.50 h 32.50 g okisankichi 44.20 cdef 48.30 bcde pharping local (brown) 37.50 fgh 42.40 efg pharping local (green) 43.20 cdef 44.5 cde sinko 37.90 efgh 40.10 efg waseaka 46 bcde 50.80 abcd yakumo 49.80 bc 55.80 ab mean 44.25 46.77 sem 26.7526 30.0072 p value 0.0000 0.0000 cv (%) 11.67 11.68 hsd at 5% 8.1381 8.6189 hsd: tukey's honest significant. difference, sem: standard error of mean, cv: coefficient of variation. for each parameter, different lowercase letters in the same column indicates significant differences (p < 0.05) among pear varieties according to tukey's test. harvesting duration of all 18 varieties lasts for about two months (table 4). early harvesting was done in cultivar kosui on 4 th week of july and late harvesting was done in cultivar evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 149 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence okisankichi on 4 th week of september. the period of ripening and maturity is affected by some of the factors like flowering dates and temperature during the period from flowering to the ripening. among different varieties of asian pear, the period from dormant bud to maturity of the fruit varied from about 223 days to 276 days (nicas et al., 2020). table 4: different timing of harvest of 18 varieties of pear. varieties date of harvest varieties date of harvest hosui 1 st week of august pharping local (brown) 2 nd week of september kosui 4 th week of july pharping local (green) 2 nd week of august meigetsu 4 th week of august nittaka 1 st week of september yakumo 2 nd week of august hawana 3 rd week of august kikisui 2 nd week of august aatago 3 rd week of september waseka 3 rd week of august chojuro 3 rd week of august gold nijiseiki 4 th week of august kirtipur-1 4 th week of august okisankichi 4 th week of september bartlett 4 th week of august sinko 3 rd week of august anjou 3 rd week of august the 18 pear varieties were grouped into five clusters (figure 1 and table 5). the pear variety grouped into cluster 1 showed the highest value for swollen bud to bud burst (6.00 days), swollen bud to white bud (16.00 days) and swollen bud to bloom (19.33 days). the variety belonged to cluster 2 showed the highest value for fruit length (58.80 days) and fruit diameter (57.60 days). similarly, the varieties belongs to cluster 4 showed the highest value for swollen bud to green cluster (8.67 days), and cluster 5 showed the highest value for swollen bud to petal fall (table 6). clustering into natural groups is represented by a dendrogram, which gradually divides interventions into smaller and smaller groups (kc, 2001). evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 150 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence ph ar pi ng l oc al (g ) ph ar pi ng l oc al (b ) n itt ak a k irt ip ur 1 si nk o y ak um o o ki s a nk ic hi h os ui w as ea ka m ei ge ts u h aw an a g lo de n n iji ss ei ki k os ui k ik is ui ch oj ur o b ar tle tt a nj ou a at ag o 35.52 57.01 78.51 100.00 pear varieties s im il a ri ty dendrogram average linkage, euclidean dis tance figure 1: cluster analysis of 18 pear varieties evaluated for flowering traits under at warm temperate horticulture centre, kirtipur, kathmandu, 2020 [in pharping local 'b' indicate brown and 'g' indicate green] table 5: grouping of 18 pear varieties into five clusters based on flowering traits cluster1 cluster 2 cluster3 cluster4 cluster5 aatago anjou bartlett, chojuro, gloden nijisseiki, hawana, hosui, kikisui, kosui, meigetsu, okisankichi, sinko, waseaka, yakumo kirtipur-1, nittaka pharping local (brown), pharping local (green) table 6: flowering traits of 18 pear varieties within and among five clusters variable cluster1 cluster2 cluster3 cluster4 cluster5 centroid fruit length (mm) 48.00 58.80 45.13 33.75 40.35 44.25 fruit diameter (mm) 51.60 57.60 48.19 33.75 43.45 46.77 swollen bud to bud burst (days) 6.00 4.00 3.47 5.50 4.00 3.92 swollen bud to green cluster (days) 0.42 5.67 5.89 8.67 6.17 5.91 swollen bud to white bud (days) 16.00 10.67 9.00 11.50 7.50 9.59 swollen bud to bloom (days) 19.33 11.67 12.28 14.50 10.17 12.65 swollen bud to petal fall (days) 25.33 20.67 16.81 21.00 34.50 19.93 swollen bud to fruit set (days) 30.67 24.33 21.11 29.34 34.50 24.22 4. conclusion in this study, 18 pear varieties have been evaluated with respect to the phenological and fruit traits. from the observation, significant variation for these traits was found in pear varieties. evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 151 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the shortest flowering period was observed in sinko and yakumo. the longest fruit and the highest fruit diameter were found in anjou. based on fruits traits anjou and based on phenological traits sinko and yakumo were found potential varieties for cultivation under warm temperate region of nepal. conflicts of interest the authors declare no conflict of interest. references asano, s., & okuno, t. 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(2020). evaluation of certain pomological and phenological traits of selected asian pear varieties growing in middle european conditions. horticultural science, 47(2), 81-92. petri, j. l., hawerroth, f. j., leite, g. b., couto, m., & francescatto, p. (2012). apple phenology in subtropical climate conditions. embrapa agroindústria tropical-capítulo em livro científico (alice). shrestha, j. (2016). cluster analysis of maize inbred lines. journal of nepal agricultural research council, 2, 33-36. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v2i0.16119 evaluation of phenological traits of pear varieties in warm temperate region of nepal padma nath atreya*, ramila dhakal, jiban shrestha page | 153 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence staritsky, g. (1970). the morphogenesis of the inflorescence, flower and fruit of pyrus nivalis jacquin var. orientalis terpo. https://www.amazon.com/morphogenesis-inflorescenceorientalis-mededelingen-landbouwhogeschool/dp/9027805776 tamura, f., tanabe, k., & ikeda, t. (1993). relationship between intensity of bud dormancy and level of aba in japanese pear'nijisseiki'. journal of the japanese society for horticultural science, 62(1), 75-91. tecchio, m. a., bettiol neto, j. e., barbosa, w., & tucci, m. l. s. a. (2011). evolution and perspective of the temperate fruit crops in são paulo state, brazil. revista brasileira de fruticultura, 33(spe1), 150-157. cucumber (cucumis sativus l.)growth and nutrient content response to applications of leonardite and phosphorus fertilizer ardalan jalal majeed page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence cucumber (cucumis sativus l.)growth and nutrient content response to applications of leonardite and phosphorus fertilizer ardalan jalal majeed horticulture and landscape design department, bakrajo technical institute, sulaimani polytechnic university. corresponding author e-mail: ardalan.majeed@spu.edu.iq article history: received: june 18, 2021; accepted: agustus 10, 2021 abstract leonardite is a common mineral that contains a lot of organic matter. it may have a beneficial influence on plant growth and nutritional content. the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of four different leonardite doses (0, 20, 35, and 50 g kg -1 ), three different phosphor rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg kg -1 p), on plant growth, and nutrient uptake of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.). plants. the experiment was conducted in a plastic house. increasing the leonardite dose statistically increased the concentrations of n, p, k, mg, cu, and mn in the cucumber leaves, but zn content (34.711 a) mg kg -1 of the leaves was significantly higher only with the (20 gm) of leonardite. the highest phosphor application (150 mg kg -1 ) increased leaf n, p, k, ca, mg, and mn concentrations compared with the other three doses and also the leaf zn levels statistically did not increase as the p applications increased from (control to 150 mg kg -1 ). based on the number of fruits per plant, the best interaction among leonardite doses and phosphor rate were a combination of the (35gm×100 mg kg -1 ) increasing the numbers of cucumber per plant (48.000a). keywords: leonardite, phosphor inorganic fertilizer, cucumber plant. 1. introduction cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) is a popular vegetable all over the world. it is the most well-known member of the cucurbitaceae family (thoa, 1998). cucumber is a native plant and one of the earliest vegetables grown by early man (eifediyi and remison, 2010). economically, after tomato, cabbage, and onion, it is the fourth most important crop in asia. in europe, it ranks second only to tomatoes (eifediyi and remison, 2010). it has been cultivated for almost 3,000 years (okonmah, 2011). cucumber is a main source of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water content in fruits, all of which are essential for human nutrition (slavin and lloyd, 2021). cucumber is grown on fertile soils because infertile soils provide lower-quality fruits that are not widely accepted by customers (eifediyi and remison, 2010). one of the most popular techniques for increasing the productivity of agricultural lands and achieving a greater yield per unit area is to use fertilizers to replenish the shortage of plant nutrients in the soil. inorganic fertilizers are the most frequent method. however, relying solely on inorganic fertilizers may have negative consequences for human health and the environment cucumber (cucumis sativus l.)growth and nutrient content response to applications of leonardite and phosphorus fertilizer ardalan jalal majeed page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence (kumar et al., 2019). to offset the negative impacts of inorganic fertilizers, the use of organic fertilizers, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers, has been growing in the soil (chen, 2006). to maintain healthy soil and minimize soil degradation, this organic matter must be replenished. humic substances (well-decomposed and highly stable organic material, such as humic acid, fulvic acid, and humins) make up a significant portion of soil organic matter, improve soil fertility and physical integrity, and boost nutrient availability (akinremi et al, 2000). humic acid and other humic substances enhance root and shoot growth, increase available plant nutrients and soil nutrient absorption, and improve plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. (ünlü et al., 2010; akinremi et al., 2000; serenella et al., 2002; dursun et al., 2002; cimrin and yilmaz, 2005). humic substance aids in the stabilization of soil temperatures and the delaying of water evaporation. it has also been observed that humic acid treatment improves the physical plant characteristics of plants growing in a salty environment (turkmen et al., 2004; turkmen et al., 2005). as a result, humic acid and humic substances promote root and shoot growth (cimrin and yilmaz, 2005). furthermore, they improve plant resilience to biotic and abiotic stress factors by increasing soil organic matter, plant nutrients, and nutrient absorption from the soil (unlu et al, 2010). as a result, leonardite may be utilized as a soil supplement since it increased tomato, potato, and maize plant growth and yields (sanli et all, 2013) & ( eyheraguibel et al, 2008). leonardite is a natural organic substance, brownblack formed by the breakdown of organic matter over billions of years (akinrinde, 2006). it is sedimentary peat, plankton, and plant–animal waste deposition, contains the high amount humic acids, fulvic acids, and plant nutrients with the appearance of coal but not the compaction (erkoc, 2009) and (ratanaprommanee et al, 2016). leonardite, also known as humat, organic humat, humalit, or humus in various countries, is one of these organic fertilizers (akinremi et al., 2000). when leonite contains 30 to 80 percent humic acids, it can be utilized as a soil amendment (schnitzer, 1992; akinremi et al., 2000; erkoc, 2009; sugier et al., 2013) the use of humic compounds has been shown in several studies to boost plant growth and agricultural yield (paksoy et al., 2010; aisha et al., 2014; shafeek et al., 2015). it also decreases the ph of the soil around the roots and aids in the conversion of inaccessible nutrients into plant-accessible forms (vaughan and donald, 1976). because it releases nutrients slowly and avoids nutrient loss owing to leaching and evaporation, leonardite could be utilized as a soil amendment (sibanda and young, 1989). cucumber (cucumis sativus l.)growth and nutrient content response to applications of leonardite and phosphorus fertilizer ardalan jalal majeed page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the leonardite has numerous advantages, according to many researchers' studies on various crops, thus having it as a component can help increase nutrient availability, crop output, and play a key role in microelement transfer and availability. as a result, leonardite is a promising component for improving supplement accessibility and yield growth (nisak et al., 2017). it assumes a role in the transportation and accessibility of micronutrients, which are more concentrated in soils with a higher ph. scientists have identified several beneficial effects of leonardite on various crops. it is mostly absorbed by plant roots, but it is also translocated to shoots and other plant components, and it improves plant growth responses (verlinden et al., 2009) as a result, the goal of this study was to see how different dosages of leonardite, alone or in combination with inorganic p fertilizers, affected the morphology, yield, nutritional content, of cucumber plants. 2. materials and methods the current study was conducted at the horticulture and landscape design department, technical institute of bakrajo, sulaimani polytechnic university, sulaimani /iraq, during the growth period 2017-2018 under plastic house conditions. the leonardite minerals utilized in this investigation were readily available in kahramanmaraş/ turki. the effects of leonardite and phosphor treatments on cucumber plant development were investigated using four different leonardite doses (0, 20, 35, and 50 g kg -1 ), three different phosphor rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg kg -1 p), and three replications. characteristics of the leonardite sources used in the study: organic matter (%), total humic and fulvic acid (%), available boron (mg kg -1 ), ph and maximum moisture content (%) were (45% , 40% , 0.96 mg kg 1 , 5-7 and 35%) respectively. to make up the four application rates of 0, 20, 35, and 50 g kg-1 leonardite, the leonardite was mixed manually at each application rate until the leonardite – 8 kg soil mixture was homogeneous for each pot. in two split applications, phosphor was applied as triple super phosphate (46 percent p) at four rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg kg -1 p). nitrogen was applied as urea (co(nh2)2 46 percent n in two split dosages of 70 mg kg -1 to all pots in addition to phosphor. 90 days after sowing, the plants were harvested. the biomass (leaves) was then dried at 60-80°c in an oven. the plant samples were digested using an hno3/hclo4 combination to determine the amounts of p, k, ca, mg, mn, zn, and cu (jones and case, 1990). the vanadomolybdophosphoric acid method was used to identify total plant p. (kuo, 1996). total n was assessed using the cucumber (cucumis sativus l.)growth and nutrient content response to applications of leonardite and phosphorus fertilizer ardalan jalal majeed page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence kjeldahl procedure (bremner, 1996), and total k, ca, mg, mn, zn, and cu were determined in the digest using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (perkin elmer, 3110). the physical and chemical properties of the soil used in the study: was shown in (table 1) defined by (ali and majeed,2017).the soil utilized in the study is typical of the area, with high lime content, alkaline ph, low organic matter, low available zn and p, and high available ca and mg. table 1: the properties of the soil used in the study p k mg ca zn cu mn fe om ph caco3 e.c. (mg kg -1 ) (%) (%) dsm -1 2.37 255 153.7 5485 0.85 1.06 35.16 7.8 2.30 7.65 32.1 1.56 this study employed a factorial experiment (4×4×3) with three replications in a randomized complete block design (rcbd) to assess the effects of leonardite dosages and phosphor treatment with interactions. the data was compared with the observed using the xlstat software 2020 advanced statistics version 2020.1 software to achieve this purpose. when the f-value was significant at p ≤ 0.05, the duncan's multiple comparison tests were used in this software for the primary impacts of treatments that differed. when the means differed significantly, letters were allocated to separate the groups. when the means within a column do not differ considerably when the same letters are used. 3. results and discussion in generally, the research done so far have shown that leonardite has a wide range of effects. leonardite enhanced the nutrient content, yields and changed the structure of products in a few experiments. duncan's multiple comparison tests revealed that the leaves of cucumber plants grown in leonardit-amended soils removed more nitrogen than those grown in unamended. increasing the leonardite dose increased the concentrations of n, p, k, mg, cu and mn in the cucumber leaves (table 2). the leonardite applications increased significantly increase the leaf k and mg content compared to the control, but statistically there was not differences when used (35 or 50 gm) leonardit. the zn content (34.711 a) mg kg -1 of the leaves was significantly higher only with the (20 gm) leonardite application rate, and ca content the result (5.004 a) percent of the leaves was higher affected from the (35gm) applications of leonardit. cucumber (cucumis sativus l.)growth and nutrient content response to applications of leonardite and phosphorus fertilizer ardalan jalal majeed page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence table 2:the effect of leonardit doses (gm/kg) on leaf nutrient content leonardit doses n p k ca mg cu zn mn (gm/kg) (%) (mg kg -1 ) 0** 0.868 d 0.287 d 0.600 c 3.826 d 0.284 c 12.128 d 25.515 b 79.312 d 20 1.576 c 0.323 c 0.727 b 4.102 c 0.314 b 13.953 c 34.711 a 82.558 c 35 2.293 b 0.366 b 0.933 a 5.004 a 0.362 a 14.994 b 27.665 b 85.823 b 50 3.950 a 0.409 a 0.876 a 4.707 b 0.373 a 15.731 a 28.433 b 87.980 a remarks: *mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 according to duncan’s multiple range test. note. 0**: control or not add the leonardite. according to the observations, applying leonardite doses mixed with soil had a good effect on increasing macro-micro nutrient on the cucumber plant, due largely to the positive effects of leonardite on the physical and chemical properties of soil, high available water holding and adsorption capacities, and improved nutrient use efficiency by increasing the availability and uptake of macro and micro nutrients. many authors have observed improved plant development as a result of adequate nutrient availability and soil moisture (mahmoud and hafez, 2010). influences of humic acid fertilizers on nutrient absorption addict to humic acid resources like leonardite, concentration, practice type, plant species, and cultivars, according to chen and aviad, 1990. as per david et al., 1994 leonardite increases soluble nitrogen as well as other plant nutrients like k. many studies working on diverse plants from various areas have discovered that increasing the dosages of leonardite treatment causes a significant increase in the n, p, k, ca, mg, and s content of the plants. (topcuoglu and onal, 2006; saglam et al., 2012; turan et al., 2012; kucukyumuk et al., 2014). and these results are similar to our research. highest phosphor application (150 mg kg -1 ) increased leaf n,p,k,ca,mg and mn concentrations compared with the other three doses and the leaf zn levels statistically did not increased as the p applications increased from (control to 150 mg kg -1 ) table 3. the results show in table 10, the effect of phosphor applications on some macro and micro nutrient concentrations of cucumber plant in leonardite there were significant differences for all nutrients of cucumber plant shoots except zn. although, the amount of p, k and mg statistical there was not differences when cucumber (cucumis sativus l.)growth and nutrient content response to applications of leonardite and phosphorus fertilizer ardalan jalal majeed page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence treated with (100 or 150) mg kg -1 phosphor fertilizers, it means the 100 mg kg -1 phosphor application had a good result to increase p, k and mg nutrients (0.385 a, 0.891 a and 0.388 a) mg kg -1 respectively. table 3: the effect of phosphor doses (mg kg -1 ) on leaf nutrient content. phosphor doses n p k ca mg cu zn mn (mg kg -1 ) (%) (mg kg -1 ) 0* 1.482 d 0.276 c 0.617 c 3.768 d 0.263 c 10.537 d 32.128 77.442 d 50 1.996 c 0.313 b 0.737 b 4.256 c 0.282 b 13.458 c 26.437 82.623 c 100 2.364 b 0.385 a 0.891 a 4.573 b 0.388 a 16.719 a 28.487 86.531 b 150 2.844 a 0.410 a 0.891 a 5.042 a 0.400 a 16.091 b 29.271 89.077 a remarks: *mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 according to duncan’s multiple range test. note. 0*: control or not add the phosphor fertilizer. the main effects of all the treatments were significant for the dry weights, plant height and number of fruits per plant of cucumber plants (table 4). duncan’s multiple comparison tests indicated that the dry matter of the cucumber plants grown in the soils amended with the leonardit were higher than those grown in the control. increasing the leonardit dose increased the dry weights, plant height and number of fruits per plant. when the phosphor applications rising statistically dry weights, and number of fruits per plant was increased. according to chen and aviad, 1990; nardi, et al., 2002; escobar, et al., 1996 leonardite may have direct and indirect effects on the plant growth. direct effects are those, which require uptake of humic matters into the plant tissue resulting in diverse biochemical effects. according to akinremi et al. (2000), leonardite treatment improved nutrient absorption in canola. they also found that when leonardite was applied to canola, the dry matter grew linearly. cucumber, maize, wheat, cabbage, and potato yields were increased when leonardite or humic compounds were applied. (el-shabrawy et al., 2010; ayuso et al., 1996; delfine et al., 2005; hopkins and stark, 2003 respectively). according to saha et al. (2014), the combined application of humic acid and manure had a significant impact on rice grain production. seyedbagheri (2010) discovered that increasing leonardite dosages improved tuber production from 11.4 percent to 22.3 percent. cucumber (cucumis sativus l.)growth and nutrient content response to applications of leonardite and phosphorus fertilizer ardalan jalal majeed page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence table 4: the effect of phosphor and leonardit (main effect) doses on the dry mass of the leaf, plant high and no. of fruit per plant phosphor doses (mg kg -1 ) dry weights (gm) plant height (cm) no. of fruit per plant 0* 3.546 d 159.887 a 34.833 c 50 4.119 c 168.118 b 38.000 b 100 4.595 b 171.628 ab 40.083 a 150 4.930 a 175.646 a 41.333 a leonardit doses (gm/kg) 0** 3.288 d 155.638 d 33.583 d 20 3.706 c 160.775 c 37.417 c 35 4.595 b 173.837 b 39.667 b 50 5.600 a 185.029 a 43.583 a remarks: *mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 according to duncan’s multiple range test. note. 0*: control or not add the phosphor fertilizer, and 0**: control or not add the leonardite. according to the maximum means, the best interactions among leonardite doses and phosphor rate was (50gm × 150 mg kg -1 ) for gets the hay value of n and p (5.089 a %, and 0.490 a%) respectively. however, the best combination among leonardtit and phosphor doses was (35gm×100 mg kg -1 ) to increasing ca, mg, and mn (5.957 a ,0.435 a , and 93.803 a) respectively. then, based on the number of fruit per plant, the best interaction between leonardite doses and phosphor rate, was a combination of the (35gm×100 mg kg -1 ) increasing the numbers of cucumber per plants (48.000a). table 5: the best interaction between the (leonardit and phosphor doses) in the experiment. n p k ca mg cu zn mn (%) (mg kg -1 ) interactions maximum mean 50 × 150 5.089 a 50 × 150 0.490 a 35 × 100 1.107 a 35 ×150 5.957 a 35 × 150 0.435 a 35 ×100 17.997 a 20 × c 56.900 a 35 × 150 93.803 a cucumber (cucumis sativus l.)growth and nutrient content response to applications of leonardite and phosphorus fertilizer ardalan jalal majeed page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence interactions minimum mean 0** × 0* 0.775 g 0** × 0* 0.215 e 0**× 50 0.575 h 0** × 0* 3.178 i 0** × 0* 0.218 h 0** × 0* 8.140 h 0** × 0* 22.853 b 20 × 0* 73.712 j dry weights plant height no. of fruit per plant (gm) (cm) interactions maximum mean 50 × 100 6.363 a 50 × 100 193.533 a 35 × 100 48.000 a interactions minimum mean 0** × 150 3.187 g 0** × 0* 151.467h 0** × 0* 30.000 h remarks: *mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 according to duncan’s multiple range test. note. 0*: control or not add the phosphor fertilizer, and 0**: control or not add the leonardite. finally, there have been several reports of enhanced yields using leonardite in greenhouses, due to the leonardite powder's layer structure, along with its high organic matter and nutrient content, could be suitable to microbial development, increase water holding capacity, increase availability of plant nutrients, and the chemical characteristics of leonardite revealed that it has a great potential for application as a soil conditioner to increase soil fertility and agricultural output. as these experiments were conducted under ideal growth conditions, the effects of leonardite may differ in the field, where there is a complicated interplay between soil, climate, and other variables. as a result, when identical experiments are done under other conditions, the results from greenhouse research may not be reproduced. 4. conclusions significant increases in n, p, k, ca, mg, cu, and mn nutrient were determined as compared to the control group in the current study, which aims to investigate the effects of increasing doses of leonardite application with phosphor fertilizer on the cucumber plant with regard to some macro and micronutrients of the content. in addition, leonardite treatment enhanced plant height, dry weights, and the quantity of fruits per plant, showing that higher rates of administration might boost crop nutrient absorption. organic fertilizers and soil improvers, such as cucumber (cucumis sativus l.)growth and nutrient content response to applications of leonardite and phosphorus fertilizer ardalan jalal majeed page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde 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(2009). application of humic substances results in consistent increases in crop yield and nutrient uptake. journal of plant nutrition, 32(9), pp.1407-1426. study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 113 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji *faculty of agriculture, mayjen sungkono university jl. irian jaya no. 4 mojokerto city *emails : budi.utomo@unimas.ac.id abstract the purpose of this study include: (1) discover the difference in growth of seedlings of sugarcane in dry land with the use of inorganic fertilizer and the addition of sugar factory waste. (2) know the difference analysis of farming and productivity of seeds cane on dry land with the use of inorganic fertilizer and the addition of sugar factory waste. (3) determine the cost efficiency effort seeds cane on dry land by using inorganic fertilizer and the addition of sugar factory waste. (4) determine the feasibility of sugarcane seeds business in dry land by using inorganic fertilizers and adding sugar factory waste.the analysis used in this study were: (1) analysis comparison of growth using tabulation the data. the results showed differences in the results of production between three treatments, namely : treatment of first use of npk fertilizer 600 kg/ha and za 400 kg/ha showed yields 62 tons/ha while both use treatment npk 600 kg/ha and za 400 kg/ha plus 2.5 tons/ha cut shows 63.6 tons/ha yield and the third treatment with npk fertilizer dosage 300 kg/ha and za 200 kg/ha plus 2.5 tons/ha cut show 60.2 tons/ha yield. (2) cost analysis of farming and productivity by calculating the results of crop production using a system of tile on the treatment into two with total cost of rp. 3,842,353 and get the production of sugarcane seedlings of 63.6 tons/ha with an income of rp. 610,114 (3) analysis of the efficiency of businesses using the calculation of revenue and cost ratio, the results obtained that treatment of three doses of npk fertilizer 300 kg/ha and za 200 kg/ha with added 2.5 tonnes of sugar factory waste/hectare produce efficiency better business value the highest r/c ratio is 1.19. (4) analysis of feasibility level of the business efficiency by calculating benefit and cost ratio, results were obtained that the dosage of npk fertilizer 300 kg/ha and za 200 kg/ha with added 2.5 tonnes of sugar factory waste/hectare produced level of feasibility of the highest value of b/c ratio of 1.18. keywords : grade, productivity products, sugarcane seedlings, farming, r/c ratio and b/c ratio 1. introduction the decline in national sugar production based on sugarcane is getting further and further away from the target desired by the government. domestic sugar demand in 2016 is 5.7 million tons in the form of 3.2 million tons of refined crystal sugar (gkr) for industry and 2.5 million tons of white crystal sugar for consumption while the national sugar production is 2.2 million tons per year. (ditjenbun, 2016). it is caused by a factor of sugarcane land availability that has been narrowed and shifted from watery paddy fields and lush, switch to the dry fields that tend to be dry and not watery, by relying on irrigation rainfed (balitbangpertan, 2012). study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 114 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence other factors are the decline in the productivity of sugarcane fields, one of which is influenced by the availability of seed and fertilizer treatment to the cane crop due to lack of the element of organic in the land (purnomo et al., 2011). organic materials have several advantages namely easily available materials, low cost, but availability is constantly changing and must be given manytimes in large numbers (edi tando, 2017). factor cultivation and crop cost production is higher, the availability of fertilizers to farmers less than the maximum, while farmer demanded still exist and can get a good cane production (mahrus, bambang wicaksono, nurlina, cholil, & sri wiwoho, 2017). one of them is by using fertilizer from organic materials to increase sugarcane production at a lower cost to improve productivity raw materials by using good sugarcane seeds. research purposes the researchers' goal early this is : 1. knowing the differences in the growth of sugarcane seeds in dry land by using inorganic fertilizers and the addition of sugar factory waste. 2. knowing the difference analysis of farming and productivity of sugarcane seeds on dry land with the use of inorganic fertilizer and the addition of sugar factory waste. 3. knowing the cost efficiency effort sugarcane seeds on dry land using inorganic fertilizers and the addition of sugar factory waste. 4. knowing the feasibility of sugarcane seeds business on dry land using inorganic fertilizers and the addition of sugar factory waste. 2. research methodology research location and time. the location study was conducted at the experimental station owned one part of sugar factory in lamongan is in the hamlet kedungbunder, kedungsoko village, subdistrict mantup, lamongan. the research activities starting from the preparation of tillage in the month october 2018 s.d retrieval and processing of data and preparing reports research on the moon in july 2019, while retrieval of data (observations) conducted on estimates of sugarcane seeds up to the age of 6 months, in order to speed up the process of data collection, then the tile sampling method is used (purwono, 2015). the soil type in the location of research is in the form of clay, air clay which is colored black (grumosol). plant treatment study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 115 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence a. experimental plots were made in 3 plots with a size of 0.01 ha per plot. among the plots is limited by 1 irrigation channel. while the total area of the experimental plot is 0.03 ha b. the planting material used is a seed budchip eye grows with distance pkp 1.10 cm and the distance between the seedlings 40cm. before planting, seeds are selected and sorted to ensure the seedlings free of varieties mix and clean of pests and systemic disease. c. sugar factory waste compost is given to the irrigation channel when the irrigation channel is finished and is given 1 week before planting according to the treatment dose by sowing evenly on the basis of the juringan. treatment compost given before planting will react with the soil, so the soil chemical and physical processes had occurred before planting sugarcane. tucker type 1) fertilizer za containing 21% n 2) fertilizer phonska (15-15-15) 3) sugar factory waste of sugar factory, the results of the sugar factory waste are presented as follows: table 1. analysis of sugar factory waste (organic fertilizer) sugar factory of pt. kebun tebu mas,lamongan, east java ph 1:5 gravimetry k jeldahl wet harbor (exstract hno3 + h clo4 ) gravimetry no.lab no. field h2o c-organic (%) n (%) p2o5 (%) k2o (%) ca * (%) mg * (%) water content (%) kc 3055 sugar factory 7.20 17.46 0.89 0.17 0.70 12.20 0.34 35.50 waste source : lab soil analysis. ipb. agriculture faculty. bogor ( january 2019) note : * does not include the scope of accreditation treatment use of fertilizers divided into three, namely: • treatment 1 : using inorganic fertilizers za and npk at a dose of 400 : 600 kg/ha • treatment 2 : using inorganic fertilizers za and npk at a dose of 400 : 600 kg/ha and adding 2.5 tons / ha of sugar factory waste. • treatment 3 : using inorganic fertilizers za and npk at a dose of 50% = 200 : 300 kg/ha and extra sugar factory waste 2.5 tons/ha. study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 116 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the trial plot can be presented as follows : figure 1. experiment plot plan data processing and analysis methods data analysis methods used in this study include: 1. comparison of growth analysis using data tabulation. 2. cost analysis, sugarcane farming income and productivity by calculating the total cost and income from the production of sugarcane seeds. a. cost analysis with calculations tc = fc + vc where : tc = total cost fc = fix cost vc = variable cost b. seed production analysis with calculations : harvest productivity (ton/ha) = productivity (ton) land size (ha) 3. calculate an analysis of business efficiency using the r/c ratio of the comparison treatment with the addition of sugar factory waste fertilizer. r/c ratio = {(p q. q) / (tfc + tvc)} where : p q = output price q = output tfc = total fixed cost tvc = total variable costs 4. calculate a business feasibility analysis using b/c ratio of comparisons treatment with the addition of sugar factory waste fertilizer. b/c = ∑ pv benefit ∑ pv cost where : b/c = benefit and cost ∑ pv benefit = total income for each production ∑ pv cost = total expenditure for each production 3. results and discussion profile of gardens research location study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 117 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the research activity was carried out at the location of the experimental garden and production of sugarcane seeds owned by pt kebun tebu mas is a company engaged in the sugar industry. this factory was established in 2011 by obtaining a construction permit in lamongan regency. to support the development of sugar cane land as raw material for production, pt kebun tebu mas built a trial garden and seedling production development in kedungsoko village, mantup district, lamongan regency. land that is used in the researcher 's is one of the plots was an experiment and production of seeds owned by pt. kebun tebu mas, the kes209 plot with an area of 0.30 hectares. comparison results of the growth of sugarcane seeds. table 2. observation data number of population/meter2, at age 2, 4 and 6 bst. no treatment january march may average 1 treatment of 1 npk 600 kg / ha + za 400 kg / ha (control) 5.67 6.67 6.67 6.33 2 treatment 2 (full dosage of fertilizer + 2.5 tons of sugar factory waste) 6.00 7.00 7.00 6.67 3 treatment 3 (1/2 dosage of fertilizer + 2.5 tons of sugar factory waste) 5.33 6.00 7.00 6.11 source: 2019 primary data (processed) the results of observations of population growth tabulations from the three treatments above in the second treatment showed the highest number because using the full dose of fertilizer plus 2.5 tons of sugar factory waste, while the third treatment only used half of the normal population fertilizer dosage at the least. this is likely due to the amount of nutrient intake macro nitrogen (n) which is less in the third treatment so that it is less stimulating the growth of tillers at the beginning of growth. table 3. plant height observation data, at ages 2, 4 and 6 bst. no treatment january march may average 1 treatment of 1 npk 600 kg / ha + za 400 kg / ha (control) 93 131 142 122 2 treatment 2 (full dosage of fertilizer + 2.5 tons of sugar factory waste) 99 137 146 127 3 treatment 3 (1/2 dosage of fertilizer + 2.5 tons of sugar factory waste) 93 130 141 122 source: 2019 primary data (processed) the observations in table 3. showing that the high growth of plants from three treatments above , the second treatment showed average crop of the most high, 127 cm, because using the full dose of fertilizer (npk 600 kg/ha + za 400 kg/ha) and additional sugar factory waste 2.5 ton/ha. while the third treatment that only uses half of the normal dose of plant height fertilizer is shorter, while the first and third treatments show the same number. this is because the amount of macronutrient intake is lower in the third treatment so that it does not spur the growth of sugarcane stem segments. table 4. observation data of rod diameter, at ages 2, 4 and 6 bst. no treatment january march may average study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 118 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 1 treatment of 1 npk 600 kg / ha + za 400 kg / ha (control) 2.60 2.77 2.77 2.71 2 treatment 2 (full dosage of fertilizer + 2.5 tons of sugar factory waste) 2.67 2.77 2.77 2.73 3 treatment 3 (1/2 dosage of fertilizer + 2.5 tons of sugar factory waste) 2.60 2.70 2.77 2.69 source: 2019 primary data (processed) the observations in table 4. tabulation rod diameter of three treatments above are not experiencing diferent significant, especially on the last observation (in may), due to the intake of water availability also affects the growth of sugarcane stalk diameter, whereas for the addition of sugar factory waste treatment there is no effect which means. 1. analysis of cost, revenue and productivity farm sugarcane a. analysis of farm cost and income according soemarso (2014), income is an increase in the number of assets or decreases of liabilities arising from the delivery of goods and services or other business activities during the period. analysis of the three treatments cost on farm sugarcane seeds with regard to revenues that will be obtained on each treatment. analysis of costs on businesses farmer sugar cane seeds divided into two fixed costs is the cost of land lease, land preparation, supply of seeds and planting costs as well as costs that do not change over a period of planting seed cane to do the loading and replanting, while the variable costs is operational costs, maintenance and harvesting costs, these costs will stay there every year . the following is an analysis of the cost and income of sugarcane seedlings farming using three kinds of fertilizer treatments. 1). analysis of the cost of sugarcane seedlings farming for the first treatment (p1) the total cost of farming analysis for the first treatment (p1) is tc = fc + vc tc = 2,155,000 + 1,624,500 tc = 3,779,500 analysis of first treatment income total cost of seedlings first treatment 3,779,500 price of seeds (rp/ton): 700,000 seedling production results first treatment 6.20 first harvest treatment rp 4,340,000 pdu = pru bu pdu = 4,340,000 – 3,779,500 pdu = 560,500 study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 119 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 2). secondary sugarcane seedlings farming cost analysis (p2) the total cost of farming analysis for the second treatment (p2) is tc = fc + vc tc = 2,155,000 + 1,687,353 tc = 3,842,353 second treatment income analysis total costs of seedlings second treatment 3,842,353 price of seeds (rp/ton): 700,000 seedling production results second treatment 6.36 second harvest treatment results rp 4,452,467 pdu = pru bu pdu = 4,452,467 – 3,842,353 pdu = 610,114 3). analysis of the cost of farming sugar cane seedlings third treatment (p3) total farm analysis cost for the third treatment (p3) is tc = fc + vc tc = 2,155,000 + 1,398,036 tc = 3,553,036 information tc = total cost fc = fixed cost vc = variable cost analysis of third treatment revenue total cost of the third treatment seedlings business 3,553,036 price of seeds (rp/ton): 700,000 third treatment seed production 6.02 third harvest treatment results rp 4,213,440 pdu = pru bu pdu = 4,213,440 – 3,553,036 pdu = 660,404 information : pdu : operating income pru : business acceptance study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 120 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence bu : business costs the results of the analysis of the three treatments of sugarcane seedlings cultivation there is a difference in the cost of fertilization, for other cultivation costs there is no difference because it uses the standard cost of sugarcane seeds farming which is carried out in pt kebun tebu mas. following is the difference in cultivation costs for each treatment. graph 1. shows the difference in business costs of the three treatments, there are differences, it is shown that the third treatment is the least compared to the first or second treatment, this is because the first treatment uses a complete dose of chemical fertilizer, while the second treatment uses a complete chemical fertilizer dosage with a price value high chemical fertilizer and added with sugar factory waste. while the third treatment uses only half the dose of chemical fertilizer with addition of sugar factory waste fertilizer whose value is less. b. productivity analysis productivity cultivation of seedlings of sugarcane by using inorganic fertilizer with the addition of sugar factory waste is calculated by sampling by taking each tile harvest treatment of 3 samples. tile size of 5 x 5 meters or 25 square meters to analyze and calculate the weight has harvesting seed cane each tile, from the calculation of yields of seed cane obtained the following data : table 5. calculation of productivity the first treatment (p1) no plot samples total weight (kg) information 1 s1p1 158.41 2 s2p1 158.94 3 s3p1 147.65 average amount 155.00 note: s = sample, p = treatment harvest area in table 5, above is 25 m², with an average number = 155.00 kg the area of harvest p1 is 1,000 m² or 0.10 hectares, so the production is: = 155.00 x (1.000/25) = 6.200 kg or 6.20 tons study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 121 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence productivity / hectare = production (tons) = 6.20 tons = 62.0 tons/ha land area (ha) 0.10 ha table 6. calculation of productivity second treatment (p2) no plot samples total weight (kg) information 1 s1p2 162.74 2 s2p2 161.43 3 s3p2 152.88 average amount 159.02 note: s = sample, p = treatment harvest area in t able 6, above is 25 m², with an average number = 159.02 kg the area of p 2 harvest is 1,000 m² or 0.10 hectares, so the production is: = 159.02 x (1.000/25) = 6.360.67 kg or 6 . 36 tons productivity / hectare = production (ton) = 6.36 ton = 63.6 ton/ha land area (ha) 0.10 ha table 7. calculation of productivity third treatment (p3 ) no plot samples total weight (kg) information 1 s1p3 147.84 2 s2p3 151.08 3 s3p3 152.52 average amount 150.48 note: s = sample, p = treatment harvest area in table 7, above is 25 m² = 150.48 kg the area of p3 harvest is 1,000 m² or 0.10 hectares, so the production is: = 150.48 x (1.000/25) = 6.019.20 kg or 6.02 tons productivity /hectare = production (tons) = 6.0 2 tons = 60. 2 tons / ha land area (ha) 0.10 ha graph 2. comparison of harvest productivity in each treatment graph 2. shows the comparison of sugarcane production above there is a difference, which shows the second treatment gets the most results (63.6 tons / ha) compared to the other two fertilizer treatments , an indication of these results because the second treatment is a treatment using the full dose of normal fertilizer and added to the treatment sugar factory waste form of additional fertilizer, the composition of fertilizers in this case nitrogen (n2 ) more than graph productivity (tch) pr od uc tiv ity (t ch ) treatment (p) 62.0 63.6 60.2 study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 122 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the treatment of other, so that the vegetative growth becomes better (mastur, 2015). whereas the third treatment was the least because only received half the normal chemical fertilizer intake. calculation of r/c ratio (revenue/cost) business efficiency analysis the data obtained from all three fertilizer treatments above can be in arithmetic treatment which much better or more efficient economically recommended for cultivation of sugarcane seed. a. first treatment (p1) acceptance = p q . q = 700,000 x 6 2.000 = 4,340,000 total cost = tfc + tvc = 2,155,000 + 1,624,500 = 3,779,500 r/c ratio = {(p q . q)/(tfc + tvc)} = {(700,000 x 62.000)/(2,155,000 + 1,624,500)} = 4,340,000/3,779,500 = 1.15 calculation analysis of r/c ratio effort seed cane by applying the treatment mining, a is 1.15, which means r/c ratio > 1, then the treatment is expressed efficient and profitable. b. second treatment (p2) acceptance = p q . q = 700,000 x 63.607 = 4,452,467 total cost = tfc + tvc = 2,155,000 + 1,687,353 = 3,842,353 r/c ratio = {(p q . q)/(tfc + tvc)} = {(700,000 x 63.607)/(2,155,000 + 1,687,353)} = 4,452,467/3,842,353 = 1.16 calculation analysis of r/c ratio effort seed cane by applying a second treatment is 1.16, which means r/c ratio > 1, then the treatment is expressed efficient and profitable for doing business farmer seed cane. c. third treatment (p3) acceptance = p q . q = 700,000 x 60.192 = 4,213,440 total cost = tfc + tvc = 2,155,000 + 1,398,036 = 3,553,036 r/c ratio = {(p q . q)/(tfc + tvc)} = {(700,000 x 60.192)/(2,155,000 + 1,398,036)} = 4,213,440/3,553,036 = 1.19 information : p q = output price q = output study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 123 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence tfc = total fixed cost tvc = total variable costs calculation analysis of r/c ratio effort sugarcane seeds by applying asses treatment a is 1.19, which means r/c ratio > 1, then the treatment in otherwise efficient and profitable for doing business farmer sugarcane seeds. the third outcome after treatment were analyzed using the r/c ratio has gained value the efficiency of the business of each treatment to compare the treatment of the most efficient of the three following treatment are presented in chart 3. the comparison respectively each treatment all treatment otherwise efficient and profitable for the business right, but the treatment of the third (p3) showing value r/c ratio most high or most large, so the rated 3rd treatment the most efficient and gain profits the highest if used as a fertilizer treatment in the sugarcane seeds business. calculation of b/c ratio (benefit / cost) business feasibility analysis analysis that is used to determine whether farming is carried out properly and can be continued for the following year needs to be done with the benefit and cost ratio (b/c ratio) calculation so that business analysis can be known on the three treatments whether it is feasible to continue and which treatments are considered the most feasible and more good to proceed on sugarcane seeds farming. sugarcane cultivation is an annual crop with a one-time cultivation system and can be harvested as much as 4 times with a parasitic system so that for the calculation of b/c ratio it is assumed that the sugarcane seedlings are harvested for 4 times, assuming the second to fourth harvest with cost and same result. calculation of b/c ratio is done as follows: graph comparison of value r/c ratio 1.15 1.16 1.19 graph 3. comparison of the results calculation r/c ratio for each treatment study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 124 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence table 9. calculation of b/c first treatment ratio (p1) 3rd year cost benefit df 10% pv cost pv benefit b/c ratio 1 3,779,500 560,500 1 3,779,500 560,500 0.15 2 1,624,500 2,715,500 1 1,624,500 2,715,500 0.61 3 1,624,500 2,715,500 1 1,624,500 2,715,500 0.85 4 1,624,500 2,715,500 1 1,624,500 2,715,500 1.01 ∑pv 8,653,000 8,707,000 1.01 source: 2019 primary data (processed) b/c ratio = ∑pvbenevit = 8,707,000 = 1.01 ∑pvcost 8,653,000 table 9. explained that results analysis b/c ratio shows value b/c ratio in the first year to the third year showed results below 1 or less than 1 (b/c ratio < 1), then the efforts of farmers sugarcane seeds it is not worth the effort , because it loses. meanwhile, in the fourth year showed that the results of the value of b/c ratio = 1.01 or more large than 1 (b/c ratio > 1), then the efforts of farmers sugarcane seeds are starting a profit in the fourth year and well worth the effort, that is to say the fourth year of the new entrepreneurs will get benefits from his farming business. table 10. calculation of b/c second treatment ratio (p2) 3rd year cost benefit df 10% pv cost pv benefit b/c ratio 1 3,842,353 610,113 1 3,842,353 610,113 0.16 2 1,687,353 2,765,113 1 1,687,353 2,765,113 0.61 3 1,687,353 2,765,113 1 1,687,353 2,765,113 0.85 4 1,687,353 2,765,113 1 1,687,353 2,765,113 1.00 8,904,413 8,905,453 1.00 source: 2019 primary data (processed) b/c ratio = ∑pvbenevit = 8,905,453 = 1.00 ∑pvcost 8,904,413 the observations in table 10 can be explained that the analysis of b/c ratio shows value b/c ratio in the first year to the third year showed results below 1 or less than 1 (b/c ratio < 1), then the efforts of farmers sugarcane seeds is not worth the effort, because it loses money. meanwhile, in the fourth year showed that the results of the value of b/c ratio = 1.00 or (b/c ratio = 1), then the efforts of farmers sugarcane seeds are otherwise no profit and no loss or experiencing a breakeven, meaning that in the fourth year entrepreneur has not receive benefits of enterprises farming, so it is stated in the second treatment entrepreneurs can still stick to his efforts when employers can reduce the operating costs of cultivation. study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 125 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence table 11. calculation of b/c third treatment ratio (p3) 3rd year cost benefit df 10% pv cost pv benefit b/c ratio 1 3,553,036 660,404 1 3,553,036 660,404 0.19 2 1,398,036 2,815,404 1 1,398,036 2,815,404 0.70 3 1,398,036 2,815,404 1 1,398,036 2,815,404 0.99 4 1,398,036 2,815,404 1 1,398,036 2,815,404 1.18 7,747,144 9,106,616 1.18 source: 2019 primary data (processed) b/c ratio = ∑pvbenevit = 9,106,616 = 1.18 ∑pvcost 7,747,144 according damaijati, e. (2012), b/c rasio an analytical method to measure the feasibility of using acceptance ratio ( revenue ) and cost. table 11. explained that results analysis b/c ratio shows value b/c ratio in the first year to the third year showed results below 1 or less than 1 (b/c ratio < 1), then the efforts of farmers sugarcane seeds it is not worth the effort , because it loses. meanwhile, in the fourth year showed that the results of the value of b/c ratio = 1.18 or more large than 1 (b/c ratio > 1), then the efforts of farmers sugarcane seeds are starting a profit in the fourth year and well worth the effort , so that it can be stated attempt treatment third is still effective but only in the fourth year new entrepreneurs will get benefits from their business. after testing the calculation of the b/c ratio of the business for the following 4 years, a comparison chart of the three treatments is presented. graph 4 . comparison of seed business feasibility for 4 years the results of the comparison of each treatment of all treatments are still feasible to run as a business, but the third treatment (p3) shows the highest value of b/c ratio so that the third most efficient treatment is used as a continuation of sugarcane seeds treatment business. treatment comparison benefit cost ratio ra tio 1.01 1.00 1.18 study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 126 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 4. conclusion 1. the differences in the growth of sugarcane seeds in dry land by using inorganic fertilizers and the addition of sugar factory waste are : a. the number of stem populations in the first treatment (p1) with an average value of 6.33 stems/meter2 is smaller than the second treatment (p2) with an average value of 6.67 stems/ meter2, but greater than the third treatment (p3) with an average value averaging 6.11 stems/ meter2 b. the heigh plant in the first treatment (p1) obtained the same value with the treatment to three (p 3) is to average 122 cm, while treatment to two (p 2) high growth of plants most, namely the value of 127 cm. c. the rod diameter in the second treatment (p2) produced the highest average value of 2.73, while in the first treatment (p1) the average value was 2.71 cm and the third treatment (p3) with an average value of 2.69. 2. the different farming analysis in the three treatments shows that : a. the first treatment (p1) uses a standard fertilizer dose without the addition of other fertilizers with a total cost of rp 3,779,500, producing a production of 62.0 tons/ha, the production results are second. b. the second treatment (p2) using the same dose of fertilizer plus sugar factory waste with a greater total cost of rp 3,842,353, produced a production of 63.6 tons/ha, the production showed the highest results, ranking first. c. the third treatment (p3) requires a total cost of at least rp 3,553,036, because it only uses half the dose of chemical fertilizer plus sugar factory waste fertilizer, so the third treatment is the most efficient treatment in the sugarcane seed business, with a production yield of 60.2 tons/ha. this third treatment showed the smallest results, but not significantly different from the first treatment and the second treatment. 3. value r/c ratio (revenue and cost) shows treatment of third (p3) is most efficient and profitable in the effort sugarcane seeds for getting r/c ratio most large compared with other treatments to value ratio of 1.19 , while the treatment of unity (p1) ratio value 1.15 and second treatment (p2) ratio value 1.16. 4. value b/c ratio (benefit and cost ratio) indicates the treatment the third (p3) is most feasible in the effort sugarcane seeds, because getting b/c ratio most large compared with study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land budi utomo*, didit setyaaji page | 127 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence other treatments to value ratio of 1.18 , while the treatment of unity ( p2) value ratio 1.01 and second treatment (p2) value ratio 1.00. suggestion need further research related to business continuity of sugarcane seedlings by using the addition of sugar factory waste fertilizer to soil fertility in the second year and onwards as well the effect of productivity by calculating the components of seed yield/unit bud. references balitbangpertan, kementerian pertanian. (2012). the prospect of dryland agriculture in supporting food security. edition 1 /2012 iaard press. damaijati, e. (2012). agribusiness research methodology. program studi magister manajemen agribisnis program pascasarjana upn. veteran. surabaya. ditjenbun, direktorat jenderal perkebunan. (2016). statistics on indonesian plantations, sugar cane 2015-2017 . edi tando, (2017). increased productivity of cane ( saccarum officinarum l.) on dry land through utilization of organic materials and synthesis soil moisturizing materials. j. biotropics vol. 5 no. 3 mastur, 2015. the role and management of nitrogen nutrients in cane plants for increasing cane productivity. perspective reviews the research plant industri, j. kementan vol.14 . mahrus, a., bambang wicaksono, h., nurlina, cholil, h., & sri wiwoho, m. (2017). mapping of biomass production of land damage assessment to reduce environmental changes in east java probolinggo. matec web of conferences, 138, 09004. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201713809004 soemarso. (2014). "accounting for introduction", revision book 2. issue five. jakarta: salemba empat. purwono, sopandie d, harjadi ss, mulyanto b. (2011). application of sugar factory waste on growth of upland sugarcanes. j. agron. indonesia. 39 (2) 79–84. purwono. (2015).litbang method pg pradjekan's and relaxation guidebook..institut pertanian bogor. bogor. production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali industrial food and quality control department, bakrajo technical institute, sulaimani polytechnic university e-mail: shara.ali@spu.edu.iq abstract the aim of this research to improve the productivity of a local variety of chickpea by enriching the soil produced indigenous microorganism (imo) and reducing the rate of nitrogen fertilizer. the experimental design used in this study was randomized complete block design with three replications. in this research, the soil was enriched with indigenous microorganism with different rates.the treatment combinations were soil with three different rates of imo (soil + 0, 2 and 4tbsp of imo) .the n fertilizer used in this study was installed in three different rates (0, 30 and 60 ppm nfr) in form of urea in water) each rate of nfr was measured according to the weight of the soil in the pot. morphological characters and yield component were determined in this research. the morphological characters included the height of plant, number of branches, days to 50% flowering (days), days to physiological maturity (days) and yield components were: pods number /plant, seed number/plant, seeds weight/plant (g), hundred seed weight (g) and grain yield (kg/ha). the result illustrated that the main effect of imo gave maximum plant height, number of branches, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, weight of seeds/plant, hundred seeds weight and grain yield. the combination of imo and nfr under treatment of (soil + 4tbsp imo) with application of 30 ppm nfr also gave highest value of each of morphological characters and yield components. the result of this study demonstrates that enriching soil with 4tbsp optimize the rate of n fertilizer to 30 ppm. keywords: chickpea, indigenous microorganism, nitrogen inorganic fertilizer 1. introduction chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) is known as one of the essential food economically among legume crop production. it is cultivated on approximately 14.56 mio. hectares, yielding 14.78 mio. tons in excess of 55 nations of the world (roorkiwal et al., 2020). it is also produced in a wide area of in semi-arid regions as globally third largest yielded legume crop. chickpea is cultivated in more than 50 countries and higher than 90 % of chickpea yields produced in asia(chen & sharma, 2007). the nutritional content of chickpea is very essential because it contain a great amount of protein (approx. 19.3–25.4%), and have a great role in human intakes especially in the developing countries. the countries that cultivate chickpea in a wide ranges are india, pakistan, turkey, iran, myanmar, australia, ethiopia, canada, mexico, and iraq (janmohammadi, abdoli, sabaghnia, esmailpour, & aghaei, 2018). chickpea in not only used a human food source, it also widely applied as a source of fodder for animal and green manure for agricultural production as it have essential role in crop production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence rotations in most regions of the world by improving the fertility of the soil (namvar, sharifi, & khandan, 2011). due to the essentiality of chickpea as a source of food for human diet and animal, the yield quality of chickpea is also essential which improved by cultivating the crop in a soil improved by organic agricultural system which is a systems that shown to be able to produce food with greater yield and quality. the production of crop under the organic system of production will be enhanced by optimizing the nutrient needs of the crop. organic systems of production relies on how the organic content of the system is managed to improve the fertility of the soil (naik, patel, & patel, 2014). furthermore, nowadays agricultural productions that only based on chemicals are not sustainable due to many problems that occur such as the erosion occurrence that cause loss of soil productivity and plant nutrient losses as well as the pollution that occur in the ground water and due to fertilizers and pesticide products (joshi, gediya, patel, birari, & gupta, 2016). however, the inorganic or chemical fertilizer benefits the plant by improving its growth but also chemical fertilizer have some hazards such as leaching, high energy consumption for their production, risk of the toxic chemicals, stimulating the vegetative growth and depletion of soil water storage (janmohammadi et al., 2018). therefore, it is important to reduce the usability of chemical fertilizer and increasing the productivity of chickpea under locally made bio fertilizer such as indigenous microorganism (imo). bio-fertilizers can reduce the required amount of chemical fertilizers and affect the environment adversely in terms of easing the environmental contamination and worsening of nature (seleiman & abdelaal, 2018). these microorganisms can be collected and cultured easily and have an essential role in improving the soil for the plants growth. the indigenous microorganisms or imo s, are small colonies of life that are found and can be produced from the immediate vicinity of the growing location supplies readily available nutrients directly to the soil-rhizosphere system. it is essential to know that the best way to enhance growth, yield and quality of crop by application of beneficial microorganisms that, in turn, can improve the growth, yield and quality of crops (m. soma & d. sai, 2013). imo is known as a source of all kinds of nutrient by enhancing the fertility of the soil and adding organic matter to the soil. plants that inoculated with imo have a great growth and nutrient content such as phosphorus and also imo prevent microorganism pathogen and disease to attack the plant. several plants nutrients and substances that promote the growth of plant such as chelated and trace elements, aminoacid and carbohydrates are found in imo suspension. these nutrient, substance and elements have a great role in improving the soil microbial activity consequently enhancing the relationship between air and water of the soil which improve the fertility of the soil and reduce soil erosion and compaction(sumathi, janardhan, srilakhmi, gopal, & narasimha, 2012). all of the great functions of imo as an organism that increase the nutrient quality production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence of soil returns back to the availability of bacterial, fungi and cynobacteria. these microorganisms are known to transport several promotions to the plant such as nutrition, resistance to disease, tolerance and adapt to different climatic changes. the cultivation of local variety of chickpea in this region is low due to its less yield component as investigated by many researchers compared to other variety that used such as ghab1, filip1 and filip 2 (ahmed, mohammad, abdulla, & meerza, 2018). therefore, this study was conducted to increase the productivity of local variety of chickpea in the region by locally producing of indigenous microorganism which is done for the very first time in this region and also optimizing the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer rate. 2. materials and methods this experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of bakrajo technical institute in sulaimani which is located in kurdistan region of iraq.the genotype of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) seed was local spring. the seed sowing was done on 21st february 2019. the germination of the seeds reached its 100% on 13 march 2019. the harvesting of the plant took place on 21st july 2019 and duration from sowing to harvesting took 151 days. in this experiment 54 pots were filled with local soil and the size of the pots was (5 l with with a diameter of 260 mm and height of 340 mm). the soil texture in the investigation area was clay soil to silty loam with chemical characteristic that is shown in table (1). the soil was treated with two rates of indigenous microorganism (imo) and for control treatment, only soil was used in the pots. the treatment combinations were soil amendment (sa) with three different suspensions of which were (soil + 0, 2 and 4 tbsp indigenous microorganism (imo)).the nitrogen fertilizer (nf) used in this research study was installed in three different rates (0, 30 and 60 ppm nf) which was in form of urea in water) each rate of nf was measured according to the weight of the soil in the pot. the experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design (twowayanovarcbd) with 3 replications. the treatments mean was compared by using duncan’s multiple range test and the f values were significant at (p ≤ 0.05). imo suspensions (2 and 4 tbsp) were sprayed on the soil surface of the pot. distilled water without imo was applied as control. the nf were applied in 2 equal doses which were 50% applied at sowing and the remaining 50% at vegetative growth period. the investigation parameters (morphological characters and yield components) of this study were determined on 108 chickpea plants. the plants didn’t need manual irrigation because rainfall was sufficient to cover the water needs of the crop during growth periods and the average rainfall during plant growth period was 5mm per 24 hours in the field area. the morphological characteristics included plant height, branch number, days to 50% flowering (days), days to physiological maturity (days) and yield components were: pods number /plant, seed number/plant, production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence seeds weight/plant (g), hundred seed weight (g) and grain yield (kg/ha). the statistical analysis and analysis of variance was determined by using xlstat 2016. preparation of indigenous microorganism the cultivation of indigenous microorganism returns back to korean natural farming (cho & koyama, 1997). the imo preparation was done by preparing an empty in a wooden container (fig.1 a) and placing 1 kg of cooked rice (organic) (fig.1 b) and covering the mouth of the container by clean sheets of paper and plastic to prevent entering water and small insects from getting in the container it was wrapped with rubber band (fig.1 c). the container was then buried 5cm deep in the soil under a big tree and covered with dry thick leaves for 7 days (fig.1 d). after two days whitish moldy filaments which was the fungi mycelium grown on the rice surface (fig.1 e). then the entire content of the wooden container was mixed with 1kg of brown sugar in a plastic container, firmly covered with a clean piece of soft, white paper and kept in a dark and cool place. the mixture was fermented for seven days until a muddy mixture appeared (fig.1 f). the fermented imo was applied to the soil in two concentrations which were 2tbsp and 4tbsp and mixed with 1 l of distilled water to make a suspension then left to decompose. 3. results and discussion morphological characters the results of analysis of variance (anova) of soil enrichment with different rates of indigenous microorganism (imo), nitrogen fertilizer rates (nfr) and their interaction effects on some morphological character of local variety of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) are shown in (table 2). the main effect of imo was highly significant for plant height and significant for number of branches, days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity. the main effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates (nfr) was highly significant for the plant height and significant for number of branches while the same effect was not significant for the days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity. the interaction effects of imo and nfr was highly significant for plant height and significant for number of branches but non-significant for days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity. as it is shown in (table 3) the maximum plant height, number of branches, days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity was observed under treatment when soil enriched with 4 tbsp of imo (soil + 4tbsp.imo) which were (39.9 cm, 13.3, 93.6 days and 140 days) respectively, compared to control treatment with only soil which were (29.6 cm, 10.6, 76.8 days and 119.7 days) respectively. production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence this attributed to the potentiality of available microorganism in imo which improve releasing nutrients from the soil which cause the elongation and multiplication of the plant cell. this result concur a result of a study which was done by (s. soma & g. sai, 2013), in which the highest plant of several types of crop plant was determined when imo applied to the crops. in addition, the results of this study also i line with a result of a research study done by (islam, islam, akter, rahman, & nandwani, 2017) in which the growth of tomato plant enhanced with application of organic fertilizer. according to the result of the effect of different nfr (table 4) the maximum plant height was observed under 60 ppm nfr which was (38.4cm). similarly in a result of a study it was also revealed that with increasing the rate of n fertilizer the height of sunflower increased (oyinlola, 2015). this observation illustrates that that n fertilizer application promoted easy absorption of the n by the plant which could consequently cause growth in the plant. while, the highest number of branches, days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity was recorded under 30 ppm of nfr which were (13.2, 86.6 days and 133 days) respectively in comparison to the control treatment with (0 ppm nfr) which were (28.1cm, 9.9, 81.2 days and 128.2 days) respectively. the rapid enhancement of the number of branch by increasing the n rate might returns back to the ability of n fertilizer in promoting vegetative growth of the plant. this results are in line with a result of a study which was done by öztürk (2010) in which it have been revealed that the branch number of rapeseed increased with increasing n rate. this result is inline with a result of a study done by saleem, haqqani, javed, ali, and fateh (2006) which illustrated that the maturity delayed with enhancing the rate of nitrogen fertilizer. the interaction between (imo) and (nfr) is shown in (table 5). the highest plant was observed under enriching the soil with 4 tbsp. of imo (soil + 4tbsp.imo) and application of 30 ppm nfr which was (48.5 cm).the shortest plant was observed in control (soil + 0 tbsp. imo) with 0ppm nfr which was (26.2 cm). as it’s shown in (table 5) the interaction effect of (soil + 4 tbsp. imo) and application of 30 ppm nfr gave maximum number of branches which was (17.3 branch/plant) while, the lowest branch number was observed in control (soil + 0tbsp. imo) with 0ppm nfr which was (9.7 branch/plant). the earliest initiation of 50% flowering was observed under control treatment with 0ppm nfr which was (71 days).the plant that 50% of its flowering initiation took longest period of (101.3 days) was grown under (soil + 4 tbsp. imo) treatment with 30ppm nfr. the delay in the flowering might be due to the availability of rhizosphere microbial communities in which modulate the timing of flowering. there are several hormones in the imo which enhance and prolonged n bioavailability by nitrification which cause delayed flowering by converting tryptophan to the phytohormone indole acetic acid (iaa), thus downregulating genes that trigger flowering, and stimulating further plant growth (lu et al., 2018). production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the plant that needed longer period of time to reach its physiological maturity was also grown under (soil + 4tbsp. imo) with 30ppm nfr which was (50 days). the plants that reached its physiological maturity in a shortest period of time (118.3 days) grown under control treatment with 0ppm nfr. it is clear that application of imo with a rate of 4tbsp optimized the rate of n fertilizer to 30 ppm which indicates that with application of imo the rate of chemical n fertilizer will be reduced. the essential role of microorganism is enhancement of the quality of the soil by which consequently accelerate the growth of the plant. in addition microorganism plays an important role in decomposing organic matter in the soil which in returns increase (desire, fosah, & desire, 2018). similar results were also revealed on tomato plant which demonstrated that with application of organic fertilizer the rate of chemical fertilizer reduced (ye et al., 2020). for the relationship between 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity it is obvious that there is a direct relationship each parameter which illustrates that the later the plant flower the longer is the period of maturity. yield component the results of analysis of variance (anova) of soil enrichment with different rates of indigenous microorganism (imo), nitrogen fertilizer rates (nfr) and their interaction effects on the yield components of local variety of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) are shown in (table 6). the main effect of imo was significant for pod no./plant, seed no./pod , seed weight/plant (g), hundred seed weight (g) and non-significant for grain yield (kg/ha) . the main effect of nfr was only significant for the seed no./pod and seed weight per plant, while it was not significant for the rest of yield components. the interaction effects imo and nfr was significant for seed no. /pod and nonsignificant for other yield components (pod no./plant, seed weight/plant (g), hundred seed weight (g) and grain yield (kg/ha)). as it is shown in (table 7) the maximum pod no./plant, seed no./pod , seed weight/plant (g), hundred seed weight (g) and grain yield (kg/ha) was observed in treatment of (soil + 4tbsp.imo) which were (34.4, 1.2, 42.9(g), 43.8(g) and 714.4(kg/ha)) respectively, compared to control treatment which were (28.8, 1.00, 33.8(g), 35.7(g) and 591.3(kg/ha)) respectively. this result concur the result of a study in which with application of imo the yield component of rice increased (siti zaharah sakimin, 2017). according to the result of the effect of nfr (table 8) the maximum pod no./plant, seed no./pod , seed weight/plant (g), hundred seed weight (g) and grain yield (kg/ha) was recorded under 30 ppm of nfr which were (33.9, 1.1, 42 (g), 42.9(g) and 698.8(kg/ha) ) respectively in comparison to the control (0 ppm nfr) which were (28.5, 1.00, 33.4(g), 35.3(g) and 585.1 (kg/ha))s) respectively. the interaction between (imo) and (nfr) is illustrated in (table 9). the increase in morphological production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence characteristic and yield could be due to the improvement of the yield components (number of pods per plant, seed weight per plant and 100 seed weight) consequently (ebaid & el-refaee, 2007). as it’s shown in table (9) the maximum pod number per plant was observed under (soil + 4tbsp.imo) and application of 30 ppm nfr which was (43). the minimum number of pods per plant was observed in control treatment with 0ppm nfr which was (28). the maximum seed number per pod was observed in treatment of (soil + 4tbsp.imo) with application of 30 ppm nfr which was (1.3) compared to the control which was (1). the maximum seed weight per plant (54.3 g), hundred seed weight (53.3 g) and grain yield (843.7 kg/ha) were determined from plants that grow under (soil + 4tbsp.imo) treatment with application of 30 ppm nfr. the minimum seed weight per plant (30.0 g), hundred seed weight (32.2 g) and grain yield (530.5 kg/ha) were determined from plants that grown under control treatment with 0ppm nfr. it is obvious that in this study the highest yield was under (soil + 4tbsp.imo) with application of 30ppm n and this is because of the ability of chickpea to gain an good amount of (4–85%) of its nitrogen requirement through symbiotic n2 fixation (togay, togay, cimrin, & turan, 2008). one of the clear result of this research was that the imo has significant impact on the growth and production of chickpea. however, chickpea is a legume that derives greater nitrogen requirement by its biological n2 fixation, through rhizobium inoculants that increase the nitrogen concentration of the fields and thus fertility of the soil (hayat, ali, siddique, & chatha, 2008). the flowering period can directly affect the grain yield. in a research study (yusuf ali, johansen, krishnamurthy, & hamid, 2005) reported that number of days taken to flowering directly as well as significantly related with the grain yield. early flowering chickpea produced in higher yields at different location and stresses (turner et al., 2006). when greater rate of n fertilizer applied less yield component observed. this may be due to the application of imo which is a beneficial microorganisms make nutrient and hormones that can be absorbed by the plant and with excessive application of n it can burn to the roots system of the plant and cause death of the seedling or it will undergo slow growth in later stage. 4. conclusions and suggestion based on the results of this study the interaction of indigenous microorganism and nitrogen fertilizer significantly enhanced the plant height number of branches and seed number. while the morphological characters and yield component of local variety of chickpea can be improved by enriching the soil with 4tbsp of imo and optimizing the rate of nitrogen fertilizerin to 30ppm. from the results of this study it is clear that imo could contribute in reducing the used amount of n fertilizer in which the optimum n rate for the highest morphological characteristic and yield component was 30 ppm n rate. production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence references ahmed, j. o., mohammad, d. y., abdulla, a. r., & meerza, c. h. n. 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(2018). rhizosphere microorganisms can influence the timing of plant flowering. microbiome, 6(1), 1-12. mjeed, a. j., & ali, m. a. (2017). effect of gyttja and nitrogen applications on growth and flowering of snapdragons (antirrhinum majus l.) plant in the two soils depth. kurdistan journal of applied research, 2(1), 1-7. naik, v., patel, p., & patel, b. (2014). study on effect of different organics on yield and quality of organically grown onion. the bioscan, 9(4), 1499-1503. namvar, a., sharifi, r. s., & khandan, t. (2011). growth analysis and yield of chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) in relation to organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilization. ekologija, 57(3), 97108. production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence oyinlola, e. (2015). response of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) to nitrogen application in a savanna alfisol/respuesta del girasol (helianthus annuus l.) a la aplicaciã n nitrogenada en un alfisol de la sabana/rã ponse du tournesol (helianthus annuus l.) ã l'application d'azote dans un alfisol de savane. öztürk, ö. (2010). effects of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and quality of winter rapeseed (brassica napus l.). chil. j. agr. res, 70(1), 132-141. roorkiwal, m., bharadwaj, c., barmukh, r., dixit, g. p., thudi, m., gaur, p. m., . . . kumar, s. (2020). integrating genomics for chickpea improvement: achievements and opportunities. theoretical and applied genetics, 1-18. saleem, a., haqqani, a., javed, h., ali, z., & fateh, j. (2006). economical level of np-fertilizer for growing maize crop in pakistan. int. j. agric. bio, 8(4), 567-568. seleiman, m. f., & abdelaal, m. s. (2018). effect of organic, inorganic and bio-fertilization on growth, yield and quality traits of some chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) varieties. egyptian journal of agronomy, 40(1), 105-117. siti zaharah sakimin, n. a. a. r., abdul shukor juraimi. (2017). effects of indigenous microorganism and system of rice intensification formulation on growth, physiology, nutrient uptake and rice yield. soma, m., & sai, d. (2013). studies on indigenous microorganisms (imos) increasing growth of leaves germination, chlorophyll content and differentiation between imos and chemical fertilizers in various crop plants. int. j. emerging technologies in computational and applied sciences, 4(3), 313-318. soma, s., & sai, g. (2013). studies on indigenous microorganisms (imos) increasing growth of leaves germination, chlorophyll content and differentiation between imos and chemical fertilizers in various crop plants. inter. j. emerg. technol. comput. appl. sci, 4(3), 313-318. sumathi, t., janardhan, a., srilakhmi, a., gopal, d. s., & narasimha, g. (2012). impact of indigenous microorganisms on soil microbial and enzyme activities. arch. appl. sci. res, 4(2), 1065-1073. togay, n., togay, y., cimrin, k. m., & turan, m. (2008). effects of rhizobium inoculation, sulfur and phosphorus applications on yield, yield components and nutrient uptakes in chickpea (cicer arietinum l.). african journal of biotechnology, 7(6). turner, n. c., abbo, s., berger, j. d., chaturvedi, s., french, r. j., ludwig, c., . . . yadava, h. (2006). osmotic adjustment in chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) results in no yield benefit under terminal drought. journal of experimental botany, 58(2), 187-194. ye, l., zhao, x., bao, e., li, j., zou, z., & cao, k. (2020). bio-organic fertilizer with reduced rates of chemical fertilization improves soil fertility and enhances tomato yield and quality. scientific reports, 10(1), 1-11. production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence yusuf ali, m., johansen, c., krishnamurthy, l., & hamid, a. (2005). genotypic variation in root systems of chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) across environments. journal of agronomy and crop science, 191(6), 464-472. table 1: chemical characteristic of soil parameter amount ph 7.4 electrical conductivity(ec) mmhos/cm) 1.7 n (%) 0.24 p (mgkg 1) 3.1 potassium (k) (mgkg 1) 234.1 calcium(ca) (mgkg 1) 4775.8 mg (mgkg 1) 219.0 na (mgkg 1) 45.9 fe (mgkg 1) 8.2 zn (mgkg 1) 1.0 cu (mgkg 1) 1.5 mn (mgkg 1) 32.3 o.m (%) 1.8 source: (mjeed & ali, 2017) table 2: analysis of variance (anova) morphological character of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) as influenced by indigenous microorganism (imo) and nitrogen fertilizer (nf) and their interaction (imo*nf) s.o.v. ms df plant height no. of branches/plant days to 50% flowering days to physiological maturity block 2 1.33ns 4.48ns 422.10* 284.08ns imo 2 239.97** 18.93* 639.36* 952.1* nfr 2 313.26** 25.59* 88.05ns 55.82ns imo*nfr 4 57.11** 10.65* 105.41ns 173.70ns error 16 2.3 31.04 113.4 93.5 *, ** and ns represent significant at p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 and non-significant, respectively. s.o.v.: source of variance, df: degree of freedom and ms: mean square table 3: morphological character of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) as influenced by soil indigenous microorganism (imo) treatments with imo plant height (cm) no. of branches/plant days to 50% flowering days to physiological maturity soil + 0 tbsp imo (control) 29.6 c 10.6 b 76.8 b 119.7 b soil + 2tbsp imo 35.1 b 11.2 b 84.0 ab 133.0 a production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence soil + 4tbsp imo 39.9 a 13.3 a 93.6 a 140.0 a remarks: *mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to duncan’s multiple range test. tbsp: table spoon. table 4: morphological character of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) as influenced by nitrogen fertilizer rate(nfr) nitrogen fertilizer rates (nf) (ppm) plant height (cm) no. of branches/plant days to 50% flowering days to physiological maturity 0 (ppm) 28.1 b 9.9 b 81.2 a 128.2 a 30 (ppm) 38.2 a 13.2 a 86.6 a 133.0 a 60 (ppm) 38.4 a 12.0 a 86.5 a 131.5 a remarks: *mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to duncan’s multiple range test. table 5: morphological character of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) as influenced by combination of indigenous microorganism (imo) and nitrogen fertilizer (nf) treatments with imo plant height (cm) no. of branches/plant days to 50% flowering days to physiological maturity nitrogen fertilizer rates (nfr) (ppm) 0 30 60 0 30 60 0 30 60 0 30 60 soil + 0 tbsp imo (control) 26.2 f 30.5 de 32.2 d 9.7 c 10.7 bc 11.3 bc 71.0 b 76.0 b 83.3 ab 113.3 c 118.3 bc 127.6 bc soil + 2tbsp imo 28.5 ef 35.5 c 41.2 b 10.0 bc 11.7 bc 12.0 bc 81.2 ab 82.5 ab 88.1 ab 134.7 ab 130.8 bc 133.6 ab soil + 4tbsp imo 29.5 de 48.5 a 41.8 b 10.0 bc 17.3 a 12.7 b 91.3 ab 101.3 a 88.1 ab 136.6 ab 150.0 a 133.4 ab remarks: *mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to duncan’s multiple range test. tbsp: table spoon. table 6: analysis of variance (anova) yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) as influenced by indigenous microorganism (imo) and nitrogen fertilizer (nf) and their interaction (imo*nf) s.o.v. ms df pod no./plant seed no./pod seed weight/plant (g) hundred seed weight (g) grain yield (kg/ha) block 2 121.93* 0.007ns 325.01* 304.28* 94570.96* imo 2 83.6* 0.051* 195.59* 153.55* 34651.42ns nfr 2 65.81ns 0.024* 165.14* 130.52ns 30167.16ns imo*nfr 4 53.70ns 0.020* 90.33ns 61.49ns 11169.5ns error 16 22.59 0.0062 39.35 41.81 12183.3 *, ** and ns represent significant at p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 and non-significant, respectively. s.o.v.: source of variance, df: degree of freedom and ms: mean square. table 7: yield components of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) as influenced by indigenous microorganism (imo) production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence remarks: *mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to duncan’s multiple range test. tbsp: table spoon. table 8: yield components of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) as influenced by nitrogen fertilizer rate (nfr) nitrogen fertilizer rates (nf) (ppm) pod no./plant seed no./pod seed weight/plant (g) hundred seed weight (g) grain yield (kg/ha) 0 (ppm) 28.5 b 1 b 33.4 b 35.3 b 585.1 b 30 (ppm) 33.9 a 1.1 a 42 a 42.9 a 698.8 a 60 (ppm) 30.5 ab 1.1 a 37.8 ab 39.7 ab 660.8 ab remarks: *mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to duncan’s multiple range test. table 9: yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) as influenced by combination of indigenous microorganism (imo) and nitrogen fertilizer rate (nfr). treatments with imo pod no./plant seed no./pod seed weight/plant (g) hundred seed weight (g) grain yield (kg/ha) nitrogen fertilizer rates (nfr) (ppm) 0 30 60 0 30 60 0 30 60 0 30 60 0 30 60 soil + 0 tbsp imo (control) 28.0b 28.7b 29.7b 1.0c 1.0c 1.0 c 30.3b 34.7b 36.3b 32.2b 36.6b 38.3b 530.5b 607.8b 635.7ab soil + 2tbsp imo 28.3b 30.0b 30.7b 1.0c 1.0c 1.1bc 34.2b 36.9b 38.5b 36.1b 38.8b 40.4b 598.4b 645.0ab 673.8ab soil + 4tbsp imo 29.3b 43.0a 31.0b 1.0c 1.3a 1.2ab 35.8b 54.3a 38.5b 37.7b 53.3a 40.4b 626.4b 843.7a 673.0ab remarks: *mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to duncan’s multiple range test. tbsp: table spoon. figure 1: indigenous microorganism production treatments with imo pod no./plant seed no./pod seed weight/plant (g) hundred seed weight (g) grain yield (kg/ha) soil + 0 tbsp imo (control) 28.8 b 1.0 b 33.8 b 35.7 b 591.3 b soil + 2tbsp imo 29.7 b 1.0 b 36.5 b 38.4 ab 639.1 ab soil + 4tbsp imo 34.4 a 1.2 a 42.9 a 43.8 a 714.4 a (a) (b) production of indigenous microorganism organic fertilizer and its impact on growth and yield component of chickpea (cicer areitinum l.) shara salih ali. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence (c) (d) (f)(e) (g) (h) the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 113 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta1* , fungki sri rejeki2, 1,faculty of agriculture, university of wijaya kusuma surabaya 2faculty of engineering, university of wijaya kusuma surabaya *corresponding author: dwi.haryanta@yahoo.com abstract this research aims to analyze the response of sunflower plants which planted in sediment mud from water channel media and urban organic compost waste. this research conducted by applying t1: river sediment mud, t2: pond sediment mud, t3: highway water channel sediment mud, t4: sediment mud of residential sewerage, and t5: garden soil as a comparison factor. while the treatment of second factor are amount (dose) of urban organic compost waste, namely b0: 0% compost as control, b1: 10%, b2: 20%, and b3: 30% compost. the experiment using a randomized block design is repeated three times. the experimental unit is a plant in a 50 cm diameter polybag that filled by 40 cm mud as media, filled with media as high as 40 cm. there are 60 sunflower plants for experiment. the results shows that there is no interaction between the treatment factors of sediment mud in water channel with the provision of municipal compost waste for all research variables. the treatment of sediment mud in water channel including the use of garden soil as a comparison factor is not significantly affect all research variables. as the result, sediment mud in water channel could be used as a substitute for garden soil. the treatment of urban organic compost waste has a significant influence on growth variables, they are increasing plant height, leaf number, leaf size, stem diameter, flower diameter, and shortening flowering life (7 days). the treatment of urban organic compost waste does not influence toward the production variables, which include plant height, flower bunch weight, seed weight, and seed yield toward flower bunches. keywords: sediment mud in water channel, sunflower, urban organic compost waste 1. introduction the cities problem that have flat topography relatively is garbage, silt water channel, rivers, and reservoirs. forest damage in the upstream area causes an erosion. it makes the river water becomes cloudy and carry the soft soil particles. in the downstream area, especially in sloping areas the stream of river and water channel are slowly (crabtree, 1989). in addition, the problem that often occurs in urban areas is the amount of garbage and aquatic plants such as water hyacinth. it causes the water flows slowly and almost stop. the sedimentation of material carried by water causes siltation of the rivers, water channel, and ponds (rahman et al., 2017). the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 114 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the compost biomass of green plants and urban compost waste cause increasing of zinc (zn) content in sunflower tissue, but the effect decreases in line with the level of compost maturity (sadej and namiotko, 2010). provision of compost and soil sludge will increase organic matter, phosphorus, and higher productivity compared to the addition of inorganic fertilizers (ramdani et al., 2015). the highest production of sunflower seeds is obtained from plants given organic fertilizer (compost) and 50% inorganic fertilizer dosage (roy et al., 2001). the mud originating from the bottom of lakes, rivers, ponds, and other water channel is periodically taken in order to improve the flow of the river and to slow down the siltation process. it is gathered around river or ponds. the sediment mud in water channel is proved containing more humus and total organic carbon (urbaniak et al., 2017). the character of the sediment sludge waters in surabaya is almost the same. its contain 0.11% n-total, 6.30% organic matter, 1.05% k2o, 2.15% p2o5, 1.10% sand fraction, 5.68% dust fraction, and 93.62% clay fraction. pond sediments contain 0.13% n-total, 5.96% organic matter, 1.12% k2o, 2.44% p2o5, 1.22% sand fraction, 8.65% dust fraction, and 90.13% clay fraction. highway water channel sediments contain 0.10% n-total, 7.05% organic matter, 0.88% k2o, 2.19% p2o5, 1.38% sand fraction, 7.64% dust fraction, and 90.98% clay fraction; and residential sewerage sediment containing 0.12% n-total, 6.10% organic matter, 1.09% k2o, 2.08% p2o5, 1.62% sand fraction, 6.82% dust fraction, and 91.56% clay fraction (haryanta et al., 2017). there is an anxiety about heavy metals in sediment mud is not definitely true. providing 7 and 14 tons sediment mud per hectare on sunflower cultivation land show that there is no heavy metals such as cadmium (cd), chromium (cr), copper (cu), lead (pb), nickel (ni), and zinc (zn). there is only increasing nitrogen and phosphat content in the soil and there are also no heavy metals in the sunflower plant tissue (lavado, 2006). research on the addition of water channel mud in the growing media caused an increase in the concentration of heavy metal content cr, fe, zn, and ni. but, it was still below the tolerance threshold set by the european society and did not cause phytotoxicity. however, it increased the growth variable and cucumber plant biomass weight (eid et al., 2017). utilization of urban compost mud from water channel as a media for mango plants show that no risk of metal pollutants being absorbed by plants (chu, 2017). sunflower plants (helianthus annuus l.) are cultivated as ornamental plants because of their beautiful flowers, have therapeutic activities in various treatments, including wound healing, antioxidants, anticancer, antidiarrheal, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory, and as analgesics (juniarti and herdiana, 2017). sunflower plants can be considered as phytoremediators of soil contaminated with radionuclide cs and have high radiosensitivity (tjahaja and sukmabuana, 2007), as the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 115 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence phytoremediators (absorbent) of toxic metals (cu, zn, pb, hg, as, cd, ni) on contaminated soil (jadia and fulekar, 2008 ; baghaie1 et al., 2016). the aim of this research was to study the growth of sunflower plants planted in the media of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste (sari et al., 2020). the results of this study will be a recommended reference for the development of urban farming in surabaya by reducing the use of garden soil and compost imported from outside the city. in addition, it can encourage the use of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste. 2. research methods sunflower seeds are obtained from the fiber crop research institute (balitas) malang. they are selected base on their clean skin, color, maximum seed size, and the seeds are still intact. 120 seeds were needed in this research with 30% reserve seeds. they are soaked in hot water (100oc) for 30 minutes, then continued soaked in room temperature water for 12 hours. they are drained and then brewed for 24 hours until the radicel seeds appear to sprout ready to be planted 2 seeds per polybag. sediment muds are obtained from normalized of rivers, reservoirs, highway water channel, and residential sewerage in surabaya. they were dried and then blended. garden soil purchased from a plant shop in surabaya. it was the topsoil of an agricultural land broke from mojokert. sediment mud and spilled garden soil are ready for experiments. urban organic compost waste was obtained from the composting of dried leaf waste mixed with wet waste carried out in the surabaya jambangan compost house. the branches and twigs were shedding and ready to be used to make compost. the composting process is layered, which is the lowest layer of dried leaves as thick as 10 cm, then the second layer of wet garbage is superimposed on 10 cm thick. so that, it is composed of 5 layers of dried leaves biomass and 5 layers of wet garbage. each layer was given an activated microbial starter and composted biomass. so, semi-anaerobically process happened. after 50 days incubation period, the compost biomass was dismantled and stirred. then, it left for 10 days. the composted biomass was ready to be used for the experiment (haryanta et.al., 2017). experimental design the research was conducted from february to september 2018 at the wijaya kusuma university experimental garden in surabaya. factorial experiments with two treatment factors arranged in a randomized block design. the treatment factor i is the origin of the sediment mud the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 116 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence in water channel which consists of five levels, namely t1: river sediment mud, t2: pond sediment mud, t3: highway water channel sediment mud, t4: sediment mud of residential sewerage, and t5: garden soil as a comparison factor. treatment factor ii is the amount of addition of urban organic compost waste (b) which consists of four levels, namely b0: control (without addition of compost); b1: 10% addition of compost; b2: 20% addition of compost; and b3: 30% addition of compost. the combination of the two treatment factors obtained 20 treatment combinations which were repeated three times. the experimental unit is one plant in polybag with 50 cm diameter and filled with media as high as 40 cm. so that, there are 60 polybags are prepared. statistical analysis variables of sunflower growth include plant height, number of leaves, leaf size (calculated by the widest leaf area), and stem diameter. observation of growth variables was carried out at 7-day intervals starting from plants aged 7 to 56 days after plants began to flower. variables of sunflower production include flowering age, plant height or length to flower, flower disk diameter, crown diameter, seed bunch weight, and seed weight. data were analyzed by analysis of variance and if the f test showed a real difference, proceed with the smallest real difference test (lsd) of 5%. results and discussion plant height data on plant height are presented in table 1. the results of the analysis of the variety of data on height sunflower plants showed no interaction between the treatment factors of the sediment mud and doses of urban organic compost waste treatment. table 1: the average value of sunflower plant height (helianthus annuus l.) with various sources of sediment mud and various doses of urban compost waste (cm) treatment the observation of plant age (dap) 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 t1 7,93 b 26,67b 42,25b 52,00 70,79 93,33 127,00 159,50 t2 9,06 a 28,88a 45,46a 55,54 74,00 96,83 133,42 162,92 t3 8,40 ab 26,17b 41,96b 53,88 73,92 95,83 132,83 164,17 t4 7,76 b 25,38b 41,38b 52,46 72,10 95,42 129,67 161,67 t5 8,81 a 29,71a 45,55a 55,46 74,50 98,96 136,10 168,25 lsd 0,78 1,97 2,87 ns ns ns ns ns b0 8,02 26,10 c 41,47 51,90 70,80 92,57b 125,27c 156,40b the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 117 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence b1 8,68 28,00 ab 43,13 53,53 72,33 95,30ab 129,47bc 162,07b b2 8,64 28,93 a 45,13 54,80 73,47 96,63ab 133,13ab 163,53b b3 8,23 26,40 bc 43,54 55,23 75,57 99,80a 139,27a 171,20a lsd 1,77 ns ns ns 4,82 7,56 7,41 note: the average value followed by the same letter is not significantly different based on the 5% lsd’s test. ns: not significant. dap: the day after planting sediment mud waters significantly affect plant height at the beginning of plant growth (up to 21 days old plants) and do not significantly affect plant height at the end of growth (until flowering plants). sediment mud from rivers, ponds, highway water channel, and residential sewerage, and garden soil has the same effect on the height of the suflower plant. providing of sediment mud as a source of organic material in the cultivation of sunflower plants can reduce the level of soil alkalinity, increase total nitrogen, dissolved phosphate content, plant height, and plant biomass dry weight (bourioug, 2018). the dose of urban compost waste has a significant effect on plant height. addition of compost as much as 30% (b3) can increase the height of sunflower plants compared to controls. addition of compost can improve the availability of nutrients in the soil by increasing soil aeration, increasing the capacity to store water, reducing ph, increasing the availability of n, p, k, some micro elements, and organic matter to create suitable conditions for plant growth (osman, 2014). addition of compost can increase shoot and root length of sunflower because it can increase soil fertility by improving soil biological properties (badar and qureshi, 2015). compost of household waste has an effect on the growth of sunflowers, the highest plants, and most leaves at a dose of 220 kg/ha (esmaeilian et al., 2012). number of leaves data on the number of leaves are presented in table 2. the results of the analysis of the variety of data on the number of leaves of sunflower plants showed no interaction between the treatment factors of the source of sediment mud and the treatment factor concentration of urban compost waste. table 2: average number of leaves of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) with sediment mud and urban compost waste the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 118 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence treatment the average value for observing the age of the plant (dap) 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 t1 4,92 b 11,17b 16,17bc 16,42 22,75 31,50 37,92 43,83 t2 5,67 a 12,25a 17,67a 16,58 22,25 30,92 38,42 43,83 t3 4,83 b 11,08b 16,58bc 17,92 23,17 31,75 39,00 45,33 t4 4,50 b 11,00b 15,67c 16,75 23,00 31,75 38,75 45,58 t5 5,83 a 12,42a 16,83ab 17,75 23,50 32,67 39,75 44,92 lsd 0,71 0,63 0,97 ns ns ns ns ns b0 4,87 11,00 b 15,33b 15,20c 21,80bc 30,13c 36,47c 42,47c b1 5,33 11,93 a 16,00b 16,80b 22,20c 31,20bc 38,40b 44,27b b2 5,07 11,93 a 17,27a 17,47b 23,40ab 32,47ab 39,80ab 45,67ab b3 5,33 11,47 ab 17,73a 18,87a 24,33a 33,07a 40,40a 46,40a lsd ns 0,57 0,87 1,30 1,19 1,59 1,66 1,58 note: the average value followed by the same letter is not significantly different based on the 5% lsd’s test. ns: not significant. dap: the day after planting sediment mud water does not significantly affect the number of leaves. sediment mud from rivers, ponds, highway water channel, residential sewerage, and garden soil have same effect on the junctions of plant leaves. the concentration of urban compost waste has a significant effect on the number of leaves. most leaves are found in plants with the addition of 30% compost (b3). providing organic fertilizer (compost) increases the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotinoids. chlorophyll content increases until the plant is 60 days old and then it decreases (osman et al., 2014). the application of organic fertilizer increases efficiency in the development of sunflower plants (urbaniak et al., 2017). compost of household waste influences the growth of sunflowers (plant height and many leaves) (esmaeilian et al., 2012). the use of compost increases the organic matter content and k is available. giving compost can increase plant height, number of leaves, and size of flower buds because plants get more nutrients (lăcătușu et al., 2017). size of leaves data on leaf size (leaf area) per leaf sheet are presented in table 3. the results of the analysis of the variety of extensive data on leaves of sunflower plants showed no interaction between the source of sediment mud and concentration of urban compost waste treatment factors. table 3: average value of leaf area of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) with sediment mud and urban compost waste (cm2) the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 119 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence treatment the average value for observing the age of the plant (dap) 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 t1 139,77 c 248,38 272,75 337,92bc 456,42ab 480,08b 636,25ab t2 180,63 ab 266,33 277,11 336,69bc 403,65b 478,33b 568,08b t3 151,48 bc 276,46 296,44 381,58a 491,22a 578,08a 636,92ab t4 152,62 bc 238,42 256,83 320,90c 469,25a 557,08ab 709,17a t5 193,28 a 275,25 299,85 361,30ab 480,81a 628,08a 715,67a lsd 30,30 ns ns 34,90 53,71 82,76 84,33 b0 134,35 c 207,97c 210,23c 261,41c 441,87 563,60 654,73ab b1 165,90 ab 240,80b 255,69b 316,77b 459,27 558,53 704,33a b2 190,55 a 299,89a 313,68a 393,63a 466,20 510,60 589,67b b3 163,42 b 295,74a 342,78a 418,90a 473,74 544,60 664,13ab lsd 27,10 29,81 29,32 31,21 ns ns 75,43 note: the average value followed by the same letter is not significantly different based on the 5% lsd’s test. ns: not significant. dap: the day after planting sediment mud has a significant effect on leaf area. but, sediment mud media from ponds has smaller leaf. agricultural land that was given 30 tons/ha of sewage mud for 8 consecutive years experienced an increase in ph value, phosphate content, calcium content, and organic carbon content (ailincăi et al., 2012). sediment mud can increase plant biomass, average leaf surface area, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b content (urbaniak et al., 2017). utilization of sewage sludge in sunflower media influences the decrease in soil ph value, increase in electrical conductivity, organic matter content, total n, p-available, and exchange rates of na, k, and ca. mud gutters increase root length, plant length, leaf number, biomass weight, and antioxidant activity in plants (belhaj et al., 2016). the concentration of urban compost waste has a significant effect on leaf area and the addition 20% of compost (b2) and 30% (b3) show that the leaves tend to be wider. compost significantly increases the amount of chlorophyll of sunflower plants (osman et al., 2014). giving compost increases nutrient availability and can increase the growth of production and oil content of sunflower seeds (sabreen et al., 2015). stem diameter the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 120 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence stem diameter data are presented in table 4. the analysis of the variety on stem diameter of sunflower plants showed no interaction between the treatment factors of the source of sediment mud and concentration of urban compost waste treatment factors. table 4: average value of stem diameter of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) with sediment mud and urban compost waste (cm) treatment average value of plant age observations (hst) 21 28 35 42 49 56 t1 0,67 d 1,00b 1,26 1,73b 2,00b 2,23 t2 0,84 ab 0,99b 1,27 1,68b 1,94b 2,23 t3 0,78 bc 1,06b 2,19 1,74b 2,06b 2,30 t4 0,74 cd 0,97b 1,24 1,72b 2,01b 2,30 t5 0,88 a 1,09a 1,36 1,87a 2,17a 2,46 lsd 0,08 0,054 ns 0,11 0,15 ns b0 0,68 c 0,88c 1,81 1,62c 1,91c 2,15c b1 0,76 b 0,97b 1,23 1,72bc 1,99bc 2,25bc b2 0,86 a 1,10a 1,37 1,79ab 2,07ab 2,34ab b3 0,82 ab 1,13a 1,45 1,86a 2,17a 2,47a lsd 0,07 0,048 ns 0,10 0,13 0,18 note: the average value followed by the same letter is not significantly different based on the 5% lsd test. ns: not significant. dap: the day after planting sediment mud has no significant effect on stem diameter, but the plants in the garden soil media are larger than in the sediment mud media. this result is different which states that the provision of sediment mud can reduce the level of soil alkalinity, increase the total nitrogen and dissolved phosphate content. so, it can increase plant height and dry weight of plant biomass (bouriouget al., 2015). the concentration of urban compost waste has a significant effect on stem diameter, the addition 30% (b3) of urban compost are larger plant stems. osman (2014) reported that compost significantly increased the dry weight of biomass of sunflower plants. in line with this research, application of tea compost has a positive effect on the variable growth of sunflower plants (plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area). compost tea plays a role in increasing the supply of nutrients in the soil and increasing the efficiency of fertilizers in the soil (sabreen al., 2015). utilization of green plant biomass compost can increase the growth of sunflower plants, namely increasing height, leaf number, leaf size, and fresh weight of plants (taguiling, 2013). addition of compost to soil can increases plant biomass, the addition of 800 g/pot produces the highest sunflower biomass of 0.14 kg dry weight (noviardi, 2013; noviardi and damanhuri, 2016). the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 121 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence production variables variable production data include flowering age and plant length. the diameter of seed yields, crown diameter, seed bunch weight, seed weight, and seed weight yield toward the weight of seed bunches are presented in table 5. the results of the variance analysis showed no significance between the treatment factors of the source of sediment mud and concentration of urban compost waste treatment factors for all variable production of sunflower plants. table 5: average value of variable production of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) with sediment mud and urban compost waste treatment the average value of the experimental variable flowering age (days) high until flower (cm) disk diameter (cm) crown diameter (cm) seed bunch weight (gr) seed weight (gr) seed yield to bunches (%) t1 48,17 201,42 ab 26,04 42,21c 587,92 111,27 19,44 t2 47,58 188,08 c 26,63 42,75b 554,17 101,18 19,11 t3 47,00 192,67 b 27,50 45,13a 623,17 107,88 17,63 t4 49,67 211,92 a 28,13 44,63ab 617,58 112,87 19,01 t5 46,67 198,67 bc 27,33 43,95abc 587,33 111,61 18,76 lsd ns 11,42 ns 2,10 ns ns ns b0 50,00 a 204,60 26,13b 42,67 566,73 109,72 19,77 b1 48,07 ab 196,27 27,07b 43,73 596,67 108,75 18,54 b2 46,80 b 194,73 26,97b 43,40 597,67 103,41 17,68 b3 46,40 b 198,60 28,53a 45,01 614,67 113,97 19,16 lsd 2,52 ns 1,39 ns ns ns ns note: the average value followed by the same letter is not significantly different based on the 5% lsd’s test. ns : not significant the source of sediment mud has significant effect only on variable plant length and diameter of flower crown. the longest plant in the sediment mud of residential sewerage media and widest diameter crown in the highway water channel sediment mud media. the five soil sources tested, the sediment mud of residential sewerage and the highway water channel sediment have relatively high levels of n, p, and k elements compared to others, even though they are not the highest (haryanta, d. et al, 2017). the sediment mud application increases seed production per flower bunch, but does not affect seed weight and oil content (lavado, 2006). the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 122 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the concentration of urban compost waste has a significant effect on the variable age of flowering and the variable diameter of the seed bunches. the addition of 20% (b2) and 30% (b3) urban compost waste can shorten flowering life (shorten 4 days) and the largest diameter of the seed bunches in 30% of urban compost waste (b3). the five soil sources tested, all of them have a clay texture (haryanta, d. et al. 2017) so that the addition of compost as a source of organic matter will make the soil more crumbly. compost increased dry weight, seed yield and sunflower oil content significantly (osman et al., 2006). the treatment of chicken manure and leaf compost waste can increase seed weight, biomass dry weight, npk element uptake during growth and the seed formation phase (helmy and ramadan, 2017). mixture of sediment mud waste (60%) with fresh leaf waste (40%) can provide micro and macro elements needed by plants, increase the concentration of aromatic compounds and reduce aliphatic group compounds (vaca, 2011). the urban waste composting gave a significant effect on variables of production (harvest weight, number of bulbs, and dry weight of consumtion) on onion plants (haryanta, d. et.al., 2019) 4. conclusion based on the results of data analysis and discussion can be concluded as follows: 1. there is no interaction between the treatment factors of the watershed sediment sludge and the concentration / dose of urban organic waste compost treatment on all experimental variables. 2. the treatment of sediment sludge has significant effect on leaf area variables, ie wider leaves obtained on t4 media (housing sewer deposits) and t5 (garden soil), plant length to flower and flower crown diameter, which is the highest value on t3 media ( highway sewage sludge) and t4 (housing sewer deposits). 3. the treatment of concentration / dose of urban organic waste compost can significantly increase the growth of sunflower plants with indicators of increasing plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, and diameter of disk bunches and shorten flowering life. the optimal concentration / dose is the administration of urban organic waste compost as much as 20% (t2). 4. the treatment of water sediment sludge as well as the treatment of concentration / dose of urban organic waste compost does not significantly affect the production variables, namely seed bunch weight, seed weight, and seed weight yield to bunch weight). the utilization of sediment mud in water channel and urban organic compost waste for sunflower (helianthus anuus l.var. early russian) cultivation dwi haryanta, fungki sri rejeki page | 123 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 5. soil sludge deposition of highway gutters and residential sewer deposits can be used as a medium for cultivating sun flower plants as ornamental plants (not seed production plants) replacing 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(2010). content of zinc in plants fertilized with municipal solid waste and urban green waste compost. journal elementol. 2010, 15(4): 679 692 programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli *1 , mahrus ali 2 , yeni ika pratiwi 2 , garist sekar tanjung 1 1 agribusiness study program, faculty of agriculture, university of muhammadiyah gresik, indonesia 2 agrotechnology study program, faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, indonesia *corresponding author e-mail: djazuliachmad@umg.ac.id article history: received: july 28, 2021; accepted: agustus 20, 2021 abstract tobacco as one of the plantation crop commodities can contribute to state income, but on the other hand there are many things that become obstacles for farmers in increasing production and business income, there is no government support in controlling tobacco marketing patterns, there is no cooperative relationship between farmers and tobacco companies that mutual benefits, as well as some problems in tobacco farmer institutions. research purposes to find out the current condition of east java tobacco farmers, model for the tobacco area based on farmers' corporations in east java and program in realizing a model for developing tobacco plantation areas based on smallholder corporations in east java. the research objectives are: (1) to determine the current condition of tobacco farmers in east java, (2) to develop an institutional model for tobacco plantations based on farmers' corporations, and (3) to develop programs to realize a model for developing tobacco plantation areas based on farmers' corporations. the data analysis method used in this study is trend analysis, description analysis. research results: program implementation requires coordination and cooperation of various parties related to tobacco. furthermore, at each stage of implementation, it is necessary to carry out periodic evaluations to find out the shortcomings so that adjustments and improvements can be made at the next stage and it is necessary to follow the rules that have been agreed upon in the memorandum of agreement. keywords: tobacco, programs, models, institutions, corporations 1. introduction tobacco is an important commodity in the indonesian economy because it is not only a source of income for farmers but also provides income for the state. tobacco (nicotiana tobacum.l) is an annual plant, but in agriculture it is included in the classification of plantation crops and not food crops. tobacco commodity in east java is included in the main commodity. it has an area of 114,334 ha with a production of 130,143 tons (in 2018). the production contributes to the national by ± 51%. these conditions indicate that the position of east java tobacco is very important to support the tobacco industry in indonesia. in 2018 the tobacco area increased by 15.42%, while its production increased by 31.78%. this shows that tobacco plants as raw materials for the cigarette industry have a very large appeal and are cultivated by most of east java's tobacco farmers. programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence tobacco commodity is mostly marketed in regional, national and international markets, especially in several cigarette factories such as gudang garam, sampoerna, and djarum. specifically, pamekasan tobacco has a distinctive taste and is usually used as a mixture of other types of tobacco. although tobacco plants are widely cultivated by farmers because they have an expensive price, in the process of growing them there are also some problems. complex problems occur in the field, both in terms of cultivation and marketing techniques. problems that affect tobacco business in east java can generally be divided into external and internal problems. 1. external problems in tobacco business in east java cannot be separated from the development of tobacco regulations at global, national and regional levels. at the global level, the fctc (framework convention on tobacco control) has been created which is an urge to develop health demands. 2. internal problems are divided at the on-farm, off-farm and institutional levels. at the on-farm level, it includes land degradation in tobacco-producing areas, diminishing water supply, tobacco cultivation outside specific locations, increasingly narrow and uncertified land tenure, inadequate provision of production facilities, and incompatibility with the demands of cultivation technology. at the off-farm level, including the development of market tastes, conditions for tobacco imports that have no substitutes, trade between regions that can make it difficult to maintain the location of certain types of tobacco, increasing consumer demand, demands for low tar and nicotine content. , and other hazardous chemical content, the registration of cigarette machines in the industry has not been regulated, the number of illegal cigarettes, the workforce involved in tobacco agribusiness on-farm and off-farm has not been fully recorded and the dependence of iht (tobacco products industry) on imported "sauce". still 100%. partnerships are one of the ways it has been done, but there are two sides to the knife. first, there is market certainty for farmers, farmers get fertilizer and seed loans but some farmers do not agree because farmers feel they have lost their land rights . as we know, there are many forms of partnerships with producers and strict terms and conditions, including delayed picking times, being unable to plant other commodities, and the high level of uncertainty in tobacco harvesting . the partnership can continue to be carried out because there is a positive impact from this pattern, but the government must seek a pattern that can strengthen the bargaining position of farmers against their partners. one way that can be done in accordance with permentan number 18 of 2018 concerning guidelines for the development of corporate-based agricultural programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence areas is to direct and strengthen tobacco farmer groups towards corporations that are not only legal entities, but have the power to minimize group control and dependence on partners/manufacturers. 2. research methods determination of respondents respondents were determined intentionally, namely as many as 2 apti administrators and 2 tobacco farmers in 20 areas of tempting centers in east java. determination of respondents using purposive random sampling method with the consideration that the population tends to be homogeneous. data analysis method the analytical method used is descriptive analysis. the descriptive method according to nazir (1993) is a method in examining the status of a group of people, an object, a set of conditions or a system of thought, or a class of events in the present. the purpose of this descriptive research is to make a systematic, factual, and accurate description of the factors, properties, and relationships between the investigated phenomena. 3.results and discussion conditions and perceptions of tobacco farmers in east java tobacco farmers in the study area are dominated by groups with more than 15 years of experience. this means that they already have a lot of experience in the tobacco sector, both in planning, managing, harvesting, post-harvesting, and the tobacco trading system. although the conditions are not always the same, the reasons for farmers to cultivate tobacco plants are motivated by several factors, namely: 1. tradition or inherited work. the results of the interviews obtained are, farmers who have tried several businesses or planted other commodities think that the results are not satisfactory, so they return to the tradition that has been carried out for growing tobacco commodities. 2. the traditions of the local community. farmers with backgrounds in this category find it difficult to be different from their surroundings, because they feel that they will face many obstacles, for example: in processing and selling their produce, they have to do it themselves or create an uncertain network. in this programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence area, tobacco yields already have a definite network, so that when farmers grow the same commodity as their environment, these obstacles can be minimized. 3. personal motivation with their limited level of education and skills, they choose to become tobacco farmers because they think that becoming a tobacco farmer does not require a high level of education or skills. another indicator is from the economic aspect. tobacco farmers earn less than rp. 5,000,000 per harvest. this income is used to meet the needs of his life and family (3 4 people) until the next harvest. farmer's income is the net income obtained from growing tobacco. income is the nominal amount obtained by farmers from tobacco cultivation (rupiah per hectare). it is calculated based on the difference between revenue and production costs incurred by respondents for tobacco cultivation in the last planting season. many of them do not have other jobs so they do not have additional income. some farmers who have additional work only earn less than rp. 1,000,000/month, but among them there are those who also have additional income above rp. 1,000,000. the perception of farmers discussed in this report is the perception of the condition of tobacco marketing in east java which can be explained as follows: 1. determination of quality and price in the tobacco trade system based on the experience of tobacco farmers, they cannot determine the selling value of the quality of the tobacco they produce. although they have tried to select the seeds – plant – manage – harvest the produce, and process the harvest as well as possible, they cannot determine the type of quality in the transaction process with other parties. determining the type of tobacco quality will greatly depend on the concept that is owned or the decision of the collector or grader as a representative of the manufacturer. for example: based on experience, knowledge, and process, farmers assume that the tobacco they produce is of good quality (f) but it may change at the collector level. they said that farmer's tobacco is only considered in category e or d by stating classic reasons. based on the results of the questionnaire submitted that farmer's experience in determining the quality of tobacco is never right. the tobacco trade system has the character of a fancy product, which means that quality determines the price. this condition shows that if productivity increases but if the quality is low it will not provide adequate benefits. the local government stated that the tobacco market was an abnormal market, unlike the market in general. the prevailing market mechanism is oligopsony. this is because the sellers are more programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence than the buyers (cigarette factories). in addition, trade in agricultural or plantation products usually has a time limit that is not too long. the tobacco trading season usually occurs from august to september, so farmers must immediately sell their harvests as soon as possible. this causes the bargaining position of farmers to their tobacco products to be weak. farmers cannot determine the price of the tobacco they produce for themselves. the problem in determining quality and price in the tobacco trade system that has occurred so far is that there is no standard or special regulation from the local government that can be used as a guide for all stakeholders so as not to harm any side. 2. transactions and parties involved in tobacco trading the transaction system that occurs between the seller and the buyer is to bring samples then after there is an agreed price determination, so the farmers will bring all of their harvests to the buyer. however, there are some farmers who carry out direct transactions by bringing the tobacco in its entirety to the buyer with all costs incurred as a result of the transaction being borne by the farmer. the method of payment is by paying a down payment (dp), then the settlement process is carried out after the tobacco is received in its entirety. in the tobacco trade system in east java, the system that occurs is that farmers cannot relate or sell directly to factories, so they must go through intermediaries. the intermediaries are namely collectors, middlemen, craftsmen, and traders. the various trade system mechanisms based on the number of intermediaries involved are: a. farmer – leaf collector – chopper – collector – skipper – grader b. farmer – chopper – collector – skipper – grader c. farmer – a middleman – skipper – grader d. farmer – a middleman – grader e. farmer – trader – grader another party involved in the tobacco trade system is the grader. a grader is a person who is appointed directly based on the trust of the manufacture in the area. having a role as the person in charge of the quality of the tobacco that will enter the factory to suit the needs. they will check the incoming tobacco manually and organoleptically so that a good physical and psychological condition will be a very important asset in carrying out its role. another role is to determine the category of quality and price of tobacco that enters through intermediaries. each manufacturer has between 5 10 graders. in carrying out their duties, they will deal directly with intermediaries to build a network with people who have membership cards. manufacturers will buy tobacco from the community according to their needs. programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the government's role in the tobacco trade system is considered to have not been accepted by the farming community. this is evidenced by the absence of intervention in the tobacco trading system that occurs in the market, both in determining price, quality and reducing the number of unexpected market chains. the current role of the government is as a facilitator, providing information to the community through farmer groups about the quotas set by the manufacturer at the beginning of the growing season and urging the community to grow tobacco according to market needs and maintain product quality. in addition, it also appeals to manufacturers to be able to buy tobacco from the community at a reasonable price with the aim that the welfare of farmers can be better guaranteed. the role of the government as a mediator when problems occur between factories and farmers, for example: when the manufacturer has closed the receipt of tobacco supplies from farmers while there is still tobacco that has not been sold due to unequal harvest times, the government will ask the manufacturer to buy the tobacco. furthermore, manufacturers will open themselves specifically to these farmers. but the local government still cannot guarantee that manufacturers will buy at the same price as before closing. from the various experiences of farmers related to the tobacco trade system in east java, they firmly consider that the existing policies are still not good and hope that there will be changes that are more in favor of the welfare of farmers. the active role of various stakeholders in protecting farmers is needed. institutional tobacco areas based on farmers' corporations in east java based on internal and external factors as well as the strategy for developing a corporatebased tobacco plantation area in east java, the efforts that can be made in real terms will depend on several factors, including: 1. implementation of the process of cultivation activities carried out by farmers goes well and correctly 2. the need for the presence of a company or union 3. the existence of the ability and seriousness of companies and cooperatives through good and correct business partnerships, namely being able to cooperate and assist farmers in carrying out the production process and harvesting and post-harvest processes 4. production supply planning is needed to ensure the continuity of a good partnership 5. shorten the distribution chain and marketing in the trading system the establishment of business institutions in the tobacco agribusiness sector is intended to overcome problems in developing tobacco farming at the farmer level. the form of the institution can work well if there is mutually beneficial and mutually supportive cooperation from several programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence related matters, for example, the integrated partnership model which is a collaboration that involves large (core) businesses and farmers by involving banks as credit providers in bond as outlined of agreement. in a partnership, the relationship between cigarette companies and farmers has equal legal standing. the partnership is carried out accompanied by guidance by the company, the provision of production facilities, technical guidance, and marketing of the products, or in other words a partnership based on the principle of mutual interest between all parties who partner and provide mutual benefits. each party has a role in the partnership in accordance with its field of business. the cooperative relationship between farmers, traders, and the cigarette industry in the partnership are made into a mutually beneficial and mutually beneficial form of cooperation. this partnership cooperation then becomes integrated with the participation of banks that provide loan assistance to finance farmers' businesses. a partnership pattern must be formed in an effort to improve the quality of tobacco products and trust in the development of apti and the government. this institutional model is directed at increasing the bargaining position of farmers and increasing welfare through a deferred selling system and also the development of a farmer's industry in order to increase the added value of production at the location of farmers in carrying out tobacco farming activities. based on the problems that occur can be described as follows : figure 1. integrated institutional development of tobacco plantation areas based on farmers' corporations government processing industry apti bank traders primary cooperative procurement of production inputs, bridging funds for deferred sales, and tobacco processing smes tobacco farmer production costs, purchase prices, marketing of the results mou programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence figure 1. can be described as follows: 1. farmer as needed, farmers who can participate in this project can consist of: a. farmers who will use their agricultural land for planting tobacco plantations, b. farmers who already have a business but are in a state that needs to be improved, so they need capital assistance. c. farmers who have permanent membership as tobacco farmers who will be issued by apti the land area or business scale can vary according to the area or scale owned by each farmer. each farmer group will appoint a chairman and a secretary who also serves as treasurer. the task of the chairman and secretary of the group is to coordinate the implementation of activities that must be carried out by its member-based on pre-determined plans, in establishing relations with outside parties, both with cooperatives or other agencies deemed necessary, must be in accordance with the results of member agreements. the group leader is obliged to hold regular group meetings whose time is determined based on group agreement. in this institutional model, the process of empowering tobacco farmers has a very large role. this is directed at facilitating farmers in managing all their capabilities and resources through joint action and networking, thereby encouraging economic, social and ecological ability and independence. empowerment through apti group dynamics is carried out so that farmers receive training in farming management, protection and ease of accessing business assistance through cooperatives that collaborate with banks. the institution is expected to be able to free farmers from the snares of moneylenders. apti has partnered with the "bank mandiri" through tobacco farming loans which provide loans with low-interest rates. although there is still interest, the amount of interest will be able to be returned to farmers in the form of shu. in addition, it is hoped that this institution will be able to improve the bargaining position of farmers in determining tobacco prices because there is a program for the deferred selling system to increasing the selling price. in addition, the tobacco processing industry which includes cigarette manufacturers and traders is not arbitrary in determining prices. this program is also expected to be able to build a tobacco processing industry that is able to have a major impact on improving the welfare of farmers as a result of the existence of profitsharing from the cigarette factory as a shareholder. 2. cooperative the capital of agricultural activities in indonesia is a problem that is always faced by the average farmer, including in tobacco farming activities so that efforts to release farmers from programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence loan sharks are through cooperatives, government assistance, and apti which is in partnership with bank mandiri in providing loan assistance with low interest. the cooperative also strives to provide for the production needs of tobacco farmers which are expected to be able to meet the needs of farmer members. in addition, the cooperative also assists farmers in providing bailout funds for the tobacco sale delay system, and the cooperative is able to build its tobacco processing industry. the existence of a cooperative that is a legal entity has the ability and facilities that are quite good for the purposes of managing the loan funds of its members, as well as supporting production processing activities in order to provide added value for improving the welfare of members 3. indonesian tobacco farmers association (apti) apti is a professional organization with a regional scope, independent, and on the basis of the similarity of professional activities and functions in the tobacco sector which has a vision and mission to empower tobacco farmers. apti will act in the struggle to push tobacco prices to be higher than production costs so that farmers do not always lose each time for their harvest. apti's main program focuses on improving the quality of life of tobacco farmers in the hope that tobacco farmers will become independent. the success of empowerment carried out by apti is also supported by the participation of stakeholders because the process of empowering farmers is a long action and requires synergy between the parties involved. the parties involved include the government, tobacco farmers, and apti. related to the process of empowering tobacco farmers, the existence of apti is a liaison between farmers and the government, farmers and banks, farmers and the cigarette industry. apti in an effort to empower farmers can be interpreted as part of an effort to make the lives of tobacco farmers towards a better and more advanced state, namely more empowered and prosperous. 4. tobacco processing industry the tobacco processing industry or cigarette factory in this institutional form must be willing to cooperate in establishing mutually beneficial partnerships in the form of a memorandum of agreement. this institution will be able to shorten the tobacco marketing chain and reduce thirdparty play in the tobacco marketing process. in order to provide good support for the cooperation system, cigarette companies are also expected to provide business technical guidance and assist in the procurement of production facilities for farmers' needs. if the tobacco company does not have adequate capacity to provide business technical guidance, these efforts will continue because it will be taken over by apti and the government through programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence farmer cooperatives by involving field agricultural extension officers (ppl) approved by the government. in the context of developing cooperatives that are able to provide support for improving the welfare of farmers so it is necessary to involve technical personnel who have skills that are able to guide farmers at the costs charged to the cooperative. these technical personnel will be given an honorarium by the cooperative in accordance with the standard which is then charged to farmers based on the sales proceeds proportionally according to the products produced. the higher the production produced by farmers, the greater the honorarium received by technical personnel. this condition turned out to be able to have an impact on improving their performance. 5. bank the existence of a bank in this institution is to help with investment costs or working capital from tobacco farming activities based on the feasibility of a business in partnership between farmers and the cigarette industry, so that banks need to make observations on the feasibility of aspects of cultivation/production needed, including financial feasibility. the bank in conducting the evaluation must ensure how credit management and other requirements are needed so that it can support the success of the project and minimize the possibility of credit arrears from tobacco farmers. in the implementation process, the bank must be able to regulate farmers in disbursing credit and use it only to develop tobacco farming, from upstream to downstream, as well as provide detailed explanations in the process of paying installments for loan repayments and interest so that there is no misperception. base on these conditions, it is necessary to make a cooperation agreement with the tobacco industry, farmers, farmer groups, and cooperatives. in the implementation process, the core company gets money from the sales of the farmers which are mutually agreed upon by the bank according to the agreement made by the cooperation between the farmers/cooperatives. 6. trader the existence of traders in this corporate-based tobacco plantation area development model still has the opportunity to gain profits in the tobacco trade system. this is due to the limited condition of cigarette factories in the area. however, the trading system will not be able to provide space for traders to arbitrarily control tobacco prices at the farmer level. in addition to efforts to establish an institutional development of a corporate-based tobacco plantation area which includes farmers, cooperatives, entrepreneurs/exporters, and banks, comprehensive long-term planning is also needed to be able to rise and compete in the market. programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence this condition is intended to drive the tobacco agribusiness system in tobacco potential areas in east java so that it can contribute to the economic recovery of tobacco farmers. to achieve this goal, it is necessary to support a focused, integrated, and sustainable research program. in addition, the research is designed based on market orientation to create an agrotechnological cluster that can be commercialized. program support in realizing a tobacco plantation area development model based on farmers' corporations in east java in realizing the model of developing tobacco plantation areas based on farmers' corporations in east java, it is necessary to support programs that can be operationalized, including: 1. medium term program the medium-term program is a program to solve problems whose results need to be obtained immediately or the results become the basis for implementing the next program. a. increasing the capacity of human resources and farmer institutions. farmers are one of the main actors in the tobacco system. increasing the capacity and ability of farmers and farmer institutions will greatly affect the changes and progress to be achieved. so far, most of the farmers cultivate tobacco according to the habits that have been passed down from generation to generation. to produce good tobacco without causing land degradation, it is necessary to change the habits of farmers towards the application of good cultivation methods. extension and training are good means to change the pattern of farmers' habits. farmers need to be introduced to good cultivation methods that do not cause environmental damage. inappropriate or excessive use of pesticides can have a worse impact on the environment, farmers' health and the tobacco products produced. for this reason, farmers also need to be given training on how to control pests and diseases. farmers are one of the main actors in the tobacco system. the capacity and ability of farmers and the improvement of farmers will greatly affect the changes and progress to be achieved. so far, most of the farmers cultivate tobacco in accordance with the habits passed down from generation to generation. to produce good tobacco without causing land degradation, it is necessary to change the habits of farmers towards the application of appropriate cultivation methods. extension and training are good means to change the pattern of farmers' habits. farmers need to know how to cultivate well so as not to damage the environment. inappropriate or excessive use of pesticides can have a negative impact on the environment, farmers' health, and the tobacco products produced. for this reason, farmers also need to be programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence given training on how to control pests and diseases. extension and training need to be combined with practice in the form of demonstration plots carried out by farmer groups. in this activity, it is also necessary to conduct trials on new technological innovations based on land conservation. this activity is expected to be more easily accepted by farmers, so it needs to be carried out in several tobacco development centers to make it easier for farmers to follow. at certain times, field meetings can also be held to discuss and solve various problems encountered by farmers in the field. meanwhile, other problems such as capital and production facilities need to be trained and fostered to improve overall management capabilities from the planning process to the evaluation process. b. improving the quality of tobacco raw materials based on environmental sustainability the agroecological conditions of tobacco production centers vary widely so that it can be ascertained that the level of productivity and quality of tobacco also varies greatly, so it is necessary to develop a land map to determine the most suitable area. this adjustment is made in order to produce the expected level of productivity and quality of tobacco. thus, there is a guarantee that in certain areas tobacco plants are suitable for cultivation, and farmers will get high profits. c. use of superior and pure local varieties the use of superior varieties is expected to suppress the presence of mixed varieties. these efforts are carried out by paying attention to the quality of production which is expected to increase the selling value and satisfaction of buyers (cigarette industry). therefore, every potential area needs to have the same effort in reusing the best local tobacco. the varieties produced and in accordance with the raw materials for the kretek cigarette industry need to be developed and seeds provided for a continuous distribution. d. technological innovation development the development of technological innovation is needed to anticipate the problems that develop around tobacco cultivation and the decline of land fertility. technological innovation is expected to provide solutions for efforts to maintain and increase the production and quality of tobacco products and maintain the carrying capacity of the land. e. geographical indication protection several tobacco centers in east java are known as products with distinctive quality. even in certain areas produce tobacco at very high prices. tobacco as a unique product needs legal protection to avoid counterfeiting. for this reason, it is necessary to propose to get protection as a product with geographical indications from the ministry of law and human rights. the programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence area that produces the typical product can also be protected from its use for other purposes so as to reduce or eliminate the area. in line with the product, the area can also be requested for protection rights as an area with geographical indications f. rebuilding partnerships between the kretek cigarette industry and farmers partnerships between tobacco companies and farmers need to be built with strong systems and regulations. the government must immediately encourage and facilitate other companies to partner with farmers and need to make general guidelines on partnerships. in its implementation in the field, it can be wider in accordance with the agreement between partner companies and partnering farmers. to complete the partnership, local governments need to establish a communication forum chaired by apti. through this forum, all tobacco stakeholders can communicate information and tobacco problems that arise, as well as find solutions. one thing that is very important in this partnership is that the company can provide information about the tobacco needed, both in quantity and quality. as a complement, the company needs to provide technicians or field officers who provide information and guidance to farmers regarding their needs. thus, farmers can plan the amount and quality of tobacco that will be produced g. improvement of the tobacco trading system tobacco trade is classified as a free market. until now, the tobacco marketing chain is too long because they have to go through small collectors, new wholesalers can enter the purchasing warehouse. furthermore, from the warehouse purchases are sent to the cigarette industry in need. in the future, it is necessary to establish regional tobacco companies that can monitor and direct tobacco marketing patterns. institutional farmers who exist are assisted and strengthened to be able to manage farming to market the results. the local tobacco team is also tasked with connecting tobacco companies with existing farmer institutions. strengthening farmer institutions is also directed to gradually realize a marketing system that is more profitable for all parties. at the right time, it is necessary to establish a “trading house” where transactions between companies and farmers or farmer institutions are formed. h. preparation of regulations on tobacco to ensure that the implementation of the program is carried out according to the plan, it needs to be supported by laws and regulations. some of the regulations needed include: regulations on tobacco trade and migration from other regions, regulations on commodity zoning, land conservation, tobacco development team and other regulations as needed. programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence considering that east java is the largest national production center for tobacco commodities, it would be better if the regulation is a provincial level regulation, which means that there is a need to support the governor's regulation on tobacco. 2. long term program the long-term program is a program to implement or continue the results achieved by the medium-term program. some other programs require a long time or must be carried out continuously, among others : a. tobacco spread seed supply provision of seeds must be carried out regularly so that farmers can use bina seeds, namely seeds that have been released by the minister of agriculture. in the early stages of breeding seeds can be carried out by the district and provincial plantation offices. if there is guidance for innovative farmer groups or farmers, it is possible that they will be able to become seed breeders. thus the task of the department shifted to builder of breeders. this program will last as long as farmers continue to grow tobacco and the kretek cigarette industry still requires east java tobacco as raw material. in addition to farmers or farmer groups, seed breeding can be carried out by tobacco companies, especially those implementing partnerships with farmers. thus, the company can guarantee that the tobacco produced by partner farmers is truly in accordance with the needs of the kretek cigarette industry b. research collaboration to improve and improve the tobacco system, it is necessary to support technological innovation. to obtain new technological innovations, research needs to be done. therefore, it is necessary to conduct research collaboration, both with departmental research institutes and higher education research institutes that have an interest in tobacco. the duration of the program depends on the technological innovation to be obtained. agronomic, postharvest, or socioeconomic research requires a relatively short period of time. breeding research to improve varieties takes a long time and is continuous. research on the use of tobacco derivative products needs to be carried out to obtain added value from tobacco which so far has not received enough attention, including the use of nicotine for pesticides and others. c. increasing the level of public health one of the important issues surrounding tobacco is the perceived counterproductiveness of tobacco with public health status. therefore, in addition to curative efforts, preventive efforts against the side effects of cigarette smoke must also be prioritized. several things that programme and model for institutional development of tobacco area based on farmer corporation in east java r. achmad djazuli*, mahrus ali, yeni ika pratiwi, garist sekar tanjung page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence can be implemented are through the establishment of non-smoking areas or special places for smoking (smoking areas) as well as the provision of medical materials and equipment for the treatment of diseases caused by the side effects of smoking. d. improvement of facilities and infrastructure increasing the production and quality of tobacco products needs to be supported by adequate facilities and infrastructure so that they are able to support the production and post-harvest processes. these facilities and infrastructure are needed to improve tobacco cultivation and improve the post-harvest process so as to improve the quality of tobacco products. 4. conclusion the implementation of the development of tobacco plantation areas based on smallholder corporations in each production center in the region is directed and controlled directly by the regent, all agencies related to tobacco management that are supported by all elements of society and the business world are required to implement priority programs in the model for developing tobacco plantation areas based on smallholder corporations in accordance with the stages., agencies related to tobacco management are required to ensure consistency between planning in each agency and the model for developing tobacco plantation areas based on smallholder corporations. in order to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the tobacco plantation area development model based on smallholder corporations, the agencies related to tobacco management are required to monitor and evaluate every year the elaboration and implementation of priority tobacco management programs at the end of each fiscal year and final stages, an evaluation of the successful achievements that have been determined is carried out as a means to determine the progress of the implementation of the priority programs that have been previousl y determined, so that they can be used as material for consideration in planning the next year's program. references arifin s. (2013). tembakau di persimpangan jalan. dinas perkebunan provinsi jawa timur. surabaya. bappenas. (2006). pengembangan ekonomi daerah berbasis kawasan andalan : membangun model pengelolaan dan pengembangan keterkaitan program. direktorat pengembangan kawasan khusus dan tertinggal deputi bidang otonomi daerah dan pengembangan regional bappenas. jakarta. cook, m.l. and m.e. bredahl. 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(1990). production, physiology and biochemistry of tobacco plant. institute of international development and education in agricultural and life sciences. beltsville, maryland, usa. 752p. walgito, bimo. 1993. pengantar psikologi umum. andi offset. yogyakarta. wibowo, r. 2000. penyediaan pangan dan permasalahannya. pustaka sinar harapan. jakarta. the effect of genotypes and plant distances on leaf miner infestation in pea plant (pisum sativum l.) havall m. ahmed, bakhan kh. mohammed, nadyah s. wali page | 103 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index the effect of genotypes and plant distances on leaf miner infestation in pea plant (pisum sativum l.) havall m. ahmed *1 , bakhan kh. mohammed 2 , nadyah s. wali 2 1 bakrajo technical institute, sulaimany polytechnic university, sulaimanyah, iraq 2 plant protection department, directory of agricultural research, sulaimanyah, iraq *corresponding author e-mail: havall.amin@spu.edu.iq article history: received: december 22, 2021; accepted: january 20, 2022 abstract green pea plants are liable to infestation by vegetable leaf miner liriomyza spp. (diptera: agromyzidae) ,is a polyphagous species spread around the world, becoming vegetable crop pests. an experiment was carried out in the directory of agricultural research, iraq, sulaimanyah in plant protection research station in bakrajo region during season 2020 to study the effect of different genotypes and planting spaces on the population density of leaf miner infesting pea plants. the obtained results revealed that the population density of leaf miner on pea plants not differed significantly according to the planting spaces (5cm, 15cm and 25cm) during the season. planting of pea seeds in the planting space (5cm) population density of leaf miner decreased by the first planting space (%16.895). the pea plants were sown in the planting space (15cm) infested by the highest level of the insect (leaf miner) (%18.452) followed by pea plants sowing at the planting space (25cm) which infestation level was (%17.967) respectively. for the physical characters of the plant (plant high, total weight and weight of 100 grains) the results shows that the sowing pea in the spacing of (15cm) were significantly difference, followed by (5cm) while planting distance of (25cm) showed lowest levels of result for last three parameters. keywords: leaf miner, genotypes, infestation, plant spacing, pea plant 1. introduction liriomyza spp. (burgess) (diptera: agromyzidae) are polyphagous vegetable leaf miners that have spread over the world and become pests of vegetable crops. in all mediterraneanbordering countries, it is universally recognized (chaney, 1995). the damage is punctures caused by females during the feeding and ovipositional processes can result in a stippled appearance on foliage, especially at the leaf tip and along the leaf margins (chaney, 1995) and (wilkerson, et al., 2005). however, the major form of damage is the mining of leaves by larvae, which results in destruction of leaf miner. three to four days after ovipositional, the mine forms and grows in size as the larva grows (capinera, 2001). (bueno, et al 2007). the mining pattern is unpredictably erratic. leaf mining and stippling can both significantly reduce a plant's photosynthetic rate. premature leaf drop can also result in a lack of shade and fruit scalding as a result of extensive mining (bueno, et al 2007). wounding of the foliage also allows entry of bacterial and fungal diseases (abou-fakhr-hammad and nemer. 2000). pea pisum sativum, citrine (leguminaceae) is one of the most important economic vegetables (onwueme and sinha, 1991 and fao, 1993) its cultivated area was increased during the last years especially in new reclaimed land for local consumption. the effect of genotypes and plant distances on leaf miner infestation in pea plant (pisum sativum l.) havall m. ahmed, bakhan kh. mohammed, nadyah s. wali page | 104 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index as a result, 100-120 kg nitrogen per hectare is required after harvest, equating to 20-25 tons of organic fertilizer, which is sufficient for the establishment of another crop. green peas have a total cultivated area of roughly 2.8 million acres around the world. many studies have been conducted in the past on the effects of planting spaces, climatic conditions, and plant age on the infestation of particular insects that infest leguminous plants, meena and bhargava (2001); mishra et al. (2001); wale (2002); abdelmalak and salem (2002); shalaby (2004); mittal and ujagir (2005); arif et al. (2006); hanafy a.r.i (2007); hanafy et al. (2008); afsah (2009); hussein et al., (2010); abdel hamed et al. (2011) and omaprakash and raju (2014); shaalan, h. s. and maha, s. el-ghanam(2016). the aim of the present study to determine the suitable genotype of pea plant to be sowing to avoiding from the infestation of leaf miner, which causes a serious damage of leaves and study the effect of three tested planting spaces. 2. research method field experiment was carried out to study the effect of planting space and different genotypes on the population density of leaf miner infesting pea plants (pisum sativum l.). the pea seeds (viola and kaspa) were obtained from department of crop fields, directory of agriculture research. an area of about 36 m2 was cultivated in three planting space, 5cm, 15cm and 25cm in plant protection research station in bakrajo region, sulaimanyah governorate throughout season 2019. the experimental area was divided into 18 plots; each replicate was 2 m2. each planting space was represented by three replicates. all replicates were arranged in randomized complete block design. all agricultural practices were done and no pesticide treatments were applied. monthly randomized samples of pea leave (20 of each replicate) were taken after foliage appearance and continue for three months. each sample from each replicate were kept in tightly closed paper bags and transferred to the laboratory where all samples were thoroughly examined by the aid of stereomicroscope to count the number of leaf miner. data were analyzed according to xlstat program and mean separation was conducted by using duncan's multiple range test in this program. the effect of genotypes and plant distances on leaf miner infestation in pea plant (pisum sativum l.) havall m. ahmed, bakhan kh. mohammed, nadyah s. wali page | 105 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index 3. results and discussion effect of difference genotypes on pea leaves infestation by leaf miner tale 1: comparison between to genotypes of pea on infestation level of leaf miner, plant high, total weight and weight of 100 grains results in table (1) revealed that the infestation of leaf miner on pea plants was significantly differed according to the genotype, data in table (1) showed that the infestation of the leaf miner increased by the viola genotype. the pea plants in the genotype of (kaspa) were infested by the significantly lowest numbers of leaf miner. however, for last three parameters (plant height, total weight and weight of 100 grains) there were significant difference for the (kaspa) with the comparisons of (viola). effect of plant spacing on pea leaves infestation by leaf miner table 2: effect of three plant distance on infestation levels, plant height, total weight and weight of 100 grains plant distance % leaf infestation plant height/cm total weight/gm weight of 100 grain/gm 15 18.452 a 99.833 a 2175.333 a 0.294 a 5 16.895 a 81.000 b 1107.167 b 0.244 b 25 17.967 a 66.667 c 0.480 c 0.175 c pr > f(model) 0.004 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.000 significant yes yes yes yes the data illustrated in table (2) showed that the infestation levels of leaf miner not significantly differed according to the planting spaces for both genotypes, data in table (1) showed that in the planting distance (5 cm) population density of leaf miner decreased by the first planting space (%16.895). the pea plants were sown in the planting space (15 cm) infested by the highest level of the insect (leaf miner) (%18.452) followed by pea plants sowing at the planting space (25cm) which infestation level was (%17.967). for the last three parameters (plant high, total weight and weight of 100 grains) there were significantly difference for the planting distance (15 genotype % leaf infestation plant hight/cm total weight/gm weight of 100 grain/gm kaspa 12.642 b 88.556 a 1155.216 a 0.259 a viola 22.900 a 76.444 b 1033.437 b 0.217 b pr > f(model) 0.004 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.000 significant yes yes yes yes the effect of genotypes and plant distances on leaf miner infestation in pea plant (pisum sativum l.) havall m. ahmed, bakhan kh. mohammed, nadyah s. wali page | 106 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index cm), followed by (5 cm), while planting distance of (25 cm) showed lowest levels of result for last three parameters. interaction between genotype and plant spacing on the leaf miner infestation table 3. the interaction between genotype and plant distance on the level of infestation genotype*plant distance % leaf infestation plant hight/cm total weight/gm weight of 100 grain/gm kaspa*15 14.753 b 107.333 a 2259.667 a 0.340 a viola*15 22.150 a 92.333 b 2091.000 a 0.248 bc viola*5 23.767 a 74.333 c 1009.000 b 0.213 cd kaspa*5 10.023 b 87.667 b 1205.333 b 0.275 b viola*25 22.783 a 62.667 c 0.312 c 0.189 cd kaspa*25 13.150 b 70.667 c 0.648 c 0.161 d pr > f(model) 0.004 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.000 significant yes yes yes yes the results in table (3) shows the interaction of plant distances and genotype on infestation levels. data illustrated in the table shows that (viola) in the plant distance of (5cm) differed significantly by infestation of highest level of leaf miner (%23.767), followed by (viola) (25 and 15cm) that recorded (%22.783 and %22.150). (kaspa) in the plant spacing (5cm) recorded best result of infestation level (%10.023), followed by (kaspa) in the plant distance (25cm) that the levels of infestation were (%13.150), while the highest level of infestation in the (kaspa) genotype was (%14.753) respectively. however, for the plant high, total weight and weight of 100 grains (kaspa) in plant spacing (15cm) showed the best results. 4. conclusion leaf miner incidence and severity not depended on the plant spacing, that mean sowing the seeds in plant spacing (5cm), (15cm) and (25cm) not important for pea plant to prevent infesting of leaf miner (table 2), on another hand not have significant differences between all three spacing, that’s because of growing the plant vertically and having no much foliage. although the results of kapsa genotype shows to be more resistance against leaf miner infestation (table 3). refferences abdel hamed, n. a., shaalan, h.s., yasinhats, s. a. and abou-zaid, a.m.m. (2011). effect of some abiotic factors on the population fluctuation of some pests infesting okra plants, with the using of some compounds in their controlling. j. plant protect. and pathol., mansoura univ. 2(4):407-420. the effect of genotypes and plant distances on leaf miner infestation in pea plant (pisum sativum l.) havall m. ahmed, bakhan kh. mohammed, nadyah s. wali page | 107 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index abd-elmalak, v. s. g. and salem a.a. (2002). influence of planting spaces and hybrids on the population of six arthropods attacking sweet potato plant. annals of agric. sci. moshtohor. 40(3): 1797-1806. abou-fakhr-hammad, e. m., and nemer,n. m. (2000). population densities, spatial pattern and development of the pea leaf miner (diptera: agromyzidae) on cucumber, swisschard and bean. j. agric. sci. 134: 61-68. afsah,a. f. e.(2009). seasonal abundance of some insect pests and associated natural enemies on fenugreek plants. egypt. j. agric. res. 87(5):1335-1350. arif, m.g., gogi, m.d., mirza, m., zia k. and hafeez f. (2006). impact of plant spacing and abiotic factors on population dynamics of sucking insect pests of cotton. pakistan j. biol. sci. 9(7):1364-1369. bueno, a. f., zechmann, b., hoback, w. w., bueno, r. c. o. f. and fernandes, o. a. (2007). serpentine leaf miner (liriomyza trifolii) on potato (solanum tuberosum): field observations and plant photosynthetic responses to injury. ciencia rural. 37(6):15101517. capinera, j. l. 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(2005). effect of various treatments against major insect pests of field pea, (pisum sativum l.). ann. plant protection sci. 13(1): 111118. mishra, s. k., m.kanwat, p. and sharma (2001). effect of dates of sowing and intercropping on the seed yield and incidenceof mustard aphid, (kalt.). ann. agric. res. 22(3):445-446. omaprakash, s.o and raju, s. v. s. (2014). a brief review on abundance and management of major insect pests of brinjal (solanum melongena l.). int. j. appl. biol. and pharmaceutical technol. 5(1):228-234. the effect of genotypes and plant distances on leaf miner infestation in pea plant (pisum sativum l.) havall m. ahmed, bakhan kh. mohammed, nadyah s. wali page | 108 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index onwueme, c.j. and sinha, o.t. (1991). field crop c.t.a publication, pp: 259. sas institute (2003). sas version 9.1. sas institute inc, cary, nc, usa. shaalan, h. s. and maha, s. el-ghanam (2016). effect of planting space, some weather factors and plant age on the population density of liriomyza trifolii (burgess) infesting pea plants. egypt. acad. j. biolog. sci. (a. entomology) vol.9 (3) pp. 2130. wale, m. (2002). population dynamics of the pea aphid, acrythosiphon pisum (harris) (homoptera: aphididae) on field pea (pisum sativum l.) in northwestern ethiopia. insect science and its application. 22(2): 131-137. wilkerson jl, webb se, capinera jl. (2005). vegetable pests i: coleoptera-dipterahymenoptera. uf/ifas cd-rom. sw 180. strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli 1* , garist sekar tanjung 1 , kurniawan ramadhani 1 , mochammad afif lutf 1 faculty of agriculture, university muhammadiyah gresik, indonesia *corresponding author e-mail: djazuliachmad@umg.ac.id 1* , garist_sekar@umg.ac.id, yamasakiwa123@gmail.com, afiflutfi024@gmail.com article history: received: july 04, 2021; accepted: june 11, 2021 abstract this study aims to (1) identify the behavior of local communities in the use of mangrove forests, (2) analyze the factors that influence the utilization of mangrove forests, and (3) develop strategies for optimizing the use of mangrove forests in the context of empowering coastal communities and preserving the environment. the research location was determined purposively, namely in ujung pangkah district, gresik regency as one of the areas designated as essential ecosystem areas (kee). the analytical method used is descriptive analysis. the results showed that (1) the characteristics of the damage to mangrove forests in the area were changes in the function of the area due to the conversion of community functions into cultivation areas, (2) the factors that influenced the success of mangrove conservation as kee, namely: (a) socio-economic conditions and the culture of the community is the same, namely the level of education and income of the community is relatively low, (b) the function of community institutions is not optimal (c) local wisdom and local re silience, (d) community perceptions of the mangrove ecosystem are less positive on sustainability, (3) strategies that can be implemented among others (a) increasing the quantity and quality of human resources (b) socio economic development of the community, (3) optimizing the functions of formal and non-formal institutions of society, and (4) procuring laws and regulations keywords: strategy, mangroves, optimization, essential ecosystem areas (kee) 1. introduction indonesia is an archipelagic country located between two large oceans, namely the indonesian ocean and the pacific ocean so that oceanographically the role of the sea in indonesia is strongly influenced by the two oceans. most of the people who live in coastal areas have a profession as fishermen. beach conditions on various islands in indonesia are generally sloping but are faced with large ocean waves. one of the efforts made to secure the beach from the blows of big waves is by planting mangroves or often referred to as mangrove forests. technically the existence of mangrove forests can prevent abrasion, but biotically mangrove forests will create coastal ecological conditions that are needed for the life and breeding of fish. however, efforts to plant mangroves to create mangrove forests in indonesia have not been carried out intensively, so mailto:djazuliachmad@umg.ac.id mailto:garist_sekar@umg.ac.id mailto:yamasakiwa123@gmail.com mailto:afiflutfi024@gmail.com strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the hope of the program is the creation of environmental sustainability which in turn will improve the welfare of coastal communities. mangroves as part of the ecosystem of the entire coastal ecosystem never stand alone, as is the essence of the existence of this entire nature. it is often forgotten that humans are part of the presence of a natural formation, which in fact has the greatest influence . when various environmental problems have emerged in the last few decades, humans initially forget that the source of the problem is humans. it is humans who have to utilize and preserve natural resources, as well as cause damage to nature and the environment. as a result, the management of environmental damage does not rely on the root cause itself but rather tries to overcome the side effects. likewise, efforts to utilize, conserve, or re-handle (rehabilitate) mangrove forests. without placing humans as the focus of attention, as active actors of utilization and conservation (as well as acting as active actors of destruction), efforts to optimize the use and conservation of mangrove forests in the context of empowering coastal communities will be in vain. for the benefit of the environment, in environmental management, mangrove forests have a special position, namely as a buffer for environmental balance, which also involves millions of other types of biological and non-biological organisms, as well as a "microenvironment" which also determines the environmental balance (hariyadi et al., 2017). the contribution of the forestry sector to grdp shows the importance of the role and opportunities for the development of forest products and benefits. the sense of belonging and maintaining the security of the mangrove forest by the local community has finally become an inseparable part of the life of the mangrove forest. besides their role in the economy, mangrove forests are also an important part of job creation, the growth of forest product processing industries such as sawn wood, molding, pulp, paper, and processed goods industries. in this case, the linkage and linkage effects between the forestry sector and the industrial sector are important because they are suppliers of raw materials and other auxiliary materials. based on the results of studies in several coastal areas, it shows that the existence of mangrove forests is very beneficial to coastal communities, both obtained through increased catches, the acquisition of mangroves that have high export value and coastal security. the success of creating mangrove forests is evidence of support from the success of the community towards government programs can also be seen in the coastal area of gresik regency, east java. based on the activities of preserving coastal areas in the gresik area which is still being carried out. to support good success, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study of the optimization strategy of the coastal village community in supporting the protection of the strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence essential ecosystem area (kee) in the gresik regency. so that this study aims to: (1) identify the behavior of local communities in the use of mangrove forests, especially regarding the pattern of activity and intensity of mangrove forest utilization, (2) analyze the factors that influence the utilization of mangrove forests, (3) develop strategies for optimizing the utilization of mangrove forests. in the context of empowering coastal communities and preserving the environment. 2. materials and methods the analytical method used is descriptive analysis. the research area was determined purposively, namely in ujung pangkah district, gresik regency with the reason for its determination is because it is one of the areas designated as essential ecosystem areas (kee). with its various potentials, problems, opportunities, and challenges, it is hoped that it can be a representation of the mangrove forest conservation strategy. however, efforts to protect and conserve mangroves need to be improved with various policy efforts. the respondents in this study amounted to 55 people who were determined intentionally. 3. results and discussion activity pattern and intensity of mangrove forest utilization the mangrove essential ecosystem area (kee) in ujung pangkah is the first kee outside a conservation forest and is a wetlands convention known as the ramsar convention. this is an intergovernmental environmental agreement with unesco since 1971 and entered into force in 1975. this recognition requires the participation of coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas (kee). the land area and condition of the mangrove land in the gresik sub-district can be seen in table 1. the condition of the area of mangrove land in ujung pangkah district is spread over 3 villages with a total area of 12.68 ha, but currently experiencing damage of 0.36 ha. based on the data obtained, it shows that there was a decrease in the area of mangrove land from 2000, 2004, 2010, and 2017, but increased again in 2020 in line with government and international programs in maintaining mangrove conditions, especially in the banyu urip village as shown in the following tabel 2. table 2 shows that the mangrove area in banyuurip village in 2000 was 5.9 ha and decreased in 2004 by 0.29 ha and continues to move from a decline of 1.26 ha in 2010 and in 2017 a decrease of 1.26 ha, but conservation efforts successful in 2020 with various programs and in the village of banyu urip is a pilot effort for the other two villages which are expected to have the same progress and even increase in efforts to maintain the international site. strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence the results of the study indicate that there are several things that need to be considered in an effort to maintain the area of mangrove land in ujung panggah. this is because the conservation program is more directed at government and international projects that do not optimize efforts to empower coastal village communities. it is feared that it will decline again if the conservation program or project stops or in other words there is no disbursement of funds for special coastal villages to maintain mangrove conditions. this condition can be seen from the conversion of mangrove land into ponds, especially in pangkah wetan village and pangkah kulon village. the need for aquaculture land in the form of ponds has become the main trigger for land conversion in the form of mangrove forests and raised land in ujung pangkah district since the last several decades. degradation and loss of mangrove land will continue if there is no effort from various interested parties to maintain the integrity of the mangrove forest and the preservation of the mangrove ecosystem. the decline in the mangrove forest area that occurs is generally related to the following problems: 1. there is no clarity on spatial planning and development plans for coastal areas, so there is a lot of overlap in the utilization of mangrove forest areas for various development activities. 2. deforestation of mangroves for firewood, building materials, and other uses exceeds the ability to recover. 3. pollution due to the disposal of waste oil, industrial, and household waste. 4. sedimentation due to poor management of land activities. 5. information data and science and technology related to mangrove forests are still limited, so they cannot support policies or programs for spatial planning, development, and sustainable use of forests given the enormous potential of resources, the human resources living in this area as well as those originating from the rapid growth of development and the dense population growth in coastal and marine areas, generally the following problems occur: 1. insufficient human resource potential the low level of education of the population will affect the low level of knowledge and skills. this situation causes the lack of development of the verified business during the famine and the lack of development of post-harvest technology. this situation causes the income of fishermen and the community cannot to increase. in addition, the lack of trained human resources in its management causes other resources to not be planned optimally. 2. lack of information on natural resource development lack of understanding and understanding of the community about the function of mangrove forest resources, fish, and coral reefs causes the exploitation of these resources to be carried out strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence excessively. for this reason, it is necessary to educate people about the importance of maintaining coastal ecosystems and their functions for human life. 3. conservation of threatened coastal ecosystems the threat to the sustainability of coastal ecosystems is caused by several things, namely: a. physical degradation of coastal habitat physical damage to coastal and marine habitats results in a decrease in the quality of mangrove forest ecosystems, coral reefs, and seaweed. conversion of mangrove forests into various uses, excessive sedimentation due to poor land management, extraction of coral reefs and ornamental fish using explosives and potassium, waste pollution from home industry activities cause damage to this ecosystem habitat. b. sedimentation and coastal abrasion on critical soils in the rainy season, there will be puddles of surface water which results in increased processes of erosion, sedimentation, and siltation of rivers. during the rainy season, there will be flooding/inundation in coastal areas, especially at the same time as the tide. c. pollution sources of pollution in coastal and marine waters generally come from residential liquid waste, urban stom water, mining, shipping, agriculture, and aquaculture (in the form of excessive sedimentation of fertilizers and insecticides). the impact of this pollution is usually chronic and cumulative which can be felt after several years. the negative impacts that arise not only endanger human health, biota life, and the marine environment but can also cause death, reduce or damage the aesthetic value of the coastal and marine environment as well as social and economic harm. d. critical land and mangrove forest conversion critical land is found in some sub-districts located along the coastline. efforts that can be made to save critical land are by rehabilitating and converting land with reforestation because it can reduce erosion and sedimentation in various rivers and able to create jobs for poor farmers in critical land areas as an effort to increase income and restore the function of absorption for water sources of panggah. 4. there is a conflict of interest between the private sector, community, sector, and local government this conflict of interest is caused by the absence of clear boundaries of authority and power between interested parties in coastal and marine areas. in addition, there is no coordinating agency or institution responsible for the management of this area. each party has its own role and authority, so efforts to overcome this problem must be able to involve all relevant parties. strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence influential factors in mangrove forest utilization factors that influence the utilization of mangrove forests in ujung pangkah include: 1. general characteristics of coastal rural households considering that resources in coastal areas are very diverse, rural households in coastal areas have livelihoods as capture fishermen, chart fishers, fish farmers, and farmers. in general, the characteristics of households located in rural coastal areas are as follows: households in coastal rural areas, as well as in peasant societies, generally have the following functions: a. production unit b. unit consumption c. reproductive unit d. unit of socio-economic interaction the main purpose of households in rural areas is to meet the needs of their members. this goal is a condition for determining economic decisions and behavior, especially in the production business. lack of capital is a common problem in most rural households, especially in densely populated areas. so that to increase their income, the community can only add labor input as the only economic source that is relatively not scarce. this has several implications that help in analyzing the socio-economic behavior of the community, including: a. landless farming or fishing households that only rely on their own labor or hard work to increase production or income. b. small farmer households or fishermen who do not own a boat with other non-agricultural jobs, even though the yield is lower than farming or fishing. c. farmer or fisherman households that do not have their own boats or fishing gear tend to show the characteristic of self-exploitation which is controlled as a tendency to work for lower wages than the wages of a wage laborer. in a state of lack of land, lack of capital, lack of fishing gear, no boat, lack of work productivity, and lack of work, the work of adults is not able to generate income that meets the needs of their family. household economic behavior of coastal communities coastal communities are rural communities that have a tendency not to dare to take risks, the contributing factor is the household economic pressure they face in the form of lack of land, lack of capital, lack of fishing gear, or even not having a boat. farmers having got access to strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence financial institutes as well as being village officials will be more willing to take risks, for example participating in taking farming business credit (kut) or fishing boat motorization credit. therefore, it can be understood that poor households in rural areas tend to be safety first. these poor households are generally not immediately enthusiastic about the introduction of new technologies or credit patterns which according to development planners or implementers can increase their income in a short time. they are generally more waiting and making observations in advance about how the influence of technology and credit on the security of fulfilling their lives. the principle of safety first has implications for the social-economic behavior of rural households. the economic decisions of poor households in rural areas are colored by the goal of minimizing business failures as far as possible rather than seeking maximum profit. this principle can be seen in several ways of adaptation of poor households in rural areas, namely in agricultural cultivation techniques; social institutions; and response to development programs. existence of mangrove forest mangrove forest in ujung pangkah belongs to the community so that any effort in its management is carried out by the community itself as the owner of the condition which is a characteristic that is not owned by other regions so that its preservation efforts will require special handling that provides awareness to the owner community about the importance of maintaining the condition of the mangrove itself. when fishermen's lives are in a state of urgency, the side business that can be done usually refers to other resources, namely looking for firewood in mangrove forests and efforts to convert the land into ponds. for coastal communities, the mangrove forest ecosystem is considered a valueless area, even considered as wasteland which is one of the driving factors for the conversion of mangrove ecosystems into other uses that are considered more economical. when community land ownership is still extensive, this is not so big of an impact. however, along with the times, each land-owning family will divide the land to their descendants and cause the land ownership of each community to become increasingly narrow so that the use of mangrove forests causes the tragedy of commons. mangrove forest is actually one of the biological natural resources that can be recovered naturally or planted, but if the damage exceeds its recovery capacity, the forest will be destroyed. the interaction between the community and the mangrove forest is influenced by the development of the “external” formal economic sector, the substitution of activities inside and outside the mangrove ecosystem and socio-economic conditions. economic development that expands wages in the economic sector will reduce the level of community dependence on mangrove forests. for example, substitution of activities outside the mangrove ecosystem that can strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence increase wages will reduce community dependence on mangrove forest resources. on the other hand, the substitution of activities in the mangrove ecosystem into other uses (conversion of mangroves into ponds or housing), results in the loss of coastal productivity so that it will increase pressure on fisheries without community participation. in addition, problems that need to be considered are the rapid regional economic growth driven by a smooth transportation system and the availability of potential forest and marine resources, resulting in changes in the socioeconomic structure and the increasingly consumptive needs of the population. the socio-economic conditions of the people living in the forest and/or around the mangrove forest are a matter of principle in an effort to save the mangrove forest. communities are usually aware that sustainable use is in their favor, but often over-harvest. the poor socioeconomic conditions of the community (fishermen) will result in increased dependence to utilize mangrove forests. the increasing need for life and the high population growth has resulted in the exploitation of existing resources, including mangrove forests by ignoring ecological principles. community participation the emergence of problems in the management of natural resources and the development of the environment requires a new orientation from government officials and the community at both the central and regional levels. active and constructive participation from the community is very much needed in overcoming environmental problems and managing natural resources for the benefit of development in achieving a just and prosperous society. in the management of coastal areas in an effort to deal with the problem of managing coastal areas and oceans, it is necessary to carry out a development strategy based on a social approach, namely: a. the concept of coastal village development is structured democratically, especially by the coastal communities themselves based on a thrifty and productive attitude for the prosperity of all community members by building self-help community institutions that are able to manage resources in a planned manner. b. management of socialization of needs, especially management of consumption in a directed and not excessive manner, strictly a social-economic system in which a sense of self, self-respect, and self-confidence are fostered and developed. human resources as a whole must be developed, including their creativity, and be actively involved in various development activities and community life to create their own future that is always better, c. developed awareness of the causes of the emergence of problems and their underdevelopment and willingness and commitment to solving them. for this, population strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence and information systems that form positive attitudes and views are indispensable as the main force for social change in the desired direction. d. develop a situation of togetherness and cooperation to replace situations of conflict, tension, and injustice, through dynamic groups capable of launching development operations. in realizing an integrated coastal and ocean area management program, the highest and as precise as possible community participation is required. communities living along the coast have traditionally used resources and may be affected by new regulations and procedures. therefore, the community must be involved in the formation of new coastal policies and regulations on resource use, if these regulations are made to support progress for the community. in order for the community participation community to want to participate in activities, it is necessary to empower the community. empowerment of coastal communities includes two main things, namely : 1) increasing the ability and skills of the community to be able to utilize coastal and marine resources, as well as community skills in utilizing coastal and marine resources and efforts to increase community participation in coastal and marine resources and efforts to increase community participation in conservation. the function of marine resources as a support for life in the area, 2) increasing the accessibility of coastal communities to economic activities that can encourage the ability of coastal communities to cultivate marine resources optimally. the empowerment of coastal village communities is shown for the ability of human resources, utilizing the potential of natural resources and artificial resources in coastal areas as well as available facilities and infrastructure for the benefit of the welfare of coastal village communities. efforts to empower coastal village communities are a process of changing or bringing the current condition of coastal village communities into a condition of expected coastal village communities. in relation to the development of community participation, there are factors that influence, there are three things that affect community participation, namely: 1. socio-economic society the socio-economic conditions of the surrounding humans greatly affect the mangrove forest ecosystem. the increase and decrease in the level of the human economy has the same impact on the area, namely in the form of pressure on the ecosystem that composes it. basically, economic and ecological considerations for the use of mangrove forest ecosystems cannot be separated in evaluating management options. however, the choice of sustainable mangrove forest management is one of the main goals. so we need a guideline that can evaluate and classify strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence mangrove forest areas in the form of their current functions, conditions and trends, especially on their biological value, economic and socio-economic value for humans. in order to realize the existence of sustainable management in relation to human socioeconomic conditions, an integrated strategy for improving human socio-economics from various development sectors is needed. the increase in community income is carried out in line with the conservation of mangrove forest areas, so it is hoped that the economic value will be utilized and its ecological value can be maintained. this is a guarantee that the mangrove ecosystem that makes up the mangrove forest area will grow sustainably and human pressure on the area can be minimized. the approach taken is to enclave land that has been cultivated by humans and plant border plants with tree species for life and have economic value. humans are directed to intensive cultivation efforts, both brave and farmers. one of the ideal activities that are directed to be developed is increasing the multi-function of mangrove ecosystems through fishery ponds. this form is an effort to optimally increase the productivity of fisheries and mangrove forest products. in its implementation, in order to provide ecologically and economically satisfactory results and consider the number of human members involved, this embankment entrepreneur is planned with a small business scale but in large numbers (spread) along the mangrove forest buffer zone. the exploitation of the embankment in the location where the mangrove vegetation is still intact, the ideal ratio between mangrove forest and pond is 80%: 20%, where 80% of the managed land area is still in the form of mangrove forest, while 20% is in the form of ponds. this comparison is based on the assumption that the aspect of forest sustainability is more than the expected result. for mangrove areas that are already open, the ratio of mangrove forests to ponds is 30%: 70%, where mangrove forests are 30% while ponds are 70%. comparison is more aimed at providing opportunities for humans to increase their production. meanwhile, for mangrove forest products in the form of fish, shrimp, and shellfish, it is directed to the agro fishery industries pattern. it is hoped that the existence of this marine and pond processing industry will be sufficient for the surrounding humans so that the pressure on the mangrove ecosystem in the preparation of the mangrove forest area can be minimized. 2. quantity and quality improvement of human resources human resources play an important role in the management of mangrove forests. human resources, in this case, include 2 (two) groups, namely humans who live around mangrove forest areas and government officials in institutions/organizations with an interest in mangrove forest management. the need for forestry technical personnel, especially in the field of natural resource management, is absolutely necessary, considering that this mangrove forest area is one of the areas strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence that has been defined in the ramsar conservation. likewise the human condition around the mangrove forest area, in general, these humans have a low level of education as well as skills and knowledge levels and this is still supported by the difficulty of information flow. therefore, it is necessary to increase human capability through intensive extension activities and activities that can improve human skills and knowledge such as training on mangrove conservation and utilization. this improvement in the quality of human resources should also be balanced by improving the existing facilities and infrastructure for mangrove forest management, especially human resources and posts and their facilities. for the first step, the task of increasing the knowledge of government officials related to mangrove forest management is achieved through in-house training, such as workshops, seminars, attending short courses held by the world of education such as universities and scientific institutions (lipi). the increase in educational awareness of local people can be started from education and training specifically designed in mangrove forest management. this program can be carried out by the relevant agencies at the provincial and district levels with the assistance of local ngos and lkmd. educational objectives are directed to: a. increasing human awareness about the importance of conservation and management of mangrove forests in the management of mangrove forest areas in a sustainable manner. b. designing special programs that lead to women in development (wid) and poverty eradication, especially in the use of buffer zones in mangrove forest areas. c. ensure community participation in the planning and implementation of project activities. d. monitoring of benefits for beneficiaries and sensitive groups and the impact on them. 3. institutional mangrove forest management institutions operationally should be integrated and there should be clarity in the authority and duties between various related agencies/services. likewise, the form of coordination and cooperation between agencies and the delegation of tasks from the central government to regional governments must be clear. to better determine humans, it is necessary to develop a social institutional system that involves active human participation in the context of sustainable mangrove forest management. in addition, the institutional system should also provide business opportunities and improve human living standards. forms of social organizations/institutions that can be developed in mangrove forest areas such as the mangrove forest farmers group (kth mangrove), as well as the re-activation of young generation institutions that respond to environmental conservation such as the nature conservation cadre (kkpa). the establishment of these institutions can be done by conducting comparative studies in other areas that have succeeded in managing mangrove forests. in addition, strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence written evidence (certificate) should be provided, so that with this evidence this human social institution has a strong basis for self-development and there is a sense of responsibility for the preservation of mangrove forest areas. this is due to the strong desire of humans to get endorsement with the proof of the certificate. 4. structuring the legislation efforts to regulate the implementation of laws and regulations include the socialization of laws and regulations relating to mangrove forest management, as well as the implementation of strict sanctions against violating activities. efforts to regulate these laws and regulations are carried out after socialization and dissemination to all levels of humanity and are carried out in a comprehensive and coordinated manner both to humans and government officials. strategy for optimizing coastal villagers on mangrove forest conservation the optimization strategy of coastal village communities towards mangrove conservation at the end of pangkah includes: 1. quantity of human resources the development of the number of human resources, especially those directly involved in the management of the mangrove forest area, is aimed at obtaining a proportional amount (the ratio of officers/area) to the field and assistance. for mangrove forest management, additional personnel must be carried out as well as supporters. the addition of this personnel is adjusted to the shape of the group's mangrove forest area on rivers which are the basis of mangrove forest-agriculture. the number of manpower resources for managing mangrove forests can be increased through education programs on nature conservation management and resource management. this program can be in the form of training (training) and research equivalent to a diploma, especially for managers in the field (placed in resort sub bksda). as for policy makers, it is carried out with a higher education level such as the bachelor level or even post graduate level. this program can be in the form of training and research equivalent to a diploma, especially for managers in the field (placed in resort sub bksda). as for policymakers, it is carried out with a higher education level such as the bachelor level or even post graduate level. this increase in the number of management personnel must also be balanced with the number of members and human groups who are directly involved in the preservation of mangrove forests. cooperation between managers and human organizations, especially the younger generation, needs to be developed and involved in every decision-making regarding the conservation efforts of these protected areas. with the increasing number of human resources, both from technical and human strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence agencies who respond to the mangrove forest, it is hoped that the ecological and economic conservation functions of the area can be maintained and maintained. 2. quality of human resources the development of the quality of human resources aims to obtain human resources who have sufficient skills and knowledge in managing mangrove forests that makeup mangrove forest areas, both from relevant technical agencies and from local communities. improving the quality of human resources is prioritized for local communities whose lives both directly and indirectly depend on mangrove forests. by increasing the knowledge, education, and skills of the local community, there will be a dynamic interaction between the behavior of the community and its environment. thus the sustainability of this mangrove forest ecosystem can be realized, considering that the existence of this mangrove forest ecosystem has enormous benefits for people's lives today and in the future. to achieve this goal, education and training tools are needed as well as integrated counseling to the community that is routine in nature. the training materials cover aspects of mangrove forest protection and preservation, planting, maintenance, and utilization techniques as well as aquaculture. in addition, it is necessary to conduct comparative studies to other areas which can be said to have been successful in managing mangrove forests. the initial target of education and training is technical personnel who are directly involved in management activities, namely the head of farmer groups as well as community leaders and youth organizations. furthermore, it is hoped that the material that has been obtained from the education and training can be developed in their respective villages with the training of trainers system. in the implementation of education and training activities, the main concerns are 1) number of participants, 2) material, 3) weight, 4) time, 5) teaching and learning patterns, and 6) coordination. to increase the participation and perception of the community as a whole on the efforts to protect and conserve mangrove forests, it is also necessary to intensify outreach activities as a follow-up by means of information media, contact fisherman farmers in the form of discussion forums and socialization of programs and the government, create demonstration plots to the general public. these activities are coordinated by other relevant agencies and local ngos. 3. socio-economic society one of the obstacles faced in improving the socio-economic conditions of the community in the research area is the low level of education. the limited knowledge possessed by the community results in dependence on one form of business, both plantation agriculture and ponds. strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence as already explained that at the time this research was conducted, the level of human income increased fantastically due to the high prices of agricultural and marine products and this was the impact of the economic crisis. however, this condition will not run continuously and in fact, has a very bad impact on mangrove forest resources in the mangrove forest area. therefore, it is necessary to develop efforts to increase the economy which will support community income in a sustainable manner and on the one hand sufficient to secure the conservation area, so that it is clear that the economic and ecological functions of the mangrove forest area can be optimally utilized. alternative activities that will have an impact on improving socio-economic conditions should apply now and in the future. for the initial stage, considering that the community around the mangrove forest is currently experiencing an increase in income, it is necessary to develop cooperatives, both kud, and existing fishermen's cooperatives. the planning and establishment of mangroves, it involves the role of community groups, both those who work as farmers and fishermen as the economic unit of the community. of course, the planning and implementation are based on the will and needs of the community with a bottomup approach. in addition, it is also necessary to conduct counseling on welfare in old age for both parents and family members by promoting saving activities at state banks such as bri units in each sub-district. this is done with the hope that later when the community needs funds, they can still use the funds stored in the bank without having to carry out mangrove forest encroachment activities to open new business areas. thus, the security of the mangrove forest area can be maintained. for the next stage, in order to provide income levels in the long term and oriented to conservation efforts, the alternative activities developed are silvofishery and aquaculture development. silvofishery is a fishery cultivation system in a mangrove forest area which is a combination system between ponds and mangrove forests. the advantages obtained from this activity are that socio-economically it will be able to expand employment opportunities and increase community income continuously, ecologically it will be able to maintain microclimate stability and soil conservation and be able to preserve the mangrove forest area that makes up the area. in order to anticipate the occurrence of violations of the law, in this activity, it is necessary to organize the mangrove forest area so that the core zone, development zone, utilization zone, and buffer zone are clear. for this silvofishery activity, the implementation is directed at the buffer zone of the mangrove forest area. by utilizing this buffer zone, it is hoped that the core zone, development, and utilization are ecologically safe. meanwhile, the use of the buffer zone will have strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence an impact on increasing people's income and with this utilization automatically the management of the buffer zone will be more secure. this silvofishery system will encourage people to plant, protect and utilize mangrove forests optimally without destroying conservation and without reducing the functions of mangrove forests. therefore, people who are directly related to the protection of mangrove forests in the preparation of mangrove forest areas are motivated to actively participate in their conservation. the pattern of approaches carried out both formally and non-formally aims to: a. continuous expansion of employment opportunities, b. increasing the income of the community around the mangrove forest, c. development of human resources, especially people whose lives are very dependent on mangrove forest ecosystems, d. reducing the security disturbances of mangrove forests from encroachment activities, e. securing the source of germplasm, especially mangrove species, f. the establishment of a harmonious relationship between the mangrove forest management and the community, g. improved coordination between relevant technical agencies in the management and utilization of mangrove forests. 4. conclusions damage to the mangrove forest that occurs is characterized by changes in the function of the area caused by the conversion of the community into aquaculture areas and factors influencing the success of mangrove conservation in ujung pangkah as kee area: (a) the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the community are generally uniform, namely the level of education and income levels of the community is relatively low and accessibility is difficult, (b) the function of community institutions is not yet optimal ( c) local knowledge and local resilience, (d) community perceptions of mangrove ecosystems are less positive for sustainability. optimizing strategies for coastal village communities towards the preservation of mangrove forests include: a. increasing the quantity and quality of human resources through the development of human resources to improve the ability to manage conservation areas, especially mangrove ecosystems b. socio-economic development of the community to improve the standard of living of the community by opening up accessibility, developing local economic infrastructure, c. optimizing the functions of the formal and non-formal institutions of society d. laws and regulations strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence suggestion based on the status of the mangrove forest area, if it is maintained as a whole, it is feared that damage will still occur, this is based on the criteria for causing the damage which is very complex. for this reason, a re-evaluation of the status of the mangrove forest area should be carried out. the need for clear boundaries and determination of zoning for the conservation area. land that has been utilized by the community should be enclaved and carried out guidance for its exploitation activities. the zoning of the area is needed for the establishment of guidance for its business activities. the zoning of the area is required for the determination of the determination and rescue of the core zone and the determination of the buffer zone area whose management can be given to the community with a land use permit. involving local communities in various activities, especially those concerning the determination of policies for the area. it is hoped that by involving the community in the management stages, the potential can be avoided. references arief a. (2001). hutan dan kehutanan. kanisius, yogyakarta dahuri, r. et al, (1996). pengelolaan sumberdaya pesisir dan lautan secara terpadu. jakarta: pt. pramadya paramita. fortes, m.d., (1982). productivity studies on mangrove seagrass and algae at calatagan, batangas (filipines). in : symposium on mangrove forest ecosystem productivity in southeast asia. biotrop. spec. pub. (17). 17 – 23. harahap. r.h dan subhilhar. 1998. partisipasi masyarakat nelayan dalam pengelolaan laut dan perikanan (pesisir) mangrove. laporan penelitian tidak diterbitkan. dp3m dirjen dikti dan fisip usu. medan hardjosentono. 1979. hutan mangrove di indonesia dan perannya dalam pelestarian sumber daya alam. warta pertanian no. 3 / ix. jakarta. hariyadi, b. w., ali, m., & nurlina, n. (2017). damage status assessment of agricultural land as a result of biomass production in probolinggo regency east java. adri international journal of agriculture, 1(1). indriyanto. (2006). ekologi hutan. bumi aksara, jakarta. naamin n. (1991). penggunaan lahan mangrove untuk budidaya tambak, keuntungan dan kerugiannya. dalam subagjo soemodihardjo. prosiding seminar iv ekosistem mangrove. panitia nasional pangan mab indonesialipi. jakarta. noor, y., r. khazali, m. suryadiputra, i. n. n. (1999). panduan pengenalan mangrove di indonesia. wetlands intermational-indonesia programme. bogor strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence nugroho sg, setiawan a, harianto sp. 1991. “coupled ecosystem silvo fishery” bentuk pengelolaan hutan mangrove-tambak yang saling mendukung dan melindungi. prosiding seminar iv ekosistem mangrove. panitia nasional program mab indonesia-lipi, jakarta . sugiarto, w., dan ekayanto. 1996. penghijauan pantai. penebar swadaya. jakarta. strategy for optimizing coastal village communities in supporting the protection of essential ecosystem areas in gresik regency r. achmad djazuli, garist sekar tanjung, kurniawan ramadhani, mochammad afif lutf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering issn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print) available on : http://agris cience.s cientific -wor k.org/inde x.php/agris cience this is under cc by sa licence list of table tabel 1. area and condition of mangrove forest land in gresik regency in 2000 tabel 2. growth of mangrove ecosystem land area in banyu urip village, ujung pangkah district, gresik regency year area (ha) growth (%) 2000 5,90 2004 5,61 -4,92 2010 4,35 -22,46 2017 3,09 -28,97 2020 5,90 90,94 no location area (ha) condition (ha) great grave damaged 1 desa banyu urip 5,90 5,65 0,25 2 desa pangkah wetan 2,60 2,60 3 desa pangkah kulon 4,18 4,00 0,11 12,68 analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung *mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono *postgraduate masters program in agribusiness, kadiri islamic university e-mail : dianm.ngk@gmail.com, ade@uniska-kediri.ac.id, priyo.fp@gmail.com abstract forest village community institution (lmdh) "sumber lestari" was formed after the emergence of the community forest management (phbm) program in 2004. geographically, samar village is a forest stakeholder village and nearly 45% of samar village is a state forest area. the research objectives are; 1) analyze the extent to which the forestry partnership program (kulin kk) lmdh sumber lestari is implemented in the agroforestry-based social forestry program scheme at bkph tulungagung. 2) analyze the economic benefits felt by perum perhutani and the surrounding community (lmdh) by implementing the lmdh sumber lestari forestry partnership program (kulin kk) in the agroforestry-based social forestry program scheme at bkph tulungagung. the research method used is descriptive analysis. descriptive analysis is used to describe the characteristics of the research area, the characteristics of the respondents, the socio-economic characteristics of the community, the analysis of forestry partnerships. the research results are as follows; from the pine stand commodity (sadapan), the income was rp. 5,061,600,000, coffee rp. 23,625,000, commodity porang rp. 25,300,000,000, commodity empon-empon rp. 62,764,000,000, and rp. total revenue was 94,873,377,500. of the total income, there is no profit sharing with perum perhutani kph kediri, with provisions for stand management (tapping pine), distribution is carried out at a ratio of 75: 25 where 75% of perum perhutani kph kediri, while 25% is owned by lmdh sumber lestari farmers. as for agroforestry commodities, the ratio is divided into 70: 30 with a record that 70% of lmdh sumber lestari farmers and 30% are perum perhutani kph kediri. keywords: lmdh, agroforestry, forestry institutions, forestry partnership 1. introduction forests are one of the natural resources that have an important role for human life from economic, ecological and social aspects. indonesia has 120.7 million hectares of forest or the equivalent of 63.42 percent of the land area. this means that the economic potential of forest resources (sdh) was enormous. the number of poor people living around and in the forest reaches 10.2 million or around 36.7 percent of the total number of poor people. this should be something that was not need to happen, why poverty concentrated in the center of the largest economic resource. perspect from a social aspect, forests in indonesia are also homes and places for socializing between communities. according to herman supriyanto (2017) the high level of poverty of the population living around and inside forest areas is a result of: 1) inequality in control of production forest areas, which is more dominated by large forestry companies, hph (forest concession rights) and hti (plantation forestry). industry); 2) low access to community analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence economic activities in forest areas; and 3) the high level of tenurial conflicts, so that in macroeconomic terms, the contribution of the forestry sector to gross domestic product (gdp) in 2016 based on constant prices is relatively small, reaching only 0.63 percent (supriyanto, 2017). deforestation and forest degradation are still crucial problems facing the forestry sector today. the rate of deforestation and degradation during the 2003 2008 period reached 0.9 million ha / year. many factors have triggered deforestation and forest degradation, including the relatively low social conditions / welfare of the community around forest areas, limited access of the community to forest resource use, tenurial conflicts that often lead to land grabbing, and imbalance in supply and demand for wood. which influences the development of the national timber industry (sari et al., 2020). this condition has required us to carry out restoration in indonesia's forestry development. to overcome the condition of the forest, a forest conservation and empowerment program is needed. one of the programs that can be developed is agroforestry. according to ruhimat (2015) agroforestry is a land use system that combines annual crops, agricultural crops and / or livestock / fish in the same area, with the aim of increasing the value of land productivity in the form of timber crops, agricultural / livestock / fishery crops so that income in levels, both short, medium and long term. waluyo & nurliya (2017), explained that agroforestry is a land use practice by combining perennials with agricultural commodities. each region has its own uniqueness and uniqueness in its practice both in planting and in its management. the application of agroforestry is expected to be able to overcome the problem of agricultural land needs while maintaining the functions of forests and the environment. based on law number 41 of 1999 concerning forestry, it was explained that a production forest was a forest area which has the main function of producing forest products. based on the mandate of the regulation of the minister of environment and forestry number p.18 / menlhk-ii / 2015, the directorate general of sustainable production forest management (ditjen phpl) has the task of carrying out the formulation and implementation of policies in the field of sustainable production forest management. the new business configuration for production forest management has changed the paradigm from timber management to forest management, and from a corporate orientation to a multi-business actor orientation. a number of regulations have been issued regarding the provision of legal access to local communities to be involved in the management of production forests, including regulation of the minister of environment and forestry number p.49 / menlhk / setjen / kum.1 / 9/2017 dated 7 september 2017 concerning cooperation in forest utilization kph, which provides space for kphp to build cooperation with various parties (individuals / local community groups, bum desa, local cooperatives, umkm, bumn, bumd, bumsi), which analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence aims to provide access to communities around forests in optimizing forest resources ( the unique potential of each kphp) based on local community businesses. the focus of business development was directed at local community-based productive businesses in the kphp area and the implementation of multibusiness, multicodity and multistakeholder strategies can accelerate the independence of kphp, which begins with producing goods and services in a sustainable manner (one site one product). the determining factors for the success of the configuration of a new forest management business are the roles and relationships between forest managers. these actors are illustrated as the three driving pillars of development, namely the community (civil society), entrepreneurs (private sector) and the government (government), where the government is the driving force for the private sector and carries out empowerment for the community, while the private sector and the community as partners. (klhk, 2018). forest management organization (kph) kediri was one of the forest management units in the east java regional division with a forest area of 117,339.80 hectares consisting of 37,932.40 hectares (32%) protected forests, 4,864.10 protected areas hectares (4%), other use areas covering an area of 3,968.90 hectares (3%) and production forests covering an area of 70,574.40 (60%). based on the company class, it was divided into teak company class with a raw area of 18,604.60 hectares (16%), pinus company class with a raw area of 88,744.30 hectares (76%) and sengon company class with a raw area of 9,990.90 hectares (9%). to facilitate forest management, kph kediri were divided into 9 (nine) forest management unit (bkph) sections, namely: (1) bkph bandung with a standard area of 16,466.20 hectares (14%), (2) bkph dongko with a standard area of 14,719 , 90 hectares (13%), (3) bkph kampak with a raw area of 15,123.80 hectares (13%), (4) bkph karangan with a raw area of 9,946.20 hectares (8%), (5) bkph kediri with a raw area 12,649.10 hectares (11%), (6) bkph tulungagung with a raw area of 11,602.90 hectares (10%), (7) bkph pare with a raw area of 9,990.90 hectares (9%), (8) bkph trenggalek with an area of 12,474.20 hectares (11%) and (9) bkph tulungagung with a raw area of 14,366.60 hectares (12%). tulungagung forest management unit (bkph) was a part of kph kediri with a standard area of 14,366.60 hectares. in accordance with the mission of perum perhutani, namely managing forest resources in a sustainable manner, caring for the interests of the community and the environment and optimizing the forestry business with the principles of good corporate governance (gcg), in this forest management bkph tulungagung also involves the community in this case lmdh in the implementation of its activities in the form of partnership cooperation. forest village community institutions (lmdh) in the bkph tulungagung work area as many as 26 lmdhs with the pangkuan desa forest in accordance with the administrative area of each village. of the analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 26 lmdhs in bkph tulungagung 1 lmdh has received the kk kulin sk 2017, while the other 25 lmdhs are still in the process of proposing the kk kulin scheme. one of the lmdhs that have collaborated in partnership is lmdh sumber lestari which is located in samar village, pagerwojo district, tulungagung regency, with a standard area of pangkuan village forest 973.4 hectares. with the potential of protected forests that are very broad with various potentials in it, especially the potential for natural tourism, this has attracted the author to further research the economic potential, especially in the lmdh sumber lestari. 2. research methods the type of this research is descriptive research. descriptive research is research that aimed to present a complete picture of a social setting or is intended for exploration and clarification of a phenomenon or social reality, by describing a number of variables with respect to the problem and the unit under study between the phenomena being tested. according to sugiono, (2014) descriptive research is research that used to answer the formulation of problems relating to the question of the existence of independent variables, either only in one or more variables. in this study, the researcher has a clear definition of the research subject and will use the who question to explore the information needed. the purposes of descriptive research were to produce accurate picture of a group, describe the mechanism of a process or relationship, provide a complete picture in either verbal or numerical form, present basic information on a relationship, create a set of categories and classify research subjects, describe a set of stages or processes, and to store contradictory information about the subject (soekanto, 1998). research targets are lmdh, related agencies or offices, and individuals who are directly or indirectly involved in forestry and agroforestry partnership activities. research targets were categorized as respondents. respondents were multi-stakeholder as the primary data source, consisting of men and women and various social strata. as for the size of the sample taken, the acceptable size (sample fraction) depended on the type of research. the minimum size for descriptive research about 10% of the population. some respondents and some of the data / information needed to support the subject matter of the study are as follows; 1) society communities involved in agroforestry activities in forest areas (lmdh sumber lestari) consist of several groups of social strata. therefore, respondents need to be taken purposively at each strata group. respondents selected are community members who can communicate and are able to explain experiences in carrying out agribusiness activities. the information needed were: participation, perceptions, community expectations, physical activity, income, rights and obligations in agroforestry activities. lmdh sampling by 10% of the existing members. analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 2) related service rph pagerwojo is an agency / agency related to agroforestry activities in the bkph tulungagung area, kph kediri. information needed were roles and authorities, legal instruments that underlie the implementation of roles and authorities, problems faced in carrying out roles and authorities, solutions that have been used in solving problems, procedures for implementing roles and authorities. 3) perhutani / kph perhutani was an institution with an interest in agroforestry activities. the information required were the legal basis for forest management, development of management results, experience in forest management, partnerships, roles, authorities, rights and obligations as well as procedures for implementing roles and authorities in agroforestry activities. the data and information required in this study are as follows: a) legality data of sumber lestari lmdh in terms of normative regulative b) data on forestry partnership partnerships (perhutani) with lmdh sumber lestari related to mou data, the implementation of socialization of social forestry programs and work programs as well as data related to the stages of application for forestry partnerships. c) data on roles, duties, rules and institutional structures including: participation and perceptions of the parties involved, the authority of the parties involved, rights and obligations, production stability related to types of plant commodities. d) other data taken from lmdh, kph of related agencies include: plots carried out agroforestry activities, realization of ginger, coffee, empon-empon, corn, elephant grass and advanced tapping activities for pine sap in stands, plus again with the program of agency activities related to agroforestry activities and evidence of legality of institutions related to agroforestry activities. data has taken directly in the field either through the observation method. direct interviews and questionnaire instrument assistance. the observation method has directed observation to see facts in the field to support the results of interviews and / or questionnaires. the data obtained, other than for the purposes of indicator analysis, was used to explain the causal relationship between indicators so that this study has a depth of explanatory research (explanatory research). the research was conducted at lmdh sumber lestari in bkph tulungagung kph kediri and administratively included in the area of samar village, pagerwojo district, tulungagung regency. the location selection was based on the consideration that samar village, pagerwojo district, is a forest village area with agricultural characteristics and was proposed as a partner of perum perhutani in the social forestry program with the forestry partnership scheme. analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence in this research, the power analysis method used was descriptive analysis. descriptive analysis was used to describe the characteristics of the research area, the characteristics of the respondents, the socio-economic characteristics of the community, the analysis of forestry partnerships. descriptive analysis were also carried out on the factors that cause the institution to not be optimal in assessing the effectiveness of the structure, mechanism and performance of institutions that are directly involved in forestry partnerships and agroforestry activities. the key to effective institutions lies in the mutual interest of the parties in the management of agroforestry activities. with this common interest, a meeting point of interest will automatically be found. the data analysis method used descriptive analysis, descriptive analysis aimed to make a descriptive picture or painting systematically, accurately regarding the facts, characteristics and relationships between the phenomena being investigated. the phenomena that were studied descriptively look for information about things that are considered to have relevance to the research objectives. according to purwanto and sulistyastuti, data analysis is a process of manipulating research data so that the data can answer research questions / the process of simplifying data into a form that is easier to interpret. 3. analysis and discussion analysis of legal aspects and legality of lmdh sumber lestari the sustainable source forest village community institution (lmdh) is one of the lmdhs which officially a legal entity of the 26 lmdhs in bkph tulungagung. the legal evidence was as recorded in the decree of the minister of justice of the republic of indonesia dated 10 october 1991 number: c.89-ht.03.01. 1991. with a notary bambang widiarto, sh. besides that, lmdh sumber lestari was also the only lmdh that get the kulin kk program through the decree of the minister of environment and forestry of the republic of indonesia number: sk.5679 / menlhk-pskl / pkps / psl-0/10/2017 dated 27 october 2017. by obtaining the kulin kk program, the sustainable source lmdh legally establishes a partnership between phbm forest area management with perum perhutani kph kediri with deed nursery, planting, maintenance, thinning, tapping, security, felling, pldt, monitoring and evaluation. analysis of forestry partnership cooperation (perhutani) with lmdh sumber lestari analysis of forestry partnership cooperation (perhutani) with lmdh sumber lestari can be seen in the diagram below; analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence table 1: stages of forestry partnership cooperation no step description 1 step 1 identification and mapping of prospective forestry partnership areas 2 step 2 outreach to the local community 3 step 3 facilities for institutional formation of potential partner groups 4 step 4 submission of forestry partnership application / proposal 5 step 5 check the completeness of the requirements of potential partners 6 step 6 preparation of a cooperation agreement draft 7 step 7 signing of the cooperation agreement manuscript 8 step 8 reporting of the cooperation agreement draft based on table 1, it can be explained that the process of building forestry partnership cooperation between perhutani and lmdh sustainable sources, there are 8 (eight) stages of the process that must be met. from each stage, there are several requirements that must be met in order to reach an agreement between the two parties, in this case perum perhutani and the lmdh sumber lestari. the flow of social forestry cooperation can be analyzed that lmdh and perhutani have agreed to enter into a partnership partnership as stated in the mou or a cooperation agreement between perhutani and lmdh. this forestry partnership also in its implementation also referred to the regulation of the minister of environment and forestry p.83 / menlhk / setjen / kum.1/10/2016 which regulates that community empowerment programs through forestry partnerships must be used the principles agreed upon by the two parties include the following: 1) agreement, in which all inputs, processes and outputs of the forestry partnership are built based on an agreement between the parties and are binding; 2) equality, where the partners have the same legal position in making decisions; 3) mutual benefit, where the partners strive to develop a business that does not cause harm; 4) specifically local, forestry partnerships are built and developed by taking into account the culture and characteristics of local communities including respecting the traditional rights of indigenous peoples; 5) trust, forestry partnerships are built based on mutual trust between the parties; 6) transparency, input, process and output of forestry partnership implementation is carried out openly by the parties while respecting the interests of each party; and 7) participation, the involvement of the parties actively so that the decisions taken have strong legitimacy. this local community empowerment program through forestry partnerships is mandatory for forest managers and permit holders, in this case the sustainable source lmdh. the implementation of the partnership program between lmdh-sustainable and perum perhutani kph kediri based on the mou / memorandum of agreement with the hope of bringing benefits from social, economic and ecological aspects, namely; analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 1) social sector a) provide opportunities for educational institutions as a medium for learning nature and increase knowledge about forest issues. the activity took the form of: forestry study (learning about the ins and outs of forests) and its management system. b) provide opportunities for university communities to conduct research on forest potential according to local forest characteristics to find renewable innovative works. the research results can be used as input for lmdh sumber lestari for further development of forest management. c) opening opportunities for students to carry out kkn at lmdh sustainable sources to find out more about the potential of forests and their management. d) providing opportunities for people who are members of forest-loving communities to carry out nature conservation based on the rules and regulations applicable in lmdh. e) engaging islamic boarding schools and community institutions that respect the forest to become lmdh small partners for mutual welfare. 2) economy a) build partnerships with small partners that involve elements of academics, local / subdistrict governments /, businessmen / investors and smes / ikm and other small and medium enterprises in joint forest management programs that support and complement each other, are massive and mutually beneficial for economic improvement overall. b) build cooperation or partnerships in hatchery, agriculture, livestock, home industry business units that have a relationship with forest commodity products managed by the lmdh 3) ecology a) in collaboration with the local tourism office to develop agro-tourism according to forest characteristics and potential, especially in the management area of lmdh sumber lestari. b) cooperating with secondary and tertiary education institutions to hold forest conservation programs in the form of nature conservation and reforestation. the types of plant commodities are adjusted to the program from lmdh sustainable resources. the benefits that can be given from this activity are in the form of knowledge benefits about the types of plant commodities along with information about forest management by lmdh sumber lestari. the achievements of the partnership program that can currently be realized include forest management / stand management, land management under stands and forest conservation. the benefits obtained from this partnership and collaboration are able to improve the welfare of the community, especially around forests managed by lmdh. analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence analysis of the types of forestry partnership commodities perum perhutani with lmdh sumber lestari the large potential of human resources owned by lmdh sumber lestari with as many as 928 members with an area of 0.25 hectare each of cultivated land per member is a big opportunity that is owned by lmdh sumber lestari. several types of commodities that are used as a partnership agreement between perum perhutani and lmdh, sustainable sources include standing plants and under-standing plants. stand plants are in the form of land management and utilization of pine sap, while under stands can be planted with elephant grass, cloves, ginger, corn. coupled with the type of commodity in the form of cattle farming. table 2: data on land area managed by lmdh sumber lestari number plot standart area (ha) real area planted (ha) description type of plant 1 24 g 7,8 7,8 nursery seeds 2 26 f 14,3 14,3 advanced lead pine 3 23 a 9,5 3,5 agroforestry coffee 4 23 b 10,8 4 agroforestry hmt 5 23 e-1 24.4 5,5 agroforestry porang 6 23 e-2 5,9 2 agroforestry empon-empon 7 24 g-2 7,8 7,8 agroforestry empon-empon 8 24 g-3 8,9 8,9 agroforestry corn 9 24 g-1 24,6 24,6 agroforestry empon-empon 10 26 b 8,3 8,3 agroforestry elephant grass 11 26 c-1 38,6 8,5 agroforestry corn 12 26 d 23,7 5,5 agroforestry corn 13 26 f 14,3 14,3 agroforestry empon-empon 14 26 c-1 38,6 38,6 agroforestry corn 15 26 d 23,7 23,7 advanced lead pine 16 26 h-1 15,7 15,7 advanced lead pine 17 23 e 24,4 24,4 advanced lead pine 18 23 b 10,8 10,8 advanced lead pine 19 24 g-3 8,9 8,9 advanced lead pine 20 24 g-1 24,6 24,6 advanced lead pine 21 29 a-1 21,6 21,6 advanced lead pine 22 29 b 32,8 32,8 advanced lead pine 23 29 c 31 31 advanced lead pine 24 28 a 3,1 3,1 advanced lead pine 25 28 b-3 5 5 agroforestry porang 26 28 b-2 14 7 agroforestry empon-empon 27 28 b-1 49,2 13 agroforestry elephant grass 28 27 a 11,5 7,5 agroforestry elephant grass 29 27 b 24,5 12,5 agroforestry porang 30 36 a 36,6 36,6 agroforestry empon-empon analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence 31 54 e 4,6 2 agroforestry elephant grass 32 54 a 0,1 0,1 agroforestry agro tourism 33 56 a 9,5 4 agroforestry agro tourism jumlah 564,7 564,7 437,9 source: secondary data, processed 2020 based on the data in table 2. the area of partnership land managed by lmdh sustainable sources in collaboration with perum perhutani kph kediri reaches 437.9 hectares of the standard area prepared by perhutani. of the total land area, the dominant plant species planted to support the agroforestry program which totals 219.2 hectares of land. meanwhile, the area of tapped pine sap reaches 210.9 hectares. this data was added to the area of land around the outskirts of community forest covering an area of 102.5 hectares. the total area of land resulting from the forestry partnership of perum perhutani with lmdh sumber lestari which has managed as presented in table 3 and table 4 below: table 3: land area by commodity category numbe r uraian kegiatan luas baku (ha) luas real ditanami (ha) 1 nursery 7,8 7,8 2 agroforestry 346 219,2 3 advanced lead 210,9 210,9 amount 564,7 437,9 source: secondary data, processed 2020 table 4: extent of land planted with commodity crops numbe r jenis tanaman luas baku (ha) luas real ditanami (ha) 1 seeds 7,8 7,8 2 pine 210,9 210,9 3 coffee 9,5 3,5 4 hmt 10,8 4 5 porang 29,5 23 6 empon-empon 103,2 92,3 7 corn 109,8 61,5 8 elephant grass 73,6 30,8 9 agro tourism 9,6 4,1 jumlah 564,7 437,9 source: secondary data, processed 2020 based on table 2 it can be seen that the type of pine plant with the activities carried out tapping reaching the largest area, namely 210.9 hectares, then the empon-empon has included in the second area category after tapping, which reaches 92.3 hectares, followed by corn reaching 61.5 hectares. hectares and the fourth largest commodity is elephant grass reaching 30.8 hectares. analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence another type of commodity that also the result of partnership cooperation is the livestock sector of the 928 members of the lmdh, in 2019 as many as 500 lmdh members had the opportunity to raise 1975 cows. and 10 goats. then related to the needs of livestock, it is taken from the type of elephant grass commodity planted in the forest by lmdh members. this is as shown in figures 3 below; figure 1: lmdh sumber lestari goat and cattle breeders analysis of economic potentials of dominant forest areas managed by lmdh sumber lestari table 5: economic potentials obtained by lmdh sumber lestari number type of plant real area planted (ha) potential yield per hectare total amount 1 pine 210,9 rp 24.000.000 rp 5.061.600.000 2 coffee 3,5 rp 6.750.000 rp 23.625.000 3 porang 23 rp 1.100.000.000 rp 25.300.000.000 4 empon-empon 92,3 rp 680.000.000 rp 62.764.000.000 5 corn 61,5 rp 28.035.000 rp 1.724.152.500 amount 437,9 rp 1.838.785.000 rp 94.873.377.500 source: secondary data, processed 2020 based on the data in table 4, it can be analyzed that the economic potential obtained by lmdh sumber lestari is quite large, reaching 94,873,377,500 with real land area managed by lmdh covering an area of 437.9 hectares. these results have not been distributed with perum perhutani with a distribution system of 75:25 for pine saplings and 70:30 for under-standing agroforestry commodities. the 75% share of commodity yields for tapped pine (rp. 3,796,200,000, -) belongs to perum perhutani kph kediri and 25% (rp. 1,265,400,000, -) belongs to lmdh sumber lestari. as for agroforestry commodities under standing 70% (rp. 62,868,244,250, -) belongs to lmdh sumber lestari and 30% (rp. 26,943,533,250, -) belongs to perum perhutani kph kediri. analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence table 6: economic potentials obtained by lmdh sumber lestari for types of livestock commodities (cows and goats) source: secondary data, processed 2020 based on the economic potential data in the livestock sector as shown in table 5. it can be analyzed that the economic potential obtained by lmdh sumber lestari for livestock commodities (cows and goats) reaches 49.4 billion. with details that goats produce 25 billion and cattle produce 49, 375 billion. this means that the partnership cooperation in the field of animal husbandry really promises enormous economic potential with an economic potential value of up to 49.4 billion. this proves that there are more opportunities to achieve community welfare, especially lmdh sumber lestari. analysis of perum perhutani's partnership development program with lmdh sumber lestari the direction and development of the sumber lestari lmdh partnership cooperation has directed at 4 (four) aspects of development including: 1) optimizing area management. number type of livestock sum (tail) selling price/tail (million) total gross revenue (million) 1 goat 10 2,5 25 2 cow 1975 25 49.375 amount 1985 27,5 49.400 figure 2. direction and development of partnership between perum perhutani and lmdh sumber lestari analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the development of cooperation in the field of area management optimization was directed at a business work plan or forest utilization in accordance with site conditions and the selection of superior plant types, empon-empon, porang, and agricultural crops. some of the steps taken in relation to optimizing regional management include: a. preparation of rku by involving several elements including academic elements, practitioners, entrepreneurs, government and smes / ikm and the community, especially members of the lmdh to reach further regarding the enrichment of types of business, enrichment of commodities, improving the quality of human resources, improving the quality of harvested products and building synergy with kphs outside kediri district. b. strengthening the brand of managed forest areas with certain types of commodities or as a specific function that has a unique side to increase the productivity and benefit of forest areas in the form of an agroforestry center. 2) institutional strengthening the development of cooperation related to institutional strengthening is directed at: formation of kups, training for institutional strengthening, increasing the status of group business entities, field schools, comparative studies. several steps were taken related to institutional strengthening, namely: a. the formation of kups (social forestry business group) is directed more to focus on managing the leading agroforestry commodity brands to have a large positive impact on lmdh and perhutani. b. institutional strengthening training is more focused on aspects that are considered lacking and weak but have more promising opportunities to increase the value / value of high productivity for lmdh. 3) increasing the value of production and environmental services the development of cooperation in increasing the value of production and environmental services is directed at; charm, assistance for productive economic tools, agroforestry, comparative studies, production improvement training, commodity promotion media. some of the steps taken related to increasing the value of production and environmental services, namely: a. building natural forest charms with a forest tourism brand (agro-tourism) as a means of education for the community and elements of education. b. increasing the value of forest product production by periodically providing productive economic tools. c. build cooperation with small partnerships with specific specifications to increase the production of forest products. analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence d. optimizing online marketing to expand market access both nationally and internationally through the website: perhutani.co.id 4) strengthening entrepreneurship strengthening cooperation in the field of entrepreneurship is directed at: business meetings, exhibition/promotion of business results, access to capital, access to marketing, business partnerships, entrepreneurship training. some of the steps taken related to strengthening entrepreneurship, namely: a. organizing a "business meeting" agenda which is packaged in the form of seminars / workshops / workshops to increase entrepreneurial spirit for start-ups by involving various elements from academia, businessmen, government and society. b. organizing product exhibition activities that are packaged in the form of collaboration with communities such as the east java brand opop (one product one pesantren), ukm and ikm by holding national scale kopdar activities. c. creating agroforestry-based education and training courses, especially for forest village communities who have not joined the lmdh. d. organizing agro-forestry-based competitions for elementary, middle and high schools with the aim of exploring the potentials of creative and innovative youth as a cultural stimulus for love of forests (love forest culture). 4.2.1 further development plans for market expansion / expansion involving small partnerships development model study scheme analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence figure 3: schematic of partnership development model in connection with the partnership cooperation development model scheme between perum perhutani kph kediri and sustainable source lmdh as presented in figure 5 it can be analyzed that in an effort to further develop and expand the market, given the considerable economic potential associated with forest products, strategic steps are needed. and focus on achieving the targets set. development programs that are directed at 4 aspects of development need to be narrowed down by building small partnerships that involve several elements including: 1) academics, 2) business / entrepreneurs, 3) government, and 4) society. the description of the pattern and system for implementing cooperation with small partnerships can be explained as follows: a) the involvement of elements of academia in an effort to expand the market, especially with regard to forest products, cooperation was needed with elements of higher education academics, especially those engaged in the lppm analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence (institute for research and community service) to conduct research and development to find and solve problems / problems that arise related to the development that will be carried out. . research conducted by academic partners is used as input for lmdh sumber lestari in improving product quality, improving the quality of productive human resources, improving the quality of effective and efficient governance and being able to compile well-planned and well-evaluated business analyzes. b) involving elements of business / entrepreneur the main problem of lmdh in forest management lies in the problem of capital. the presence of entrepreneurs is expected to be able to become investors for lmdh, especially able to be a solution related to the development and expansion of the determined market. c) the involvement of government / government elements the involvement of government elements in this case is to oversee the implementation of existing regulations so that all development and expansion programs can be carried out optimally by the lmdh from sustainable sources and the small partnership. d) the involvement of elements of society / society the involvement of society / community elements in this case is smes / ikm and homebased businesses that can be a driving force for the development and expansion of market access from remote / regional areas to manufacturing areas. several forest product commodities, especially those sourced from agroforestry, can be distributed directly, both in small and large scales. 4. conclusion 1) implementation of the forestry partnership program (kulin kk) lmdh sumber lestari in the agroforestry-based social forestry program scheme in bkph tulungagung, namely; a. sustainable source forest village community institution (lmdh) is 1 (one) out of 26 lmdhs in bkph tulungagung that are legal entities. the legal evidence is as recorded in the decree of the minister of justice of the republic of indonesia dated 10 october 1991 number: c.89-ht.03.01. 1991. with a notary bambang widiarto, sh. and is one of the lmdhs that get the kulin kk program from the government. b. partnership implementation of perum perhutani forestry with lmdh sumber lestari is manifested in the form of socialization activities carried out by perum perhutani to all members of lmdh sustainable sources which resulted in short, medium and long term work programs. in addition, it is strengthened by the mou / manuscript of the cooperation agreement between perum perhutani kph kediri and lmdh sumber lestari based on number: 178 / pks / kdr / divre jatim / 2017 (party1) signed by the administration analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence of perhutani / kkph kediri and number: 03 / lmdh / sumber lestari / 2017 (party 2) signed by the chairman of lmdh sumbe lestari. c. the type of commodity agreed upon from the partnership between perhutani and lmdh sustainable sources includes the management of social forest lands covering an area of 663.5 hectares planted with several commodities including coffee (210.9 ha), porang (23 ha), empon-empon ( 92.3 ha), corn (61.5 ha) and elephant grass (30.8 ha). then the rest of the land is allocated for seedlings (7.8 ha), pine saplings (210, 9 ha), forages (4 ha) and agro-tourism (9.6 ha). meanwhile, the remaining land area is still in the management planning process. d. the economic potential obtained by lmdh sumber lestari and perum perhutani kph kediri which is located in the area of rph pagerwojo bkph tulungagung from the results of the partnership cooperation obtained as follows; from the pine stand commodity (sadapan), an income of 5,061,600,000 was obtained, 23,625,000 of the coffee commodity, 25,300,000,000 of the porang commodity was obtained, 62,764,000,000 of the emponempon commodity was obtained and from the commodity corn income of 1,724,152,500. so that the total income is 94,873,377,500. from this total income, these results have not been distributed with perum perhutani with a distribution system of 75:25 for pine saplings and 70:30 for under-standing agroforestry commodities. the 75% share of commodity yields for tapped pine (rp. 3,796,200,000, -) belongs to perum perhutani kph kediri and 25% (rp. 1,265,400,000, -) belongs to lmdh sumber lestari. as for agroforestry commodities under standing 70% (rp. 62,868,244,250, -) belongs to lmdh sumber lestari and 30% (rp. 26,943,533,250, -) belongs to perum perhutani kph kediri. e. in connection with the partnership development program between lmdh sumber lestari and perum perhutani, kph kediri is prioritized in 4 development focuses including; 1) optimizing area management, 2) strengthening institutions, 3) increasing the value of production and environmental services and 4) strengthening entrepreneurship. 2) economic benefits the forestry partnership program (kulin kk) lmdh sumber lestari in the agroforestry-based social forestry program scheme at bkph tulungagung includes improving community welfare, especially lmdh sumber lestari, reducing unemployment, making forests more productive. in addition, the existence of a model scheme for the development and expansion of small partnership partnerships will have a positive impact on improving the welfare of the wider community. analysis of kulin kk lmdh sumber lestari based agroforestry social partnership program in bkph tulungagung mardiani dian, ahsin daroini, supriyono page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence references ruhimat, i. s. (2017). increasing the institutional capacity of farmer groups in agroforestry farm development: a case study in cukangkawung village, sodonghilir district, tasikmalaya regency, west java province. journal of forestry social and economic research, 14 (1), 1-17. ruhimat, i. s. (2015). the status of the sustainability of agroforestry farming on community lands: a case study in rancah district, ciamis regency, west java province. journal of forestry social and economic research, 12 (2), 29181. waluyo, e. a., & nurlia, a. (2017). development potential of liberika coffee (coffea libericca) agroforestry pattern and marketing prospects to support peatland restoration in south sumatra. development of agricultural science and technology with local farmers for sub-optimal land optimization. in proceedings of the national seminar on suboptimal land (pp. 255-264). accessed from : https://www.researchgate.net/profile/efendi_agus_waluyo/publication/325190541_potens i_pengembangan_kopi_liberika_coffea_liberica_pola_agroforestry_dan_prospek_pema sarannya_untuk_mendukung_restorasi_lahan_gambut_di_sumatera_selatan_belajar_da ri_kab_tanjung_jabung_barat_provinsi_/links/5afcd8dd0f7e9b98e03e91f8/potensipengembangan-kopi-liberika-coffea-liberica-pola-agroforestry-dan-prospekpemasarannya-untuk-mendukung-restorasi-lahan-gambut-di-sumatera-selatan-belajardari-kab-tanjung-jabung-barat-provinsi.pdf soekanto, soerjono. (1998). research methods, (jakarta: ghalia indonesia), 1998, page 13. 105 soerjono soekanto, op.cit, page 43. 106 sari, i. p., hidayati, s., ali, m., & purwanti, s. (2020). application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.). agricultural science, 4(1), 74–84. supriyanto, h., jayawinangun, r., & saputro, b. (2018). community forestry poor farmers live and die. environmental outlook. klhk. (2018). performance report of the directorate of social forestry area preparation, jakarta: ministry of environment and forestry. klhk. (2018). klhk statistics 2018, jakarta: ministry of environment and forestry. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectofsawdust andchaffmedia storageoncocoa (theobromacacao l.) seedsviability muchammadtoyyib, bambang gunawan,bambangwicaksonohariyadi. page | the effect of sawdust and chaff media storage on cocoa (theobroma cacao l.) seeds viability muchammad toyyib 1, bambang gunawan 2, bambang wicaksono hariyadi 3. faculty of agriculture agrotechnology study program 1, 2,3 merdeka university surabaya e-mail: gunawanb400@yahoo.com abstract: the objective of the research is to determine the effect of sawdust and chaff media storage on viability of cocoa (theobroma cacao l.) seeds. cocoa seeds’ viability need to be maintained during storage/shipment to planting destination. the research uses simple group randomized design (rak) consisting of five (5) treatment with three (3) replicates. assignment of treatment is carried out in randomized trial plots. the varieties tested is f1 hybrid varieties obtained from indonesia coffee and cocoa research center. the parameters observed included percentage (amount) of germination, rate of germination, and gross weight of sprouts. the result indicates shows that media storage treatment using sawdust and chaff provides significant effect on the percentage (number) of seeds germinate, sprout and speed or rate of gross weight of cocoa seed sprouts. in addition, control treatment (storage without chaff or sawdust) resulted in the highest percentage (number) of germinated seed, while the highest germination rate and gross weight of sprouts is indicated by treatment of storage with chaff of 100% although not significantly different statistically with 50% chaff. keywords: cocoa seed, sawdust and chaff, , rak. 1. introduction cocoa is one of the superior commodities of plantation. the role of cocoa is quite important for the national economy, particularly as a provider of employment, sources of income and foreign exchange. in addition, cocoa plays a role in promoting regional development and agro-industry. in 2002, cocoa plantation has provided employment and income source for 900 thousand head of farm families mostly located in eastern indonesia (kti) and contributed the largest income to the three plantation sub-sectors after rubber and palm oil. most of cocoa beans from indonesia are exported, although there are some cocoa processing industries into semi-finished products in indonesia. the development of cocoa seed exports shows an increase from year to year. in 1997, a cocoa export was estimated to have reached approximately us $ 378 million. while the value is an estimated figure, it was is higher than the previous year of us $ 377.5 million. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectofsawdust andchaffmedia storageoncocoa (theobromacacao l.) seedsviability muchammadtoyyib, bambang gunawan,bambangwicaksonohariyadi. page | the main obstacle faced by exported cocoa commodities is viability of seeds. cocoa is a crop with recalcitrant seeds. recalcitrant seed viability can only be maintained until a few weeks or a few months, even if stored in optimum conditions (bewley and black, 1994 in rachmawati hasid, 2010). cocoa seeds are recalcitrant seeds, which have no dormancy and high water content. cocoa seeds need to maintain its viability during storage/shipment to planting destination. in conventional seed production, cooling process still face fear of moisture content that leads to uniformity of the moisture level as it depends on workers performance. decrease in water content of cocoa recalcitrant seeds may lead to a decrease in seed quality. moisture content of seeds in storage can still be maintained to some extent by using a storage medium. one effort to maintain the seed water content to remain optimal is to store the seeds in a room or container with high humidity using a moist storage medium. air humidity seed store room or container can be set using a damp solid media such as sawdust (rahardjo, 2001 in rachmawati hasid, 2010). a previous research by using sawdust with quantity of 20 grams, 40 grams, and 60 grams was conducted by d.m.f. sumampow (2011) and the results shows that the storage of cocoa seeds on sawdust media does not affect viability of cocoa seeds. based on this condition the authors are interested to conduct a research with higher amount of sawdust and other storage media in the form of chaff that it is expected to provide good results. 2. materials and methods this study used a simple randomized block design (rak) consisting of five (5) treatments with three (3) replicates. the assignment of treatment in the experimental plots was performed randomly. the material used in this research is cocoa seed (theobroma cacao l.) with varieties of f1 hybrids obtained from indonesian coffee and cocoa research center as treatment object, chaff and sawdust as storage media, styrofoam size 19 x 12 x 7 cm as a place of storage and germination media, sand as germination media, label as marker of each treatment and each sample, 95% alcohol as liquid for storage media sterilization. the tools used in the study are stationery and paper for recording data, hand sprayer for watering, germinator for germination process, oven for sterilizing storage media, and other tools that support the implementation of research. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectofsawdust andchaffmedia storageoncocoa (theobromacacao l.) seedsviability muchammadtoyyib, bambang gunawan,bambangwicaksonohariyadi. page | 3. results and discussion 3.1. percentage (amount) germination the result of variance analysis shows that the use of storage media in the form of chaff and sawdust has significant effect on observation of germination percentage during cocoa seed growth at 10 days after planting. table 1. average percentage of germination (%) in storage of cacao seed in chaff and sawdust media treatment average number of sprouts average growth percentage (%) k0 = controls or without chaff or sawdust 3.33 b 66.6 k1 = storage with sawdust 50% 2.00 a 40.0 k2 = storage with sawdust 100% 2.67 ab 53.4 k3 = storage with chaff 50% 2.33 a 46.6 k4 = storage with chaff 100% 2.67 ab 53.4 5% bnt: 0.81 description: the figures followed by the same letters in the same column are not significantly different at 5% of bnt test. table 1 shows that the increasing doses of storage on a storage media of sawdust or chaff results in increase in the percentage of cocoa seed germination. the highest percentage of germination was shown by treatment without chaff or sawdust (66.6%) and significantly different from storage treatment using either sawdust or chaff storage media. most seeds or the smallest percentage is achieved with 50% sawdust storage treatment with an average sprout number of only 2 seeds or 40%, this is not significantly different from the storage treatment with 50% chaff with an average sprout only 2.33 seed or 46.6%. both these treatments are statistically different from storage treatment using other storage media. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectofsawdust andchaffmedia storageoncocoa (theobromacacao l.) seedsviability muchammadtoyyib, bambang gunawan,bambangwicaksonohariyadi. page | 3.2. rate of germination analysis of variance shows that the use of storage media by using chaffs or sawdust has very significant effect on observation during the growth of cocoa seed germination rate at 10 days after planting. table 2. average growing rate (days) on cocoa seed storage on sawdust and chaff media treatment the average rate of germination (days) k0 = controls or without chaff or sawdust 6.13 c k1 = storage with 50% sawdust 6.00 bc k2 = storage with 100% sawdust 5.77 bc k3 = storage with 50% chaff 5.17 b k4 = storage with 100% chaff 4.17 a 5% bnt: 0.84 description: the figures followed by the same letters in the column is not significantly different at 5% btn test. table 2 shows that the increasing doses of storage on sawdust or chaff storage media is followed by an increase in the rate of the cocoa seed germination. the fastest germination rate is indicated by storage treatment with 100% chaff with an average germination rate of 4.17 days and statistically very different from the storage treatment using either sawdust or other chaff storage media. the slowest germination rate at the latest it tended to is achieved by control treatment or without chaff or sawdust with average germination rate of 6.13 days, statistically different from storage treatment using other storage media. 3.3. sprouts gross weight analysis of variance indicates that the use of chaffs or sawdust storage media has significant effect on gross weight of cocoa seed germination at 10 days of planting. table 3 shows that the increasing doses of storage on sawdust or chaff media, the agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectofsawdust andchaffmedia storageoncocoa (theobromacacao l.) seedsviability muchammadtoyyib, bambang gunawan,bambangwicaksonohariyadi. page | higher the gross weight of cocoa seed sprouts. the highest gross weight of sprouts was indicated by storage treatment with 100% chaff with the average gross weight of the sprouts reaching 8.70 gram, although not significantly different from storage treatment with 50% chaff with average wet weight of 7.73 gram. both treatments are statistically different from storage treatment using other storage media. the lightest gross weight tend is achieved by control treatment or without chaff or sawdust with average gross weight of only 5.27 grams, the treatment was significantly different from storage treatment with other storage media. table 4. average gross weight of sprout (gram) on sawdust and chaff storage media treatment average sprouts gross wight (gram) k0 = controls or without chaff or sawdust 5.27 a k1 = storage with 50% sawdust 6.73 ab k2 = storage with 100% sawdust 6.93 ab k3 = storage with 50% chaff 7.73 b k4 = storage with 100% chaffs 8.70 b 5% bnt: 2.03 description: the figures followed by the same letter in the same column is not significantly different in 5% bnt test 4. discussion observation on cacao seed germination after 10 days of storage using sawdust or chaff indicates that k0 treatment (treatment without chaff or sawdust) is the best treatment to obtain high germination value. it is maybe influenced by genetic factors. according to the hasidic (2010), water content of cocoa seeds determines the vigor condition. if the water content is above critical value, the vigor value is still tolerable. however, if the water content is below the critical value, the vigor is very low. observation on cacao seed after germination at 10 days after storage using sawdust or chaff indicates that chaffs storage of 100% k4 has a value of 4.17 days as the fastest treatment to germinate. it is suspected that the dose of chaff storage using 100% is the optimum dose for agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectofsawdust andchaffmedia storageoncocoa (theobromacacao l.) seedsviability muchammadtoyyib, bambang gunawan,bambangwicaksonohariyadi. page | cocoa seed storage. in other words, the increasing dose of media store using chaff 100% does not lower seed moisture content to below 26%, thus the seeds do not deteriorated quality (due to reduced moisture content) as there is no degradation of the trigger mechanism in seed germination. in general, when water content of the seeds decreases rapidly by about 20%, the seed has also reached physiological cooking or functional cooking and at that moment the seed gains maximum dry weight, maximum vigor and maximum sprout ability (viability) or the highest quality (kamil, 1979). this is in accordance with sutopo (2004)’s opinion stating that condition that in too wet media, aeration will be inhibited, occurrence of disease and rot of seeds will be stimulated due to fungus or bacteria. observation on cacao seed after germination at 10 days after storage using sawdust or chaff shows that that k4 (with chaffs storage 100%) has a value of 8.70 grams which is the best treatment to obtain high gross weight of germination. this is presumably because the storage on chaff medium is good enough to control cocoa seed water content during the storage process. this is in line with the research conducted by sumampow (2011) on sawdust storage media, stating that the higher the dose of storing media, the better the viability of cocoa seeds as evidenced by the greater the power and the weight of the sprouts. 5. conclusion storage treatment using sawdust and chaff had significant effect on the percentage (number) of germinated seeds, velocity or sprout rate and gross weight of cocoa seed sprouts. k0 treatment (control or storage without the chaff or sawdust) resulted in the highest percentage (number) of germinated seeds, while the highest germination rate and gross weight of is indicated treatment k4 (storage with chaffs 100%) although not significantly different from k3 treatment (storage with chaff 50%). references [1] ahmad, a. 2011. studies fracture dormancy and after-ripening period local upland rice gorontalo. dissertation ipb, bogor. 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[11] pasandaran, e., haryono, suherman. 2015. strengthening the competitiveness of agricultural commodities in the perspective of regional competitiveness. agricultural research books, http://www.litbang.pertanian.go.id/buku/memperkuat_dayasaing_produk_pe/bab-iv3.pdf.[11 august2016. at 17:43] [12] center for indonesian coffee and cocoa research, 2004. the indonesian coffee and cocoa. coffee and cocoa research center for indonesia. jember. [13] rosniawaty, s. 2010. effect of compost fruit leather cocoa and kascing on growth seed cocoa (theobroma cacao l.) cultivar upper amazone hybrid (uah). faculty of agriculture unpad.2010. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectofsawdust andchaffmedia storageoncocoa (theobromacacao l.) seedsviability muchammadtoyyib, bambang gunawan,bambangwicaksonohariyadi. page | [14] setiawan, p. 2013. effects of seed soaking in water coconut cocoa and giving npk mg on growth seed cocoa(theobromacacao l.). proposed as thesis, faculty of farming, north sumatra university. [15] sinaga, sanni r. 2002. influence of abu sawdust and compost to chemical nutrient and production of maize(zeamays l) on ultisol mancang. proposed as thesis, faculty of farming, north sumatra university. [16] siregar, ths, s. riyadi, and l. nuraeni, 2008. cultivation, processing marketing results. sower swadaya, jakarta [17] siregar, tumpal.hs, et al. 2008. aquaculture processing and marketing chocolate. jakarta: sower self reliance. [18] sitanggang, c. 2010. utilization of rice husk charcoal as adsorbent to lower iron levels in water well. proposed as thesis, faculty of farming, north sumatra university. [19] suryani, d and zulfebriansyah, 2007. commodities cocoa: images and funding opportunities. economic review no. 210 december 2007 http://www.bni.co.id/portals/0/document/komoditas%20kakao.pdf. [10 august 2016 at 18:20] [20] sutopo, l. 2004. seed technology. revision edition. rajawali. jakarta [21] syatrianti, a. syaifull, m. amin ishak, and jusriana, 2007. viability of seed cocoa (theobroma cacao l.) at different levels seed water content and media store. agrivigor 6 (3): 243-251 [22] wahyudi, t., tr panggabean, pujiyanto. 2008. complete guide cocoa agribusiness management dai upstream to downstream. sower swadaya, jakarta. [23] widya. y., 2008, aquaculture farming brown, tim bina tani works, bandung. contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 14 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon mbu daniel tambi department of agricultural economics; university of dschang, west region, cameroon p o box: 222 fasa tchumela tchoupua cédric university of dschang, cameroon e-mail: tambi2015@yahoo.co.uk abstract improving household well-being by intensifying agricultural production is a major concern of most developing countries. our main objective is to quantify the contribution of cameroon penja pepper production on economic well-being. with the used of multiple correspondence analyses we constructed a well-being indicator using primary data collected among pepper producers and the result is estimated using ordinary least square. the results show that penja pepper production is significantly corroborating with household economic well-being. the result is explained by industrial pepper production, while climate change, financing difficulties and availability of cultivated land are the main constraints faced by penja pepper farmers. decision makers should create policies to regulate the pepper market in terms of exportation of the crop. this is a wise step towards increase household economic well-being. keywords: contribution, household, economic well-being, production, penja pepper, cameroon 1. introduction until date poverty issues are still at the centre of the world policy especially among the youths of africa and other developing countries. according to the world bank (2012) in order to significantly reduce poverty and hunger in the most direct way possible, priority must be given to economic growth in the sectors where the poor work, i.e. where the factors of production belong to the poor. the agricultural sector generally fulfills this criterion, and in africa this sector of activity mainly includes farmers and the poor and evidence beyond africa's borders, agriculture is able to take the lead in development initiatives. according to the world bank report no.13167-cm, poverty is synonymous with deprivation and vulnerability: deprivation of adequate nutrition, rudimentary health care, basic education and the possibility of escape poverty; vulnerability to hunger, disease, ignorance, destruction, and opportunities that cannot be grasped (manga, 2008). if poverty persists, children born poor become adults and give birth to a new generation of poor children. the cost of persistent poverty is measured in terms of dreams always pushed back and lives spoiled. a society that is not able to offer opportunities to all who constitute it is a society of drift. from the foregoing, we can define poverty as the lack of material or financial resources needed to meet basic needs such as food, housing, health, education, access to water. according to the 2007 cameroon consumption contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 15 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence household survey, the established income poverty profile reveals that with an estimated poverty line of 232547 cfa per year per adult equivalent, 52.1% of the rural population is made up of poor households (manga, 2008). the world bank development report 2008 reports a major shift in the assessment of the important role of agriculture in economic growth and poverty reduction, and stimulates the debate on actions preferred. they noted that agricultural growth is accelerating in africa, but that productivity is growing more slowly, and that the growth of agriculture is very effective in reducing poverty. agriculture in cameroon represents the most important economic activity, both in terms of volume of production, labor employed, contribution to gdp and contribution to exports. according to the national investment report in 2008 agriculture occupies an important place in the national economy because of its effects of training on other sectors of the economy. over the period from 2011 to 2017, the cameroonian economy experienced an average annual growth rate of 4.6%. the same has been true for the rural sector, whose share of gdp has remained around 20%, with 15% of gdp for crop production. the agricultural sector is a major contributor to production and plays a central role in food security, job creation and wealth, renewable resource management and biodiversity (minader, 2017). the cultivation of penja pepper was introduced in cameroon since the 1950s due to the favourable climate, environment and volcanic soils located around the penja zone. the white pepper cultivated in cameroon is known as piper nigrum in india. the cultivation of pepper was traditional and very little is dedicated to export in the past. however, today the culture is growing and offers many small planters the opportunity to cultivate this king of spices, a demanding, delicate and long-lasting culture. the year 2013 was the year of the new light of white pepper as it gains the recognition of the government, ngos and many industries operating in the agricultural sector. actually, this type of pepper belong to the species piper nigrum and of the family piperaceae which comes in green, black, white or gray peppers depending on the stage of maturity at harvest and processing (balleti, 2016). in west and central africa, many traditional agricultural and food products are tied to a specific territory and have a reputation at national and sometimes international levels. penja pepper is recognized as one of the best peppers in the world. the current production of peppers from penja-cameroon is about 400 tons per year. however, it is likely to increase given that the pepper produced has obtained a geographical indication that allows it to be sold under the label "pepper penja" (bridier, 2010). the production of this pepper helps to reduce poverty through the promotion of employment, the repatriation of foreign exchange and the increase of producers' incomes. in the middle ages, spices such as pepper were rare; however, the conquest of alexandria contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 16 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence in 642ad by the arabs marked the beginning of this trade. that's why this rarest spice, were used as bargaining chips. there is also the expression "expensive as pepper", or "pay in cash (spices)". the wealth of a nobleman could be evaluated according to the quantity of pepper he possessed. based on this, the rich germans nicknamed this specie as ‘pepper sacks’. its exorbitant price in the middle ages and the monopoly on trade held by italian trading with arab merchants was one of the reasons that led the portuguese to find a sea route to india. in summary, the cultivation of penja pepper has been attracting more and more farmers since 2013, the year in which the protected geographical indication of the african intellectual property organization was attributed to this pepper. since then, the price of this spice has exploded from 5usd/kg before september 2013; the price of certified penja pepper reached 16usd/kg in 2014, and peaked at 28usd/kg during 2015, which is a source of information for producers. despite all these, poverty is still a major issue in this region of the country (balleti, 2016). it therefore, becomes compelling to quantify the actual effect of penja pepper production in the improvement of household economic wellbeing in cameroon, more so we are not aware of any study quantifying the production of this pepper in cameroon. this study therefore targets the following research objectives: to examine the contribution of cameroon penja pepper production on economic well-being, check this effect by category of producers as well as identify constraints related to the production of penja pepper in cameroon. literature review in the context of the manifestation of poverty in cameroon and agricultural production, fouda (2003) thinks that it is the liberalization of the agricultural sector which is the main cause of poverty, because it has not been prepared and has been translated by a total withdrawal of the state in the context of lack of training of producers, high input costs, low producer prices, difficulty of access to credit. other denounced causes include: poor road infrastructure, poor governance (corruption, misappropriation of public funds, uneven distribution of the fruits of growth). this analysis thus reflects a link between the failure of public policies and poor farmers in rural areas. the origin of penja pepper also known as white pepper is vague but assumed that it goes back several thousand years and was widely used in the western world, mainly in india and china. alexander the great brought it to europe following his expedition to asia. pepper has long been a bargaining chip, like many other spices. the expression pay "in cash" finds its origin in the payment "in spices". pepper has quickly seduced westerners and has become a basic spice in many traditions. pepper includes three varieties of plants: cubebe pepper (piper cubeba), long pepper (piper longum) and black pepper (piper nigrum). the latter is the most used. the pepper tree is a contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 17 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence liana that belongs to the family of piperaceae. contrary to popular belief, the pepper does not produce only black pepper. indeed, the stage of maturity at which we harvest its fruit will make us get black pepper, white or green. black pepper is picked when ripe and dried in the sun. white pepper is also picked at maturity, but dried after being stripped of its envelope. as for green pepper, it corresponds to pepper picked before maturity, and preserved in vinegar. to preserve all the flavors of pepper, it is recommended to buy it as whole grains and to reduce them to powder at the last moment. used in all sauces, pepper enhances the flavor of a variety of prepared foods: from starter to full meal, including soup, salad dressings and marinades. it gives flavor to salads, meat, fish and seafood, omelet, stews, stir-fries… pepper works in synergy with other spices by raising the flavors, without ever altering them. whole grains of pink and green peppers are incorporated directly into certain soup to add a decorative touch, without resisting under the tooth. for a more pronounced peppery taste, pepper is added at mid-cooking or at the end of it, as its flavor and subtlety dissipate if cooked too long. when cooked for more than two hours, it loses its unique taste and becomes slightly bitter. in addition, the taste of pepper increases when a dish is placed in the freezer (see photo of penja pepper in appendix a). from the start, pepper has tonic, stimulating and antibacterial properties. pepper also makes high-protein foods more digestible for the stomach because its essential oil stimulates gastric juice. pepper stimulates pancreatic juice thus facilitating the digestion of carbohydrates and lipids. although it shows the presence of some vitamins and minerals, their content is not high enough to make real satisfaction. nevertheless, the antioxidants contained in black pepper have demonstrated in the laboratory a certain anticancer potential. indeed, as part of a healthy diet, balanced and rich in fruits and vegetables, this spice would be part of the food to consume daily to help increase its capital of antioxidants and prevent certain cancers and 2ml (1/2 tsp) would be the reference amount to consume to have a significant effect (nuhu, 2014). studies also reveal that black pepper piperine seems to improve the assimilation of curcumin (present in turmeric) by the body, an effective compound acting in the prevention of certain cancers. this is why it is strongly recommended to season a dish of turmeric and black pepper mixture to fully enjoy the benefits of curcumin. black pepper could also help reduce the amount of salt we use, both for cooking and during meals, as it brings flavor and taste to cooked dishes; a significant benefit for your health. it is undeniably the "king of spices", as mentioned in the early fourth century bc, especially in sanskrit under the name of "pippali". it is the most popular spice in the world that even intervened on the course of history since it played a key role in the search of the sea routes to the east by the europeans. for centuries the pursuit of pepper has dominated the spice trade. it has contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 18 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence been used as a bargaining chip (belleti, 2016). the bulk of world production is concentrated in a few countries whose very high productivity comes from the technical improvements employed as well as large quantities of plants in cultivation. world production of pepper reached a peak of more than 355,000 tons in 2003. it was 271000 tons in 2008. vietnam, which produced only 25000 tons in 1994, has been the leading producer and exporter since 2001. she has the highest yield per hectare: 1,200 to 1,300 kg (india has a yield of 314 kg). in 2008, vietnam produces 34% of world production (98,500 tons). followed by india (19%, 50000 tons), brazil (13%, 35000 tons), indonesia (9%, 25000 tons), malaysia (8%, 20000 tons). china (7%), sri lanka (6%) and thailand (4%), while in 2008 exports were 83000 tons for vietnam, 36000 tons for brazil, 30000 tons for india, 19000 tons for malaysia, 16 300 tons for indonesia, 8 500 tons for sri lanka, 3 000 tons for china and 1 500 tons for thailand. and 1,200 tons for madagascar. in 2009, world production is 285,000 tons, of which vietnam's production is 105,600 tons. in 2010, world production is estimated at 320,000 to 350,000 tons. much of the pepper goes to cochin, the capital of the spice, where traders, buyers, experts and officials meet (fao, 2012). empirical specification the locality of penja-cameroon is located in the department of moungo from the littoral region, cameroon. it is bounded in the north by loum, to the south by mbanga, to the east by yabassi and to the west by melong. temperatures are high throughout the year (24°c) and the annual average sunshine is 26.56°c. in addition, the minimum temperature is recorded in september (25.55°c) and the highest temperature in august (27.17°c). the average annual rainfall is 2434.69mm, the maximum rainfall is recorded in september (394.26mm) and the minimum in january with 22.13mm. during a year, the months of july, august and september are very wet, which is not the case for the months of december, january and february when rainfall drop. the locality of penja is dominated by a monsoon wind blowing from east to west. it sometimes reaches high speeds in december (6.3m/s) and in march (8.3m/s). the soils show that the penja locality is characterized by two main soil types. the soils of the banana plain; which is a complex soil set comprising three types of soils, all of volcanic origin: poorly evolved soils, eutrophic brown soils and typical ferralitic soils. etrophic brown soils; these are soils formed on recent flows of siliceous basalt. they are abundantly represented between njombe-penja and manjo. they are deep (1.5-3m) and have very dark gray and very humi-ferous brown horizons, especially on the surface. the silty-sandy surface texture evolves towards the more colloidal fractions at depth; similarly, the lumpy surface grained structure has a cubic tendency when it develops in depth. the penja hydrographic network is of dense dendritic type. contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 19 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the waters of the area are drained by two major watercourses. the moungo west of the wouri, which rises in the bakossi mountains at 1755m above sea level, joins the wouri mangrove after a 200km course and the dibombari in the east. among the minor water courses are: misele, bwankoutou, nyela and ekowa. the zone is constituted with the exception of cultivated areas, of a primary forest. cash crops and food crops are sometimes grown in the forest, after eliminating a good number of trees and undergrowth (deforestation, nuisance effect, greenhouse effect). in industrial plantations, it is necessary to mention the introduction of mangoes as a cover crop. almost all possible crops are grown (banana, oil palm, pepper, coffee, cocoa, papaw, pineapple, potato, cocoyam, etc ...). the municipality of penja does not have protected areas in the true sense of the word. there are, however, some reforested hills (degree of development of the order of 58%) by the php (plantation high penja) and put in defense. construction of the synthetic poverty indicator index construction has been introduced by researchers and academics since 1998, and so far the most widely constructed index is the wealth or asset index. this method uses household asset data such as durable and semi-durable goods to describe household welfare rather than using household income or expenditure data. its concept is based on evidence that the metric measure of money is too narrow to define the welfare of households and this index is likely to be compatible with the financial means. in addition, the index requires less data intensive collection, which may result in smaller measurement error and be adapted to the technical capabilities of government statistical offices. this would be a very useful tool for a primary household survey which is easy to collect. with respect to poverty reduction, we chose seven (7) bimodal variables (1 = yes and 2 = no). the variables selected for the synthetic variable are grouped in table 1. table 1: variables used to construct the poverty index variables modalities does your engage in pepper production permit you to educate your children? [1= yes, 2 = no] income derived from pepper production help you to satisfy your physical needs? [1= yes, 2= no] income from pepper production permits you to save some money? [1= yes, 2 = no] pepper production has increased your income significantly? [1 = yes, 2 = no] income from pepper production permits you to invest in other domains/activities? [1= yes, 2 = no] income from pepper has increased your standard of living? [1= yes, 2 = no] contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 20 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence are you satisfied (socially, economically) with pepper production? [1 = yes, 2 = no] source: author the poverty index used in this study was constructed for this study. this index was constructed using multiple correspondence analysis (mca). the multiple correspondence analysis approach has been popularized in the area of multidimensional poverty analysis by asselin (2005) and in the current literature. the mca is applied in multidimensional welfare analysis as the case of cameroon by njong and ningaye (2010) and epo and baye (2011). technically, the mca is obtained by using the standard correspondence analysis on a matrix of indicators by selecting the synthetic variable as well as the different modalities including the variable. as part of this work, the synthetic variable is "pepper production increases your income". econometric model the cobb-douglas type functional form is generally accepted for the analysis of the production function in the agricultural sector. our model is the conceptual basis of pepper production and poverty reduction. this model is shown below: iipr   (1) in equation (1), pr is reduction in poverty capture by the constructed synthetic indicator of poverty reduction. this poverty reduction index has been created using the seven variables in the table 1 and it is our outcome variable. the i represents the main independent variable i.e. the quantity of peppers produced per year, while the income level of producers and other exogenous variables are the main factors determining poverty reduction and the production of peppers in penja. the ith at the base of  simply represents the respective elements that can directly explain the quantity of pepper produced such as: training, gender, age, farm size, labour force, access to credit, access to fertilizer, level of education and age of operation. the estimation of the parameters ̂ shows to what magnitude the determinant factors will contribute to the reduction of poverty. the i represents the unobserved random variables, which explains the difference between the actual responses observed and the expected result. in the same way; the  stands for the constant term. the parameter estimate of the weighted ordinary least square estimation can be estimated using a simple mathematical formula as indicated in equation (2). contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 21 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence ̂         22 1 1 ii ii n pr n pr   = ][ ],[ xvar rpcov  (2) still focusing on the weighted ols, the constant term may be estimated by the following formula. xrp  ˆˆ  (3) from equation 1, we can explain the variables used in the regression. principally, the quantity of peppers produced (x1) known as the yield is measured by the quantity of penja pepper produced per year. the greater the quantity the more the income increases, which leads to an increase in the standard of living. farmers initial income (x2) which is a variable that determines the household production level. actors had formal/informal training jn the production of pepper (x3): having to attend training on the practice of farming techniques is an asset to farmers in the management of agricultural techniques to increase their production. other variables considered in our regression table include: gender (x4), age (x5), mechanized agriculture (x6), farm size (x7), the larger the area under cultivation, the greater the chance of having a large production and in return a higher income. the type of labor used (x8), on a farm is an important explanatory factor for the increase in production. it is expected that hired labor will be more efficient. access to credits (x9) has an effect on farmers' output especially for start-up or expansion of activities. credit allows for the acquisition of inputs needed in the production process, which allows farmers to improve their performance. access to fertilizers (x10) everything being equal, a large consumption of fertilizer, necessarily induces high production. the level of education (x11) is expected to have an effect on pepper production. education is a form of human capital development that increases labor productivity. experience in production (x12) is another input factor in the production of pepper. 4. results and discussions socioeconomic characteristics of penja pepper producers the result in table 2 shows that 96.70% of pepper producers are men and 3.30% are women. these results are similar to those of shah et al (2015) who found that 90% of farmers are men and 10% are women. the predominance of men in pepper cultivation is due to the fact that women are heavily involved in food crops cultivation. this can also be explained by the intensive physical work that production requires. with regards to age, the majority of producers are between the ages of 30 and 55 (54.2%), the work of shah et al (2015) have relatively the same results. young people under 30 years old represent 32.5%, this can be explained by the fact that they are contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 22 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence motivated by the pampig. they consider pepper as a high-value crop. the proportion of over 55 years is low (13.3%) because at this age the physical strength is considerably reduced. table 2: socioeconomic characteristics of penja pepper producers description relative frequency percentage age group < 30 years 39 32.5 between 30-55 years 65 54.2 > 55 years 16 13.3 total 120 100 gender women 4 3.30 men 116 96.70 total 120 100 level of education no education 15 12.5 primary 39 32.5 secondary 57 47.5 higher 9 7.5 total 120 100 marital status single 41 34.20 married 79 65.80 total 120 100 distribution of producers according to household size small household size (< 5 persons) 17 14.20 average (between 5-8 persons) 72 60 large (> 8 persons) 31 25.80 total 120 100 distribution of producers by crop area small land size (< 2 hactares) 69 57.5 average (between 2 – 4 hactares) 30 25 large (> 4 hactares) 21 17.5 total 120 100 contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 23 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence distribution of producers by annual income (cfa) small (< 1000,000) 77 64.20 average (between 1000,0005000,000) 28 23.30 highe (> 5000,000) 15 12.50 total 120 100 source: author the result in table 2 shows that 47.5% of producers have a high school education; ololade and olagunju (2013 also report similar proportions (62.5%). very few producers pursue higher education (7.5%). we note in summary that the level of studies here is on average high, contrary to the result of the work of folefack (2012) which states that 92% of producers are illiterate. level of education is a form of human capital development that increases labor productivity, usually resulting in higher output. according to this analysis, 65.80% of producers are married compared to 34.20% who are not married. these results are similar to those of other authors (nuhu, 2014) who reported respective rates of married producers of 70%, 80% and 61%. this is explained by the fact that in rural areas, getting married at a very young age and even the mere fact of living in a cohabiting relationship is generally considered an official union. we note in this study that, 60% of producers have between 5 and 8 people under their roof, the work of ololade and olagunju (2013) illustrate similar results; they found that 76.70% of producers have on average more than 5 people under their roof. the large size of the household is usually a cause of poverty in large families with insufficient financial resources. the statistic show that many producers use less than 2ha (57.5%) while a small number uses more than 4ha (17.5%). this can be explained by the fact that most producers do not have enough financial means to acquire large plots, so they are content to exploit small plots on which they can bear the costs of production. verifying the income status of the producers and households, we observed that at-least 64.20% of the producers have an average income of less that 1000,000 per year, meaning that despite the engage of the pepper producers, they are relatively poor as compare to their counterpart engage in other cash crop production. this can easily be understood given that only 12.5 percent of the exploiters can produce and make an income of 5 million per year. it also means that, apart from pepper production, the people do not actually have another secondary activity that they can derived money from. production of penja pepper and household economic well-being contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 24 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence the results of the multiple linear regression show that the variables that have a significant effect on poverty reduction are: training, age, farm size, access to fertilizer, age of exploitation and the main independent variable which is the amount of peppers produced. regarding the variable quantity of peppers produced, its coefficient is positive (0.5687) and significant at 1%. this means that increasing the unit amount of peppers produce, increases income, which leads to a reduction of poverty by 56.87%. this result is similar to that of ololade and olagunju (2013) who finds that increasing agricultural production in the face of a good marketing system reduces poverty among farm households at the 70% scale. similarly, the training variable coefficient is positive (0.0204) and significant at 1%. this implies that additional participation in training workshops increases the amount produced which contributes to a 2.04% reduction in poverty. in addition, the producer experience variable coefficient is positive (0.0206) and significant at 1%. this result states that age and poverty reduction move in the same direction. the increase of one unit of age induces a poverty reduction at the scale of 2.06%. these results are justified by a concentration of large plots to people between 30 and 65 years old with multidimensional abilities to practice in the production of peppers. this result is contrary to that of folefack (2012) who found that the experience of the farm household head and the reduction of poverty move in the opposite direction. the size of the farm coefficient is positive (0.02) and significant at 1%, which implies that the increase of one unit of the size of the farm leads to a reduction in poverty. 2% scale. this result corroborates that of nuhu (2014) who notes that a variation in the exploited land leads to a variation in the standard of living of the head of the household in the direction of an improvement in it. tableau 3: production of white pepper and household economic well-being variables ols household economic well-being quantity of pepper produce per year in kg 0.5687*** (50.66) producer received formal training 0.0204*** (5.18) male household head -0.0500 (-0.603) producer is experience in production 0.0206*** (16.95) large cultivated land 0.02***(18.02) have labourers -0.0068 (-0.80) access to credit -0.0084 (-0.15) used fertilizer 0.1731***(19.68) secondary level of education 0.0096 (0.83) producers falls between 30-55 years -0.0617***(-6.36) contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 25 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence constant term 0.4299***(7.03) r-squared 0.7042 f (dl: prob> f) 24.1314 ; 0.0000] nombred'observation 120 source: computed by authors. note ***, **, * indicate 1%, 5%, and 10% significance respectively, while values in parentheses represent robust t statistics. the variable access to fertilizers coefficient is positive (0.1731) and significant at 1%, which implies that an additional use of fertilizers leads to a reduction of poverty of 17.31%. this result is similar to that of nuhu (2014) who founds that the use of fertilizers on the farm reduces poverty by increasing production, thus having a positive effect on it. the age of pepper producers is negative, its coefficient is negative (0.0617) and significant at 1%. this indicates that an increase of one age unit of the farm leads to a decrease in standard of living of 6.17%. the life cycle of plants is that of men (youth, maturity, and old age) and the majority of large farms were older than 18 years which may reflect the opposite variation. the constant has a positive sign and its coefficient is significant at 1%. this implies that, if all the coefficients of the model take the value zero, the constant contributes to the reduction of poverty by 42.99%. we can conclude from the results obtained that the production of peppers has a positive and significant effect on the reduction of poverty. the assumption that pepper production has a positive effect on poverty reduction is valid. the r-square of this model is equal to 0.7042, which means that 70.42% of the changes observed on the dependent variable are explained by the independent variables. the f cal is equal to 24.13 and is significant at 1%. it appears that this model is globally significant and seems good for forecasting purposes. all the variables in this model are not significant, they are: gender, the nature of the workforce, access to credit, and level of education. these different variables have no significant influence on the quantity produced that contributes to the reduction of poverty. this can be explained by the fact that the production of peppers has requirements other than those provided by these variables. pepper production effects on economic well-being by producer category the result of the weighted ols by producer category has similar points in terms of the significance of the variables with the result in table 3. regarding the independent variable principal amount of peppers produced, for small producers, the coefficient is positive (0.0649) and significant at 5%. this means that an increase in the amount of one-ton of peppers leads to an increase in income that contributes to a reduction of poverty of 6.49%. professional producers and large production companies have respective coefficients 0.1254 and 0.6037 and significant at 5%. contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 26 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence this implies that an increase in the amount of peppers by one ton in these categories reduces poverty by 12.49% and 60.37% respectively. some explanatory variables are significant in this reduced form model. this is the case for training variables, access to credits and level of study. table 4: pepper production and economic well-being by producer category variable ols small producers professional producers enterprise production quantity of pepper produce per year in kg 0.0649** (2.47) 0.1254** (2.61) 0.6037** (2.78) producer received formal training -2.297*** (-33.35) -2.2624*** (-14.91) -2.2112*** (-29.25) male household head 0.0077 (0.17) 0.0903 (0.78) 0.0728 (0.57) producer is experience in production 0.0064 (0.19) 0.1483* (1.86) 0.0693 (1.55) large cultivated land -0.0234 (-1.25) 0.0295 (0.94) -0.0081 (-0.64) have labourers -0.0008 (-1.10) -0.0028 (-1.13) -0.0004 (-0.52) access to credit 0.06703*** (11.34) 0.0832*** (9.37) 0.0721*** (10.63) used fertilizer -0.0008*** (-12.58) -0.0010*** (-10.12) -0.0008*** (-11.51) secondary level of education 0.5984*** (14.80) 0.7243*** (9.77) 0.4824*** (10.29) producers falls between 3055 years -0.2557*** (-5.11) -0.0682 (-0.76) -0.2190*** (-3.71) constant term 0.5909 (0.0046) 0.5965 (0.0076) 0.6070 (0.0054) r-squared 0.7422 0.6249 0.7104 f-stats 21.18 [14;0.0000] 18.54 [14;0.0000] 20.61 [14;0.0000] number of observations 69 30 21 contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 27 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence source: computed by authors. note ***, **, * indicate 1%, 5%, and 10% significance respectively, while values in parentheses represent robust t statistics. training variable is negative with all coefficients and significant at 1%. this implies that it moves in the opposite direction with increase in the quantity produced which contributes to the reduction of poverty in each category of producers. subsequently we have the variable credit access which is quite significant in the 1% producer categories. its coefficients are positive and all have a respective contribution of 6.703%, 8.32% and 7.21% to the reduction of poverty in the categories of producers. the level of education is significant at 1% in all producer categories. this is because the increase in one unit of human capital leads to a reduction in poverty of an average of 60.17%. this result is not consistent with the work of nuhu (2014) who showed that agricultural activity is practiced mainly by illiterates who thus begin at young ages. the educated take the initiative only after all chances of gaining access to a qualified job have been exhausted, they are hardly motivated in agricultural activity as they consider their education to be wasted. we can conclude from the results obtained that the reduction of poverty through the production of peppers affects all categories of producers but at different proportions and magnitude. constraints of penja pepper production table 5 shows the constraints faced by pepper producers in the cameroo penja area. in this table, variables that have negative differences are dominant constraints and positive ones are non-dominant. for the age of producers, 86.7% of respondents do not find this variable a constraint because they are aged between 25 and 55 years 13.3% (above 55 years old) who consider it a constraint. the difference between these two percentages is positive, which means that age is certainly a constraint but little considered in the production of peppers because most of the farmers are between 25 and 55 years old. the age of producers has a percentage of 76.7% which consider it a constraint (have holdings of less than 10 years) against 23.3% who do not consider it a constraint. the difference between these percentages is negative, which implies that this variable is a constraint to production. this is explained by the fact that the production of peppers increases with the age of exploitation and in the zone the majority of the farms date from 2013 (year when the product is labeled). table 5: constraints related to the production of peppers variables observation s contraintes non contraintes différence % age 120 0,133 (16) 0,867 (104) 0,734 73,4% contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 28 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence age of exploited land 120 0,767 (92) 0,233 (28) -0,534 (53, 40%) location of land 120 0,483 (58) 0,5167 (62) 0,0337 3,37% secondary occupation 120 0,3167 (38) 0,6833 (82) 0,3666 36,66% size of exploited land 120 0,575 (69) 0,425 (51) -0,15 (15%) climate change 120 1 (120) 0,00 (0) -1 (100%) access to chemical inputs 120 0,208 (25) 0,791 (95) 0,5837 58,37% access to credit 120 0,625 (75) 0,375 (45) -0,25 (25%) source: computed by authors from field survey the dwelling place variable has a proportion of 48.3% of producers who consider it a constraint against 51.67% who do not consider it. the difference is positive, which means that this variable is not a constraint for pepper production in the area because many of the farmers live in the village. 31.67% find that the secondary occupation variable is a production constraint against 68.33%. the difference is positive so secondary occupation is not really a constraint to production because it is a source of funding for small pepper growers.82.5% of respondents find that the lack of acreage is a constraint against 17.5%. the difference is negative. this implies that the lack of area is a constraint to the production of peppers. climate change has a proportion of 100% of those surveyed affected by climate change because of its naturalness. for access to credit, 62.5% of respondents found that access to credit is a constraint against 37.5%. the difference is negative, which means that very few producers have access to credits and therefore it is a drag on pepper production. similarly 20.8% find that access to fertilizer is a constraint against 79.2%. the difference is positive, which implies that a good number of producers do not face the difficulties of access to fertilizers. we can conclude from the results obtained that the size of the farm, climate change and access to credit are the dominant constraints faced by pepper producers in penja. most contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 29 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence of the discussion in relation to the behavior of our variables is consistent with the result of nuhu (2014). 5. conclusion the main objective of this study has been to analyze the effect of pepper production on the reduction of poverty in penja – cameroon. other important issues related to the study are: to highlight the socioeconomic characteristics of pepper producers, to quantify the effect of pepper production on the reduction of poverty, to verify this effect in the categories of producers and to identify the constraints related to the production of peppers. in order to achieve this goal, data collected from 120 farmers were analyzed in stata 13.0. in relation to socioeconomic characteristics, the study shows that the producers consists largely of men, i.e. 96.70% against a minority of women (3.30%). about 54.20% of farmers are between 30 and 55 years old; the youngest, under 30 years of age represent 32.50% of the sample and farmers aged above 55 represent 13.30% of the sample. the level of education of the respondents is relatively high, 12.5% of the pepper producers are illiterate, 47.5% of the farmers have a secondary education and only 7.5% have a higher education. the proportion of married farmers is relatively large (65.80% of the sample) compared to a moderately high number of unmarried farmers (34.20%). we have constructed a synthetic indicator to measure and capture the poverty reduction variable. it is clear from this indicator that the contribution of the first axis to the reduction of poverty is 70.20% against 21.10% which is that of the second axis with inertia total of 91.3%. this model has also proven globally significant at 1% and seems good for prediction purposes. the ols results show that the gender, the nature of the labor force, access to credit and the level of education do not have significant effects on poverty reduction. on the other hand, the variables that contribute significantly to the reduction of poverty are: the quantity produced, the formation, the age, the size of the exploitation, the access to the fertilizers, the age of the exploitation. the assumption of this objective states that pepper production has a positive and significant effect on poverty reduction. in view of the above results, this hypothesis is valid. to verify the effect of pepper production on the reduction of poverty by producer category, the results show that the production of pepper reduces poverty among small producers, professional producers and large production companies in different proportions of 6.49%, 12.54% and 60.37% respectively. the survey of pepper growers identified the major constraints related to pepper production as climate change, lack of acreage and difficulties in accessing credit. we note from this study that an increase in the quantity produced generates high incomes; these induce a contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 30 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence strong investment which in turn contributes to a reduction of poverty. this appears as a solution to the vicious circles of poverty. reference asselin, l. m. (2005), «pauvreté multidimensionnelle : indicateur composite de lapauvreté multidimensionnelle». institut de mathématique gauss, québec, canada. balleti k (2016), "échapper au piège « qualité–exclusion » dans les indications géographiques : réflexions sur le cas du poivre de penja". published by edp sciences. bridier (2010). indications géographiques en afrique de l’ouest et du centre : raisonner la diversité. epo b and baye f m (2011). “constructing multidimensional education and health welfare indexes in cameroon: a multiple correspondence analyses”. african journal of science, technology, innovation and development, vol, 3, no. 2. 2011. folefack p (2012), "facteurs affectant l’utilisation de la fumure organique dans les exploitations agricoles en zone sahélienne du cameroun". fouda m t (2003), les mécanismes de financement en milieu rural camerounais une analyse des déterminants de la demande de services financiers des ménages, université de versailles saint-quentin-en-yvelines. manga n t (2008) “analyse de la pauvreté au cameroun”. mémoire presenté en vue de l’obtention du dea en sciences economiques. université de yaoundé ii, soa, cameroun. minader (2017). ministry of agriculture and rural development, report of the department of statistics in cameroon. december 2016. njong a. m. and ningaye (2010), «multidimensional spatial poverty comparisons in cameroon», aerc research paper 198, nairobi, june, 2010. nuhu e (2014). impact analysis of microfinance on crop production in ghana. international journal of academic research in accounting, finance and management sciences. vol 4, no.3, july 2014, pp.97–108. ololade, r.a and olagunju, f.i. (2013). determinants of access to credit among rural farmers in oyo state, nigeria.volume 13 issue 2 version 1.0 year 201 3.global journals inc. (usa). issn: 2249-4626 & print issn: 0975-5896. shah t. memon i. noonari s. ahmed w. mengal a. wagan s. and sethar a. (2015). impact of microcredit on agricultural development in district mastung balochistan: a case study of balochistan rural support programme (brsp). world bank (2012): «rapport sur le développement dans le monde 2008: l’agriculture au service du développement», groupe de la banque mondiale. appendix a: contribution of penja pepper production on economic well-being in cameroon. mbu daniel tambi page | 31 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineeringissn : 2597-8713 (online) 2598-5167 (print)available on :http://agris cience.scientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris ciencethis is under cc by sa licence figure 1: plantation of white pepper penja efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam*, teguh soedarto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam *1 , teguh soedarto 1 1 agribusiness study program, faculty of agriculture, upn “veteran” jatim, indonesia * corresponding author e-mail : khairul.ak1967@gmail.com article history: received: december 10, 2021; accepted: february 20, 2022 abstracts modern agriculture activities by intensively cultivating land and the massive use of fertilizer and pesticide have been shown to significantly increase agricultural productivity. however, modern agricultural systems have a serious impact on environmental damage, so it is necessary to develop modern agricultural systems that are environmentally sound and sustainable. this agricultural system can be successful if it is supported by all stakeholders, especially the farmer groups as a forum for farmers in their agricultural activities. the powerlessness of farmer groups in managing their members and their farms can be the cause of the failure of sustainable development of modern agriculture. this study aims to describe and analyze efforts to encourage the development of a modern sustainable agricultural system through the empowerment of farmer groups. this research was conducted with a qualitative approach based on literature studies from several journals and the results of previous research. the study results indicate that empowerment of farmer groups is the right way to increase the participation of farmer communities in the development of sustainable modern agriculture. the empowerment process carried out with the awareness, capacity and empowerment of farmer groups can increase awareness, ability, expertise and strength to take advantage of their potential. in the empowerment activities, it is necessary to empower actors from local government, community leaders and farmer group leaders who can act as motors and motivators. in addition, it is necessary to anticipate the inhibiting factors and the supporting factors that can encourage farmer group empowerment activities. key words : empowerment, farmer group, sustainable agriculture 1. introduction the government's efforts to achieve the target of food self-sufficiency have not been successful so far. some food commodities such as rice and sugar still need additional imports to meet domestic needs. the failure to achieve food self-sufficiency has prompted many parties to raise the idea of the need to further promote the application of modern systems in agricultural development (ali, 2014). the idea was based on concern over the low use of modern technology in agricultural development in indonesia. this is reflected in the statement from the minister of agriculture at the launching of modern horticultural mechanization technology innovation and the awarding of agroinnovators at the center for agricultural mechanization development, serpong, south tangerang city, banten, august 24, 2017. he stated that agricultural mechanization is an important component for modern agriculture in achieving its targets. sustainable food self-sufficiency (antaranews.com. thursday, 24 august 2017). the indonesian efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam*, teguh soedarto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index government strives to continuously increase rice production in order to meet all rice needs from domestic production. efforts to increase production are carried out with an extensification program through the expansion of rice fields outside java and intensification through increasing crop productivity. however, in the last 5 years rice productivity has not increased yet, but even tends to decrease (anam, k., et al, 2021). at the beginning of the application of modern technology in agriculture in the 1970s, better known as the green revolution, it was proven to have been able to significantly increase land productivity. national rice production increased by 300% compared to the previous decade. even in the new order era in the 1980s, indonesia had achieved food self-sufficiency with a large production volume of 27 million tons and a consumption volume of 25 million tons, so that there was a domestic rice surplus of 2 million tons (sugianto, 2021). the success of the use of modern technology in increasing agricultural production is encouraging news, although in reality the application of modern technology also leaves a negative impact in the form of a decrease in environmental quality and biodiversity (irri, 2004). changes in agricultural technology have caused natural plant processes that initially only used native nutrients from the soil to be replaced by a process of accelerating growth and production through the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and synthetic varieties (purwanti et al., 2021). the use of synthetic chemical inputs in the long term can cause degradation of land, water and environmental ecosystems. the implementation of a modern sustainable agricultural system is a demand that cannot be avoided, in line with the development principles of the sustainability development goals (sdgs) proclaimed by the united nations in 2015. however, the implementation of sustainable modern agriculture programs has not run optimally due to technical, economic and social obstacles. the involvement of farmer community as the subject of agricultural activities is absolutely necessary with all their limitations. the role and involvement of the community in the development of sustainable modern agriculture will be more visible if it is carried out in a farmer group forum. farmer groups have an important function in farm management, especially in the use of facilities and infrastructure such as irrigation systems, agricultural mechanization, overcoming institutional barriers, managing resources, capital, and agricultural ecosystems. philosophically, farmer groups are formed to solve problems that cannot be solved by individual farmers. consolidated agriculture can be formed through farmer groups to increase agriculture productivity. consolidated agriculture in farmer groups allows the purchase of production facilities and the sale of crops to be carried out collectively, so that procurement and marketing costs are cheaper (hermanto and swastika, 2011). efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam*, teguh soedarto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index the role of farmer groups in indonesia has become increasingly vital since the government created the bimas programs in 1968 and insus programs in 1979, and supra insus in 1986/87. government assistance in the form of farm credit (kut) and production facilities is always channeled through farmer groups, because it is considered more efficient. technology dissemination activities in agriculture are also more effective if carried out at the farmer group level, because they can convey information to farmers in a short time. farmer groups are recognized as effective organizations to encourage farmers to increase productivity, income, and welfare. therefore, it is very important for farmer groups to be re-empowered because the existence of farmer groups has received less attention from local governments, and even seems to tend to be ignored in the era of regional autonomy . institutional farmer groups which should be a very valuable asset in supporting agricultural development, have not been able to function optimally (hermanto and swastika, 2011). the indonesian government has actually scheduled regular farmer empowerment programs in the last few decades. experts in various countries have also researched a lot about the importance of farmer empowerment issues discussed in various literatures, including women's empowerment in agriculture (mudege, et al., 2015; sraboni, et al., 2014), influencing factors and indicators of empowerment. farmers (langerodi, 2013), empowerment in practice (astuti, et al., 2015), psychological empowerment and individual performance (davila-aguirre, et al., 2014). many scientists suggest that an empirical approach be used in implementing farmer empowerm ent strategies. however, this approach has not been completely successful. to date, there are several studies that learn empowerment strategies conceptually, among others, conducted in countries such as china (zhong, et al., 2015), mexico (davila-aguirre et al., 2014), tunisia (dolinska and d'aquino, 2016), indonesia (desiana and aprianingsih, 2017; soesilawati, et al., 2017,), iran (langerodi, 2013), pakistan (murray-rust, et al., 2001), bangladesh (rasyid, et al. , 2016; sraboni et al., 2014), nepal (westerndorp, 2013), and malawi (mudege et al., 2015). in those studies, several empowerment strategies were discussed at the individual farmer level. the importance of farmer empowerment at the farmer group level is also studied in depth as subjects and resources for agricultural development development (mutmainna et al., 2016; sunarti, 2019). this article aims to describe and analyze the efforts to empower farmer groups to encourage the implementation of sustainable modern agriculture, as well as to describe and analyze the supporting and hindering factors of the empowerment program. the benefits of research as a contribution of input and thoughts related to the development of group empowerment concept in efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam*, teguh soedarto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index the sustainable modern agriculture and providing input, information to the government in policy making in the agricultural sector. 2. research method the methodology used in this study is a qualitative method or also referred to as an interpretive method because the study data is more concerned with the interpretation of the data found in the field. this method is a constructive method because the data found scattered in the field are then constructed in a theme that is more meaningful and easy to understand (sugiono, 2020). this study was conducted through a review of various scientific literatures in the form of journals, articles, and documents related to the theme of efforts to encourage the development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowering farmer groups. data collection in this study used a literature survey technique, namely a literature search technique through the process of placing, obtaining, reading, and evaluating research literature. the scientific journals and articles collected are qualified journals and articles on a national and international scale. the search was carried out with the help of search engines search.proquest.com, science.direct; search.ebscohost.com; google scholar and microsoft academic with keywords covering community empowerment, farmer empowerment, strengthening farmer groups, modern agriculture, sustainable agriculture, empowermentmance, farmer'group, modern agriculture and sustainable agriculture . furthermore, data processing is carried out by analytical methods, namely the process of analyzing data or information. data processing is built through the process of reading, understanding and synthesizing scientific journals and articles obtained to develop a concept. this research is a basic research focusing on the development of concepts or theories, without practice in the field. this concept needs to be explored further so that it can be applied into reality (wiguna and manzilati, 2014). 3. result and discussion sustainable modern agriculture development the development of sustainable modern agriculture is a necessity. modern agriculture which is characterized by the use of new technologies and innovations in agricultural activities must be implemented properly to ensure increased productivity, income and welfare of farmers. meanwhile, sustainable agriculture needs to be implemented more intensively so that efforts to stimulate agricultural land productivity do not cause negative impacts in the form of land degradation and environmental damage. efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam*, teguh soedarto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index the main element in the development of modern agriculture is the role of farmers and technology, in this case related to institutions that regulate the behavior of farmers individually and collectively as well as openness to everything that comes from outside. the development of modern agriculture leads individual behavior towards being open to external developments, especially technology or innovation. this will guarantee the sustainability of the agriculture resources. in addition, collectively the behavior of the community is directed to support the use of resources for mutual welfare. the dynamic sustainable development of modern agriculture requires as follow : (1) farm management is carried out as a business entity; (2) the production process is carried out efficiently, effectively, and sustainably in make use of available resources; (3) institutional development to encourage capacity building personal and communal so that farmers earn adequate income; (4) awareness of the farming community is formed about the importance of technology through sustainable innovation system development. thus, modern sustainable agriculture is a dynamic farming activity and provides welfare to farmers by cultivating commodities according to market demand, utilizing resources efficiently and sustainably and supported by strong institutions and technology that can optimize added value for farmers as business actors (motes , 2010). farmer community empowerment based on the law of the republic of indonesia number 19 of 2013 concerning the protection & empowerment of farmers in article 1 paragraph 2 it is written that the definition of farmer empowerment is all efforts to improve the ability of farmers to carry out better farming activities through education and training, counseling and assistance, system development and means of marketing agricultural products, consolidation and guarantee of agricultural land area, easy access to science, technology and information, as well as strengthening farmer institutions. farmers need to be given protection and empowerment so that they have the capacity to continue to grow and develop to become more prosperous. according to waworuntu, et al. (2021) the process of empowering farming communities can be carried out in 3 (three) stages, namely: (1) the stage of awareness and behavior formation with the aim of increasing awareness of the potential or desires of farmers so that they behave positively to increase farming results; (2) the transformation stage of work ability with the aim of strengthening the potential or power of the farming community in farming; (3) the stage of increasing intellectual abilities with the aim of improving the intellect, skills and skills of farmers in managing farming into a profitable business. farmer group empowerment efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam*, teguh soedarto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index the formation of farmer groups as one of the institutional models of farmers is a driving factor for the success of the development of sustainable modern agriculture. in indonesia at this time, farmer groups have been formed in almost every village, the number of which has reached 576,897 farmer groups (bps, 2020). however, most of the farmer groups have not been able to play the role as expected. the performance of farmer groups which is still relatively low is due to, among others, the management has not been able to actively carry out their duties, group membership is not clearly recorded, the organizational structure is not complete, the productivity of farming is low and the guidance from extension workers is less intensive (hermanto and swastika, 2011). empowerment of farmer groups according to the minister of agriculture number 67/permentan/sm.050/12/2016 is directed at (1) strengthening poktan to become strong and independent farmer institutions; (2) capacity building of members in agribusiness development; and (3) increasing the capacity of the poktan in carrying out its functions. according to yuniati, et al. (2017) institutional strengthening of farmer groups can be encouraged through: (1) structuring institutional capacity; (2) capacity building of institutional resources; (3) increasing service capacity; (4) expanding the network of cooperation or partnership. tulandi, et al. (2018) explained that the participation of members in farmer groups is very important in carrying out various agricultural activities or programs within the scope of farmer groups. member participation can be done in several forms, namely the formation of decisions, participation in the formation of implementation and participation in the formation of evaluations. member participation or farmer participation is the participation of farmers both individually and in groups in the field of agricultural business with full awareness and responsibility. thus, the empowerment of farmer groups can be carried out in tandem with the empowerment of their group members. the progress of farmer groups will be reflected in the agricultural progress of their members. based on the minister of agriculture number 67/permentan/sm.050/12/2016, increasing the ability of farmer group members in developing farming includes: (1) facilitating the identification process of needs and problems in farming; (2) improve the ability of members in analyzing market potential, business opportunities, regional potential and available resources; (3) develop the initiative and creativity of members in taking advantage of business opportunities, information, and access to capital; (4) improve the ability of members in managing environmentally friendly and sustainable commercial farming; (5) improve the ability of members in analyzing business potential; (6) developing member capabilities to develop site-specific technologies; (7) encouraging members to be able to develop business capital. improving the efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam*, teguh soedarto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index ability of members is the duty and responsibility of the farmer group management and must be a top priority in the development of farmer groups. empowerment actor empowerment actors who play a role in sustainable agricultural development must be driven by local governments, in this case the department of agriculture as a technical agency that directly handles agricultural activities. the main task is to coordinate the program provided by the service with farmer groups related to the implementation of the program to be given. the implementation of the program given to farmer groups will be accompanied by an agricultural extension worker who serves as technical assistance. furthermore, empowerment actors are determined from community leaders and administrators as well as local gapoktan members so that they can interact intensively directly with farming communities in their respective farmer groups (astuti, et al., 2015). the results of research from kirana and adi (2021) in the process of empowering farmers, not only need an active role from internal actors, namely poktan and its members. however, this empowerment process will be maximized if it is supported by the local government which acts as an external actor. these two actors need to work together to achieve the same goal, namely the condition of farmers who are more empowered. program and activity implementation the initial stage in the implementation of empowerment is the creation of an empowerment program where each program is aligned with the conditions of the group. farmer group members so that the program implemented in time can be useful for the progress and welfare of farmer group members. in the process of planning an empowerment activity program, the involvement of the management and members is needed, so that all parties participate in designing the empowerment program and convey the right ideas according to the needs of all group members (waworuntu, et al., 2021). the local government through the department of agriculture, especially agricultural extension workers, is very important to be involved in the preparation of the empowerment program (astuti, et al., 2015). the implementation of the farmer group program focuses on increasing the production of agricultural products in order to increase the welfare of farmers. and based on the planning carried out by the farmers group, the program as an effort to empower the farming community is as follows: (1) counseling. counseling is very useful to increase awareness and shape behavior for members of farmer groups, agricultural extension activities are a communication process so that members of farmer groups are able to realize the planned program; (2) training. training is one way to improve the skills of each member in supporting their farming activities; (3) fulfillment of efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam*, teguh soedarto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index production facilities in the form of subsidized seeds, medicines, fertilizers and agricultural tools (waworuntu, et al., 2021). supporting factors for empowerment of farmer groups the main factor that supports farmer group empowerment activities in the development of sustainable modern agriculture is government support from both the central government and local governments (astuti, et al., 2015; faujiah and suhandi, 2020). one form of government support is the provision of puap (rural agribusiness development) funds which are donated to the association of farmers groups (gapoktan). these funds can be used to provide capital loans to members in running agribusiness businesses with the obligation to return the funds after harvest. in addition, government assistance in the form of providing facilities for managing loans to banks facilitated by gapoktan is also a supporting factor for farmer group activities. changes in the mindset and behavior of management and group members so that they are willing to participate in agricultural management with modern sustainable technology are also very important and very important for the success of group programs. this can be resulted from an awareness process driven by extension workers and community leaders, so that human resources from extension workers and community leaders become the determining supporting factor (hermawan, 2017). another very important supporting factor is the availability of agricultural institutions and agricultural production facilities. agricultural institutions that are needed include the center for independent rural agriculture, agricultural cooperatives, multi-business cooperatives and microfinance institutions. the existence of this agricultural institution can play a role in providing information on new technologies in agricultural cultivation and also provide support in providing production facilities and other needs of group members. microfinance institutions have a role in meeting the short-term funding needs of members at very low interest rates . the independence of farmer groups can be formed through the support of production facilities in the form of organic fertilizer processing equipment that allows farmer groups to produce bokashi/organic fertilizers to meet the needs of members. the support of other business actors such as agricultural shops / kiosks is also important as an official distributor of subsidized fertilizers from the government, and helps market the production of farmer groups (astuti, et al., 2015). inhibiting factors of farmer group empowerment the inhibiting factor for farmer group empowerment activities in the development of sustainable modern agriculture is the problem of capital, where in the dry season farmers do not get income, while during the planting season farmers need funds (hermawan, 2017). the problem of the availability of labor and also expensive wages for land processing costs (astuti, et al., 2015). efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam*, teguh soedarto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index season is also an obstacle in the implementation of farming activities carried out in farmer groups, because farmers can only plant in the rainy season, while in the dry season the availability of water is not sufficient for farming activities. lack of supporting resources can also be an inhibiting factor in the development of sustainable modern agriculture, such as a shortage of agricultural extension workers as assistants to group members and a shortage of organic fertilizer production equipment. as a result of the lack of resources and production facilities, the activities carried out do not provide optimal results (astuti, et al., 2015). 4. conclution based on the discussion that has been presented in the description above, it can be concluded that the sustainable development of modern agriculture can be encouraged through the empowerment of farming communities who are members of the farmer group. empowerment programs can improve the ability of farmer groups to carry out their functions optimally and at the same time stimulate the ability of their members to increase their knowledge and skills in developing sustainable modern agriculture. the availability of empowerment actors from the local government, as well as from community leaders and farmer group leaders is very important as a motor as well as a motivator in moving the farmer group and its members. important supporting factors in empowering farmer groups are government assistance, improving the mindset of administrators and members, and the availability of strong agricultural institutions. meanwhile, the inhibiting factors include capital problems, the availability of labor and high wages, as well as limited agricultural resources and production facilities. suggestions that need to be conveyed here relating to the development of sustainable modern agriculture are the importance of government support, both central and local governments in empowering farmer groups, especially the dissemination of technology and innovation in agricultural business management, as well as capital assistance and production facilities. references ali, m. 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(2012). impact of extension activities on changes in behavior of vegetable farmers in pekanbaru city. indonesian journal of agricultural economics (ijae). https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/9034-id-impactaktifanpenguluhan-terhadap-change-perlaku-petani-vegetable-dikota-pe.pdf. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/9034-id-impact-aktifanpenguluhan-terhadap-change-perlaku-petani-vegetable-dikota-pe.pdf https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/9034-id-impact-aktifanpenguluhan-terhadap-change-perlaku-petani-vegetable-dikota-pe.pdf efforts to encourage development of sustainable modern agriculture through empowerment of farmer group khoirul anam*, teguh soedarto page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index yuniati, s., susilo, d. and albayumi, f. (2011). institutional strengthening in efforts to improve the welfare of sugarcane farmers. proceedings of the national seminar on economics and business (snaper-ebis 2017): 498-505. effect of giving organic waste-based poc to the growth of kailan plants (brassica oleracea l) yeni ika pratiwi1, nurul huda1, eko wahono1, page | 138 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index effect of giving organic waste-based poc to the growth of kailan plants (brassica oleracea l) yeni ika pratiwi *1 , nurul huda 1 , eko wahono 1 , 1 faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, indonesia *corresponding author e-mail : yeniikapratiwi.unmer@gmail.com article history: received: january 01, 2022; accepted: march 20, 2022 abstract this study combined the use of variable doses of liquid organic fertilizers made from organic waste, wich a factorial experimental study that uses a randomized group design (rak) consisting of 2 treatment factors. factor i treatment is a type of poc raw material consisting of 7 levels: p0= comparison without the provision of liquid organic fertilizer, but given basic fertilizer; p1= given poc made from a mixture of materials 2 to 7; p2=given poc made from vegetable waste (tomatoes and mustard); p3= given poc made from waste fruits (bananas and papaya); p4= given poc made from germinated waste; p5= given poc made from waste food catering; p6= given poc made from catfish waste; p7= given poc made from animal slaughterhouse waste (cow's blood). the treatment of factor ii is the concentration of poc giving includes 3 levels, namely: k1= poc concentration of 4%=40 ml/ liter of solution; k2= poc concentration of 8%=80 ml/liter solution; k3= poc concentration of 12%=120 ml/liter of solution. the parameters of observations made on kailan plants include: the number and length of the plant. by comparing the concentration treatment of k1, k2 and k3 mentioned above, the k2 treatment (concentration of 8% poc) exerts a better influence than the treatment of k1 and k3, although it is not real from the k3 treatment. this shows that the use of poc made from organic waste with a concentration of 8% poc provides a significant influence that can play a role in increasing soil fertility and plant productivity. key word: liquid organic fertilizer (poc), organic waste, kailan 1. introduction kailan has good prospects to be developed in indonesia because of its abundant nutritional content and has high economic value. kailan has a lot of vitamin a, vitamin c, thiamin and lime (annisava, 2013). in addition, as a food, kailan can also be used for the therapy of various diseases because it contains carotenoids anti-cancer compounds (martínez-hernández et al., 2013). kailan's economic value is high because of its marketing to the upper middle class, especially many presented in international restaurants such as chinese, japanese, american, european, and star hotels (vidianto et al., 2013). this requires that the kailan produced must be of high quality. cultivation systems that can produce high-quality products, one of them with the use of liquid organic fertilizers as additional nutrients.so that kailan plants that use liquid organic fertilizer can be categorized as organic kailan plants. organic waste is generally biodegradable, which can be decomposed into simpler compounds by soil microorganisms (nisak et al., 2017). the decomposition of the organic waste by microorganisms produces macro and micro matter. utilization of organic waste market into organic fertilizer is very important to reduce the impact of pollution by the accumulation of waste (aziz, 2017). mailto:yeniikapratiwi.unmer@gmail.com effect of giving organic waste-based poc to the growth of kailan plants (brassica oleracea l) yeni ika pratiwi1, nurul huda1, eko wahono1, page | 139 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index organic waste processing using anaerobic technology is a simple technology that is easy to do with equipment that is easy to get and relatively cheap. the anaerobic overhaul process of organic matter can reduce environmental pollution, because waste has been processed will produce organic fertilizer in solid or liquid form (hariyadi et al., 2018). this study combined the use of variable doses of liquid organic fertilizers made from organic waste such as vegetable waste, fruit waste, sprout waste, catfish waste, food waste catering, and cow's blood as animal slaughterhouse waste. the quality of liquid fertilizer organic waste will be better by adding a solution of microorganisms such as em-4. the use of em-4 in the manufacture of organic fertilizers can speed up the fermentation process and improve plant growth and yield (ali et al., 2020). therefore, there needs to be research on the use of variations in the dose of liquid organic fertilizer made from several types of organic waste that have an influence on the growth and yield of more optimal crops. at the same time it can provide useful informais, especially for the development of liquid organic fertilizer technology as plant nutrition and can be applied at the level of farmers and the wider community. 2. research methods this study combines the use of variable doses of liquid organic fertilizers made from organic waste such as vegetable waste, fruit waste, sprout waste, catfish waste. this study is a factorial trial conducted using a randomized group design (rak) consisting of 2 treatment factors. factor i treatment is a type of poc raw material consisting of 7 levels: from p0 until p7 p0 = comparison without the provision of liquid organic fertilizer, but given basic fertilizer p1 = given poc made from a mixture of ingredients, from vegetable waste (tomatoes and mustard), waste fruits (bananas and papayas), germination waste, waste leftover food catering, catfish waste,and the waste of slaughterhouses (cow's blood) 2 to 7 p2 = given poc made from vegetable waste (tomatoes and mustard) p3 = given poc made from waste fruits (bananas and papayas) p4 = given poc made from germination waste p5 = given poc made from waste leftover food catering p6 = given poc made from catfish waste p7 = given poc made from the waste of slaughterhouses (cow's blood) the treatment of factor ii is the concentration of poc giving includes 3 levels, namely: k1 = poc concentration of 4% = 40 ml/liter of solution k2 = poc concentration of 8% = 80 ml/liter of solution k3 = poc concentration of 12% = 120 ml/liter of solution effect of giving organic waste-based poc to the growth of kailan plants (brassica oleracea l) yeni ika pratiwi1, nurul huda1, eko wahono1, page | 140 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index the combination of treatments will result in 21 treatments and 1 control without the administration of poc and proposed 3 times so that a total of 66 treatments must be observed. the parameters of observations made on the kailan plant include: a. number of leaves, data collection activities on the number of leaves are carried out every 7 days. the leaves included in the observation count are leaves that have opened perfectly. b. plant length, data retrieval activities are carried out every 7 days. observations are made by measuring the length of the plant starting from the base of the plant to the end of the longest leaf. 3. results and discussions numbers of leaves statistical results with regression analysis that form the relationship between variables in the number of plant leaves as free variables with wet weight variables per plant as bound variables show an insignificant influence on the observation of age 14 days after transplanting (0.274146 > 0.05) with a value of r square of 0.059458 meaning 5.95% of the effect indicated by the variable number of leaves due to giving poc on all treatments.in the observation of the age of 28 days after transplanting showed an insignificant effect (0.147328116 > 0.05) with a value of r square of 0.102028 meaning a number of 10.20% due to other factors beyond poc treatment.furthermore, the observation of the age of 35 days after transplanting also showed a significant influence (0.026695719 < 0.05) with a square value of 0.2224 meaning a number of 22.24% due to the influence of poc treatment while a number of 77.76% was caused due to other factors outside the treatment of poc. the regression equation obtained in the observation of age 35 days after transplanting is y = 9.3594x – 34.135. next to illustrate the spread of the relationship between variables in the number of kailan plant leaves after wet weight per plant as a result of poc administration treatment, presented in graph 2 below: age regression equation 35 hst effect of giving organic waste-based poc to the growth of kailan plants (brassica oleracea l) yeni ika pratiwi1, nurul huda1, eko wahono1, page | 141 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index figure 1. graphic variable relationship of number of leaves with wet weight per kailan plant on observation of age 35 days after transplanting the utilization of poc in this study proves that the nutritional content will increase the availability of considerable nitrogen into the soil, so that the needs of plants for growth and development can be fulfilled as well. the function of nitrogen as a fertilizer is to improve the vegetative growth of plants and help the process of protein formation (hariyadi et al., 2018). liquid organic fertilizer has a complete nutrient content, even there are other organic compounds that are beneficial for plants such as humic acid, fulvat acid and other compounds. the nutrients contained in liquid organic fertilizer consist mostly of simple sugar groups and proteins with solution reactions in the form of amino acids, organic acids, vitamins and growth hormones (auxin, gibberlin) and micro-elements (alakhyar et al., 2019). these elements are needed to encourage optimal and sustainable plant growth and health, so as to increase crop yields. plant length statistical results with regression analysis showed that the relationship between the plant length variable as a free variable and the wet weight per plant variable as the bound variable showed a significant influence on observations 14 days after transplanting (0.01596 < 0.05) with a square r value of 0.2573 meaning a sum of 25.73% was affected by poc administration;then on observation 28 days after transplanting showed a significant effect (0.00086 < 0.05) with a value of r square of 0.43326 meaning a number of 43.33% due to the influence of poc treatment while 56.67% due to factors outside the poc.furthermore, on observation 35 days after transplanting also showed a significant influence (2.73938 < 0.05) with a value of r square of 0.59346 meaning 59.35% due to the influence of poc administration.. regression equation obtained from observation 14 days after transplanting i.e. y = 7.2439x – 12.38; then on observation 28 days after transplanting i.e. y = 7.7358x – 62.409; while the observation of the age of 35 days after transplanting is y = 4.1815x – 56.74. next to illustrate the spread of the relationship between variable plant length and wet weight per plant as a result of poc administration treatment, presented in the following graph; effect of giving organic waste-based poc to the growth of kailan plants (brassica oleracea l) yeni ika pratiwi1, nurul huda1, eko wahono1, page | 142 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index figure 2. graphic variable relationship of kailan plant length with wet weight per plant on observation of age 14 days after transplanting figure 3. graphic variable relationship of kailan plant length with wet weight per plant on observation of age 28 days after transplanting figure 4. graphic variable relationship of kailan plant length with wet weight per plant on observation of age 35 days after transplanting utilization of organic fertilizers in plant media is done to reduce the negative impact caused by the use of an-organic fertilizers that are at high risk to the physical soil. the results of the above research as one form of implementation to increase the effectiveness of the use of organic fertilizers and an-organic fertilizers are shown by being able to increase the growth of kailan plants significantly. according to (abror & harjo, 2018) that plants easily regulate the absorption of the composition of fertilizer needed and in the event of excess capacity of liquid organic fertilizers given to the soil because of its liquid shape. liquid organic fertilizer in fertilization is clearly more evenly distributed, there will be no buildup of fertilizer concentration in just one place. this is because liquid organic fertilizers are 100% soluble. effect of giving organic waste-based poc to the growth of kailan plants (brassica oleracea l) yeni ika pratiwi1, nurul huda1, eko wahono1, page | 143 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index concentration of poc by comparing the treatment of k1, k2 and k3 mentioned above, the treatment of k2 (concentration of 8% poc) has a better influence than the treatment of k1 and k3, although it is not real from the k3 treatment. this shows that the use of organic waste-based pocs with a concentration of 8% poc in this study is indicated to have a significant influence that can play a role in increasing soil fertility and plant productivity (narullova, 2021). (sukasih, 2016) added that liquid organic fertilizers have a maximum chemical content of 5% and contain certain materials such as microorganisms that are rarely found in solid organic fertilizers. liquid organic fertilizers also contain amino acids and hormones namely (gibberine, cytokinin and iaa). 4. conclusion based on the results of the study, it was concluded as follows: there was a significant influence of the treatment of poc on variable leaf count with r square of 0.22244 (22.24%) and plant length with r square of 0.5935 (59.35%) indicated on observation of 35 days of age after transplanting. k2 treatment is a poc concentration of 8% in all observation paramaters (number of leaves, length of plant and wet weight per plant); giving a higher value than the treatment of k1 and k3 with adjusted r square of 0.72192 means a number of 72.19% due to the influence of poc treatment, while a number of 17.81% due to other factors outside the poc treatment. but statistically the best value achieved by different k3 treatment is not significant with k3 treatment which is a poc concentration of 12%. suggestion the use of pocs made from organic waste needs to be done further research to test more detail the effectiveness in its effect on growth and other crop yields.. references abror, m., & harjo, r. p. (2018). efektifitas pupuk organik cair limbah ikan dan trichoderma sp terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kailan (brassica oleraceae sp) pada sistem hidroponik substrat. jurnal agrosains dan teknologi, 3(1), 1–12. alakhyar, a., fahrurrozi, f., widodo, w., & sari, d. n. (2019). use of gliricidiaenriched liquid organic fertilizer for production of caisim (brassica juncea l.). jurnal agroqua: media informasi agronomi dan budidaya perairan, 17(1), 1–7. ali, m., nisak, f., & pratiwi, y. i. (2020). pemanfaatan limbah cair ikan tuna terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman pakchoy dengan wick system hydroponik. agro bali: agricultural journal, 3(2), 186–193. annisava, a. r. (2013). optimalisasi pertumbuhan dan kandungan vitamin c kailan (brassica alboglabra l.) menggunakan bokashi serta ekstrak tanaman terfermentasi. jurnal effect of giving organic waste-based poc to the growth of kailan plants (brassica oleracea l) yeni ika pratiwi1, nurul huda1, eko wahono1, page | 144 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index agroteknologi, 3(2), 1–10. aziz, r. (2017). pengaruh pemberian kompos kulit pisang dan pupuk kandang terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman kailan (brassica oleracea var achepala). rizal. wahana inovasi volume, 6(1), 120–127. hariyadi, b. w., ali, m., & pratiwi, y. i. (2018). effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir). agricultural science, 1(2), 49–60. martínez-hernández, g. b., artés-hernández, f., gómez, p. a., & artés, f. (2013). induced changes in bioactive compounds of kailan-hybrid broccoli after innovative processing and storage. journal of functional foods, 5(1), 133–143. narullova, w. (2021). aplikasi poc pomi dan kompos tricho jagung terhadap pertumbuhan kailan (brassica oleraceae. l). agrihumanis: journal of agriculture and human resource development studies, 2(2), 109–118. nisak, f., pratiwi, y. i., & ali, m. (2017). the influence of immersion duration and organic growing organics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield. agricultural science, 1(1), 11–26. sukasih, n. s. (2016). pengaruh kompos jerami padi terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kailan (brassica alboglabra, l.) pada tanah podsolik merah kuning. piper, 12(23). vidianto, d. z., fatimah, s., & wasonowati, c. (2013). penerapan panjang talang dan jarak tanam dengan sistem hidroponik nft (nutrient film technique) pada tanaman kailan (brassica oleraceae var. alboglabra). agrovigor: jurnal agroekoteknologi, 6(2), 128–135. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.78 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 increasing productivity long bean plant (vigna sinensis l) with organic vermicompost fertilizer bambang gunawan 1* , fauziatun nisak 2 , sri purwanti 3 , nurlina 4 1234 department of agrotecnology, faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya * corresponding author e-mail: gunawanb1011@gmail.com article history: received: agustus 14, 2022; accepted: september 26, 2022 abstract long beans are classified as seasonal plants that can begin to be harvested approximately 6-9 weeks after planting and then periodically until approximately 3 months after planting, then the plants experience aging which results in low flower and fruit production. the harvest can be in the form of young pods which contain lots of vitamins a, b and c; medium for the production of mature seeds containing protein, fat and carbohydrates. the productivity achieved by farmers is still much lower when compared to the potential yield of long beans which can reach 20-25 tons/ha of fresh pods. the purpose of the study was to determine the increase in the productivity of long bean plants through the application of organic vermicompost fertilizer. the results of the study provide the following conclusions: there was a significant effect on the treatment of vermicompost on all observed variables, namely plant length, number of leaves, number of fruit (pods) per plant, and fresh weight of fruit (pods) per plant; and giving vermicompost as much as 1.50 kg per plant (treatment k6) gave a better average effect than other treatments at the end of the observation on the variables of plant length, number of leaves, and number of fruit (pods) per plant, although it was not significantly different by giving vermicompost as much as 1.25 kg per plant and 1 kg per plant on the variable total fresh weight of fruit (pods) per plant studied. keywords: long beans, vermicompost, plant, organic. 1. introduction long bean (vigna sinensis l.) is one of the plants commonly cultivated by farmers in indonesia, either in monoculture or intercropping. long bean plants are a class of annual plants that are easy to cultivate because they can grow in both highlands and lowlands. this plant has very good prospects both in foreign markets and especially in the local market. considering the habit of people who always consume long beans in various forms, both leaves, young pods and old seeds. the main factor that is very influential in the cultivation of long beans is the fertility of the soil and water, where water must be sufficient in its growth. legumes are sensitive to high soil acidity. soil that is too acidic with a ph below 5.5 can cause stunted growth because it is poisoned by aluminum which is dissolved in the soil. to overcome this, it is necessary to giving lime liming the land planted with long beans. before planting the land is processed first with the aim of stopping weeds, improving drainage and soil aeration (jati et al., 2018). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.78 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 long bean plants have long been cultivated in indonesia to support family needs. even in some places long beans are the main source of the family's economy. therefore, efforts to increase the productivity of long beans need to be continued. the productivity of long beans at the farm level is very low at 2-3 tons/ha. this productivity is much lower when compared to the potential yield of long beans which can reach 20-25 tons/ha of fresh pods (raksun et al., 2021). efforts to increase the productivity of long beans can be done through the provision of fertilizers, both organic and inorganic fertilizers. the application of organic fertilizers can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and improve the quality of vegetables. the use of appropriate organic fertilizers, especially organic vermicompost, is expected to overcome the lack of availability of nutrients in the soil. kascing organic fertilizer is a plus organic fertilizer, because it contains macro and micro nutrients and growth hormones that are ready to be absorbed by plants and are useful for plant growth and production (mulat, 2003). worms are earthworm droppings or feces. other terms for vermicompost are casting or casting and vermicast or vermicompost. kascing contains complete nutrients, both macro and micro nutrients that are useful for plant growth (nisak et al., 2017). besides that, vermicompost contains many microbes and plant growth-stimulating hormones such as giberilin 2.75%, cytokinin 1.05% and auxin 3.08%. the large number of microbes and their high activity can accelerate mineralization or the release of nutrients from worm droppings into forms that are available to plants. besides that, vermicompost contains a high cation exchange capacity (cec). cation exchange capacity is the ability of the soil to give or receive cations, nutrients or plant nutrients. the soil cec is lower than the vermicompost cec, giving a tendency for vermicompost to add nutrients to the soil or vermicompost can increase soil fertility (nurhuda et al., 2021). kascing or vermicompost is earthworm droppings. kascing fertilizer contains complete nutrients, both macro and micro elements that are useful for plant growth. the chemical composition of eisenia foetida vermicompost includes nitrogen (n) 0.63%, phosphorus (p) 0.35%, potassium (k) 0.20%, calcium (ca) 0.23%, magnesium (mg) 0.26% , sodium (na) 0.07%, copper (cu) 17.58%, zinc (zn) 0.007%, manganium (mn) 0.003%, iron (fe) 0.79%, boron (b) 0.21% , molybdenum (mo) 14.48%, cec 35.80 meg/100mg, water storage capacity 41.23 and humic acid 13.88% (prihatiningsih, 2008). these chemical elements are readily absorbed by plants and are very useful for their growth and production. in addition, vermicompost contains microbes and plant growth-stimulating hormones. the large number of microbes and their high activity can accelerate the release of page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.78 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 nutrients from worm droppings into forms that are available to plants. the purpose of this study was to determine the increase in the productivity of long beans (vigna sinensis l.) with the application of vermicompost fertilizer. 2. research method analysis of this research data used a randomized block design (rbd) with 7 (seven) treatments of giving organic vermicompost fertilizer, each treatment repeated 3 times, including: a). k0= 0 kg vermicompost/plant; b). k1= 0.25 kg vermicompost/plant; c). k2 = 0.50 kg vermicompost/plant; d). k3 = 0.75 kg vermicompost/plant; e). k4 = 1.0 kg vermicompost/plant; f). k5 = 1.25 kg vermicompost/plant; g). k6 = 1.50 kg vermicompost/plant. the tool used to calculate rbd with the help of excel. the weight of the planting media in polybags was 9 kg after adding vermicompost for each treatment and mixed well with the soil. to determine the effect of treatment used analysis of variance with the f test, and to determine the difference between each treatment used the bnt test (least significant difference) with a level of 5% (yitrosumarto, 1991). the research variables observed included: plant length, number of leaves, number of fruit (pods) per plant, fresh weight of fruit (pods) per plant. 3. results and discussion plant length the results of statistical analysis showed that the dose of vermicompost fertilizer had a significant effect on plant length at various ages of observation 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days after planting as shown in figure 1. figure1. graph of plant length average value (cm) due to treatment of vermicompost fertilizer at various ages observation. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.78 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 at the last observation 70 days after planting, the highest plant length value was achieved by k6 treatment of 193.667 cm which was significantly different from other treatments. while the treatments k0, k1 and k2 did not have a significant effect on the value of plant length at the end of the observation. number of leaves the results of statistical analysis showed that the dose of vermicompost fertilizer had a significant effect on the variable number of leaves, as shown in figure 2. figure 2. graph of the average number of leaves due to treatment of vermicompost fertilizer at various ages of observation. in the treatment of the dose of vermicompost fertilizer on the number of leaves, the value increased until the observation was 70 days after planting and the highest number of leaves was achieved in the k6 treatment, which was 137.833 which was significantly different from other treatments at all ages of observation. based on the results of research on vegetative growth variables, namely plant length and number of leaves, it was shown that the treatment with vermicompost fertilizer gave a significant difference compared to no vermicompost treatment (control); provision of vermicompost fertilizer is able to provide nutrients, both macro and micro elements needed for plant vegetative growth, it was proven that giving 1.50 kg of vermicompost per plant (k6 treatment) gave better results than other treatments (k1, k2, k3, k4, and k5) at all ages of observation. according to ismoyo et al., (2013) stated that nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in the vegetative growth process of plants which includes the growth of roots, stems and leaves. in this phase, the plant first remodels food reserves (carbohydrates) from seed chips into initial growth energy, then after leafy plants are able to carry out the photosynthesis process, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.78 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 carbohydrates will be formed as bioenergy for plant development. the results of research from bptp bali et al., (2014) that the use of vermicompost fertilizer resulted in the appearance of plants that were fresh, soft and the colors were better, brighter and shiny. the number of leaves affects the fresh weight of the plant canopy. kascing contains complete nutrients, both macro and micro nutrients that are useful for plant growth. where these chemical elements are absorbed by plants and are very useful for their growth and production. besides that, vermicompost contains many microbes and plant growthstimulating hormones such as giberilin 2.75%, cytokinin 1.05% and auxin 3.08%. the large number of microbes and their high activity can accelerate mineralization or the release of nutrients from worm droppings into forms that are available to plants (nurhuda et al., 2021). number of fruits (pods) per plant the results of statistical analysis showed that the dose of vermicompost fertilizer had a significant effect on the number of fruits per plant at the age of observation 63 days and 70 days after planting, but at the age of observation 77 days after planting did not give a significant effect. significant; while the observation of the total number of fruit variables that reflect the overall productivity of the number of fruits turned out to have a significant effect, as shown in figure 3. figure 3. graph of the average number of fruits due to treatment of vermicompost fertilizer at various ages of observation. in figure 3, it can be seen that the k5 and k6 treatments at the age of 63 days and 70 days after planting showed insignificant differences, then there was a tendency to decrease the number of fruits produced after the harvest period of 70 days; but cumulatively the dose of vermicompost fertilizer had a significant effect on the total number of fruits from the three harvest periods, the page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.78 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 highest total number of fruits was achieved by k6 treatment, which was 28,833 compared to other treatments. fresh weight of fruit (pods) per plant the results of statistical analysis showed that the dose of vermicompost fertilizer had a significant effect on the fresh weight of fruit per plant at the age of observation 63 days and 70 days after planting, but observations on the total fresh weight variable of fruit reflect total number of the three previous observations of fresh fruit weight turned out to have a significant effect, as shown in figure 4. figure 4. graph of average fruit weight (grams) due to treatment of vermicompost fertilizer at various ages of observation. figure 4 also shows a tendency to decrease the value of fresh fruit weight after the harvest period of 70 days after planting; but cumulatively the dose of vermicompost fertilizer had a significant effect on the total fresh weight of fruit, where it was shown that the highest total value of fresh fruit weight at the end of the observation (77 days after planting) was achieved by k6 treatment, which was 733,867 grams compared to other treatments, although not significantly different from the k5 and k4 treatments, respectively 694,467 grams and 684,267 grams. therefore on the generative variable, the treatment with vermicompost also gave effect a significant difference compared to no vermicompost (control); and it was proven that giving 1.50 kg of vermicompost per plant (k6 treatment) showed better results than other treatments (k1, k2, k3, k4, k5) on plant generative variables, especially the total fresh weight of fruit (pods) per plant. plants of 733,867 grams which showed no significant difference with k5 and k4 treatments, respectively 694,467 grams and 684,267 grams at the age of observation 77 days after planting. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.78 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 syahri's research, (2019) showed that there was a significant effect of vermicompost fertilizer application on plant height, flowering age, harvest age, number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant and root volume. earthworms with the help of enzymes contained in their digestive organs play a role in converting insoluble nutrients into soluble forms that plants need. these nutrients are contained in vermicompost, so it can be absorbed by plant roots to be carried to all parts of the plant. vermicompost contains plant growth hormones that can stimulate the growth of plant roots in the soil, spur the sprouting of new branches on tree trunks and branches, and stimulate leaf growth. vermicompost can also prevent soil loss due to runoff. in the process of vermicompost formation, when the soil enters the digestive tract of the worms, the worms will also secrete a compound, namely ca-humate. with the presence of these compounds, the soil particles are bound into a single unit (aggregate) which will be excreted in the form of vermicompost. these aggregates have the ability to bind water and soil nutrients (syahri, 2019). furthermore, the process of decomposition of organic matter in addition to producing co 2 and water also produces amides, amino acids and some nitrogen reacts with lignin and resistant compounds generally to form soil humus. where the properties of humus include: colloidal, has a large surface, water absorption capacity of 80-90% of its weight, so that more water can be utilized by plants (astuti, 2005). utilization of organic fertilizers or known as natural agriculture is carried out to reduce dependence on the use of inorganic fertilizers as well as to overcome the negative impacts caused by the use of inorganic fertilizers which have a high risk of physical soil; and one of the most widely used organic fertilizers is vermicompost. worms are earthworm droppings or feces (simanungkalit et al., 2006). giving vermicompost as the right way to fertilize the soil because it contains a number of macro and micro elements as well as soil microbes and growth hormones, has been proven to provide benefits for increasing the growth and production of long bean plants, namely being able to increase the fresh weight of fruit (pods) per plant by 86%. and total fresh weight of fruit (pods) per plant by 55% compared to no vermicompost. 4. conclusion based on the research, several conclusions can be drawn as follows: there was a significant effect on the treatment of vermicompost on all observed variables, namely plant length, number of leaves, number of fruit (pods) per plant, and fresh weight of fruit (pods) per plant; and giving vermicompost as much as 1.50 kg per plant (treatment k6) gave a better average effect than page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.78 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 other treatments at the end of the observation on the variables of plant length, number of leaves, and number of fruit (pods) per plant, although it was not significantly different by giving vermicompost as much as 1.25 kg per plant and 1 kg per plant on the variable total fresh weight of fruit (pods) per plant studied.. references astuti, a. (2005). aktivitas proses dekomposisi berbagai bahan organik dengan aktivator alami dan buatan. jurnal ilmu pertanian, 13(2), 92–104. bali, b., kariada, i. k., & bali, b. (2014). kajian adopsi penerapan teknologi pupuk organik kascing di daerah sentra produksi sayuran kabupaten tabanan. ismoyo, l., sumarno, s., & sudadi, s. (2013). pengaruh dosis kompos azolla dan kalium organik terhadap ketersediaan kalium dan hasil kacang tanah pada alfisol. sains tanah-journal of soil science and agroclimatology, 10(2), 123–132. jati, b. p., hastuti, p. b., & rusmarini, u. k. (2018). pengaruh pemberian pupuk kandang dan dosis pupuk p terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman kacang panjang (vigna sinensis l.). jurnal agromast, 3(1). nurhuda, m., inti, m., nurhidayat, e., anggraini, d. j., hidayat, n., rokim, a. m., azharry rohmadan, a. r., nurmaliatik, n., nurwito, n., & setyaningsih, i. r. (2021). kajian struktur tanah rizosfer tanaman kacang hijau dengan perlakuan pupuk kandang dan kascing. jurnal pertanian agros, 23(1), 35–43. prihatiningsih, n. l. (2008). pengaruh kascing dan pupuk anorganik terhadap serapan k dan hasil tanaman jagung manis (zea mays saccharata sturt) pada tanah alfisol jumantono. raksun, a., ilhamdi, m. l., merta, i. w., & mertha, i. g. (2021). vegetative growth of green eggplant due to treatment of vermicompost and npk fertilizer. jurnal biologi tropis, 21(3), 917–925. nisak, f., pratiwi, y. i., & ali, m. (2017). the influence of immersion duration and organic growing organics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield. agricultural science, 1(1), 11–26. nurhuda, m., inti, m., nurhidayat, e., anggraini, d. j., hidayat, n., rokim, a. m., azharry rohmadan, a. r., nurmaliatik, n., nurwito, n., & setyaningsih, i. r. (2021). kajian struktur tanah rizosfer tanaman kacang hijau dengan perlakuan pupuk kandang dan kascing. jurnal pertanian page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.78 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 agros, 23(1), 35–43. simanungkalit, r. d. m., suriadikarta, d. a., saraswati, r., setyorini, d., & hartatik, w. (2006). pupuk organik dan pupuk hayati. balai besar penelitian dan pengembangan sumberdaya lahan pertanian. syahri, m. (2019). pengaruh pemberian pupuk kascing dan herbafarm terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman kacang panjang renek (vigna unguiculata var. sesquepedalis). universitas islam riau. yitnosumarto, s. 1993. percobaan perancangan, analisis dan interpretasinya. gramedia pustaka utama. jakarta. competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi *1 . teguh soedarto 2 1 doctoral student of east java veterans national development university, indonesia , 2 postgraduate lecturer at east java veterans national development university, indonesia *corresponding author e-mail: faisolhumaidi@gmail.com article history: received: november 10, 2021; accepted: january 21, 2022 abstract sidoarjo regency is one of the agricultural production areas, especially vegetables and is the largest supplier to surabaya. the high productivity of agriculture cannot be separated from the role of agricultural extension workers who are spread in most sub-districts in sidoarjo regency. the purpose of this research is to measure the performance of agricultural extension workers in order to increase agricultural productivity, especially vegetables in sidoarjo regency. this research method uses descriptive, analytic and correlational approaches. a good extension policy strategy that can increase agricultural productivity is carried out by increasing programs related to institutions, quantity and quality of agricultural extension officers and improving farmer group institutions. with this policy strategy, it can improve the quality of agricultural extension through education and training, as well as empowerment farmer groups by improving programs related to institutions, quantity and quality extension workers and institutional improvement of farmer groups. the results of the study show that the performance of agricultural extension officers in the context of increasing agricultural productivity is in the very good category. keywords: agricultural extension, performance, empowerment, agricultural productivity, 1. introduction sidoarjo regency is one of the main buffer districts of surabaya city and is included in the gerbangkertosusila area. sidoarjo regency has a sector that is quite dominant in supporting its grdp, namely the industrial sector, such as the home industry, large industry, and small industry. one of the important roles in increasing gross domestic product is abundant agricultural production, especially in the field of vegetable and fruit products vegetable products are the main supplier on the city of surabaya. according to the bps 2021, there is an area of agricultural production in sidoarjo of 17,541 hectares of which 63% is concentrated in vegetable cultivation such as spinach, water spinach, mustard greens, chilies and others. therefore, strengthening the agricultural sector through an improvement program production needs to be done as soon as possible so that the achievement of self-sufficiency can be realized immediately (sari et al. 2020). regarding agricultural production in sidoarjo regency, one of them is related to the role of agricultural extension officers. the term extension basically comes from the word "extension", which is widespread in many circles. in indonesian, the term extension comes from the root word "suluh", which means the giver of light in the midst of darkness.(wicaksono, sugiyanto, and competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index purnomo 2016), (yusneli and tanjung 2021) being an agricultural extension officer must have competence so that he is able to play a role in: education, information dissemination/innovation, facilitation, consultation, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation. this condition has not been achieved due to weak efforts to increase self-capacity, and a top-down policy pattern. the development of agricultural extension workers is still not committed to competence, but relies more on economic rationality. capacity building should be carried out through identification and analysis of the current state of capacity, not based on the views of superiors. these conditions are analyzed by comparing the desired ideal capacity with the existing real capacity, so that the existing capacity discrepancies are found. in addition, according to (muslihat et al. 2015), (elka roza 2019), that the higher the competence, the higher the level of competence in carrying out their duties. the performance of the agricultural extension is largely determined by the characteristics, competence, motivation, and independence of the agricultural extension. good management of the factors that affect performance can improve the performance of the agricultural extension itself (bahua et al. 2010). agricultural extension activities in an effort to empower farmers, (jafri et al. 2018) stated that the level of agricultural extension workers' performance that significantly affects the performance of agricultural extension workers are: social system characteristics (socio-cultural values, agribusiness facilitation of government institutions, farmers' access to agribusiness institutions), the competence of the instructor (communication competence, the instructor's competence to teach farmers, the extension's competence to socially interact). regarding efforts to create food availability, this study aims to increase the capacity/competence of agricultural extension officers in an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo and measure the performance of agricultural extension officers in expanding and increasing agricultural productivity as well as formulating appropriate extension policy strategies to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo. 2. research methods the implementation time of this research starts in may 2021 until september 2021. this study uses a descriptive, analytical and correlation method approach (uusitalo 2014) and (lpu 2012). the research was carried out using a purposive method with the area taken, namely sidoarjo regency. respondents in the form of vegetable farmers from 18 sub-districts with each sub-district taken 4 active farmers so that the total number of respondents is 72 people. data collection techniques using: a. interview, b. questionnaire, c. observation d. literature studies (sunartomo 2016). competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index 3. results and discussion the performance assessment of agricultural extension officers in sidoarjo regency refers to the decree of the minister of agriculture no. 671 of 2006 and ministry of agriculture 912013 performance evaluation of agricultural instructors which contains 9 indicators of the success of field agricultural extension and guidelines for evaluation of agricultural extension performance. agricultural extension program according to farmers' needs the preparation of a work program that is in accordance with the needs of farmers is a non-negotiable necessity. the agricultural extension work program is truly on target, effective and efficient. respondents' assessment of the programs needed by farmers can be seen in table 1 below. table 1. results of respondents' assessment of the indicators of the compilation of agricultural extension programs category score n percentage (%) suitable 3 72 100 not suitable 2 0 0 not available 1 0 0 total 216 72 100 table 1 shows that out of 72 respondents, they assessed that the preparation of agricultural extension programs carried out by agricultural extension workers in sidoarjo regency was in accordance with the needs of farmers. thus, as many as 72 respondents gave a score of 3 so that the total score was 216. this means that the(supriani 2014) and (bahua 2017) indicator of the compilation of agricultural extension programs in accordance with farmers' needs is in the very good category. thus, it shows that the performance of the extension worker in the preparation of the extension program is very good. it is proven that based on observations, the farmers stated that they were satisfied with the programs that were developed and run by the extension workers (geumala et al. 2018). extension programs that can be accepted and applied by farmer groups are horticultural cultivation technology packages such as vegetables with an approach to using organic fertilizers and reducing the financing of urea fertilizer use. besides, the agricultural extension program is said to be successful and good by reducing the use of pesticide financing. the use of inorganic pesticides has an impact on the applicator and environmental pollution. with the development of the use of organic pesticides, it can reduce the financing of inorganic pesticides and increase vegetable production in sidoarjo regency by 20% to 30%. compilation of agricultural extension work plans in each working area the work plan is an important pillar for extension workers in carrying out their duties, making them more effective and efficient. the results of the respondents' assessment of the indicators for the preparation of the work plan are summarized in table 2. competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index table 2. results of respondents' assessment of the indicators of compilation of agricultural extension work plans category score n percentage (%) compiled and in progress 3 67 93,06 compiled and not implemented 2 5 6,94 unordered 1 0 0 total 211 72 100 from table 2, respondents' assessment of the indicators for the preparation of the agricultural extension work plan shows that 93.06% gave a score of 3 because the work plans that have been prepared and are being implemented have seen evidence of their performance during the 2021 period. most farmers gave a score of 3 (three). ) because in the preparation of the work plan also involves farmers and farmers are satisfied with the work plan that is arranged. a total of 5 respondents gave a score of 2 with a percentage of 6.94%, 1 this is due to the fact that several plans have not been implemented. the total score of all respondents is 211, this value is in the very good category, meaning that the performance of the instructor in preparing the work plan is very good. this is because apart from being made from scratch involving superiors and farmers, work plans are also useful in identifying problems faced by farmers. efforts made by extension workers to overcome problems faced by farmers are always coordinated with community leaders and related agencies. the results of the interview showed that most farmers stated that it was the duty of the agricultural extension officer to make notes on the work plan and program realization as an effort to evaluate material for the following year. according to (walangadi et al. 2021) (hanafiah, rasyid, and purwoko 2013), the principle of agricultural extension is to work with the target (client) not work for the target. extension targets are different community groups starting from what the target knows and has. in carrying out their work, extension workers must coordinate with community organizations and the government. other extension principles, referring to the interests and needs of the community, low-level community organization, cultural diversity and change, community cooperation and participation, democracy in the application of knowledge, learning by doing, using appropriate methods, leadership development, trained specialization, caring for the family as a social unit and can realize community satisfaction, the extension worker tries to involve the participation of farmers in knowing their own area, so that during village deliberations, farmer representatives have an agreement to develop their own area. table 3 shows that 91.67% of respondents gave a score of 3 (three), so the total score obtained was 210 (including the very good category range). this means that the task of the agricultural instructor in identifying the potential of the region is in the very good category. this is related to the efforts of agricultural extension workers to form a team for each farmer group that is involved in analyzing the potential of the village area and agro-ecosystem competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index to work together as material for the preparation of extension programs and explore the village's potential to seek commodity development opportunities. the program's relationship with farmer satisfaction is seen from the high level of participation of farmer groups in using the applied technology package. the technology packages implemented by agricultural extension workers must be effective, easy to implement and efficient. this is the measure that farmers can and want to implement the technology packages introduced and applied to farmers. the measure of satisfaction also refers to the productivity of vegetables obtained so that they can increase farmers' income. from the interview results, production increased by 30% with an increase in income of 25%-35%. table 3. respondents' assessment results on indicators of availability of regional map data for location-specific technology development category score n percentage (%) available 3 66 91,67 available but not suitable 2 6 8,33 not available 1 0 0 total 210 72 100 dissemination of agricultural technology information equitable and according to farmers' needs dissemination of agricultural technology information to farmers are indicators of the success rate of agricultural productivity in sidoarjo regency. table 4 shows that 9.72% of farmers think that the technology package introduced and applied is still not in accordance with the needs of farmers. this happens because farmers do not master or do not understand the information provided by extension workers. cultivation of plants by using new technology, production inputs such as the use of superior seeds and information regarding improvement of planting methods and the use of fertilizers/pesticides have been conveyed by extension workers, but not all farmers have adopted them. table 4. results of respondents' assessment of the indicators of disseminating agricultural technology information equitable and in accordance with farmers' needs category score n percentage (%) evenly and in accordance with the needs of farmers 3 65 90,28 even and not according to the needs of farmers 2 7 9,72 uneven not according to farmers' needs 1 0 0 total 209 72 100 however, 90.28% of respondents/farmers still agree that the dissemination of technology packages according to farmers' needs is really needed by farmers. the characteristics of these farmers are very adaptive to the development of information technology so that the farmers are very easy to find information in cyberspace, especially in increasing agricultural production. dissemination of agricultural technology information that is fair and according to farmers' needs is a must that must be prepared by agricultural extension workers. dissemination competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index of technology which is usually an introduction from the ministry of agriculture must be adapted to the situation and conditions of the agro-ecosystem and be easily applied by fostered farmers. from the data above, it appears that sidoarjo horticultural farmers are very adaptive to the dissemination of technology introduced and applied by local agricultural extension workers. empowerment and independence of farmers, farmers groups, business groups and formal enterprises the empowerment and independence of farmers are the benchmarks for the purpose of extension, but the results of observations and interviews show unsatisfactory results. the results of the respondents obtained 68.06% or as many as 49 farmers stated that they were independent and highly competitive, while 20 respondents (27.77%) stated that they were independent but not competitive and 3 respondents were still not independent and not competitive. table 5. results of respondents' assessment of indicators of empowerment and independence of farmers, farmers groups, business groups and formal enterprises category score n percentage (%) already independent and highly competitive 3 49 68,06 already independent but not competitive 2 20 27,77 not independent and not competitive 1 3 4, 17 total 190 72 100 this situation occurs because of an increase in the number of new farmer groups who still need to develop farming of agricultural products and also the occurrence of rural farming where many urban residents return to the village to become farmers due to the impact of the covid 19 pandemic. other classic problems are becoming uncompetitive and not independent. because of limited capital so that farmers find it difficult to compete. in addition, farmers are more dependent on middlemen to obtain funds more quickly and at lower prices. the role of farmers is needed in solving the problem of limited capital. some farmers have tried and coordinated with relevant agencies to find a way out to overcome the problem of limited capital. several extension workers have brought together bank jatim sidoarjo with farmers throughout the sidoarjo district. empowerment and independence of farmers, farmers groups, business groups and formal business entities is a classic problem that is always faced by agricultural extension workers, many factors affect the slowness of empowerment and formal business entities such as the low skills of farmers, the existence of many aging farmers in sidoarjo ( 60%) and capital problems. in addition, several agricultural extension workers have succeeded in fostering village-owned enterprises in collaboration with farmer groups in developing capital and production facilities. although the percentage of this activity is still said to be small. there is a need for more intensive competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index guidance with the collaboration of various related agencies in developing the farming business of the farmers assisted by agricultural extension workers. the realization of business partnerships between farmers and entrepreneurs that are mutually beneficial the partnership between farmers and entrepreneurs is one of the alternatives to increase farmers' income. with a partnership, all agricultural products are absorbed by the market and farmers and entrepreneurs are not disadvantaged. from the results of the respondents' assessment, it is summarized in table 6. table 6. results of respondents' assessment of indicators for the realization of business partnerships between farmers and entrepreneurs category score n percentage (%) have partners with entrepreneurs 3 0 0 don't have partners with entrepreneurs yet 2 22 30,55 do not have partners with entrepreneurs 1 50 69,45 total 94 72 100 table 6 above shows a score of 94 which is an unsatisfactory category. a total of 22 respondents said they did not have partners with entrepreneurs, and 50 respondents said they did not have partners with entrepreneurs. most of the farmers considered that the efforts made by extension workers were less than optimal, this was proven that there were no farmers who had partners with entrepreneurs. this means that the performance of extension workers to realize business partnerships between farmers and entrepreneurs is still not good. there needs to be policy intervention from the local government of sidoarjo in overcoming the problem of partnership between farmers and entrepreneurs. realization of farmers' access to financial institutions, information on agricultural production facilities and marketing in the farming process from upstream to downstream, post-harvest and marketing sectors require funds. therefore, farmers need access to government institutions, entrepreneurs and financial institutions. the results of the study show that the performance of agricultural extension workers in realizing farmers' access to financial institutions, information on agricultural production facilities and marketing is quite good with a total score of 134. this is based on the results of the respondents' assessments presented in table 7. table 7. results of respondents' assessment of indicators of realizing farmers' access to financial institutions, information on agricultural production facilities and marketing category score n percentage (%) have access 3 12 16,67 lack of access 2 38 52,77 don't have access 1 22 30,56 total 134 72 100 competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index as many as 16.67% of farmers already have access to financial institutions, this is a capital for extension workers to encourage farmers who still lack access to financial institutions. the high percentage of lack of access and lack of access is due to the fact that farmers find it difficult to deal with the many administrative requirements of financial institutions. the main problem is that farmers must make plans and develop the profitability of the business. the role of the extension worker is very important in guiding and teaching how to make an agricultural farming business plan. increased productivity of leading commodity agribusiness in each work area the development of superior commodity agribusiness is a priority for each agricultural extension work area. the role of extension workers is challenged to explore, develop, and produce superior agricultural products in their working areas. the results of the respondent's assessment in table 8 show that the productivity of the leading commodity agribusiness has not increased significantly. the extension programs provided have been able to be implemented by some farmers, but due to limited knowledge and attitudes of farmers who are satisfied with the traditional way, the increase in the productivity of agribusiness for superior commodities is quite slow. table 8. results of respondents' assessment of indicators of increasing agribusiness productivity category score n percentage (%) increase rapidly 3 10 13,88 slowly increasing 2 40 55,56 not increasing/fixed 1 22 30,56 total 132 72 100 table 8 above shows that 55.56% of the development of superior products in the work area is slowly increasing. there is still a need for encouragement from extension workers in increasing the role of farmers in developing superior regional products. 13.88% of farmers have succeeded in binding their regional superior products, such as wonoayu sub-district, which is the center for kale, spinach and mustard greens. farmers' assessment of superior productivity is still 30.56% saying that there is no superior agribusiness product. this condition shows that the performance of extension workers in increasing the productivity of agribusiness of superior commodities is still classified as low good. further efforts, especially in providing farmers with knowledge and skills, still need to be further improved (quality of human resources) so that extension programs run effectively and efficiently. increased income and welfare of farmers in each working area the performance of extension workers in increasing farmers' income and welfare has been good. this matter strengthened by the results of the assessment in table 9 which shows a total score of 147 which means it is in the good category. extension programs that have been given and competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index run have given satisfactory results, this is evident from the farmers' income which has increased, although not significantly. table 9. results of respondents' assessment of indicators of increasing farmers' income and welfare category score n percentage (%) increase rapidly 3 18 25 slowly increasing 2 39 54,17 not increasing/fixed 1 15 20,83 total 147 72 100 overall assessment results of nine agricultural extension performance indicators the summary of the results of the overall assessment of the performance indicators of agricultural extension workers in sidoarjo regency is as follows: 1. the indicator of the success of agricultural extension is the need of professional farmers in agricultural extension which can be realized if it is supported by the presence of competent extension workers. 2. the total score for all indicators is 1543, where this score is in the very good category. this means that the performance of the agricultural extension officers in sidoarjo regency is very good 3. with comprehensive guidance by agricultural extension workers to farmer groups, it can increase agricultural productivity a maximum of 30% and the marketing of agricultural products such as vegetables has been accommodated by collectors to be marketed mostly to surabaya markets. 4. conclution from the results of the study, the performance of agricultural extension workers has a very good category, the right extension policy strategy is to improve programs in terms of institutions, quantity and quality of extension workers, and improve farmer institutions. the ultimate goal of extension is to improve the quality of extension workers through training, education, and empowerment of farmer groups. recommendations from this research are: a. increase the capacity and competence of agricultural instructors with no tillage, technical guidance and communication techniques for extension workers. improvement of the budget system, c. training on making accountability reports on the performance of agricultural instructors every working year. references bahua, mohamad ikbal. 2017. “kinerja penyuluh pertanian.” bappenas.go.id 1–23. competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index bahua, mohamad ikbal, amri jahi, pang s. asngari, amiruddin saleh, and gusti putu purnaba. 2010. “faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja penyuluh pertanian dan dampaknya pada perilaku petani jagung di provinsi gorontalo.” jurnal ilmiah agropolitan 3(1):293– 303. elka roza, rosnita &. fajar restuhadi. 2019. “faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi 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and sri purwanti. 2020. “application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.).” agricultural science 4(1):74–84. sunartomo, aryo fajar. 2016. “kapasitas penyuluh pertanian dalam upaya meningkatkan produktivitas pertanian di jawa timur.” agriekonomika 5(2). doi: 10.21107/agriekonomika.v5i2.1343. supriani. 2014. “analisis kinerja penyuluh pertanian di kabupaten majene.” 141. uusitalo, olavi. 2014. research methodology. walangadi, y. t., m. i. bahua, m. a. arham, and m. h. jamil. 2021. “the influencing factors on the performance of agricultural extension agents in corn farming (a study conducted in gorontalo province).” iop conference series: earth and environmental science 681(1). doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/681/1/012001. wicaksono, pararto, sugiyanto sugiyanto, and mangku purnomo. 2016. “faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap kinerja dan kompetensi penyuluh pertanian pada jenjang jabatan penyuluh pertanian ahli (kasus di malang, jawa timur).” habitat 27(2):85–93. doi: 10.21776/ub.habitat.2016.027.2.10. yusneli, santi, and hery bachrizal tanjung. 2021. “faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kompetensi penyuluh pertanian di kabupaten pasaman.” jurnal niara 14(2):26–34. competence of agricultural extension an effort to increase agricultural productivity in sidoarjo faisol humaidi1. teguh soedarto2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza page | 126 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza food science and quality control department, bakrajo technical institute, sulaimani polytechnic university, iraq corresponding author e-mail: chnar.meerza@spu.edu.iq article history: received: oktober 11, 2021; accepted: january 20, 2022 abstract the main aim of this study was to determine the optimum line of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) and best location for cultivating. the experimental design used in this study was randomized complete block design with two replications. in this study 29 lines of triticale were applied to assess some agronomic character (plant height (cm), no. of days from seeding to 50% anthesis, no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity, no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity, no. of fertile tiller/plant ), yield character (grain yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index). plowing methods were used twice for the area of the study in each region. in qlyasan region sowing started on 21 december and on 25 december in halabja region. a total of 29 triticale lines developed from the hybridized winter triticale lines were used with a set name of 41ityn and was taken from the international maize and wheat improvement center (cimmyt). the 29 triticale lines consisted of (802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829 and 830). the result illustrated that ) the maximum plant height, no. of days from seeding to 50% anthess, no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity, no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity and no. of fertile tiller/plant was observed in lines (804, 809, 830, 827 and 807). the highest agronomic character was observed under cultivation of triticale in the halabja location. the maximum grain yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index was observed in lines (802, 828 and 827). cultivation of the plant in halabja region also gave the highest yield. keywords: triticale lines, agronomic, yield, kurdistan 1. introduction triticale is a relatively new crop; it is the first grain crop produced by crossing wheat (triticum) with rye (secale). in 1875, the first report on receiving a wheat-rye hybrid was published [5]. poland, germany, france, and belarus are the world's leading producers of triticale, and the cultivation area of this most promising culture is expanding both globally and in russia. according to roskomstat, russia's crop page was 624 thousand tons in 2017 (pankratov & kandrokov, 2017). triticale (triticosecale wittmack) is a demand species for the production of the fodder in those regions where temperature decreases in winter and effects on the productivity of wheat and barley (aydoğan & and köksal yağdi, 2010). global warming in these years affects mainly the reduction of production of international cereal crops (xiao, cao, bai, qi, & shen, 2017). sowing date was postulated as the main factor of higher cereal grain yield output without mailto:chnar.meerza@spu.edu.iq comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza page | 127 any extra economical inputs (vieira, oliveira, & daros, 2019). the climate of kurdistan region is known as wana area (west asia and north of africa) and the yearly of rainfall is between 200 and 600 mm with variation in the time and regions (tow, cooper, partridge, & birch, 2011). for the production of enterprises of poultry grain of triticale can be counted as an alternative to wheat and maize which is cheaper than wheat (jahan, amin, barma, babar, & bodruzzaman, 2001). however, in some of the studies triticale is cultivated for the production of grain but several research works identified triticale as having potentiality to be used as two functioned crops (santiveri, royo, & romagosa, 2004). due to this the two function usage of triticale was known as an amazing modern option for the production of forage and grain as well (jahan et al., 2001). selecting cultivars with the highest grain yields without clipping can be used to breed for dual purpose grain with the most forage productivity and there is a strong link between grain yield acquired after forage removal and grain yield attained without forage removal (estradacampuzano, slafer, & miralles, 2012). until recently, triticale grain was thought to be a rye equivalent, at least in terms of technological qualities (grabovets, dremucheva, & karchevskaya, 2013). russian breeders, on the other hand, have enabled the development and introduction of new promising triticale cultivars into agricultural practice. the wheat genotype predominates in these varieties, which has an impact on the phenotypic characteristics of triticale kernels, such as size, shape (sphericity coefficient 0.8), color, and structural, mechanical, and technical characteristic (aydoğan & andköksal yağdi, 2010). new information regarding the technological features, biochemical composition, and varietal characteristics of triticale grain and it’s products has been obtained as a result of current research . the research yielded novel triticale flour production technologies as well as a new grit variety with unique qualities that will be in high demand in the baking, macaroni, confectionery, starch, meat, and other culinary industries (kh, starichenkov, & shteynberg, 2015). a high protein content, necessary amino acids, and a wellbalanced amino acid composition are all factors that contribute to nutritional value . the biological value of triticale grain is determined by the presence of vitamins, macroand micronutrients, as well as the prevalence of water and salt-soluble protein fractions, which leads to a higher degree of assimilation of triticale proteins. (meleshkina, pankratov, vitol, kandrokov, & tulyakov, 2017). therefore, this study was aimed to compare and illustrate the best triticale lines that can be obtained in two different locations (halabja and qlyasan). 2. research method this experiment was conducted in two locations under rain filed in winter the locations consisted of (halabja and qlyasan). halabja region which is located 84 km south east of sulaimanya (lat 35˚ 11΄ 43˝ n; 45˚ 58΄ 36˝ e, 690 masl and at qlyasan region which is located in comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza page | 128 sulaimanya city in the north of iraq (lat 35˚ 34΄ 30˝ n; long 45˚ 21΄ 43˝ e, 765 masl). in this study 29 lines of triticale were applied to assess some agronomic character (plant height (cm), no. of days from seeding to 50% anthesis, no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity, no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity, no. of fertile tiller/plant ), yield character (grain yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index). plowing methods were used twice for the area of the study in each region. in qlyasan region sowing started on 21 december and on 25 december in halabja region. a total of 29 triticale lines developed from the hybridized winter triticale lines were used with a set name of 41ityn and was taken from the international maize and wheat improvement center (cimmyt). the 29 triticale lines consisted of (802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829 and 830).the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with two replications. the statistical analysis and analysis of variance was determined by statistical analysis system (sas) (release 9.4, sas institute inc., cary, nc, usa). for comparison of the treatments mean, fisher’s least significant differences (lsd) was used when f values were significant at (p ≤ 0.05). 3. results and discussion agronomic characters the results of analysis of variance (anova) of triticale lines, cultivation location and their interaction effects on some agronomic character of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) are shown in (table 1). the main effect of lines was highly significant for plant height and significant for no. of days from seeding to 50% anthesis. while the same effect was not significant for the remaining agronomic characters.the main effect of cultivation location was not significant for the plant height, highly significant for no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity and no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity and significant for no. of fertile tiller/plant while the same effect was not significant for plant height. the interaction effects of lines and cultivation locations were highly significant for plant height and significant for no. of days from seeding to 50% anthesis. while, not significant for other agronomic characters. table 1: analysis of variance (anova) comparison of triticale lines (x triticosecale wittmack) agronomic characters. in different locations. s.o.v. ms df plant height (cm) no. of days from seeding to 50% anthesis no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity no. of fertile tiller/plant block 1 44.269ns 30.0086ns 10.56* 2.491ns 0.139ns lines 28 533.46** 30.632* 2.67ns 14.67ns 0.162ns locations 1 314.491ns 2910.01** 84.491** 3904.56** 0.746* lines*locations 28 321.63** 30.9908* 3.795ns 14.543ns 0.1378ns comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza page | 129 error 57 97.86 10.50 2.63 10.81 0.13 *, ** and ns represent significant at p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 and non-significant, respectively. s.o.v.: source of variance, df: degree of freedom and ms: mean square. as it’s shown in (table 2) the maximum plant height, no. of days from seeding to 50% anthess, no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity, no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity and no. of fertile tiller/plant was observed in lines (804, 809, 830, 827 and 807) which were (109.08 cm, 130.25 days, 165.25 days, 42.5 days and 2.33) respectively. while the minimum plant height, no. of days from seeding to 50% anthess, no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity, no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity and no. of fertile tiller/plant was observed in lines (826, 806, 827, 827 and 809) which were (59 cm, 120 days , 162.5 days, 42.25 days and 1.66) respectively. the plant height is an essential trait for triticale which have a great role for the resistance of the plant against lodging, total biomass (gowda et al., 2011) and as well as the harvest index (goyal et al., 2011). however, in some research study it have been concluded that the optimum height of triticale is 120 cm while in this study the highest plant exceeded (109.08 cm) which is in line with other study works that determined that in small grain cereals, plant height is an essential agronomic feature that influences crop performance, particularly lodging and, as a result, grain production and quality. crop height reduction has thus been an important breeding target for many decades (griffiths et al., 2012). as its illustrated the line that reached 50% the anthesis early was 806, it is clear that anthesis time is a vital stage in the life cycle of a plant, since it impacts the quantity of seeds and final yield in many crops (craufurd & wheeler, 2009) and environmental variables that affect plant growth tend to influence flowering dynamics (rao et al., 2015). the minimum no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity was observed in line 827 which is in line with a result of a study in which observed that optimum no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity of triticale is 42 days (bezabih, girmay, & lakewu, 2019). no. of fertile tiller/plant was observed in lines (807) which were (2.33) which indicated the grain yield of the crop and its clarified that the tiller number per plant determines panicle number which is a key component of grain yield (p. krishnan, 2011). table 2: comparison of triticale lines (x triticosecale wittmack) agronomic characters. lines plant height (cm) no. of days from seeding to 50% anthesis no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity no. of fertile tiller/plant 802 104.42 121.50 163.75 42.24 2.25 803 85.58 127.75 165.25 39.75 2.32 804 109.08 123.25 163.75 40.50 1.75 805 77.50 125.75 164.50 39.00 2.25 806 99.17 120.00 163.50 42.00 2.08 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/spadix comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza page | 130 807 80.66 126.50 163.75 37.50 2.33 808 98.58 122.00 164.25 42.00 1.75 809 95.92 130.25 164.50 34.75 1.66 810 100.08 124.00 164.00 39.75 1.83 811 101.25 120.50 163.00 40.25 2.16 812 96.25 124.50 162.75 38.50 2.25 813 103.83 126.25 164.25 38.50 2.00 814 97.33 123.00 162.75 39.75 2.00 815 108.00 122.75 163.00 40.00 2.16 816 96.83 128.25 163.75 37.25 2.25 817 74.50 122.25 163.75 41.75 2.16 818 103.33 127.25 164.00 36.75 2.08 819 86.17 128.50 165.25 36.50 1.83 820 83.00 124.25 163.50 39.00 2.30 821 96.75 121.25 162.75 41.50 1.66 822 87.25 123.00 162.75 40.00 2.00 823 99.92 124.00 163.25 38.75 2.16 824 87.75 126.25 164.25 38.25 2.00 825 84.16 123.25 163.25 39.75 2.00 826 59.00 124.75 164.75 40.00 2.17 827 105.83 120.00 162.50 42.25 1.92 828 97.33 122.00 164.25 42.23 2.16 829 83.42 127.00 165.00 39.50 2.08 830 102.50 127.75 165.25 37.75 1.83 l.s.d. 5% 14.01 4.59 2.30 4.65 0.51 according to the result which is shown in (table 3) the highest plant height, no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity and no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity was observed under cultivation of triticale in halabja location which were (94.93 cm, 164.69 days and 45.31 days) respectively while, the lowest plant height, no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity and no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity in the same location were (91.94 cm, 162.98 days and 33.71days) respectively. the maximum no. of days from seeding to 50% anthesis and no. of fertile tiller/plant were determined under qlyasan cultivation location as (129.41 days and 2.13) respectively. while the lowest no. of days from seeding to 50% anthesis and no. of fertile tiller/plant were determined under halabja cultivation location as (119.40 days and 1.97) respectively. table 3: comparison of triticale lines (x triticosecale wittmack) agronomic characters in different locations. locations plant height (cm) no. of days from seeding to 50% anthesis no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity no. of fertile tiller/plant halabja 94.93 119.40 164.69 45.31 1.97 qlyasan 91.64 129.41 162.98 33.71 2.13 l.s.d. 5% 3.68 1.20 0.60 1.22 0.14 comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza page | 131 the interaction result is illustrated in (table 4). the maximum plant height, no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity and no. of fertile tiller/plant were determined under qlyasan cultivation location in lines (804, 809 and 802) which were ( 120.3 cm, 142 days and 2.66 ) respectively. according to a research study done by ukalska and kociuba (2013) the optimum plant height for triticale should be 120 cm. the highest no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity and no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity were observed in lines (808 and 829) cultivated in halabja location which were (166.5 days and 46.53 days) respectively. the minimum plant height, no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity and no. of fertile tiller/plant were determined under halabja cultivation location in lines (826, 812 and 813) which were ( 54.0 cm, 118 days and 1.5 ) respectively. the lowestt no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity and no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity were observed in lines (827 and 809) cultivated in qlyasan location which were (161 days and 24 days) respectively. table 4: comparison of triticale lines agronomic characters (x triticosecale wittmack) and interaction with locations. lines locations plant height (cm) no. of days from seeding to 50% anthesis no. of days from seeding to physiological maturity no. of days from 50% anthesis to physiological maturity no. of fertile tiller/plant 802 halabja 98.00 120.50 166.00 45.50 1.83 qlyasan 110.83 122.50 161.50 39.00 2.66 803 halabja 102.50 120.50 166.50 45.50 2.33 qlyasan 68.67 135.00 164.00 34.00 2.33 804 halabja 97.83 119.50 165.00 45.50 2.00 qlyasan 120.33 127.00 162.50 35.50 1.50 805 halabja 87.00 120.00 165.50 46.00 2.00 qlyasan 68.00 131.50 163.50 32.00 2.50 806 halabja 101.33 119.50 165.00 45.50 2.17 qlyasan 97.00 120.50 162.00 38.50 2.00 807 halabja 93.00 118.50 163.00 45.00 2.16 qlyasan 68.33 134.50 164.50 30.00 2.50 808 halabja 95.33 120.00 166.50 46.00 1.83 qlyasan 101.83 124.00 162.00 38.00 1.66 809 halabja 90.83 118.50 163.00 45.50 1.50 qlyasan 101.00 142.00 166.00 24.00 1.83 810 halabja 93.16 119.50 165.50 45.50 1.67 qlyasan 107.00 128.50 162.50 34.00 2.00 811 halabja 99.50 119.00 164.00 45.00 2.00 qlyasan 103.00 122.00 162.00 35.50 2.33 812 halabja 98.16 118.00 162.00 44.50 2.17 qlyasan 94.33 131.00 163.50 32.50 2.33 813 halabja 91.83 119.00 164.50 46.00 1.50 qlyasan 115.83 133.50 164.00 31.00 2.50 814 halabja 89.17 118.50 163.00 44.50 2.17 qlyasan 105.50 127.50 162.50 35.00 1.83 815 halabja 107.83 119.00 164.00 44.50 2.00 qlyasan 108.17 126.50 162.00 35.50 2.33 816 halabja 96.83 119.50 165.00 45.50 2.33 comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza page | 132 qlyasan 96.83 137.00 162.50 29.00 2.16 817 halabja 92.83 119.50 165.50 46.50 2.17 qlyasan 56.17 125.00 162.00 37.00 2.16 818 halabja 100.83 118.50 163.00 44.50 1.83 qlyasan 105.83 136.00 165.00 29.00 2.33 819 halabja 95.17 120.00 165.00 44.50 1.83 qlyasan 77.17 137.00 165.50 28.50 1.83 820 halabja 94.50 119.00 164.00 44.50 2.17 qlyasan 71.50 129.50 163.00 33.50 2.50 821 halabja 99.33 119.00 164.00 45.00 1.66 qlyasan 94.17 123.50 161.50 38.00 1.66 822 halabja 96.50 118.50 163.00 45.00 1.67 qlyasan 78.00 127.50 162.50 35.00 2.33 823 halabja 97.50 119.00 164.00 44.00 1.83 qlyasan 102.33 129.00 162.50 33.50 2.50 824 halabja 95.50 120.00 165.00 45.50 2.00 qlyasan 80.00 132.50 163.50 31.00 2.00 825 halabja 91.16 119.00 164.00 44.50 2.00 qlyasan 77.16 127.50 162.50 35.00 2.00 826 halabja 54.00 120.50 166.50 46.00 2.17 qlyasan 64.00 129.00 163.00 34.00 2.17 827 halabja 96.33 119.00 164.00 44.50 2.17 qlyasan 115.33 121.00 161.00 40.00 1.67 828 halabja 98.50 120.00 166.50 46.52 2.00 qlyasan 96.17 124.00 162.00 38.00 2.33 829 halabja 103.33 120.50 166.50 46.53 2.17 qlyasan 63.50 133.50 163.50 32.50 2.00 830 halabja 95.33 120.50 166.50 46.51 1.83 qlyasan 109.66 135.00 164.00 29.00 1.83 l.s.d. 5% 19.81 6.49 3.25 6.58 0.73 yield the results of analysis of variance (anova) of triticale lines, cultivation location and their interaction effects on the yield components of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) are shown in (table 5). the main effect of cultivation locations was highly significant for grain yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index. while the main effect of lines was not significant for the yield components. the interaction effects of lines and cultivation locations were not significant for grain yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index. as it’s shown in (table 6) the maximum grain yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index was observed in lines (802, 828 and 827) which were (737.5(t/ha), 31.8(t/ha) and 0.5) respectively. while the minimum grain yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index was observed in lines (807, 817 and 825) which were (286.0 (t/ha), 8.1(t/ha) and 0.3) respectively. table 5: analysis of variance (anova) comparison of triticale lines (x triticosecale wittmack) yield characters in different locations. s.o.v. ms df grain yield (t/ha) biological yield (t/ha) harvest index block 1 465822* 2544.42** 0.00878ns lines 28 44884.3ns 100.881ns 0.00472ns locations 1 2509339** 989.88** 0.0762** lines*locations 28 41436.44ns 105.763ns 0.0074ns comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza page | 133 error 57 66184.2 102.715 0.00578 *, ** and ns represent significant at p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 and non-significant, respectively. s.o.v.: source of variance, df: degree of freedom and ms: mean square. as it’s shown in (table 6) the maximum grain yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index was observed in lines (802, 828 and 827) which were (737.5(t/ha), 31.8(t/ha) and 0.5) respectively. while the minimum grain yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index was observed in lines (807, 817 and 825) which were (286.0 (t/ha), 8.1(t/ha) and 0.3) respectively. table 6: comparison of triticale lines (x triticosecale wittmack) yield characters. lines grain yield (t/ha) biological yield (t/ha) harvest index 802 737.5 18.2 0.40 803 460.0 11.4 0.40 804 417.8 16.2 0.41 805 692.5 8.5 0.35 806 529.0 16.8 0.42 807 286.0 11.2 0.40 808 716.3 12.5 0.40 809 628.8 12.8 0.40 810 521.3 15.3 0.40 811 395.0 16.5 0.40 812 581.3 15.7 0.40 813 602.5 15.1 0.40 814 720.0 14.4 0.33 815 612.5 23.3 0.40 816 493.8 12.7 0.40 817 523.8 8.1 0.40 818 677.0 20.2 0.40 819 530.0 9.4 0.32 820 426.5 13.5 0.40 821 688.8 11.2 0.40 822 572.5 9.4 0.40 823 581.3 16.7 0.40 824 531.3 12.5 0.40 825 537.5 9.0 0.3 826 400.0 8.9 0.40 827 643.8 17.4 0.50 828 502.5 31.8 0.31 829 572.5 10.5 0.40 830 635.0 16.9 0.40 l.s.d. 5% 364.27 14.35 0.11 based on the results determined in (table 7) the maximum grain yield (t/ha) and harvest index was observed under cultivation of the plant in halabja location which were (712.21 (t/ha), and 0.40) respectively. while the minimum grain yield (t/ha) and harvest index was observed in under cultivation of the plant in qlyasan location which were (418.05 (t/ha), and 0.35) respectively. the highest biological yield (t/ha) was obtained when the plant was cultivated in comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza page | 134 qlyasan location which was (17.19 (t/ha)) while, the minimum biological yield (t/ha) was 11.35 (t/ha) under halabja cultivation location. table 7: comparison of triticale lines (x triticosecale wittmack) yield characters in different locations. locations grain yield (t/ha) biological yield (t/ha) harvest index halabja 712.21 11.35 0.40 qlyasan 418.05 17.19 0.35 l.s.d. 5% 95.66 3.77 0.03 the interaction result is illustrated in (table 8). the maximum grain yield (t/ha) was determined in line (805) under halabja cultivation location which were (910 (t/ha)) and the minimum grain yield (t/ha) was observed in line (807) under qlyasan cultivation location which was (129. 0 (t/ha)). the highest biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index was observed in lines (828 and 827) under qlyasan cultivation location which were (52.09 (t/ha) and 0.53) respectively. while, the lowest biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index was observed in lines (817 and 814) under same cultivation location which were (4.9 (t/ha) and 0.17) respectively. grain yield was influenced primarily by lines, followed by meteorological circumstances. variations in grain yield response to lines by year were most likely caused by climatic variability (varughese, 1996). when grown in the same habitat as its parent species, triticale has increased vigor and grain output (zhang, hamill, & weaver, 1996). table 8: comparison of triticale lines(x triticosecale wittmack) yield characters and interaction with locations. lines locations grain yield (t/ha) biological yield (t/ha) harvest index 802 halabja 872.50 9.84 0.45 qlyasan 602.50 26.64 0.39 803 halabja 592.50 13.19 0.42 qlyasan 327.50 9.61 0.35 804 halabja 305.50 11.86 0.41 qlyasan 530.00 20.51 0.38 805 halabja 910.00 10.71 0.41 qlyasan 475.00 6.37 0.24 806 halabja 465.51 14.19 0.43 qlyasan 592.50 19.40 0.39 807 halabja 443.09 12.06 0.44 qlyasan 129.00 10.27 0.27 808 halabja 767.50 9.30 0.41 qlyasan 665.00 15.65 0.35 809 halabja 837.50 8.05 0.41 qlyasan 420.00 17.47 0.42 810 halabja 820.00 9.15 0.39 qlyasan 222.50 21.36 0.36 811 halabja 740.00 12.17 0.40 qlyasan 395.00 16.46 0.35 comparison of some agronomic character and yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) lines at halabja and qlyasan regions of kurdistan/iraq chnar hama noori meerza page | 135 812 halabja 837.50 11.93 0.43 qlyasan 325.00 19.47 0.31 813 halabja 780.00 7.74 0.44 qlyasan 425.00 22.40 0.41 814 halabja 795.00 11.59 0.45 qlyasan 645.00 17.22 0.17 815 halabja 732.50 13.01 0.41 qlyasan 492.50 33.64 0.40 816 halabja 645.00 12.00 0.43 qlyasan 342.50 13.37 0.30 817 halabja 870.00 11.36 0.41 qlyasan 177.50 4.90 0.32 818 halabja 827.50 11.73 0.38 qlyasan 526.50 28.67 0.37 819 halabja 532.50 8.98 0.38 qlyasan 527.50 9.82 0.28 820 halabja 687.50 12.51 0.39 qlyasan 165.52 14.54 0.35 821 halabja 867.50 8.23 0.44 qlyasan 510.00 14.16 0.35 822 halabja 760.00 9.00 0.41 qlyasan 385.00 9.78 0.33 823 halabja 717.50 11.84 0.37 qlyasan 445.00 21.66 0.49 824 halabja 707.50 12.07 0.41 qlyasan 355.00 12.92 0.36 825 halabja 775.00 12.87 0.32 qlyasan 300.00 5.20 0.34 826 halabja 662.50 12.84 0.41 qlyasan 137.50 4.93 0.40 827 halabja 692.50 12.54 0.39 qlyasan 595.00 22.30 0.53 828 halabja 565.00 11.58 0.39 qlyasan 440.00 52.09 0.31 829 halabja 707.50 14.97 0.41 qlyasan 437.50 5.96 0.32 830 halabja 737.50 11.89 0.30 qlyasan 532.50 21.89 0.41 l.s.d. 5% 515.16 20.29 0.15 4. conclusions according to the results of this study which is shown in (table 4 and 8) it can be concluded that there is a variation between the triticale lines for the agronomic characters and yield. the best triticale line that gave optimum agronomic character differs for each parameter. as well as the best triticale lines that resulted highest yield was also varied between the lines.while, the best location for cultivation of triticale in kurdistan region is halabja location which gave the higest gran yield and harvest index. references aydoğan, e., & andköksal yağdi, u. 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(1996). corn yield after 10 years of different cropping sequences and weed management practices. canadian journal of plant science, 76(4), 795-797. soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah 1 , amelia nirmalawaty *2 , tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan 2 1 student of agroindustry study program, faculty of vocational university, 17 august 1945 surabaya, indonesia 2 lecturer of agroindustry study program, faculty of vocational university, 17 august 1945 surabaya, indonesia *corresponding author e-mail: amelia@untag-sby.ac.id article history: received: january 01, 2022; accepted: march 15, 2022 abstract the unpleasant aroma of soy juice drinks causes not everyone to like it even though they know that the drink is healthy. several studies have carried out efforts to overcome this condition, such as adding aromas, flavors, and fermentation. in this study, the effort to eliminate the unpleasant aroma was carried out through the fermentation process of soybean juice into soya yogurt accompanied by the addition of rosella extract. there are six levels of addition of rosella flower extract, namely from r0 (0%), r1 (10%), r2 (15%), r3 (20%), r4 (25%), and r5 (30%), with a fermentation process the same one. an organoleptic test was conducted on 30 selected panelists who like yogurt. the test uses a hedonic scale of 5 responses (very much like, like, quite like, dislike, and do not like). this study found that the addition of rosella flower extract eliminated the unpleasant aroma of soybean juice and the distinctive aroma of yogurt, thereby reducing consumer preference responses. the panelist's highest preference for color was in the r5 treatment. the addition of too much rosella extract concentration will cause the soy yogurt taste to be too sour, so the addition of rosella extract is recommended to be sufficient at 10% 20%. keywords: soya yogurt, rosella flower extract, organoleptic test 1. introduction the nutritional content of soybeans is no longer in doubt. ramayulis (2021) has stated that 100 g of cooked soybeans can meet 30% of the rda (nutritional adequacy rate), 9 g of fat, 8 g of carbohydrates, 6 g of fiber, several minerals such as ca, fe, mg, p, na, zn and se, and some vitamins such as vitamin c, vitamin b1, b2, b3, b6, folic acid and pantothenic acid. one form of processed soybean is soybean juice. compared to cow's milk, soy milk has several advantages: lactose-free, lower energy, higher protein, lower ca and fe, and higher zn (usda, 2019 in ramayulis, 2021). however, the high nutritional content of soy juice is inversely proportional to the response to consumption of soy juice in indonesia. the typical response was influenced by several factors, including the unpleasant taste of soy juice (suarjana et al., 2019), there are still at least medium and large industries involved in the production process, and the limited public knowledge of the benefits of soy juice (anonymous, 2019). in indonesia, only about 19% of ready-to-eat soy juice is produced by medium and large industries, 5% is powdered soybean juice, and 76% of ready-to-eat mailto:amelia@untag-sby.ac.id soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index soy juice is produced by msmes (micro, small and medium enterprises). the difference is striking compared to thailand, the largest consumer of soy juice (12.2 liters per capita per year), where 84% of ready-to-eat soy juice is produced by medium and large industries (anonymous, 2019). kilamanca (2008) also added that msme producers of soy juice need to improve quality, pay attention to food safety attributes, add variations to the taste of soy juice, and provide promotions to increase sales of soy juice. one of the efforts to reduce the unpleasant aroma is adding flavor and the fermentation process. through the soybean juice fermentation process, lactic acid bacteria (lab) will produce lactic acid compounds, acetaldehyde, diacetyl, acetic acid, and other volatile substances that produce new flavors, reduce unpleasant aromas and improve texture (marshal and arenas, 2003; surono). 2004). types of carbohydrates in soybeans are oligosaccharides that are less than optimal in fermenting lactic acid, and it is necessary to add milk to produce good quality soy yogurt. handayani and wulandari (2016) concluded that the type of milk added affects the characteristics of yogurt, where the addition of full cream milk results in a panelist's preference for aroma, color, taste, and viscosity better than skim milk and sweetened condensed milk. efforts to reduce unpleasant odors through the addition of flavorings have been carried out by several previous researchers such as purwanto et al. (2018) through the addition of date juice, nurrochmah (2019) through the addition of brown sugar, and handayani and wulandari (2016) through the addition of milk. the addition of date juice and brown sugar produces a brown soy yogurt color. with the addition of date juice, an increase in the concentration of date juice resulted in a decrease in the preference response to the color and taste of soy yogurt, resulting in an inhomogeneous consistency and producing a more unpleasant aroma (purwanto et al., 2018). meanwhile, handayani and wulandari (2016) concluded that the addition of milk could significantly reduce the unpleasant smell. it encourages using other natural ingredients with a fresh scent and produces pretty attractive colors to consumers. the reason for choosing rosella (hibiscus sabdariffa l.) to reduce aroma, among others, is that this plant contains essential oils with a fresh citrus aroma that contains antioxidants. thus, it can neutralize free radicals, is anti-bacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, anti-cancer, antiinflammatory, stimulates peristalsis intestines, reduce heat, viscosity, and blood pressure (mahadevan et al., 2009; wardani, 2012; zofania et al., 2020). 2. research methods this research was conducted at the integrated food laboratory of agroindustry study program, faculty of vocational studies, university of 17 august 1945, surabaya. the implementation is carried out in 2 stages: preliminary experiments and primary research starting soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index in april june 2021. the materials used are water, soybean seeds, cow's milk, skim milk, granulated sugar, lactic acid bacteria culture, and dried rosella flowers. the equipment used is a basin, blender, filter cloth, pan, stirrer, stove, and scales. this study is a descriptive study with one factor, namely the addition of rosella flower extract, which consists of six levels, namely r0 (rosella extract 0%), r1 (rosella extract 10%), r2 (rosella extract 15%), r3 (rosella extract 20%), r4 (25% rosella extract), and r5 (30% rosella extract). the process of making soybean juice, rosella extract, and soy yogurt is presented in figure 1. figure 1. flowchart of the soy milk making process the yogurt starter used was streptococcus thermophillus, lactobacillus bulgaricus, and lactobacillus acidophilus with a ratio of 1:1:1. soy juice processed for yogurt is 3 liters, so it takes 150 ml of starter with 50 ml each for streptococcus thermophillus, lactobacillus bulgaricus, and lactobacillus acidophilus. starter mixing is carried out on pasteurized soybean juice at 40-45°c, then stored in an airtight container. soya yogurt is fermented for 12 hours at room temperature, and the rosella extract was added into soy yogurt by mixing the rosella extract according to the soy yogurt treatment. then stored in a secure place and stored in the dregs air soy milk water : soybean seed = 5:1 water & soybean husk milling drain boiling(t = 30’ ; t = 90 o c) drain peeling soaking (8 hours) sorting and washing soybean seeds filtering with filter cloth soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index refrigerator. soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index storage (t=4 0 c) stirring rosella extract (according to treatment) curing (t=12 hours) stirring starter (5%) cooling (t= 45 0 c) cream milk 5%, sugar 10% pasteurization (t=25’, t= 80 0 c) water figure 2. flowchart of the process of making rosella flower extract soy milk : milk uht (9:1) roselle flower extract pasteurization (t= 35 ’ ; t= 63-65 0 c roselle flower essence dregs filtering with filter cloth 1500ml water + 300g dried roselle flowers drain dried roselle flowers blanching (t = 3’) milling soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index soya yoghurt rosella figure 3. flowchart of making soya yoghurt rosella flowers the panelist's preference response was measured through hedonic tests on color, aroma, taste, and texture. the hedonic test consists of five scales: very much like = 5, like = 4, quite like = 3, dislike = 2, and really don't like = 1. the number of panelists is 30 people who first screened about the introduction and liking of yogurt. the friedman test was carried out, followed by the wilcoxon test at a 95% confidence level to determine the difference in the preference responses of the panelists, 3. results and discussion color color is the first factor considered in assessing the good or bad of a product (mahfud, 2015). soya yogurt has a yellowish-white color, while the rosella extract is dark red. the addition of rosella extract to soy yogurt causes the color change of soy yogurt to become reddish. the preference test results for soy yogurt can be seen in table 1. table 1. percentage of panelist's favorite response to soya yoghurt rosella color color score r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 1 0 6,67 0 0 0 0 2 10 46,67 30 6,67 0 0 3 16,67 36,67 33,33 23,33 23,33 13,33 4 56,67 10 23,33 56,67 56,67 43,33 5 16,67 0 13,33 13,33 20 43,33 table 1. shows that the r5 treatment responded to panelists' higher preference than the other treatments and produced a bright red color (figure 4.). the paler red dye was made as the added rosella extract was lower. it is because rosella flowers contain anthocyanin compounds that play a role in producing natural red pigments (kustyawati and ramli, 2008). soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index figure 4. soya yogurt color at various concentrations of rosella after statistical tests were performed, the panelists' response to the control treatment (without the addition of rosella extract) was not significantly different from the addition of 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% rosella extract (table 2.). the panelists liked the pink to bright red color formed and did not like the pale red color in the r1 and r2 treatments. table 2. the average response of panelists' likes to the color of soya yogurt rosella treatment average r0 3,8 ± 0,87 ab r1 2,5 ± 0,78 c r2 3,2 ± 1,03 bc r3 3,8 ± 0,78 ab r4 4,0 ± 0,67 ab r5 4,3 ± 0,70 a aroma aroma is a response to volatile compounds in food that enter the nose, which will then be responded to by the olfactory system. the aroma can determine the delicacy of the product (winarno, 1997). each panelist's olfactory ability is different. the results of the preference test for soy yogurt can be seen in table 3 below: table 3. percentage of panelist's liked response to the aroma of soya yogurt rosella aroma score r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 2 6,67 6,67 13,33 13,33 26,67 40 3 20 43,33 60 60 40 20 4 50 43,33 20 23,33 30 30 5 23,33 6,67 6,67 3,33 3,33 0 based on the data in table 3, soya yogurt without the addition of rosella extract (r0) is the most preferred treatment by the panelists with a percentage of 50%. in addition, 23.33% of the panelists liked it very much because the aroma produced was typical of yogurt in this treatment, and there was no longer the unpleasant smell of soybeans. it is because soy milk is substituted for r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index cow's milk by 10%, and the addition of 5% skim milk can eliminate the unpleasant aroma. the same thing is in accord with research conducted by ramadhan (2016). although treatment r1 had a lower preference response percentage than r0, these two treatments statistically had a preference response that was not significantly different (table 4). the reduction in the preferred response of the panelists will decrease with the higher concentration of rosella added due to the loss of the distinctive aroma of yogurt. according to mahdevan et al. (2009) and diniyah et al. (2011), rosella flower petals have a refreshing citrus aroma because they contain several acidic components. as a result, the higher the addition of rosella extract, it will reduce the distinctive aroma of yogurt and give rise to a fresh citrus aroma. table 4. the average response of panelists' preferences to the aroma of soya yogurt rosella treatment average r0 3,9 ± 0,84 a r1 3,5 ± 0,73 a r2 3,2 ± 0,76 b r3 3,2 ± 0,70 b r4 3,1 ± 0,84 b r5 2,7 ± 1,02 b taste the sharpness of rosella flower taste is an aspect of organoleptic testing. the fresh sour taste of rosella flowers comes from citric acid compounds, while soya yogurt produces lactic acid after fermentation (prasetyani, 2018). table 5 shows that preference for soy yogurt in treatments r0 to r3 is relatively the same, which is around 46.67 50%, while in treatment r4 and r5 there is a sharp decrease in the preferred response of the panelists. tabel 5. percentage of panelist's preferred response to the taste of soya yogurt rosella taste score r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 1 0 3,33 0 0 0 16,67 2 13,33 6,67 10 16,67 3 0 40,00 3 6,67 36,67 36,67 33,33 4 0 30,00 4 5 0 46,67 50 46,67 3 0 13,33 5 3 0 6,67 3,33 3,33 0 0,00 the statistical analysis results showed that the response to preference for the taste of soy yogurt rosella treatment r0 was not significantly different from treatment r1 but significantly different from treatment r4 and r5 (table 6.). soya yogurt tastes a bit sour, so the addition of rosella extract up to a concentration of 15% (r3) produces a fresh sour taste which the panelists still favor. however, if the addition concentration is too high, it will make it more acidic, thereby reducing the preference response of the panelists. this sour taste has several components in rosella, soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index including ascorbic acid, maleic acid, hibiscus acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, and glycolic acid. the dominant acid compounds in roselle are citric acid and malic acid by 13% (maryani and kristiana, 2008). soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index table 6. average response of panelists' preferences to soya yogurt rosella flavor treatment average r0 4,0 ± 0,96 a r1 3,5 ± 0,86 ab r2 3,5 ± 0,73 b r3 3,4 ± 0,81 bc r4 3,0 ± 0,79 c r5 2,4 ± 0,93 d texture oral viscosity is an assessment of the thickness response felt in the mouth. yogurt viscosity describes the property of a liquid that has resistance to a flow which can provide increased strength to withstand relative motion (manab, 2008). the panelists' preference response to the highest rosella soy yogurt texture was obtained in treatment r1 and decreased with increasing concentration of added rosella extract (table 7) tabel 7. percentage of panelist's preferences response to soya yogurt texture texture score r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3,33 3,33 0 0 10 3 56,67 20 46,67 43,33 46,67 43,33 4 33,33 53,33 50 56,67 50 40 5 10 23,33 0 0 3,33 6,67 the statistical analysis results in table 8 show that the texture of soy yogurt r0 was not significantly different from r1 but significantly different from the treatment r3 to r5. the increase in the concentration of rosella extract resulted in a thicker soy yogurt, so the panelists did not like it. according to manab (2008) and sunarlimi et al. (2010), the increase in texture viscosity or milk viscosity is influenced by the ph value after the fermentation process. the lower the ph value, the more coagulated milk protein will be. the study results by mattila-sandholm and saarela (2000) showed that the ph value of yogurt ranged from 4.3 4.5 with a total final lab of 109cfu/g, while the ph value of rosella extract was 3.87 4.32 (mardiah et al., 2009). the increased concentration of rosella extract added will decrease the ph value. the ph value lower than the isoelectric point (4.4 4.5) can cause clumping of milk protein so that it is hydrophilic, which causes the viscosity to increase (djaafar and rahayu, 2006, sunarlimi et al., 2010). soya yoghurt organoleptic test with the addition of rosella flower extract rusyda ‘afifah, amelia nirmalawaty, tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index table 8. the average response of panelists' preferences to soya yogurt rosella texture treatment average r0 3,5 ± 0,68 b r1 4,0 ± 0,76 a r2 3,6 ± 0,57 a r3 3,6 ± 0,50 b r4 3,5 ± 0,57 b r5 3,4 ± 0,77 b in this study, the addition of rosella extract above 15% resulted in a softer but thicker soy yogurt texture. it is due to a decrease in the ph value. the addition of rosella extract, which has a higher concentration, causes stirred yogurt to turn into a yogurt set so that the panelists do not like it. 4. conclusion the addition of rosella flower extract has eliminated the unpleasant aroma of soybean juice and the distinctive smell of yogurt, thereby reducing the consumer's preference response. the panelist's highest preference for color was in the r5 treatment. adding a rosella extract concentration that is too large causes a sour taste of soy yogurt, so it is advisable to add only 1015% rosella extract. references adam, m. hasir., dan rusni fitri y. rusman. 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(2021). nilai gizi dan manfaai kedelai serta produk olahannya. webinar soybean indonesia : manfaat konsumsi produk olahan kedelai bagi kesehatan. makalah. 4 september 2021 suarjana, i.m, i.a. eka padmiari, p.p. sri sugiani. ( 2019). sosialisasi pentingnya konsumsi susu kedelai sebagai minuman sehat, kaya protein, dan serat serta alami untuk anak sekolah dasar di kecamatan ubud kabupaten gianyar. jurnal pengabdian masyarakat sehat. 1 (3) : 208-215. https://ejournal.poltekkesdenpasar.ac.id/index.php/jpms/article/view/jpms1309 surono, inggrid. (2004). susu fermentasi dan kesehatan. http://www.eurekaindonesia.org. wardani, novrianti puspita. ( 2012). pemanfaatan ekstrak bunga rosella (hibiscus sabdariffa l) kaya antiokasidan dalam pembuatan mayonnaise berbahan dasar minyak kelapa, minyak sawit, dan minyak kedelai. skripsi. bogor: fakultas ekologi manusia institut pertanian bogor. https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/58270 zofania, t.a., retno y., dan niniek h. (2020). efek antioksidan ekstrak bunga rosella (hibiscus sabdariffa l.) terhadap proteksi hepar tikus putih galur wistar yang diinduksi etanol 20%. journal of pharmacopolium. 3 (2) : 79-84. https://123dok.com/document/qoojw57q-antioksidan-rosella-hibiscus-sabdariffaterhadap-proteksi-diinduksi-abstract.html http://repository.unpas.ac.id/28497/1/artikel%20skripsi.pdf https://ejournal.poltekkes-denpasar.ac.id/index.php/jpms/article/view/jpms1309 https://ejournal.poltekkes-denpasar.ac.id/index.php/jpms/article/view/jpms1309 http://www.eurekaindonesia.org/ https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/58270 https://123dok.com/document/qoojw57q-antioksidan-rosella-hibiscus-sabdariffa-terhadap-proteksi-diinduksi-abstract.html https://123dok.com/document/qoojw57q-antioksidan-rosella-hibiscus-sabdariffa-terhadap-proteksi-diinduksi-abstract.html agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectmnure andconcentrationof em-4doseonplantgrowthandyieldof red spinach (alternantheraamoenavoss) martha junitadoodoh, sri hidayati, nurlina. page | the effect mnure and concentration of em-4 dose on plant growth and yield of red spinach (alternanthera amoena voss) martha junita doodoh 1, sri hidayati 2, nurlina 3. faculty of agriculture agrotechnology study program 1,2,3 merdeka university surabaya e-mail: hidayatisetyo@gmail.com abstract: the purpose of the study to determine the effect of various doses of manure on the growth and yield of red spinach. randomized factorial experiment is used with three replications. the first factor is the dose manure p1 = 5 tons/hectare; p2 = 10 ton/ hectare; p3 =dose manure 15 t / ha. the second factor is the concentration of em-4, among others k1 = dose of 5 ml/liter of water/polybag; k2 = dose of 10 ml/liter of water/polybag; k3 = dose of 15 ml/liter of water/polybag. of the two factors 9 combination treatments are obtained which was then repeated 3 times. there was no significant interaction at f5% test level on all variables studied i.e plant height, leaf number and gross weight per plant at all age of observation. there were significant effects of manure dose factor studied, mainly on plant height variables, number of leaves and gross weight per plant; and statistically, a better value in all of these variables is achieved by treatment p3 manure dose of 15 ton/ha. em-4 concentration factor has significant influence on plant height variables, number of leaves and gross weight per plant; statistically, a better value in all of these variables are also achieved by treatment of the k3 of 15 ml/liter of water/polybag. keywords: spinach , manure, em-4, rak. 1. introduction red spinach is one of the vegetable plants with high nutrition. this plant originated in tropical america yet is now spread all over the world. in some developing countries, spinach i promoted as a source of vegetable protein, for it doubles for fulfillment of nutritional needs and public health services. this plant contains many proteins, fats, carbohydrates, potassium, amarantin, routine, purines and vitamins (a, b and c), while the richest content in spinach is iron (damanhuri, 2005). this is the body's necessary substances to stimulate the formation of red blood cells. consuming spinach is protecting you from the symptoms of blood deficiency disease that makes the body become weak. red spinach leaves are good for kidney and digestive organs because of its high fiber content that it can overcome constipation and launch a bowel movement. the content of nutrients in red spinach can lower cholesterol, blood sugar, blood circulation and reduce excessive blood pressure. red spinach can also wipe out the remains of dirty blood (magdalena, 2006). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectmnure andconcentrationof em-4doseonplantgrowthandyieldof red spinach (alternantheraamoenavoss) martha junitadoodoh, sri hidayati, nurlina. page | manure is a source of some nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and others. nitrogen is one of the nutrients for most major crops that can be obtained from manure. lack of potassium in some specific locations cannot be corrected with a common dose of manure. use manure is a cycle of nutrients useful in optimizing the use of renewable natural resources, on the other hand it can reduce toxic nutrients to plants. to improve quality of nutrition, it is necessary to add effective microorganisms (em 4). em-4 is a brownish liquid and sweet sour (fresh) acid which contains a mixture of several living microorganisms beneficial to the process of absorption or nutrient supply in the soil. it is expected to provide higher production in the form of broad leaves, high number of leaves, healthy and large plant canopy and healthy roots. vegetable plant products with healthy and large canopy have a higher selling value. 2. methodology this research is a factorial experimental research prepared by using randomized block design (rak) with three replications. the first factor (p) is manure with three levels of treatment and the second factors (k) is concentration of em-4 with three levels of treatment and materials used including ground planting (alluvial), manure, seeds red spinach, and em -4. tools used include hoe, shovel, knife, scoop, polybag size 5 kg (35x35 cm), camera for documentation, measuring instruments, stationery, and equipment in the laboratory. 3. results and discussion 3.1. plant height the results of statistical analysis indicate no significant interaction between dose factor of manure and em-4 concentration to variable of height. separately, dosage of manure provides a real effect on plant height at observation of 10 1 7 2 4 and 31 days after planting; whereas the treatment of em-4 concentration also gives very real effect to the plant height variable on observation age 1 7 2 4 and 31 days after planting. the average plant height observations at various ages observations is presented at table 1. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectmnure andconcentrationof em-4doseonplantgrowthandyieldof red spinach (alternantheraamoenavoss) martha junitadoodoh, sri hidayati, nurlina. page | table 1. average height of red spinach plants on various observations on treatment dose and concentration of manure and em-4. treatment average plant height (cm) 10 1 7 24 31 p 1 p 2 p 3 3.57 a 4.39 b 4.96 c 6.20 a 8.37 b 10.29 c 15.60 a 18.73 b 21.86 c 19.34 a 22.42 b 28.77 c bnt 5% 0.40 0.66 1.00 1.45 k 1 k 2 k 3 4.14 4.29 4.48 7.59 a 8.43 b 8.83 b 17.78 a 18.59 a 19.82 b 22.02 a 23.32 a 25,19 b bnt 5% tn 0.66 1.00 1.45 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at 5% bnt test. table 1 shows that on several observation, manure treatment dose p3 provides the highest value by 28.77 cm compared to the other treatments of p2 and p1 by 22.42 cm and 19.34 respectively at the age of 31 days after planting. concentration of em-4 treatment reached the be the highest value at treatment of k3 by 25.19 cm compared to two treatments of k1 and k2 respectively by 22.02 cm and 23.32 cm, both without significant effect on observation at the age 31 days after planting. extension of the plant occurs due to the formation and enlargement of new cells, a process which requires the delivery of nutrients and adequate water for the plants, and the formation process of carbohydrates results of plant photosynthesis and endogenous hormone certain forms during the growth period will allow the cell wall stretches for more increasing the metabolic processes of plants (harjadi, s,1991). 3.2. leaf amount the result of statistical analysis indicates that there is no significant interaction between dosage factor of manure and em-4 concentration on the variable of red spinach plant agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectmnure andconcentrationof em-4doseonplantgrowthandyieldof red spinach (alternantheraamoenavoss) martha junitadoodoh, sri hidayati, nurlina. page | variety. however, manure gives a significant influence on the number of observations of plant leaves at age 10, 1 7 2 4 and 31 days after planting; treatment of em-4 concentration also gives a very real effect to the variable of plant leaf on the observation age of 17, 24 and 31 days after planting. the average number of observations at various ages of observations is presented at table 2. table 2. average number of red spinach leaves at various observations on manure and em-4 concentration treatment average leaf amount 10 1 7 2 4 31 p 1 p 2 p 3 2.00 a 2.09 a 2.76 b 4.48 a 5.79 b 7.54 c 8.57 a 10.48 b 14.50 c 11.02 a 13.48 b 16.30 c bnt 5% 0.16 0.47 0.92 0.87 k 1 k 2 k 3 2.20 2.28 2.37 5.59 a 5.90 ab 6.32 b 10.58 a 10.88 a 12.09 b 12.91 a 13,74 ab 14.14 b bnt 5% tn 0.47 0.92 0.87 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at 5% btn test. table 2 shows that in some observations the dosage factor of manure p3 still provided the highest result by 16.30 than other treatments of p2 and p1 by 13.48 and 11.02 respectively at the age of 31 days after planting; whereas the concentration of em-4 treatment k3 made 14.14 compared to the other treatments, yet not significant with k2 treatment by 13.74 on observations of plant life of 31 days after planting. em-4 can play a role to ferment organic matter in the soil into organic elements quickly, and can improve soil fertility and crop productivity because it contains bacterial fermentation of the genus lactobacillus, fungal fermentation, photosynthetic bacteria actinomycetes, bacteria and yeast phosphate solvent (wahyudi, 2011). 3.3. gross weight per plant the results of statistical analysis reveal that there was no significant interaction between dose factor of manure and concentration of em-4 on the variable of gross weight per red agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectmnure andconcentrationof em-4doseonplantgrowthandyieldof red spinach (alternantheraamoenavoss) martha junitadoodoh, sri hidayati, nurlina. page | spinach plant. separately, dosage of manure provided real effect on gross weight per plant at the age of 31 days of observation after planting; while em-4 concentration also provided real effect to variable of gross weight per plant on observation age of 31 days after planting. observation on average gross weight per plant at the end of the observation is presented in table 3. table 3. average per plant gross weight at the end of observation (31 days after planting) on the manure dose and concentration of em-4 treatments. treatment average gross weight per plant (gram) p 1 p 2 p 3 65,38 a 74.36 b 88.20 c bnt 5% 3.62 k 1 k 2 k 3 72.44 a 75.23 a 80.26 b bnt 5% 3.62 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different in 5% bnt test. table 3 shows that on several factors observation manure treatment dose of p3 sered the highest weight by 88.20 gram compared to other treatments by 74.36 grams for p2 and 65.38 grams for p1 at the age of 31 days after planting; whereas the concentration of em-4 treatment provided the highest value by the treatment of k3 by 80.26 gram than other treatments on observations of plant at 31 days after planting. plant growth is an irreversible measure of where the indicator can be known from the increasing size and number of vegetative and generative plants growth parameters (harjadi, s. 1991). subianto added it (2011) that implementation of em-4 actively capable of fermenting organic matter (remnants of plants, green manure, manure etc). the results of the fermentation can be absorbed directly by the roots of plants, such as sugars, alcohols, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates and other organic compounds. in addition, em-4 stimulates the development of agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectmnure andconcentrationof em-4doseonplantgrowthandyieldof red spinach (alternantheraamoenavoss) martha junitadoodoh, sri hidayati, nurlina. page | beneficial microorganisms of plants; protect crops from disease which in turn can enrich the soil and improve plant productivity. 4. conclusion there was no significant interaction at f5% test level on all variables studied including plant height, leaf number and gross weight per plant at all ages of observation. there were significant effects of manure dose factor studied, mainly on plant height, number of leaves and gross weight per plant; and statistically, a better value in all of these variables is achieved by treatment of p3 manure by 15 ton/ha. similarly, em-4 concentration factor had significant influence on plant height, number of leaves and gross weight per plant variables; statistically, the best value in all of these variables was also achieved by treatment of k3 with 15 ml/liter of water/polybag. references [1] damanhuri.2005. inheritance of anthocyanin and responsive clones on theenvironmentgrows.(dissertation) of agricultural science program of post graduate program universitas brawijaya.p. 106. [2] magdalene. 2006. motivation healing breast cancer. semarang [3] adji sastrosupadi. practical design of experiments 1999. agricultural sector. revision edition. doubleday. yogyakarta. p. 276. [4] djuarnani n, kristian, budi ss. 2005. fast ways to make fertilizer. depok: agro media library. [5] hasanuddin. 1998. response to treatment fertilizer spinach. agronomy journal 5 (2): p 3-6. [6] irwan, et al.2005. agribusinessvegetable. governmental spreader. jakarta. [7] dwidjosapoetra, d. 1985. introduction to plant physiology. gramedia. jakarta. p 100 [8] kingpin tjitrosoepomo, plant taxonomy(spermatophyta),(yogyakarta: gadjah mada university perss, 2004), p. 132-133 [9] hadisoeganda, ww (1996). spinach: buffer vegetable farmers in indonesia.institute. vegetable crops research bandung. [10] harjadi, s. 1991. introduction to agronomy. pt gramedia jakarta. p 195. [11] novizan. 2005. effective fertilization directive. depok: agro media library agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa the effectmnure andconcentrationof em-4doseonplantgrowthandyieldof red spinach (alternantheraamoenavoss) martha junitadoodoh, sri hidayati, nurlina. page | [12] saprinto. 2013. a practical guide 14 vegetable consumption growing popular courtyard. governmental spreader. yogyakarta. p 180. [13] setiawan is. 2005. utilizing the livestock manure. jakarta: sower self reliance. [14] setyowati, murtiningsih. 2007. effect of manure on growth red spinach plants. progressive scientific journal vol 3 no. 9 [15] wahyudi, 2011. increase yield with emp technology. agro media library. jakarta. [16] zulkarnain. 2009. plant tissue culture; plant propagation cultivation solutions. earth literacy. jakarta page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.79 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 utilization of red dragon fruit peel extract (hylocereus polyrhizus sp) in cinnamon boba rizka larasati putri 1 , dwi agustiyah rosida 2* , tiurma wiliana susanti pandjaitan 3 123 agroindustry study program, faculty of vocational, university 17 agustus 1945, surabaya, indonesia *2 corresponding author e-mail: dwirosida@untag-sby.ac.id article history: received: july 27, 2022; accepted: september 15, 2022 abstract a popular boba is the “brown sugar” boba which is dark brown. boba can be made with different color variations, one of which is red dragon fruit skin because it contains anthocyanins that can be used as natural dyes. it also contains high enough antioxidants, so it is good for health. unfortunately, it has a less favorable aroma and taste, so adding other mixtures such as cinnamon with a distinctive taste and aroma is necessary. this study aims to determine the panelists' preference for cinnamon boba with the addition of red dragon fruit peel extract. descriptive research with an experimental approach to produce products with different compositions and organoleptic tests to determine the panelists' preference for products has been used in this study. the mixed formulas of red dragon fruit peel extract with water used were p0 (red dragon fruit peel extract 0 g, 250 ml water), followed by p1 (50 g, 200 ml), p2 (100 g, 150 ml), p3 (150 g, 100 ml) and p4 (200 g, 50 ml). then, the preference test was carried out on 30 panelists related to color, aroma, taste, and texture with the rating categories of strongly dislike (1), dislike (2), quite like (3), like (4), and very like (5). the results showed that the higher the red dragon fruit peel extract content, the more favorable the color produced; the level of preference for aroma and taste was relatively the same in all treatments, and the p3 treatment produced the most preferred texture. key words: boba, cinnamon, dragon fruit peel extract, formula, organoleptic test 1. introduction various contemporary drink brands and types continue to appear in indonesian society, one of which is boba. boba drinks have the shape of balls with a chewy texture made from tapioca flour and brown sugar. it has a blackish color, known as "boba", "bubble", or "pearl (dewi et al., 2015). boba generally has no taste (unsalted), so it must be served with sweetened drinks that have been formulated, such as thai tea, smoothies, and various other contemporary sweet drinks. there is also a boba that tastes sweet because it is added with sugar, caramel, or honey which is soaked before serving (dopita, 2019). boba drinks contain high levels of sugar and calories and are part of the sugar-sweetened beverage (ssb) group. boba drink outlets generally offer a variety of flavors, toppings, sizes, sugar content, and ice cubes that consumers can choose from (veronica & ilmi, 2020). one of the critical attributes of the appearance of food and drink is color. dyes are food additives that can improve or give color to food and drinks so that they are more attractive (winarti page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.79 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 et al., 2008). therefore, boba with a different color display is expected to increase consumer preference for boba. according to hatuwe, (2020), anthocyanins are natural dyes widely used in food but are sensitive to heat during extraction. furthermore, hatuwe, (2020) also said that besides anthocyanins, betacyanin are dyes that play a role in giving red color and are another beta group that can potentially become natural dyes and can be used as an alternative to safer synthetic dyes. one fruit that has the potential as a natural colorant in food is red dragon fruit skin because it contains anthocyanin and betacyanin pigments (nizori et al., 2020). dragon fruit skin weighs about 30-35% of the total weight of the fruit. the red color can also be used in food products, for example, jam, because dragon fruit peel contains a quite high pectin, which is 10.79% (prasetyo, 2013). with a fairly high weight percentage, the use of dragon fruit peel in processed food products is expected to overcome the waste problem, considering that so far, dragon fruit skin is only considered a useless waste material (ali & wulan, 2018). another advantage of dragon fruit peel, according to nurliyana et al., (2010), is that it contains high enough antioxidants so that it has the potential to be a source of natural antioxidants. dragon fruit peel also contains vitamin c, vitamin e, vitamin a, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, thiamine, niacin, pyridoxine, cobalamin, phenolic, carotene, and phyto albumin (jaafar et al., 2009). research siwi (2018) on corn jelly candy has shown that the redder dragon fruit peel extract, the higher the antioxidant content and the darker the color. furthermore, sari et al., (2021) showed that the sari tempe jelly candy which was given dragon fruit peel extract could increase consumer preference for the aroma, and taste of the jelly candy there was no difference between treatments, but the color and texture showed very significant differences. while the results of research atviolani, (2016) stated that red dragon fruit has a distinctive aroma even though the aroma may not be liked by some panelists. however, the aroma can be minimized by the presence of additional ingredients. referring to the description above, this study aims to determine the panelists' preference for cinnamon boba which is added with red dragon fruit peel extract. utilization of red dragon fruit peel extract in the manufacture of boba because it contains anthocyanins which act as natural dyes and antioxidants that are good for body health, while the addition of cinnamon in the manufacture of boba is expected to eliminate the aroma of dragon fruit peel which tends to be less favored by consumers. 2. research method the research was carried out at the integrated food laboratory at the agroindustry study page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.79 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 program, faculty of vocational studies, university of 17 august 1945, surabaya in march-june 2022, covering preliminary research (to determine the right boba formulation) and main research. the tools used are pots, stoves, mixers, knives, cutting boards, blenders, basins, containers, sieves, spoons, scales, and measuring cups. the materials used are red dragon fruit skin (hylocereus polyrhizus sp.), tapioca flour, water, sugar, and cinnamon. this study is a descriptive study with one factor, namely the addition of dragon fruit peel extract with the formulation as shown in table 1. the mixed formulas of red dragon fruit peel extract with water used were p0 (red dragon fruit peel extract 0 g, 250 ml water), followed by p1 (50 g, 200 ml), p2 (100 g, 150 ml), p3 (150 g, 100 ml) and p4 (200 g, 50 ml). then, the preference test was carried out on 30 panelists. related to color, aroma, taste, and texture with the rating categories of very dislike (score 1), dislike ( score 2), quite like (score 3), like ( score 4), and very like (score 5). table 1. formulation of red dragon fruit peel extract on cinnamon boba the process of making cinnamon boba using red dragon fruit peel extract which refers to the research conducted by (raharja et al., 2021) with a slight modification (based on preliminary research,) can be seen in figure 1 below. ingredient p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 dragon fruit peel extract (ml) 0 50 100 150 200 water (ml) 250 200 150 100 50 tapioca flour (gr) 270 270 270 270 270 sugar (gr) 80 80 80 80 80 cinnamon (gr) 12,5 12,5 12,5 12,5 12,5 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.79 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 figure 1. cinnamon boba making flowchart the procedure for making boba begins with preparing the ingredients, namely tapioca flour (half a portion), sugar, water, red dragon fruit peel extract, and cinnamon filtrate in doses according to treatment. the ingredients are placed in a saucepan and then heated over low heat. stir evenly until it reaches a chewy texture. next, the remaining half of tapioca flour is mixed until smooth, formed into small balls, boiled at 100 0 c for 8 minutes, and drained. ripe boba is characterized by forming a clear layer on the surface of the boba. 3. result and discussion color color is often a consideration in judging the merits of a product. the percentage of panelists' preference for the color of cinnamon boba with red dragon fruit peel extract can be seen in table and figure 2. tablel 2. panelists' rating of cinnamon boba color level panelists (%) p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 very dislike 0 0 0 0 0 dislike 33,33 10 10 16,66 13,33 quite like 53,33 50 50 33,33 26,67 like 13,34 33,34 33,34 33,34 46,67 very like 0 6,66 6,66 16,67 13,33 total 100 100 100 100 100 figure 2. percentage of panelists' assessment of the color of the cinnamon boba 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 very dislike dislike quite like like verylike po p1 p2 p3 p4 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.79 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 based on table and figure 2, boba without red dragon fruit peel extract (control) was favored by 13.34% of the panelists. the addition of red dragon fruit peel extract in p1 and p2 treatments was highly favored by 40% of the panelists. in comparison, the p3 treatment was favored and highly favored by 50% of the panelists, and the p4 treatment was favored and highly favored by the panelists. 60% of the panelists. this shows that the higher the red dragon fruit peel extract, the more the panelists' preference for boba color increases because the resulting boba is increasingly purplish. according to fitria, (2021) and sari et al., (2021), the red color on the skin of red dragon fruit is caused by the content of anthocyanin pigments. furthermore, sari et al., (2021) stated that the higher the concentration of dragon fruit peel extract, the higher the anthocyanin percentage, so the purplish red color will be more pronounced. aroma the percentage of panelists' preference for the aroma of cinnamon boba with red dragon fruit peel extract can be seen in table and figure 3. table 3. panelists' rating of cinnamon boba aroma level panelists (%) p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 very dislike 0 0 0 0 0 dislike 20 16,66 23,33 10 16,67 quite like 36,67 46,67 43,33 56,67 46,66 like 40 26,67 26,67 26,67 30 very like 3,33 10 6,67 6,66 6,67 total 100 100 100 100 100 \ figure 3. percentage of panelists' assessment of the aroma of cinnamon boba page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.79 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 based on table and figure 3, the addition of dragon fruit peel extract in various treatments showed relatively the same results, where the panelists who liked and very liked the p1, p2, p3, and p4 treatments ranged from 33.34%-36.67%. it can be caused because the aroma of dragon fruit peel is not too sharp, so the aroma of cinnamon covers it. this condition follows the research of sari et al., (2021), which stated that the level of consumer preference for the aroma of dragon fruit peel jelly candy does not show any difference between treatments because the aroma of dragon fruit peel juice is covered by the aroma of tempeh juice and gelatin so that the aroma and taste are the same in all treatment. another study conducted by atviolani, (2016) stated that red dragon fruit has a distinctive aroma even though some panelists do not like the aroma, the aroma can be minimized by adding additional ingredients. in this study, the additional ingredient used in boba is cinnamon so that it can eliminate the aroma of dragon fruit skin. taste the percentage of panelists' preference for the taste of cinnamon boba with red dragon fruit peel extract can be seen in table and figure 4. table 4. panelists' rating of cinnamon boba taste level panelists (%) p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 very dislike 0 0 0 0 0 dislike 13,33 6,67 6,66 6,66 16,66 quite like 36,67 53,33 46,67 46,67 46,67 like 33,33 26,67 36,67 30 26,67 very like 16,67 13,33 10 16,67 10 total 100 100 100 100 100 figure 4. percentage of panelists' assessment of the taste of cinnamon boba 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 very dislike dislike quite like like very like p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.79 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 based on table and figure 4, the boba that did not use red dragon fruit peel extract was liked and highly favored by 50% of the panelists, while the panelists' preference for the taste of boba that used red dragon fruit peel extract (treatments p1, p2, and p3) was relatively the same which is favored and highly favored by 36%-40% of the panelists. it could be because the dragon fruit peel tends to have no taste. sari et al., (2021) showed that adding dragon fruit peel juice to the sari tempe jelly candy was not significantly different in taste. the same opinion was also expressed by nanda, (2016), who stated that dragon fruit peel extract only acts as a natural dye with a neutral taste, so it does not affect the boba taste. texture the percentage of panelists' preference for the texture of cinnamon boba with red dragon fruit peel extract can be seen in table and figure 5. table 5. panelists' rating of cinnamon boba texture level panelists (%) p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 very dislike 3,33 0 0 3,33 3,33 dislike 53,34 10 6,67 10 36,67 quite like 10 53,34 40 33,34 23,33 like 30 23,33 40 43,33 13,33 very like 3,33 13,33 13,33 10 23,34 total 100 100 100 100 100 figure 5. percentage of panelists' assessment of the texture of cinnamon boba based on table and figure 5, the more dragon fruit skin is added, the more the panelists like the boba texture. this can be seen in the p1 treatment, which was favored by 36.66% of the panelists, and the percentage increased in the p2 and p3 treatments which were favored and highly favored by 53.33% of the panelists. the p2 and p3 treatments were preferred because of their 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 very dislike dislike quite like like sangat suka p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.79 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 chewy texture, but the panelists did not like the texture of p4 because it was too hard. this follows the opinion of sari et al., (2021), which states that the greater the percentage of dragon fruit peel, the more pectin it contains, so the elasticity increases. rista et al., (2018) also stated that adding red dragon fruit peel extract can increase pectin levels, affecting the texture. 4. conclusion the panelists' preference level on the boba color parameter showed that the higher the red dragon fruit peel extract, the more preferred it was. in the aroma and taste parameters, the panelists' preferences were relatively the same in all treatments, while the panelists' preference for texture parameters was the p3 treatment. further research will be conducted chemical tests to determine the nutritional value of cinnamon boba with the addition of red dragon fruit peel extract. 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(2020). minuman kekinian di kalangan mahasiswa depok dan jakarta. indonesian jurnal of health development, 2(2), 83–91. winarti, s., sarofa, u., & anggrahini, d. (2008). ekstraksi dan stabilitas warna ubi jalar ungu (ipomoea batatas l .,) sebagai pewarna alami. jurnal teknik kimia, 3(1), 207– 214. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 analysis of farmers attitude in canning and bululawang sugarcane business variety budi utomo 1* , teguh soedarto 2 faculty of agriculture, mayjen sungkono university, indonesia faculty of agriculture upn "veteran" east java, indonesia * corresponding author e-mail: ir.budiutomo@gmail.com 1* , teguh_soedarto@upnjatim.ac.id article history: received: july 27, 2022; accepted: agustus 10, 2022 abstract this study was conducted to determine the differences in income, level of feasibility and level of enthusiasm or attitude of farmers in cultivating sugarcane varieties of canning and bululawang. the research was carried out in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency from may to july 2021. the research method used was descriptive analysis method, which means analyzing income that has been ongoing or based on reality. in addition, the multi-attribute fishbein model is also used to calculate the interest or attitude of sugarcane farmers to plant canning and bululawang varieties.the results showed that the income obtained from sugarcane farming of the canning variety was rp. 24.522.620,while the sugarcane of bululawang variety was rp. 18.438.820,-. sugarcane farming of the canning variety in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency is feasible to be cultivated with an r/c ratio of 1.61. meanwhile, the bululawang variety of sugarcane farming is also feasible with an r/c ratio of 1.49.based on fishbein analysis, it was found that the attitude of sugarcane farmers in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency (ao) towards the canning variety was 37,28. it is interpreted that the farmer's total attitude (ao) towards the canning variety is in the third range (36-51) which is agree (s). so it can be concluded that sugarcane farmers in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency prefer canning sugar cane to bululawang sugarcane varieties. keywords: canning variety, bululawang, feasibility of farming, fishbein 1. introduction sugarcane (sacharum officinarum. l) is a plant grown for sugar as raw material. sugarcane can be grown in tropical climates. in indonesia, sugar cane is widely cultivated on the islands of sumatra and java. in east java, sugar cane is the leading commodity of plantations. until 2019, the area of sugar cane in east java based on data from the plantation service of east java province reached 175.632 ha, with sugarcane production of 12.975.595 tons and sugar production of 1.,046.856 tons (fitriyani, 2012 in kadarwati, 2015). according to sugiyarta (1994), there are many varieties of sugarcane that have been planted by indonesian farmers. like the sugarcane farmers in ngoro district, jombang regency east java, the sugarcane varieties developed are bl (bulu lawang), ps 864, ps 862, tlh 01, canning 6222, psjt 941 and many more. proper cultivation of sugarcane has an important role in overcoming the low productivity of sugarcane and crystal productivity, one of which is the arrangement of varieties (nisak et al., 2017). changes in the point of view of sugarcane farmers on page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 the basic reference for choosing varieties are needed. because it is thought to have an effect on two sides, namely sugarcane farmers (income) and sugar factories (where sugar cane is milled). it is suspected that the optimal yield has not been achieved because the rehabilitation program (unloading the ratoon) does not include a mission for structuring varieties. arrangement of varieties is directed to achieve the ideal composition between early, middle and late or late ripening, namely 30-40-30%. however, the ideal composition for each pg can be different and a maximum slow cooking composition of 30% is recommended (kadarwati, 2015). the following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of canning and bululawang (bl) sugarcane varieties, which are summarized from the descriptions of each variety: table 1. advantages and disadvantages of canning and bululawang varieties no description canning varieties ** bululawang variety (bl) * 1 advantages high yield potential resist hpt attacks easy maintenance time to reach optimum cooking about 8 to 10 months high productivity easy maintenance resistant in all typologies land 2 deficiency productivity is not too high not all typologies suitable land it takes more than 12 months to reach its optimum maturity low yield potential lots of hpt attacks source : * ministry of agriculture, (2004) in prakoso, s (2018) ** ministry of agriculture, (2010) in ikka, n. d. a (2021) research purposes 1. knowing the difference in the income of sugarcane farming of canning and bululawang varieties in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency east java. 2. knowing the difference in the feasibility level of sugarcane farming of canning and bululawang varieties in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency east java. 3. knowing the level of enthusiasm or attitude of farmers in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency to plant canning and bululawang varieties of sugarcane. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 2. research methods this research was conducted in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency, the area is the dominant area in developing sugarcane varieties of canning. this research will be carried out for three months starting from may to july 2021. the research was conducted based on descriptive analysis method, which means analyzing current income or based on reality. the focus of the research is: analysis of farmers' attitudes in sugar cane farming of canning and bululawang varieties (case study in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency). in this study, the sampling technique used was snowball sampling because by using this technique, the researcher in addition to obtaining detailed information or data, the research respondents. according to alfindasari (2014), as a concept, snowball sampling is a labeling (naming) of an activity when researchers collect data from one respondent to another respondent who meets the criteria, through in-depth interviews and stops when there is no new information, replication or repetition of information variation, experiencing information saturation point. this means that the information provided by the next informant is the same as what was given by the previous informants. due to using the in-depth interview method in this study, the research framework chart can be presented in figure 1. sugarcane cultivation in badang village, kec. ngoro, kab. jombang canning variety strengths and weaknesses sale average yield 3. fishbein analysis sugarcane farmer's interest canning variety (%) bululawang variety (%) income 1. income analysis 2. business feasibility analysis bululawang variety (bl) strengths and weaknesses sugarcane farmers' attitudes in choosing varieties page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 figure 1. research implementation workflow (primary data processed, 2021) data analysis method 1. farming cost analysis the first assumption to analyze revenue. according to soemarso, (2014) in utomo, b. (2020), income is an increase in the number of assets or a decrease in liabilities arising from the delivery of goods and services or other business activities in a period. data analysis methods used in this study include: the total cost of sugarcane farming is the sum of fixed costs and variable costs, including all costs incurred for sugarcane farming during one growing season calculated in units of rupiah (soekartawi, 2006). tc = fc + vc information : tc = total cost (total cost) fc = fixed cost (fixed cost) vc = variable cost (variable cost) 2. farming revenue analysis sugarcane farming revenue is all income from the sale of sugar cane, so that revenue is obtained from the multiplication of the total production or harvest in one growing season with the selling price, calculated in units of rupiah (soekartawi, 2006). tr = q x p information : tr = total revenue (total acceptance) q =yield (ku) p =selling price (rp/ku) 3. farming income analysis according to zaman, n, et. al. (2021), income is the difference between revenue and costs incurred for factors of production. meanwhile, soekartawi, (2006), argues that the income of sugarcane farming is the difference between the income earned in one growing season and the total costs incurred for sugarcane farming. π = tr – tc information : page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 π = farm income, unit rp/ha tr = total revenue (total revenue) tc = total cost (total cost) 4. farming feasibility analysis the second assumption is to analyze the feasibility of farming in terms of two things, namely the r/c ratio with the following formula: r/c ratio = tr/tc information : r/c ratio = return/cost ratio tr = totalrevenue, unit rp/ha tc = totalproduction cost, unit rp/ha 5. fishbein analysis fishbein method the third assumption to analyze the attitude or level of enthusiasm of farmers can be used by the multi-attribute or fishbein method. this method is used to measure consumer attitudes and behavior and describes a structured design to measure the relationship between consumers and products which refers to product attributes. according to engel et. al. (1993) in utomo, b. (2020), the fishbein model illustrates that consumer attitudes towards a product or brand are determined by two things, namely: (1) trust in product attributes (bi) and (2) evaluation of the importance of attributes on the product (ei). symbolically, the fishbein multi attribute method can be seen in the following formula: n ao  b i . e i i1 information: ao : attitude towards object bi : the level of consumer confidence in the attribute i ei : evaluation of the consumer's level of importance (evaluation) of the attribute to i n : number of salient attributes page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 3. results and discussion fixed cost (tfc) fixed costs in sugarcane farming are obtained from capital interest (bank interest), tractor rental and taxes in an average amount per hectare which is usually calculated within a year in the first crop category. table 2. fixed cost components of canning and bululawang sugarcane farming no description average amount per hectare canning bululawang 1 bank interest 1.336.380 1.362.180 2 tractor (rental) 2.100.000 2.100.000 3 land tax 80.500 80.500 average amount per hectare 3.516.880 3.542.680 source: data analysis, 2021 variable costs (tvc) variable costs are costs incurred and have a direct effect on the resulting production, in this case production facilities, such as seeds, fertilizers, herbicides and labor which include planting, embroidery, fertilizing, irrigation, weeding, hoarding, klentek and transport cutting. table 3. variable costs of sugarcane farming for canning and bululawang varieties no description average amount per hectare canning bululawang 1 sugarcane seeds 4.900.000 4.550.000 2 fertilizer 2.360.000 3.140.000 3 herbicide 653.000 653.000 4 labor 12.260.000 12.260.000 5 cutting and transport 16.800.000 18.200.000 average amount per hectare 36.973.000 38.803.000 source: data analysis, 2021 total cost (tc) total costs are the total costs incurred during the production process obtained by adding up the fixed costs or total fixed cost (tfc) and variable costs or total variable cost (tvc). the total cost of sugarcane farming of canning and bululawang varieties is presented in table 4. the page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 result is rp. 40.489.880 for sugarcane farming of canning varieties and rp. 42.345.680 for bululawang varieties. table 4. analysis of sugar cane farming per ha in the first crop category no description average amount rp/ha canning bululawang 1. fixed cost 3.516.880 3.542.680 2. variable cost 36.973.000 38.803.000 3. total cost 40.489.880 42.345.680 4. total receipt 64.932.000 62.790.000 source: data analysis, 2021 graph 1. comparison of total cost of sugarcane farming for canning and bululawang varieties total revenue (tr) total revenue or total revenue (tr) is obtained from the total production or yield (y) multiplied by the selling price of the product or price yield (py). the selling price of sugarcane in 2021 for the current 7th yield from the jombang regency area to pg. pt kebun tebu mas is rp. 69.000/ku while the yield of 8 is 77.300/ku. the average production of canning variety sugarcane 10000000 20000000 30000000 40000000 50000000 total cost of sugarcane farming for canning & bululawang varieties total cost of bululawang total cost of cenning 42.345.680 40.489.88 0 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 per hectare in badang village is 1.200 quintals for the first crop category, with an average yield achieved of 8 so that the total average revenue per hectare is rp. 64.932.000,-. in sugarcane farming of bululawang variety (bl) the average production per hectare is 1.300 quintals, with an average yield of 7, the total revenue obtained is rp. 62.790.000,-. income income is the difference between farm income and the total cost of production, or income is the total revenue minus the total cost. table 5. average sugarcane farming income of canning and bululawang varieties (bl) no description canning variety bululawang variety (bl) 1 admission (tr) 64.932.000 62.790.000 2 total cost (tc) 40.489.880 42.345.680 3 income (π) 24.522.620 20.524.820 income difference 3.997.800 source: data analysis, 2021 the income of farmers who use the canning variety is greater than that of the farmers who grow the bululawang (bl) variety, this is because the yield achieved by the canning variety cane is higher than that of the bululawang variety. the difference of one yield point has an effect on the amount of farmers' income. graph 2. comparison of sugarcane farming income of canning and bululawang (bl) varieties 10000000 15000000 20000000 25000000 30000000 revenue sugarcane farming of canning & bululawang varieties (bl) revenue of cenning variety revenue of bululawang (bl) variety 20.524.820 24.522.620 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 calculation of r/c ratio revenue per cost ratiois the ratio between farm income and total production costs. in order to determine the feasibility of sugarcane farming of canning and bululawang varieties, it is presented in the following table: table 6. calculation of r/c ratio in sugarcane farming of canning and bululawang varieties per ha first plant no description canning bululawang (bl) 1 admission (tr) 64.932.000 62.790.000 2 total cost (tc) 40.409.380 42.345.680 r/c ratio 1.61 1.49 source: data analysis, 2021 because the r/c ratio is both > 1, it means that sugarcane farming of the two varieties is feasible to cultivate, but the r/c ratio of sugarcane farming of the canning variety (1.61) is greater than that of the bululawang variety (bl) (1.49), so it can be described that growing sugarcane with the canning variety is more profitable than growing sugarcane with the bululawang (bl) variety. analysis of farmers' interest with the fishbein method based on the results of the analysis of the level of trust and the level of importance can be displayed as follows: table 7. results of fishbein's multi-attribute attitude analysis for canning varieties of varieties bululawang no attribute interest score (ei) confidence score (bi) farmer's attitude (ao) 1. yield 3.31 3.38 11.19 2. productivity 3.31 2.56 8.47 3. cultivating cost efficiency 2.81 3.13 8.80 4. plant pest and disease resistance (hpt) 2.94 3.00 8.82 ei x bi 37.28 (agree) source: primary data processed, 2021 sugarcane farmers feel that an assessment (evaluation) of the yield of a sugarcane variety is the most important thing in forming attitudes towards sugarcane varieties, followed by an evaluation of plant pest and disease resistance, cultivation cost efficiency and productivity. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 table 8. range of total attitude values (ao) scale interpretation 4 19 strongly disagree (sts) 20 35 disagree (ts) 36 51 agree (s) 52 64 strongly agree (ss) source: primary data processed, 2021 it can be seen that the attitude of farmers (ao) of the canning variety to the bululawang variety is 37.28. this is in the third range (scale 36-51) which is agree (s). therefore, sugarcane farmers in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency tend to prefer to plant canning variety sugar cane than bululawang sugar cane. 4. conclusions sugar cane farming with canning variety is rp. 24.522.620,which is more profitable in terms of farmer's income compared to sugarcane farming of bululawang variety, rp. 18.438.820,-. sugarcane farming of the canning variety and the bululawang variety are both feasible to cultivate, with r/c ratio values of 1.61 and 1.49. interpretation of farmer's attitude (ao) towards the canning variety is in the third range (36-51) which is agree (s). so it can be said that sugarcane farmers in badang village, ngoro district, jombang regency prefer canning sugar cane to bululawang sugarcane varieties. suggestion until now, many new sugarcane varieties have been developed which also have high yield and productivity potential, so it is necessary to investigate the feasibility of farming and the attractiveness of sugarcane farmers to plant these new varieties to support the variety arrangement program launched by the sugar factory in java. east. references alfindasari, d. (2014). teknik sampling pada penelitian kualitatif. eureka pendidikan. fitriningdyah tri, k. (2015). penataan varietas tebu. balai penelitian tanaman pemanis dan serat. malang ikka, n. d. a., purnamasari, i., & setiawan, m. (2021). studi komparasi usaha budidaya tebu (saccharum officinarum l.) varietas cening (klon tk 386) dan varietas ps 864 di kabupaten tuban jawa timur. jurnal agrinika: jurnal agroteknologi dan agribisnis, 5(1), 63-72. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.77 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 kementerian pertanian. 2004. deskripsi tebu varietas bl (bululawang). kementerian pertanian. jakarta nisak, f., pratiwi, y. i., & ali, m. (2017). the influence of immersion duration and organic growing organics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield. agricultural science, 1(1), 11–26. kementerian pertanian. 2010. pelepasan tebu klon tk 386 dengan nama cenning kementerian pertanian. jakarta. prakoso, s., darsan, i., & su’udi, i. d. (2018). analisis usahatani tebu rakyat varietas bululawang (saccharum officinaruml.) studi kasus di desa kedungwaru, kecamatan kunduran, kabupaten blora, provinsi jawa tengah tahun 2017. oryza-jurnal agribisnis dan pertanian berkelanjutan, 3(2), 37-42. sugiyarta. 1994. strategi perakitan tebu unggul dan pengertian kemasakan tebu. pros. pert. teknis. p3gi pasuruan. pasuruan. soekartawi. 2006. analisis usahatani. penerbit universitas indonesia (ui‐press). jakarta utomo, b., & setyaaji, d. (2020). study additions sugar factory waste on inorganic fertilizers against seeds productivity and sugarcane farming on dry land. agricultural science, 3(2), 113-127. utomo, b., & albert, s. (2020). analysis of consumer behavior toward increased sales of orgamas liquid organic fertilizer products. agricultural science, 4(1), 63-73. zaman, n., nurlina, n., simarmata, m. m., permatasari, p., utomo, b., amruddin, a., ... & zulfiyana, v. (2021). manajemen usahatani. yayasan kita menulis. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.85 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 npk fertilizer dosage treatment on the growth and yield of red spinach (amaranthus tricolor l.) nurul huda 1* , sri hidayati 2 12 program , faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya, indonesia *1 corresponding author e-mail: batiktulis.alhuda@gmail.com article history: received: july 21, 2022; accepted: september 10, 2022 abstract the purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the effect of the use of fertilizer doses npk compound on the growth and yield of red spinach (amaranthus tricolor l.), this research method used a randomized block design (rak) consisting of six (6) treatments with three (3) replications and two (2) sample plants. the treatment was given, namely the dose of npk compound fertilizer which consisted of six (6) doses, a = no npk compound fertilizer (control), b = npk compound fertilizer 100 kg/ha (0.05 gr/tan = 0.5 gr/ 10 tons/polybag), c = npk compound fertilizer 200 kg/ha (0.10 gr/tan = 1.0 gr/10 tons/polybag), d = npk compound fertilizer 300 kg/ha (0.15 gr/tan = 1.5 gr/10 tons/polybag), e = npk compound fertilizer 400 kg/ha (0.20 gr/tan = 2.0 gr/10 tons/polybag) and f = npk compound fertilizer 500 kg/ha ( 0.25 gr/tan = 2.5 gr/10 tons/polybag), for analysis and assisted by using excel. research results there was a significant effect on the observed variables of plant height, number of leaves and wet weight of red spinach plants due to the treatment of using various doses of npk compound fertilizers and effective (appropriate) doses or optimum doses of npk compound fertilizers during growth and yield of red spinach plants. the dose of npk compound fertilizer treatment was 300 kg/ha (0.15 gram/plant), while the maximum dose was indicated by the treatment dose of npk compound fertilizer 500 kg/ha (0.25 gram/plant), because statistically both treatments of compound fertilizer dose the npk was not significantly different. keywords : red spinach, npk, fertilizer, organic, fertilizer dosage. 1. introduction spinach is usually consumed as a green vegetable and contains many vitamins and minerals. in indonesia, there are three types of spinach, including amaranthus tricolor (a plucked spinach that is widely grown and cultivated by farmers, the red stem is called red spinach and the whitish green stem is called green spinach.), amaranthus dubius (is a pickled spinach, the growth is upright, broadleaf, dark green/reddish color), amaranthus croenthus (a type of spinach that can be grown as pull spinach as well as pickled spinach, this type of spinach grows upright, large leaves, grayish green). spinach plants are generally bred through seeds and are widely cultivated both on soils in the highlands and lowlands (nugroho, 2011). in indonesia, spinach consumption has increased from year to year, but this need has not been maximally fulfilled by many spinach farmers. and true (dilla khabilah et al., 2022). according to (lathifah & susilawati, 2019) stated that spinach (amaranthus tricolor) is one of the important vegetables in the food needs of the population, because it provides nutrition in page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.85 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 the form of fiber, vitamins, protein and others needed by the human body. besides that, spinach is also used as other businesses in the form of dyes, ornamental plants, laxatives, and so on. in line with the increasing population growth and the development of businesses that use spinach as raw materials, the demand for spinach is increasing. to meet these needs in 2008, indonesia imported around 57,801 kg, while the potential level of spinach yields could reach 20–50 tons per hectare (lathifah & susilawati, 2019). thus the yield of spinach in indonesia can still be increased. efforts to increase spinach productivity include fertilizing, both organic and inorganic fertilizers (hadisuwito, 2012). as with other plants, spinach will not give maximum results, if the necessary nutrients are not available enough. to achieve the available nutrients in the soil, fertilization can be done, namely by using organic fertilizers and or inorganic fertilizers, so that it is expected to increase crop yields. according to (supartha et al., 2012), cultivation technology that needs to be considered in an effort to increase crop production is the use of fertilizers in the right type, dose, method and time. the correct cultivation of spinach plants includes stages including certified seeds, good soil management, planting and maintenance methods and correct and appropriate harvests. soil that can be used for planting spinach is soil that has sufficient nutrients for growth so that spinach plants can grow and produce maximally as expected (khusni et al., 2018). soil that is lacking in nutrients can be overcome by fertilization. fertilization can be done by paying attention to the type of fertilizer used. the types of fertilizers that can be used are inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers (manurung et al., 2020). inorganic fertilizers are fertilizers that come from factories made with a mixture of chemicals with high nutrient levels, while organic fertilizers are fertilizers that come from weathering organic materials in the form of plant residues, human and animal fossils, animal waste and organic rocks.pebrianti et al., 2015). according to (supartha et al., 2012), inorganic fertilizers are able to increase soil productivity in a short time, but will cause damage to the soil structure (soil becomes hard) and reduce the productivity of the resulting plants while the soil given organic fertilizer has a good soil structure and the content of soil organic matter is sufficient, so that the ability of the soil to bind water is greater.application nitrogencan increase plant growth, increase protein synthesis, chlorophyll formation which causes greener leaf color and increase root shoot ratio. therefore, optimal nitrogen application can increase the rate of plant growth (parman, 2007). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.85 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 one of the important factors in plant cultivation that supports the success of plant life is the problem of fertilization. a common problem in fertilization is the low efficiency of nutrient uptake by plants. the efficiency of n and k fertilization is low, ranging from 30-40%. the efficiency of p fertilization by plants is also low, ranging from 15-20% (adnan et al., 2015). plants are not enough just to rely on nutrients from the soil alone. therefore, plants need to be given additional nutrients from the outside, namely in the form of fertilizers (hariyadi et al., 2018). efforts to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use can be pursued through the principles of the right type, right dose, right method, timely application and balanced according to plant needs (hariyadi & ali, 2020). to be able to grow and produce optimally, plants need essential nutrients in addition to solar radiation, water and co2. essential nutrients are nutrients that play an important role as a source of nutrients for plants. the availability of each of these elements in the soil differs between plants (nisak et al., 2017). increasing the production of vegetables, especially mustard greens, spinach and other vegetables, can be done by fertilizing (sari et al., 2020). . fertilization through the soil can be done with artificial fertilizers and natural fertilizers. fertilization can also be applied according to its type, including single fertilizer, compound fertilizer, macro element fertilizer and micro element fertilizer. the lack of knowledge of farmers regarding the amount and type of nutrients needed by plants is also a problem that results in the low increase in production per unit area (prasetya, 2014). compound fertilizer is a mixed fertilizer which generally contains more than one kind of plant nutrients (macro and micro), especially n, p and k nutrients (roesmarkan and yuwono, 2002). the advantages of npk compound fertilizers, namely with one application of fertilizer, can include several elements needed by plants, so that they are more efficient in their use when compared to single fertilizers (ali, 2015). it is hoped that npk fertilizer will be a solution and alternative to increase vegetable crop yields. the use of npk fertilizer can increase the nutrient content in the soil and provide ease of application in the field. 2. research method this study used a randomized block design (rak) consisting of six (6) treatments with three (3) replications and two (2) sample plants. placement of treatment in experimental plots was carried out randomly, with the treatment given, dosage of npk compound fertilizer consisting of six (6) doses, treatment, a = no npk fertilizer (control), b = 50 kg/ha npk fertilizer (0.05 gr/tan = 0.5 gr/10 tons/polybag), c = 100 kg/ha npk fertilizer (0.10 gr/tan = 1.0 gr/10 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.85 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 tons/polybag), d= 150 kg/ha npk fertilizer (0.15 gr/tan = 1.5 gr/10 tons/polybag), e= 200 kg/ha npk fertilizer (0.20 gr/tan = 2.0 gr/10 tons/polybag) and f = npk fertilizer 250 kg/ha (0.25 gr/tan = 2.5 gr/10 tons/polybag). types of variables or parameters of growth and yield of red spinach plants observed in the study, height, number of leaves, and wet weight of plants, while the tool to calculate the results of data analysis was using or assisted by the excel program. 3. results and discussion plant height the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment using a dose of npk compound fertilizer had a very significant effect on the observation of plant height during the growth of red spinach, both at the age of 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after planting seeds. it can be assumed that the given npk compound fertilizer is able to meet the nutrient needs of red spinach plants during their growth. the usual dose of fertilization for mustard, kale and spinach is 100 kg per hectare of urea, 100 kg per hectare of sp-36 and 50 kg per hectare of kcl. by giving the right dose of fertilizer, it is hoped that it can meet the nutrient needs of mustard, spinach and kale plants, so that the growth of these plants can be optimal. table 1. average plant height of red spinach due to the use of various fertilizer different doses at npk of compound observation ages a 19.83 a 31.73 a npk compound fertilizer 100 kg/ha 15.50 b 27.07 b 39.00 b npk compound fertilizer 200 kg/ha 16.07 b 30.00 b 41.67 b npk compound fertilizer 300 kg/ha 20.00 c 36.50 c 49.33 c npk compound fertilizer 400 kg/ha 21.33 c 38.50 c 51.97 c npk compound fertilizer 500 kg/ha 22.50 c 40.07 c 53.00 c bnt 5% 2.83 4.35 5.33 note: the numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different in the 5% bnt test page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.85 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 . in table 1. shows that with increasing use of fertilizer doses npk compounds will be followed by an increase in plant height during the growth of red spinach plants. the highest red spinach plants tended to be achieved by using a dose of npk compound fertilizer of 500 kg/ha (49.33 cm), although statistically it was not significantly different from the treatment using a dose of npk compound fertilizer of 400 kg/ha (51.97 cm) and a dose of fertilizer. 300 kg/ha (39.90) of npk compounds, while the shortest red spinach plants from 10 days to 30 days tended to be treated without npk compound fertilizers (31.73 cm) and were statistically significantly different from treatments using other doses of npk compound fertilizers. . it is presumed that with increasing doses of npk compound fertilizers up to the optimum dose the response of red spinach plants is also optimum, so that if the dose is increased again, the increase in growth is not significant (not significant). vegetables such as spinach, mustard greens and kale are quite easy to cultivate and are responsive to environmental changes and fertilizer application. spinach, mustard and kale plants require adequate intake of n, p and k nutrients to support their growth (prasetya, 2014). this is in accordance with the results of research (ningkeula, 2019) which showed that the application of npk compound fertilizer at a dose of 300 grams per plot or 300 kg per hectare (4 grams per plant) was able to increase the yield of mustard (brassica juncea l.) and spinach plants. red (amaranthus tricolor l.) was the highest and as the best result, the plant weight was 8.22 kg per plot equivalent to 6.85 tons per hectare. number of leaves the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment using doses of npk compound fertilizer had a very significant effect on the observation of the number of leaves during the growth of red spinach plants, both at the age of 10 days, 20 days and 30 days after planting the seeds. table 2. table 2. averageof npk compound fertilizer doses at number spinach the plants various different observation ages 21.00 a npk compound fertilizer 100 kg/ha 9.33 b 18.00 b 29.33 b npk compound fertilizer 200 kg/ha 10.67 bc 23.67 c 32.33 b page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.85 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 npk compound fertilizer 300 kg/ha 12 ,33 cd 27.67 d 37.00 c npk compound fertilizer 400 kg/ha 13.00 d 28.00 d 38.33 c npk compound fertilizer 500 kg/ha 13.67 d 29.33 d 39.67 c bnt 5% 1.67 3.33 4.00 information: the numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different in the 5% bnt test in table 2. the dose of npk compound fertilizer was followed by an increase in the number of leaves during the growth of the red spinach plant. the smallest number of leaves was indicated by the treatment without npk fertilizer (21.00 leaves) and statistically significantly different from the treatment using other doses of npk fertilizer. the highest number of leaves was achieved by treatment with a dose of npk compound fertilizer of 500 kg/ha (39.67 strands), although statistically it was not significantly different from the treatment using a dose of npk compound fertilizer 400 kg/ha (38.33 strands), as well as the treatment using a dose of compound fertilizer. npk 300 kg/ha (37.00 strands), so it is suspected that the dose of npk compound fertilizer has reached the optimum or as required by red spinach plants, namely the dose of npk compound fertilizer is 300 kg/ha. compound fertilizers are mixed fertilizers that generally contain more than one type of plant nutrients (macro and micro), especially n, p and k nutrients (ningkeula, 2019). the advantage of npk compound fertilizer is that with one application of fertilizer, it can cover several elements needed by plants, making it more efficient in its use when compared to single fertilizers. wet weight of red spinach plants the results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of using npk compound fertilizer doses had a very significant effect on the wet weight of red spinach plants at harvest at 30 days after planting. table 3. it can be assumed that the npk compound fertilizer given, able to meet the nutrient needs of red spinach plants during its growth and its use is more practical and profitable. according to husnaeni & setiawati, 2018 that the application of compound inorganic fertilizers into the soil can increase the availability of nutrients that are fast and available to plants, in addition to other advantages of using compound fertilizers, namely saving time, labor and transportation costs. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.85 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 table 3. average wet weight of red spinach plants due to the use of various doses of npk compound fertilizer treatment of fertilizer average wet weight of red spinach plants (grams) without npk compound fertilizer 19.33 a npk compound fertilizer 100 kg/ ha 28.00 b npk compound fertilizer 200 kg/ha 30.67 b npk compound fertilizer 300 kg/ha 38.00 c npk compound fertilizer 400 kg/ha 39.33 c npk compound fertilizer 500 kg/ha 40.67 c bnt 5% 5.31 information: the numbers accompanied by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different in the 5% bnt test . in table 3. it shows that with increasing doses of npk compound fertilizers, there tends to be an increase in the wet weight of spinach plants. red. the wet weight of the smallest red spinach plants tended to be indicated by the treatment without npk compound fertilizer (19.33 grams) and statistically significantly different from the treatment using other doses of npk compound fertilizer. the highest wet weight of red spinach plants tended to be achieved by using a dose of npk compound fertilizer of 500 kg/ha (40.67 grams), although statistically it was not significantly different from the treatment using a dose of npk compound fertilizer of 400 kg/ha (39.33 grams) and use of npk compound fertilizer dose of 300 kg/ha (38.00 grams). it is suspected that the dose of npk compound fertilizer has reached the optimum or as required by red spinach plants, namely the dose of npk compound fertilizer is 300 kg/ha. the function of nitrogen (n) for vegetable crops is as a constituent of protein for plant shoot growth and fertilizing vegetative growth, making it suitable for leaf vegetable plants, such as mustard greens, spinach, kale and so on. the function of phosphorus (p) as one of the constituent elements of protein, is needed for the formation of flowers, fruits and seeds, stimulates root growth to become elongated and grow strong, so that plants will be drought resistant. lack of phosphorus (p) will cause plants to grow stunted, flowering and seed formation are inhibited, and plants become weak so they easily collapse. the element potassium (k) plays a role in metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and respiration which are important in plant growth. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.85 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 phosphorus (p) is one of the main obstacles in acidic soils such as inceptisols. phosphorus (p) is an immovable property and its efficiency is approximately 20%, so that the phosphorus that is not absorbed by plants will remain in the soil as a residue to become phosphorus reserves or be bound by organic matter. organic phosphorus in the soil is about 5-50% of total soil phosphorus, which varies around 15-80% in most soils (aziz, 2013). furthermore (firdausi & muslihatin, 2016) argues that the application of compound inorganic fertilizers into the soil can increase the availability of nutrients quickly and available to plants, in addition to other advantages of using compound fertilizers, namely saving time, labor and transportation costs. that in order to obtain high yields of mustard plants, 50 kg of n fertilizer per hectare is required or equivalent to 100 kg of urea per hectare, in addition to tsp and kcl. research that has been carried out previously. 4. conclusion there was a significant effect on the observed variables of plant height, number of leaves and wet weight of red spinach plants due to the treatment of using various doses of npk compound fertilizer and the effective dose (appropriate) or optimum dose in the use of npk compound fertilizer during growth and yield of spinach plants. red plants tend to be achieved by treatment with a dose of 300 kg of npk compound fertilizer per hectare (0.15 grams per plant), although the highest growth and yield (maximum dose) is always indicated by the treatment with a dose of 500 kg of npk compound fertilizer per hectare (0.25 grams per plant), statistically between the two treatments the dose of urea fertilizer was not significantly different. references adnan, is, utoyo, b., & kusumastuti, a. (2015). effect of npk fertilizer and organic fertilizer on the growth of oil palm (elaeis guineensis jacq.) seedlings in the main nursery. journal of the plantation agro industry, 69–81. ali, m. (2015). pengaruh dosis pemupukan npk terhadap produksi dan kandungan capsaicin pada buah tanaman cabe rawit (capsicum frutescens l.). jurnal agrosains: karya kreatif dan inovatif, 2(2), 171–178. ali, m. (2015). the effect of npk fertilization dosage on capsaicin production and content on fruits of caspies (capsicum frutescens l.). journal of agrosscience: creative and innovative work, 2(2), 171–178. aziz, a. (2013). analysis of phosphorus (p) content in organic compost of mushroom waste with tofu waste activator. bioscientist: scientific journal of biology, 1(1), 20–26. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.85 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 dilla khabilah dwiratna, k., bafdal, n., & amaru, k. (2022). characteristics of energy, water and nutrient consumption in green spinach (amaranthus hybridus l.) cultivation using deep flow technique fertigation system: indonesia. indonesian journal of agrotech (indonesian journal of agrotech), 7(1), 77–86. firdausi, n., & muslihatin, w. (2016). effect of combination of biological fertilizer carrier phosphate solubilizing bacteria on ph and phosphorus nutrients in soil. journal of science and its arts, 5(2). hadisuwito, s. (2012). making liquid organic fertilizer. agromedia. hariyadi, bw, & ali, m. (2020). effect of giving growth regulatory substances (zpt) superior plant hormones (ghosts) on growth and yields of shallots (allium ascalonicum l). agricultural science, 3(2), 135–143. hariyadi, bw, ali, m., & pratiwi, yi (2018). effect of organic liquid fertilizertambsil on the growth and resultskale crop land (ipomoea reptans poir). agricultural science, 1(2), 49–60. husnaeni, f., & setiawati, mr (2018). effect of biological and inorganic fertilizers on azotobacter population, n content, and yield of pakcoy in nutrient film technique system. journal of biodjati, 3(1), 90–98. khusni, l., hastuti, rb, & prihastanti, e. (2018). effect of shade on growth and antioxidant activity of red spinach (alternanthera amoena voss.). bulletin of anatomy and physiology (bulletin of anatomy and physiology), 3(1), 62–70. lathifah, ns, & susilawati, s. (2019). consumption of red spinach juice mixed with honey on increased hemoglobin levels in third trimester pregnant women. journal of health, 10(3), 360–366. manurung, fs, nurchayati, y., & setiari, n. (2020). effect of gandasil d foliar fertilizer on growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid content of red spinach (alternanthera amoena voss.). journal of tropical biology, 1(1), 24-32. ningkeula, es (2019). the response of phonska npk fertilizer at various planting distances on the growth and production of peanut (arichis hypogaea l.) in wali village with the spss program. journal biosinstechnology, 1(01), 117–123. nisak, f., pratiwi, yi, & ali, m. (2017). the influence of immersion duration and organic growing organics on sugar cane (saccharum omcinarum l) growth and yield. agricultural science, 1(1), 11–26. nugroho, ds (2011). study of organic water hyacinth fertilizer on growth and yield of white spinach and red spinach (amaranthus tricolor l.). parman, s. (2007). effect of liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and production of potato (solanum tuberosum l.). anatomical physiology, 15(2), 21–31. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.85 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 pebrianti, c., ainurrasjid, a., & purnamaningsih, sl (2015). test of anthocyanin levels and yield of six varieties of red spinach (alternanthera amoena voss) in the rainy season. brawijaya university. prasetya, me (2014). the effect of pearl npk fertilizer and cow manure on the growth and yield of curly red chili of arimbi variety (capsicum annuum l.). agrifor: journal of agricultural and forestry sciences, 13(2), 191–198. sari, i. p., hidayati, s., ali, m., & purwanti, s. (2020). application of urban waste organic fertilizer on the growth of mustard plants (brassica juncea l.). agricultural science, 4(1), 74–84. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa improvedgrowthandyieldof pakchoy(brassicarapal.)withorganic plus -b1andauxin bambanggunawan,m. ikhsan , bambanghariyadiwicaksono. page | page | improved growth and yield of pakchoy (brassica rapa l.) with organic fertilizer plus vitamin-b1 and auxin bambang gunawan 1, m. ikhsan f 2, bambang hariyadi wicaksono 3. faculty of agriculture 1,2,3 merdeka university surabaya e-mail: gunawanb400@yahoo.com abstract: the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of poc plus concentration on mustard growth and yield. the method used is group randomized design, with 1 (one) factor of poc plus concentration (liquinox start) including 8 levels of treatment and 3 replicates. there is significant effect of poc plus concentration treatment to increase the growth and yield of pakchoy in all parameters of observations compared to the control treatment. the highest gross weight per plant is achieved by treatment l7 at the age of observation 35 days after planting by 338.36%. the highest growth and yield is achieved by treatment l7 by using 17.5 ml per liter of water poc plus. however, statistically the best value is achieved by treatment l6 with concentration of 15 ml per liter of water poc plus as there is no significant difference with l7 treatment in all parameters of observations including plant length, leaf number and fresh weight per plant at the age of 35 days after transplanting. keywords: liquinox start concentration, pakchoy i. introduction mustard is a type of vegetable that favored by the indonesian community with its consumers ranging from the lower class to upper class community group and with a very bright prospect, as mustard has a good market. its market covering local, interisland and even exported to (sutiyoso, 2003). mustard is good for relieving itching in the throat in cough sufferers, headache healer, blood cleanser, improving kidney function, and smoothing digestion. it contains protein, fat, carbohydrate, ca, p, fe, vitamin a, vitamin b, and vitamin c (dani, 2010).furthermore, according to eko susanto (2010), it contains vitamins and minerals. its contents of vitamin k, a, c, e, and folate are in the category of excellent. manganese and calcium in mustard are classified in excellent category is. in addition, it is also excellent in terms of the amino acid tryptophan and fiber food (dietaryfiber). mustard optimal production needs nutrients. it needs loose and fertile soil. to make the plants grow well, effectiveness of fertilizer absorption, both organic and non-organic fertilizer is necessary. one effort that can be taken to overcome it is by the application of poc plus technology which greatly help improve the soil or media plants with low fertility. it agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa improvedgrowthandyieldof pakchoy(brassicarapal.)withorganic plus -b1andauxin bambanggunawan,m. ikhsan , bambanghariyadiwicaksono. page | page | contains vitamin b-1 in addition to active hormone to maximize the effectiveness of nutrients absorption contained in the soil or growing media. liquinox start usage as a material containing combination products of vitamin b1 (thiamine hcl) and naa (naphtalene acetic acid) auxin group root growth regulator are useful as an anti-stress and stimulant of plant roots. vitamin b-1 plays a role in the metabolism of plants by converting carbohydrates into energy to move the activity in plants, thus plants that experience stress due to the condition bare root (delivery without media) or due to transfer of plants to new media, can immediately perform activities metabolism to adapt to the new environment or media. meanwhile plant naa (napthalene acetic acid) growth regulator is from auxin group, which has a role in stimulating the growth of roots lateral/side. the selection of naa is due to its strong and stable root stimulants (anonymous, 2010). liquinox start is also a liquid growth regulating substance that can be used to reduce stress on plants caused by environmental stress. liquinox start is formulated to help reduce stress during transplanting and stimulate root growth. liquinox start is effective to be applied to all types of plants in planting such as seeding, planting cuttings, rooting on roses, barrier plants etc. liquinox start-vitamin b1 is also a liquid fertilizer to produce maximum results when transplanting or moving/planting new crops and to nourish all types of plants. this fertilizer has a very high ability to stimulate the roots and stimulate the roots to immediately become healthy and soon grow, thus reducing to the maximum extent possible damage caused by transplanting and moving in plants. liquinox start is helpful in improving soil or plant media. liquinox start acid levels is very high by 1.9 with its substances include vitamin b1, iron, pospat and yucca extract. a  vitamin b1 vitamins are one of the organic substances synthesized by plants and are active in relatively small quantities. vitamin b1 is also known as thiamine. the term thiamine states that this substance contains sulfur (tio) and nitrogen (amine). thiamine belongs to a water-soluble vitamin class. thiamine is synthesized on the leaves and is trans located to meristematic areas of roots and buds. thiamine in plants is present in free form and as thiamine phosphate (khrishnamoorthy, 1981). vitamins function as co-enzymes in the enzyme reactions. thiamine pyrophosphate agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa improvedgrowthandyieldof pakchoy(brassicarapal.)withorganic plus -b1andauxin bambanggunawan,m. ikhsan , bambanghariyadiwicaksono. page | page | is an active part of the carboxylase enzyme. because thiamine synthesis process occurs in the leaves, light is required for synthesis and translocation (khrisnamoorthy, 1981). b.  naa (napthalene acetic acid) naa is a synthetic compound of auxin which has a function as one of growth regulator substances in plants. auxin plays a role in many aspects of plant growth and development. the role of auxin includes cell enlargement, inhibition of side shoots, and abortion of leaves, cambium activity, and root growth. auxin in plants can affect the process of opening and closing stomata (klingman, 1973). synthetic auxin activity is influenced by the ability of these compounds to penetrate the cuticle, the nature of the translocation within the plant, auxin binding to inactive compounds, interactions with other plant hormones, plant species, stage of growth, and environment (wattimena, 1988). c.  yucca extract yucca plant is included in the liliaceae family. yucca plants contain steroid saponins. the use of steroidal saponins as anti-stress in plants is now widespread. results of previous studies shows that plants receive extracts of yucca plants have good resistance to arid environments. d.  iron substance iron is a micro mineral. iron has several important functions in plants as a means of oxygen transport, conveyance of electron in the cell, the catalyst the formation of chlorophyll, and plays a role in enzyme reactions in the body of the plant. e.  phosphoric acid phosphoric acid has an effect on plant growth. phosphoric acid can stimulate root growth, flowering, and helps in forming seeds and is very important forf germination (gardner, pearce, and mitchell, 1991). 2. methods this research uses randomized block design (rak) with 1 (one) factor of poc concentration plus (liquinox start) with 8 levels of treatments and repeated 3 times. the treatment arel0 = 0 ml; l0 = 2.5 ml; l0 = 5.0 ml; l0 = 7.5 ml; l0 = 10 ml; l0 = 12.5 ml; l0 = 15.0 ml; l0 = 17.5 ml per liter of water. plant observation i carried out through growth and yield variables, starting from plant transplanting. observation of plant growth was carried out at days of 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after transplanting. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa improvedgrowthandyieldof pakchoy(brassicarapal.)withorganic plus -b1andauxin bambanggunawan,m. ikhsan , bambanghariyadiwicaksono. page | page | 3. results and discussion 3 .1. plants length statistical analysis showed that the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) plus provides highly significant effect (f count> f1%) on variable of plants length at 14 days, 21 days, 28 days and 35 days after transplanting. the average length crop observations are presented in table 1. table 1. average of pakchoy length (cm) on various age of observations (day after transplanting) treatment average long plants 7 hst 14 hst 21 hst 28 hst 35 hst l0 5.00 a 8.17 a 12.00 a 16.50 a 20.17 a l1 ab 5,83 10.17 b 13.67 ab 17.67 ab 22.17 ab l2 5.67 ab 11.33 bc 15.50 b c 19.50 bc 24.00 bc l3 ab 6,33 12,33 cd 16.50 cd 20.50 c 24.83 bc l4 7.17 b c 12.67 cd 17.17 cd 21.67 c 26.50 cd l5 7.33 b c 14,17 de 18.33 de 22.83 c 28,50 de l6 8,17 c 14.67 ef 19.00 ef 23,50 c 28.67 de l7 8.67 c 16,17 f 20.67 f 24.33 c 29.67 e bnt 5% 1.72 1.98 2.11 2.76 2.96 description: the figures followed by the same letters, the same column showed no significant difference (lsd 5%). table 1 shows that treatment l7 provides the highest value by 29.67 cm at the end of the observation age of 35 days after transplanting, yet statistically it shows no significant difference compared with l5 and l6 respectively by 28.50 cm and 28.67 cm. the results of calculation the percentage increase in the plant length of control treatment indicates due to treatment concentration of liquinox start plus vitamin b-1 and pgr with treatment l7 gives the highest increase of 47.09% to control treatment and the increase is higher than other treatments. table 1 show there is no significant difference with l5 and l6 treatments at observation at35 days after transplanting respectively by 41.29% and 42.15%. the average percentage increase in the length of pakchoy to control treatment are presented in table 2. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa improvedgrowthandyieldof pakchoy(brassicarapal.)withorganic plus -b1andauxin bambanggunawan,m. ikhsan , bambanghariyadiwicaksono. page | page | table 2. average of pakchoy length improvement (%) in various age of observation compared to control treatment. treatment the mean length of crop improvement percentage (%) 7 hst 14 hst 21 hst 28 hst 35 hst l0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 l1 16.60 24.48 13.92 7.09 9.02 l2 13.40 38.68 29.17 18.18 18.99 l3 26.60 50.92 37.50 24.24 23.10 l4 43.40 55.08 43.08 31.33 23.89 l5 46.60 73,44 52.75 38.36 41.29 l6 63,40 79.56 58.33 42.42 42.14 l7 73.40 97.92 72.25 47.45 47.09 use of manure in growing media also aims to improve the physical and biological properties of soil as well as to absorb the nutrients contained. nitrogen in manure can be provided for plant after nitrification process, a process of oxidation of ammonia into nitrite by nitrosomona bacteria. nitrite is converted to nitrates with the help of nitrobacter. naa (naphtalene acetic acid) is frequently used liquinox start as a material containing combination products of vitamin b-1(thiamine hcl) and root growth regulator of auxin group is which is useful as an anti-stress and stimulant for plant roots. vitamin b-1 has a role in plant metabolism in terms of converting carbohydrates into energy to drive activity in plants; meanwhile plant growth regulators naa (napthaleneacetic acid) is a group of a group of plant growth regulator auxin, which has a role in stimulating the growth of lateral/side roots. according kusumo, (1984), auxin can be used to stimulate rooting and increase germination, stimulate the development/encourages growth of leaves, shoots extension. 3. 2. leaf amount the result of statistical analysis shows that concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) plus vitamin b-1 and zpt gave a very significant effect (f count> f1%) to the observed variation of the leaves of pakchoy mustard plant at 14 days, 21 days, 28 days and 35 days after transplanting. the average observation number of leaves is presented in table 3. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa improvedgrowthandyieldof pakchoy(brassicarapal.)withorganic plus -b1andauxin bambanggunawan,m. ikhsan , bambanghariyadiwicaksono. page | page | table 3. average number of pakchoy (cm) on various age observations (day after transplanting). treatment average number of leaves 7 hst 14 hst 21 hst 28 hst 35 hst l0 2.00 a 4.17 a 6.67 a 9.33 a 12.67 a l1 2.67 b 5.17 b 8.00 b 10.67 b 14.17 b l2 3.00 bc 5.67 b c 8.33 b 11.00 bc 14.67 b l3 3.00 bc 5.67 b c 8.17 b 11.33 bc d 15.33 bc l4 3.00 bc 5,83 c 8.50 bc 11.33 bc d 15.33 bc l5 3.00 bc 5,83 c 8.67 bc 11.83 c d 16.00 c d l6 3,17 c 6,17 c 9.17 c 12.00 c d 16.17 c d l7 3,33 c 6,17 c 9.17 c 12.33 d 16.67 d bnt 5% 0.46 0.54 0.68 1.14 1.31 description: the figures followed by the same letters in the same column showes no significant difference (lsd 5%). table 3 above shows that treatment l7 provides the highest value of 16.67 at the end of the observation age of 35 days after transplanting but statistically shows no significant difference compared with treatment of l5 and l6 respectively by 16,00 and 16,17. table 4 shows the increasing number of leaf to control treatment as an impact of poc plus vitamin b-1 and pgr. treatment l7 gives the highest increase of 31.57% to control treatment and the increase is higher than other treatments. in table 3 there is no significant difference in l5 and l6 on the observation age of 35 days after transplanting respectively by 26.28% and 27.62%. the average percentage increase in the number of plant leaves of pakchoy to control treatment, are presented in table 4. table 4. percentage of pakchoy average number of leaves (%) at various age of observation compared to control treatment. treatment increased percentage average leaf number (%) 7 hst 14 hst 21 hst 28 hst 35 hst l0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 l1 33.50 23.98 19.94 14.36 11.84 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa improvedgrowthandyieldof pakchoy(brassicarapal.)withorganic plus -b1andauxin bambanggunawan,m. ikhsan , bambanghariyadiwicaksono. page | page | l2 50.00 35.97 24.89 17.89 15.79 l3 50.00 35.97 22.49 21.44 20.99 l4 50.00 39.81 27.44 21.44 20.99 l5 50.00 39.81 29.99 26.79 26.28 l6 58,50 47.96 37.48 28.62 27.62 l7 66.50 47.96 37.48 32.15 31.57 the content of naa as a synthetic compound of auxin contained in liquinox start also has a role in the growth and development to the viability of the plant. growing regulators are non-nutrient organic compounds that in small amounts can support, inhibit and alter the physiological processes of plants (anonymous, 2010). 4. 3. gross weight per plant statistical analysis showed that concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) plus vitamin b-1 and pgr provides a very real effect (f count> f1%) to variable observation of gross weight per mustard pakchoy at the age of 35 days after transplanting. the average of gross weight per plant in pakchoy at the end of the observation, are presented in table 5. table 5. average gross weight per plant of pakchoy (g) and percentage of improvement compared to controls treatment at the age of 35 days after planting. treatment average gross weight per plant average percentage (%) improved treatment of control l0 88.17 a 0.00 l1 149.93 ab 70.05 l2 173.63 b 96.93 l3 202.93 bc 130.16 l4 247.33 cd 180.51 l5 294.33 de 233.82 l6 329.00 e f 273.14 l7 386.50 f 3 38, 3 6 bnt 5% 83.09 agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa improvedgrowthandyieldof pakchoy(brassicarapal.)withorganic plus -b1andauxin bambanggunawan,m. ikhsan , bambanghariyadiwicaksono. page | page | description: the figures accompanied by the same letters in the same column showed no significant difference (lsd 5%). table 5 above shows that of treatment l7 provides the highest value of 386.50 grams compared with other treatments, although statistically shows no significant difference with the treatment l6 by 329.00 grams at the age of 35 days of observation after transplanting. calculation of increase in gross weight per plant to control treatments shows that l7 gives the highest increase by 338, 36% higher than other treatments, which is based on table 5 statistically the increase was not significantly different from the percentage increase of treatment l6 by 273.14% at the age of 35 days after transplanting. photosynthesis is producer of carbohydrates with an important role in the growth and formation processes of plant biomass. this statement is supported by harjadi (1991), stating that photosynthesis is a process in which carbon dioxide and water under the influence of light and the presence of chlorophyll or green leaves transformed into organic compounds that contain carbon and energy rich. the use of liquinox start as liquid organic fertilizer (poc) products containing a combination of vitamin b-1 (thiamine hcl) and root growth regulator auxin is naa group (naphtalene acetic acid). according to khrisnamoorthy, (1981), vitamins function as co-enzymes in enzyme reactions. thiamine pyrophosphate is an active part of the enzyme carboxylase. since the thiamine synthesis process occurs in the leaves then light is needed at the time of synthesis and translocation. 4. conclusion there is significant effect on treatment concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (poc) plus vitamin b-1 and pgr to increased growth and yield of pakchoy on all observation parameters studied compared with control treatment, with the highest percentage rate on improvement is presented by treatment observation l7 at the age of 35 days after transplanting by 338,36%. the highest value of growth and yield parameters is achieved by treatment l7 with concentration of 17.5 ml liquinox start (plus vitamin b-1 and pgr) per liter of water. statistically the best value is achieved by treatment of l6 with concentration of 15 ml liquinox start (plus vitamin b-1 and pgr) per liter of water because it has no significant with treatment of l7 in all parameters of the observation including length of plants, number of leaves and gross weight per plant at the age of 35 days after transplanting. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8705 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa improvedgrowthandyieldof pakchoy(brassicarapal.)withorganic plus -b1andauxin bambanggunawan,m. ikhsan , bambanghariyadiwicaksono. page | page | references [1] dani, 2010. raisingsawi caisim the http://dani-farm.blogspot.com/2010/04/budidayacaisimsawi.html. [2] anonymous, 2010. liquinoxstart. in http://www.liquinox.com [3] arief, 1990. horticulture fruit and vegetables, plants / ornamental. andi offset. yogyakarta. 95 p. [4] cahyono, b. 2003. cultivation techniques and strategies mustard greens (pai-tsai). yayasan pustaka nusantara. yogyakarta. 158 p. [5] khrishnamoorty, hn 1981. including plant growth substance application in agriculture. mcgraw-hill. new york. 214p. [6] wattimena, ga 1988. the plant growth regulator. inter-university center.university. bogor agricultural bogor. [7] yitnosumarto. s. 1991. experiment: design, analysis and lnterprestasinya. dep. p and k program mathematics, university of brawijaya. poor. [8] directorate general of horticulture, horticulture production statistics 2015 2014. ministry of agriculture. jakarta. [9] susanto, e. 2010. raising organic mustard in http://blog.ub.ac.id/ekosusanto. [10] gardner, fp, rb pearce, and rg mitchell. 1991. physiology of crop plants. tr. h. susilo. cultivation plant physiology. ui. press. jakarta. [11] haryanto, 1998. cultivation of mustard. governmental publisher. jakarta. [12] harjadi, ss. 1991. introduction to agronomy. pt. gramedia pustaka utama. jakarta [13] kusumo, s. 1984. plant growth regulator substances. cv. jasaguna. jakarta. 75 pp. [14] nazaruddin. vegetables 1994. lowland. governmental spreader. jakarta. 142 p. [15] rukmana, rh 1994. plant grow pai t-sai and mustard. doubleday. jakarta. [16] sugeng, 2017. classification of plant pakcoy in http: //www.klasifikasi plants. com / 2015/03 / classification-plant-pakcoy.html [17] sutiyoso, y. 2003. aeroponics vegetable cultivation with carburetion system. governmental spreader. jakarta. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.86 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 the influence of product innovation and market orientation on the competitive advantages of fried red onion smes in sumenep district fatmawati 1 , dina kurniawati 2 , moh. kurdi 3* 1 agribusiness study program, faculty of agriculture, wiraraja university 2,3 management study program, faculty of economics and business, wiraraja university *3 corresponding author e-mail: fatmawati@wiraraja.ac.id 1 , dinakurniawati@wiraraja.ac.id 2 , mkurdi@wiraraja.ac.id 3* article history: received: july 28, 2022; accepted: september 27, 2022 abstract smes have advantages compared to large businesses, among others: flexibility and quickly adapt to market changes, able to absorb relatively large unskilled labor, the majority of smes produce consumer goods and services with low elasticity of demand for income. with the majority of indonesia's population having relatively low education, the ability of smes to absorb unskilled labor is very helpful in creating a workforce. the population in this study is the small and medium enterprises (ukm) of red fried onion in basoka village, rubaru district, sumenep regency with a total of 20 smes. from the existing population, the sample in this study used the entire population, namely the perpetrators of the red fried onion smes in basoka, rubaru district. the purpose of the study was to determine the effect of product innovation on the market orientation of fried onion smes in sumenep regency, to determine the effect of product innovation on the competitive advantage of fried red onion smes in sumenep regency and to determine market orientation to the competitive advantages of fried red onion smes in sumenep regency. the research method used in this study is to use data analysis techniques in this study using partial least square (pls). from the results of the study it can be concluded that market innovation has a significant positive effect on market orientation, product innovation has a significant positive effect on competitive advantage and market orientation has a significant positive effect on competitive advantage. keywords : product innovation, market orientation, competitive advantage, red fried onion smes 1. introduction smes have advantages compared to large businesses, among others: flexibility and adapt quickly to market changes, able to absorb relatively large unskilled labor, the majority of smes produce goods consumption and services with a low elasticity of demand for income. with the majority of indonesia's population having relatively low education, the ability of smes to absorb unskilled labor is very helpful in creating a workforce. some of the characteristics inherent in most smes and at the same time become a source of problems, among others: the low productivity of the workforce, the low quality of human resources working in the sme sector, the quality of the goods produced is relatively low (not yet page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.86 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 certified/standard), the lack of creativity and innovation. , lack of adoption of new technology in production, low understanding of market orientation and entrepreneurship. innovation according to hurley and hult in maghfiroh (2017), is defined as the application of new ideas, products or processes. meanwhile, hurley and hult themselves define innovation as a change mechanism to adapt in a dynamic environment. the concept of innovation is divided into three, namely: organizational innovation (organizational innovation), the level of innovation (innovativeness), and the ability to innovate (capacity to innovate) (mahrus et al., 2017). the level of organizational innovation (organizational innovativeness) is the level at which the development and implementation of ideas that represent the capabilities of the company. furthermore, it is said that the level of innovation (innovativeness) is more an aspect of organizational culture that reflects the level of openness to new ideas. the ability to innovate (capacity to innovate) is the ability of the organization to adopt or implement new ideas, processes and new products. anggraeny (2013) defines organizational innovation as the adaptation of new ideas or behaviors within the organization. the degree of innovation (innovativeness) is defined as the degree to which an individual or unit of adoption is earlier in adopting a new idea than other members of the organizational system. so by innovating, it is hoped that the ability of smes to exist and advance is very relevant to the competitive conditions in the market, especially the modern networked market which is the main goal in promotion, distribution and marketing strategies as well as product prices to compete. even though through pp permendag no 70/2013 article 9 which favors smes to enter the modern market, of course without innovation it will be difficult to compete in the competition between products themselves in the modern market. referring to oktavinus (2019), that market orientation is a multidimensional concept that can be formulated through the concepts: customer orientation, competitor orientation, coordination between functions, and spending on customers. based on the above concept, market orientation can be defined as a multidimensional concept that can be formulated through the following concepts: customer orientation, competitor orientation, coordination between functions, and customer learning. it is clear that to enter the market requires market-oriented innovation so that it can compete with competing products. market orientation determines the choice of where the product can be accepted by consumers. competitiveness is different from competitive advantage. organizations that have competitiveness usually have a competitive advantage. competitive advantage allows companies page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.86 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 to obtain superior performance over a certain period of time. the essence of the resource-based view is that companies differ fundamentally because they have a set of resources. the most effective achievement of competitive advantage is by using organizational competencies or capabilities. of the 200 fried shallot sme craftsmen around probolinggo regency, mainly in tegalrejo village, they think that this side business to help her husband, who is an average shallot farmer, does not all have the courage to innovate their products and market them en masse and are known by the outside world. in the probolinggo regency area. of the 200 sme craftsmen, there are only 50 who have the ability to actively market and focus their business on this fried shallot product. the rest are side jobs that are more passive, such as receiving orders and taking advantage of the harvest. it turns out that it is not wrong if this fried shallot has become a staple of the indonesian culinary business and household needs. it is almost certain that all indonesian specialties use fried shallots as a flavoring and topping for various dishes. with the increasing image of indonesian culinary tourism and the increasing number of restaurants or restaurants for indonesian culinary cuisine, the need for shallots also increases. 2. research method is an explanatory research, namely research that aims to explain the relationship between variables by developing (generating) theory and testing hypotheses, while from the aspect of data collection methods, this research is included in the category of survey research, namely data collection and data analysis through questionnaires. which will be carried out directly and in writing or communicated from respondents individually or in groups (sugiyono, 2017). the population in this study is the small and medium enterprises (ukm) of red fried onion in basoka village, rubaru district, sumenep regency with a total of 20 smes. from the existing population, the sample in this study used the entire population, namely the perpetrators of the red fried onion smes in basoka, rubaru district. the data analysis technique in this study uses partial least square (pls) with the help of smartpls 2.0 m3 software. pls is a method for constructing predictable models when there are too many factors. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.86 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 3. results and discussion measurement model convergent validity of the measurement model with reflective indicators is assessed based on the correlation between item scores and construct scores calculated by pls. individual reflective measure is said to be high if the correlation is more than 0.70 with the construct to be measured. however, for research in the early stages of developing a measurement scale, a loading 0.5 to 0.6 is considered sufficient (ghozali, 2015). discriminant validity of the measurement model with reflective indicators is assessed based on cross loading measurements with constructs. if the ave square root value of each construct is greater than the correlation value between the constructs and other constructs in the model, then it is said to have a good discriminant validity value. a. indicator validity is a factor loading greater than 0.5 and or t_statistic 1.96 (z value = 0.05). the loading factor is the correlation between the indicator and its latent variable. if the loading factor is greater than 0.5 then the indicator is valid. the t_statistic value is the result of a statistical test that shows the contribution of the relationship between indicators and variables or between variables, if 1.96 then the relationship is said to be significant. it can be seen in the table below: table 1. outer loading table (measurement model for reflective variables) product innovation (x1) market orientation (x2) competitive advantage (y) x1.1 0.896 x1.2 0.768 x1.3 0.496 x2.1 0.939 x2.2 0.845 x2.3 0.357 y.1 0.579 y.2 0.895 y.3 0.632 source: data analysis, 2021 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.86 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 based on the outer loading table above, the product innovation variable shows that 2 indicators have a factor loading greater than 0.50 and 1 indicator is smaller than 0.50, so that not all of these indicators are measures/indicators of product innovation variables. meanwhile, the market orientation variable also shows that not all indicators have the factor loading is greater than 0.50 only 2 indicators are more than 0.50 and 1 indicator is smaller than 0.50, so that not all of these indicators are indicators of market orientation variables. in the competitive advantage variable, it shows that all indicators have a factor loading greater than 0.50, so all of these indicators are a measure/indicator of competitive advantage variables. overall the estimation results have met the convergent validity. overall the estimation results have met the convergent validity. so look at the value of the outer weight of each indicator and its significance value. see the convergent vs. lidity outer weight below. table 2. outer weight table (t-statistic model) product innovation (x1) market orientation (x2) competitive advantage (y) x1.1 0.665 x1.2 0.365 x1.3 0.250 x2.1 0.589 x2.2 0.428 x2.3 0.239 y.1 0.424 y.2 0.578 y.3 0.375 source: data analysis, 2021 processing results the test results in the outer weight table show that the product orientation variable indicator x2.1 is significant because the t-statistic value is greater than 1.645 (at z = 0.10). so it can be concluded that the x2.1 indicator is the more dominant role as an indicator of the product orientation variable. b. variable validity (construct) the next test of the measurement model is to look at the ave (average variance extracted) value, which is a value that indicates the amount of indicator variance that the latent page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.86 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 variable can contain. an ave value greater than 0.5 also indicates a good adequacy of convergent validity for latent variables. the ave value can be seen in the table below: table 3. average variance extracted (ave) average variance extracted (ave) product innovation (x1) 0.546 market orientation (x2) 0.574 competitive advantage (y) 0.512 source: data analysis, 2021 the next measurement model is the average variance extracted (ave) value, which is the value indicating the size of the indicator variance contained by the latent variable. convergent ave value greater than 0.5 also indicates a good adequacy of validity for latent variables. on variable reflective indicators can be seen from the average variance extracted (ave) value for each construct (variable). a good model is required if the ave value of each construct is greater than 0.5. the test results show that the ave value for the construct (variable) of product innovation, market orientation and competitive advantage has a value greater than 0.5, so it is valid. c. reliability construct reliability as measured by the value of composite reliability, a reliable construct if the composite reliability is above 0.70 then the indicator is said to be consistent in measuring the latent variable. table 4. composite reliability composite reliability product innovation (x1) 0.774 market orientation (x2) 0.782 competitive advantage (y) 0.752 source: data analysis, 2021 the test results show that the constructs (variables) of product innovation, market orientation and competitive advantage have a composite reliability greater than 0, 7. so reliable. d. structural model page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.86 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 testing on the structural model is done by looking at the r-square value which is the goodness-fit test of the model. the inner model test can be seen from the r-square value in the equations between latent variables. table 5. r-square composite reliability product innovation (x1) market orientation (x2) 0.158 competitive advantage (y) 0.874 source: data analysis, 2021 r 2 on market orientation variable = 0.158. it can be interpreted that the model is very good and is able to explain the phenomenon of product innovation by 15.80%. while the rest is explained by other variables (besides product innovation) that have not been included in the model and errors. this means that market orientation is influenced by product innovation by 15.80% while the rest is influenced by variables other than product innovation. the value of r2 . on the competitive advantage variable = 0.874it can be interpreted that the model is able to explain the phenomenon/problem of competitive advantage by 87.40%. while the rest is explained by other variables (besides market orientation) that have not entered into the model and error. it means competitive advantage influenced by market orientation of 87.40% while the rest is influenced by variables other than market orientation. 2. causality test (inner model) in partial least square (pls) the path parameter coefficients are obtained through the weights of the inner model by first looking for the t_statistic procedure standard error bootstrap with the results of the pls smart software as follows: page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.86 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 figure 1. pls results model table 5. causality test results coefficient path mean of subsamples standard deviation t-statistic product innovation (x1) -> market orientation (x2) 0.398 0.418 0.094 4.226 product innovation (x1) -> competitive advantage (y) 0.752 0.760 0.072 10.376 market orientation (x2) -> excellence competing (y) 0.331 0.319 0.096 3,454 source: data analysis, 2021 based on the results of hypothesis testing that has been carried out to analyze the role of product innovation on the market orientation of fried shallots in sumenep regency, it is found that product innovation has a significant positive effect on the competitive advantage of fried shallots in sumenep regency. these results indicate that the greater the product innovation is in the existing fried shallot sme products, the more influential it is on the market orientation of fried onions. this can be seen from the value of t-statistic = 4.226 which is greater than the value of z = 0.10 (10%) = 1.645. so that product innovations carried out by fried shallot smes in sumenep regency must continue to be improved to meet the needs and desires of the market. because the better the innovations made to fried shallot products, the more market orientation is also increasing. meanwhile, from the results of hypothesis testing that has been carried out to analyze the role of product innovation on competitive advantage in fried shallot smes in sumenep regency, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.86 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 the results show that product innovation has a significant positive effect on competitive advantage in fried shallot smes in sumenep regency. these results indicate that the greater the product innovation that is carried out by eating, the greater the impact on the competitive advantage of fried shallot products. this can be seen from the value of t-statistic = 10.376 which is greater than the value of z = 0.10 (10%) = 1.645. so that the efforts made by fried shallot smes in sumenep regency are very successful in providing a competitive advantage in the results of fried shallot products with products from other regions or with other products. in addition, based on the results of hypothesis testing that has been carried out to analyze the role of market orientation on competitive advantage in fried shallot smes in sumenep regency, it is found that market orientation has a significant positive effect on competitive advantage in fried shallot smes in sumenep regency. this shows that the role of market orientation towards competitive advantage can be explained by the higher the market orientation of fried shallot smes in sumenep regency, the higher the competitive advantage possessed by fried shallot smes. 4. conclusions from the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that market innovation has a significant positive effect on market orientation. product innovation has a significant positive effect on competitive advantage, and market orientation has a significant positive effect on competitive advantage. references anggraeny, c. 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(2013, july). assessing competitive advantage based on customer satisfaction and customer value. in 2013 10th international conference on service systems and service management (pp. 12-17). ieee. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.86 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 leal rodríguez, a. l., & albort-morant, g. (2016). linking market orientation, innovation and performance: an empirical study on small industrial enterprises in spain. journal of small business strategy, 26 (1), 37-50. mahrus, a., bambang wicaksono, h., nurlina, cholil, h., & sri wiwoho, m. (2017). mapping of biomass production of land damage assessment to reduce environmental changes in east java probolinggo. matec web of conferences, 138. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201713809004 maghfiroh, i. (2017). pengaruh inovasi proses terhadap kinerja pemasaran dimediasi oleh keunggulan bersaing pada sentra ikm manik-manik plumbon gambang gudo jombang (doctoral dissertation, stie pgri dewantara jombang). mawu, i. p. p. (2016). analisis pengaruh kompetensi pengetahuan pemasaran dan orientasi kewirausahaan terhadap kapabilitas pemasaran dan kinerja pemasaran (studi pada wirausaha industri rumah kayu kota tomohon). jurnal emba: jurnal riset ekonomi, manajemen, bisnis dan akuntansi, 4(3). oktavinus, o., zaid, s., & yusuf, h. (2019). pengaruh orientasi pasar dan inovasi produk terhadap keunggulan bersaing dan kinerja pemasaran pengolahan rumput laut di wakatobi. jurnal ilmu manajemen universitas tadulako (jimut), 5(2), 211-227. sherlin, i. (2016). pengaruh inovasi produk dan kinerja pemasaran terhadap keunggulan bersaing (studi kasus industri kecil dan menengah batik kerinci). jurnal benefita, 1(3), 105-112. sugiyono, f. x. (2017). neraca pembayaran: konsep, metodologi dan penerapan (vol. 4). pusat pendidikan dan studi kebanksentralan (ppsk) bank indonesia. zhou, y. (2014). market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation in a learning organization (doctoral dissertation, lmu). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.90 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 effectiveness of community program implementation for food business development among rice producer nur farida kusumawati 1*, budi utomo 2 , nanik indah wulandari 3, 1,2,3 faculty of agriculture, mayjen sungkono university, indonesia correspondence e-mail: fmardi2@gmail.com * article history: received: december 28, 2022; accepted: february 20, 2023 abstract the people's food business development activity (cfbd) is one of the government's efforts to maintain price stability at the level of farmers, producers and consumers. this study aims to describe the implementation of the gapoktan mutual cooperationcommunity food business development (cfbd) program in pertapan maduretno village, taman district, sidoarjo regency. the association of farmers groups (gapoktan) is a collection of various groups of farmers who come together and work together to increase economies of scale and business efficiency. this research is descriptive in nature with two quantitative and qualitative approaches (mixed method) wherein this research is shown quantitatively and qualitatively (sequentially/sequentially) the most important quantitative with a deductive direction, after completion is pursued with qualitative. based on the results of calculating the efficiency of managing cfbd funds which have been carried out for 3 years, from 2018 to the present, the cfbd program in mutual cooperationgapoktan, maduretno pertapan village has an average efficiency level of 73%. keywords: business, cfbd, food, gapoktan, rice 1. introduction the community food business development initiative (cfbd) is one of the government's efforts to maintain price stability at the level of farmers, producers and consumers. this activity allows gapoktan and tani indonesia shop to act as a distribution agent in a more efficient distribution chain, thereby reducing price differences between producers and consumers. evaluation of the effectiveness of a program must be carried out to determine the extent of the impact and benefits. because efficiency is a picture of success in achieving predetermined or predetermined goals. with this evaluation of effectiveness, you may want to consider continuing with the program. pertapan maduretono village, located in sidoarjo district, taman district, is one of the villages designated by the sidoarjo district government to participate in the food business development program. the cfbd campaign has one goal: the gapoktan gotong rotong in the village of pertapan maduretto. pertapan maduretono village is one of the villages chosen by the sidoarjo district government through the sidoarjo district food and agriculture service. even considered competent and meet the requirements of the community food business development program planned by the ministry through the ministry of food and agriculture 2020. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.90 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 the effectiveness of the program must be evaluated to determine the extent of the program's impact and benefits. because efficiency is an image of success in achieving certain goals. in evaluating this effectiveness, we may consider program continuation. (ansori et al., 2016) pertapan maduretno village in sidoarjo regency, jalan taman, is one of the villages appointed by the sidoarjo regency government to take part in the community food enterprise development program (cfbd). the cfbd movement has one target, gapoktan gotong rotong in the village of pertapan maduretno. maduretno pertapan village is one of the villages chosen by the sidoarjo regency government through the sidoarjo regency food and agriculture service because it is considered capable and meets the ministry's requirements through the community food enterprise development program (cfbd) planned by the ministry of food and agriculture in 2020. (security agency food, 2020) the community food business development program (cfbd) requirements are that gapoktan already has a stand-alone rice mill unit, preferably a dryer, and can provide warehouses to store food and other supporting assets. apart from being a village for gapoktan designation in the community food business development (cfbd) program, pertapan maduretno village is also a village with large rice fields in taman regency. rice yields were quite good, amounting to 1066.8 t/ha in 2018. meanwhile, the planting area for 1 year was 152.4 hectares in 2020, so it could produce around 1,097.28 tons/hectare of harvested dry grain. at (cfbd) in pertapan maduretno village, taman district, sidoarjo regency. the five previous studies above discussed the effectiveness of the puap program, assistance for poklaksar, the pdpm program. the novelty of this research is to examine the level of effectiveness of the community food business development (cfbd) program in pertapan maduretno village, taman district, sidoarjo regency. table 1. prior research list matrix no title methode result relevance equality difference 1. effectiveness of pump program in kube in kusamba village (gusti ayu putu wirathi, surya dewi rustariyuni, luh putu aswitari, year 2018) descriptive research method the level of effectiveness of empowering fishing communities is classified as successful, the constraints faced by fishing communities from the existence of the pump program include: the difficulty of disbursing aid funds because kube must be a legal entity, the lack of monitoring from relevant both researched the effectiveness of the cfbd program this study discusses community empowerment and research locations. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.90 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 officers to monitor or socialize the program and the difficulty of getting new members to join the kube, the pump program through kube can increase fishermen's household income and can increase fishermen's job opportunities 2. the effectiveness of the government assistance program for processing and marketing groups (poklahsar) of fishery products in bondalem village (gede suriadi, lulup endah tripalupi, i nyoman sujana, 2019,) qualitative research methods, literature, data collection and in-depth interviews. after that the data obtained were collected, described and analyzed with qualitative analysis. the results of the research show, (1) the effectiveness of the government assistance program at poklahsar in terms of the context dimension is 87.36% with the category quite effective, (2) the effectiveness of the government assistance program at poklahsar from the input dimension is 86.7% with the category quite effective, (3) the effectiveness of the government assistance program at poklahsar from the process dimension is 87.2% with the category of quite effective, (4) the effectiveness of the government assistance program at poklahsar from the product dimension is 91.86% with the effective category. of the four dimensions used, the overall result is 88.09%, which is quite effective. both discussed the effectiveness of the program this journal is more focused on the implementatio n of government policies regarding processing groups while in this study regarding rice milling. 3. the effectiveness of the regional community empowerment program (pdpm), study on poverty alleviation in the mamboro qualitative research method by distributing questionnaire s the results obtained in this study revealed that poverty alleviation through the regional community empowerment program (pdpm) was not successful (effective) in increasing the income of residents who owned joint ventures in mamboro village, north they both research the effectiveness of a program implemented in indonesia and they both focus on propoor government perbedaan terletak pada jenis program yang dibahas. dalam penelitian ini program yang dibahas adalah program daerah page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.90 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 village, north palu district, palu city (jans wilianto nasila, 2014) palu district, palu city.. policies pemberdayaan masyarakat (pdpm) 4. farmers response to the community food business development program (cfbd) in trisono village, babadan district, ponorogo regency. (firdasari nuradila, 2016) qualitative descriptive research method. research data collection techniques are by interview, observation, documentatio n and documents. the results of his research, that there are obstacles in its operational activities. farmers' responses to the community food business development program (cfbd) can be influenced by internal factors of farmers (education level of rice farmers, age of rice farmers, number of farmer members, area of land cultivated by rice farming and status of arable land) and external factors of farmers (frequency of attending counseling, place of marketing and price of grain). discuss the cfbd program this study describes the response of farmers to the cfbd program research framework figure 1. thinking framework chart 2. research methods descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative methods. the main objective of this study is the trend of quantitative and deductive and after completion of qualitative research. organizing implementation of the program (understanding the program, on time, achievement of goals, real change, on target, monitoring supporting factors obstacle factor cfbd program implementation farmers / gapoktan no effective effective page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.90 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 this research was done on purpose. that is, it depends on the characteristics of the sample/respondents and the relevance of certain criteria set or expected by the authors in relation to the survey objectives. for this survey sample, the authors used a relatively random sample to select respondents. this survey is representative. the sampling method is relatively random. respondents were selected based on the size of the subgroup or group represented. determination of the number of respondents per farmer group with a total population of 165 farmers, a sample of 30%, a sample of 49 respondents was obtained by calculation. with a total population of 165 farmers, 30% of the sample was taken, the total sample was obtained: sum (ni) = nk x n 𝑁 number of samples = 30 x 165 = 49 farmers 100 the data used as material for compiling and discussing the data collection techniques needed in this study consisted of using various methods, namely questionnaire interview techniques, observation techniques, documentation techniques, literary techniques. the data analysis method used is the use of quantitative and qualitative descriptive approaches. analysis model according to sarwono. j. j. (2013), sequential explanatory mixed methods. the steps in conducting the research are as follows: 1) in the first stage, the researcher conducts quantitative research by distributing questionnaires to respondents. 2) collect data collected from the results of questionnaires for quantitative data analysis (multiple linear regression analysis, classical hypothesis test, f-test, t-test, correlation coefficient). 3) from the first stage, the results obtained can respond to the formulation of existing questions and forms the basis for the second stage of the research. 4) in the second stage, the researcher conducts qualitative research to demonstrate, deepen and support the quantitative data obtained in the first step. 5) selects the reporting researcher based on criteria and compiles a list of questions to be asked at that time 6 ) collect interview data and conduct qualitative data analysis. 7) from the second stage, produce research results to answer the presentation of existing questions and collaborate with the results of the first stage research, use quantitative research results to generalize qualitative research results. in the analysis of program effectiveness, it is a comparison between the achievements and the stated objectives, so that it can be used as a benchmark for program success (subagyo, 2000). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.90 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 3. results and discussion the effectiveness of the plan can be expressed in the extent to which the objectives have been achieved, indicating the extent to which the objectives of the plan have been set. from the several definitions of efficacy above, it can be understood that effectiveness is a benchmark that compares the process carried out with the goals and objectives achieved. a plan is said to be effective if the efforts or actions taken produce the desired results. efficiency is used as a yardstick to compare plans and processes implemented with the results obtained. in the analysis of program effectiveness, it is a comparison between the achievements and the stated objectives, so that it can be used as a benchmark for program success (subagyo, 2000). so the formula used: table 2. classification of feces criteria when analyzing the effectiveness of the cfbd program in pertapan maduretno village, the target income is to be obtained in 5 years, an average of rp. 250,000,000 (flexible). the program's initial fund was rp. 160,000,000 while in the development of funds obtained in 2019 realized revenue of rp. 168 200,000 the efficiency index is 67% with less effective criteria, in 2020 rp. 175,900,000 efficiency index with criteria of 70% effective enough and in 2021 rp. 183,450,000 with the criteria of 73% effective enough: based on the results of this study, it turns out that the effectiveness of the cfbd program itself has a grant from the government of rp. 160,000,000 (sehundred and sixty million rupees) with usage details as follows: one. the minimum support fund is idr. 100,000,000 for the purchase of ready-to-eat groceries (in the form of cereals) from gapoktan members, partners or other farmers for supply/distribution to indonesian farmers shops (tti) for distribution to consumers. the use of the aid funds is intended to ensure that rice supplies from tani indonesia stores remain available for sale to consumers. gapoktan's aim to purchase supplies for gapoktan farmers and member farmers indicates that gapoktan member farmers were involved (participated) during the implementation phase of the program to help gapoktan produce rice for distribution to indonesian farm shops. the resulting target is 250,000,000 rp for 5 years (the amount is flexible based on the gapoktan agreement). criteria percentage 90 % 100 very effective 80 % 89 % effective 70 % 79 % very effective very effective 60 % 69 % less effective less effective less than 60% effective 60% effective page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.90 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 b. the operating fund amounts to rs 60,000,000 and these funds are used for transportation, classification, packaging and other operational costs. the funds are well managed by gapoktan to manage rice production which is distributed to toko tani indonesia. if gapoktan only offers 2 (two) indonesian farmers' shops (tti), then one (one) indonesian agricultural shop (itt) offers up to 60%. if gapoktan supplies more than one indonesian farmer's shop, one indonesian farmer's shop is supplied with up to 40%. figure 2. program effectiveness ratio cfbd from the figure above, you can see that the percentage effectiveness of the cfbd has fluctuated over the last three years. in 2019 (1 year from 2018) the least effective criterion is 67%. in 2020, that rose to 70% and changed the bar very effectively. also in the 2021 period (until the implementation of research activities) the percentage of efficiency is the same and the benchmark of 73% is very valid. a business or activity can be said to be effective if the company or activity achieves its goals. if these goals are organizational goals, then the process for achieving these goals is the suc cessful implementation of programs or activities in accordance with the authority, duties and functions of the organization. in the context of a policy or program implemented by a government, the policy or program is effective if the policy or program is able to achieve the goals that have been set previously. in fact, based on the analysis of research data conducted, the management of the cfbd program funds which started so far in 2018 has been quite effective. the cfbd program in pertapan maduretno village, which has been running since 2018, is going well. with good agricultural potential, the five-year target is expected to be achieved soon. however, in the management and cfbd there were several inhibiting factors that were found, including: the limited ability of gapoktan's own human resources management in the it field. another obstacle is competition for the quality of rice in the market and the economic level which affects people's purchasing power. with regard to the supporting factors for the functioning 67 70 73 64 66 68 70 72 74 2019 2020 2021 program effectiveness ratio page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.90 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 of the cfbd program, namely the agricultural potential in pertapan maduretno village in particular and sidoarjo district in general which meet the needs of cereals for the cfbd program. the cfbd program, which has been in operation for 3 years, should be able to stigmatize the dynamics of farmer empowerment activities in developing their agriculture in the industrial era.iv. 4. conclusions based on the results of calculating the efficiency of cfbd fund management which has been carried out for 3 years, from 2018 to the present, the cfbd program at gapoktan gotong royong, maduretno pertapan village has a fairly effective average efficiency level, which is 73%. according to the results of the research conducted, it appears that there is a percentage change of 67% compared to the first year, from 70% to 73%. for example, every year the percentage of the effectiveness of the cfbd program in the village of pertapan maduretno increases. in the management and cfbd, there are several obstacles faced, including: the limited ability of gapoktan's own management human resources in the it field. another obstacle is competition for the quality of rice in the market and the economic level which affects people's purchasing power. with regard to the supporting factors for the functioning of the cfbd program, namely the agricultural potential in pertapan maduretno village in particular and sidoarjo district in general which meet the needs of cereals for the cfbd program. based on the results of the research, the authors propose suggestions that must be contributed to stakeholders: 1. in this study it can be noted that the level of efficiency and the percentage change in the efficiency ratio has increased from the first year to today, hopefully it will be a reference when adopting policies aimed at increasing company capital in the agricultural sector. 2. in future research, it is hoped that more analytical tools will be used and a research period of more than three years will be carried out so that more data will be obtained, with the hope that it will provide even better analysis results regarding the effectiveness of the community empowerment program in this study , that is, the rice communit reference ministry of agriculture. 2018. technical instructions for community food business development activities (cfbd) through indonesian farmers shops (tti). jakarta mardikanto, t. 2001. penyuluhan pembangunan pertanian. sebelas maret university press. surakarta page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.90 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 mardiasmo. 2002. otonomi dan manajemen keuangan daerah. penerbit andi yogyakarta nababan, dewi riris natalia. 2015. the effectiveness of the child social service program for disaster victims by the urban social working group foundation in kutambelin village, namanteran district, karo regency. essay nasila, jans wilianto. 2014. effectiveness of the community empowerment program (pdpm), study on poverty alleviation in the mamboro village, north palu district, palu city. journal santhi, ni nyoman, made lestari ribbon, main suyana. 2016. the effectiveness of the rural business development program (puap) on pig farms in macang village, karangasem regency. journal sugiyono. 2012. metode penelitian kuantitatif kualitatif dan r&b. bandung: alfabeta. suriadi, gede, 2019. efektivitas propram bantuan pemerintah pada kelompok pengolah dan pemasar(poklahsar)hasil perikanan di desa bondalem.jurnal wirathi, gusti ayu putu, surya dewi rustariyuni, luh putu aswitari. 2018. the effectiveness of the pump program at kube in kusamba village. journal yulianawati, revi research. 2017. farmers response to community food business development program (pupm) in trisono village, babadan district, ponorogo regency. journal agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina1, sri hidayati1, nurul huda1 1faculty of agriculture, meredeka university surabaya e-mail: nurlinaraharjo@gmail.com abstract this study aims to determine how far a combination of manure and urea fertilizer influence on the growth and yield of kale land. percobahan do in the garden percobahan merdeka university faculty of agriculture, surabaya, in the village of the district karah jambangan surabaya. this research method using randomized trial group (rak) factorial arranged, composed of two factors, namely: manure with 3 levels of treatment and the provision of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) with three levels of treatment. maing each treatment was repeated 3 times and each combination treatment consisting of two plants. the results show there is no interaction on manure and nitrogen fertilizer dosage in all parameters of both observation plant leaf number, plant height and fresh weight pertanaman.begitu also manure does not provide real pengarruh against all plant nitrogen fertilizer dosing significant effect on parameter above the number of leaves, plant height, fresh weight per plant. keywords: watercress army, manure, nitrogen fertilizers, rak. 1. introduction indonesia require residential land. excessive use of housing land agricultural lands reduces environmental changes will impact surrounding area. limitations of use of agricultural land due to the construction of housing in need of good quality soil in increasing food production (mahrus, abrams, cholil & wiwoho, 2017). kale plants(ipomoeareptanspoir)is a vegetable that has economic value and spread quite wide area of southeast asia. some countries that pioneered the commercial cultivation of intensive and is taiwan, thailand, philippines and indonesia. kale land, generally consumed by the people of indonesia becomes one of the menus in diners (rukmana, 2005). kale plant is a plant that is relatively resistant to drought and has a broad adaptability to a variety of environmental conditions to grow, easy maintenance and has a short harvest period. generally, kale plants planted in the ground only a fraction yards and intensively grown on dry land, so as to optimize the production of watercress is still lacking. kale vegetable needs tend to increase in line with increased awareness of the importance of nutrition and the many restaurants serving vegetable kale as one of their menus. kale production in indonesia can reach 500000-600000 kg per hectare(marsusi,2010). although kale vegetable prices are relatively cheap, but when cultivated intensively and oriented towards agribusiness will provide a sizable profit for farmers. kale crop agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | marketing opportunities more widely, because not only can be sold at local markets area, but also has many ordered by supermarkets. the entry of kale vegetables to supermarkets to raise prices of these vegetables (susila, 2006). cultivation of kale ground is very easy, because this vegetable crop cycle quickly and relatively resistant to pests. therefore, the price is relatively cheap compared to the market kale other vegetables. to increase the value added, we can do organically cultivated land kale. price kale organic land is relatively higher. technical information regarding kale plants as a source of vegetable crops vitamins and minerals and plant cultivation opportunities such as an additional source of income of farmers in indonesia, have been developed by researchers at the research institute of vegetable crops in the form of monographs. recognizing the limited cultivation of technical information and research on kale plants in indonesia, then this article is based on the theories written compared with the results of direct practice. it is expected that this paper will inspire readers especially groups of people who will grow crops or farmers to be able to cultivate crops of kale on a limited land area (in polybags) on a commercial scale as a source of income (ali, 2015). the use of nitrogen fertilizer is very bergaruh against kale crop production, where the use of nitrogen fertilizers in a manner in tungal around kale plants. eligibility plant occurs during the plant canopy and perakkaran plants touch each other, but at the beginning of the growth of competences has not happened yet because it is still sufficient space for plant growth. competence will occur earlier if a high plant population level, but on a population level that is lower when the plant will be slower competence so that better crop growth. in planting kale, fertilizer needed two types of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. organic fertilizer or manure is given before planting, uses in 1 hectare requires one ton. while chemical fertilizers in the form of nitrogen (urea) 150-200 kg / ha. (chaimatul azmi, 2007). 2. methods this experiment using random design group (rak), arranged in a factorial consisted of two factors: manure with 3 levels of treatment and administration of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) dengn 3 level treatment. each treatment was repeated 3 times and each combination treatment consisting of two plants. factor i: dose manure k1: 5 tonnes / ha (25 g / polybag), k2: 10 ton / ha (50 g / polybag), k3: 15 ton / ha (75 g / polybag). factor ii: agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | nitrogen fertilizer dosage n1: 50 kg / ha (0.25 gr / polybag), n2: 100 kg / ha (0.50 gr / polybag), n3: 150 kg / ha (0.75 gr / polybag) , 3. results and discussion 3.1 high cropson plant height variance analysis showed no interaction between treatment doses of manure at a dose of nitrogen fertilizer at all ages. likewise dosage of manure did not significantly affect plant height at all ages. while the dosage of nitrogen fertilizer significant effect on plant height at the age of 17, 24 and 31 (hst). the observation of high dose treatment plant as a result of manure and nitrogen fertilizer dosage at present in table 1 as follows: table 1. average high plant kale various observations on the treatment dose and dose manure nitrogen fertilizer treatment high avgplant (age ) manure 10 17 24 31 manure k1 k2 k 5,29 5,80 5,93 13,96 14,18 13,86 26,36 27,12 26,73 26,36 27,12 26,73 btn 5% tn tn tn tn nitrogen fertilizer n1 n2 n3 5.32 5.70 6.00 13,89ab 14.60 b 13.50 a 26.03 a 27.12 b 27.06 b 35, 87 a 37.06 b 36.87 b btn 5% tn 0.78 0.76 0.99 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at lsd 5% in (table 1. ), munujukkan that the highest average plant height was obtained on treatment (n2),plant age of 17, 24, and 31 days after planting. growth on the plant kale many judged on the basis of plant height and number of leaves were the highest, based amsumsi that plant height and number of leaves is closely related to the production of crops in general, the higher the plant the greater the number of leaves, but in a phase of vegetative relation plant height, leaf number and fresh heavy cropping in certain periods are not always tightly, it can be caused by wilting plant growth speed is not constant during the vegetative phase. changes withered plant growth caused by genetic factors and tangapan crop plants against environmental factors such as light, temperature and the availability of certain nutrient elements in the soil (gunadi and buana 1985). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | increasing applications of nitrogen fertilizer were followed by manure will increase the length of plant development and plant growth such as cell division, and cell pemanjagan cell formation and the establishment of new networks requires carbohydrates which syntheses carbohydrates heavily influenced by nitrogen. if the rate of growth and elongation of cells and tissue formation running fast, then the growth of stems, leaves and roots will run faster anyway (dwidjoseputro, 1978). according rissema (1983), the nitrogen in the manure can be provided to the plant after nitrifikaasi process, a process of oxidation of ammonia menjaadi nitri made by the bacteria nitrosomonas, then from nitri which is converted to nitrate with the help nitrobakteri. 3.2. number of leaves results analysis of variance on the number of leaves does not address the interaction between the dosage of manure with a dose of nitrogen fertilizer at all ages observations. separately dosage of manure was also no effect on the number of leaves at the age of 10, 17, 24, and 31 days after planting. while the dosage of nitrogen fertilizer significant effect on the number of leaves at the age of 24 and 31 days after tanam.nilai average number of leaves due to observations dose treatment of manure and nitrogen fertilizer dosage served pada.tabel 2. table 2. average number plant leaf kale various observations on the treatment dose and dose manure nitrogen fertilizer treatment average number of leaves (age) manure 10 17 24 31 manure k1 k2 k3 2:03 2.02 2.09 4.88 4.94 4.61 8.87 9.10 9.09 9.06 9.54 9.26 btn 5% tn tn tn tn nitrogen fertilizer n1 n2 n3 2.01 2.07 2.07 4.70 4, 91 4.82 8.87 a 8.86 a 9.33 b 8.89 a 9.52 b 9.44 b btn 5% tn tn 0.39 0.53 description: the numbers followed by letters samapada column the same was not significantly different at lsd 5% in table 2 shows that the highest number of leaves on the treatment dose of nitrogen fertilizer, n2 (9.52) while the fewest amount of leaf that is at n1 (8.89). improving manure application also followed miningkatnya number of leaves. it is suspected that the dose given agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | sangup manure improves soil structure, making it easier absorption of nutrients by plants in the form provided. according lingga & marsono (2007) of manure in addition to providing the nutrients plants can also improve the physical, chemical and biological soil. plants absorb most of the nitrogen in the nh4 + and no3 whatever the form of nitrogen absorption by plant roots, but ended up in the body of the plant is converted into reduced form -nh2 (amida), which later merged with karbosida acid forming amino acids. furthermore, the amino acids are the basic ingredients for the formation of proteins necessary for the construction of protoplasm. therefore, nitrogen is an essential component for the sumua living material (soeparno. 1992). nitrogen in the soil initially increase growth above ground and gives green on the part of the plant. in all crops, nitrogen memrupakan highly influential element in addition to calcium, fasfor and other elements (leiwakabessy, 1985). nitrogen fertilizer needed for growth of plant roots, stems and leaves so greenforming material, karboidrat income (rinsema, 1983). nutrient elements n, mg, fe, p, and mn directly in the process of photosynthesis and respiration. carbohydrates, didefisiensinya will cause a decrease in photosynthetic capacity will further reduce the supply of energy for the absorption of nutrient elements. the mentioned above also occur in the nitrogen fertilizer according to lingga and marsonz. (2007) nitrogen fertilizer plants need for growth of roots, leaves, stems, and as the green leaves forming material as well as producing carbohydrates. to gain efficiencies optimal fertilization fertilizer should be administered in an amount sufficient for the plants, not too much nor too little or less, when given too much fertilizer the soil solution will be too thick so that it can lead to toxicity in plants, but otherwise if diberika too little tangap plants to fertilization will not be visible. fertilizing in the right amounts can obtain optimal production (setjamidjaya, 1986). 3.3. fresh weight per cropsanalysis of variance of the fresh weight per plant, showed no interaction between treatment doses of manure at a dose of nitrogen fertilizer at planting fresh weight. separately, a dose of manure treatment had no effect on plant fresh weight. while the dosage of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) give real effect. the observation of the fresh weight of crop due to the dosage of manure and nitrogen fertilizer doses are presented in table 3. agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | table 3. average per plant fresh weight at the end of observation (31 days after planting) in treatment dose and dose manure nitrogen fertilizer treatment stocking of fresh weight average cropping manure k1 k2 k3 15.54 16.24 16.22 5%btn tn nitrogen fertilizer n1 n2 n3 14.66 a 16.65 b 16.69 b btn 5% 1, 70 description: the numbers followed by the same letter in the column are significantly different samatidak on lsd 5% table 3 shows that on average the highest fresh weight was obtained in treatment (n3)yaitu16,69. while the average weight of the fresh crop of at least the treatment of n1, namely, (14.66). these results showed that increasing the fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer will increase the fresh weight, total crop. it is suspected that at a certain limit (optimal), the rate of absorption of nutrient elements by plants also the optimum limit, sahingga if the dose of fertilizer will result in fresh weight plus increase. fresh weight of crop is the result of the process of photosynthesis, which could take place when facto externalities menujang against the ongoing phase of photosynthesis tersebuut. according harjadi (1999), photosynthesis is a process in which carbon dioxide and water under the influence of light is converted into organic compounds that contain carbon and energy-rich light energy into chemical change is the most prominent life process. one special physiological properties owned by the plant is the ability to use of carbon from the air to be converted into organic materials as well as in the body tanaman.peristiwa disimilasikan only take place if there is enough light, and therefore the assimilation of carbon is called photosynthesis. photosynthesis or assimilation of carbon that a process in which inorganic substances by chlorophyll is converted into organic karboidrat with the help of light. chemical changes into chemical energy and chemical energy into energy pegubahan work on respiratory events in the plant body is a series of life process (dwidjoseputro, 1978). agricultural journal of agricultural science and agriculture issn : 2597-8713 available on http://agris c cientific -work.org/inde x.php/agris c this is under cc by sa effect of manure and fertilizer nitrogen doses on growth and crop kale army (ipomeae reptan poir) nurlina, sri hidayati, nurul huda page | 4. conclusion the study concluded there is no interaction at doses of manure and nitrogen fertilizer (urea) in all parameters of a good crop observations of plant height, leaf number and fresh weight of crop. tidakberpengaruh manure application on the parameters plant height, leaf number and fresh weight per plant and dosing schedule of nitrogen fertilizer (urea), giving a real influence on the parameters plant height, leaf number and fresh weight per plant. references ali, m. (2015). pengaruh dosis pemupukan npk terhadap produksi dan kandungan capsaicin pada buah tanaman cabe rawit (capsicum frutescens l.). jurnal agrosains: karya kreatif dan inovatif, 2(2), 171– 178. buana, l and dh, goenadi. (1985). study on correlation between growth and production plant stevia, plantation tower 53 (3): 68-71 chotimatul a. (2007). menanamkangkung danbayam. dinamikamedi. 40 things dwidjjoseputro, d. (1778). pengantarfisisologitumbuhan. publisher pt gramedia. jakarta 191 p. harjadi, ss. (1999). introduction to agronomy. gramedia. jakarta. 195 pages leiwakabessy, fm (1985). soil fertility. fakultaspertanianintitutpertanian bogor.140 things. linggadan marsonz. (2007). fertilization pupukdan usage instructions. publisher governmental spreaders. jakarta 149 p. marsusi. (2010). bududaya kale. ecd west kalimantan, institute for agricultural technology. west kalimantan. rinsema, wt (1983). fertilizers and fertilization way. translation hm saleh. work bhratara script. jakarta. ix + 232 pp. rukmana. 2005. bertanamsayuran. in perkarangam. publisher doubleday. yoyakarta. 66 p. soeparno. 1992. principles of chemical and dairy technology. inter-university center for food and nutrition. gadjah mada university, yogyakarta. susila, 2006. free vegetable cultivation. department of agronomy and horticulture. bogor agriculture institute. bogor. 66 p. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.88 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 insecticidal activity of some plant extract against greater wax moth larvae (galleria mellonella l.) shalaw abdalrahman omer 1* , ibrahim majeed faraj 2 , nask muhamad faraj 3 1 garden design department, bakrajo technical institute, sulaimani polytechnic university. 2 protected agriculture department, bakrajo technical institute, sulaimani polytechnic university 3 protected agriculture department, bakrajo technical institute, sulaimani polytechnic university correspondence e-mail: shalaw.omer@spu.edu.iq * , ibrahm.faraj@spu.edu.iq, nasik.faraj@spu.edu.iq article history: received: december 28, 2022; accepted: february 20, 2023 abstract galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae) is a significant international pest and the most devastating pest throughout the world of beeswax. natural pesticides must be replaced with synthetic materials since they are more ecologically friendly. this study aims to determine alternative methods of controlling the larger wax moth by assessing the efficacy of several plant-based biocides for this purpose various ethanolic plant extracts such as rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis l), clove (syzygium aromaticum), eucalyptus (eucalyptus sp) and cinnamon (cinnamomum verum) where used with four extraction rates (5,10,15 and 20) against the late instar larvae of galleria mellonella in vitro after 24,48 and 72 hr. obtained results revealed that the pupal mortality increased when the concentration increased and the highest accumulative mortality percentage of wax moth larvae during the experiment, it was demonstrated that all studied plants were efficient at suppressing galleria mellonella larvae. the result shows that three days after application treatment of rosemary 20% gave the maximum total mortality percentage (%100) followed by (%96.58, %92.66 and %64.86) for eucalyptus, cinnamon and clove after 24,48 and 72 hr. respectively. it may be suggested that spraying natural products is a good option on new wax combs to protect them against infestation by wax moth larvae. keywords: plant extracts, galleria mellonella, toxicity, mortality percentage, wax combs 1. introduction for many years, the honeybee has been recognized as a significant component in raising agricultural yields and producing various goods, including propels, pollen, royal jelly, bee wax, and honey. because of its economic importance and the production of chemicals with nutritional and therapeutic advantages for various pathological disorders, such as honey, wax, royal jelly, propolis, and bee venom. honey bees apis mellifera(l) has a variety of insect pests inside and outside their hives, the most important of which is the economically important wax worm galleria mellonella l., which attacks wax frames inside bee hives and in the store, where they feed on pollen, brood, ecdysial skins, and honey, as well as causing damage to wood (abidalla, 2017). several pests harm honey bee colonies, including the larger wax moth (galleria mellonella l.) (lepidoptera: page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.88 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 pyralidae), which can result in considerable losses (charriere and imdorf, 1999) & (chaudhary, 2017). the greater wax larvae, cover the combs with silken tunnels and feed on beeswax, are extremely destructive and can quickly destroy stored beeswax combs (kalpana et al., 2017). many research has been carried out in order to identify solutions to manage it. (said, hammam, & kader, 2019). for more than a century, many intervention approaches have been tested around the world to control wax moth infestation. among them, synthetic insecticides are the most widely applied for wax moth control around the world. synthetic pesticides, on the other hand, have significant problems, including toxicological risks to beekeepers and bees, as well as the potential of contaminating hive products, which really is a global issue (pirali-kheirabadi & teixeira da silva, 2010). using natural products that are readily available to the beekeeper and clear of the current problems would be an alternative and most likely the best approach to resolve the residual issues connected with chemical treatments and reduce the financial expenditures spent by physical control methods (sanad & mohanny, 2015). wax moths have been found to be effectively controlled by a variety of oils and plant extracts (el-wakeil, 2013). plant extracts usage is the safe way and is also being used to control the great wax worm and guard bee hives seeing as they are less polluting to bees and people (redwane et al., 2002). plant extracts are also utilized to combat the great wax worm and protect bee colonies since they are less polluting to both bees and humans. furthermore, plant material is inexpensive and effective for beekeepers, and it may also be used to attack other pests like varroa and mites. according to redwane and colleagues (2002), using plant materials as pesticides instead of chemical pesticides decreases the risk to people and other non-target creatures. as well as the efficiency of plant pesticides against insect pests, and also their characteristics of quick decomposition, minimal pollution to the ecosystem, low toxicity to users, and the most essential attribute of the lack of insect resistance to it. plant essential oils and their compounds as well as plant alcoholic extraction have been shown to be an effective source of botanical pesticides. natural insecticides, such as essential oils, provide an alternative to synthetic pesticides. essential oils and their constituents have been demonstrated to be a good source of botanical insecticides (tripathi et al., 2002). several essential plant oils and plant ethanolic extraction have been shown to have repelling qualities in recent years. citronella, cedar, verbena, pennyroyal, geranium, lavender, pine, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.88 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 cinnamon, rosemary, basil, thyme, allspice, garlic, and peppermint were some of the plants used (jarial, 2001) cinnamon alcohol extract can lower a 3% weight first instar and third larger wax moth concentration. studies has shown that spraying wax frames with alcohol extract and oil from eucalyptus leaves can prevent damage for three months (kwadha, ong’amo, ndegwa, raina, & fombong, 2017), moreover, it should be mentioned that frames treated with 2% extract concentration provided 10 months of protection. such non-harmful treatment approaches might help manage this pest and decrease the possibility of beehive product contamination, as well as provide a potential solution to this of the problem. eucalyptus oil (eucalyptus spp.) contains eucaliptol, which can successfully manage a vari ety of agricultural pests, including alphitobius diaperinus (pinto junior et al., 2010). insecticidal components of chemicals derived from plants have recently been shown to be effective against particular target species, biodegradable, non-toxic products, and potentially appropriate for use in integrated management programs. (markouk et al., 2000) & (tare, deshpande, & sharma, 2004) 2. research method study location: an experiment was conducted at the laboratory of zanko private sector for agricultural research in allai-sulaimani during the period 2020-2021 sources of tested plant: clove and cinnamon were obtained from the local market, the leaf of rosemary and eucalyptus were collected from public parks during april 2020 the leaves are cleaned of dust and brushed on newsprint at appropriate temperatures with ventilation after being collected, continuous stirring to prevent the occurrence of rot until they dry completed up to ten days. the dried leaves, bark and clove were ground with a pestle and mortar sieved to obtain the fine powder particles (mukhtar & tukur, 2000) separately and the powder was placed in 300g nylon bags, with the sample information recorded and kept in the freezer until extraction. table 1. source of the tested plants english name scientific name family used part clove syzygium aromaticum myrtaceae flower eucalyptus eucalyptus spp myrtaceae leaf rosemary rosmarinus officinalis lamiaceae leaf page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.88 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 cinnamon cinnamomum verum lauraceae bark rearing of the greater wax moth: old wax frames were collected which were heavily infested with grater wax moth. newly emerging wax moth females and males were obtained from naturally infected wax combs in order to achieve pure wax moth culture from the apiary of technical institute of bakrajo in sulaimani,iraq. then placed in 1kg clean glass jars sterilized with alcohol at a concentration of 96%. supplied cotton moistened with a 10% sugar solution in a glass tube placed in the box and replaced every 23 days when they've dried and therefore are not contaminated by fungus, the cans were covered with a boring cloth and secured with a rubber band to avoid escaping. females were left to deposit eggs on black ribbon cloth was hanged inside each cage to serve as ovipositional site after they had mated. the eggs were kept in a sterilized dishes the depth 1.5 cm and a diameter of 9 cm and in a warm (27 ± 2 °c) with a relative humidity of around 65± 5 % and 24 hours of darkness until the grater wax moth emerged (owayss and abd-elgayed, 2007). hatching larvae were transferred from the egg dish collection to new dishes containing applied natural bee wax. preparation of tested plants extracts: 300 hundred grams of grounded powder were mixed with 700 ml of 96 percent ethanol at room temperature for 48 hours. the suspensions were filtered through whitman no.1 filter paper. the solvents were evaporated from the filtrate by leaving it at the room temperature to obtain crude extracts and the extract was kept in a fridge at 4°c. different concentrations (5, 10, 15, and 20 percent) of the solution were obtained by diluting it in distilled water (al-ghannoum et al., 2015). toxicity of tested plant extracts: to determine the effect of clove, eucalyptus and rosemary against 5 th instar of galleria mellonella larvae at different time intervals (24h,48h and 72hours) under laboratory conditions. different concentrations (5,10,15 and %20) of each extract were prepared from the stock solutions (30%), 3ml of the tested materials were sprayed on (2x2x1cm) pieces of pure wax in petri dishes (9 cm) and only distilled water was used in the controlled treatment. for each concentration of all treatments, three replications were conducted and each treatment contain 10 of 5 th instar g mellonella larvae (ellis et al., 2013). after mentioned period of the treatment, percentage mortality was recorded, and mortalities were calculated and adjusted using abbott's formula (1925). % corrected mortality = % test mortality – % control mortality / % control mortality x 100 % mortality larvae = no. of dead larvae / no. of introduced larvae x 100 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.88 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 experimental design and statistical analysis: the experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design (crd). the obtained data were statistically analyzed according to the analysis of variance (anova); duncan's multiple range test was used for mean separation using xlstat. all cultures and experiments were conducted in an incubator that was set to 30 ± 2 °c and 65 ± 5 % r.h. in darkness. 3. results and discussion the impact of tested materials against the larvae of greater wax moth, galleria mellonella : the potential activities of active materials on the mortality percent of greater wax larvae moth at four concentrations after 24,48 and 72hrs were reported in (table 2) according to data the mortality percentage increased with longer exposure times reaching its highest level when the concentration increased. the highest mortality percentage of late instar larvae was obtained after 72hr of treatment of all tested material, especially in the highest concentration (20%); where it recorded (60.00,66.66 and 96.58), (83.35,100 and 100), (65.57,66.66 and 92.66) and (53.33,58.33 and 64.86) after 24.48 and 72hr. for eucalyptus, rosemary, cinnamon and clove, respectively. the mortality rate climbed with longer exposure times, according to the data in (table 2). similar results were reported by (surendra et al., 2010) it was discovered that the larval mortality of wax moth changed dramatically with three different plant product concentrations when natural plant products were used in the management of the greater wax moth, g. mellonella, under experimental conditions on the other hand (abdelrahman et al., 2012) demonstrated that ginger and peppermint were more harmful than lemon and camphor against middle and late larval instars of galleria mellonella. abdelsalam (2009), when treated with the higher doses of either peppermint oil or lemon oil, higher reduction percentages of g. mellonella population (90%) were obtained. the tested dosages of lemon oil or the higher doses of peppermint oil maintained a mortality rate of 100%. when applied at larger concentrations, only the oils of peppermint and lemon significantly reduced the number of emerging adults. table 2. effect of different concentrations of botanical alcoholic extract (eucalyptus, rosemary, cinnamon and clove) on mortality percentage of 5 th instar larvae of galleria mellonella. conc (%) corrected mortality (%) 24h 48h 72h eu ro cn cl eu ro cn cl eu ro cn cl page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.88 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 0 0.00 0.00 3.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 0.00 1.72 1.72 5 66.6 7 20.0 0 13.2 2 10.0 0 21.1 1 29.16 27.7 7 22.2 2 32.8 7 46.66 25.9 4 35.4 7 10 33.3 3 56.6 6 23.2 2 23.3 3 25.3 9 70.00 36.3 1 26.1 9 41.5 6 83.33 42.6 2 33.5 7 15 43.3 3 73.3 3 59.9 0 46.6 6 53.3 3 83.33 63.8 8 31.1 1 57.6 8 100.0 0 75.9 8 48.4 8 20 60.0 0 83.3 5 65.5 7 53.3 3 66.6 6 100.0 0 66.6 6 58.3 3 96.5 8 100.0 0 92.6 6 64.8 6 according to an anova was represented in (table 3) the major impacts of plant variety, exposure period, and concentration significantly influenced the larger wax moth, galleria mellonella, larval mortality. the highest larvae mortality was obtained from the main effect of rosmarinus officinalis was dramatically the mortality rate increased and recorded the highest value after 24,48 and 72hr respectively, on the other hand cinnamomum verum and eucalyptus spp become the second plants as a natural insecticide for the number of larval mortality especially in 72hr, while the least larvae mortality was recorded from syzygium aromaticum . the larger wax moth larvae galleria mellonella might be effectively controlled by these plant materials' plant extracts. according to (asawalam et al., 2009) the insecticidal activity of any plant extract depends on the active ingredient of the plant extract. this could be explained that due to its insecticidal, growth-regulating, and antifeedent capabilities against insects, azadirachata indica (neem) extracts may have resulted in high larval mortality (larry, 2004). in their work on the spodoptera littoralis. (elshall et al., 2005) demonstrated that using ethanol, petroleum, or chloroform extracts of eucalyptus camaldulensis alone or in combination with gamma radiation had substantial chronic effects on larvae, pupae, and adult emergence. plant extracts are currently being studied more and more due of their utility in urban entomology and plant protection (din et al., 2001). plant extracts are less dangerous to non-target creatures including humans, plant-based formulations are more environmentally friendly than synthetic larvicides. comparing these organic plant products to other chemicals, they are more affordable. using natural products as an insecticide may help us reduce the environmental pollution caused by synthetic insecticides. aromatic plants and their essential oils are significant sources of synthetic substances utilized in different contexts (amer & mehlhorn, 2006). table 3. the interaction effects of plant type and exposure time on the larval mortality of greater wax moth, galleria mellonella. category mean value after 24hr groups rosmarinus officinalis 0.47 a cinnamomum verum 0.33 b page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.88 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 eucalyptus spp 0.29 c syzygium aromaticum 0.27 c category mean value after 48hr groups rosmarinus officinalis 0.57 a cinnamomum verum 0.39 b eucalyptus spp 0.33 b c syzygium aromaticum 0.28 c category mean value after 72hr groups rosmarinus officinalis 0.66 a cinnamomum verum 0.48 b eucalyptus spp 0.49 b syzygium aromaticum 0.37 c remarks: mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.01 according to duncan’s multiple range test. control not add plant extracts. an anova showed that the increased wax moth larval mortality was significantly influenced by the interaction of plant type and concentration. therefore, the application of higher level of plant extracts increased the percentage of galleria mellonella larval death. 24hrs after treatment lowest mortality rate was achieved at a concentration of 5% while the maximum death rate was seen at concentration 20% of plant extract. after 48hrs the larval mortality was different significantly according to the different rate of and highest mortality was recorded for the second time at the concentration of 20%. in the final day (72hr) for another time the highest concentration level of the plant extract (%20) recorded the maximum rate at larval mortality of galleria mellonella. by increasing concentrations from 5% to 20% and exposure times from 24 to 72 hrs, the percentage of larval mortality was substantially increased both vertically and horizontally. these observations demonstrate that higher concentrations of plant extracts significantly increased the mortality of larger wax moth larvae compared to lower concentrations and untreated controls. the current finding agrees with the results of (mohamed, 2012) who noted that increasing both the horizontal duration and the vertical extract concentration had an increase in the effect of plant extract on the percentage of larval mortality of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella. in the same year in another finding (mohamad, 2012) investigated the impact of plant extract (neem) at concentrations 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm on the percentage of pupation, emergence, and adult survival. (elbehery et al., 2016) observed the results demonstrated that the tested 2 nd instar larvae were significantly affected by the various doses. even at the lowest measured concentration, there was a remarkable elongation of the second larval instar in compared to the control. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.88 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 table 4. the interaction effects of concentration and exposure time on the 5 th larval mortality of greater wax moth, galleria mellonella concentration mean value after 24hr groups 20 0.66 a 15 0.56 b 10 0.34 c 5 0.12 d 0 0.01 e concentration mean value after 48hr groups 20 0.73 a 15 0.58 b 10 0.39 c 5 0.25 d 0 0.00 e concentration mean value after 72hr groups 20 0.89 a 15 0.71 b 10 0.51 c 5 0.36 d 0 0.02 e remarks: mean values within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.01 according to duncan’s multiple range test. control not add plant extracts. 4. conclusions page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.88 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 according to the results of the laboratory experiment, the larger wax moth larvae galleria mellonella responded differently to different plant extracts. rosmarinus officinalis, eucalyptus spp and cinnamomum verum extracts triggered the greatest larval mortality after application %15 and %20 after 48,72hr respectively. therefore, as a result, plant extracts from rosemary, eucalyptus and cinnamon can be developed as sources of bio-pesticide for the control of larger wax moth larvae. additionally, it can provide the beekeepers with satisfactory results for protecting periodically kept wax combs in the apiary. to determine its usefulness on the field and with honeybees, additional investigation is required on these findings. also essential for wax moth control is the identification of bioactive substances from beneficial plant material. reference abidalla, m. 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(2002). bioactivities of the leaf essential oil of curcuma longa (var. ch-66) on three species of stored-product beetles (coleoptera). journal of economic entomology, 95(1), 183-189. page | 136 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.96 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 morphological growth of soybean (glycine max l.) treated with soil application of humic acid under different cultivation periods chnar hama noori meerza 1 , shara salih ali 2 food science and quality control department, bakrajo technical institute, sulaimani polytechnic university, iraq correspondence e-mail: shara.ali@spu.edu.iq article history: received: december 20, 2022; accepted: february 22, 2023 abstract the demand of organic cultivation of plants is increasing and soil application of organic fertilizer reduces the hazardous usage of inorganic fertilizer and humic acid is an organic compound derived from plant and animal residues and microbial cells with long-term physical, chemical, and biological processes. in addition, ultivation of soybean in kurdistan region is not in a wide value therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of soil application of different rates of humic acid as an organic fertilizer on the growth characteristic of soybean cultivated and determining the best cultivation period for soybean growth. the experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with two factor treatments and 3 replication, the first factor was one dose soil application of four different humic acid rates (har) which were (0 (control), 2,4,6,8 g/l) and two cultivation period (cp) which were cultivation period 1 (cp1) on 15 may 2022 and cultivation period 2 (cp2) on 1 st of june 2022. observations were made against the growth parameters of plant height number of branches, leaf area, root length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight. the effect of soil application of humic acid rates (har) was highly significant on the plant height and root length and significant on the no. of branches, shoot fresh and dry weight. while, cultivation period insignificantly affected the growth parameter except for leaf area. was significant. the maximum plant height, number of branches, leaf area, root length, shoot fresh and dry weight were observed with soil application of 8 g/l of humic acid which were (82.83 (cm), 23.33, 8815 (mm 2 ), 68.83 (cm), 503.33 (g) and 190.00 (g) respectively. the highest plant height (72 cm), number of branches (18.87), leaf area (7714 mm 2 ), root length (57.13 g), shoot fresh (263.67 g) and dry weight (102.93 g) were observed when the planted cultivated in 1st period (cp1) compared to cp2. keywords: humic acid, cultivation period, soybean, morphological charactersitic 1. introduction the most significant leguminous crop species is soybean (glycine max (l.)), which is grown in 95 different nations (gao, guo, li, li, & he, 2020). its also known as one of the most widely grown and traded crops worldwide (fao, 2018). the area planted with soybeans in 2019 was 120.5 million ha, and the average yield was 2.77 (jańczak-pieniążek et al., 2021). due to its chemical composition, the soybean is essential for both humans and animals. its seeds are loaded with vitamins, minerals, substantial amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, and several proteins and lipids. (wilk, 2017). the crop is crucial for the economy of the nation because brazil is the largest page | 137 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.96 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 producer of soybeans in the world (fao, 2018), surpassing the united states for the 2019–20 season with an expected production of 123.2 million tons (brazil, 2001). the ability of the legumes, including soybean, to bind atmospheric nitrogen is a desirable trait, and the process itself is advantageous for this plant as well as succeeding crops (nitrogen fertilization is not much essential for the cultivation of soybean) (mahmud, makaju, ibrahim, & missaoui, 2020). various pressures are presented to soybeans as they mature. drought is one of the main abiotic factors that hinders their growth and development. however, there are just a few ideal locations for increasing soybean farming. (battisti et al., 2017). the worth of a seed lot for its intended use is determined by the physiological quality of a seed, which is based on a seed's germination and vigor (ghassemi-golezani, bakhshi, dalil, & moghaddam vahed, 2015). the physiological capacity of the seeds directly affects how quickly a crop will take root. depending on the potential of this physiological trait, seedling emergence in the field will vary in percentage, speed, and uniformity (ebone, caverzan, & chavarria, 2019). failures to germinate are typically related to the use of poor-quality seeds and are frequently brought on by a lack of initial vigor. knowing the yield potential of soybean based on planting date alone and how planting date influences other agronomic characteristics of soybean production, such as days to maturity, plant height, and canopy closure is crucial because soybean planting dates span from late march through mid-june (bateman et al., 2020). humic acids (ha), a type of biostimulant, are crucial for plant growth, yield, and resistance to abiotic stress. however, this phenomena highlights the intricate intricacy of the issue (canellas, canellas, da s irineu, olivares, & piccolo, 2020). the dosage, origin, molecular size, level of hydrophobicity and aromaticity, and spatial distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains of ha all have a significant impact on their biological activity (nardi, schiavon, & francioso, 2021). ha affect plant growth both directly and indirectly. improvements in soil characteristics including aggregation, aeration, permeability, water-holding capacity, and the transport and availability of micronutrients are examples of indirect influences, whereas an increase in overall plant biomass is an example of direct influences (açik, turan, çelik, & katkat, 2009). reactive oxygen species, enzyme activity, protein metabolism, photosynthesis, respiration, absorption of water and nutrients, hormone fluxes, and cell membrane permeability are just a few of the activities that are impacted by ha in plants (calvo, nelson, & kloepper, 2014). the literature claims that it is unable to definitively determine if ha's effect on plants is connected to its molecular mass (nardi et al., 2007) or the structural molecules properties (muscolo et al., 2007). despite divergent views on how ha affects plant processes, most writers concur that ha has page | 138 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.96 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 favorable impacts on plants and that ha and higher metabolic efficiency go hand in hand. (berbara & garcía, 2014). the best time to plant soybeans is crucial for determining plant development and yield, and it varies based on the climate and cultivar responses to changes in day duration (bastidas et al., 2008) given that the soybean seed yield is positively connected with the length of flowering, pod setting, and seed-filling stages, an earlier sowing date means a longer time of vegetative and generative development(egli & bruening, 2000). many authors such as (hu & wiatrak, 2012) showed that postponing sowing had an adverse effect on soybean development and growth, especially when there was high humidity. the demand of organic cultivation of plants is increasing and soil application of organic fertilizer reduces the hazardous usage of inorganic fertilizer and humic acid is an organic compound derived from plant and animal residues and microbial cells with long-term physical, chemical, and biological processes. in addition, ultivation of soybean in kurdistan region is not in a wide value therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of soil application of different rates of humic acid as an organic fertilizer on the growth characteristic of soybean cultivated and determining the best cultivation period for soybean growth. 2. research method this study was conducted in 2022 in bakrajo, sulaimani (located at 35°32'52.8"n and 45°21'16.6"e) belongs to kurdistan region of iraq with the silty clay soil type. materials and tools: materials used in this study are soybean seed varieties lee74 humic acid organic fertilizer. the tools used in this study was the hoe, water pump, roll meter, ruler, sprayer, digital scales, electric oven. experimental design and treatment: the experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with two factor treatments and 3 replication, the first factor was one dose soil application of four different humic acid rates (har) which were (0 (control), 2,4,6,8 g/l) and two cultivation period (cp) which were cultivation period 1 (cp1) on 15 may 2022 and cultivation period 2 (cp2) on 1 st of june 2022. land prepared by cleaned from the remains of plants and weeds then the research plotting were prepared. plot size 2 m x 3 m. the soybean seed varieties was lee-74 . before planting the seeds were soaked in water for 8 hours the rhizobium inoculant was not done because the ph of the cultivation soil was more than 6. the seeds of soybean were cultivated by inserting 2 page | 139 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.96 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 soybean seeds in each hole, with a depth of 5 cm, the spacing of 25 cm. irrigation was done on weekly basis drainage channels and watering was done once a week at the beginning of planting until the time of flowering and seed formation. pest and disease control was done by using garden safe hg-93179 neem oil extract concentrate. spraying began at age 1 week after planting and once a week for 60 days so that the plants are protected from pest attack. harvesting was done by pulling out the plant with roots carefully. then washing the plant with distilled water to remove excessive mud and then required observations were done. observations were made against the growth parameters of plant height number of branches, leaf area, root length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight. the statistical analysis and analysis of variance was determined by statistical analysis system (sas) (release 9.4, sas institute inc., cary, nc, usa. for comparison of the treatments mean, fisher’s least significant differences (lsd) was used when f values were significant at (p ≤ 0.05). the texture of bakrajo soil is varying from clay soil to silty loam and the chemical characteristic of the soil is showed in table (1). table 1. chemical characteristic of bakrajo soil parameter amount ph 7.3 electrical conductivity(ec) mmhos/cm) 1.3 n (%) 0.26 p (mgkg⁻ 1 ) 3.0 potassium (k) (mgkg ⁻1 ) 234.3 calcium(ca) (mgkg ⁻1 ) 4775.7 mg (mgkg ⁻1 ) 219.1 na (mgkg ⁻1 ) 45.8 fe (mgkg ⁻1 ) 8.3 zn (mgkg ⁻1 ) 1.0 cu (mgkg ⁻1 ) 1.7 mn (mgkg ⁻1 ) 32.4 o.m (%) 1.7 3. results and discussion according to the results of anova which is shown in table 2. it’s obvious that effect of soil application of humic acid rates (har) was highly significant on the plant height and root length and significant on the no. of branches, shoot fresh and dry weight. page | 140 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.96 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 while, cultivation period insignificantly affected the growth parameter except for leaf area. was significant. the interaction effects of humic acid rates (har) and cultivation period was significant for plant height while insignificantly affected the other growth parameters. table 2. analysis of variance (anova) morphological characteristics of soybean (glycine max) as influenced by humic acid rates (har), cultivation periods (cp) and interaction of humic acid rates (har) and cultivation periods (cp). s.o.v. ms d f plant height (cm) no. of branches leaf area (m m 2 ) root length (cm) shoot fresh weight (g) shoot dry weight (g) block 2 32.5 ns 26.083 ns 388849.3 ns 187.6 ns 13903.33 ns 2946.133 ns har 4 464.717** 90.783* 15352956* 1223.468** 160257.083* 22914.116* cp 1 4.8 ns 20.833 ns 24606963* 224.133 ns 563.333 ns 740.033 ns har*cp 4 263.55* 12.083 ns 5691733 ns 78.633 ns 31002.917 ns 5887.617 ns error 1 8 48.907 12.244 3002062 108.415 17051.481 2540.541 *, ** and ns represent significant at p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 and non-significant, respectively. s.o.v.: source of variance, df: degree of freedom and ms: mean square effect of humic acid rates (har) on growth characteristic by soil application of humic acid (table 3.) the plant growth was positively affected as the humic acid rates increases and compared to untreated plants (har (0 g/l control) the maximum plant height, number of branches, leaf area, root length, shoot fresh and dry weight were observed with soil application of 8 g/l of humic acid which were (82.83 (cm), 23.33, 8815 (cm 2 ), 68.83 (cm), 503.33 (g) and 190.00 (g) respectively. the plant height elongation under har (8 g/l) might be due to the role of organic acid in the humic acid in rising cell division and cell elongation and enhance the cell division (shaaban, manal, & afifi, 2009).this is consistent with the results of a research which was done by (baqir & zeebon, 2019) who indicated that with increasing the rate of humic acid the height of the plant will be increased. an increase in the plant height of wheat was also observed by improving the rate of humic acid (alfatlawi & alrubaiee, 2020). since the use of humic acid and bio-fertilizers is suggested to affect soil texture, soil structure integrity, aeration, and increase nutrient absorption, plant height is correlated with nitrogen application and dose (ali et al., 2017). the maximum leaf area was observed with soil application of highest rate of humic acid har (8 g/l) (table 3) , page | 141 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.96 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 perhaps the cause of this is that acid spraying increased the biological activity of the plant, including the absorption of the nutrient as aresult, the efficiency of enzyme activity. it also increased the production of chlorophyll content, the formation of sugars and amino acids, and the formation of chlorophyll, all of which effectively increase the efficiency of photosynthesis and, consequently, increase the area of the leaf area (baqir & zeebon, 2019). these findings are in accordance with those obtained by ali et al. (2017) on leaf area of wheat and by mahmoud, hassanein, mansour, and khalefa (2011) on soybean. table 3. growth characteristics of soybean (glycine max) as influenced by humic acid rates (har) humic acid rates (har g/l) parameters plant height (cm) no. of branches leaf area (mm 2 ) root length (cm) shoot fresh weight (g) shoot dry weight (g) har (0 g/l control) 58.67 13.83 6316 32.33 103.33 43.33 har (2 g/l) 70.17 15.50 4904 51.17 152.50 51.17 har (4 g/l) 71.00 16.83 5941 52.17 193.33 74.50 har (6 g/l) 75.17 20.67 8069 67.50 344.17 130.83 har (8 g/l) 82.83 23.33 8815 68.83 503.33 190.00 l.s.d. 5% 8.48 4.41 2102 12.63 158.39 61.138 effect of cultivation periods (cp) on growth characteristic date presented in table (4) showed marked increases in the growth characteristic of plant cultivated in 1st period(cp1). the highest plant height (72 cm), number of branches ( 18.87), leaf area (7714 mm 2 ), root length (57.13 g), shoot fresh (263.67 g) and dry weight (102.93 g) were observed when the planted cultivated in 1st period (cp1) compared to cp2. the results of this study are consistent with several studies showing that soybean crops develop more quickly if planting is postponed, which may have an impact on plant height. (bastidas et al., 2008; thomas & raper jr, 1976). the plant height face more lodging with increased developmental time (bastidas et al., 2008). as mentioned in the material and methods section the date for the second period cultivation was early june and it has been observed by bateman et al. (2020) when soybeans are planted early, plant height increases with planting date, but starts to decline with plantings early june. the similar results from earlier studies suggested that soybean plants planted in june reached a higher plant height than those planted before june, leading to more lodging (beatty, eldridge, & simpson jr, 1982; sweeney, granade, & burton jr, 1995). there are some factors affecting the plant height for early plantings such as day length and temperature s and late plantings (zhang & du, 1999). as it is shown in table 4 the number of page | 142 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.96 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 branches, leaf area, root length, shoot fresh and dry weight were maximum in cp2 compared to the cp2 which was a delayed sowing and delayed sowing date is the reason of shortened vegetative growth of a plant (serafin-andrzejewska et al., 2021). decrease of the growth characteristic of cp2 might be due to lodging which is because of the plant reached a length that amplified the impact that wind had on the plants. in order to avoid the loses that occur it’s better to plant early (bateman et al., 2020). these results are in consistent with the results of current study. table 4. growth characteristics of soybean (glycine max) as influenced by cultivation periods (cp) cultivation periods (cp) parameters plant height (cm) no. of branches leaf area (mm 2 ) root length (cm) shoot fresh weight (g) shoot dry weight (g) cp1 72 18.87 7714 57.13 263.67 102.93 cp2 71.2 17.2 5903 51.67 255 93 l.s.d. 5% 5.365 2.79 1329 7.99 100.18 38.67 the data shown in table 5 indicates the interaction effects of of humic acid rates (har) and cultivation periods (cp) on the growth characteristic of soybean. the highest plant height (87.33 cm), number of branches (25.32), leaf area (9810.33 mm 2 ), root length (71.67 g), shoot fresh (616.67 g) and dry weight (243.30g) were observed when the planted was treated with h ar (8 g/l) and cultivated in 1st period (cp1). table 5: growth characteristics of soybean (glycine max) as influenced by interaction of humic acid rates (har) and cultivation periods (cp) humic acid rates (har g/l) parameters plant height (cm) no. of branches leaf area (mm 2 ) root length (cm) shoot fresh weight (g) shoot dry weight (g) cultivation periods (cp) cp1 cp2 cp1 cp2 cp1 cp2 cp1 cp2 cp1 cp2 cp1 cp2 har (0 control) 69.33 48.00 15.67 12.00 7793.00 4838.33 33.33 31.33 103.33 103.33 41.67 45.00 har (2 g/l) 73.33 67.00 15.33 15.67 6480.00 3328.67 56.67 45.67 126.67 178.33 50.67 51.67 har (4 g/l) 69.00 73.00 15.67 18.00 5522.67 6358.33 56.67 47.67 113.33 273.33 40.67 108.33 har (6 g/l) 70.00 80.67 22.33 19.00 8966.33 8663.00 73.00 62.00 315.00 373.33 138.33 123.33 har (8 g/l) 87.33 78.33 25.32 21.33 9810.33 6327.33 71.67 66.00 616.67 390.00 243.30 136.67 l.s.d. 5% 11.99 6.24 2972.17 17.86 223.99 86.46 page | 143 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.96 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 4. conclusions it was concluded from the results noted that humic acid play an important role in growth characteristic of soybean. though humic acid had significant effect on the vegetative characteristic of the plant but highly desirable results can be obtained from soil application of humic acid with a rate of (8 g/l) . in addition, cultivation time has a great impact on the growth characteristic of soybean and the best cultivation period for soybean is in the mid of may as in cp 1. it was also noted that balance combination of both soil applied humic acid (8 g/l) and cultivation period (cp1) ( have very good effect on the plant growth. references açik, b. b., turan, m. a., çelik, h., & katkat, a. v. 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(1999). the effects of daylength on the growth of soybean and the creation of wide-adaptation germplasm. soybean genetics newsletter, 26. page | 65 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.87 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti 1* , arief joko saputro 2 department of agribusiness, faculty of agriculture, university islam of malang, indonesia correspondence e-mail: srihin@unisma.ac.id*, ariefjs@unisma.ac.id article history: received: agustus 28, 2022; accepted: september 27, 2022 abstract shallots are one of the horticultural commodities which are the same as other commodities. this study aims to find out the comparison of the level of business risk and farmers' preferences for risk in the highlands represented by purworejo village, ngantang district, malang regency and in the medium plains represented by tawangargo village, karangploso district, malang regency. this research was determined by purposive sampling using simple random sampling method using 66 samples of shallot farmers. analysis of the data used is farming analysis, analysis of production factors of cobb-douglass, analysis of coefficient of variation (cv) and likert scale. based on the results of this study indicate that the production factors that significantly influence the shallot farming are seeds, npk fertilizers, za fertilizers, and labor. while the level of risk of farming in the highlands, namely purworejo village, ngantang district, malang regency, is lower than the level of risk in the medium plains, namely tawangargo village, karangploso district, malang regency. in addition, farmers' preferences for sources of risk in the highlands tend to be more daring to face risks, while the preferences of farmers in the lowlands are more neutral in facing risks. keywords: risk, preference, shallot 1. introduction shallots are one of the leading vegetable commodities that farmers have intensively cultivated for a long time. the need for shallots in indonesia year to year for consumption has increased. in 2011-2015, the average growth of shallot harvested area was 7.16% per year, higher than the previous year. the average growth of shallot gathered area outside java is higher than that of java. production development outside java is also higher than in java, namely 1.88% (java) and 11.71% (outside java) (pusdatin, 2016). malang regency is one of the third largest shallot-producing districts in east java. while the district with the most considerable contribution was still generated by nganjuk regency, which amounted to 38,051 tons, followed by probolinggo regency at 6,046 tons, then malang regency at 2,597 tons, and kediri regency at 1,162 tons (kurnia adhiwibowo & annisa ramadhanty, 2019). two shallot production centers in malang regency are purworejo village, ngantang subdistrict, and tawangargo village, karangploso subdistrict, areas with extensive land tenure for shallots and two shallot production centers in malang regency. comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 66 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 purworejo village, ngantang district, has an altitude between 700 m above sea level, which causes the area to be classified as a highland. in contrast, tawanagrgo village, karangploso district, has an altitude between 500 m above sea level, which causes the area to be classified as a medium land. farmers are generally faced with various risks in their farming activities, ranging from production, cost, income, market, financial, and policy risks. this level of risk will affect farmers' decisions in determining the commodities to be cultivated (mutisari, 2019). lawalata (2017) added that onion farmers, like other farmers, often face problems such as risk. high failure, low productivity, and efficiency. the low level of productivity shows that the management of shallot farming is not efficient. that is coupled with the fact that the shallot commodity is a plant with a high risk of failure. the success of onion farming carried out by a farmer is determined by the amount of income, risks, and efficiency levels that farmers will face. based on this description, researchers are interested in knowing the factors that affect the production of shallot farming in the highlands and medium lands. second, determine the differences in the level of risk along with the farmers' preferences for the sources of risk between the highlands and the medium lands. 2. research method this research was conducted in purworejo village, ngantang district, which represents the highlands, and tawangargo village, karangploso district, which represents the moderate plains. the selection of research locations was carried out purposively. the sampling method used was solving and simple random sampling, so that onion farmers were determined as samples. simple random sampling is a method to select sample members denoted 'n' from population members denoted 'n' so that members of the population have the same opportunity to become members of the sample. there is no discrimination against members of the population. (masyhuri and zainuddin, 2008). the data analysis used in this research is a qualitative and quantitative analysis based on primary and secondary data from the research results. the qualitative analysis explains the research location's general description and respondent farmers' characteristics. meanwhile, quantitative analysis was carried out using farming analysis, production function analysis of cobb-douglass, analysis of the coefficient of variation (cv), and likert scale. the analysis was carried out with the help of a calculator, microsoft excel, and the minitab statistics program. farming analysis the amount of income received by farmers is the amount of income and expenditure during the production process. several factors can affect the size of the income received by farmers, comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 67 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 including business scale, availability of capital, output price level, availability of labor, transportation facilities, and marketing system (faisal, 2015). the amount of farm income can be calculated using the following formula: π = tr – tc information: π : income per hectare (rp/ha) tr: revenue per hectare (rp/ha) tc: total cost per hectare (rp/ha) cobb-douglass production function analysis the cobb-douglas production function can be written in quadratic form and processed using multiple linear regression. then the onion production function model can be written as follows: y = ax1 b1 x2 b2 x3 b3 x4 b4 x5 b5 x6 b6 x7 b7 where: y: production of shallots (kg/ha) a: constant value b: regression coefficient x1: seeds (kg/ha) x2: tsp fertilizer(kg/ha) x3: npk fertilizer(kg/ha) x4: urea fertilizer(kg/ha) x5: za fertilizer (kg/ha) x6: medicines (liters/ha) x7: labor cost (hok/ha) coefficient of variation analysis knowing the level of risk is done by calculating the value of the coefficient of variation with the formula: a. cost risk : cv=s/c b. production risk : cv=s/q c. income risk : cv=s/y information: cv = coefficient of variation s = standard deviation c = average cost (rp) q = average production (kg) y = average income (rp) comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 68 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 the greater the value of the coefficient of variation (cv), the greater the risk that shallot farmers must bear. the lower production limit, cost, and income (l) show the lowest value that big red chili farmers can accept. the formula for the lower bounds of production, costs, and revenue s is: a. production lower limit l= q – 2 v b. cost the lower limit l= c – 2 v c. lower limit of income l= y – 2 v based on the above formula, a relationship between the lower limit of production, costs, and income (l) with the coefficient of variation can be obtained. if the cv value 0.5 then the l value 0, as well as if cv > 0.5 then the l value < 0. this shows: a) if cv 0.5, then farmers avoid the risk of carrying out sizeable red chili farming b) if cv > 0.5, then there is a risk opportunity for farmers to carry out large red chili farming table 1. indicators of farmers' perceptions of farming risk sources indikator presepsi petani min score max score 1 risks originating from production a climate change/extreme weather 1 3 b natural disasters (floods, landslides, and droughts) 1 3 c disturbance of plant-disturbing organisms 1 3 2 risk originating from the market/price a the selling price of shallot fluctuates/up and down 1 3 b the price of inputs (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides) is high 1 3 c decreased market demand for rice 1 3 3 human-sourced risk a damage to production equipment due to continuous use 1 3 b the health of farmers is disturbed so that their farm production becomes slow/abandoned 1 3 c loss of agricultural production equipment due to theft or fire 1 3 d reduced labor in production activities such as planting, harvesting, etc 1 3 4 risks originating from institutions a there are no agricultural extension workers on duty in tawangargo village 1 3 b government policies that are less in favor of small farmers/people. 1 3 c slow development/facilitation of agriculture 1 3 5 risks originating from finance a the capital owned for farming shallots is small 1 3 b there are no cooperatives that provide capital loans for farming/farmers 1 3 comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 69 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 c expenditures for household needs are large, which makes it difficult to do farming 1 3 d loans at the bank are difficult due to (high loan interest rates) 1 3 total score 17 51 source: primary data 2021 farmer preference analysis sugiyono (2014) states that the likert scale measures attitudes, opinions, and perceptions of a person or group of people about a social phenomenon or a problem. the answer to each instrument item that uses a likert scale has a gradation from very positive to very negative, which can be in the form of words, including: a. agree b. neutral c. do not agree the answer choices yes/agree were given a score of 1, while neutral and no answers scored 2 and 3. the following are the details of the question indicators to measure farmers' perceptions of farming risk in purworejo village and tawangargo village: the maximum score for the nineteen questions in table 7, the highest score, is 51, and the minimum score is 17. the number of categories determined is three classes, namely agree, neutral, and disagree, then the class interval can be determined as follows: interval = = = =11,3 =11 the results of these calculations to determine the category of farmers' perceptions can be seen in table 2. table 2. onion farmers' perceptions of risk in purworejo village and tawangargo village no interval value farmer preference 1 17-28 risk lover 2 29-40 risk neutral 3 41-52 risk averter source: primary data 2021 comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 70 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 3. results and discussion the results showed that comparing the average income of onion farming in purworejo village, ngantang district, malang regency, with tawangargo village, karangploso district, malang regency, per one planting season is presented in table 2. table 3. analysis of shallot farming in purworejo village, ngantang district, and tawangargo village, karangploso district, malang regency uraian purworejo village tawangargo village fixed cost (average/ha) rp 5.052.200,57 rp. 6.001.732,36 variable cost (average/ha) rp 46.196.269,23 rp. 167,794,074.54 total revenue (average/ha) rp 371.862.241,77 rp. 274.375.776,78 total income (average/ha) rp 320.613.771,97 rp. 100.320.311,76 r/c ratio 6,4 4.1 (source: primary data 2021) based on table 3, the variable costs of onion farming in tawangargo village are more significant than the costs of farming in purworejo village. that is due to the high use of production facilities such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. in tawangargo village, heavy rains and erratic weather often occur during the planting season, resulting in high seed use because many planted seeds will die after submerging in water. farmers need to do embroidery and even replanting, so it is calculated that farmers use onion seeds twice and fertilizers. both chemical and organic fertilizers are also high. often farmers have to re-fertilize because of heavy rains because heavy rains cause nutrient content and minerals from soluble fertilizers will be lost in the water currents. in contrast to farming in purworejo village, the use of production facilities is lower when compared to farming in tawangargo village, especially at lower labor costs. the total costs incurred by farmers in tawangargo village are more significant, but the income and income of purworejo village are higher. that is strongly influenced by the abilities and skills of the perpetrators of their farming. farmers in purworejo village have better skills and abilities than farmers in tawangargo village. that can be seen from the cultivation method. most of the farmers in purworejo village use mulch and seeds one by one in planting holes, while farmers in tawangargo village still use conventional cultivation methods. the r/c ratio in tawangargo village is smaller than the r/c ratio in purworejo village. although it is said to be still feasible because the r/c value is more than one, the profit from farming in tawangargo village is only 4.1 rupiah for every 1 rupiah unit of costs incurred. in comparison, the r/c in purworejo village has an r/c of 6.4, which means that for every additional 1 rupiah issued, you will get a profit of 6.4 rupiahs. the high r/c ratio in purworejo village is due to high farm production. from the r/c value obtained in onion farming in tawangargo village and comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 71 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 purworejo village, it can be concluded that the farming is feasible because the r/c value is more than one. table 4. results of multiple regression analysis of cobb-douglas variabel coef. reg. se coef t p vif constanta 4.2247 0.7877 5.36 0.000 seed (ln. x1)** 0.54612 0.08488 6.43 0,000 2.517 tsp (ln. x2) 0.03073 0.09506 0.32 0.748 1.304 p. kandang (ln. x3) -0.07926 0.06278 -1.26 0.212 1.521 npk (ln. x4)** -0.33118 0.08096 -4.09 0.000 2.544 za (ln. x5)** 0.29739 0.09265 3.21 0.002 1.428 pestiside (ln. x6) -0.03452 0.09005 -0.38 0.703 3.340 labour (ln. x7)** 0.22092 0.09679 2.28 0.026 3.834 s = 0.47944 r-sq = 60.0% r-sq(adj) = 55.1% sign **95% (source: primary data 2021) table 4 shows that the coefficient of determination (r2) using seven independent variables is 60 percent. that shows that 60 percent of the variation in onion production in purworejo village, ngantang district, and tawangargo village, karangploso district can be explained by variations in seed production factors (x1), tsp fertilizer (x2), manure (x3), npk fertilizer (x4). , za fertilizer (x5), medicines (x6), and labor (x7). the remaining 40 percent explained that production variation is influenced by factors not included in the production function estimation model, such as price, weather, pests, and diseases. a. seed (x1) based on multiple linear regression analysis, it shows that the input of seed production has a positive effect on the production of shallots and is very significant, with a probability value of 0.000 (less than 0.05) the production of shallots. the seed (x1) has a positive regression coefficient value of 0.54612, meaning that every 1 percent increase in the number of shallot seeds will increase the production of shallot produced by 0.54612 percent. shallot farmers in tawangargo village and purworejo village still use a lot of local seeds, so their production results are less than optimal compared to farmers who use superior seeds. that means that by increasing the use of seeds, shallot farmers have the opportunity to increase their shallot production per hectare. that is in line with the research of junaidi et al. (2020) and nurjati et al. (2018) that the use of seeds has a significant and positive effect on the production of shallots. b. tsp fertilizer tsp fertilizer (x3) positively affects the production of shallots with a probability value of 0.748 (greater than 0.05), meaning that it is not significant to the production of shallots. the coefficient value is 0.03073, which means that every time there is an increase in the amount of comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 72 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 tsp fertilizer, it will not affect the production of shallots. that is in line with research conducted by fauzan (2016) that tsp fertilizer (sp in his research) has a significant (significant) effect on the production of shallots. c. manure manure harms shallot production with a probability value of 0.212 (greater than 0.05), meaning that manure has no significant effect on shallot production. manure (x3) has a negative regression coefficient of -0.07926, meaning that every 1 percent increase in the amount of manure in shallots will not affect the production of shallots. that is in line with astuti et al. (2019) that the use of kendang fertilizer (in their research, organic fertilizer) has no significant effect on the production of shallots. d. npk fertilizer npk fertilizer harms onion production with a probability value of 0.000 (less than 0.05), meaning that npk fertilizer significantly affects onion production. npk fertilizer (x4) has a negative regression coefficient value of -0.33118, meaning that every 1 percent increase in the amount of npk fertilizer in shallots will decrease the production of shallots by -0.33118 percent. that is in line with mutisari's research (2019) that the use of npk fertilizer significantly affects shallot production. e. za fertilizer npk fertilizer has a positive effect on shallot production with a probability value of 0.002 (less than 0.05), meaning that za fertilizer significantly affects shallot production. za fertilizer (x5) has a positive regression coefficient value of 0.29739, meaning that every 1 percent increase in the amount of za fertilizer in shallots will increase the production of shallots by 0.29739 percent. that is not in line with minarsih & waluyati's (2019) research that the use of za fertilizer has no significant effect on shallots. f. pesticides pesticides harm shallot production with a probability value of 0.703 (greater than 0.05), meaning that drugs have no significant effect on shallot production. pesticides (x6) have a negative regression coefficient value of -0.03452, meaning that every 1 percent increase in the amount of pesticides in shallots will not affect the production of shallots. that is not in line with the research conducted by febriyanto (2021) that pesticides or pesticides/drugs have a significant effect on the production of shallots. g. labor labor (x7) positively affects shallot production with a probability value of 0.026 (less than 0.05) and a significant effect on shallot production at a 95 percent confidence level. labor (x7) has a positive regression coefficient value of 0.22092 means that every increase in the number comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 73 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 of workers (hok) by 1 percent will increase the production of shallots produced by 0.22092 percent. that is in line with research conducted by, sholeh et al. (2013) that labor has a significant (significant) effect on the production of shallots. based on the value of the coefficient of variation, the risk of onion farming in the highlands represented by purworejo village has a lower risk value than the risk value of medium land farming represented by tawanagargo village, karangploso district, malang regency. that can be seen in table 5. table 5. amount of production risk, cost, and income of shallot farming in tawangargo village, karangploso district, malang regency risk cv value purworejo village cv value tawangargo village risk production 0,25 1,21 risk cost 0.8 4.1 risk income 1.6 4.1 (source: primary data 2021) table 5 shows that the production risk of purworejo village is lower and categorized as safe from risk compared to the production risk of tawangargo village. the value of the coefficient of variation in purworejo village is 0.25, meaning that the opportunity for losses that shallot farmers in purworejo village must bear is 0.25 kg/ha. while the value of the coefficient of variation in tawangargo village is 1.21, the opportunities for losses that must be borne by the shallot farmers in the village of purworejo are 0.25. tawangargo is 1.21 kg/ha. the production risk of tawangargo village is higher than the production risk of purworejo village. the high risk of red onion farming production in tawangargo village is caused by high rainfall followed by a relatively high intensity of pest attacks, causing production failure. in line with the results of research conducted by budiningsih & pujiharto (2006), the highest production cost of shallots after seed costs is the cost of pesticides. because, in general, shallot plants are prone to pest and disease attacks, control measures with pesticides are one way for farmers to reduce the risk—of crop failure. likewise, according to horowitz (1994), excessive use of pesticides tends to be carried out by farmers to reduce the risk of yield loss due to pests and diseases. the cost risk experienced by shallot farmers in purworejo village is lower than that of tawanagrgo village. the cost kv value of red onion farming in purworejo village is 0.8, which means that the opportunity for losses that shallot farmers in purworejo village must bear is 0.8 rupiah/ha. at the same time, the kv value of shallot farming in tawangargo village is 4.1, which means that the opportunity for losses that shallot farmers in tawangargo village must bear is 4.1 rp/ha. that indicates an opportunity for the risk of significant costs carried out by shallot farmers in the village. tawangargo. the cause of this risk is the large number of costs incurred by farmers comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 74 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 in terms of the use of inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, plant nutrients, pesticides, and labor which is quite expensive. that is supported by the research of kurniati et al. (2015), which states that the amount of use of production facilities will undoubtedly be related to the amount of sacrifice in obtaining these production facilities. the greater the use of production facilities, the higher the value of the sacrifice. table 4 shows that shallot farmers in purworejo village face lower income risk than shallot farmers in tawangargo village. the vk value on farming in purworejo village is 1.6, meaning that the opportunity for losses that shallot farmers in purworejo village must bear is 1.6 rp/ha. while the kv value in farming in tawangargo village is 4.1, the opportunity for losses that shallot farmers in tawangargo village must bear is 4.1 rp/ha. that is not in line with the research of hindarti et al. (2021) that the risk of shallot farming income in the ngantang sub-district, malang regency, is categorized as high, reaching 79.72%. a comparison of whether or not farmers' preferences are brave for the risk of shallot farming in purworejo village and tawangargo village can be seen in table 6. table 6. comparison of farmers' preferences on sources of risk for onion farming in purworejo village and tawangargo village no interval category purworejo farmer’s % tawangargo farmer’s % 1 17-28 risk lover 14 53,8 9 35,0 2 29-40 risk neutral 7 26,9 17 42,5 3 41-52 risk averter 5 19,2 14 22,5 total 26 100 40 100 total score 817 1.318 average 31,4 32,5 (source: primary data 2021) in table 6, in purworejo village, most respondent farmers behaved as risk lovers (brave) towards risk. the indicator, in this case, is the number of farmers who behave bravely to face risks, as many as 53.8% or 14 people, while those who behave in a neutral face risk (risk-neutral) as many as 26.9% or seven people, and the remaining 19.2% or five people. behave in fear of taking risks (risk averter). the table also shows that the average value of farmers' preferences for risk sources is 31.2, with a total score of 817. meanwhile, in tawangargo village, most of the respondent farmers are risk-neutral. the indicator, in this case, is the number of farmers who behave neutrally in facing risks, as much as 42.5% or 17 people, while those who behave bravely to face risks (risk lovers) are 35.5% or 14 people, and the remaining 22.5% or nine people behave in fear. face risk (risk averter). the minimum score obtained by farmers is 17, while the comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 75 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 maximum score is 51. the table also shows that the average value of farmer risk behavior is 32.5, with a total score of 1.318. this is in line with fajri & fauziyah's research (2019) on shallot farming of a wide variety in the pamekasan regency. the analysis results show that most farmers are risk-averter riskneutral. the sources of risk that influence shallot farming most greatly include harvest prices, raw material prices, drought, pest and disease attacks, and capital. the preference of shallot farmers towards sources of risk in purworejo village tends to be brave even in the highland geographical conditions. this is because the farmers in purworejo village can adopt the technology provided by the agricultural extension workers. one of the technologies applied by farmers in purworejo village is when planting shallots. shallot farmers will use production inputs that are adjusted to the growing season. in line with the research of windani et al. (2016), the sources of risk in farming activities are categorized into several groups. including climate and weather changes that are not by the needs of plants, attacks by plant-disturbing organisms, high production prices, low output prices, limited capital availability, low mastery of technology, and low managerial skills of farmers. farmers' preferences for risk sources in tawangargo village tend to be neutral. this means they are typical of the source of risk. this is because the farmers' shallot farming is a hereditary business, so shallot farming is considered to be able to provide benefits. risk-neutral farmers also consider the obstacles faced during the cultivation process to make the right decisions in their farming. this is in line with apriyani and unteawati's research (2019) on corn farming in the south lampung regency, where out of 50 respondent farmers, there are 44 risk-neutral farmers. farmers who are neutral to risk are a group of rational farmers looking at risk, namely that in every effort they make, there is a possibility to make a profit or face a loss. 4. conclusions production factors that have a significant effect on shallot farming are seeds, npk fertilizers, za fertilizers, and labor. while the level of risk of farming in the highlands, namely purworejo village, ngantang district, malang regency, is lower than the level of risk in the medium plains, namely tawangargo village, karangploso district, malang regency. in addition, farmers' preferences for sources of risk in the highlands tend to be more daring to face risks, while the preferences of farmers in the lowlands are more neutral in facing risks. comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 76 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 references apriyani, m., unteawati, b. (2019). perilaku petani dalam menghadapi risiko usahatani jagung di kabupaten lampung selatan. jurnal ilmiah esai, 4(2), 42–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25181/esai.v4i2.1338 astuti, l. t., daryanto, a., syaukat, y., daryanto, h. k. (2019). analisis resiko produksi usahatani bawang merah pada musim kering dan musim hujan di kabupaten brebes. jurnal ekonomi pertanian dan agribisnis, 3(4), 840–852. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jepa.2019.003.04.19 budiningsih, s., & pujiharto. (2006). analisis risiko usahatani bawang merah di desa klikiran kecamatan jatibarang kabupaten brebes. agritech, viii(1), 127–143. darmawi, h. (2013). manajemen risiko. bumi aksara. jakarta debertin, d., l. 2012. agricultural production economics. macmillan publishing. company. faisal, h. (2015). analisis pendapatan usahatani dan saluran pemasaran pepaya (carica papaya l) di kabupaten tulungagung ( studi kasus di desa bangoan, kecamatan kedungwaru, kabupaten tulungagung). agribis, 11(13), 12–28. fajri, s. r., fauziyah, e. (2019). keterkaitan efisiensi teknis dan perilaku risiko petani usahatani bawang merah varietas manjung. jurnal hortikultura indonesia, 9(3), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.29244/jhi.9.3.188-196 fauzan, m. (2016). pendapatan, risiko dan efisiensi ekonomi usahatani bawang merah di kabupaten bantul. agraris: journal of agribusiness and rural development research, 2(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.18196/agr.2231 febriyanto, a., t. (2021). efisiensi teknis usahatani bawang merah. efficient, 4(1), 1021–1032. doi: https://doi.org/10.15294/efficient.v4i1.41228 hindarti, s., maula, l. r., khoiriyah, n. (2021). income risk and the decision on onion farming. soca: jurnal sosial ekonomi pertanian, 15(1), 216–223. https://doi.org/10. 24843/soca.2021.v15.i01.p18 horowitz, k. (1994). risk-reducing and risk-increasing effects of pesticides. 45(1), 82–89. junaidi, m., hindarti, s., & khoiriyah, n. (2020). efisiensi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi bawang merah. 8(2), 69–82. kadarsan, h. (1995). keuangan pertanian dan pembiayaan perusahaan agribisnis. pt. gramedia. jakarta. kurnia, a., annisa, r. (2019). distribusi perdagangan komodits bawang merah indonesia tahun 2019. bps-statistics indonesia. kurniati, d., slamet, h., sri, w., suryantini, a. (2015). risiko pendapatan pada usahatani jeruk siam di kabupaten sambas. jurnal social economic of agriculture, 3(2), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.26418/j.sea.v3i2.9052 lawalata, m. (2017). risiko usahatani bawang merah di kabupaten bantul. jurnal agrica, 10(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.31289/agrica.v10i2.924 comparison of preferences and risk levels of shallot (allium ascallonicum l.) farming in the highlands and mediumlands sri hindarti*, arief joko saputro page | 77 agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 masyhuri, zainuddin, m. (2008). metodologi penelitian sosial dan ekonomi. teori dan aplikasi. penerbit alfabeta. bandung. mubyarto. (1989). pengantar ekonomi pertanian: edisi ke-tiga. lp3s. jakarta. mutisari, r. (2019). analisis risiko produksi usahatani bawang merah di kota batu. j ekon pertan dan agribisnis 3, 655–662. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jepa.2019.003.03.21 nurjati, e., fahmi, i., jahroh, s. (2018). analisis efisiensi produksi bawang merah di kabupaten pati dengan fungsi produksi frontier stokastik cobb-douglas. jurnal agro ekonomi, 36(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.21082/jae.v36n1.2018.55-69 pusdatin. (2016). outlook bawang merah. rodjak, a. (2002). manajemen usahatani. pustaka giratuna. bandung. salikin. (2003). sistem pertanian berkelanjutan. kanisius. yogyakarta. sholeh, s., hanani, n., suhartini. (2013). analisis efisiensi teknis dan alokatif usahatani wortel (daucus carota l.) di kecamatan bumiaji kota batu. agrise, 8(3). sugiyono. (2014). metode penelitian pendidikan pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan r&d. alfabeta. bandung. windani, i., iskandar, f., zulfanita. (2016). manajemen risiko usahatani jagung (zea mays l.) sebagai salah satu upaya mewujudkan ketahanan pangan rumah tangga petani. journal of agroscience, 6(2), 30–36. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 residual effects of repeatable composting on growth, yield, and uptake of phosphorus brassica rapa.l pakcoy anis sholihah 1 *, agus sugianto 2 1,2 department of agrotechnology, faculty of agriculture, islamic university of malang, malang 65144, east java, indonesia corresponding author e-mail: anis.sholihah@unisma.ac.id 1* , agus.sugianto@unisma.ac.id 2 article history: received: agustus 27, 2022; accepted: september 28, 2022 abstract this study aimed to determine the potential residues of the rice crop from the second planting period, which were fed with a mixture of pistia compost and rice straw of various compositions with the brassica rapa l. pakcoy. the study used a factorial randomized block design, the first factor was 7 levels divided into 5 compost mixtures and 2 comparison treatments (npk fertilizer treatment and control) as follows; control, m1 : 100% pistia, m2 : 75% pistia + 25% rice straw, m3 : 50% pistia + 50% rice straw, m4 : 25% pistia + 75% rice straw, m5 : 100% rice straw and m6 : npk ., and the second factor is the presence or absence of addition of compost in the second rice planting period divided into 2 levels; 1. (+) = addition of compost, 2.(-) = no addition of compost. the results showed that the residue of composting for the second planting period of rice had a positive effect on soil fertility, especially in the repeated addition of compost, which showed a very significant positive priming effect. the highest positive priming effect was shown by the medium of highquality compost, namely the treatment of 100% pistia (m1+) seen in the growth parameters and yield of brassica rapa l pakcoy. the increase in growth due to the addition of repeated compost was 5.10% to 14.24%, and an increase in yield was 5.41% to 11.11% in various treatments of mixed compost media. the treatment with repeated addition of compost gave a significant response to the p uptake of brassica rapa l plants but the treatment without compost (-) showed 36.72% higher than the treatment with the addition of compost (+). keywords: compost mix, p uptake, priming effect, residual effect 1. introduction for plants, phosphorus does not need nutrients to regulate protein synthesis in the process of cell division and the development of plant tissues that form the point of growth of plants. in addition, it is not certain that it functions to strengthen fruit ripening, strengthen stems, for root development, improve plant quality, metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleoproteins (as the maker of rna and dna) and store and transfer energy such as atp. phosphorus also serves to increase disease resistance. phosphorus-deficient plants are stunted, have short stem segments, leaf margins are purplish or reddish, and yield decreases due to reduced fruit and seed formation. one of the additions of phosphorus nutrients can be done through plant input as a source of organic matter as page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 well as a source of nutrients for plants. adding plant residues to the soil is one of the important factors in controlling soil fertility and adding soil organic matter. the introduction of plant residues into the soil has different effects on plant growth depending on the rate of decomposition and mineralization of the plant residues. the rate of mineralization of plant residues is a function of the quality of the residue itself. in indonesia, the input of organic matter is often done repeatedly in one year of the growing season. the addition of new organic matter at the beginning of each growing season can affect the decomposition rate of previously applied organic matter (jenkinson et al., 1985; kuzyakov, 2002). this effect is called the priming effect where this effect can be positive (stimulation) or negative (retardation) and can affect the recovery of organic matter by plants. another study stated that organic matter can cause residual effects after one year of application into the soil (yadvinder-singh et al., 2005;daudén et al., 2004). high residue quality (high n content, low lignin, and polyphenol content) will mineralize quickly and provide nutrients quickly but often exceeds plant requirements at the beginning of the growth period (hairiah et al., 2000). on the other hand, low-quality residues (low p content, high lignin, and polyphenol content) will experience slow mineralization and little can be absorbed by plants but have sufficient nutrient reserves for the long term. the provision of organic matter that is mostly done by farmers is not able to increase crop production optimally, this is due to the low amount of nutrients provided in a short time, as well as the low level of synchronization between the time of nutrient release and the plant's need for nutrients. the results of several studies show that organic matter derived from legume crop residues only releases about 20-45% of the nutrients contained in it, in one cycle of seasonal crops of this amount only about 20-30% can be utilized by plants (handayanto et al., 1997). under the same environmental conditions, the rate of mineralization of plant residues is determined by their physical and chemical properties. the content of n, lignin, and polyphenols are the main factors that determine whether or not plant residues are easily decomposed and release nutrients (handayanto et al., 1997;palm & sanchez, 1991). the quality of plant residues can be manipulated in various ways, one of which is by mixing high-quality organic matter (pistia stratiotes sp) and low-quality (rice straw) so that plant residues of varying quality will be obtained. this study used the remaining planting media of the second planting period of rice plants that were previously treated with a mixture of rice straw and pistia compost in various mixed compositions. considering that rice straw is rich in various organic matter contents but is classified as low quality, it is possible that rice straw residues in previous studies still exist or there are still page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 many reserves of nutrients that have not been mineralized. this study aims to determine the potential residues of the growing media for rice crop residues in the second planting period which were fed with a mixture of pistia compost and straw of various compositions the indicator plant used was brassica rapa l. which belongs to the potential vegetable group and has a fairly high nutritional value. 2. research method this study was conducted from march – may 2022, at the green house at 7,5° south latitude and 137,35° north latitude ±500 masl, with day temperature 24-28° c and night temperature 16-21° c. during the day, relative humidity is approximately 79% and 95% at night, while the average rainfall is 167.6 mm/day. furthermore, the analysis of p uptake was carried out at the soil chemistry laboratory, department of soil, faculty of agriculture, universitas brawijaya. analysis of chlorophyll, vitamin c and yield variable were carried out in the laboratory of the faculty of agriculture, islamic university of malang. the research was carried out in 2 stages as follows: stage 1. preparation of planting media the planting medium used in this study was the remaining rice planting media for 2 times the planting period which was previously given a mixture of pistia compost and rice straw of various compositions. after the first rice planting period, it is used as a rice planting medium for the second period but is divided into two parts, namely the first part of the media plus new compost (+) as in the first period and the second part without the addition of more compost (-), as shown in figure 1 below. first period rice plant treatment* second period rice plant treatment ** brassica rapa l pakcoy growing media control control control m1 m1+ m1+ m1m1 m2 m2+ m2+ m2m2 m3 m3+ m3+ m3m3 m4 m4+ m4+ m4m4 m5 m5+ m5+ m5m5 m6 m6+ m6+ m6m6 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 noted: control = no compost; m1: 100% pistia, m2: 75% pistia + 25% rice straw, m3: 50% pistia + 50% rice straw, m4: 25% pistia + 75% rice straw, m5: 100% rice straw and m6 : npk; (+) = addition of compost; (-)= without compost. *first period polybag size 10 kg; **second period polybag size 5 kg figure 1. media used in research furthermore, in this study, without the addition of pure compost, the remainder of the second planting period (figure 1). the design used is the same as the design in the second rice planting period, namely a factorial randomized block design where the first factor is a mixture of compost (m) and 2 comparison treatments so that there are 7 levels; control = no compost; m1: 100% pistia, m2: 75% pistia + 25% rice straw, m3: 50% pistia + 50% rice straw, m4: 25% pistia + 75% rice straw, m5: 100% rice straw and m6: npk; (+) and the second factor is the presence or absence of addition of compost, namely 2 levels; 1. (+) = new compost was added and 2. (-) = no new compost was added. tools and materials used in this stage; 5 kg polybag, hoe, trowel, digital scale, rake, water, label paper, stationery and leftover media. stage 2. planting brassica rapa l pakcoy this stage aims to determine the growth response, yield of brassica rapa l pakcoy, and uptake of p. tools and materials used; planting media in polybags containing residual media in stage 1, buckets, digital scales, rakes, water, meters, writing instruments, and seeds of brassica rapa l pakcoy. nurseries were carried out 2 weeks before transplanting into polybags. the experimental design used a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications and each replication consisted of 4 plant samples so that there were 84 experimental units. the placement of treatments was arranged neatly after randomization between groups was carried out. during growth, maintenance is carried out including; watering, weeding, and eradicating hpt with preventive and curative measures if an attack occurs. growth observation variables include; plant height, number, and area of leaves were measured once every 7 days (dat) while the yield variables at harvest around the age of 35-40 days after planting were measured including; the total fresh weight of plants, fresh weight of consumption, fresh weight of roots, total dry weight of plants, dry weight of consumption, dry weight of roots and total phosphorus uptake, shoot phosphorus uptake and root phosphorus uptake. plant height (measured from the base of the plant stem to the highest growth point of the plant per polybag in cm), the number of leaves was measured for each leaf that had fully opened in strands. the leaf area of the plant was measured using a ruler by measuring the length and width of the leaves. leaf area is divided into three categories of leaf area, namely, large, medium, and small. leaf area calculation can be done by leaf area meter in cm 2 . page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 the total fresh weight of the plant was measured by weighing the whole plant after the plant was harvested and cleaned of soil adhering to the roots. fresh weight consumption was measured by weighing the upper plant parts after being separated from the roots. root fresh weight was measured by weighing the roots after being separated from the upper plant. the total dry weight of the plants was measured by weighing them as a whole after the plants were harvested and cleaned of soil attached to the roots and then in the oven for 2x24 hours at 70 o c. the dry weight of consumption was measured by weighing the upper plant parts after being separated from the roots and then in the oven for 2x24 hours at 70 o c. root fresh weight was measured by weighing the roots after being separated from the upper plants and then in the oven for 2x24 hours at 70 o c. uptake p of the crown = % p of the crown x bk of the crown, the p uptake of the root = % p of the root x bk of the root, and the total n uptake = the uptake of the crown + the uptake of the root. phosphor (p) uptake analysis of plants was carried out using the bray i method. the experimental data were analyzed using analysis of variance (f test) with a level of 5% to determine the effect of treatment and continued with the 5% bnj test if there was a real treat. 3. results and discussion plant growth the treatment with repeated addition of compost in the second planting period (+) significantly increased plant growth including plant height, the number of leaves, and leaf area (figure 2) compared to no additional compost (-) unless the control generally showed the lowest growth. treatment of 100% pistia compost (m1) had the highest growth trend and decreased with decreasing percentage of pistia in the compost mixture in the order m1>m2>m3>m4>m5 except for control and m6 (npk). plant growth is an indicator of plant response to fertilizer application, in this study the application of compost mixed fertilizer from the previous period still showed a very good response for the third-period plant, namely brassica rapa l pakcoy. giving compost to the soil will change the microbial activity that plays a role in the organic decomposition process of the soil and the release of nutrients so that it can be utilized by plants to support their growth (hamilton & frank, 2001;ckuzyakov, 2002). pistia is an aquatic weed that contains relatively high nitrogen (n) nutrients 2.14%, lignin content 6.86%, cellulose 14.92% and polyphenols 0.82% low so that kiapu can be classified as high-quality organic matter on the other hand rice straw included in the lowquality group considering the relatively low nutrient (n) content of 1.73%, lignin content 32.65%, cellulose 35.87% and polyphenols 2.65% high (lestari et al., 2022). the quality of the compost page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 largely determines the level of decomposition and mineralization of the compost (myrold et al., 2011;van kessel & reeves, 2002;stadler et al., 2006). the content of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose is a factor controlling the rate of mineralization of nutrients either n or p (wijanarko et al., 2012;handayanto et al., 1997;talbot & treseder, 2012). mineralization is a nutrient release process carried out by microorganisms under conditions controlled by the environment, the quality of organic matter, ph and humidity, and other conditions that control the development of microbes (melillo et al., 2008;spohn & kuzyakov, 2013). the increase in plant growth of brassica rapa l pakcoy due to the addition of repeated compost was 8.59% -17.39% (plant height), 1.85% -7.41% (number of leaves), and 4.86% 17.95% ( leaf area). the addition of repeated compost in the second planting period of rice indicates that the newly added compost has a positive effect (stimulation) compared to the addition of one time, this indicates that the soil organic matter pool is affected by the priming effect. the addition of a second substrate (repetition) in the soil turned out to produce a higher priming effect than the first addition, as (hamer & marschner, 2005) added, adding a second anelin substrate caused a higher positive priming effect than the first on cambisol oa and podzol ea soils. organic carbon was twice as high after the addition of the second alanine, namely 115% and 129%, except for cambisol b soils where the organic matter content of cambisol oa and podzol ea soils was higher than cambisol b. phosphorus uptake of brassica rapa l pakcoy the treatment of adding compost in the second rice planting period gave a real response to the p uptake of brassica rapa l pakcoy plants grown on the remaining media of the second planting period. the total p uptake without the addition of compost (-) showed 36.72% higher than the treatment with the addition of compost (+) but the treatment with various mixtures of compost did not show a significant response to the p uptake of roots, shoots and total p of mustard plants (figure 3). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 figure 2. growth of brassica rapa l pakcoy on residual media second period rice plants the m3 treatment (50% pistia + 50% rice straw) showed the highest total p uptake compared to the compost and m6 (npk) treatment, which was 27291.02 mg.kg -1 . the input of compost into the soil will increase microbial activity through organic decomposition and 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 kontrol m1+ m1m2+ m2m3+ m3m4+ m4m5+ m5m6+ m6p la n t h e ig t (c m ) treatments 7 dat 14 dat 21 dat 28 dat 35 dat 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 kontrol m1+ m1m2+ m2m3+ m3m4+ m4m5+ m5m6+ m6n u m b e r o f le a v e s (s tr a n d s) treatments 7 dat 14 dat 21 dat 28 dat 35 dat bcd a c ab abcd abc d abc bcd a abc ab 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 kontrol m1+ m1m2+ m2m3+ m3m4+ m4m5+ m5m6+ m6le a f a re a ( cm 2 ) treatments 7 dat 14 dat 21 dat 28 dat 35 dat page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 a a a b b b tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 r o o t s h o o t t o ta l r o o t s h o o t t o ta l r o o t s h o o t t o ta l r o o t s h o o t t o ta l r o o t s h o o t t o ta l r o o t s h o o t t o ta l r o o t s h o o t t o ta l r o o t s h o o t t o ta l r o o t s h o o t t o ta l (+) (-) kontrol m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 p u p ta k e ( m g k g -1 ) treatments mineralization resulting in the release of nutrients which further increases the availability of nutrients and p uptake (yakov kuzyakov, 2002). the availability of p in the soil is strongly influenced by many factors (shen et al., 2011;spohn & kuzyakov, 2013). hairiah et al., (2000) explained that high quality organic matter will be quickly weathered as a result the released nutrients become available quickly so that high nutrient synchronization is achieved, on the other hand if the organic matter is of low quality then low synchronization will occur. low quality organic matter has a long-term effect, it can be seen that the media remaining from the second planting period can still be used as a medium for brassica rapa l pakcoy which shows p uptake (figure 3) and significant growth compared to controls (figure 2). figure 3. uptake of root p, shoot p, and total p of brassica rapa l pakcoy using plant residual media for the second period. the content of chlorophyll and vitamin c in the leaves of the brassica rapa l pakcoy plant the application of compost from the first and second planting periods showed a significant residual effect on the chlorophyll and vitamin c content in the leaves of the brassica rapa l pakcoy plant planted in the third period. treatment of 100% pistia compost with the addition of compost in the second period (m1+) had the highest chlorophyll content (8.89 g/ml) and decreased with decreasing percentage of pistia in the compost mixture in the order m1>m2>m3>m4>m5 except for the control. the addition of repeated compost in the second planting period showed a significant residual effect on the chlorophyll content of brassica rapa l pakcoy except for the m 5 treatment (100% rice straw), where the treatment without the addition of (m5-) 17.49% chlorophyll content page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 was higher, higher than the repeated compost treatment (m5+). this proves that low-quality organic matter (rice straw) has a long-term residual effect because the mineralization process runs slowly so that the availability of nutrients in the third planting period will be higher (figure 4). mineralization, decomposition, and nitrification are very important processes in soil that are controlled by moisture, temperature, and quality of the organic matter (silver & miya, 2001;núñez et al., 2001;yadvinder-singh et al., 2005). important factors affecting p availability are p concentration in soil solution, soil texture, organic matter content, soil ph, presence of other important nutrients in quantity and proportion, and microbial activity (chepkwony et al., 2001;recena et al., 2015). figure 4. chlorophyll content in the leaves of the brassica rapa l.pakcoy plant using the second period plant residue media according to (augustien & suhardjono, 2017) in his research on brassica rapa l plants, he said that the chlorophyll content was influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, which was also added by arifiansyah et al., (2020) in his research on the application of organic fertilizer to the growth and chlorophyll content of wheatgrass plants obtained in sand media treatment has the lowest chlorophyll content of 1.51 mg/g while the highest chlorophyll content is produced in the treatment of rabbit manure compost media which is 2.25 mg/g. in line with this research, in this study, the highest chlorophyll content was in 100% kiapu compost media with repeated additions (m1+) which was compost with high nitrogen and phosphorus content, thereby increasing the formation of chlorophyll in the leaves and further increasing the rate of photosynthesis (heil, 2005). increasing the rate of photosynthesis in plants will increase photosynthesis. glucose as one of the photosynthates is used as a precursor for vitamin c biosynthesis (carr & frei, 2018). c ab bc abc abc a abc a ab abc a ab 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) kontrol m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 c h lo ro p h y ll ( µ g /m l) treatments page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 the results showed that repeated compost treatment (+) gave a positive response in increasing the vitamin c content of brassica rapa l pakcoy plants where treatments m1, m2, m5 and m6 gave the same and higher results than other treatments and treatments without the addition of compost (-) (figure 5). the existence of repeated compost treatment will increase the content of organic matter in the soil thereby increasing the availability of nutrients in the soil. the availability of nutrients makes it easier for plants to absorb so that it increases the process of photosynthesis and increases photosynthesis, including vitamin c. the increase in vitamin c content in brassica rapa l pakcoy due to composting is related to the increase in plant growth of brassica rapa l pakcoy. this is related to the precursor required in the biosynthesis of vitamin c, which is the product of primary metabolism, namely glucose. figure 5. vitamin c content in the leaves of the brassica rapa l pakcoy plant using the second period plant residue media brassica rapa l yield the treatment of adding compost in the second planting period gave a real response to the parameters observed for the results of brassica rapa l pakcoy including total wet weight, total dry weight, wet weight consumption, dry weight consumption, root wet weight, root dry weight, and harvest index. the addition of repeated compost gave higher yields of 9.93% 10.28% total weight, 9.88% 10.36% consumption weight, and 5.55% 11.40% root weight than without the addition of repeated compost. the composting treatment did not have a significant effect on the harvest index parameter, but the value of the harvest index was relatively high compared to the control above 90% (table 2). this shows that the addition of repeated compost has a significant effect on the rate of mineralization, increased p uptake, growth, and yield of brassica rapa l c abc c abc abc ab abc abc c a c bc 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) kontrol m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 v it a m in c ( m g /1 0 0 g ) treatments page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 pakcoy. the increase in p uptake was due to an increase in microbial activity due to the addition of compost, resulting in a positive priming effect (stimulation). vandamme et al., (2013) found a priming effect of 7-10% of the substrate easy to decompose corn residue on both the source of soil organic matter and the recalcitrant fraction (difficult to decompose) residue. there is a substitution pool effect that occurs after the addition of new compost is fully utilized by microbial biomass and stability in the soil. in line with the research by (handayanto & sholihah, 2010) protein binding by polyphenols in peltoporum can explain the negative priming effect of peltoporum and caliandra, which are rich in polyphenols, do not cause a priming effect, while high-quality gliricidia causes a positive priming effect. in this study pistia (m1) as the high quality was proven to give high results compared to other treatments (table 2). this is probably due to a positive priming effect that can increase the accumulation of n in the soil more than that without the addition of new residues (heil, 2005) and ultimately increase mineralization and nutrient uptake. tabel 1. brassica rapa l pakcoy yield treatments brassica rapa l pakcoy yield (g) harvest index (%) total wet weight total dry weight wet weight consumption dry weight consumption root wet weight root dry weight control 30,29 4,60 27,39 3,50 2,90 1,10 90,34 m1 42,96 7,52 b 39,24 5,59 3,73 1,93 91,26 m2 40,11 6,38 ab 36,61 4,68 3,50 1,70 91,28 m3 43,45 6,92 ab 39,69 4,95 3,77 1,97 91,21 m4 38,32 6,08 a 35,08 4,63 3,24 1,44 91,47 m5 39,34 6,60 ab 35,74 4,80 3,60 1,80 90,81 m6 43,60 7,56 b 39,82 5,57 3,78 1,98 91,25 bnj 5% ns 1,25 ns ns ns ns ns (+) 43,25 b 7,18 b 39,55 b 5,29 b 3,70 b 1,90 b 91,38 (-) 39,34 a 6,51 a 35,84 a 4,80 a 3,51 a 1,71 a 91,04 bnj 5% 2,39 0,48 2,44 0,46 0,25 0,25 ns note: the numbers accompanied by the same notation in the same column show that the results are not significantly different from the 5% bnj test. ns = non-significant correlation coefficient relationship between growth, phosphorous nutrient uptake, chlorophyll & vitamin c content and yield parameters the relationship between growth, phosphorus nutrient uptake, chlorophyll & vitamin c content, and yield parameters determines the basic value of the correlation coefficient (r). furthermore, the value of r is shown in table 3. table 3 shows the highest or strongest correlation page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 that occurs in root p uptake with canopy p uptake, root p uptake with total p uptake, canopy p uptake with total p uptake with r values successively 0,94; 0.97, and 0.99. the highest or strongest correlation also occurred in the leaf area with wet weight and root dry weight with a reach of 0.81. wet and dry weights of roots with consumption weights and total plant weights with r values are shown in table 3. from the results of correlation analysis (table 3), p uptake of plants was strongly correlated with root weight, consumption weight, and total plant weight in both wet and dry conditions with r values ranging from 0.64 to 0.73. this shows that higher p uptake will increase root weight, consumption weight, and total plant weight. this is in line with several researchers who state that the addition of fertilizers to the soil will increase plant uptake and ultimately increase yields (recena et al., 2015;spohn & kuzyakov, 2013;sun et al., 2020). table 2. the correlation coefficient of growth, p uptake, chlorophyll, vitamin c and yield variable variabel ru su tu ph nl la rw rd wc dc tw td vc cl hi ru 1 0,94 0,97 0,50 0,49 0,57 0,73 0,73 0,68 0,69 0,69 0,72 0,61 0,36 0,52 su 1,00 0,99 0,42 0,49 0,42 0,64 0,64 0,66 0,69 0,66 0,69 0,59 0,45 0,54 tu 1,00 0,44 0,47 0,45 0,66 0,66 0,66 0,69 0,67 0,70 0,60 0,42 0,54 ph 1,00 0,37 0,70 0,42 0,42 0,22 0,37 0,24 0,40 0,10 0,03 0,32 nl 1,00 0,73 0,72 0,72 0,41 0,72 0,57 0,74 0,41 0,24 0,10 la 1,00 0,81 0,81 0,56 0,55 0,57 0,65 0,10 0,30 0,14 rw 1,00 0,99 0,87 0,86 0,88 0,93 0,53 0,10 0,32 rd 1,00 0,87 0,86 0,88 0,93 0,53 0,14 0,32 wc 1,00 0,89 0,99 0,92 0,54 0,39 0,73 dc 1,00 0,90 0,99 0,63 0,44 0,55 tw 1,00 0,93 0,54 0,37 0,71 td 1,00 0,62 0,37 0,49 vc 1,00 0,20 0,36 cl 1,00 0,66 hi 1 noted= =0,80-1,00 (very strong) ; =0,60-0,79 (strong); =0,40-0,59 (moderate) ; =0,20-0,39 (weak); =0,00-0,19 (very weak); ru=root p uptake; su=shoot p uptake; tu=total p uptake; ph=plant height; nl=number of leaves; la=leaf area; rw=root wet weight; rd= root dry weight ; wc=wet weight comsumption; dc=dry weight comsumption;tw= total wet weight; td= total dry weight; vc=vitamin c; cl=chlorophyll;hi=harvest index 4. conclusions in general, it can be concluded that the planting residue media with repeated composting has a positive effect on soil fertility, especially in the treatment of repeated addition of compost in the second rice planting period, showing a very significant positive priming effect. the highest positive priming effect was shown by high-quality compost media, namely the treatment of 100% pistia (m1+) seen in the growth parameters and yield of brassica rapa l pakcoy. the increase in growth due to the addition of repeated compost was 5.10% to 14.24% and an increase in yield was page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2022 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i1.84 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 1 september 2022 5.41% to 11.11% in various treatments of mixed compost media. the repeated addition of compost gave a significant response to the p uptake of brassica rapa l pakcoy plants but the total p uptake without the addition of compost (-) showed 36.72% higher than the treatment with the addition of compost (+). references arifiansyah, s., nurjasmi, r., & ruswadi, r. 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(2020). effects of controlled-release fertilizer on rice grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and greenhouse gas emissions in a paddy field with straw incorporation. field crops research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107814 talbot, j. m., & treseder, k. k. (2012). interactions among lignin, cellulose, and nitrogen drive litter chemistry-decay relationships. ecology. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0843.1 van kessel, j. s., & reeves, j. b. (2002). nitrogen mineralization potential of dairy manures and its relationship to composition. biology and fertility of soils. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374002-0516-y vandamme, e., renkens, m., pypers, p., smolders, e., vanlauwe, b., & merckx, r. (2013). root hairs explain p uptake efficiency of soybean genotypes grown in a p-deficient ferralsol. plant and soil. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1571-2 wijanarko, a., heru purwanto, b., shiddieq, f., & indradewa, d. (2012). pengaruh kualitas bahan organik dan kesuburan tanah terhadap mineralisasi nitrogen dan serapan n oleh tanaman ubikayu di ultisol. j. perkebunan & lahan tropika, 2(2), 1–9. yadvinder-singh, bijay-singh, & timsina, j. (2005). crop residue management for nutrient cycling and improving soil productivity in rice-based cropping systems in the tropics. advances in agronomy. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(04)85006-5 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 factors affecting the choice of adaptation strategies to climate extremes: the case of smallholder farmers in southern zambia kiru sichoongwe 1 , jinxia wang 2 1 institute of south-south cooperation and development, peking university, no. 5 yiheyuan road, haidian district, beijing 100871, china. 1 dsi/nrf south african research chair in industrial development, college of business & economics, university of johannesburg, auckland park, south africa. 2 china center for agricultural policy, peking university, no. 5 yiheyuan road, haidian district, beijing 100871 china. corresponding author. email: sichoongwe2019@isscad.pku.edu.cn article history: received: december 18, 2022; accepted: february 22, 2023 abstract this study assesses the adaptation of smallholder farmers to climate extremes and its contributing factors in zambia‟s southern province. the study employed primary data collected from 270 smallholder farmers, and these constituted the sample size. according to the study's findings, change crop variety was adopted by 43% of the farmers. other strategies of adaptation that were employed include; agricultural insurance, change sow/harvest date, crop diversification and soil conservation. the findings also showed that the various strategies of adaptation (agricultural insurance, change sow/harvest date, crop diversification and soil conservation), correlated positively with age, education, distance, farming experience, ownership of a radio, an ox, a plough, and extension source. the study makes the following recommendations; (a) enhancing the education and awareness level of farmers towards climate extreme, (b) improving farmers‟ access to agricultural assets (plough, oxen etc), and (c) when developing and implementing adaptation strategies, farming experience should be taken into account. key words: adaptation, climate extreme, smallholder farmers, zambia 1. introduction the earth‟s climate is rapidly changing, according to scientific evidence, because of the rise in greenhouse gas emissions (stern, 2006). the average temperature has risen because of increased greenhouse gas concentrations, with semi-arid and desert regions experiencing the effects more markedly (anderson et al., 2010). not only the long term change of climate (temperature and precipitation), the frequency and intensity of climate extremes (drought and flood) also have increased page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 (ipcc, 2014). weather events that are extreme have become more common in the world since the 1950s, with annual economic losses totaling usd 67 billion on average (guha-sapir et al., 2004). the total area affected by drought worldwide is expected to increase by 15-44% by the turn of this century (ipcc, 2012). in many african countries, food security and human lives have been threatened due to unfavorable incidents of severe droughts and floods. for instance, from 1960 to 1990, droughts and floods extremes across south-eastern, southern and east africa, and drought extremes south of the sahara. droughts have hit southern africa, horn of africa, and the sahel since the late 1960s, causing an overall rise in dryness in africa (christensen et al., 2007). further, consequences of this multiyear drought cycles include production loss and food scarcity (fao, 2015), and severe famine (few et al., 2004). most parts of africa remain considerably vulnerable to drought's direct and indirect effects (few et al., 2004). from 1980 to 2014, drought extremes in sub-saharan africa impacted approximately 363 million people, with 203 million in eastern africa, 86 million in southern africa, 74 million in western africa, and less than 1 million in central africa. over the four decades, the number of people impacted by drought rose dramatically, that is, 82 million in the 1980s, 90 million in the 1990s and 132 million people in the 2000s (fao, 2015). washington and preston (2006), extreme rainfall cycles and frequent flooding are part “of el niño phase of el nino southern oscillation (enso) events (e.g., 1982-1983, 1997-1998, 20062007).” the occurrence of these events result in considerable losses (economic and human). floods in mozambique in 2000, primarily, the limpopo and zambezi river valleys, left around half a million people homeless, 700 people died, and agricultural crops were destroyed, destroying livelihoods (osman-elasha et al., 2006). in the year 2003, extreme floods were experienced in north africa, leading to the flooding of ephemeral rivers, east africa along areas on lake victoria, northern part of madagascar, and the northern part of mozambique. besides, in 2010, west africa experienced floods and it was the worst flood by the river niger recorded since 1929 (fews net, 2003 and french, 2003/04). climate extremes have become more frequent and intense in zambia in recent years. from 1990 to 2022, zambia experienced seven droughts in 1991-1992, 1994-1995, 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2001-2002, 2004-2005 (jain 2007), and 2018-2019. in addition, floods were also reported in the page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 farming seasons of 2007/08 and 2021/2022. this caused rain-fed crops in the fields to be destroyed, resulting in crop loss, destruction of farmlands, food insecurity and deepening poverty. as a result, a part of the population that relies on subsistence agriculture was kept below the poverty line of the country. it is widely acknowledged that climate extreme presents a critical and serious threat to zambia‟s sustainable and socio-economic development (jain 2007; lekprichakul 2008 and makano 2011). therefore, actions to minimize the potential future impacts of such hazards remain critical (ministry of environmental protection, 2016). zambia‟s southern province is the bread basket of the country and contributes (estimated at 18.25%) in terms of agriculture to the national output. climate extreme impacts, are especially evident in this province. agriculture production is negatively affected by extreme weather events such as droughts (ngoma, 2008). among the farmers in the province, there is a strong focus on monocropping, that is, maize production. impediments such as price volatility, dry spells and animal diseases, have made agriculture in the province extremely difficult, resulting in low agricultural productivity (neubert et al., 2011). despite the fact that adaptation to climate extremes has been identified as an effective risk mitigation strategy for farmers, (huang et al., 2014), there has been little empirical research into how extreme weather events influence farmers' adaptation decisions. by definition, adaptation is the process by which a farmer adjusts to current or anticipated climate extreme effects. according to our review of relevant literature, we note that adaptation has many times been looked at in relation to climate change, unlike to climate extremes. the former is long-term and includes temperature and precipitation, whereas the latter is short-term and includes droughts and floods. in zambia, most of the scholarly work focuses on climate change impacts on agriculture (jain, 2007 and kalantary, 2010), climate change perceptions by farmers (nyanga et al., 2011), opportunities for climate change adaptation (bwalya, 2010), and trends in climate change and perceptions by farmers (mulenga and wineman, 2014). as a result, little empirical research has established the relationship of farmers' adaptation behavior, to the occurrence of extreme weather events. several questions arise in light of the possible role of adaptation in risk mitigation from extreme weather events. do farmers use a variety of strategies to cope with extreme weather events? if this is the case, how are farmers adapting? these answers are critical to help in understanding how page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 farmers‟ respond to weather events that are extreme. also, help policy makers to design appropriate interventions in local adaptation planning and support policy formulation. drought and flood, remain the most severe weather events zambian farmers face, and as such, the scope of this study is limited to drought and flood events. the novelty of this research is to; (a) find out the adopted adaptation strategies by smallholder farmers, due to climate extremes. (b) provide empirical evidence on the major determinants that influence the choice of adaptation of smallholder farmers‟ to climate extremes. 2. research methods the study area southern province, one of zambia‟s ten provinces, is made up of thirteen districts, and choma district is its provincial capital. the map of southern province and its districts is shown in figure 1. the province's overall area is 85,283 km 2 , that is, four times the size of israel. the province is bounded by 16° 30' south and 27° 00' east latitudes. its plateau is the province's heartland, with the most farmland of any province in zambia. agriculture is the main economic activity in the province. according to ciat and world bank (2017), zambia‟s main agro-ecological zones include; region i, region ii and region iii, characterized on the basis of rainfall patterns, types of soil and use of land. southern province falls in both region i and region ii. region i receives annual rainfall of less than 800 mm, with loamy clay soils in the valley and loamy soils on the plateau. the most popular production systems are sorghum, corn, poultry, sheep and goats, cattle, and pigs. as for region ii, it receives 800-1000 mm of annual rainfall on average and crop production is dominated by maize, tobacco, cotton, soybean, sunflower, irrigated groundnuts and wheat. climate change extremes are most notable in southern province and have thus contributed to low agricultural productivity in the province. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 figure 1. map of southern province. the dotted points are the location of the work areas. source: zambia statistics agency, 2020 sample size determination we used the following formulae to determine the sample size appropriate for the analysis (cochran, 1963): 2 2 )1( e ppz n   (1) where z 1.64 (confidence level at 90%), e 0.05 (margin of error at 5%) and p proportion of smallholder farmers = 0.5 thus; 270 05.0 5.0)5.01(64.1 2 2   n smallholder farmers. (2) sampling methods page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 this study used only primary data collected in the year 2020, from farm households. the study adopted a “two-stage sampling” technique, used by the “ministry of agriculture and livestock‟‟ in zambia when conducting agriculture surveys. at the first stage, standard enumeration areas (seas) were selected using “probability proportional to size sampling” and farm households were a measure of size. a sea is characterized as a section covered by an enumerator during enumeration and contains 100-150 households (central statistical office, 2010). probability proportional considers each stratum's size and automatically corrects for sample size imbalances, resulting in unbiased and efficient estimates (turner et al., 2001). at the second stage, once enumeration areas were selected, enumerators visited and were required to list all households residing in the selected seas so as to know the „„total number of households‟‟ residing in the seas before choosing a farm household sample. within each sea, a random selection of 20 farm households was conducted. owing to the sample size of 270 we had, in one sea, only a random selection of 10 farm households was conducted. these sampled farm households, their crop production suffered, as a result of climate extremes (drought/floods) in the immediate three years (2017, 2018 & 2019) prior to the study. here, climate extreme was measured according to a farmer's own assessment. by definition, climate extreme took place based on a farmer‟s indication that their crop output was significantly impacted by climate extreme. if a farmer indicated „„yes‟‟ then we probed further to find out the years deemed as relatively normal and those where serious climate extreme was experienced. the farmers in the sample deemed 2017 as a “normal year”, whereas 2018 and 2019 were deemed as years where “climate extreme” was experienced. face-to-face interviews were used in this household survey. specification of the econometric model in this study, we used a multinomial logit model (mnl), to identify the factors influencing the choice of farmers to a particular adaptation strategy towards climate extremes. the dependent variable was multinomial and had as many categories like the number of adaptation strategies available in the sampled population. the mnl was chosen because of its analytic and computational tractability (horowitz et al., 1994). in using the mnl, the parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood. the maximum likelihood estimation approach of the mnl, is not significantly different from binary logit. however, page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 the given number of alternatives increases their computational burden (mcfadden, 1974). following the approach by wittink (2011), the model is specified as follows: let iny be the dependent variable and x be a set of independent variables. the dependent variable in y is equal to 1 if a farmer chooses an adaptation alternative (strategy) and 0 otherwise. further, iny denotes various adaptation alternatives from a given set of adaptation alternatives, and x denotes those factors that influence the choice of the adaptation strategies. the likelihood function is presented as: )3(,)( 1 in n y cl n n n ipl    following ben-akiva and lerman (1985), the mnl model for the choice probabilities is given by: )4()( ' ' ln    n jn cj x x n e e lp   it is hypothesized that a farmer‟s decision on which adaptation strategy to choose from is determined by a vector of independent variables (socioeconomic characteristics and so on). this dependent variable and the independent variable relationship is established by estimating vector of parameters  using log-likelihood method. rewriting equation 3 above, we obtain a log likelihood function: )ln'(log ' ln 1 ln     n jn n cj x n n cl exyl   (5) maximizing the log function above and setting its derivative to zero, yields the first order conditions: .,...,1,0)]([ 1 lnln kkf orxlpy n n cl kn n    (6) rewriting the above equation, we obtain; page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023     nn ci kn n n n n cl x kkxlp n xy n .,...,1,)( 11 ln 11 lnln (7) as a result, the farmer's chosen adaptation strategy has an average value equal to the average value of the estimated choice probabilities. all properties of the maximum likelihood estimation of binary logit extend to the mnl model. this also applies for the computational methods that are used for solving the system of k equations. the mnl model, requires specifying the base category. this allows a comparison of the probability of membership in other categories to the probability of membership in the base category. thus, for a dependent variable with j categories, this requires the calculation of j − 1 equations, one for each category relative to the base category, to describe the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables (deressa et al., 2009). there are no hard or fast rules in choosing the reference category as it is done arbitrarily albeit theoretically motivated. based on realistic assumptions, in reality farmers choose more than one adaptation strategies and this implies that the estimated coefficient, in all cases are compared with the base category. 2.5 choice of variables and their measurement the next section presents the variables (dependent and independent) that were used for this study. table 1 below provides the list of variables that were used to estimate the empirical model in the study. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 table 1. description of variables variable name definition dependent variable adaptation dummy =1 if the farm household adapted to climate extreme, 0 otherwise explanatory variables gender (sex) dummy =1 if the household head is male, 0 otherwise marital status dummy =1 if the household head is married, 0 otherwise age of household head age of the household head in years household size total number of persons in the household education highest level of education completed by household head farming experience number of years the head of the household has been farming farm size total land area owned by a household in hectares number of fields owned total number of fields owned by a household plough ownership dummy=1 if a household owns a plough, 0 otherwise oxen ownership dummy=1 if a household owns oxen, 0 otherwise radio ownership dummy=1 if a household owns a radio, 0 otherwise access to extension dummy=1 if a household had access, 0 otherwise source of extension dummy=1 if extension was provided by a government extension officer, 0 otherwise extension services received total number of extension services received in a season distance to market distance from homestead to nearest market (km) seeds seeds use per hectare (kg) information on expected disasters dummy =1 if the household received information on expected disasters, 0 otherwise information to prevent disasters dummy =1 if the household received information to prevent disasters, 0 otherwise drought dummy =1 if in previous year(s) drought occurred, 0 otherwise flood dummy =1 if in previous year(s) flood occurred, 0 otherwise page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 3. results and discussions in response to climatic extremes (floods and droughts), smallholder farmers adapted the following adaptation strategies (table 2). of the sample size of 270 smallholder farmers, about 43 % of them adapted change crop variety as an adaptation strategy to counter climate extremes. further, soil conservation was adapted by about 24% of the farmers, while crop diversification was adapted by 16%. farmers also adapted change sow date (11%) and agricultural insurance (6%), to minimize the climate extremes impact on their farming activities. in our study areas, major adaptation strategies include change crop variety, crop diversification, agricultural insurance, soil conservation, and change sow/harvest date. further analysis indicates that some farmers chose multiple adaptation strategies. of the famers who adopted more than one adaptation strategy, most adopted two or three adaptation strategies, whereas, fewer than 4% of farmers, adopted four or more adaptation strategies in the reference period. table 2. adaptation strategies employed by the farmers percentage of households by types of adaptation strategies adopted (%) change crop variety 43.0 soil conservation 24.0 crop diversification 16.0 change sow/harvest date 11.0 agricultural insurance 6.0 100 percentage of households by the number of adaptation strategies adopted (%) 2 adaptation strategies 26.3 3 adaptation strategies 20.4 ≥ 4 adaptation strategies 3.3 source: study area table 3 below presents the multinomial logit estimates of the major factors that influence the choice of farmer‟s adaptation strategies given a number of characteristics. under the multinomial page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 model, the dependent variable is multinomial and include the following unordered categories (1 = change sow/harvest date, 2 = crop diversification, 3 = soil conservation, 4 = agricultural insurance). the dependent variables in the econometric models truly reflect the adaptation to climate extreme because the sample of the study consisted of farm households who had their crop output affected by climate extremes, in the immediate three years prior to this study. further, the farmers in the sample, acknowledged that their crop output was significantly impacted by climate extremes in the previous years. agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 table 3. multinomial logit estimates of adaptation strategies change sow/ crop soil agricultural harvest date diversification conservation insurance explanatory coef. coef. coef. coef. variables (std. err.) dy/dx (std. err.) dy/dx (std. err.) dy/dx (std. err.) dy/dx gender -0.389 -0.057 0.190 -0.007 0.894 0.098* 0.716 0.044 (0.738) (0.738) (0.599) (0.599) (0.495) (0.495) (0.863) (0.863) marital status 15.835 0.099 -1.998 -0.028** 0.299 0.114 11.362 0.010 (2.073) (2.073) (0.894) (0.894) (0.966) (0.966) (1.994) (1.994) age of household head 0.024 0.000 0.042 0.002 0.025 0.000 0.146 0.050*** (0.029) (0.029) (0.027) (0.027) (0.024) (0.024) (0.045) (0.045) household size 0.089 0.004 -0.016 -0.009 0.073 0.007 0.226 0.010 (0.119) (0.119) (0.100) (0.100) (0.093) (0.093) (0.164) (0.164) education of household head -0.033 -0.005 0.055 0.003 0.121 0.017* 0.174 0.000 (0.091) (0.091) (0.090) (0.090) (0.071) (0.071) (0.190) (0.190) agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 farming experience -0.035 -0.002* -0.001 0.000 0.025 0.015** -0.097 -0.004** (0.018) (0.018) (0.014) (0.014) (0.011) (0.011) (0.039) (0.039) farm area owned 0.046 0.008 0.123 0.012* -0.046 -0.000 -0.227 -0.009 (0.072) (0.072) (0.074) (0.074) (0.062) (0.062) (0.146) (0.146) number of fields owned -0.162 -0.009 0.025 0.001 0.123 0.021 0.167 0.004 (0.206) (0.206) (0.193) (0.193) (0.128) (0.128) (0.350) (0.350) plough ownership 0.111 0.000 0.022 0.037 1.371 0.015* -0.258 -0.029 (0.685) (0.685) (0.680) (0.680) (0.748) (0.748) (1.070) (1.070) oxen ownership -18.508 -0.159 4.929 0.039*** 1.809 0.065** 18.033 0.138 (1.048) (1.048) (1.242) (1.242) (0.919) (0.919) (1.167) (1.167) radio ownership -0.201 -0.088 0.795 0.056 1.897 0.024*** -0.029 -0.046 (0.561) (0.561) (0.596) (0.596) (0.576) (0.576) (0.868) (0.868) source of extension -0.143 -0.032 0.666 0.030 0.861 0.059 2.705 0.097** (0.740) (0.740) (0.668) (0.668) (0.526) (0.526) (1.360) (1.360) access to extension 1.547 0.089* 3.123 0.119*** 1.279 0.056 17.252 0.125 (0.738) (0.738) (1.213) (1.213) (0.845) (0.845) (1.167) (1.167) agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 number of extension services 0.064 0.005 0.178 0.022** -0.060 -0.012 0.199 0.024* (0.091) (0.091) (0.083) (0.083) (0.101) (0.101) (0.116) (0.116) seeds 0.003 0.000 -0.008 -0.000 0.003 0.000 0.004 0.000 (0.004) (0.004) (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.007) (0.007) distance -0.008 -0.001 0.007 0.001 0.008 0.000 0.063 0.020** (0.018) (0.018) (0.017) (0.017) (0.014) (0.014) (0.031) (0.031) information on expected disasters 0.971 0.038 0.289 0.035 0.558 0.055 1.318 0.006) (1.380) (1.380) (1.314) (1.314) (0.930) (0.930) (3.214) (3.214 information to prevent disasters 1.963 0.127 0.973 0.036 -0.111 -0.158 0.815 0.043 (1.640) (1.640) (1.500) (1.500) (1.085) (0.217) (3.067) (3.067) constant -20.459 -5.033 -11.793 -44.376 (2073.089) (3.354) (2.959) (2310.911) base outcome change crop variety agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 number of observations = 270; prob > χ 2 = 0.000 log likelihood = -266.924; pseudo r 2 = 0.3005; lr chi2 (84) = 229.29 note: standard errors appear in parentheses asterisks represents level of statistical significance: ***(p ≤ 1%); **(p ≤ 5%); *(p ≤ 10%) page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 gender the results showed that gender was statistically significant and positively correlated with soil conservation at 10% level. being male headed household increased the probability of adopting soil conservation as an adaptation strategy by 9.8 %, vis-à-vis the base category. this was so because women do not have much access to land, information and other resources (abaje et al., 2014). also, unlike female headed households, households headed by a male are more likely to get information on various farm management practices, new technologies, and how to change them based on available information on climatic conditions and other factors (deressa et al., 2009). marital status marital status was negatively and significantly correlated with household decision to adapt crop diversification at 2.8% probability level. this result implied that farm households who were married, had a decreased probability in taking up an adaptation strategy to ease the negative impact of climate extreme. age age was significant (p < 0.01) and significantly increased the likelihood of a farm household adapting agricultural insurance as an adaptation strategy. all other factors being kept constant, increase in the age of a farm household by 1%, lead to a 5% increase in a farm household‟s likelihood to adapt agricultural insurance. a probable justification is that in the study area, participation in farm activity was higher for older farmers than for younger farmers. the positive impact of age on particip ation in farm activities implied that, compared to older farm households, young farm households were unable to obtain enough land due to intense population pressure. as a result, the younger households had to depend on non-farm employment to make ends meet. education a positive relationship existed between education and adaptation to climate extreme. thus the probability of adapting to climate extreme increased with an increase in education of the household head. further, education significantly increased soil conservation as an adaptation strategy. a 1% increase in the number of school years would result in a 1.7% increase in the probability of a farm household adopting soil conservation to adapt to climate extreme. this implied that further education page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 empowered the farm household with an increase in knowledge necessary to make constructive farm decisions about adaptation. farming experience farmers with a wealth of farming experience have an increased likelihood of adopting adaptation strategy of soil conservation. the results indicate that, a 1% increase in farming experience would increase the probability of a farmer to adapt soil conservation by 1.5 %, ceteris paribus. the study results concur with findings of atube et al., (2021) in a similar study of adaptation. however, farming experience significantly reduced the probability of adapting change sow/harvest date and agricultural insurance by 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. thus the probability of adapting change sow/harvest date and agricultural insurance, decreased with farming experience. farm size owned farm size had a positive and significant impact on household adaptation to climate extremes in the study area. an increase in the size of farm area used by a farm household significantly increased the probability of using crop diversification as an adaptation strategy by 1.2%, ceteris paribus. a possible explanation is that in rural areas, agricultural land is a significant source of income and an indicator of wealth. so, large farm sizes enable farmers to produce more and employ some adaptation strategies, thereby distributing risks associated with unpredictable weather. asset plough as expected, this variable was significant at 10% probability level, and increased uptake of soil conservation, as an adaptation strategy. farmers who own assets like a plough, had a higher propensity to adapt and invest in adaptation strategies compared to no ownership. this is so because using a plough for tillage, reduces the drudgery that comes with land preparation, reduces manual labor requirement, and allows for a larger land area to be exploited than using a hand hoe. oxen ownership oxen ownership had a positive impact on farmers likelihood adapting crop diversification and soil conservation as adaptation strategies. farm households who own oxen had an increased probability in taking up the aforementioned adaptation strategies, by 3.9 and 6.5 units, respectively. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 the results also implied that the key economic activities in the study area were livestock and crop production. radio ownership radio ownership was an important determinant of adaptation strategy. it significantly increased the likelihood of using soil conservation as an adaptation strategy by 2.4 units at 1% level. this result implied that a radio offers a range of communication techniques that promote agricultural extension activities by communicating directly with farmers using local languages. also, it enables farmers to access climate change information needed to bridge the knowledge gap between farmers, scientists and policy makers. in a rural setup, radio remains the most available communication source for local communities in the absence of basic services such as internet and electricity due to popularity and least costly. extension source the source of extension service significantly increased the probability of a farm household taking up agriculture insurance as an adaptation strategy. besides, the probability of farmers who obtained extension services from the government, their participation in agriculture insurance was higher than for farmers who obtained extension services from non-governmental organizations. the results implied that agricultural extension services provided by agricultural offices are an important source of information for improved agricultural productivity. besides, they help in increasing awareness among farmers about new farming techniques and paving way to increase farm production. according to the information obtained from the ministry of agriculture, the number of beneficiaries from extension service is increasing and farmers are gaining a considerable amount of yield increment by employing extension packages. access to extension services it increased the probability of a farm household choosing change sow/harvest date and crop diversification as adaptation strategies, by 8.9 and 11.9 units, respectively. alternatively, the probability that a household in the study area would adapt the aforementioned adaptation strategies, increased as the household access to extension services increased. this is because farmer‟s access to page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 extension services helps them to build capacities by developing their own technical, organizational and management skills and practices. number/frequency of extension services this variable significantly determined the probability of a farm household to adapt crop diversification and agricultural insurance as adaptation strategies. this implied that, having frequency of extension services increased the probability of adapting crop diversification by 2.2 % and agricultural insurance by 2.4 %. extension services received by the farmers, brings about changes in knowledge attitude, skills and aspirations. distance to market distance to the market significantly determined the probability of a farm household to participate in adapting to climate extremes. a 1% increase in distance to the market, significantly increased the farmer‟s probability of participating in adaptation by 2% – that is, the further a farmer was from the market, the more likely they would adapt agricultural insurance as an adaptation strategy. the results implied that farming households located farther from the nearest market would adapt for food security due to higher transport costs in accessing market incentives to adapt for commercial purposes. a previous study by khanal et al. (2018), indicate that distance to the market influences adoption of adaptation strategies by farm households. also, leones and feldmans (1998) confirms that participation in non-farm activities is stimulated by proximity to market center. 4. conclusion this study identified the various adaptation strategies employed by farmers towards climate extremes. the common adaptation strategies adopted by the farmers to minimize climate extremes impact on their farming activities were; change crop variety, agricultural insurance, change sow/harvest date, crop diversification and soil conservation. further analysis indicates that some farmers chose more than one adaptation strategy. in addition, the multinomial logit model was used in identifying the major determinants influencing smallholder farmers‟ choice of adaptation strategies to climate extremes. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 in light of the findings above, the study recommends that; when drafting policy, asset formation of the farmers should be considered, and government should undertake policies that will improve farmers‟ access to agricultural assets (plough, oxen etc). further, the need at local levels to increase farmers education and awareness of climate extreme through extension services. the government should embrace policies that provide land ownership to farmers and ensure that tenure arrangements are safeguarded. lastly, policymakers should acknowledge farming experience and draw on knowledge and experience from local community-level in the process of policy formulation. references abaje, i, sawa, b, & ati, a (2014). climate variability and change, impacts and adaptation strategies in dutsin-ma local government area of katsina state. bello university, nigeria. anderson, s, morton, j, & toulmin, c (2010). climate change for agrarian societies in drylands: implications and future pathways. in: mearns r, norton a, editors. social dimensions of climate change: equity and vulnerability in a warming world. world bank publications; 2010. atube, f, malinga, gm, nyeko, m, et al. 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(1994). advances in random utility models. munich personal repec archive. mpra paper no. 53026, available from: https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/53026/ [accessed on 16/02/2020]. ipcc (intergovernmental panel on climate change) (2012). managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. cambridge university press, united kingdom ipcc-intergovernmental panel on climate change (2014). impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. part b: regional aspects.contribution of working group ii to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. v. r. barros, c. b. field, d. j. dokken, et al. (editors). cambridge, united kingdom and new york, ny, usa. jain, s. 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[accessed on 17/06/2017]. leones, jp & feldmans, s (1998). non-farm activity and rural household income: evidence from philippines micro-data. the university of chicago. chicago. makano, rf (2011). forests and climate change integrating climate change issues into national forest programmes and policy frameworks. background paper for the national workshop, lusaka,zambia. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.94 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 available from; http://www.fao.org/forestry/326800c227f4c90a3ef146c7f4e1728302c62b.pdf [accessed on 17/06/2019]. neubert, s, kömm, m, krumsiek, a, schulte, a, & tatge nl (2011). agricultural development in a changing climate in zambia. increasing resilience to climate change and economic shocks in crop production. german development institute. deutsches institut für entwicklungspolitik, tulpenfeld 6, 53113 bonn. available at; http://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/volltexte/2013/4396/pdf/studies_57.pdf [accessed on28/06/2019]. ngoma, j (2008). effect of climate change on maize production in zambia. the tema institute, norrköping, sweden. available at; http://liu.divaportal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:132696 [accessed on 14/06/2019]. stern, nh (2006). stern review: the economics of climate change, vol. 30. london: hm treasury. available from: http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/~rmclima/pdfs/destaques/sternreview_report_co mplete.pdf [accessed on 11/12/2019]. wittink, lt (2011). choice modelling. an overview of theory and development in individual choice behaviour modelling. from: https://beta.vu.nl/nl/images/werkstukwittink_tcm235-237206.pdf [accessed on 26/02/2020]. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 effect of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on growth and yield of wheat (triticum aestivm) sarkawt zorab mohammed 1 , fatih karim hama ali 2 , arsalan azeez marif 3 1,2 food science and quality control department, sulaimani polytechnic university, iraq garden design department, sulaimani polytechnic university, iraq correspondence e-mail: sarkawt.mohammed@spu.edu.iq, fatih.karim@spu.edu.iq, arsalan.marif@spu.edu.iq * article history: received: january 28, 2022; accepted: march 10, 2023 abstract current study was conducted in pot and open field of bakrajo technical institute bti field, sulaimani polytechnic university, sulaimani iraq, during growing season of 2021-2022. the pot experiment was under a one-year rotation of (triticum aestivum) winter wheat open field cultivation. the applications were pl (poultry litter 50 gm/pot), lm (livestock manure50 gm /pot), and cf (chemical fertilizer 20:20:20 n:p: k in 3 gm/pot) ,the applications testes on growth and yield parameters(biology.yield/plant(g), 1000-grain weight(g), weight of spikes/plant(g) spike length (cm), no. of grains/ spike, no. of spikes/plant weight, weight of grains/spike(g), grain yield/plant(g)and harvest index and the mention application compared withcontrol without using of any chemical ad organic fertilizers .(in a completely randomized design (crd) with three replications with interaction. the results indicated that applications of interaction of poultry with chemical fertilizer20:20:20 n:p: k in 3 gm/pot positive effect and poultry (poultry litter 50 gm/pot), chemical fertilizer fertilizer20:20:20, interaction of animal manure with chemical fertilizer and animal manure (5.313,4.838, 5.833, 3.853, 3.225,1.217), respectively influenced. however, replications effect indicated that r1 top influence and r3, r2 (respectively influenced. key words: wheat, organic manure, chemical fertilizer, poultry manure 1. introduction poultry dung supplies nutrients and is chosen because it contains more macronutrients other manures (khaliq et al., 2004) (kumar et al., 2022). its appropriate application improves soil and plant nutritional status (agbede et al., 2008) (yadav, et al., 2022) and is advantageous because it improves soil fertility, soil organic matter, soil biota activities, and water holding capacity (blay et al., 2002). poultry dung has a high concentration of micronutrients and has a ph of 6-7. (chastain et al., 2001). in cereals, chicken manure combined with urea boosts yield components more than other organic manures (khaliq et al., 2004). integration of poultry manure with urea aids in the restoration of deteriorated soils and is also more cost effective than urea application alone (mondero et al., 2004) (choudhary et al., 2022). it has been discovered that increasing nitrogen usage efficiency enhances yield, activates the low affinity transport pathway of nitrogen absorption, and results in high yield (cui et al., 2008). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 the use of chicken manure (layer or broiler) considerably boosted yield components and grain yield. grain yield, crude protein content of grains, number of viable tillers, spike length, flag leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and number of grains improved with increasing nitrogen rate, however maximal agronomic nitrogen use efficiency for yield productivity was not reached (shahid et al., 2015) (maurya et al.,2022). plant growth analysis allows for a better knowledge of crop growth variance (lambers, 1987). (amanullah, and stewart, 2013; amanullah, 2014a, 2015a). the administration of mineral supplements has a significant impact on photosynthetic and dry matter accumulation (costa et al., 2002; amanullah et al., 2014). although there are several npk fertilizer sources, there has been no published research on crop growth analysis water usage efficiency response of crop species cultivated with various npk sources (hariyadi et al., 2018). unbalanced nutrient treatment has a negative impact on crop growth (amanullah, and stewart, 2013; amanullah, 2015b). because of the current climatic situation and water scarcity, increasing irrigated water efficiency. some findings indicated substantial differences in productivity between crop development phases and npk sources. in terms of yield, barley and wheat were the leading crops under each npk source (amanullah et al., 2017). organic inputs including such farmyard manure and animal manure manures have tremendous potential to enhance soil characteristics, crop yield, and nutrient availability; however, due to their low nutrient status, the exclusive application of natural amendments of plant nutrients does not produce a significant increase in crop yields. to maintain soil productivity on a long-term basis, a combination of organic and fertilizer application sources of nutrients must be used (choudhary et al., 2022). regular use of organic fertilizer sources such as vegetable and animal manure help to produce soil organic matter, increase microbial activity, and enhance soil physical qualities (gu et al., 2022). the only use of chemical fertilizer nutrient sources, on the other hand, offers primarily one or more critical plant nutrients that the soil cannot give in sufficient amounts. arid land soils, in general, have poor essential fertility and hence require external inputs to enhance. on the other hand, organic waste disposal is a severe environmental issue; so, decomposing these wastes into organic fertilizers for crop cultivation would aid in sustaining soil productivity while minimizing agricultural inputs (bruce et al., 2007). the utilization of available organic plant nutrients to improve soil fertility and preserve crop output should be done in a coordinated way (fao, 1993). in the tropical globe, there is a rising interest in employing organic plant nutrients to improve soil efficiency and decrease the need of inorganic fertilizers (ayeni, and adetunji, 2010). furthermore, there is an abundance of organic sources such as agricultural leftovers, green manure, and animal dung manures; yet, the effect of page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 integrated usage of organic and mineral fertilizers on crop quality has received little scientific attention. these factors necessitated the need to investigate the potential use of available natural amendments and inorganic fertilizers to enhance crop quality and yields (wang et al., 2023). it was in this context that this study was conducted in arid land in western saudi arabia to quantify the effects of organic inorganic fertilizer and their combinations on the protein, oil, and mineral content of grain of two maize cultivars (awad et al., 2014).nutritional value of triticum sp. is absolutely critical because it is one of the few crop species that is widely grown as a staple feed ingredient; its grain can be turned into flour, semolina, and other basic components of bread and other bakery products, as well as pastas, and is thus the primary source of nutrients for the majority of the world's population (ramková et al., 2009). it is a widely consumed meal that delivers more calories and proteins to the global diet than any other cereal crop (biesaga-kocielniak et al., 2014). improving yield is accomplished by either increasing the area under cultivation or raising the yield per unit area; the first option is fairly restricted and has contributed to an increase in yield per unit area (moradi et al., 2015). the united nations expects that the global population will increase during the next few decades. as a result, in order to ensure food security and environmental preservation, the globe must boost crop yields through better use of water and fertilizer (foulkes et al., 2010). the integration of metabolic reactions in plants results in total biomass. consequently. plant nutrition is a major element influencing the number and quality of secondary metabolites in plants. to address the ever-increasing demand for medicinal plants, the optimal fertilizer application procedures must be established. it is clear that the essential oil concentration increases with plant age, peaking at the post-flowering period. growth phases, ecological and climatic factors can all impact plant fresh herb production, essential oil concentration, and composition. numerous initiatives have been undertaken to boost the production potential of medicinal plants (das et al., 2007; sharma, and kumar, 2011), but they are concerned with the use of inorganic fertilizers, which may have an impact on the biological aspects of the soil. as a result, the usage of organic and bio fertilizers is becoming increasingly important in order to increase output and quality. the increasing demand for livestock and poultry products in china has resulted in a spectacular surge in the expansion of the livestock and poultry farming industries in recent years. the volume of animal dung excreta has increased in proportion. estimated data revealed that the number of manures and litters in china was around 2.21 gt in 2003, accounting for more than 40% of total agricultural organic waste resources (huang et al., 2006). excreta from animals have become a danger to the rural biological environment. page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 the aim of current study to know the effect of organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer npk (20:20:20) granular and organic fertilizer (poultry litter and (livestock manure) adding methods and fertilizer levels on some growth indicators of growth and yield (triticum aestivm). 2. research methods study area a pot and field experiment were conducted during autumn agricultural season of 2022 in bakrajo technical institute bti fields sulaimani governorate 2021. the pot experiment was under a one-year rotation of (triticum aestivum)-winter wheat. the treatments were pl (poultry litter 50 gm/pot), lm (livestock manure50 gm /pot), and cf (chemical fertilizer fertilizer20:20:20 n:p: k in 3 gm/pot) in a completely randomized design (crd) with 3 replications with interaction. the poultry litter was collected from an intensive laying-hen farm, while the livestock manure was gathered from an intensive animal manure farm. the pl and lm were applied at a rate of 21 t/ha in wet weight. biological yield was calculated. soil samples were collected from surface a horizons of top soil from bakrajo technical institute field selective soil sample characteristics were analyzed table 1. table 1. soil physiochemical fertilizer analyses # properties values 1 ec ds.m -1 0.31 2 ph 7.14 3 % n 0.28 4 p available (ppm) 31 5 k + soluble (mg. l -1 ) 0.235 6 ca +2 soluble (mg. l -1 ) 0.392 7 mg +2 soluble (mg. l -1 ) 1.01 8 % sand 12.36 9 %silt 41.45 10 %clay 45.2 11 texture silty clay in current study biological yield of plant were investigated which included i plant/plant (g), weight of 1000 grains in, weight of spike(g), spike length (cm), number of grains, number of spikes per plant, weight of grains, grain yield per plant and harvest index all weight measured by advanced precision balance in accurately also chlorophyll spad reading were measured in midseason of growing. all the observations were recorded in triplicate. data were analyzed using excel xlstat 2019 and correlation studies were described by raghavrao (1983). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 pot experiment the pot experiment was conducted in open field of bakrajo technical institute bti fields, sulaimani polytechnic university, sulaimani iraq, during the growing season of 2021-2022. plastic pots of 30-liter capacity were used in the experiment. each pot was filled with 23 kg surface soil (0-20 cm). the seeds of wheat were sown on december, 2022 in pots, 6 seedlings were transplanted in each pot plants were harvested after 180 days, i.e., on july 14, 2022. the experiment was laid according to randomized complete block design with three replications. wheat growth and yield were main plots. statistical analysis all data were analyzed by analysis of variance (anova) procedures using excel xl state program (2019). after analysis of variance correlation. 3. results and discussion soil physiochemical fertilizer analysis shows in table 1 and normal range all properties according to (hom etal.,1994), and table 2 explained summary statically analysis of the study which biological yield of plant in grams with lowest value (0.920) ,highest value 6.260 also mean range 4.047 and stander deviation 1.759(ahmed et al., 2023), later second parameter thousand grain weight in gram minimum data which (20.4) and maximum value (49.6) with mean, and standard deviation (38.801 and 9.995) respectively( zhang et al., 2023), whether, weight of spikes of plant in gram largest record (5.463) and smallest value (0.842),average and standard deviation (3.128, 1.654) correspondingly( oumata et al., 2023), next variable spike length in centimeter highest value (9.333) but lowest value (3.320) with mean and standard deviation (7.224, 2.20) respectively(afzal et al., 2023), later parameter number of spikes per plant which data table 2 explained in maximum value with (36.603) and minimum value in (11.750) also, average and stander deviation (25.346 and 8.872)( pan et al., 2023). whether weight of grain spike in gram per plant with highest value of (1.620 gram) but, lowest value which is (0.380 gram) with mean and stander deviation (1 and 0.418) consequently (ashour et al., 2023) later grain yield parameter per plant in gram which maximum recorded is (3.936 gram) and minimum value with (0.311 gram) but mean and stander deviation respectively (2.237 and 1.168) (jat et al., 2023). final parameter as a main factor is harvest index with biggest value is (0.734) and smallest value is 0.342) and mean with stander deviation were (0.534 and 0.108) consequently (singh et al., 2023:hemmati, and soleymani, 2014). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 table2. summary statistical analysis of parameters variables variable observations minimum maximum mean std. deviation biology.yield/plant(g) 18 0.920 6.260 4.047 1.759 1000-grain weight(g) 18 20.400 49.600 38.801 9.995 weight of spikes/plant(g) 18 0.842 5.463 3.128 1.654 spikelength(cm) 18 3.320 9.333 7.224 2.200 no. ofgrains/spike 18 11.750 36.603 25.346 8.872 no. of spikes/plant weight 18 1.400 3.600 2.641 0.621 weight of grains/spike(g) 18 0.380 1.620 1.000 0.418 grain yield/plant(g) 18 0.311 3.936 2.237 1.168 harvest index. 18 0.342 0.734 0.534 0.108 table 3. effect of organic and chemical fertilizer in the growth and yield of wheat applications biology. yield/ plant (g) 1000grain weight (g) weight of spikes /plant (g) spike length (cm) no. of grains/ spike no. of spikes /plant weight of grains/ spike (g) grain yield / plant (g) harvest index. poultry + chemical fertilizer 5.313 ab 46.165 a 4.833 a 8.651 a 33.017 a 3.031 ab 1.354 a 3.370 a 0.640 a poultry 4.838 abc 44.968 a 4.157 ab 8.794 a 34.143 a 2.603 b 1.294 a 3.107 a 0.645 a chemical fertilizer 5.833 a 44.600 a 3.920 ab 8.100 a 27.133 ab 3.333 a 1.180 a 3.194 a 0.552 ab animal manure + chemical fertilizer 3.853 bc 38.267 a 2.587 bc 7.633 a 20.933 bc 2.747 ab 0.860 ab 1.567 b 0.399 c animal manure 3.225 c 37.533 a 2.358 bc 6.825 a 21.317 bc 2.533 b 0.872 ab 1.620 b 0.509 bc control 1.217 d 21.273 b 0.912 c 3.340 b 15.533 c 1.600 c 0.443 b 0.567 c 0.456 bc pr > f(application types) 0.001 0.004 0.005 0.001 0.015 0.002 0.020 < 0.0001 0.006 significant yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 figure 1. effects of application parameters on wheat growth and yields effect and results of biological yield per plant on the wheat growth and yields table 3 and figure 1 explained data analysis of biological yield per plant in gram also table 4 represents analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (biology yield/ plant(g)) with effects of organic, chemical fertilizer , and animal manure fertilizers with interaction of each parameters while for biological yield chemical fertilizer first effects with letters (a) and positive significant value is (5.833) from current study more effective and effects but with same effect of interaction of poultry and chemical fertilizer , however , interaction between poultry and chemical fertilizer in the second significant record with letter of(ab) and value of (5.313) also, animal manure and chemical fertilizer interaction parameters in the third significant value of (p>0.05) and letter (bc) , positive record value is (3.853) in spite of each parameters compared with control treatment .as well as animal manure parameter with letter (c) in the fourth grade effects on yield and growth under (p>0.05) with value of (3.225) also , poultry parameter effect on the growth and yield with letter (abc) in the fifth grade effects with significant value (4.838) of (p>0.05) and final letter of (d) for control as minimum effect without any treatment and with value (1.217) the result accepts with (hemmati, and soleymani, 2014) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 biology yield/ plant(g) spike length (cm) weight of grains/ spike(g) l s m e a n s dependent variables summary (ls means) application types poultry + chemical poultry chemical animal+chemical animal control page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 table 4. analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (biology yield/ plant(g) applications ls means groups chemical 5.833 a poultry+ chemical 5.313 a b poultry 4.838 a b c animal + chemical 3.853 b c animal 3.225 c control 1.217 d effects and results of thousand-gram weight (gram) on the wheat growth and yield according to effect of thousand-gram weight (gram) on the wheat growth and yield data analysis table 3 and figure 1 represented significant results and the application parameters on the other hand table 5 explained analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (1000-grain weight(g)) results indicated effects in the first grade and (a letter) where are (poultry with chemical fertilizer , poultry , chemical fertilizer ,animal manure with chemical fertilizer , and animal manure ) and values (46.165,44.968,44.6,38.267, and 37, 533) respectively and under (p>0.05) also compared with control application in the last grade with (b letter) and value of (21.273) (hemmati, and soleymani, 2014) (alaru et al., 2014). table 5. analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (1000-grain weight(g)) applications ls means groups poultry+ chemical 46.165 a poultry 44.968 a chemical 44.600 a animal + chemical 38.267 a animal 37.533 a control 21.273 b effects and results of weight of spikes per plant in gram on the wheat growth and yield table 3 and figure 1 shows weight of spikes per plant in gram on the wheat growth and yield also table 6 explained analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (weight of spikes /plant(g)): that effect of application s where interaction of poultry with chemical fertilizer in the first grade with (a letter) and positive significant value of (4.833) also with same effect for (poultry, chemical fertilizer ) and ( ab letter) also significant values were ( 4.157 and 3.920 ) ,but the effects of animal manure with chemical fertilizer , and page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 animal manure with (bc letter0 significant values( 2.587and 2.358) each parameters compared with control in last grade with (c letter0 and value of (0.912) result accepts with (hemmati, and soleymani, 2014) (alaru et al., 2014) and under (p>0.05) . table 6. analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (weight of spikes /plant(g)) application ls means groups poultry +chemical 4.833 a poultry 4.157 a b chemical 3.920 a b animal + chemical 2.587 b c animal 2.358 b c control 0.912 c effects and results of spike length in (cm) on the wheat growth and yield according to effect of spike length on the wheat growth and yield data analysis table 3 and figure 1 represented significant results and the application parameters and table 7 shows analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (spike length (cm)) with of same effects in the first grade and (a letter) where are (poultry with chemical fertilizer , poultry, chemical fertilizer , animal manure with chemical fertilizer , and animal manure) and values (8.651,8.794 ,8.1,7.633, and 6.825) respectively also compared with control application in the last grade with (b letter) and value of (3.340) (ali, and manea, 2018). (abbas etal., 2012) and under (p>0.05) table 7. analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (spike length (cm) applications ls means groups poultry 8.794 a poultry+ chemical 8.651 a chemical 8.100 a animal + chemical 7.633 a animal 6.825 a control 3.340 b effects and results of number of grains per spike on the wheat growth and yield table 3 and figure 1 explained number of grains per spike on the wheat growth and yield as well as,table8 explained the effect analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (no. of grains/ spike) and the applications where interaction of poultry with chemical fertilizer also poultry in the first grade with (a letter) and positive page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 significant values of (33.017 and 34.143) respectively also with same effect for (chemical fertilizer ) ( ab letter) with significant values ( 27.133) ,but the effects of animal manure with chemical fertilizer , and animal manure with (bc letter) where significant values( 20.933 and 21.317) (jassim, a. h. and mohammed, r.h. 2019) and under (p>0.05) consquently each parameters compared with control in last grade with (c letter) and value of (15.533) result accepts with (hemmati, and soleymani, 2014) (m. alaru et al., 2014). table 8. analysis of the differences between the applications with a confidence interval of 95% (no. of grains/ spike) applications ls means groups poultry 34.143 a poultry +chemical 33.017 a chemical 27.133 a b animal 21.317 b c animal +chemical 20.933 b c control 15.533 c effects and results of number spikes per plant on the wheat growth and yield table 3 and figure 1 represented number spikes per plant on the wheat growth and yield also table 9 shows analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (no. of spikes /plant weight) that effect of application s where chemical fertilizer application in the first grade with (a letter) and positive significant values of (3.333) also with same effect for (poultry with chemical fertilizer and animal manure with chemical fertilizer ) ( ab letter) with significant values ( 2.603and 2.747 ) in the second grade effect ,but the effects of poultry application and animal manure application , with (b letters) where significant values( 2.603 and 2.533)( upadhyay et al., 2022) (jassim, and mohammed, 2019) and under (p>0.05) consequently each parameters compared with control in last grade with (c letter) and value of (1.6) result accepts with (hemmati, and soleymani, 2014) (alaru et al., 2014). page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 table 9. analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (no. of spikes /plant weight): applications ls means groups chemical 3.333 a poultry+ chemical 3.031 a b animal+ chemical 2.747 a b poultry 2.603 b animal 2.533 b control 1.600 c effects and results of weight of grains per spike in gram (g) on the wheat growth and yield according to effect of weight of grains per spike in gram (g) wheat growth and yield data analysis table 3 and figure 1 represented significant results and the application parameters with of same effects in the first grade and (a letter) where are (poultry with chemical fertilizer , poultry , chemical fertilizer ), and significant values (1.354, 1.294 ,1.180 ,) respectively but he same effect and same grade of animal manure with chemical fertilizer and animal manure applications of (ab letters) and significant values recorded (0.860 and 0.872) compared with control application in the last grade with (b letter) and value of (0.443) (ali, and manea, 2018). (abbas et al., 2012) and under (p> 0.05) also table10 explained analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (weight of grains/ spike(g)). table 10. analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (weight of grains/ spike(g) applications ls means groups poultry+ chemical 1.354 a poultry 1.294 a chemical 1.180 a animal 0.872 a b animal+ chemical 0.860 a b control 0.443 b effects and results of grain yield per plant in gram on the wheat growth and yield according to effect of grains yield per plant in gram (g) wheat growth and yield data analysis table 3 and figure 1 and table11 represented significant results and the application parameters with of effects in the first grade and (a letter) where are (poultry with chemical fertilizer , poultry , chemical fertilizer ), and significant values (3.370 , 3.107 ,3.194)( sirohiya et al., 2022) respectively but he same effect and same grade of animal manure with chemical fertilizer and animal manure applications of (b letters) and significant values recorded (1.567 and page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 1.620) compared with control application in the last grade with (c letter) and value of (0.567) (ali, & manea, 2018). (abbas, et al., 2012) and under (p>0.05). table11. analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (grain yield /plant(g)) applications ls means groups poultry+ chemical 3.370 a chemical 3.194 a poultry 3.107 a animal 1.620 b animal+ chemical 1.567 b control 0.567 c effects and results of harvest index on the wheat growth and yield results shows according to table 3 ,figure 1 and table 12 harvest index on the wheat growth and yield that effect of application s where poultry with chemical fertilizer and poultry application in the first grade with (a letter) and positive significant values of (0.640 and 0.645) also with same effect for (chemical fertilizer ) ( ab letter) with significant values ( 0.552 ) , the third grade effect application of interaction of animal manure with chemical fertilizer of (c letter) and positive value (0.399) ,but the effects of animal manure with chemical fertilizer application with same effect with control and (bc letters) and values recorded(0.509and 0.456) ,(jassim, a. h. & mohammed, r.h. 2019) and under (p>0.05) consequently each parameters compared with control in (hemmati, and soleymani, 2014) (alaru et al., 2014). table12. analysis of the differences between the categories with a confidence interval of 95% (harvest index) applications ls means groups poultry 0.645 a poultry+ chemical 0.640 a chemical 0.552 a b animal 0.509 b c control 0.456 b c animal + chemical 0.399 c page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 figure.2 replication effects and grouping of application replications comparisons of replications effects and grouping of replications according to figure 2 that biological yield replication that replication in the same group with group (a) but replication 1 from the first with least square means value of (4.517) and replication 3 ,2 respectively and least square means values (3.843, 3.780), on the other hand thousand-gram weight in gram replications with catha gory of (r1, r2, and r3) with group (a) for three replication and least square means values (39.966, 39.942 and 36.513) respectively, whether, least square means (weight of spikes/plant(g) classified to (2) two group (a and b) which (r1) with group a and first effect least square means(3.960 )also,(r2) of group(b) but from third class and least square means( 2.618 ) in spite of, (r3) from second class with (a and b) with least square means( 2.806 ). otherwise, means spike length(cm) replication influence indicated that same influence and same group (a) that (r1, r2 and r3) means values (7.861,7.449 and 6.361) consequently. later ls means number of grains per spike grouped to (2) group (a and b) but r1in the first effect with least square means (29.859) on the other hand r2classified from group (a and b) with mean value (24.205) however, r3 effect grouped from (b)with mean value (21.975). next replication effect classified according to mention figure ls means number of spikes per plant weight shows that effect grouping in the same group (a) but r3 from top influence with mean value (2.732) and r1 from second grade effect with mean value (2.659) also, r2 with third answer and mean record value (2.533), later least square means grain yield per plant in gram replication effect classified to (2) two group (a and b) , the first order of r1 with mean value (2.603) but r3 from second order and mean value (2.159) but with group(a and b) also, r2 from third grade with mean value (1.951 and b group),finally least square means of harvest index with one group a but a a a a a a a a a a a ab a b a a ab a a a b a ab a a b a 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 biology yield/ plant(g) weight of spikes /plant(g) no. of grains/ spike weight of grains/ spike(g) harvest index. l s m e a n s dependent variables summary (ls means) replications r1 r3 r2 page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 classifieds effect of replication to r1 first order and mean value ( 0.547 ) ,after r3 with mean value (0.546) and last replication r2 with mean value (0.507). table 13. correlation matrix (pearson) of parameters and effects on wheat growth and yields parameters biology. yield/ plant(g) 1000grain weight(g) weight of spikes /plant(g) spike length (cm) no. of grains/ spike no. of spikes /plant weight weight of grains/ spike(g) grain yield /plant(g) harvest i. biology. yield/ plant(g) 1 1000-grain weight(g) 0.792 1 weight of spikes /plant(g) 0.918 0.719 1 spike length (cm) 0.889 0.842 0.874 1 no. of grains/ spike 0.825 0.696 0.910 0.832 1 no. of spikes /plant weight 0.778 0.570 0.646 0.663 0.423 1 weight of grains/ spike(g) 0.880 0.783 0.931 0.861 0.953 0.492 1 grain yield /plant(g) 0.944 0.776 0.944 0.824 0.866 0.731 0.874 1 harvest i. 0.514 0.485 0.640 0.449 0.632 0.458 0.546 0.748 1 values in bold are different from 0 with a significance level alpha=0.05 different wheat growth and yield characteristics were indicated for the correlation between various uses which explained in correlation (table 13) which shows positive correlation between biological yield and thousand grain weight (g) and significant (r) value of (0.792) and same significant value with weight of spikes per plant(g) with (r)value(0.918) but and thousand grain weight(g) with weight of spikes per plant(g) and value( 0.719) in spite of positive correlation between biological yield and spike length (cm) with value of(0.889)also positive significant value with thousand grain weight(g) and weight of spikes per plant(g) with biological yield with values (0.842 and 0.872) respectively, later positive significant value number of grains per spike with each of biological yield , thousand grain weight(g), weight of spikes per plant(g) , and spike length (cm) with values (0.825,0.696, 0.910, and 0.832) respectively, on the other hand page | agricultural science journal of agricultural science and agriculture engineering faculty of agriculture, merdeka university surabaya,indonesia available on : https://agriculturalscience.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/agriscience/index copyright (c) 2023 author(s) doi : https://doi.org/10.55173/agriscience.v6i2.99 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international license. vol. 6 no. 2 march 2023 number of spikes per plant weight that indicated positive significant values with biological yield , thousand grain weight(g), and weight of spikes per plant(g) , with values (0.778, 0.579 and 0.646) but no significant with spike length (cm) and value (0.423),whether , weight of grains per spike(g)that correlation indicated positive significant value with each of biological yield , thousand grain weight(g), weight of spikes per plant(g) , spike length (cm),and number of spikes per plant weight with record values (0.880,0.783,0.931,0.861,0.953 and 0.492) respectively, later grain yield per plant(g) correlation table 4 indicated that positive significant value with each of biological yield , thousand grain weight(g), weight of spikes per plant(g) , spike length (cm), number of spikes per plant, and weight of grains per spike(g) with values of(0.944,0.776,0.944,0.824,0.866,0.731 and 0.874), finally, harvest index indicated that significant values with biological yield , thousand grain weight(g), weight of spikes per plant(g) number of spikes per plant, and weight of grains per spike(g)values (0.514,0.485,0.640,0.632,0.546 and 0.748) but no significant values with spike length (cm) and number of spikes per plant weight(0.449and 0.458) respectively. 4. conclusion according to the findings of the current study, interaction of poultry with chemical fertilizer with value (5.313) treatment is the most effective with same effect with chemical (5.833) and poultry (4.838) when, compared to the other treatments it produced the highest grain production, biological yield, and grain. manure is a fertilizer source for agricultural output; also, other applications of poultry, chemical fertilizer, animal manure with chemical fertilizer interaction and animal manure organic fertilizer respectively each of parameters or applications compared with control treatment and for replications, replication one (1) from the first with value (4.517) and 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